DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ; '• BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SAM. L. ROGERS, Director W. M. STEUART, Director Resigned April 13, 1921 Appointed April 14, 1921 FOURTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1920 Volume X MANUFACTURES 1919 REPORTS FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF EUGENE F. HARTLEY CHIEF STATISTICIAN FOR MANUFACTURES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 REPORTS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENSUS. \ \ POPULATION: Volume I.—Number and Distribution of Inhabitants. Volume II.—General Report and Analytical Tables. Volume III.—Composition and Characteristics of the Population, by States. Volume IV.—OCCUPATIONS. AGRICULTURE: Volume V. Volume VI. Volume VII. MANUFACTURES Volume VLTL Volume IX. Volume X. MINING: Volume XL—Mines and Quarries—General Report and Analytical Tables, and Reports for States and Selected Industries. .—General Report and Analytical Tables. —Reports for States, with Statistics for Counties. Part 1.—The Northern States. Part 2.—The Southern States. Part 3.—The Western States and the Outlying Possessions. —Irrigation and Drainage—General Report and Analytical Tables, and Reports for States, with Statistics for Counties. .—General Report and Analytical Tables. .—Reports for States, with Statistics for Principal Cities. .—Reports for Selected Industries. ABSTRACT OF THE FOURTEENTH CENSUS. ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES. (2) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C.t February °2Jh 1928. Sir: I transmit herewith Volume X of the Reports of the Fourteenth Decennial Census, relating to manufactures. The report on manufactures consists of three volumes and an Abstract of Manufactures. Volume VIII contains a summarization of the statistics of manufactures as a whole, for the separate industries and for the states and principal cities and counties. Volume IX contains a separate report on the manufactures of each state, and Alaska, Hawaii, and Pqrto Rico, with special statistics for the leading industries in the state and territory, each report having been previously issued as a bulletin. Volume X, the present volume, contains special reports relating to the leading industries of the United States. The collection and compilation of the statistics and the preparation of the text were done under the super- vision of Eugene F. Hartley, chief statistician for manufactures, assisted by John F. Daly, William A. Ruff, William W. Sawyer, chiefs of divisions, Frank L. Sanford and Story B. Ladd, expert special agents, and Lucy Craycroft, statistical expert. Respectfully, W. M. Steuart, Director of the Census. Hon. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce '" (3) INDUSTRIAL GROUPS. The selected industries shown in this report (see explanation on p. 19) have been arranged in the following industrial groups: Page. Food and Kindred Products 23 Textiles and Their Products 145 Iron and Steel and Their Products 307 Lumber and Its Remanufactures 417 Leather and Its Finished Products 491 Paper and Printing 551 Chemicals and Allied Industries 601 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products 791 Metals and Metal Products, Other Than Iron and Steel S39 Vehicles for Land Transportation S65 Railroad Repair Shops 903 Miscellaneous Industries . _. 925 (4) CONTENTS BY INDUSTRIES. (Dfioih-d conl mt$ for each industry will be found on the page indicated below,) Anns. .Sri? Sulphuric, etc. Page; Agricultural Implements 15 Aircraft ^ Ammunition ™ Automobiles, including Bodies and Parts 15 Belting, Leather H Bicycles. See Motorcycles, etc. Blast Furnaces 9 Bone, Carbon, and Lamp Black - 13 Boot and Shoe Cut Stock 11 Boot and Shoe Findings H Boots and Shoes H Brass, Bronze, and Copper Products 14 Brick and Tile, Terra-cotta and Fire-clay Products. 14 Bronze. See Brass, etc. Butter, Cheese, and Condensed Milk 6 Buttons 15 Canning and Preserving 6 Carriages and Wagons and Materials 15 Cars, Steam and Electric Railroad, not including Operations of Railroad Companies 15 Cast-iron Pipe 9 Cement 14 Cheese. See Butter, etc. Chemicals and Allied Industries—The Industrial Gftour 12 Chocolate and Cocoa Products 6 < -lay Products 14 Coal-tar Products ( 12 Coke ' 12 Condensed Milk. See Butter, etc Confectionery and Ice Cream 6 Copper. See Brass, etc. Cordage and Twine, Jute Goods, and Linen Goods. .S Cosmetics. See Druggists1 preparations, etc. Cotton Manufactures .' Druggists' Preparations, Patent Medicines and Com- pounds, and Perfumery and Cosmetics 12 Drug Grinding 12 Dyeing and Cleaning 16 Dyeing and Finishing Textiles $ Dyestuffs and Extracts, Natural 13 Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Sltpplies 15 Engines, Steam, Gas, and Water 9 Explosives 13 Ferroalloys 9 Fertilizers . 13 Firearms.... 10 Flax and Hemp, Dressed 8 Flour-mill and Gristmill Products 6 Forest Products 10 Gas, Manufactured 13 Glass 14 Gloves and Mittens, Leather 11 Glucose and Starch 6 Haircloth - $ Harness. See Saddlery and harness. Hats, Fur-felt . 8 Hemp. £ur Cordage, etc. Hooks and Eyes. See. Needles, etc. Ice Cream. See Confectionery, etc. Ice, Manufactured 10 Iron and Steel—The Industrial Grout 9 Jute Goods. *SY<- Cordage, etc. Knit Goods Page. ! Laundries, Power 16 Leather Industry, The 11 Lime ----- 14 Linen Goods. See. Cordage, etc. Linoleum. See Oilcloth and linoleum. Linseed Oil. See Oil, linseed. Locomotives 10 Lltmber Industry", The 10 machinery 9 Machine Tools 9 Mats and Matting § Motorcycles, Bicyxles, and Parts.. 15 Musical Instruments 16 Needles, Pins, and Hooks and Eyes 14 Oilcloth and Linoleum 8 Oil, Linseed 13 Oils, Essential 12 Ordnance and Accessories 10 Organs. See Pianos, etc Paint and Varnish - 13 Paper and Wood Pltlp 11 Patent Medicines. See Druggists' preparations, etc. Perfumery. See Druggists' preparations, etc. Petroleum Refining 13 Phonographs, Graphophones, and Talking Machines... 16 Pianos and Organs and Materials 16 Pins. Scf Needles, etc. Pipe. See Cast-iron pipe. Pocketbooks 11 Pottery - 14 Printing and Publishing 12 Pulp-wood Consumption and Wood-fulp Production 10 Railroad Repair Shops, Steam and Electric 15 Rice, Cleaning and Polishing 7 Rosin. See Turpentine and rosin. Rubber Industry, The - 18 Saddlery and Harness 11 Salt 12 Sand-llme Brick 14 Shipbuilding, including Boat Building 16 Silk Manufactures 7 Slaughtering and Meat Packing 6 Smelting and Refining (Nonferrous Metals) 14 Soap v 13 Starch. Glucose and starch. Steam and Electric Cars and Railroad Repair Shofs.. 15 Steam and Electric Railroad Repair Shops 15 Steam Engines. See Engines, etc. Steel Works and Rolling Mills 9 Sugar Industry, The 7 Sulphuric, Nitric, and Mixed Acids. 12 Talking Machines. Sec Phonographs, etc Terra Ootta. «S\-v Brick, etc. Textile Machinery... 9 Textiles - 7 Tile. See Brick, etc. Tin Plate and Terneflate 9 ! Trunks and Valises 11 | Turpentine and Rosin .... 13 Varnish. 5a. Paint and varnish. Wagons. .$t^ Carriages, etc. Wire T 9 Wood Distillation 14 Wood Pulp, c^r Paper and wood pulp. Wool Manufactures s (5) 6 MANUFACTURES. DETAILED CONTENTS FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES. FOOD AND KINDRED PEODTJCTS. BUTTEE, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. General statistics: Page. Scope of the industry 25 Comparative summary 26 Comparative summary (or the three branches of the industry, 1919 and 1914. 27 States, ranked by value of products - 27 Persons engaged "in the industry 28 Wage earners, by months, i'or selected states 29 Average number of v."age earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - - 29 Size of establishments, by average num.ber of wage earners, for selected states * 30 Size of establishments, by value of products \ 30 Character of ownership, for selected states 31 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 31 Fuel consumed, by states....* 32 Special statistics: Quantity and cost of principal materials, by states 33 Quantity of milk and cream used, bv states 34 Quantity of butter, cheese, and condensed milk, by states 34 Kind, quantity, and value of principal products, b*y states 36 Detailed statistics of kind, quantities, and value of products for the United States 37 Butter and cheese produced in factories and on farms 38 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 39 Detailed statements by states— 40 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING, General statistics: General character of the industry 44 Comparative summary 46 Establishments engaged in curing only 46 Establishments en gaged in custom slaughtering only 46 Principal states, ranked by value ol products 47 Value of products, for six leading cities 47 Persons engaged in the industry 48 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 48 Average number of wage earners, oy prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 49 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states 49 Size of establishments, by value of products 50 Character of ownership, by states 50 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 51 Fuel consumed, by states 51 Special statistics: Materials—Quantity and cost 52 Gross and net weights of animals slaughtered 52 Gross and net weights of animals slaughtered, by states 53 Animals slaughtered, by states 54 Number of animals slaughtered in wholesale slaughtering and meat-packing establishments and on farms and ranges, by states 55 Detailed statistics of quantity and value 56 Production of meat in wholesale slaughtering and meat-packing establish- ments and on farms and ranges, by classes and states 57 Meat production, by classes 57 Subsidia ry products 57 Products,"by states. - - - 57 General tables: Comparative summary by states 59 Detailed statement, by states * 60 CANNING AND PRESERVING. General statistics: General character of the industry 62 Comparative summary 64 Summary for the industry and each of the four branches . 64 Comparative summary for the industry and each of the four branches— 65 Principal states, ranked by value of products 65 1 'ersons engaged, in the industry. - 66 Wage earners, bv months, for selected states , 67 A verago number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 6s Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states" 68 Size of establishments, by value of products 69 Character of ownership, by states 69 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 70 Fuel consumed, for selected states 71 Special statistics: Size, of cans an d cases • • - 72 Quantity and value of products - 72 Detailed statistics of quantity and value 73 N umber of cases packed, standard size - 75 Number of cases packed, by ,size of cans 76 yaluc of products, by principal states 76 Quantity and value of products, by principal states 78 Kind, quantity, and value of products, by geographic divisions and states. 80 Canned goods—-Quantity and value ■.. 80 G ENERAL TABLES: Comparative summary, by states 81 Detailed statement, by states. - -.. — 82 CHOCOLATE AND COCOA PRODUCTS. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry 86 Comparative summary 87 Principal slates, ranked by value of products 87 Persons engaged in the industry 87 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 88 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 88 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states 88 Size establishments, by value of products 89 Character of ownership, by selected states 89 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 89 Fuel consumed, by states 90 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of materials 90 Detailed statistics of products 90 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 91 Detailed statement, by states 92 CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM. General statistics: General character of the industry 93 Comparative summary ■ 94 Principal states, ranked by value of products 94 Persons engaged in the industry 94 Wage earners, by months, for selected states f>5 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 95 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states' 96 Size of establishments, by value of products 96 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 96 Character of ownership, by selected states 97 Fuel consumed, by selected states 97 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of materials 98 Detailed statistics of products 98 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 99 Detailed statement, by states 100 FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. General statistics: General character of the industry 102 Merchant and custom mills—Comparative summary 104 Merchant mills- Comparative summary 104 States, ranked by value of products 105 Persons engaged in the industry 105 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 106 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - 106 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states 107 Size of estabUshments, by value of products 108 Character of ownership, for selected states 10S Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 109 Fuel consumed, for selected states 109 Special statistics: Merchant and custom mills—Grain ground and value of products 110 G rain ground in merchant mills Ill Products of merchant mills 112 Classification of wheat flour mills, according to output 113 Output of flour mills producing 1,000 barrels or more of wheat flour in 1919. 114 Output of flour mills producing 100,000 barrels or more of wheat flour in 1919 - 115 General tables: Merchant mills—Comparative summary by states 116 Merchant mills—Detailed statement bv states 11 ^ Custom mills—Statistics, by states 120 GLUCOSE AND STARCH. General statistics: General character of the industry 121 Comparative summary 122 Persons engaged in the industry 122 Wage earners, by months, for states 123 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states 123 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 123 Size of establishments, by value of products 123 Character of ownership, by states 124 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 124 Fuel consumed, by states.. /. 124 Special statistics: Special statistics relating to materials and products 125 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 125 Detailed statement, by states 125 (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p. 5.) CONTENTS. FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS—Continued. RICE, CLEANING AND POLISHING. j General statistics:! General character of the industry 127 Comparative summary 128 , Principal states, ranked by value of products 128! Persons engaged in the industry 12$ . Wage earners, by months, for states 129 j Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states J2J | Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 129 j Size of establishments, by value of products 129! Character of ownership, by states 130; Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 130 j Fuel consumed, by stare? 130; Special statistics:'! Detailed statistics of quanlitv and value of materials and products, by j 'states.." .....' 131! Equipment 131 j GENERAL TABLES: j Comparative summary, by slates 132 Detailed statement, by slates 132; THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. General statistic**: , Scope of the report ........ Comparative summary for the combined industry and each of the tnreo; branches BEET SUGAR. j General statistics: j Comparative summary j Principal states, ranked bv value of products J*> | Persons engaged in the industry |*"» | Wage earners, by months, for states i*6 > BEET SUGAR—Continued- General statistics—Continued. Page, Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states .... 136 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 136 Size of establishments, by value of products — 137 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 137 Fuel consumed, by states...'. 137 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and quality of beets treated 138 Detailed statement of quantity and value of products 138 Products, bv states" 138 General table: Detailed statement, by states 130 CANE SUGAR, INCLUDING REFINING. General statistics: Comparative summary HI Persons engaged in the industries 141 Wage earners, by months 142 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing trnurs of labor per week.. 142 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners „. 142 Size of establishments, by value of product s 142 Character of ownership 143 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers . 143 Fuel consumed " . 143 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of materials used in the cane-sugar industry 143 Detailed statistics of products of the cane-sugar industry 144 Detailed statistics of materials and products for cane-sugar refining 144 General table: Detailed statement of the cane-sugar industry, including refining 144 TEXTILES AND THEIR PRODUCTS. TEXTILES. General statistics: ^Ff- Scope of the report Comparative summary Detailed statistics for textile industries J**j Comparative statistics by industries Persons engaged in textile industries Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor Ha Character of ownership j *j* Number and horsepower of types of prime movers iDU Special statistics: Raw fibers consumed^ by industries l?y Yarns purchased, by industries !?1 Producing spindles l-?l Production and consumption of cotton and wool yarns lj?J Cotton spindles, by states 1^1 Looms , if £ Establishments and products for textile and related industries, by states.. lot Textile products of the United States itemized according to basic fiber content . v 1°3 COTTON MANUFACTURES. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked bv value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, bv months - - Average number of wage earners, for selected states, with per cent, by sex and age --- Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, by states Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Summary of materials for the United States Principal materials consumed, by states Detailed statement of materials used, by states Cotton consumed in the industry Cotton consumed in the industry, by states Summarv of products for cotton manufactures Summary of products for the cotton-goods industry . Products, bv kind of loom Cloth produced in cotton mills, according to width Production of cotton yarn, according to counts, in different sections of the United States" Production of cotton yarn, according to counts Cotton yarn, per cent distribution, according to size and section Production or cotton yarn with quantity produced for own consumption and for sale, by states' Dyeing and finishingin connection with the cotton-goods industry—... Spindles and looms Statistics for the cotton small-wares industry: Materials Products Equipment Wage earners Statistics for the cotton-lace industry: Materials Products .... Equipment Wage earners General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states 157 158 159 159 160 162 162 163 163 164 164 165 165 165 167 107 167 171 172 172 172 173 173 174 175 175 182 182 182 1S2 183 1S3 183 184 185 186 KNIT GOODS. General statistics: Page- General character of the industry 190 Comparative summarv .. 191 Principal states, ranked bv value of products 191 Persons engaged in the industry 192 Wage earners, bv months, for states 192 Per cent distribution of wage earners, for states 193 Wrage earners, distributed by occupation, age, and sex, for selected states.. 193 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states 194 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 194 Size of establishments, bv value of products 195 Character of ownership, fey states 195 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 196 Fuel consumed, bv states...". 196 Special statistics: Section 1— Materials— Summarv of materials for the United States - 197 Principal materials used in the industry, by states 197 Additional materials, bv states 198 Yarn and sewing thread manufactured for own use 199 Products— Summarv of products, for the United States 199 Products' for the industry, by states 200 Principal products, by geographic divisions 201 Production of men's, women's, and children's knit goods 203 Equipment- Cards and spindles used in the industry, for the United States— 204 Cards and spindles used in the industry, by states 204 Distribution of establishments and spindles, by states 2\K5 Knitting machines used in the industry, for the United States 206 Knitting machines used in the industry, by states 206 Sewing machines, active and idle, by states 209 Section 2— Summary of materials. 210 Summarv of products 210 Number of establishments; and value of products, by states 211 Production of yarn and sewing thread, for own consumption 211 Cards and spindles used in the industry 2 n Knitting machines used in the industry - 213 Sewing machines, active, by states 213 Number of spinners, knitters, etc., by sex and age 213 General tables: Comparative summary, for states 214 Detailed statement, by states 2t 5 SILK MANUFACTURES. General statistics: General character of the indust ry 216 Comparative summarv - 217 Summarv for the two branches of the silk-manufactures industry 217 Principal states, ranked bv value of products 217 Persons engaged in the industry 218 Wage earners, bv months, for selected states - 218 Per cent distribution of wage earners, for selected states 218 Wage earners, distributed fey occupation, age, and sex, for selected states. 219 Average number of wage earners, bv prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states ...... 219 Size of cstabh&hments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states 220 Size of establishments, by value of products 220 Character of ownership, by states 220 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 221 Fuel consumed, by states 221 Special statistics: Summary of materials and products 222 Comparative summary of materials 222 Principal materials used in the industry, by states 223 (For alphabetical'contents by industries, see p. 5.) 8 MANUFACTURES. TEXTILES AND THEIB PEODUCTS—Continued. 233 234 234 234 235 236 237 238 238 239 240 241 241 SILK MANUFACTURES—Continued. Special statistics—Continued. Page. Silk consumed in all textile mills 224 Raw silk furnished for contract throwing 224 Summary of products for the industry 225 Articles included in ''All other products" 225 Principal products of silk nipjaufactures, by states 225 Contract work 22S Active silk spindles in the industry, by states 228 Idle silk spindles in the industry, by states 229 Establishments engaged in throwing silk, by states 230 Active looms in the industry, by states 230 Idle looms in the industry, by states 231 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 232 Detailed statement, by states 232 WOOL MANUFACTURES. 0 ENE RAL STATISTICS: General character of the industry Comparative summary Summary for wool manufactures, by component industries Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in wool manufactures and component industries Wage earners in wool manufactures, by months, for selected states Wage earners—spinners and weavers—in wool manufactures Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states Size of estabhshments, by average number of wage earners, for states... Size of establishments, by value'of products Character of ownership, for states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Materials- Summary of materials for the United States Principal materials used in the industry, by states Principal fibers used in the industry Consumption of wool, in grease, washed, and scoured Wool consumed, by states Wool used in the industry during the 40 years prior to 1919 Wool used in wool manufactures and other industries Wool, and yarns of wool, consumed in textile mills Yarns and recovered wool fiber as materials Products- Products of wool manufacturing industries Leading products of wool manufactures, by industries Average value of products, per estabhshment Total production of yarns and recovered wool fiber in the industry. Establishments engaged In bleaching, dyeing, and finishing Equipment- Summary of equipment for wool manufactures Detail for maehhiery used in wool manufactures and its branches... Spindles used in the industry, by states — Looms used in the industry Looms, by states Sets of woolen cards used in the industry, by states Sets of woolen cards, according to width, by states Wool-combing machines used in wool manufactures Wool-combing machines, by states - Pickers and garnett machines used in the industry Woolen goods and worsted goods: Summary of principal materials used , Fibers used as materials. - Wool consumed - Products... - Machinery Carpets and Rugs: General summary for the industry • Materials.. Products. Wool consumed in the industry Summary of machinery used Looms used in the industry Felt goods: Summary of materials Wool used in the industry > Products Machinery ■ Wool-felt hats: Materials • Wool used in the industry— Products General tables: Comparative summary, by states D<>taiW statement for wool manufactures, by states and industries. 242 242 245 245 245 246 246 246 247 247 250 250 250 250 251 251 251 253 253 253 253 254 254 254 255 256 256 256 258 259 259 259 260 200 261 261 261 202 262 262 262 262 263 264 WOOL SHODDY, General statistics: General character of the industry , 26S Comparative summary 268 Principal states, ranked by value of products 268 Persons engaged in the industry 269 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 269 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - 269 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states 270 Size of establishments, by value of products 270 Character of ownership, by states—. — - 270 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 271 Fuel consumed, by states 271 Special statistics: Com bined summary of materials, products, and equipment 271 Production of recovered wool fiber 272 Scoured wool and recovered wool fiber used in wool manufactures 272 WOOL SHODDY—Continued. General tables: Page. Comparative summary, by states 272 Detailed statement for the industry, by states 27* WOOL PULLING. Comparative summary and detailed statement 274 WOOL SCOURING. Comparative summary and detailed statement 275 CORDAGE AND TWINE, JUTE GOODS, AND LINEN GOODS. General statistics: General character of the industry 276 Comparative summary 277 Principal states, ranked by value of products 277 Persons engaged in the industries 278 Wage earners, by months, for selected states . 279 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 279 Size of estabhshments, by average number of wage earners for states 279 Size of establishments, by value of products 280 Character of ownership 280 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 280 Fuel consumed, by states 280 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and cost of materials 281 Detailed statistics of quantity and value of products 281 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 283 Detailed statement, by states 284 FUR-FELT HATS. General statistics: General character of the industry 285 Comparative summary 285 Summary for the two branches of the industry 236 Principal states, ranked by value of products 286 Principal cities in the industry 286 Persons engaged in the industry 2*6 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 287 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 287 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 287 Size of establishments, by value of products 288 Character of ownership, by states 288 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 288 Fuel consumed 288 Special statistics: Summary of materials and products for the industry 289 Materials and products for the industry, by states 289 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 289 Detailed statement, by states 290 DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES. General statistics: General character of the industry 291 Compare ti ve summary 292 Principal states, ranked by value of products 292 Persons engaged in the industry 292 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 293 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 293 Size of establishments, by avarage number of wage earners, for states 293 Size of establishments, by value of products 294 Character of ownership, for selected states 294 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 294 Fuel consumed, by states , 295 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 295 Detailed statement, by states 296 FLAX AND HEMP, DRESSED. General character of the industry 297 Comparative summary and detailed statement 297 HAIRCLOTH. General character of the industry - - 298 Comparative summary and detailed statement 298 MATS AND MATTING. General character of the industry 299 Comparative summary and detailed statement 299 OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. General statistics: General character of the industry 300 Comparative summary — 301 Persons engaged in the industry , 301 Wage earners', by months, for states 302 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states — 302 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 302 Size of estabhshments, by value of products .. 303 Character of ownership 303 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 304 Fuel consumed 304 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and value 305 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 305 Detailed statement, by states,.T two"* (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p. 5.) CONTENTS. 9 IRON ANT) STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS. IRON AND STEEL—THE INDUSTRIAL GROUP. Page. Relationship of the industries 309 Iron and steel—Duplications within the industrial group 310 Comparative summary—Blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills.... 310 Blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills combined: Principal states, ranked by value of products - 310 BLAST FURNACES. General statistics: Distribution of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked bv value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for s tates Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week. Size ofestabhshments, by average number of wage earners, for states— Size of establishments, by value of products Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Principal materials Production of pig iron, by states Production of pig iron, by smelting fuels « Charcoal iron - Pig iron produced for consumption Production of pig iron, by grades Production, by method of delivery or casting , Furnaces, number and capacity Number and capacity of completed furnaces Blast furnaces, by capacity groups Duration of runs - Gas engines using blast-furnace gas Slag pits Pig-iron casting machines Materials, products, and equipment in detail, by states Genebal tables: Comparative summary, by states - Detailed statement, by states 31 i 312 312 312 313 313 313 314 314 314 315 315 315 316 316 317 317 317 31S 318 3 l-S 319 319 319 322 323 FERROALLOYS, General statistics: General character of the industry Wage earners, by months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week. Size of estabhshments, by average number of wage earners, for states -.. Size of establishments, by value of products Fuel consumed Special statistics: Materials and products General table: Detailed statement, by states STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. General statistics: G eneral character of the industry . Comparative summary Classes of estabhshments Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, bv months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week.. Size of estabhshments, hy average number of wage earners, for states Size of estabhshments, by value of products Character of ownership Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Materials Pig-iron consumption Products. * Finished rolled products and forgings Number of establishments Disposition of products - Production and disposal of semifinished rolled products and unrolled steel. Summary as to distribution of product s — Remanufactures from rolling-mill products Steel production: Summary Production, by states Disposal of output Duplex steel Alloy steel.. Steel-making equipment and capacity of steel furnaces Mixers Open-hearth furnaces Converters , Crucible furnaces Electric furnaces Materials, products, and equipment, in detail, by states General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states - 334 334 336 336 337 338 33$ 338 340 340 341 341 341 341 342 342 342 343 343 343 346 347 TIN PLATE AND TERNEPLATE. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary - * - Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons.engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for states - Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week. Size of establislvment, by average number of wage earners, for states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed Special statistics: Materials and products: Production, exports, imports, and consumption Equipment and capacity • General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states... „ 348 349 340 349 350 350 350 350 351 351 351 352 352 353 324 324 325 325 325 325 322 328 320 329 330 330 331 331 332 332 332 333 WIRE. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry - - 354 The industry as a whole .... 355 Comparative summary 355 Principal states, ranked by value of products 355 Persons engaged in wire mills using purchased rods 355 Wage earners, by months, for wire mills using purchased rods, for seiecteds states - - - 356 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week.. 356 Size ^f establishmentVby average number of wage earners, for states Size of establishments, by value'of products 357 N umber and horsepowerof types of prime movers 357 Fuel consumed - 357 Special statistics: Materials 358 Products 35s' Number of estabhshments 360 E q uipment - - - 360 Eduipment, bv states #»l 'General tables:" j Comparative summary, by states - 361 ! Detailed statement , bv states 352 I j CAST-IRON PIPE. ! (.ENERAL STATISTICS: ^ ! General character of the industry 363 I Comparative summary 363 j Principal states, ranked by value of products 364 j Persons engaged in the industry - 364 I Wage earners, by months, for states 364 j Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hoars of labor per week, for states ."" 365 | Size of estabhshments, by average number of wage earners, for states 365 I Size of estabhshments, by value of I- roduets 365 i Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 366 I Fuel consumed, bv states.. 366 j Special statistic?: ■ Products—Comparative statistics, by states 367 ! General tables: j Comparative sumrnary, by states. 36S ! Detailed statement, by states 36$ MACHINERY. j General statistics: I Scope of the industry 360 J Comparative statistics—Principal classes of machinery 372 | Principal classes of machinery, by states 373 TEXTILE MACHINERY. General statistics: G eneral character of the industry Summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, bv months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states—T * Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, lor selected states Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, bv selected states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by selected states Sfecial statistics: Textile, machinery and parts, by states General table: Detailed statement, by states 37S 370 379 379 3*0 383 3S4 384 384 MACHINE TOOLS. General statistics: General character of the industry 3$J Summary 3*2 Principal states, ranked bv value of products 3y2 Persons engaged in the industry - 382 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 352 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - 3*3 Size ofestabhshments, by average number of wage earners, for selected stai es. Size of establishments,, by value of products Character of ownership, by selected states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by selected states Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and value 3 So General table: Detailed statement, by states >% ENGINES, STEAM, GAS. AND WATER. General statistics: General character of the industry , 387 Comparative summary 3-8* Principal states, ranked bv value of products — 3** Persons engaged in the industry. ";8* Wage earners, bv months, for selected states — 3*9 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hoary of labor per week, for selected stat es I -\. - - - - "89 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states J 390 Size of establishments, bv value of product s 390 Character of ownership, by selected states 39Q Number and horsepower of types of prime movers w' Fuel consumed, by selected states "391 Special statistics: Classes of engines grouped according to horsepower capacity 392 Summary, by states 393 Steam engines 393 Internal-combustion engines... — 394 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 3U> Detailed statement, by states 396 (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p. 5.) 10 MANUFACTURES. IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS—Continued. LOCOMOTIVES. Page. General character of the industry 397 Comparative summary \ 397 Detailed statement 397 AIRCRAFT. General character of the industry 398 Comparative summary 398 Special statistics 39S Detailed statement 399 AMMUNITION, FIREARMS, AND ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES. Scope and relationship of the industries 400 Detailed statistics—Governmental and commercial establishments 401 Products—Governmental and commercial establishments 401 AMMUNITION. G ENERAL STATISTICS: General character of the industry 402 Comparative summary 4(x* Principal states, ranked by value of products 403 Persons engaged in the industry 403 Wage earners, by months, for states 40I Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states 494 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 104 Size of estabhsronents, by value of products 403 Character of ownership. .* 405 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 40* Fuel consumed, by states—* - 405 Special statistics: Products, detailed statistics 406 Products, by geographic divisions 106 General table: Detailed statement, by states 107 FIREARMS. General statistics: ^afnc General character of the industry 4 Size of establishments, by value of products 475 Character of ownership 4/6 Stumpage value 476 Production of lumber and shingles 4/6 Detailed statement. 476 PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION AND WOOD-PULP PRODUCTION. Introduction * 477 Pulp-wood consumption 477 Comparative consumption of pulp wood 479 Cost and consumption of pulp wood 479 Number of establishments and consumption of wood, by kinds and by states 47 9 Processes of manufacture - 480 Condition in which purchased, by states 4S0 Condition in which purchased, by kinds of wood. 481 Wood-pulp production 478 Consumption of wood and production of wood pulp 481 Production of wood pulp, by processes - 482 Comparative production of wood pulp 482 Imports and exports 478 Imports of pulp wood 482 Imports of wood pulp - - 483 Exports of wood pulp 483 Imports of paper. - 484 Exports of paper 484 FOREST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS AND IN TANNING AND WOOD DISTILLATION. Introduction - Forest products consumed in the manufacture of dyestuffs and extracts Consumption of raw forest products, by kinds Consumption of raw forest products, by states Forest products consumed in tanning — Comparative consumption of vegetable tanning materials , Consumption of tanbark, wood, etc., by states Consumption of tanning extracts Wood consumed in distillation - Comparative consumption of wood Hardwood distillation Consumption of wood, by states Products Softwood distillation Consumption of wood, by states Products > * • Equipment 485 485 485 486 486 486 487 488 488 488 489 489 489 489 489 490 490 (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p, 5.) CONTENTS. 11 LEATHER AND ITS FINISHED PRODUCTS. THE LEATHER INDUSTRY. Page. Scope of the report - 493 Principal statistics for leather and Its finished products 493 LEATHER, TANNED, CURRIED AND FINISHED. General statistics: Comparative summary 4»-"> Principal states, ranked by value of products 49o Persons engaged in the industry 495 Wage earners, bv months, for selected states 496 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 496 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected -states 497 Size of establishments, bv value of products 49/ Character of ownership, by states 49S Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 19$ Fuel consumed, by states... .* 499 Special statistics: * Number of bides and skins treated 499 Materials - 499 Hides and skins, by states 500 Tanning materials 500 Work done under contract 501 Products fpi Principal products, by states 502 Detailed statistics of materials and products 503 General tables: Comparative summary, by states ^ l Detailed statement, by states 506 BOOTS AND SHOES. General statistics: General character of the industry 507 Comparative summary 508 Principal statistics for the industry, by classes of establishments 509 Principal states, ranked by value of products 509 Statistics for principal cities 509 Persons engaged in the industry 510 Wage earners, bv months, for states 510 Prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 511 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states -* 511 Size of establishments, by value of products ol2 Character of ownership, by states 512 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers ol3 Fuel consumed, by states 513 Special statistics: Comparative statistics, by classes 514 Products, by states 514 Infants' shoes and slippers : 515 Miscellaneous kinds of footwear 515 Method of manufacture - - 516 Stitchdown footwear 517 Shoes of canvas and other textile fabrics 517 General tables: Comparative summary, by states sis Detailed statement, by states 519 BOOT AND SHOE CUT STOCK. G eneral statistics: General character of the industry 520 Comparative summary 520 Wage earners, by months 521 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 521 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected 'states 521 Character of ownership 521 G eneral table: Detailed statement, by states 522 BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. General statistics: General character of the industry J>~> Comparative siimmary 524 Wage earners, by months 524 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states... 524 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners '>24 Character of ownership . .* 525 General table: Detailed statement, by states 5L5 LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS. General statistics: Page. G eneral character of the industry 526 Comparative summary 521 Principal states, ranked by value of products 327 Comparative summary for Fulton County, N. Y 52s Persons engaged in the industry 52S Wage earners, by months, for selected states... 52S Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states— - 529 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, by states o29 Size of establishments, by value of products -. 529 Character of ownership 530 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 530 Fuel consumed, by states... .* 530 Special statistics: Comparative statistics of products 53 i Distribution, by classes and kind of leather 531 Products, in detail, by states 531 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 533 Detailed statement, by states - 533 SADDLERY AND HARNESS. General statistics: General character of the industry - 534 Comparative summary 534 Wage earners, bv months - - - 535 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - 535 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states i 535 Character of ownership 53.-> General table: Detailed statement, by states 536 LEATHER BELTING. General statistics: General character of the industry 535 Comparative summary 53S Wage earners, bv months 539 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 539 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states ..." 539 Character of ownership 539 General table: Detailed statement, by states 540 TRUNKS AND VALISES. General statistics: General character of the industry 541 Comparative summary 511 Wage earners, bv months 542 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states! 542 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states - r 542 Character of ownership 542 General table: Detailed statement, by states— 5-13 POCHETBOOKS. General statistics: General character of the industry 544 Comparative summary 544 Wage earners, by months 545 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hoars of labor per week » 545 Size of establishments, by average number of wage- earners 5 45 Character of ownership 545 General table: Detailed statement, by states .546 LEATHER GOODS, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED. General statistics: G eneral character of the industry .. 547 Comparative summary 547 Wage earners, by months 54$ Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 54R Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states '" 54S Character of ownersliip «. 548 General table: Detailed statement, by states 549 PAPER AffD PRINTING. PAPER AND WOOD PULP. ENERAL STATISTICS: fto General character of the industry ^52 Comparative summary - 553 Summary of t he industry 554 Principal states, ranked bv value of products <>d4 Persons engaged in the industry - - 554 Wage earners, bv months, for selected states 5o5 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states ;■ v "i Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected Siz,e of establishments, by value of products 556 Character of ownersliip 5o6 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 557 Fuel consumed, by stat es. 557 PAPER AND WOOD PULP Continued. Pace. id quantity and value SPECIAL STATISTICS: Detailed statistics of quantity and cost of maUTiaisan of products •x>;s Materials ----- 55S Wood consumed in the manufacture of v ood pulp 5,->s Principal kinds of wood used. by states 559 Kind and Quantity of wood pulp used 559 Materials, bv states 559 Products...'. ^ 560 Products, by states 561 Equipment 563 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 563 Detailed statement, by states - 564 (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p. 5.) 12 MANUFACTURES. PAPER AND PRINTING—Continued. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry 565 Comparative summary 566 Comparative summary for the combined industry and each of the six •:- branches 567 Principal states, ranked by value of products 567 Persons engaged in the industry 568 Wage earners, bv months, for states 568 Average number of wage earners, bv prevailing hours of labor per week, for slates! 570 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for stales 571 Size of establishments, by value of products 572 Character of ownership, by states 573 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 573 Fuel consumed, by states 571 Special statistics: Comparative statistics, industry proper 575 Statistics, by geographic divisions and states, industry proper 575 Printing and publishing, book and job 57S Books and pamphlets 57$ Prin ting and publishing, music -V79 Newspapers and periodicals, by value of products 579 Newspapers and periodicals, by character of publications 579 Newspapers and periodicals, number and circulation 5S1 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING—Continued. Special statistics—Continued. Page. Number and character of periodicals, by states 581 Daily newspapers, number of, morning and evening 583 Daily newspapers in leading cities 583 Daily newspapers, by geographic divisions and states 584 Dailies in foreign languages, by states 585 Dailies in foreign languages, by circulation 585 Sunday newspapers, by geographic divisions and states 585 Sunday newspapers in 12 leading cities 587 Weekly newspapers and periodicals, number and circulation, by geo- graphic divisions and states 587 Weekly newspapers and periodicals, number and circulation, by leading slates 588 Weekly periodicals, number and circulation, by character of publication.. 589 Weekly newspapers and periodicals in foreign languages 589 Weekly newspapers and periodicals in foreign languages, by states 590 Publications other than daily, Sunday, and weekly 590 Triweeklies and semiweeklies 591 Monthly publications r 591 Quarterly publications - - - - 591. All other publications 592 Foreign-language publications other than dailies and weeklies 592 GENERAL TABLES: Comparative summary, by states 593 Detailed statement for the industry, by states 594 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES—THE INDUSTRIAL GROUP. Comparative summary CHEMICALS. General statistics: General character of the industry- Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size of establish cnents,by average number of wage earners, for selected states. Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Materials Principal materials, by industries Products * - Group I—Acids Group II—Ammonium and cyanogen compounds Group III—Sodas, sodium, and compounds Group IV—Potash, potassium, and compounds Group V—Alums, aluminum, and compounds Group VI—Bleaching compounds Group VII—Coal-tar chemicals Group VIII—Plastics Group IX—Compressed and liquefied gases Group X—Chemicals, not elsewhere specified Chemicals made by the aid of electricity General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statements, by states SULPHURIC, NITRIC, AND MIXED ACIDS. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states— '. *.. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states. Size of establishments, by value of products. - Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed Special statistics: Establishments, materials, and products General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states COAL-TAR PRODUCTS. General statistics: Principal states, ranked by value of products. Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states SLzeofestablishments, by average number of wageearners, for selected states. Size of estabhshments, by value of products - Character of ownership - Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Materials and products General table: Detailed statement, by states COKE. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary. The coke industry, by industry groups Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry. Wage earners, by months, for states Page. .. 608 H04 605 006 606 607 607 60S 60S 609 609 610 610 611 612 620 621 626 627 629 630 632 632 633 642 643 614 646 647 R47 647 648 648 64s 64S 649 649 649 650 650 fi.r)1 652 652 652 652 653 653 653 653 654 655 656 656 656 657 657 COKE—Continued. General statistics—Continued. Page. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 657 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 658 Size of establishments, by value of products, and by industry groups 65* Character of ownership 659 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 659 Fuel consumed, by states 659 Special statistics: Products 660 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 660 Detailed statement, by states 661 SALT. General statistics: G eneral character of the industry 662 Comparative summary 662 Principal states, ranked by value of products 663 Persons engaged in the industry. 663 Wage earners, by months, for states 663 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week for selected states 663 Sizeofestablishoients,by averagenumber of wageearners, for selectedstates. 664 Size of establishments by value of products 664 Character of ownership - 664 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 665 Fuel consumed, by states 665 Speclvl statistics: Products 665 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 666 Detailed statement, by states 666 DRUGGISTS* PREPARATIONS, PATENT MEDICINES AND COM- POUNDS, AND PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. G ENERA L STATISTICS: General character of the industries 667 Comparative summary 669 Principal states, ranked by value of products 670 Persons engaged in the industries 670 Wage earners, by months, for selected st ates 671 Averagenumber of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected s tates .' 67 2 Size of establishments, by average number of wageearners, for selected states. 672 Size of establishments, by value of products 673 Character of ownership 671 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 674 Fuel consumed, by states— 675 Special statistics: Consumption of alkaloids and alcohol 675 Production of alkaloids and derivatives 675 Products—Comparative summary and by stat es 676 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 677 Detailed statement, by states 678 DRUG GRINDING. Comparative summary and detailed statement 682 ESSENTIAL OILS. General statistics: General character of the industry 683 Comparative summary *!84 Principal states, ranked by value of products. t'81 Persons engaged in the industry 684 Wage earners, by months, for states C85 Average number of wage" earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states 685 Size of establishments, by averagenumber of wage earners, for states 685 Size of establishments, by value of products 686 Character of ownership 686 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers. 686 Fuel consumed, by states - 687 Special statistics: Products - - 687 General tables: Comparative summary, by states *... 688 Detailed statement, by states 688 (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p. 5.) CONTENTS. 13 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED IJTOUSTBIES—Continued. EXPLOSIVES. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry7 - Wage earners, by months, for states - Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states Size of establishments, by value of products Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, for states , Special statistics: Detailed statistics of materials and products Nitroglycerin Federal establishments Genebal tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states FERTILIZERS. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners for states Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by states *- Number and horsepower of types or prime movers Fuel consumed, by slates Special statistics: Materials and products Sulphuric acid, by states Products, by principal states General tables: Comparative summary, by stat es Detailed statement, by states MANUFACTURED GAS. General statistics: G eneral character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked bv value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size ofes tablishments, bv average number of wage earners .for select ed s ta tes. Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: EstabUsments, by kind of gas manufactured Materials and products By-products, gas and coking industries Materials, by states Products, by states - — Mixed coal and water gas Quality of gas Distribution Consumers and population Gas rates Equipment Distributing mains Stoves and heaters - Gas and electric light and power M unicip a 1 es t ablisliment s General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states NATURAL DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked bv value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months, for states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states Size of establishments, by value of product s Character of ownership, by states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Materials Products General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states PAINT AND VARNISH. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary for the combined industry Comparative summary for paint and varnish Principal states, ranked by value of products — Persons engaged in the combined industry Wage earners, by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, tor selected states, , Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for select;-xl states, tiize of establishments, by value of products fiS9 689 690 690 690 690 091 691 69 i 692 692 093 693 693 694 695 696 096 696 697 697 697 69S h99 699 700 701 701 703 701 709 709 709 ■ 710 j 710 712 714 714 716 719 719 721 733 733 733 734 734. 731 737 73S 73S 73S 739 739 739 739 740 PA TNT AND VARNISH—Continued. Genebal statistics—Continued. Character of ownership, bv selected states a™ Number and horsepower of types of prime movers ;* j Fuel consumed, by states ,4i Special statistics: Materials and products - - - - - ■' Detailed statistics of products, quaiitv, value, and number of escaousn- ments, by states /4J General tables: _ Comparative summary 75* Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners 754 Size of establishments, by value of prod nets 754 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 754 Special statistic-' Products 755 General tables: Comparative summary-, by states «56 Detailed statement, by states 756 PETROLEUM REFINING. General statistics: General character of the industry 757 Comparative summary 7;57 Principal states, ranked by value of products 758 Persons engaged in the industry 758 Wage earners, bv months, for states 75$ Average number of v.-ace earners, bv prevailing hours of labor per week, for stales!" 759 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 759 Sir.e of esi ablishments. bv value" of products 759 Character ..»f ownership, by states 760 Number and horsepower of types of prune movers 760 Fuel consumed, bv states .. _ V. 761 Special statistics: Materials 751 Products 761 Equipment 761 Distribution of esta blishments 761 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 764 Detailed statement, by states 765 SOAP. General statistics: General character of the industry 766 Comparative, summary 767 Principal states, ranked bv value of products 767 Persons engaged in the industry 767 Wage earners, by months, for states 7«>S Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states 7&> Sizes of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 75b Size of establishments, by value of products 769 Character of ownership, by states 759 Number and horsepower of type of prime movers 769 Fuel consumed, by states 770 Special statistics: Materials and products; detailed statistics of quantity and cost or value... 771 Principal materials, by states 772 Soap products, by states 773 General table:' Comparative summary , by states 773 Detailed statement, by states . 774 TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. General statistics: General character of the industry 7 75 Comparative summary • 776 States, ranked by value of products 775 Persons engaged "in the industry 777 Wage earners, bv months, for states 777 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week for states 777 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 7 7s Size of establishments, by value of products. 778 Character of ownership, for states 778 Number and horsepower of typo of prime movers 779 Special statistics: Crops worked and system employed 779 Number and age of crops worked . 7-SO Materials used and products 780 Diameters of trees worked. 781 General tables; Comparative summary, by states. . 781 Detailed statement, by states < 782 14 MANUFACTURES. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES—Continued. WOOD DISTILLATION. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry 783 Comparative summary. _ ^ 784 Principal states, ranked by value of products 784 Persons engaged in the industry 784 Wage earners, by months, for states 7S5 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 785 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 785 Size of establishments, by value of products 780 Character of ownership, by states 786 WOOD DISTILLATION—Continued. General statistics—Continued. FafSA Number and horsepower of types of prime movers • — *' Fuel consumed, by states • * /a/ Special statistics: 7K7 Materials > L»'7 Wood consumed in distillation L'' Products * Products, by principal states '°J Equipment - /oa General tables: 7™ Comparative summary, by states '*J Detailed statement, by states /oy STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS. CLAY PRODUCTS. Page. General character of the industry 792 Comparative summary 792 Component industries '92 BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. General statistics: Principal states, ranked by value of products 79 * Persons engaged in the industry /?4 Wage earners, by months IGeneral tables: I Comparative summary, by states 801 * Detailed statement, by states - 802 POTTERY. General statistics: General character of the industry 80-1 Principal states, ranked by value of products SO > Persons engaged in the industry SOo Wage earners, by months 805 Prevailing hours of labor 806 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners 806 Size of establishments, by value of products 800 Character of ownership ■ • 807 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 807 Fuel consumed...." -;07 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of product s 808 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 809 Detailed statement, by states $10 SAND-LIME BRICK. General statistics: General character of the industry 812 Comparative summary 812 Principal states, ranked by value of products 813 Persons engaged in the industry 8J3 Wage earners, by months 813 Prevailing hours of labor 813 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners 814 Size of establishments, by value of products 814 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 814 Fuel consumed 514 |eclal statistics: I Detailed statistics of products 814 ENERAL TABLES: ^Comparative summary, by states 8lo Detailed statement, by states - 81.5 CEMENT. General statistics: lift General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry "J*. Wage earners, by months Prevailing hours of labor • J1* Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners »i» Size of establishments, by value of products 8iy Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 8Jy Fuel consumed yu Special statistics: on Detailed statistics of products General tables: ,n Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states bZi LIME. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by months - Prevailing hours of labor Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners Size, of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership * Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed * Special statistics: Detailed statistics of products General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states 822 *23 823 823 824 824 825 825 825 826 826 826 827 828 GLASS. Genehal statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry - Wage earners, by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states .* ■- Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected stales Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by selected states Special statistics: Detailed statistics on quantity and value , Products, by principal states Equipment.* General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states 830 831 831 831 832 832 *33 .833 833 834 834 835 836 837 837 838 METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS, OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL. BRASS, BRONZE, AND COPPER PRODUCTS. ENERAL STATISTICS: Pa§?n General character of the industry - 840 841 Comparative summary Summarv for the combined industry and each branch separately.. Principal states, ranked by value of products * 842 Persons engaged in the industry 842 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 842 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 843 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states 843 Size of establishments, by value of products 843 Character of ownership, by states 814 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 844 Fuel consumed, by states 845 t>ECIAL STATTSTICS: Detailed statistics of quantity and value 846 Products, by principal states 846 Products of establishments engaged in other industries 847 General tables: Comparative summary, by states. Detailed statement, by states SMELTING AND REFINING. General statistics: General character of the industries 849 Summary for the smelting and refining industries 850 Comparative summary for copper, lead, and zinc smelting and refining. 847 848 Principal states, ranked by value of products - - ^A (For alphabetical contents by industries, sm p. 5.) SMELTING AND REFINING-Continued. General statistics—Continued. Page. Persons engaged in the industries 852 Wage earners, by months, for states 852 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states 853 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states 853 Size of establishments, by value of products 854 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 854 Fuel consumed, by states 854 Special statistics: Products 855 General tables: Comparative summary, by states ,. 855 Detailed statement, by states 856 NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES. General statistics: General character of the industry 858 Comparative summary 859 Principal states, ranked by value of products 859 Persons engaged in the industry 859 Wago earners, by months, for selected states 860 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states .*— Size of establishments, by value of products Character cf ownership CONTENTS. 15 VEHICLES FOE LAND TBANSPOBTATIOff. NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES—Continued. General statistics—Continued. Page. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers i#Jl Fuel consumed 081 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and value Stf2 General tables: Comparative summary, by states $i>3 Detailed statement, by states «63 AUTOMOBILES, INCLUDING BODIES AND PARTS. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry s6<} Comparative summary . S&7 Summary of the industry ?*6S Principal states, ranked by value of products . Persons engaged in the industry V,V> Wage earners, by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 839 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states Size of establishments, by value of products $70 Character of ownership, by selected states §71 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers *71 Fuel consumed, bv selected stales Si 2 Special statistics: ^ Detailed statistics of number and value S72 Automobiles made, classified according to use and type, by states *73 Automobiles made, classified according to motive power and type >73 Automobiles made, cla-ssified according to horsepower rating *74 General tables: Comparative summary, by states $75 Detailed statement for "the au tomobile industry, by states S76 Detailed statementfor the automobile-repairing industry, by states sSO CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. General statistics: General character of the industry v%2 Comparative summary ." Summary of the industry >Si CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS—Continued. General statistics—Continued. Page. Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry. $$f Wage earners, by months, for selected states Sb5 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of Labor per week, for selected states - Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by states. &>7 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers S$$ Fuel consumed, by states. &>S Special statistics: Detailed statistics of number and value 3b9 Detailed statistics of kind, number and value §39 Comparative summary, by class of vehicles, by states *yQ General tables: Comparative summary, by states - -91 Detailed statement, by states $92 MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, AND PARTS. General statistics: General character of the industry $96 Comparative summary §97 Summary of the industry $97 Principal states, ranked bv value of products $97 Persons engaged in the industry $9$ Wage earners', by months, for selected states $9$ Average number" of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states $9.8 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, by states $99 Size of establishment s, by value of products * $99 Character of ownership. §99 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 900 Fuel consumed, by states * ~ 900 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and value 900 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 'M)i Detailed statement, by states 901 EAIIEOAD EEPAIE SHOPS. STEAM AND ELECTRIC CARS AND RAILROAD REPAIR SHOPS. Summary and analysis: Pa^e. Scope of the report 905 Cars, steam and electric railroad and railroad repair shops, summary 905 Cars made, number and value 905 Cars made, classified by type of construction 900 CARS, STEAM AND ELECTRIC RAILROAD. NOT INCLUDING OPERATIONS OF RAILROAD COMPANIES. General statistics: G eneral character of the industry 907 Comparative summary 90$ Principal states, ranked by value of products (steam-railroad cars only ).. 90^ Persons engaged in the industry 909 Wage earners, by months 909 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week.. . 910 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners 910 Size of establishments, by value of products (steam-railroad cars only ) 910 Number and horsepower* of types ot prime movers [i 9 U Fuel consumed oil CARS, STEAM AND ELECTRIC RAILROAD, NOT INCLUDING OPERATIONS OF RAILROAD COMPANIES—Continual. Special statistics; Page- Detailed statistics of number and value 912 Cars made, classified by kind and type of construction 912 General tables: Comparative summary (steam-railroad cars only) 913 Detailed statement, by states • 914 STEAM AND ELECTRIC RAILROAD REPAIR SHOPS. General statistics: General character of the industry 915 Comparati ve summary 91<> Persons engaged in the industry •Jib Wage earners, bv months Average number of wase earners, by prevailing u,>urs of labor per week.. - 917 Si20 uf establishments, by average number of wase earners 917 Size of establishments, by value of products 91$ Number and horsepower of types of prime mov ens 9l$ Special statistics: Detailed st.tistics of number and value yiy General i/ul::- Detailed statement, by stales MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry 91b Comparative summary 927 Principal states ranked bv value of products 9-S Persons engaged in the industry 92s Wage earners, bv months 92s Wage earners, by months, for selected states 929 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - 929 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states - 9o0 Size of establishments, by value of products viO Character of ownership, for selected states 931 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 93i Fuel consumed, by states 932 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and value 93b Comparative summary—Four chief groups of agricultural implements, by stages \ 933 General tables: Comparative summary , by states 934 Detailed statement, by states 93d BUTTONS. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked bv value of products. Persons engaged in the industry WTage earners, by months, for selected states 930 937 937 93$ 938 BUTTONS —Con t inued. General statistics—Continued. . Page. Average number of wase earners, bv prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 7 93$ Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states: 939 Size of establishments, by value of products 939 Character of ownership - 939 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 910 Fuel consumed 940 Special statistics: Products, classified according to kind and to materials used 940 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 941 Detailed statement, by states 942 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND SUPPLIES. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners", by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states - Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states. 9+3 944 944 945 945 Size of establishments, bv value of products Character of ownership, by selected states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers. Fuel consumed, by selected states 946 947 947 94S 94$ (For alphabetical contents by industries, see p. 5.) 16 MANUFACTURES. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES—Continued. p ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND SUPPLIES—Continued- Special statistics: Detailed statistics of values Subsidiary electrical products Generating apparatus and parts. Transformers Motors.. Batteries Incandescent lamps Telegraph apparatus Telephone apparatus Household and industrial apparatus. Electric measuring instruments Magnetoignition apparatus Switchboards Insulated wire and cables General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states age. 949 949 949 950 950 950 951 951 951 951 951 952 952 952 953 954 955 956 956 MANUFACTURED ICE. General statistics: General character of the industry Comparative summary Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners", by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by selected states Number and horspower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states Special statistics: Detailed statistics of materials, products, and equipment Quantity and value of manufactured ice, by states Number of establishments, by systems used Number of machines used, by system and capacity Quantity of ice manufactured, by kind of water used G eneral tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Summary and analysis: Scope of the report 9*38 Comparative summary for the combined industry 968 PIANOS AND ORGANS AND MATERIALS. 909 971 971 972 972 973 975 976 976 977 978 978 979 979 981 982 G EN EE A L STATIST ICS I General character of the industry Pianos, organs, and materials—Comparative summary Piano materials and organ materials—Summary Principal states, ranked by value of products..* Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners" by months, for selected states Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states ". Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states.. Special statistics: Production of pianos Production of organs Detailed statistics of quantity and value General tables: Comparative summary, by states Detailed statement, by states MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS, NOT SPECIFIED. General statistics: General character of the industry 984 Comparative summary 984 Persons engaged in the industry 985 G EN E RA L TABLES: (Vmparative summary, by states 985 Detailed statement, by states 986 PHONOGRAPHS, GRAPHOPHONES, AND TALKING MACHINES. G EN E R A L ST ATI STICS: G eneral character of the industry 987 Comparati ve sum mar y 988 Principal states, ranked by value of products 988 Persons engaged in the industry 988 Wage earners" by mouths, for selected states 989 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states * 989 Size of establishments, bv average number of wage earners, for selected states.....': 989 Size of establishment8, by value of products 990 Character or ownership 990 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 990 Fuel consumed, by states 990 Special statistics: Products—Quantity and value 99-1 General table: Detailed statement, by states .. - 992 959 960 960 961 961 961 961 962 965 966 THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. General statistics: Page. General character of the industry 993 Comparative summary '. 995 Principal states, ranked by value of products 996 Persons engaged in the industry 996 Wage earners, by months, for selected states 997 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states 998 Size of estabUshments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states 999 Size of establishments, by value of products 999 Character of ownership 1000 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 1000 Fuel consumed, by states..." 1000 Special statistics: Detailed statistics of quantity and value 1001 Rubber tires—Production, by principal states 1002 Boots and shoes 1002 Miscellaneous rubber goods 1002 General tables: Comparative summary, by states 1003 Detailed statement, by states 1004 SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. General statistics: General character of the industry Summary of the industry, by classes Comparative summary Comparative summary, Government shipyards Principal states, ranked by value of products Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, by mouths, for selected states A verage number" of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states Size of estabUshments, by average number of wage earners, for selected stales Size of establishments, by value of products Character of ownership, by states Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, by states...." Special statistics: statistics covered aud terms used Number and gross tonnage of vessels launched and number of power boats. Number and gross tonnage of vessels launched, by coast divisions and inland waters Steel power vessels launched, by class, by coast divisions and inland waters. Cross tonnage and kind of service of vessels launched Vessels launched, grouped according to tonnage Vessels launched, by states Steam vessels launched, by states Motor vessels launched, including sail vessels with auxihary power, by states. Sail vessels with auxiliary power launched, by states Sail vessels without, auxiliary power launched, by states.« Unrigged vessels launched, by states Power boats, less than 5 gross tons, by states Value of work done Value of work done by private establishments in the shipbuilding i • < Ptepair work by private estabUshments, by states Equipment, of steam and motor vessels launched. . Dry docks I- Marine railways General tables: Comparative, summary, by states Detailed statement, by states POWER LAUNDRIES. General character of the industry Comparative summary — Comparative statistics, urban population and laundries, by divisions and states, with state rank Persons engaged in the industry Wage earners, bv months, for states.. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, by divisions and states Size of establishments, bv amount received for work done f. Size of establishmen ts, bv average number of wage earners, by divisions and states" Character of ownership, bv divisions and states. Statistics for cities of 10,000 inhabitants or more Number and horsepower of types of prime movers Fuel consumed, bv divisions and states Detailed statement for the industry, by divisions and states 1006 1008 1008 1009 1009 1009 1010 1011 1011 1012 1012 1013 1013 1014 1014 1016 1017 1017 1018 1018 1018 1019 1020 1020 1020 1021 022 1022 1022 1022 103 I 1026 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1037 1046 1047 1048 DYEING AND CLEANING. Ceneral character of the industry 1050 Summary 1050 Urban population and the dyeing and cleaning industry, by divisions and states, with state rank" ." V. 1051 Persons engaged in the industry 1051 Wage earners, by months, for states.. 1051 Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, by divisions and states. .' 1052 Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, by divisions and stages '. 1053 Size of estabUshments, by amount received for work done 1053 Character of ownership, by divisions and states 1054 Statistics for cities of 10,000 inhabitants or more 1055 Number and horsepower of types of prime movers 1056 Fuel consumed, by division sand states 1057 Detailed statement for the industry, by divisions and states 1058 (For alphabetical contents by industries, see r>. 5.) REPORTS FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES (17) INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS. INTKODUCTION, This volume contains statistics for the leading manufacturing industries of the United States! Data for certain selected industries were published as separate bulletins as rapidly as the statistics were compiled and are now collected in the present volume, together with detailed statistics for each industry, by states, and a report on "Power laundries and dyeing and cleaning/' and form Volume X of the reports of the Fourteenth Census. The figures in the volume may differ in some un- important details from those given in the bulletins, for the reason that minor errors discovered in the bulletins as first published have been corrected. Each report summarizes the general results of the census inquiry, presenting a series of tables in which the more important figures printed in the general tables are given in convenient form, as well as statistics for character of ownership, for size of establishments, by value of product and by number of wage earners, and for prevailing hours of labor. In addition, data of a supplemental character regarding the quantity and costs of materials, the quantity and value of products, and other information for securing which no provision is made on the general schedule, were col- lected by means of special schedules and the results are shown for each of the selected industries in the sections headed "special statistics." At the end of the report for each industry are two general tables. The first is a comparative summary for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and gives, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products. The second table presents detailed statistics for 1919 for each state that can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. To facilitate the comparison of one broad type of manufacturing with another, the selected industries shown in this report have been grouped into general classes. Any grouping of industries must necessarily be more or less arbitrary. In making up the classes shown in this volume the Census Bureau has followed two principles: (1) That of similarity with respect to character of materials; and (2) that of similarity with respect to the use of the finished product. In some cases the actual classification of an industry might be explained by either principle. Thus the industries assigned to the textile group all resemble one another in using as materials fibers of different sorts or the more advanced products derived from those materials; and most of them resemble one another in that the products are designed chiefly for use, directly or indirectly, as clothing. On the other hand, the uses of the products made by the various industries classed under the general designation "iron and steel and their products'' axe extremely varied, and this group has been constituted solely with respect to the character of the principal materials used. EXPLANATION OF TEEMS. Scope of census.—Census statistics of manufactures are compiled primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their growth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data throwing light upon character of ownership, size of establishments, and similar subjects. When use is made of the statistics for these purposes it is imperative that due attention be given to their limitations, particularly in connection with any attempt to derive from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of production, or profits. The census did not cover establishments which were idle during the entire year or for which prod- ucts were valued at less than $500, nor the manufac- turing done in educational, eleemosynary, or penal institutions. Period covered.—The returns relate to the calendar year 1919, or the business year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar year, and cover a year's operations, except for establishments which began or discontinued business during the year. The establishment.—As a rule, the term "establish- ment ^ represents a single plant or factory, but in some cases it represents two or more plants which were operated under a common ownership or for which one set of books of account was kept. If, however, the plants constituting an est ablishment as thus defined were not all located within the same city, county, or state, separate reports were secured in order that the figures for each plant might be included in the statis- tics for the city, county, or state in which it was located. In some instances separate reports were secured for different industries carried on in the same establishment. (19) 20 MANUFACTURES. Classification by industries.—The establishments were assigned to the several classes of industries according to their products of chief value. The prod- ucts reported for a given industr}^ may thus, on the one hand, include minor products different from those covered by the class designation, and, on the other hand, may not represent the total product covered by this designation, because some products of this class may be made in establishments in which it is not the product of chief value. Influence of increased prices.—In comparing figures for cost of materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 1919 with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, account should be taken of the general increase in the prices of commodities during recent years. To the extent to which this factor has been influential the figures fail to afford an exact measure of the increase in the volume of business. Persons engaged in the industry.—The following general classes of persons engaged in the manufacturing industries were distinguished: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superintendents and managers, (4) clerks (including other subordinate salaried employees), and (5) wage earners. The number of persons engaged in each industry, segregated by sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 16 or 16 and over), was reported for a single representative day. The 15th of December was selected as representing for most in- dustries normal conditions of employment, but where this date did not portray such conditions, an earlier date was requested. In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus reported for the representative date has been treated as equivalent to the average for the year, since the number of employees of this class does not ordinarily vary much from month to month. In the case of wage earners the average has been obtained in the manner explained in the next paragraph. In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the number of wage earners on the representa- tive date, a report was obtained of the number em- ployed on the 15th of each month, by sex, without distinction of age. From these figures the average number of wage earners for the year has been calcu- lated by dividing the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. The importance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed to be more accurately measured by this average than by the number employed at any one time or on a given day. The number of wage earners reported for the repre- sentative day, though given in certain tables for each separate industry, is not totaled for all industries combined, because, in view of the variations* of date, such a total is not believed to be significant. It- would involve more or less duplication of persons working in different industries at different times, would not represent the total number employed in all industries at any one time, and would give an undue weight to seasonal industries as compared with industries in continual operation. In order to determine as nearly as possible the age distribution of the average number of wage earners for an industry, the per cent distribution by age of the wage earners for December 15, or the nearest repre- sentative day, has been calculated from the actual numbers reported for that date. The percentages thus obtained have been applied to the average num- ber of wage earners for the year to determine the average numbers 16 years and over, and under 16, employed. Salaries and wages.—Under these heads are given the total payments during the year for salaries and wages, respectively. The Census Bureau has not undertaken to calculate the average annual earnings, of either salaried employees or wage earners. Such averages would possess little real value, because they would be based on the earnings of employees of both sexes, of all ages, and of widely varying degrees of skill. Furthermore, so far as wage earners are con- cerned, it would be impossible to calculate accurately even so simple an average as this, since the number of wage earners fluctuates from month to month in every industry, and in some cases to a very great extent. The Census Bureau's figures for wage earners, as already explained, are averages based on the number employed on the 15th of each month, and while representing the number according to the pay rolls to whom wages w^ere paid on that date, no doubt repre- sent a larger number than would be required to per- form the work in any industry if all were continu- ously employed during the year. Prevailing hours of labor.—No attempt was made to ascertain the number of wage earners working a given number of hours per week. The inquiry called merely for the prevailing practice followed in each establish- ment. Occasional variations in hours in an establish- ment from one part of the year to another were dis- regarded, and no attention was paid to the fact that a few wage earners might have hours differing from those of the majority. All the wage earners of each establishment are therefore counted in the class within which the establishment itself falls. In most estab- lishments, however, practically all the wage earners work the same number of hours, so that the figures give a substantially correct representation of the hours of labor. EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 21 Capital (amount actually invested).—The instruc- tions on the schedule for securing data relating to capital were as follows: "The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned and borrowed, on the last day of the business year reported. All the items of fixed and live capital may be taken at the amounts carried on the books. If land or buildings are rented, that fact should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or buildings is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so stated and only the value of the owned property given. Do not include securities and loans representing investments in other enterprises." These instructions were identical with those em- ployed at the censuses of 1914 and 1909. The data compiled in respect to capital, however, at both cen- suses, as well as at all preceding censuses of manu- factures, have been so defective as to be of little value except as indicating general conditions. In fact, it has been repeatedly recommended by the census authorities that this inquiry be omitted from the schedule. While there are some establishments whose accounting systems are such that an accurate return for capital could be made, this is not true of the great majority, and the figures therefore do not show the actual amount of capital invested. Materials.—The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the materials used during the year, which may be more or less than the materials purchased during the year. The term "materials" covers fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, as well as materials which form a constituent part of the product. Rent and taxes,—The taxes include certain Federal taxes and state, county, and local taxes. Under "Federal taxes" there are included the internal reve- nue tax on manufactures (tobacco, beverages, etc.), excise taxes when included in values reported for products, corporation capital stock tax, and corpora- tion income tax, but not the income tax for individuals and partners. Value of products.—The amounts given under this heading represent the selling value or price at the fac- tory of all products manufactured during the year, which may differ from the value of the products sold. Value added by manufacture.—The value of prod- ucts is not always a satisfactory measure of either the absolute or the relative importance of a given industry, because only a part of this value is actually created by the manufacturing processes carried on in the industry itself. Another part, and often by far the larger one, represents the value of the materials used. For many : purposes, therefore, the best measure of the importance of an industry, from a manufacturing standpoint, is 'the value created by the manufacturing operations car- ried on within the industry. This value is calculated j b}~ deducting the cost of the materials used from the j value of the products. The figure thus obtained is ! termed in the census reports ''value added by manu- facture." Cost of manufacture and profits.—The census data do not show the entire cost of manufacture, and con- sequently can not be used for the calculation of profits. No account has been taken of depreciation or interest, rent of offices and buildings other than factory or works, insurance, ordinary repairs, advertising, and other sundry expenses. Primary horsepower.—This item represents the total primary power equipment of the maufaeturing estab- lishments plus the amount of power, principally elec- tric, rented from^tfier concerns. It does not cover the power of^eiectric motors taking their current from dynamos driven by primary power machines operated by the same establishment, because the inclusion of such power would obviously result in duplication. The figures for primary horsepower represent the rated capacity of the engines, motors, etc., and not the amount of power in actual daily use. Fuel.—Statistics of the quantity of fuel used are shown only for anthracite and bituminous coal, coke, | fuel oils, gasoline and other volatile oils, and gas, and j represent, the quantity used during the year. As only i the principal kinds of fuel are shown, comparison as to J the total cost of all fuels is impracticable. FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS Page Butter, Cheese, and Condensed Milk 25 slaughtering and meat packing 44 Canning and Preserving 62 Chocolate and Cocoa Products 86 Confectionery and Ice Cream 93 Flour-mill and Gristmill Products 102 Glucose and Starch 121 Rice, Cleaning and Polishing 127 The Sugar Industry 133 BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. GENERAL S Scope of the industry.—The manufacture of butter, cheese, and condensed milk is treated in this report as a single industry, although in some tables the more important data are given for the three branches separately. The general statistics reported for each branch represent the complete returns of those estab- lishments reporting the designated commodity as their product of chief value. The value of products shown for the butter-making branch of the industry, for ex- ample, includes the value of cheese or condensed milk manufactured as a subsidiary product in factories en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of butter. Tables 14, 15, and 16, however, show the total production of butter, cheese,and condensed milk of all establishments in the industry. Factories of considerable size are sometimes operated on farms, but such factories are considered a part of the farm equipment and are covered by the census of agriculture rather than by that of manufactures. The present report is, therefore, confined to establishments operated independently of farming activities. In Table 17, however, the combined production of butter and cheese on farms and in the factories covered by the census of manufactures is shown. This represents ap- proximately the total output of butter and cheese for the United States. Skimming or separating stations operated in con- nection with a butter factory are counted as a part of the factor}'. Independent separating stations, how- ever, have not been included, nor have establishments engaged primarily- in the buying and selling of milk and cream, but incidentally manufacturing small quantities of butter or cheese from surplus stock. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics of each census since 1879, with percentages of increase for each period. With few exceptions increases are noticeable at each suc- ceeding census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, j and value of products, are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do! not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the indus- | try for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 accounts for the large increase in "Rent and taxes." Comparative summary for the three branches of the industry.—Table 2 presents a summary for the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry as a whole, and for the three branches separately, for 1919 and 1914, Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 3 summarizes the more important statistics of the industry, by states, arranged according to the value of products for 1919. Wisconsin, New York, and Minnesota, in the order named, continue to be the three leading states in the industry in 1919 as in 1914, the combined value of their products in 1919 representing 41.6 per cent of the total value of products for the industry for the United States. There were a number of changes in the relative rank of the states from 1914 to 1919, as measured by value of products. Thus Michigan, which ranked sixth in 1914, advanced to fourth place in 1919, displacing Iowa; and Ohio, which ranked eighth in 1914, advanced to fifth place in 1919. Iowa dropped from fourth to seventh place and Illinois from fifth to sixth place during the five-year period. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by age of the average number of wage earners is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." The classification by sex for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the s*ame manner as the classification by age. Table 4 shows for the industry as a whole, and for each of its three branches, the classification of the persons employed, by sex and age, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Figures for individual states will be found in Table 19. Wage earners, by months.—As shown by Table 5, the number of wage earners employed in the industry ranged from a maximum of 40,989 in June to a mini- mum of 29,022 in January, the minimum number being equivalent to 70.S per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for the states separately, while for 1919 the number of males and females is also shown. The num- ber of females employed in the industry is also shown for 1919 in eight of the states reporting a large propor- tion of female wage earners. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 0 shows a shorten- ing of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year 8.4 per cent of the wage earners were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week, as against 15 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 73.6 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as compared with 59.3 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—iis shown by Table 7, there were 867 estab- lishments in 1919, or 11.3 per cent of the total number for the industry, which employed no wage earners. These were comparatively small establishments in (25) 26 MANUFACTURES. which the work was done by the proprietors and firm members. In some cases they employed a few wage earners for short periods, but the number was so small and the period of employment so short that in com- puting the average number, as described in the "Explanation of terms/' no wage earners could be shown. Of the total number of establishments, 76.5 per cent employed 1 to 5 wage earners, and 7.4 per cent from 6 to 20. There were only 159 establish- ments that employed an average of more than 50 wage earners, and of these only 40 employed over 100. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914, establishments with prod- ucts valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been com- piled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 8, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in this table show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the three groups having products of $100,000 and over included 1,714 estab- lishments, or 22.4 per cent of the total number for the industry; employed 28,218 wage earners, or 79.9 per cent of the total average number; and reported products to the value of $830,507,804, or 77.9 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 9 shows that in 1919, of the total number of establishments reported for the industry, 25.4 per cent were under corporate owner- ship. While corporations thus controlled only one- fourth of the total number of establishments, they employed 73.2 per cent of the total average number of wage earners and reported 65.8 per cent of the total value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 10, there was an increase in the total horsepower reported for the industry of 38,009 horsepower, or 29.1 per cent. This increase, however, was due almost entirely to the gain of 36,169 horsepower, cr 205.2 per cent, in rented power, the increase in power owned being only 1,840 horsepower, or 1.6 per cent of the total. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows, by states, the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry in 1919 and 1914. Of the total quantity of bituminous coal used in the industry in 1919, New York and Wisconsin reported 40.9 per cent, while California reported 74.6 per cent of the fuel oils, and Kansas and Ohio together 68.8 per cent of the gas. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. 1919 Number of establishments • Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number)... Primary horsepower. Capital 7,669 49,865 4,452 10, 100 35,313 168,871 $315,277,362 54,157,374 16,217, 37,939,676 711,975 8,843,710 926,366,296 1,066,125,489 Value added by manufacture I 139,759,193 Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cast of materials Value of products 1914 7,628 34,795« 5,009! 6,727! 23,059 130,8621 $105,812,304j 21,977,895! 6,130,814| 15,847,0S1 712,651 1,262,749 315,025,635 364,285,150 49,2.59,51 1909 8,479i 31,506 8,019 5,056 18,431 101,349 $71,283,615 14,671,932 3,590,624 11,081,308 301,658 684,622 235, .546,064 274,557,718 39,011,654 1904 8, 926 25,865 6, soi 3,507 15, 557 93,845 $47,255,556 9,789,034 1,376,097 8,412,937 39,024 * 463,423 142,920,277 168,182,789 25,262,512 1899 1889 1879 9,242 22,604 6,987 2,818 12,799 4,552 (3) (2) (J) 3,932 (2) (3) (2) 12,219 7,903 88,062 $36,303,164 25,526 $16,016,573 fa) $9,604,803 7,057,273 911,712 6,145,561 5,116,005 1,546,495 8 28,604 (2) < 358,2711 (») 108,841,200' 49,819,301 130,783,349! 60,635,705 21,942,149j 10,816,401 18,363,579 25,742,510 7,378,931 8 PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1889- 1879- 1919 1911 1909 1904 1899 1889 0.5 -10. (1 -5.0 -3.4 103.0 15. 8 43. 3 10.4 21.8 14.4 -11.1 -37.5 17.9 -2.7 51.1 33.0 44.2 24.4 53.1 25.1 18.5 21.5 (3) («) 29.0 29.1 8.0 6.6 245. 0 198.0 48.4 50. S 30.2 126.7 ***66.'s 146.4 49.8 49.9 38.7 37.9 230.8 164.5 70.7 160.9 50.9 139.4 43.0 31.7 36.9 -0.1 136.2 673.0 36.4 600.4 84.4 47.7 30.1 194.1 33.7 64.8 31.3 118.5 171.3 192. 7 32.7 63.2 28.6 115.7 135. 5 183.7 28.3 54.4 15.1 102.9 46.6 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. > Figures not available. 8 Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 27 Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE THREE BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries "Wages Paid for contract work ■ Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture TOTAL FOR INDUSTRY. 1919 1 1914 7,669! 7,628| 49,865! 34,795 4,452! 5,009 10, lOOj 6,727 35,313j 23,059 168, S7l! 130,8621 $315,277,362:$105,812,3041 i .54,157,374; 21,977,8951 16,217,69S 6.130,814 37,939,676! 15,847,081 711,975; 712,651 8,843,710: 1,262,749 926.366,296 315,025,635 1,066,125,489 364,285.150 139,759,193 49,259,515 Per cent of in- crease,1 1914- 1919. 0.5 43.3 -11.1 .5a 1 53.1 29.0 198.0 146.4 164.5 139.4 -0.1 600.4 194.11 192. 183. Butter. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Condensed milk. 1919 3,738 26,339 2,006 6,692 17,641 95,190 |*162,302,108 28,374, SIS 9,522,089 IS, 852,729 428,7991 3,414,781 514,345.7391 5S3.163.011! 6S, 817,2721 1914 4,356 21,516 2,543| 4,824 14,149 91,628 $59,625,448 14,090,240 3,970,762 10,119,478 652,076 860,609 212,546,847 243,379,371 30,832,524 Per cent of in- crease,1 1914- 1919. Cheese. 1919 -14.2 22.41 -21.1! 38.7! 24.7 3,530 6.993 2,400 596 3,99' 3.9i 24,500 172.2. $26,022,734 10L4| 5,859.034 139. Si 1,050; 043 S6.3! 4,808,991 -34, 2! 42,567 296. 8 407,874j 142. Oj 129,425.285! 139.61 143,455'. 704! 123.2j 14,030.439' 1914 3.0S 5,654 2,420 326 2,90S Per cert t of in- crease.1 1914- 1919. 14.5; 23. 7; —0. Sj 82. S> 37.4; 1919 401 16,533 46 2,812 13,675 19,219 $11,139,004 2,274,213 208,529 2,065,6S4 26,917 121,969 46,758,6-85 51,744,779 4,986.094 27.5! 49,181 133.6 $126,952,520 157.6 19,923,522 403.5! 5.645,566 132.8 14,277,956 58. li 240,609! 1914 j Per • cent j o fin- I crease, ; 1914- i 1919. 190; 111.1 7,625, 116. S 46! 1,577! 78.3 6,002; 127. S 20,015j 145. 7 $35,047,852; 262.2 5,613,442 , 254.9 1,951,523! 189.3 3,661.9191 289.9 33,658 j 614.9 280,171! 1,692.1 55,720,103j 407.2 69,161,0005 390.9 234.4 5,021,0.55! 176.8 232,595,292) 177.2 339,506.774! 181.4 56,911,482: 13.440,897 323.4 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. Wisconsin New York Minnesota Michigan Ohio Illinois Iowa California Pennsylvania... Nebraska Washington Missouri Vermont Oregon Colorado North Dakota.. 7,6 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 35,313 2,872| 821 903 31Sj 267; 2231; 434| • 180 j 273! 57 130 71! I 1371 136| 7S| 601 5,973| 5,082 2,135| 2,194I 2,13: 1,991 1,663 2,022 1.900 li 111 1,228 691 60S 595 495 215 100.0 16.9 14.4 6.0S 6. 6.0 5.6 4.7 5.7 5.4 3.1 3.5 2.0 1.7 1.7| 1.4 0.6! VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $1,066,125 221,447 129,0081 93,586 64,787 60,013 58.298 57,800 56,420 44,564 38,245 33,128 22,295 18,539 15,762 11,906 11,170 100. 0 20. S! 12.1 8.8! 6.1! 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3; 4.2i 3.6; 3.1 2.1| 1.7: 1.5 1.1 1.0 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE, Amount1 .2 . pressed j ^2 in I § J thOU-; sands), |J-* $139,759* 100. Oj 23,463 IS,292 7,566i S,SS0 9,597 8,679 7,319 6,749' S,215i 5,914 6,280 2,137 1,883 2,526 1,959 1,139. 16.8 13.1 5.4! 6.4! I 6.9 6.2 5.21 4.8! 5.9; 4.2j 4.51 1.5| 1.3! 1.8; 1.4 0.S: Oklahoma ;20! Texas... ;31| Montana • 53! Kentucky 16! Arizona 9 New Jexsev 19 Maine \ 11; Mississippi 19; Massachusetts..: 23 Virginia 1 23: Alabama I 4 Connecticut 22; North Carolina.: 221 Nevada. j 5! West Virginia..! 61 All other states.; 426 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 28 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 19.1.4, AND 1909. Butter, Cheese, and Con- densed Milk. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Clerk* and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over.... Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. Butter. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. "Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age... J919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 49,86f» 34,795 31,506 8,253 7,420 10,480 4,452 5,009 8,019 1,112 635 1,032 2,689 1,776 1,429 6,299 4,316 2,595 35,313 23,059 18,431 35,216 22,972 18,324 97 87 107 26,339 21,516 19,380 4, 475 4,415 5,966 2,006 2,543 3, 855 746 496 905 1,723 1,376 1,206 4,223 2,952 1,851 17,641 14,149 11,563 17,594 14,113 11,523 47 36 40 Male. 41,91S 31,493 29,095 8,071 7,293 10,336 4,346 4,906 7,901 1,078 614 1,014 2,647 1,773 1,421 3,089 3,006 1,748 30,758 21,194 17,011 30,672 21,122 16,924 86 72 87 21, 467 19,359 18,244 4,342 4,337 5,883 1,934 2,486 3,796 721 478 889 1,687 1,373 1,198 2,000 1,836 1,172 15,125 13,186 11,189 15,084 13,153 11,154 41 33 35 Fe- | male, j 7,947 3,302 2,411 182 127 144 106 103 118 34 21 18 42 3 8 3,210 1,310 S47 4,555 1,865 1,420 4,544 1,850 1,400 11 15 20 4,872 2,157 1,136 133 78 83 72 57 59 25 18 16 36 3 2,223 1,116 679 2,516 963 374 2,510 960 369 6 3 5 I PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 84.1 90.5 92.3 97.8 98.3 98.6 97.6 97.9 98. 5 96.9 96.7 98.3 98.4 99.8 99.4 49.0 69.6 67.4 87.1 91.9 92,3 S7.1 91.9 92.4 88.7 82.8 81.3 Fe- male. 15.9 9.5 7.6 2.2 1.7 1.4 2.4 2.1 1.5 3.1 3.3 1.7 1.6 0.2 0.6 51.0 30.4 32.6 12.9 8.1 7.7 12.9 8.1 7.6 11.3 17.2 IS. 7 81.5 18.5 90.0 10.0 94.2 5.9 97.0 3.0 98.2 1.8 98.6 1.4 96.4 3.6 97.8 2.2 98.5 1.5 96.6 3.4 96.4 3.6 9S.2 1.8 97.9 2.1 99.8 0.2 99.3 0.7 47.4 52.6 62.2 37.8 63.3 36.7 85.7 14.3 93.2 6.8 96.8 3.2 85.7 14.3 93.2 6.8 96.8 3.2 87.2 12.8 91.7 8.3 87.5 12.5 TER CENT of Cen- TOTAL. sus year. Total. Male. l4 e- male. Fe- male. xMale. 1919 6,993 6,709 284 95.9 4.1 1914 5,654 5,510 144 ■97.5 2.5 1909 7,164 7,018 146 98.0 2.0 Proprietors and officials 1919 2,745 2,707 38 98.6 1.4 1914 2,607 2,560 47 98.2 1.8 1909 4,299 4,238 61 98.6 1.4 Proprietors and firm members... 1919 2,400 2,367 33 98.6 1.4 1914 2,420 2,375 45 98.1 1.9 1909 4,148 4,089 59 9a 6 1. 4 Salaried officers of corporations... 1919 157 163 4 97.5 2.5 1914 37 35 2 94.6 5.4 1909 64 62 2 96.9 3.1 Superintendents and managers... 1919 188 187 1 99.5 0.5 1914 150 150 100.0 1909 87 87 100.0 Clerks and other subordinate salaried 1919 251 159 92 63.3 36.7 employees. 1914 139 111 28 79.9 20.1 1909 161 135 26 83.8 16.1 Wage earners (average number) 1919 3,997 3,843 154 96.1 3.9 1914 2,908 2,839 69 97.6 2.4 1909 2,704 2,645 59 97.8 2.2 16 years of age and over 1919 3,975 3,821 154 96.1 3.9 1914 2,894 2,825 69 97.6 2.4 1909 2,686 2,627 59 97.8 2.2 Under 16 years of age 1919 22 22 100.0 1914 14 14 100.0 1909 18 IS 100.0 i 1 Condensed milk 1919 16,533 13,742 2,791 83.1 16.9 1914 7,625 6,624 1,001 86.9 13.1 1909 4,962 3,833 1,129 77.3 22.8 Proprietors and officials 1919 1,033 ! 1,022 11 98.9 1.1 1914 398 396 2 99.5 0.5 1909 215 215 100.0 Proprietors and firm members... 1919 46 45 1 97.8 2.2 1914. 46 45 1 97.8 2.2 1909 16 16 100.0 Salaried officers of corporations... 1919 209 204 5 97.6 2.4 1914 102 101 1 99.0 1.0 1909 63 63 100.0 Superintendents and managers... 1919 778 773 5 99.4 0.6 1914 250 250 100.0 1909 136 136 100.0 Clerks and other subordinate salaried 1919 1,825 930 895 51.0 49.0 employees. 1914 1,225 1,059 166 86.4 13.6 1909 583 441 142 75.6 24.4 Wage earners (average number) 1919 13,675 11,790 1,885 86.2 13.8 1914 6,002 5,169 833 86.1 13.9 1909 4,164 3,177 987 76.3 23.7 16 years of age and over 1919 13,647 11,767 1,880 86.2 13.8 1914 5,965 5,144 821 86.2 13.8 1909 4,115 3,143 972 76.4 23.6 Under 16 years of age 1919 28 23 5 82.1 17.7 1914 37 25 12 67.6 32.4 1909 49 31 15 69.4 30.6 BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 29 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females 1914 1909 California. Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Michigan... Minnesota.. Missouri— Nebraska.. New York. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania.. Vermont Washington Wisconsin Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. Stales showing large proportion of females. Illinois Indiana Kansas Missouri Nebraska Ohio Oregon Washington 35,313 30,75-S 4,555 23,059 18,431 2,022 1,991 1,660 1,663 927 2,194 2,135 691 1,111 5,082 2,132 595 1,900 603 1,228 5,973 319 327 21S 177 220 283 89 214 I NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15lH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATTVE DAY. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. 29,022 25,502 $,520 19,707 15,121 30,050 25,391 3,659 19,882 15,239 31,375 27,571 3,804 20,401 15,978 34,871 30,449 4,422 22,816 18,059 38,069 33,143 4,926 25,129 20,262 40,939 35,614 5,375 26,545 40.584 35; 274 5.310 26;299 21,392 39,017 33,824 5.193 25;242 20,934 37,182 32.212 4,970 24,344 20,065 35.616 30; 832 4.784 23^241 18,902 34,122 29,649 4,473 22.047 17;571 32.859 28,635 4,224 21,052 16,343 21,313 1,693 1,751 1,378 1,393 1,726 1,776 1,384 1,328 1,834 1,841 1,390 1,S15 2,001 1,952 1,538 1,533 2,048 2,041 1,694 1,751 2,095 2,228 1,886 1,952 2,211 2,174 1,882 1,857 2.251 2,188 2.046 1,817 1,843 2 12S 2,003 1,731 1,811 2,099 1,982 1,704 1,761 1.990 1,981 1,656 1,625 2,117 1,860 1,787 754 1,941 1.825 '511 7,54 2,009 1,842 793 2,080 1,890 942 2,122 2,070 1,080 2.287 2,330 760 1,101 1.022 2; 454 2.446 867 1,031 2.291 2,428 '829 967 2,230 2,204 897 2,163 2,071 9213 2,195 2,043 863 2.107 li970 521 547 633 2,447 2.501 '814 801 693 60S 64S 901 8,611 1,816 926 4,073 1.871 878 4,648 1,913 1,135 5,451 2,02S 569 1,276 5,948 2,205 615 1,508 6,282 2,401 1,448 6,021 2,388 706 1.312 1,161 5,218 2,288 641 9S6 5,125 2,178 SS9 4,602 2,114 912 4.447 2.050 "56S 485 498 528 660 5,555 2,332 669 610 591 1,562 480 1,055 5, OSS 1,595 550 1,084 5,201 1,712 567 1,096 5,397 1,840 636 1,146 5,996 2,007 711 1,329 6,420 2,150 748 1,458 6,920 2,188 71S 1,429 6,762 2,131 670 1,388 6,455 2,037 606 1,267 6,178 1,951 1,853 '521 1,156 5,738 1,774 506 1,112 5,554. 5S3 1.216 6,022 242 249 164 124 262 253 150 129 259 250 168 125 322 280 224 159 312 329 268 186 368 390 341 374 254 218 345 3S8 259 225 328 368 240 238 340 359 217 189 344 332 213 174 365 352 193 161 266 196 147 141 140 248 SS 185 244 267 82 1SS 272 267 85 23S 337 307 314 103 275 276 312 98 240 236 335 95 227 20S 312 87 216 161 277 92 203 171 264 85 179 246 68 178 2U 85 175 310 100 264 Table 6— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. I Cen- sus year. I United Stales.! 1919 I 1914 ! 1909 California '1919 ! 1914 Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas. Michigan. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 35,313 23,059 18,431 2,022 1,044 1,991 1,755 1,660 719 1,663 1,333 927 761 2,194 1,367 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween j |44and 452 (2) (4) 91 (*) 12 (3) (5) 44 (*) 20 (2) 76 (2) |3,S44 1,600 1,793 (3) *(V)" \V)*' 5 (2) 16 4S.i Be-! t ween I 4Sandl 54. 177 101 12S 29 455 160 202 145 919 338 228 5,05-3 '2,527 ! 1,020 70 i 15 116 108 14 38 Be- j tweenj ^ 54andi w' 60. j Over 60. 4,037 ill,S72i9,060 1,615 ! 9,934,7,045 1,254 j 6,3797,757 SI' 24; 501 239 349; 90! 50 I 236 132 I 116 i 176! 237 I 81 424 85 i 99 ; 713 1,196- 372 60; 134 16 35 619! 386! 715! 782; 323 • 150! 671 514 670 327 342 194 60 205 332 3SS 1.21 1,127 43 833 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. sus year.; Total, j 44 and un- der. Be-: t ween; 44 and Be- tween: 48and Be- | tweeni 54 and |Over ; 60. __! 48. ■ 48.1 54. . 54. 60.! 60. i Minnesota. 1919' 2,135 72 10 515 15; 371 103 ! 862 | 187 1914; 1,45$ ;. <*) (s) 235 20 i 309 10 809 j 75 Nebraska 1919 1 1,111 17 4 ■' 97 276 j 122 ■ 595 1914 696! l2) (*) 1 so 11 426 178 New York 1919' 5,082 l 40 308 142 6SS 37S <•> 745 : 781 1914 , 3,235!; (») ""(vr. 190 60; 262 376 1 433 , 914 Ohio 1919! 2,132 Ij 16 16 173 38 , 244 ■?77 S46 522 1914 1,4so! (3) (*) ■. 65 13' 183 233 5S6 ; 400 Pennsylvania 1919 j 1,900 ij 28 1 128 26! 23S 114 823 5-12 1914 j 1,309 (>) (3): 153 38 1 123 132 472 391 Washington , 191.9 1.228 H 5 278 15 | 610 164 60 96 1914 I 'S60 |j (*) 31 55 23 271 480 Wisconsin 1919! 5,973 jj 55 11 489 69 1 366 SS7 459 2,637 1914 j 3,717 !| (a) (s); 20S 73 243 251 1 350 1,592 1 Includes 4$ and under for 1914 and 1909. 1 Corresponding figures not available. 30 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 50 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 STATE. Wage earners (average number). wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish ments. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. United States 1919.. 7,669 7,628 35,313 23,059 867 839 5,868 6,148 8,943 8,899 566 461 6,196 4,740 209 117 6,961 3,718 119 49 8,244 3,362 40 12 4,969 1,691 1914.. 2 649 California 180 223 101 434 67 2,022 1,991 1,660 1,663 927 7 108 145 257 262 135 650 76 42 29 23 36 13 509 311 268 413 124 14 19 9 5 414 671 270 164 273 5 8 7 1 5 302 617 486 78 353 4 1 4 3 1 540 130 501 358 101 Illinois 21 6 Indiana 52 360 Iowa 29 2 36 10 318 903 71 57 2,194 2,135 691 1,111 13 40 11 2 246 819 43 30 569 1,265 108 62 35 32 6 15 427 327 86 177 18 10 7 2 714 341 223 64 5 1 4 5 365 76 274 401 1 1 119 126 3 407 Ohio 821 267 136 273 5,082 2,132 595 1,900 103 45 12 25 589 139 105 195 749 250 202 337 65 58 16 31 670 665 185 343 34 13 1 11 1,220 333 32 378 23 10 1,597 664 62 616 7 2 1 2 846 220 114 220 Pennsylvania . 1 9 Vermont 137 130 2,872 679 608 1,228 5,973 3,401 8 10 463 70 112 91 2,310 488 193 214 2,673 941 11 16 112 172 488 919 3 6 15 32 72 237 566 989 2 5 24 4 118 335 1,579 321 1 113 270 667 231 Washington 55 83 2 5 2 All other states Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURFj. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 7,669 7,628 8,479 35,313 23,059 18,431 $1,066,125,489 $364,285,150 $274,557,718 $139,759,193 $49,259,515 $39,011,654 225 1,159 4,571 1,271 208 235 547 3,206 3,242 537 72 24 833 4,262 3,004 76 801 6,218 / 7,609 \ 5,366 15,243 261 2,735 6,950 365 3,482 6,633 7,464 620,244 15,607,652 219,389,889 / 246,320,614 \ 149,856,053 434,331,137 1,725,785 39,518,343 130,094,135 106,139,682 47,334,087 39,473,118 2,610,549 49,557,062 116,551,144 126,579 1,894,877 21,432,453 / 29,298,673 \ 21,124,049 65,882,562 268,768 4,517,688 14,710,825 455,171 6,395,108 13,159,519 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } 371 | 10,208 } 93,905,110 | 22,679,804 17,084,727 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 9 2,905 487 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 11,933,853 7,082,430 1,917,129 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.9 15.1 59.6 16.6 2.7 3.1 7.2 42.0 42.5 7.0 0.9 0.3 9.8 50.3 35.4 0.2 2.3 17.6 / 21.5 \ 15.2 43.2 1.1 11.9 30.1 2.0 18.9 36.0 0.1 0.5 10.8 35.7 29.1 13.0 10.8 1.0 18.0 42.5 0.1 1.4 15.3 0.5 9.2 1.2 16.4 33.7 $5,000 to $20,000 1.5 20.6 $20,000 to $100,000 29.9 } 46.1 $100,000 to $500,000 } 4.4 } 44.3 40.5 / 23.1 \ 14.1 40.7 } 34.2 4.3 J 21.0 \ 15.1 47.1 43.8 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 0.1 12.6 2.6 14.4 4 9 BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 31 Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United states California,..... Illinois Iowa Michigan Minnesota Nebraska New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Washington... Wisconsin AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Cen- sus year. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS i OWNED BY— 1 Cor- i pora- j tions. Indi- vid- uals. All oth- ers. | 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. In establishments j owned by— i> Per cent of total. 2,544 1,948: 3,177 2,819' 1,675; 3,134! 3,370! 1,313 ( 3,796' 35,313i 23,059 1«, 431! Indi- vid- uals. Cor- ! All Indi- Cor- pora-: oth- j! vid- jpora- tions. ers. , uals. j tions. 3,216 3,340! 3,418; 25,838 6,259 14,369 5,350 9,299 5,714: 9.1 73.2 14.5; 62.3! IS. 6 50.7! All oth- ers. VALUE OF PRO DUCTS. Total. 17.7 23.21 30.6' $1,066,125,489 .364,285,150 | 274,557,718 1 Of establishments owned by—; Per cent 01 total. Individ- Corpora-' All uals. tions. others. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- All pora- oth- tions. ers. :; $124,157,044 $701,459,061 $240,509,384 62,025,960 199,846,135 102,413,055 61,432,341 113,493, 555 99,631,822 11.6 17.0 22.4 65.9 22.6 54.9 2S.1 41.3 36.3 49 68 74 69 57 2,022! 122 163 1,429 665 471 216 6.0 15.6 70.7 63.7 23.3 i 20.7 ij 56,420,383 20,466,428 64 1 1,044 i j 9.1' 54 75 106 131 63 < 1,991 1,755; 85 123 1,724 1,511 182 121 ; 4.3 86.6 86.1 58,298,271 21,792, 220 61!; i 7.0 6.9 i. 84 90 83 107 267 , 293 j 1,663 1,333 162 222 942 637 1 559 474 i 8.9 16.7 60.3 47.8 30.8 ;( 35.6; 57,800.148 ■ 27,605,968; 93 115 113 135 112; 114; 2,194 1,367 208 187 1,683 939 ! 303 i 241 i 9.5 76.7 6S.7 13.8: 17.6 64,786,598! 21,549,597 : 13.7 117 126 87 48 699 j 633 i; 2,135 1,458 149 157 823 356 1,163 1 7.0 10.8 38.5 24.4 54.5 |; 64.8 93,585,605 33,746,396 , ! 945 11 12 34 28 12 1; 1,111 696 36 45 1,043 643 ; 32 1 8 3.2 6.5 93.9 92.4 2.9! 1.1, 33,244,936: 11,052,123; 294 608 342 237 185 i 299 I: 5,082 3,235 369 557 4,365 2,228 ! 348 j 448 7.3 17.3 85,9 68.9 6.8 l! 13.8;; 129,008,365 43,262,309 j 64 70 116 102 87 !i 114 j; 2,132 1, 480 176 125 1,818 1,183 13S 8.3 85.3 79.9 6.5 11.6; 60,012,831 19,325,977 j 78 !i 111 li J 172 8,4 102 191 93 85 ;l 1,900 1,309 203 254 1,457 7S9 ! 240 i 266 10.7 19.4 76.7 60.3 12.6 jj 20.3 j 44,564,281 j 15,6S7,299 30 26 70 50 SOI! 1,228 860 66 63 1,094 723 ! 68 | 74 5.4 7.3 89.1 84.1 5.5 !i 33,127,887 j 11,807,S97 j 25!! 8.6;; 1 31.0 !| 221,447,273 j 72,858,592! 1,336 1,129 271 253 1,265 i! 1,049 jj 5,973 3,717 1,077 874 3,044 1,355 1, S52 jl,4S8 18.0 23.5 51.0 36.5 40.01; 2,568,230 2, 453; 843 2,337,787 1,951,763 4,887,657 2,949,966 I 7.454.409; 3,193,218; 6,827,645 \ 3,269,926 , 1,126,345 735,316! 12,628,261 11,485,975! 2,921,133! 1,352, 416; 5,879,804! 3,341,218; 1,365,283 I 1.041.410; 61,082,747' 22,S49,459 38,683,863 12,675,034 50,041,55S \ 18,065,494; 29,075,593 1 12,375,&S2 46,930,345! 14,348,845; 30,198,879 8,453,162 35,594, 724 10,159,134 107,141, 693 24,256,476 53, 781,357 16,076,924 31,815,914 8,905, 756 28,864,135 9,119,409 84,505,220 20,068,099 15,168, 290 5,337,551 5,918,926 I 1,774,963: 23,836,868 \ 12,280,120 ;| 10,401,844 l 4,007,534! 56,559,081 :| 22,023,308 .: 1, 523, S67 ]] 187,673 ■ 9,238,411!! 7,519,S5S , 3,310,341 I! 1,896,637 j 6,858,543 3,440,325 , i 2,898,469 ;• 1,647,078 75,859,306 ji 29,941,034 i; 4.6 i 12.0 4.0' 9.0 8.9 10.7 ■ 11.5 14,8 2.9 6.6 9.S 26.5 4.9 7.0 13.2 21.3 4.1 8.8 27.6 31.4 68.6 26.9 61.9 26.1 85.8 10.2 82.9 8.1 53.2 38.9 44.8 44.5 f 72.4 \ 16.1 66.6 i 18.6 32.3 i 60.4 25.0 j 65.3 93.1! 4.0 91.7! 1.7 53.0 i 7. 2 56.1 j 17.4 89.6' 5. 5 53.2 9. S j 71.4 j 15,4 56.8 j 21.9 87.1 I 8.7 77. 2 ; 13.9 38. 2 j 34. 3 27.5 i 41. 1 Table 10.— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS.!; 1 HORSEPOWER. TOWER. -* firm !1 Amount. Per cent distribution. 1 Q1 Q 101 ± ;j 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 13,S11 9,604 7,775 ,l. 168,871 130,862 - 101,349 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 6,391 7,252 7,133 115,072 113,232! 95,771 68.1 86.5 94.5 Steam 1 5,094 6,235 6,555 1 104,223 104,729 i 90,933 61.7 80.0 S9.S 4,793 (2)' (2) 99;315 (*)! (*) 5S.8 (a) 301 (») co'; 4,90S (3) i (*) 2.9 (3) (*) 1,234 949 509; 9,294 7,229 3,373 5.5 5.5 3.3 Water wheels, turbines," and motors 63 68 69! 1,555 1,274! 1,465 0.9 1.0 1.4 7,420 2,352 642! 53.799 17,630! 5,578 31.9 13.5 5.5 Electric 7,420 2,352 642;! 53,479 17,027; 5,366 31.7 13.0 5.3 Other 320 603 j 212 0.2 0.5 0.2 10,647 3,558 1,246' 70,562 23,061 8,276 100.0 100.0 100.0 7,420 2,352 642: 53,479 17,027! 5,366 75. S 73.8 64.8 Generated by establishments reporting 3,227 1,206 604 !• 17,083 6,034 j 2,910 24.2 26.2 35.2 1 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. * Not reported separately. 32 MANUFACTURES. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. Census ; year. United States California Illinois Indiana Iowa . Kansas Michigan Minnesota Nebraska New York Ohio Pennsylvania Washington Wisconsin.... All other states 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthracite (tons, 2,240 lbs.)] 73,812 36,069 27 893 301 26 1,767 264 35 2,281 3,344 3,607 1,277 43,344 17,229 101 13,227 9,058 5,487 801 3,006 3,748 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 lbs.) 1,379,270 831,549 353 622 105,168 114,255 48,749 22;S02 83,387 65,752 25,569 17,942 122,759 71,742 56,334 40,905 38,882 28,223 274,911 145,424 86,524 58>470 99,816 54,016 10,239 8,013 288,632 124,989 137,947 78,394 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs). 6,407 7,146 185 20 144 505 322 285 179 955 497 3 1,800 104 108 Fuel oils (barrels) 320,185 213,359 72 3,150 100 315 756 182 224 3,557 239,004 108,780 56 486 35 207 1,270 2,181 3,053 4,715 349 189 403 1,326 39,420 21,266 87 614 159 15 3,318 50,599 1,911 2,335 31,235 20,313 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). 24,490 0) 0) 387 0) (l) C1). 0) C1) 1,915 967 194 997 646 0) 0) 7,192 ■0.) (0 0) 342 286 653 0) 6,836 0) 1,376 Gas (1,000 cubic feet.) 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 33 SPECIAL STATISTICS. The special schedule used in collecting the statistics for the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry required details as to the quantity and cost of the milk and cream used during the year and the quantity and value of the various products. Quantity and cost of principal materials used, by states.—Table 12 shows, by states, the quantity and cost of milk, cream, skimmed milk, and sugar used in the manufacture of butter, cheese, and condensed milk in 1919. The figures given in the table for cream and skimmed milk represent the quantities of these materials deliv- ered as such at the factories rather than the quantities actually used in the manufacture of butter, cheese, Table 12—QUANTITY AND COST OF PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED, BY STATES: 1919. STATE. MILK. Pounds. Cost. United States 10,244,874,792 $333,356,6S7 Alabama 6,295,376 63, 362,671 486,610,222 53,458,757 304,606 1,538,370 13,725,961 1,594,245 Arizona , California Colorado Connecticut 4,633,105 158,108 Delaware., Idaho Illinois Indiana.... Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi.. Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York. North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Dakota. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. West Virginia.. Wisconsin.. Wyoming All other states. 11,000,254 56,843,953 498,635,310 124,967,079 i 170,492,203 64,104,488' 1,021,013' 17,471,361 i 35,151,638; 7,702,912! 637,685,167 266,573,334 j 6,378,679 i 9,081,734! 7,917,033' 30,797,431' 7,932,524 36,222,278 2,187,467,476 1 2,245,411 I 13,108,615 455,792,602 j 434,979: 163,821,524 \ 773,831,196 2,259,060! 3,654,547 i 343,037' 11,226,947; 58,350,631 214,103,872 12,121,114 , 386,438,995 j 508,011 3,340,251,639 i 14,634,392: 8-12,192 j 332,648; 1,659,803 \ 16,148,188: 4,142,831 4,105,942 2,161,438! 65,253 554,263 I 1,062,524 j 278,822; 19,627,021 j 7,104,669 160,784! 304,969 248,454 j 933,593 1 188,306; 1,160,996 j 69,177,406 j 60,367 400,194; 13,772,147; 13,524 I 5,122,022! 23,981,827 73,789 116,484; 10,266 348,191 1,692,977 6,646,827 '" 358,047 12,019,179 15,136 121,640,164 319,916 26,430 Pounds. Cost. 2,551,748,117; $437,267,198 605,315 1,295,195 157,016,439 | 46,719,824; 3,639,923 . 731,745 17,011,329 139,404,230! 123,575,483; 265,842,271 122,799,903 | 19,948,948' 4,457,462 i 1,065,166 | 9,728,918 j 153,536,380! 455,196,226! 11,264,752 i 15,449.963 j 20,229,380 \ 60,517,171; 3,922,4S4 l 1,825,250 I 232,000 > 46,245,416 j 3,040,154 I 51,737,633 I 202,179,020! 32,732,345 j 33,459,6S2 19,563,418! 271,143 I 49,246,774 I 11,651,444! 38,647,167! 14,173,075' 44,116,449 i 5,799,107 i 55,723,590 1,270.619 3Q0, 770,999 4,496,042 308,280 131,945 227, 728 29,474,514 1 6,569,127 500,317 98,374 2,598,887 1 21,215,139 18,994,039 41,367,343 17,326,273 2,875,936 626,582 130,440 i 1,350,197 , 23,889,161 i 78,373,862 I 1,521,623 l 17,550,276 2,99-8,573 27.430,952 j '574,550 277,913 32,480 6,759,102 414,537' 8,687,790 30,544,827 4,913,764 6,669,546 j 3,081,985 44,346 8,365,754 1,637,737 5,642,504 2,134,140 6,551,767 748,910 9,126,423 185,632 44,918,645 632,135 41,393 SKIMMED mile:. SUGAR. Pounds. Cost. Pounds. Cost. 1,361,1SS, 373 $8,740,665 ^ 636,56S,407 $30,198,824 135,000 27,000 246," 938," 943* """"i,"366,"471*," 31,969 j. 1.420 i 4* 255," 087" ** 241, 496 """"iii'eis 10. 051,629 '255,000 2<522 40,028 67,3S2,103 436,748 13,350,426 1.168! 409', 533; 3,494 47,618 94, 736 31,6.8*3,813 5,692,831 381,971 11,011 4,440,581 2SS, 108 40,217 17,085,660 605," 785 ** 6," 360," 972; 77, 503,179 8,921,214 4,554 ""is'iii*; i 850,796! S3,4ss; 12,269,373 - 107,000' i 26,249,196 I 5S, 38$ i 1,525' 46,186 1,328,779 19,840 3,111,607 562,655 j 73,600; 27,404,338 870,656 10,950 , 243,407: 173,637! 579,926 13, S23,119 366,565,556 12i,709 2,069,522 8,634,20S 137,709, 546 i2,729 453,183 157, S16 1,884 90,175,243 771,587 • 4,322,612 8,292 293,098 2,982,786 I 477,265.374 141,205 7,094,204! 175.647: 395,067; 32,503,307 | 19,148,873 j """"460*77i" 165,356 *"24,"6oi" 141,205 18.53S 206,779; 576,143; 12.830,478 337,878 885,639 232,631,673 | 1,700! 2, 179,443 44 23,739,658 73,930 40,142 133,009 1,9S6 279, 541 56,141 6,554 2,626,873 95,923 1,205 26, 813 20,140 61,976 28, 576 287,746 13,496,26S 15,621 699, 848 IS, 151 32,901 2,964,551 15,621 1,956 19/076 57,371 1, 163,955 35,785 SS,316 704,05S 7, 796 4,014 and other products. Large additional quantities of cream are separated from whole milk at the butter factories, and while much of the skimmed milk resulting from this separation is sold or returned to patrons, the quantities used in the manufacture of cheese and casein doubtless far exceed the quan- tities reported as purchased. In some instances con- siderable quantities of whole milk and cream are sold by the factories instead of being used for manu- facturing purposes. It is evident, therefore, that the figures in the table do not represent the actual 111867—23 3* quantities used in the manufacture of the various products. Wisconsin and New York, the leading states in the quantity of milk used, reported 32.6 per cent and 21.4 per cent, respectively, of the total quantity of milk used as material in the manufacture of butter, cheese, and condensed milk in the United States. Milk and cream used in leading states.—Table 13 shows, for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, the quantities of milk and cream reported for the 14 states which led in 1919 with respect to value of products. 34 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—Quantity op Milk and Cream Used, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. United States.. Wisconsin. New York. Minnesota. Michigan. Ohio.. Illinois.. Iowa.. California. Pennsylvania. Nebraska. Washington. Indiana.. Kansas. Missouri. Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 •1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 Milk (pounds). 10,244,874,792 8,431,426,426 9,888,727,303 12,147,304,550 3,340,251,639 2,691,720,696 2,366,154,761 2,665,903,141 2,187,467,476 2,049,532,238 2,422,727,788 2,716,366,410 266,573,334 320,032,086 645,597,385 1,072,506,743 637,685,167 535,038,623 478,008,911 670,230,324 455,792,602 292,419,114 344,686,001 405,702,734 498,635,310 566,685,863 707,013,502 809,720,061 170,492,203 241,933,578 474,821,988 i 994,925,394 486,610,222 220,399,848 206,222,329 481,091,233 773,831,196 607,678,749 787,448,479 946,150,704 30,797,431 9,473,066 167,861,401 157,978,290 386,438,995 206,922,411 150,544,931 66,762,847 124,967,079 72,960,150 119,475,609 110,349,625 64,104,488 49,214,302 119,462,779 97,999,446 9,081,734 10,858,169 35,695,793 27,183,088 Cream (pounds). 2,551,748,117 2,384,192,766 1,406,143,908 588,186,471 300,770,999 346,307,960 246,838,822 80,032,094 46,245,416 53,454,943 17,842,320 6,176,069 455,196,226 353,710,186 236,861,608 57,562, 46 2 153,836,380 123,539,936 83,241,827 7,714,987 202,179,020 135,461,829 41,291,271 6,582,108 139,404,230 93,323,222 44,565,553 11,062,470 265,842,271 266,522,854 243,619,568 110,850,356 157,016,439 274,301,608 101,128,644 29,504,300 19,563,418 33,086,604 16,061,716 4,167,213 60,517,171 112,155,855 56,010,365 32,312,868 55,723,590 61,285,864 29,415,008 23,595,768 123,575,483 87,593,732 27,098,202 1,225,907 122,799,903 77,284,342 47,340,211 36,833,076 15,449,963 52,997,592 29,484,057 16,292,834 i Exclusi ve of 1 establishment engaged in the manufacture of condensed milk. The total quantity of milk used in the industry in 1919 represented an increase of 21.5 per cent over the quantity reported for 1914, while for the earlier five- year period 1909 to 1914 there was a decrease of 14.7 per cent. From 1914 to 1919 the total quantity of cream used showed an increase of 7 per cent. Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri show de- creases in the quantity of milk used from 1914 to 1919; while for Wisconsin, New York, Iowa, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Washington, and Missouri there were de- creases shown in the quantity of cream used. Quantities, by states.—Table 14 gives, by states, the quantities of butter, ch >ese, and condensed milk, as reported at the censuses of 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 14.—Quantity of Butter, Cheese, and Condensed and Evaporated Milk, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. United States i. Arizona. California. Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas.. Kentucky. Maine. Maryland. Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Missouri.. Montana. Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 Butter (pounds). 920.550,006 769,809,781 624,764,653 531,478,141 1,040,437 1,851,981 1,053,869 799,433 61,140,390 58,259,665 37,283,450 26,837,386 13,982,711 8,862,705 6,351,691 5,054,006 1,018,699 1,486,290 1,950,935 2,903,277 294,713 455,698 627,300 044,823 5,272,857 2,813,761 2,357,386 671,783 44,527,933 27,332,293 24,570,976 27,339,925 42,186,894 25,637,452 11,712,450 4,742,632 90,079,758 92,405,806 88,582,187 71,181,760 36,567,263 29,278,717 18,712,568 16,488,131 5,949,761 606,401 549,929 239,061' 1,271,819 2,713,496 2,105,622 5,005,907 301,895 677,802 1,118,530 1,816,433 2,659,264 2,172,813 1,888,307 3,470,323 55,842,680 43,220,077 35,611,760 21,013,000 146,295,141 111,165,208 88,842,846 62,122,554 35,988,733 16,2-11,687 10,261,876 6,806,724 6,094,466 3,450,315 1,307,777 Cheese (pounds). 473,569,199 370,278,599 311,126,317 317,144,872 547,645 4^ 1,043 161,796 9,708,885 3,745,979 1,567,640 3,601,051 1,163,140 (2) 550,622 871,673 188,922 (2) (2) (2) 8 55,591 361,850 (') 8 (3) 12,857,230 13,267,145 13,382,160 16,814,856 10,116,048 4,010,570 2,735,883 3,090,055 188,920 165.829 219,112 743,447 390,527 2,623,440 (2) <») 132,420 4,851,054 6,377,947 4,799,235 5,301,211 177,792,214 167,425,094 114,500,748 93,425,052 209,094 354,792 424,597 978,903 32,470,141 14,107,675 6,674,660 «317,721 1,015,790 855,198 999,559 6 8,039,785 6,574,627 4,984,333 2,829,745 to 35,436 21,831,821 1,120,863 (See footnotes at end of table.) BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 35 Table 14.—Quantity op Butter, Cheese, and Condensed and Evaporated Milk, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Nebraska,. Nevada. New Hampshire. New Jersey. New York.. North Carolina. North Dakota. Ohio. Oklahoma.. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Dakota. Texas. Utah. Census year. Vermont. Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 191.9 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 Condensed and evapo- rated milk (pounds). Butter (pounds). Cheese (pounds). 58,570,937 36,343,424 23,973,162 16,035,468 21,997 77,122 158,470 7,041,504 1,087,795 1,291,888 1,039,784 758,184 I ! 33,000 517,498 1,320,103 1,740,235 3,098,889 (!) (2) 144,137 184,497 207,149 (3) 189,796 569,521 768,857 1,178,846 792,379 (2) 6 11,961,184 7,980,751 7,688,412 (2) 6,700 15,727,774 3o, 355,557 45,897,216 58,256,504 88,957,860 97,614,024 105,194,898 132,836,482 479,735,984 131,574,633 120,601,999 102,480,355 884,914 187,986 192,539 19,536,985 5,814,240 3,683,679 3,013,151 (s) 1,606,725 51,894 63,882,101 43,064,562 17,491,251 11,591,981 5,220,545 8,717,996 11,860,601 17,351,773 119,183,708 50,509,S48 37,655,347 1,947,218 10,806,549 2,851,538 4,110,978 416,100 13,984,185 11,182,937 8,472,660 5,080,599 9,424,399 6,314,757 4,21S, 953 2,255,592 •34,084,196 23,157,414 21.788,937 (3) 14,589,601 23,985,125 30,484,217 35,754,841 15,43S,708 14,ai8,573 11,234,037 11,453,424 1S4,951,6S4 69,708,917 26,461,384 20,364,700 197,170 (*) 54,000 102,517 17,612,674 10,538,747 9,495,608 11,058,460 (s) (>) (3) 10,911,466 7,247,074 2,133,590 266,S06 (') (2) 4,410,678 3,539,357 3,722,7S4 3,586,547 1,070,933 1,094,448 1,060,122 1,629,730 'IS, 575,13 (*) <3) »127,800 12,833,193 21,076,947 20,227,495 27,256,874 4,907,759 2,522,937 2,762,656 4,343,160 »31,504,375 16,887,549 13,342,666 1,732,223 712,444 158,853 81,S03 (») b) (v (!) 20,237,682 16,813,044 11,302,591 7,722,911 2,291,428 1,355,423 422,290 921,383 165,398,981 85,167,152 53,614,242 13,841,906 356,498 (*) 153,338 (a) (s) 93,08.1,754 116,149,284 103,884,634 298,705,911 205,920,915 14S;065,648 109,423,856 513.226.536 149,682;530 30,573; 886 11,514,222 89,155,975 Table 14.—Quantity op Butter, Cheese, and Condensed and Evaporated Milk:, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Wyoming. All other states., Census 1 year. Butter (pounds). 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1,324,904 1,536,299 783,585 500,515 7.50S, 275 1,755.520 603,965 526,523 ; Condensed Cheese and evapo- (pounds). rated milk (pounds). 1,502,022' (3); (!) 84,600! L10S.5S5 I 96,236,699 2', 979,932 I 7(>; 218,755 890,051 i 24;504,986 379,789 28,820,459 1 In addition, m 1919, 17,955,316 pounds of butter, valued at $11,055,867; 1,761,621 pounds of cheese, valued at $340,133; 3,326,847 pounds of condensed and evaporated milk, valued at $391,490; 108,739 pounds of casern, valued at $11,575: 1,770,000 pounds of powdered milk, valued at $2*34,218; in 1914. 10.533,086 pounds of butter, valued at $3,316,342; 933,445 pounds of cheese, valued at $156,357; 2,09*>.934 pounds of con- densed milk, valued at $123,357; 227.356 pounds of casein, valued at S13.353; in 1909, 2,381,212 pounds of butter, 49,413 pounds of part-cream cheese, and 401,300 pounds of condensed milk; and in 1904, 1,971,120 pounds of butter, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industrv designation. » Included with the quantity shown for "All other states'7 to avoid disclosure of individual operations. » Exclusive of condensed milk. < The products of 2 estabishments in Indiana and 1 in Utah engaged in the manufacture of condensed milk in 1904 were included with that for "All other states" to avoid disclosure of indi vidual operations. 6 Exclusive of evaporated milk. Attention is again called to the fact that in the tables showing separately the quantities of butter, cheese, and condensed milk manufactured; the figures repre- sent the total quantity of each of the given products reported for the industry as a whole, whether made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of that product or in estabhshments belonging to one of the other branches of the industry. The products made in estabhshments in other industries are not in- cluded in the totals, but the quantities, so far as avail- able, are shown in a footnote. The total quantity of butter manufactured in the factories of the industry increased 295,7S5,413 pounds, or 47.3 per cent, for the decade 1909 to 1919. For the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the increase was 150,- 740,285 pounds, or 19.6 per cent. The combined pro- duction of butter in 1919 for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa, the three leading states in this respect, amounted to 35.8 per cent of the total for the industry, although the quantities reported for Iowa and Wiscon- sin were decreases from those reported for 1914 of 2.5 per cent and 19.9 per cent, respectively. The production of cheese shows an increase of 52.2 per cent from 1909 to 1919, and an increase for the five-year period 1914 to 1919 of 27.9 per cent. Wis- consin continues to be the leading state, the quantity reported for 1919 being an increase of 45.1 per cent over that reported for 1914, and representing 63.1 per cent of its total production for the United States. Of the states for which figures are given separately in the table, decreases were also shown for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, and Ohio. The increase in the production of condensed and evaporated milk between 1909 and 1919 amounted to 1,655,385,701 pounds, or 334.6 per cent, while for the 36 MANUFACTURES. five-year period 1914 to 1919 the increase was 1,276,- 771,741 pounds, or 146.2 per cent, Wisconsin was the most important state in this branch of the industry, the quantity reported for 1919 being an increase of 363,544,006 pounds, or 242.9 per cent, over that re- ported for 1914 and representing 23.9 per cent of the total quantity of condensed and evaporated milk re- ported for the United States. Quantity and value of products, by states.—Table 15 shows in detail, by states, the quantities and values of the principal products for 1919. Table 15.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF KIND, QUANTITY, AND VALUE OF PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919. United States ». Alabama Arizona California— Colorado Connecticut. Delaware. Idaho Illinois Indiana.. Iowa . Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana... Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York.., North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Dakota. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wyoming All other states. .Dollars. [920,550,066|522,274,315| Total. Pounds. Value. 445,907 1,040,437 61,140,390 13,982,711 1,018,699 294,713 5,272,857 44,527,933 275,685 652,737 |36,195,810 7,979,413 650,866 177,570 3,070,806 24,928,641 42,186,894:23,67o,474 90,079,758|50,438,628 36,567,263 20,369,842 5,949,761 1,271,819 301,895 2,659,264 55,842,680 146,295,141 3,473,709 35,988,733 6,094,466 58,570,937 1,087,795 517,498 189,796 15,727,774 884,914 19,536,985 63,882,101 10,806,549 13,984,185 14,589,601 197,170 17,612,674 3,479,817 10,911,466 4,410,678 12,883,193 1,732,223 20,237,682 356,498 93,081,754 1,324,904 10S,842 Dollars. 551,121,1331309,229,371 3,471,872 753,157 180,312 1,552,777 29,041,657 81,365,245 2,026,544 20,138,209 3,392,896 133,933,148 1 653,990 313,255 119,350 9,949,106 I 559,228 10,206,398! 36,894,179] 5,841,607 8,061,141' 9,-546,875 125,384 9,568,962 1,931,999 6,499,280 2,610,102 7,703,565 1,027,423 11,896,567 217,989 53,380,697 826,0991 69,830 Packed solid. Pounds. Value. Dollars. |369,428,933j213,044,944! 8 18,551,691 4,681,219! 407,197 28,289 1,057,899 19,906,494 24,567,204 |62,856,122 121,051,042 3,352,138 70,540 140,625 803,905 29,358,134 116,662,006 1,468,293 18,950,331 2,047,587 141,522,517 3) (a) 10,751,455 2,497,395 262,272 15,194 562,575 10,937,917 13,584,345 34,729,324 11,483,817 1,855,320 43,867 82,745 399,844 16,650,919 64,6.56,612 797,844 10,241,087 1,084,812 |23,545,435 101,180 (a) 1 10,752,801 684,341 17,069,098 [30,464,645 7,071,756 6,594,846 4,225,249 (a) 14,680,702 2,159,448 399,327 413,641 7,752,857 1,024,071 6,537,278 291,582 72,673,292 (2) 741,786 62,858 0) 6,619,683 434,634 8,807,596 17,275,751 3,759,752 3,647,179 2,588,716 (a) 8,019,332 1,161,293 222,222 235,389 4,629,236 618,326 3,788,104 174,297 142,540,113 (i) 462,111 Prints or rolls. Pounds. Value. (3) (a) , 42,588,699 9,301,492 611,502 266,424 4,214,958 24,621,439 17,619,690 27,223,636 15,516,221 2,597,623 1,201,279 161,270 1,855,359 26,484,546 29,633,135 2,005,416 17,038,402 4,046,879 17,048,420 1,087,795 416,318 (3) 4,974,973 200,573 2,467,887 33,417,456 3,734,793 7,389,339 10,364,352 (a) 2,931,972 1,320,369 10,512,139 3,997,037 5,130,336 708,152 13,700,404 64,916 20,408,462 (3) 2,565,270 8 25,444,355 5,482,018 388,594 162,376 2,508,231 13,990,724 10,091,129 15,709,304 8,886,025 1,616,552 709,290 97,567 1,152,933 12,390,738 16,708,633 1,228,700 9,897,122 2,308,084 110,387,713 653,990 250,397 3,329^ 423 124,594 1,398,802 19,618,428 2,081,855 4,413,962 6,958,159 1,549,630 770,706 6,277,058 2,374,713 3,074,329 409,097 8,108,463 43,692 10,840,584 1,606,974 Total. Full-cream. Part-cream. Skimmed and all other kinds Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 473,569,199 Dollars. 136,940,464 411,778,381 Dollars 123,731,763 9,157,736 Dollars. 2,216,545 52,633,082 Dollars. 10,992,166 1 547,645 9,708,885 1,163,140 145,831! 2,675,028- 653,869, 49,062! 379,581 6,430,686 58,768 61,450 115,163 1,944,362 17,003 28,872 (a) (») 302,121 144,255 (a) (a) 428,545 492,611 188,922 1,060,415 532,812 (a) (3) 2,217,784 571,560 (a) (a5 (2) 2,623,440 4,851,054 c2)! (a) (a) 8 8 8 269,094 1,015,790 792,872 1,344,910 63,108 293,685 2,464,849 (a) 939,091 (a) 8 8 •1,032,679 •90,727 68,375 •236,443 • 16,170 9,804 35,436 (3) 7,911 (') 947,415 (J) 283,881 (a) (a) ri\ (*) i (v v) (a) (1) (a) 8 8 792,379 88,957,860 152,721 24,822,085 131,704 59,873,219 52,412 18,217,182 4,405,916 967,087 V4,678,725 5,637,816 192,539 (a) 5,220,545 60,725 192,539 60,725 1,(42,118 Exclusive of "evaporated milk," to avoid disclosure of individual operations. In 1919, in addition to the products shown in the table, 19,763,067 gallons of ice cream were reported, valued at $21,619,167. Whey to the value of $3,423,906 was also reported, and of this amount, $2,846,067, or 83.1 per cent, was reported for Wisconsin. Quantity and value of products, United States as a whole.—Table 16 shows in detail, for the United States as a whole, the products of the industry for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Of the total value of products for the United States in 1919, butter represented 49 per cent, cheese 12.8 per cent, and condensed and evaporated milk 2S.0 per cent. In 1919, of the total production of butter reported for the industry, 40.1 per cent was put up in prints or rolls, as compared with 38.1 per cent in 1914 and 34.3 per cent in 1909, the remainder in each case being packed solid. The increase from 1914 to 1919 in the quantity of butter put up in prints or rolls amounted to 76,514,944 pounds, or 26.1 per cent, and the in- crease in butter packed solid to 74,225,341 pounds, or 15.6 per cent. Of the total quantity of cheese manufactured in 1919, 87 per cent represented full-cream, 1.9 per cent part-cream, 3.4 per cent skimmed, and 7.7 per cent "Other kinds." From 1914 to 1919 the production of full-cream cheese increased 79,0S7,490 pounds, or 23.8 per cent, that of skimmed-milk cheese, 2,203,363 pounds, or 15.9 per cent, while the production of "Other kinds" of cheese was nearly seven times greater, or 579.7 per cent. The only decrease is shown for part-cream cheese, for which there was a falling off in production for the five years of 9,160,701 pounds, or 50.1 per cent. 38 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—Detailed Statistics op Kind, Quantity, and Value of Products: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Products, total I value 'S1.06C.12 ,489 i* $364,285,150 |'!827-1,557,71$ |<$ 168,182,789 B utter: Pounds Value Packed solid— PouDds Value Prints or rolls— Pounds Value Cheese: Pounds.... 920,550, 066 §522,271,315 551.121,133! $309,220,371 j 309,428,933 I | $213,04-1,944 | 473,569,199 1 Value j $136,910,464 i Full-cream— 1 i Pounds i 411,778.3^1 > $123,731,763 Value Part-cream— Pounds 9,157,736 i Value i $2,216,545; Skimmed—: Pounds I 16,097,055 Value , $2,185,539 Other kinds— \ 1 Pounds 1 36,536,027 Value :$8,806,617 i Condensed and ovapo- \ < rated milk: Pounds i2,150,182,245 '«29S,267,547 : 769,809,781! | $218,021,690! ! 476,895,792 I $132,259,nix . 292,913,989! $85,761,772 | 370,278,599 | $50,377,018! 332,600,891 I $17,432,597 j 18,318,437; $1,542,280; 13 893,692' $748,580! 5,375,579 $653,555 621,764,653! 531, $179,510,619 ; $113, 47S 141 189,153 410,692,616 j 36 $115,09.8,056: $7 . 132,996 , 483,306 214,072,037! $64,412,563! 311,126,317 | $43,239,921 j 287.110,383 n $10,817,073 !| 10,803,392 I $1,188,000 I; 7,770,S12; $129,519 i 167, $38, 317, $28, 239, S22, 045,145 706,i 17 144,872 611,760 652 631 021,853 .459.5*2 8148, 568 5,441.730 j 74, $805,332! $6, 032,656 43^,339 Value. Condensed milk— Pounds ', 934,586,856 Value | $143,838,766 Sweetened— . Pounds !760,582,490 Value '$126,055,505 Unsweetened— Pounds i 174,004,366 Value j $17,783,261 Evaporated milk- Pounds 11,215,595,389 Value j $154,428,781 In sealed cans— I Pounds !1,790,910,965 Not in sealed cans— j Pounds 302,735,440 873, 410,501 i 494,796,544 j 30S, 485,182 $58,747,252 j $33,563,129, $20,149,282 599,762,869 \. $11,513,153 i. 267,869,955 1 214,518,310 I 198,355,189 $21,585,139 j $17,345,27s $13,478,376 331,892,914 $19,928,011 273,617,635 $17,234,09;1 280,278,234; $16,217,851; 110,129,993 $6,670,906 Cream sold: Pounds Value Skimmed milk sold: Value Buttermilk sold: Value Casein: Pounds Value Whev sold: Value Powdered milk: Pounds Value Sugar of milk: Pounds Value 120, $26, 304 173, 163 920 123,511,348 $13,802,0)33 I $2,453,657 j $786,050 $629,135 j $1,368,73S $4,027,114 | $1,278,700 ! 16,615,076 | $2,188,787! 18,570,220 $977,770 13.018,298 1 $795,544 j 11,581,871 $554,099 $3,423,900 i $72,979 (6) 48,385,548 i $11,918,105 j 20,454,051 $1,968,259 (*) (6) 10,401,416 1 $2,632,776 1 4,051,320 $100,613 i (5): J $6,990,395 | $55,824,868 $17,852,756 $1,945,050 81,211,374 28,131,914 $9,828,972! $2,364,407 the quantity of sweetened condensed milk, and an increase of 941,947,754 pounds, or 344.2 per cent, in the production of evaporated milk, but there were decreases in both quantity and value of unsweetened condensed milk of 47.6 per cent and 10.8 per cent, respectively. The production of powdered milk, which was first included with the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry at the census of 1914, showed an increase for the five-year period of 27,931,497 pounds, or 136.6 per cent. Production of butter and cheese in factories and on farms.—Table 17 shows the total quantity of butter and cheese produced in the factories of the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry and on farms in 1919 and 1909. Table 17.—Butter and Cheese Produced in Factories and on Farms: 1919 and 1909. All other products, value. 1 In addition, 17,955,316 pounds of butter valued at $11,055,867; 1,761,621 pounds of cheese, valued at $340,133; 3,326,847 pounds of condensed and evaporated milk, valued at $391,490; 108,739 pounds of casein, valued at $11,575; 1,770,000 pounds of powdered milk, valued at $264,218 were produced by establishments engaged pri- marily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. > In addition, 10,533,068 pounds of butter, valued at $3,316,342; 933,445 pounds of cheese, valued at $156,357; 2,096,934 pounds of condensed milk, valued at $123,357; and 227,356 pounds of casein, valued at $13,353, were producod by establishmonts engaged, primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. • In addition, 2,381,212 pounds of butter, valued at $664,171; 49,143 pounds of part- cream cheese, valued at $24,078; and other dairy products to the value of $25,388 were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered bv the industry designation. • In addition, 1.971,120 pounds of butter, valued at $448,729 and other dairy f)roducta to the value of $71,588 were produced by establishments engaged primarily n the manufacture of products other than tho3Ccovored by the industry designation. • Not reported separately. In 1919 the quantities reported for sweetened and unsweetened condensed milk represented 35.4 per cent and 8.1 per cent, respectively, of the total pro- duction of condensed and evaporated milk, while the proportion for evaporated milk was 56.5 per cent. For the five-year period 1914 to 1919 there was an increase of 492,712,535 pounds, or 183.9 per cent, in PRODUCTION (POUNDS). i j 1919 Per cent of total. PRODUCT. 1 1 1909 I | 1919 1909 ; 920,550,066 1,619,415,263 624,764,653 991,650,610 100.0 56.5 43.5 100.0 3S.6 61.4 Farm product 707,666,492 473,569,199 479,940,595 320,532,181 311,126,317 9,405,864 100.0 98.7 1.3 100.0 97.1 2.9 Farm product 6,371; 396 i In addition, there were 17,955,316 pounds of butter in 1919, and 2,381,212 pounds In 1909. produced In establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of prod- ucts other than butter, cheese, or condensed milk. > In addition, there were 1,761,621 pounds of cheese in 1919, and 40,413 pounds In 1909, produced in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than butter, cheese, or condensed milk. In 1919 the combined production of butter in the factories of the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry and on farms in the United States was an increase of only 8,801,295 pounds, or five-tenths of 1 per cent, over the production in 1909. During the decade the output of the factories increased 295,- 785,413 pounds, or 47.3 per cent, while the production on farms decreased 286,984,118 pounds, or 28.9 per cent. In 1909 the production of butter on farms ex- ceeded the factory output, but the proportion which it formed of the combined total at that census de- creased from 61.4 per cent to 43.5 per cent in 1919. The quantity of cheese produced in the United States in the factories of the industry and on farms during 1919 was an increase of 159,408,414 pounds, or 49.7 per cent, over the production in 1909. The produc- tion in the factories engaged in the industry increased 162,442,882 pounds, or 52.2 per cent, between 1909 and 1919, and the production on farms decreased 3,034,468 pounds, or 32.3 per cent. At both censuses the quantity made in factories was many times greater than the quantity made on farms, and the proportion which it formed of the combined total increased from 97.1 per cent in 1909 to 98.7 per cent in 1919. BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 39 GENEEAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states, 1919, 1914, and 1909.—Table 18 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Detailed statement of the combined industry, by states, 1919.—Table 19 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry for the three branches separately, for the states which can be shown separately. Table 18.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. ! Cen- j sus ! year. United States - Arizona. California.... Colorado Connecticut. Delaware Idaho Illinois Indiana . 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 .! 1919 1 1914 j 1909 1 J 1919 I 1914 i 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 7,62S 8,479 Iowa. 1919 1914 | 1909 J 1919 i 1911 j 1909 I 1919 1914 I 1909; 1919! 1914 I 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Kansas. Kentucky. Maine. Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Missouri. Montana. .1 1919 I 1914 ; 1909 .! 1919 I 1914 ! 1909 .! 1919 I 1914 I 1909 .', 1919 | 1914 ! 1909 J 1919 1914 ! 1909 I 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 180 201 161 78 61 39 22 24 30 16 i 10 10 >48 28 18 223 267 295 »101 120 132 434 490 512 *67 61 60 16 i 10 13 >10 »17 29 «17 32 44 23 17 24 318 364 435 903 » 807 784 71! «54! 66, 53 j 132 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 35,313 23,059 18,431 !: Cost of j Value of j! , Wages, mate- i prod- j| Primary, rials. ucts. !j horse- , !j; power.: — Jj Expressed In thousands. 168,871 !$37,940 130,862 ! 15,847 , 101,349 j 11,081 155 86 58 2,022 1,044 597 495 291 210 44 63! 105! 32 45 32 225 88 118 1,901 1,755 1,732 719 4SS I 1,663 i 1,333 I 1,231 j I 927 761 348 140 122 56 i 75 j 90 96; 90 61 65 33 56 2,194 1,367 1,073 691 361 159 195 71 29 1,111 , 315 | 350 | 7,186 1 4,694 I 2,496 2,565 I 1,388 j 657 j 408! 197 | 231 I 253 j as 6i , 2,382' 896 , 466! 454 i 223 130 43 43! 52 186 j 29 257! 28 204 j 14 1,341 j 285 857 I 76 260 77 8,467' 6,184 | 6,753 j 3,914 i 3,007 j 1,858! 10,135 i 9,048 I 8,911 j 3,475 1 2,752 ) 2,544 i 1,082! 115 I 164 j 254 1 450; 523 435! 452 i 522 j 313 j 158' 31S! 9,136 6,659 4,776 2,135 15,873 1,458 12,865 1,184 11,874 2,871' 1,556 7SS | 1,227 I 509 1 235! 2,104 1,079 942 1,466 i 452; 262 | 1,756 1,013; 855; 911! 407 211 120 77 i 30 i 74 55 4S 85 34 39 | 69! 29 | 2,483 j S63! 554 | 2,39S 1,167; 829; 647 202 i 100 j 261 j 69 24! 2,427 . 776 I 49,671 | 17,974 i 11,140; 9,947 1 2,912 1,924 j 730 I 527! 623 i I 516! 183 211 , 4,800 , 1,165! 681' 49,619! 18.236: Hi 267; 27,993 i 7,431 j 3,196 j 50,481 i 24.075 I 22,842; 23,406 I 8,710 i 4,951 I 3,273 116 195 697 1,239 1,098 1,515 463 524 1,847 697 54S 55,9J)6 18,463 12,377 86,020 30,770 22,707 20,159 4,367 2,499 3,559 1,011 354 $926,366 181.066,125 315,026' 364,285 235,548! 274,558 Nebraska... 3,159 1.072 '538 56,420 20,466 12,761 11,906 3,597 2,430 901 624 745 570: 242 264 5,669 1,396 884: 58,29-8 | 21,792 17,798 32,541 8,824 , 3,959 ■ 57,800: 27,606 25,850; 27,258! 10,220 6,071 j 3,655 , 287 275 1,060 i 1,426 , 1,301 | 1,893! 583 654 , 2,214 S14 I 6 64; 64,787! 21.550! . 14,237; 93,5S6; 33,746: 25,257; 22,295' 5,167! 2,959; 4,326! 1,218 i 419! Nevada. New Hampshire.. New Jersey. New York.. : North Dakota. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. South Dakota. Texas Utah. Vermont....... Virginia Washington...... Wisconsin All other states... Wage earners (aver- age Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- cen- Num- ber of estab- lish- j Primary i horse-" Wages, j year. ■ power. ! ! 1919 1914 191)9 ments num- ber). Expressed in thousands. 57 2 48 37 1,111 696 3S3 7 772 | 11',787 j 1,032 $1,2,50! 488 $32,331 9; 791 6,435 $38,245 1 158 ! 173 94 256; 11,082 7,681 ! 1919 1914 J 1909 5 11 9 17 21 16 22 1 21; 15 j 600 373 289 662 447 326 1919 1 1914 '1909 U6 23 29 16 44 254 310 492 19; 522 547 709 643 I 1919 I 1914 ! 1909 50 31! 657 807 19 i 14 9*3 67 73 580 492 771 110! 2,046 730 670 2,474 854 793 44 \ 20 42 i '' 1919 | 1914 ! 1909 821 1,144 5,082 3,235 2,866 17,030 15.389 16,629 5,069! 2,029 j 1,607 I 110,716 36.979 36,161 129,00s 43,262 42,453 1 1919 ! 19.14 | 1909 1,552 247 j 60 58 68 215 115 62 1,894 10,031 1,464 891 11.170 11740 i;029 069 854 93 r 46! | 1919 j 1914 1909 267 286 325 2,132 1,480 1,057 10,401 6.677 3; 386 2,290 1,049! 50,415 15,968 7,685 60,013 19,326 9,690 557 i 1 1919 ! 1914 1909 20 14 19 301 46 62 835 282 427 291: 28! 36; 6,725 7.71S 809 1,150 707 | 325; 290 i 673! 928: 1919 1914 1909 136 118 95 595 434 420 3,333 1,827 1,935 1,883' 745: 556 1 13,237! 5,502 3,952 | 15,762 6,563 4,920 1919 1914 1909 273 387 536 1,900 1,309 1,177 9,729 7,808 7,613 299 i 105' 112 j 36,349 13.017; Hi 674; 44,564 15;687 13; 544 1919 1914 1909 187 62 95 225 134 139 1,802 '988 1,4.56 ! 9,455 2,577 , 2,308 10,830 2,920 2,686 1919 1914 1909 31 51 200 174 84 953 1,360 477 202: 5,966! 1.752 530 7,161 2,251 660 115 i 36 40: 1919 1914 1909 l 37 37 37 298 264 214 lf41S 1,312 302 i 144 j 116 j 4,740 5,502 2 29 8 1,971 1,891; 635 600 j 314 i 292 1 1,613; 1919 1914 1909 137 173 186 60S 471 519 2,814 2,701 2,944 16.656 1 7;976 j 7,056 | 18,539 8,606 8,112 1919 1914 1909 125 90 16 565 245 141 109 j 48 1 1,249 , 476 l 54 1,784 i 13 11 6 j '608 67 1919 I 130 101 97 1,228 860 735 5.095 3,212 2,203 1,582 26,S4S: 9,512; 5,676 33,12S 11;SOS 1914 '657 j 457: 1909 7,271 1919 1914 1909 2,872 2,431 2,630 5,973 3,717 2,863 32,244 23;365 16,467 6,739 i 2,712 j 197,984; 65,326 48,006 • 221,447 72,859 53,843 1.877! 1 1919 1914 1909 97 55 24 355 154 44 1,918 351' 112 | 83 | 6,887 1,357 384 7,930 1,753 494 802 329 i 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 'Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 40 MANUFACTURES. Table 19.—DETAILED STATEMENT, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. 16 and over. Under 16. Sala- ried offi- cers, Number, 15th day of— super- in- tend- ents, Aver- j age j Total. Fe- male. Fe- male. Fe- male. Male. num-! ber. | Male. Male. and man- agers. Maximum month. Minimum month. Capital. BUTTER. United States. Alabama California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire... New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia , Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All other states & j 2,006 3,?as 26,339 2,469 2,000 2,223 17,641 4 87 14 7 1 65 121 1,798 155 100 131 144 1,268 65 505 30 62 31 44 338 17 47 5 5 1 1 35 6 45 8 1 4 32 32 217 8 24 12 28 145 129 1,288 108 131 93 143 813 92 2,001 GO 160 129 199 1,453 411 2,386 234 273 162 122 1,595 59 1,049 46 77 101 85 740 16 ! 203 7 16 23 17 140 10 97 7 5 3 7 75 10 1 18 7 2 9 20 : si 7 14 2 7 51 231 1,509 135 144 114 132 984 S32 2,734 217 234 142 179 1,962 19 152 13 16 9 8 106 66 974 57 103 24 104 686 47 301 24 28 36 23 190 51 1,778 16 140 371 198 1,053 5 25 2 2 4 17 14 28 15 1 12 5 10 4 1 5 123 569 73 79 29 38 350 7 52 2 9 4 6 31 57 346 31 31 37 35 212 141 2,029 408 77 167 134 289 1,362 20 12 29 43 23 301 76 570 44 61 58 58 349 160 589 167 33 9 23 357 7 11 4 1 1 5 86 376 50 34 24 45 223 10 78 18 5 5 50 31 326 26 25 46 29 200 17 189 13 19 25 16 116 92 449 49 61 18 28 293 20 130 6 17 7 6 94 101 798 40 146 67 70 475 6 27 2 3 1 1 20 498 1,836 66 185 158 S3 93 1,317 13 7 9 9 6 35 11 157 61 9 5 5 77 Je 20,370 Jy 3 Se m\ Au a Jv Je An Je Je Oc Jy Je« Au Jy Je Au Jry Je Je My* <«) Je Jy Jy Au Je Jy My 3 Jy Se Au All Jy So* Jy Jy 69 1,399 417 38 37 174 940 1,645 1,881 885 195 .79 11 60 1,161 2,278 139 862 238 1,439 21 13 5 423 45 326 1,531 357 414 397 6 309 63 229 124 343 101 559 22 1,433 40 Ja 14,796 Jas Ja Fe Ja3 Ja Ja Mh Ja Mh Fe Fe Ja» Mh Fe Fe Ja Ja Ja Ja Mh Ja Mh* De Ja Ja Ja Mh De Ja Ap Ja Mh Ja Oc Fe Fe* Fe De 3 Fe Fe3 59 1,069 283 33 27 119 683 1,198 1,243 575 94 72 8 44 826 1,702 68 506 134 817 15 11 5 271 22 131 1,148 257 284 316 3 158 25 164 109 252 87 410 18 1,216 31 17,304 1,292 342 34 30 146 789 1,434 1,637 666 192 73 10 52 954 1,905 113 666 187 912 15 12 6 374 30 1S4 1,361 258 328 349 5 207 61 210 112 2S2 92 482 20 1,305 38 71 14,816 128 106 2 1 13 158 292 250 184 68 1 1 2 *138 149 9 169 22 168 20 1 17 196 63 47 11 1 21 20 31 25 11 1 50 1 51 7 $162,302,108 449,570 8,826,808 2,769,760 219,736 190,112 958,650 10,521,565 5,061,815 9,292,240 4,099,106 1,251,297 407,458 72,460 275,316 9,147,141 42.854,461 365,850 3,392,826 1,900,458 11,012,072 186,742 70,867 53,282 2,420,164 186,907 1,621,167 8,018,205 1,097,181 2,686,548 2,593,626 124,247 1,366,363 207,637 1,815,106 852,360 1,698,158 408,063 3,952,981 122,924 19,011,209 287,925 451,745 CHEESE. United States j 3,530 California... Colorado Connecticut. Idaho Illinois Iowa Michigan Minnesota... Montana New Jersey. Now York....... North Carolina. Ohio Oregon , Pennsylvania... Utah Vermont Washington. Wisconsin All other states 9.. 15 2,323 26 6,993 307 76 16 35 99 37 212 123 10 15 1,676 26 112 96 297 37 99 36 3,608 76 2,400 60 4 4 3 16 19 31 25 5 7 459 17 52 25 52 1,555 19 345 124 2 1 2 27 2 10 6 107 159 92 30 3,997 210 49 9 24 67 17 146 1,002 7 188 28 48 19 1,912 44 Je Oc* Je' Ja Je* Je* Mh* No Je Fe Au Je Je My Jy Jy Ja* Je Jy Jo 231 52 29 *28 80 19 158 121 8 11 1,424 12 93 91 232 31 70 27 2,328 Ja 2,843 Fe Ja Jv8 Ja Ja De Ja De Ja* Ja* Ja Fe* Ja* Ja Fe De' Ja Ja* Ja 167 43 3 18 50 12 125 659 3 21 34 153 24 31 12 1,333 4,723 235 49 25 29 76 20 161 95 6 6 1,313 10 86 87 196 30 62 24 2,164 49 ,523 225 31 25 28 73 19 146 95 5 1,245 9 86 85 188 30 58 21 2,099 49 174 65 26 $26,022,734 2,063,335! 566,164 48,915 147,650 320,678 96,375 760,562 255,982 42,550 162,832 6,258,937 20,026 270,850 409,726 1,243,006 93,399 240,033 135,149 12,566,530 320,035 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). * Same number reported for one or more other months. < Same number reported throughout the year. BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 41 BY STATES: 1919. Officials. Total. Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam; J^e !Steam lor- (not bines tur- omes- bines). Inter-j j ; nal i -rr-r, ;Rent- *>m" Ve?" j ed'9 en- 1 gines. i Elec- _:| trie ; horse- : power | gener- ated in i| estab- jl lish- 'ments re- I port- i tng. BUTTER. $5,247,090 27,905 261,158 203,710 4,146 8,180 52,363 345,4S9 369, 701 450,71S 281.501 31,099 7,191 2,040 16,343 287,013 376,192 27,826 234,291 60,900 553,915 5,597 2,961 900 I 72,814 14,995 92,620 451,478 111,379 116,231 48,527 1,500 67,027 27,201 55,008 46,622 56,526 24,669 180,859 2,675 237,237 20,017 28,566 S4,274,999 $18,852,729 j$428,799 |$623,124 j*2,78*3,657 9,394 352,972 87,904 1,085 4,321 41,508 221,359 285,357 310,443 211,266 32,438 9,4S0 8,983 276,978 312,057 16,012 253,997 70,495 443,814 7,330 169 59,294 11,610 87,543 387,817 74,471 111,387 21,218 600 72,349 8,9SS 90,732 63,278 24,144 11,329 138,376 955 121,566 15,522 13, 45-8 42,358! ,542,380 I 26,617 281,539! 9,445 31,970 i 51 29,490 187,048 790;255; 1,260,268 1.678,637! "728,286 | 120,428 74,222! 10,548! 61,513! 1,173,610 | 2,237,868; 99,825 i 640,842 i 254,197 1,183,230 | 22,409! 12,940 i 5,620 405;251 22,347 241,340 1,456,165 290,526 *395, S27 334,822 5,036 295,668 49,269 201,822 126,025 276, S56 78,916 588,555 15,441 1,44S,S74 53,823 96,683 600 3, 745 19,364 61,371 51,988 9,050 55 *i9,'667 45,738 8,647 198 4,487 1,374 15,189 4,9S4 929; 56,723 i 34,990 420! 460; 7,585: 25,801 | 15,887 j 35,728 14,307 8,634 733! 321! 8,798! 31,97S j 46,769! 5,524' 45,388! 10,094 19;i57 I 861 4,54S 1,289 1.0S0 67 7,739 50 3,321 2,737 124,537 350 488 8,515 556 7,567 81,648 17,757 31,270 4.726 1,5S9 10,793 1,459 7,349 9,479 1.940 4,570 35,498 26,934 2,340 3,070 4,963 222,408 65,981 1,849 1,406 10,603 111,354 159,787 276,080 209,150 10,294 3,889 1,355 4,088 143,126 248,379 4,158 131,888 19,641 341,005 98S 912 276 67,969 1,904 58,691 255,889 29,908 21,155 20,658' 404 84,661 5,092 64,369 7,029 16,397 5,333 60,432 750 95,526 9,749 7,161 [$509,928,330 $4,417,409 $-583,163,011 $68,817,272 95,190 46,340 1,165 818,431 > 35,969,721 7,293,808 >v 618,370 503,768 3,094,590 I 23,588,871 23,833,038 48,946,955 21,007,748 ■ 3,235,391 1 682,365 166,855; 1,786,161 29,346,329 i 81,360,264! 1,865,970 1 19,913,865 i 3,416,583' 31,332,785 i 592,138 1 317,403 , 115,028! 8, SI 1,528! 513,618 i 9,936,669 ■ 34,455,248; 6,670.716 i 7,369;497 1 8,212,597; 115,320 I 9,364,078 1,885, 777 5,904,093 . 2,335,030 8,821,345 1,082,030 , 10,611,350 241,446 52,009,980 777,446 1,004,125 12,285 ij 570,402 3,664,496 26,376,027 27.900.732 56', 422; 2*7 24,443,667 3,655.208 1,059,652 205,745 2,148,354 33,3S5,420 . 88,882,271 2,248.099 22,147;691 4.219,316 37,240,778 662,023! 391,297 150,395 10,558,321 622,288 11,121,687 41,061.993 7,713| 428 S, 727,869 9,718,065 130,223 10, S05', 783 1,971,699 7,161,208 2,698,795 10.194:, 160 1,535,290 12,990,885 299,234 56,642.327 949:249 1,286; 793 35,623! 149,635 | 214,789 492,526 j 148; 204 j 37,556 j 14,931! 4,377 22,393 j 234,563 J 570,887' 28,645 121,830 46,868 353, ?23 7,510 3.317 3', 687 91,56S 6,482 60,001 271,955 53, 786 69,161 120,403 811 74,379 5,806 61,955 21,759 69,500 23,266 119,131 2,225 336,649 11,990 19,370 54,349 534,283 2,637,521; 3,852,905 I 6,982,806 3,287,715; 382,261: 362,356 34,513 339,800 3,804,52$ 6,951,120 353,484 j 2,111,996 . 755,865 ■ 5,554,270; 62,375 I 70,577 I 31,680 j| 1,655,225 i| 102,188 j: 1,125,017 6,334,790 993,926 1,289,211 1,385,065 764 4,015 3,112 i 9,681 2,955 ! 1,082 '254 122 304 j 4,943 14,644 501! 2,751 I 1,200 \ 6,832 I 158 91 I 103 2,010 86 1,264 7', 405 835 1,714 3.314 14,092 I1 40 1,367,326 j! 1,502 80.116 j; 165 1,195,160 j 953 342,006 1,303', 315 429,994 2,260,404 55,563 4,295,698 159,813 263,318 171 8,675 231 340 165 1,086 9.53 5,422 1,475 486 49 115 80 1,883 9,716 187 691 260 4,188 40 62 8S 1,166 9 347 3,486 190 289 2,037 23 632 56 397 1,729 j, SCK "440 I £ 2,877 ;! 1,12' 104 .,748! 110! 213 12 41 140 117 192 179 1 22 1 1 5,522' 748 41,415 50 I i 187 232 I 59 i 3,479 8! 689 : j 221 ; ! 1 IS f . I 569 303 2,585 32 !1,987 781 47 i 3,314 275' '1,205 82 j 776 12 14 99 IS! 10! 514 i 152 i 1 I 224' 2,701 , i 3,902 I 301; 1,934 j 925 i 2,544 i: 100 IS 15 473 30 ■ 95!: 792 3 11,124 !' 2,792 76; 569 25! 1,400 73 I 106! 10 1,088 I 100; 60; 17 770 99 618 71 j 263 172 54 !.. 582 L. 199 573 355 0 j 1,662 13 ..; 2,173 ..! 124 53 5,347 \ 1 240 5 1 86! 965 35 42 985 568 ! 10 267 \ 11 ...J 12 ...J 13 i 14 ...J 15 60 16 ...! 22 ...j 23 ...1 24 1 j 25 .-J 26 5 ! 27 748 ! 28 5 ; 25 39 ; 30 10 i 31 : 32 33 34 100 102 10! 57 40 712: 41 .... 42 4 ! 43 CHEESE. $389,924 34,740 23,15S 2,110 7, 558 14,725 21,946 3,029 159,687 270 1,097 2,800 46,678 2,100 13, 907 5,300 38,957 11,862 $660,119 j $1,808,991 ' $42,567 $129, 213 25,307 1 26,977 j 264! 600 j 8,426 j 200 \ 32,643 I 403,426 j 87,349! 997 I 45,430; 440! 7,695 j 630 14,240 I 5,495 I 269,183 1. 46,413 11,387 i. 30,627 . 109,395 |. 17,342 j. 171,563! 89,729 L 6,617 L 6,172 j. 997,633 I 3,77S i 125,422 I 89,667! 216,481 29,02S! 50,407 i. 26,879 2, 145,629 65,639 5,82S 413 2,698 3,714 1,382 335 965 ! 20,290 1,245 I 11,428 2,526 1, 8S6 733 3,326 825 3,227 4,706 715 17,713 3,879 I) 578 2,791 570 2,496 1.350 67,780 1,684 $27S, 601 $127,988,010 $1, 437,255 ! 15,459 i 10,146! 126 I 1,028! 1,824! 145 6,256 1,826 227 154 96,934 430 3,991 1 35,953 i 13,400 j 651 j 2,776 j 1,007! 85,195 1,133 :. 186,203 '526,270 97,465 656,210 ., 1S5,183 243,972 1,161,993 !, 481,755 93, 455 105,280 23, 096, 47, h 514, 2, 524. 2,992; 190, 1,328, 463, 83,4S0. 611" 67, 75S 5,837 1,500 9,902 IS, 515 4,794 56,288 24,125 1,655 517 262,96S 407 11,064 20,304 42,759 5,285 10,645 6,561 869; 478 16,803 $143,455,704 $14,030,439 ( 24,500 3,792,388 732,260 116,854 727,759 1, 4S4,399 284,145 3.663,131 2; S38,135 107,110 127,96S; 26,535, 60. 1, 7.53; 2,854, 3, S17, '235, 1,482, 550, 91, 462, 825, 612 , 725 274 282 471 184 936 266 678 l. 097 i 538,427! 200,153; 17,919 j 61,647! 280,701; 35,379 I 444,850 332,255 12,000 22,171 3, ISO, 227, 309, 781, 39, 113. so; 7,112, 196, 117 432 100 668 505 27 54 5,236 1 510 498 1,025 65 262 146 13,180 130 I 17,760 i 1,749 ;3.000! 112 1,879 j 142 I 1 155 34; 50 j 14! 343; 93 1 530 I 429 j 12 j 54 j 4,516 I 435 397 1,367 56 175 89 8,882 '129 10; 36 12 52 I 35: 14 j 12 I 207 60 3' 12 I 77! 13 6 , I 17! 15 1,475 2,521 13 569 70 103 13 356 1 70 153 9 68 25 289 1 93 9 10 11 12 J 13 -I 14 .i 15 -j 16 10 j 18 ....i 19 23 I 20 * All other states embrace: Arizona, 6 establishments; Arkansas, 2; Louisiana. 2: New Mexico, L • All other states embrace: Arizona, 2 establishments; Delaware, 1; Georgia, 1; Indiana, 2; Kansas, 2; Maryland, 2; Massachusetts, 1; Missouri, 2; Ntw Hampshire, 1; Rhode Island, 2; Tennessee 2; Virginia, 2; Wyoming, 6. 42 MANUFACTURES. Table 19.—DETAILED STATEMENT, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Total. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male CONDENSED MILK. United States California Colorado Illinois Indiana.... Iowa Kansas Maryland Michigan. Minnesota Nebraska. New Jersey. New York North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Vermont Washington Wisconsin. All other states *— 401 100 3 30 8 49 7 14 51 15 16,533 648 124 1,377 254 58 217 93 1,270 117 87 95 4,421 8 806 247 1,602 317 964 3,331 497 46 987 25 7 88 20 3 11 6 81 11 11 7 240 2 41 21 12 41 237 34 930 4 213 1 24 29 75 17 125 182 40 895 39 5 82 22 2 6 6 66 11 15 5 236 2 27 17 74 17 64 163 36 13,675 544 108 1,111 205 51 187 79 1,064 84 58 77 3,730 3 711 180 1,355 267 734 2,744 383 Je 15,593 Jy» 638 Ap 114 Je 1,208 Je 246 Ja 57 My iy Je Je My Jy« Je Se» Je De 220 89 1,143 102 72 84 4,435 6 783 241 Jy 1,559 My* 344 Je 887 Je 3,181 Ja 11,3 Ja 451 Oo 98 Ja 1,016 Mh 159 Ap» Ja Mh Ja Ja De Ja» Ja Ja« Ja Ap Ja De Ja Ja 45 159 65 972 63 36 70 2,635 647 138 1,086 190 631 2,477 13,183 471 109 1,060 193 45 180 82 1,035 91 78 3,618 6 703 249 1,317 200 674 2,706 11,420 1,736 22 5 $126,952,520 395 94 921 163 160 81 914 66 36 77 3,152 6 639 207 1,155 190 545 2,305 276 76 15 125 30 7 20 1 119 25 1 465 64 42 157 10 129 397 53 10 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). • Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-bolt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CONDENSED MILK. 43 BY STATES: 1919—Continued. Salaries and wages. For con- tract Wage | Work. earners, i Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Taxes. Federal, j Value of !j products. state, ;Principal county, materials, and local. Fuel and I rent of !i power.! Value added by manufac- ture. Primary horsepower. Owned. I i Steam ;i a? ^- j bines). Inter j gines. Rent- ed.5 ! Elec- \ trie j i horse- power | gener-1 ated in! lestab- j ! lish- ments j report-] CONDENSED MILK. $3,223,142 |2,422,424 108,602 31,593 255,254 72,250 35,999 53,028 13,965 259,256 23,378 49,182 15,137 903,153 2,240 327,316 49,805 255,712 28,976 199,096 666,283 72,857 $14,277,956 121,743 28,980 229,860 35,490 6,953 18,776 14,352 167,739 19,781 11,500 10,448 576,138 2,296 58,740 57,999 185,322 46,485 291,813 442,983 95,026 $240,609 $159,842 $4,861,213 |$277,324,307 [$5,270,985 jj$339,506,774 $56,911,482 j 49,181 j j35,206 2,003 j 772 570,327 126,248 1, 204,682 204,137 60,237 183,330 71,977 1,138,158 70,539 67,327 98,525 3,666,567 5,398 708,177 221,469 1,331,790 273,036 966,545 2,844,596 464,891 5,000 30,896 24,437 148 500 19,835 12,577 2,040 27,005 7,717 110,454 1,375 6,337 14,350 5,644 835 4,472 7,950 10,S53 50 84,860 2,112 5,293 250 4,865 2,440 6,971 1,1S5 189,215 27,203 501,919 46,540 4,140 60,269 13,336 394,068 7,878 16,137 10,337 1,089,497 273 119,206 169,367 348,246 42,467 756,038 957,874 107,203 9, 815,993 1,995,188 24,272,797 3,833,437 755,035 2,185,018 1,246,251 22,673,469 1,541,176 593,540 1,793,091 77,092,915 33,206 13,925,447 3,182,839 24,532,318 6,300,880 15,395,573 60,162,599 5,993,535 254,971 i 56.402 i 404,022' 92,351; 37,559; 62,254 j' 35,313 I 433,699 ii 41,812 i 50,747 j 28,429 | 1,361,169 I 1,126 I 237,503 I 70,413! 448,183 | 124,849 j 251,418 1,125,296 j 153,469 Ii 11,968,142 2,405,286 30,437,845 4,617,448 1,093,716 2,810,144 1, 584,148 27,738,047 1,865,199 1,004,158 2,196,550 91,910,432 48,152 17,197,564 4,180,061 31,028,725 6,861, 556 19,586,736 73,342,268 7,630,597 1,897,178 i 353,696 I 5,761,026: 691,660 | 301,122 562,872 i 302,5S4! 4,630,879! 282,211 339,871 j 375,030 I 13,456,348! 13,820 I 3,034,614 926,809 1,784 727 4,020 792 354 508 272 3,525 724 940 423 9,784 630 2,456 1,121 6,048,224 \\ 4,790 435,827 i: 823 3,939,745 j! 2,072 12,054,373 , 10,389 483,593 i 3,017 753 352 3,434 455 340 327 270 2,987 352 921 224 7,001 695 |10,505 1,11,594 1,826 618 219 200! 3 10: 156! 20! 225 i 231! 510 4,153 587 I 1,124! 255 7,277 j 863 2,205 200 831! 345 2 292! 16 3 357 I 1,345 4 337; 213 5 14 } 6 1 25; 213 7 2 i 72 8 5is: 968 9 372 i 10 17! 11 199 i 5 12 1,817 i 2,173 13 630 i 14 365 • 891 15 503; 16 16 616! 1,297 17 236; 96 18 693! 476 19 2,069: 2,963 20 612! 505 21 » Same number reported for one or more other months. * All other states embrace: Arizona, 1 establishment; Idaho, 2; Maine, 1; Massachusetts, 2; Missouri, 3; New Hampshire, 1; South Dakota, 1; Utah, 3; and Virginia, 1. SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING.1 GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report presents statistics for establishments engaged in slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale. It does not include retail establishments, nor those engaged exclusively in the manufacture of sausage, lard, and the killing and dressing of poultry. Plants that slaughtered for the retail trade, but disposed of large quantities of meats at wholesale, were included, and the reports for these establishments generally covered both branches of the trade. Establishments included in the industry at one census may, on account of changes in the character of their business, be omitted at another. The statistics, however, represent prac- tically all important establishments engaged wholly or chiefly in slaughtering and meat packing for the wholesale trade. Of the 1,304 establishments in this industry in 1919, only 460 reported Federal inspection. Statistics were collected for two classes of establish- ments: (1) Those whose principal products were fresh and cured meats, and (2) those whose principal prod- ucts were fresh meats. The first group also includes establishments that cure meat only and do not slaughter, and the second group includes abattoirs that slaughter for custom only. So many establishments engaged in both branches of the industry that the overlapping of classification makes it advisable to present the combined figures in all tables, except Tables 2 and 3. Comparative summary.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics of each census since 1899 and gives per- centages of increase for each period. Except in a few instances, increases are shown for each successive census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, for salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to general price increases following the World War, and do not, there- fore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. The increases in average number of wage earners and primary horsepower are a truer index of conditions. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the large increase in "Rent and taxes." There is some duplication in the figures for cost of materials and value of products. Those establish- ments which cure meat only, use as material the fresh meat produced by establishments which slaughter. Establishments engaged in curing only.—Table 2 presents data for establishments engaged in curing 1 The figures presented in this report are for continental United States. In addition to these, there are two establish- ments in Hawaii, the data for which can not be published without disclosing individual operations. 44 meat but which did no slaughtering, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Data for this class of plants were first collected in 1909. There were 142 establishments in 1919 engaged primarily in curing meat, which also rendered lard, manufactured lard compounds and numerous other products, including canned meat and meat products. These plants were in operation in 24 states and the District of Columbia. The most important among these states were Illinois with 13 establishments and a product of $40,272,330, and New York with 49 estab- lishments and a product of $23,644,595. Other states in which the value of products was over a million dollars were Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Penn- sylvania, New Jersey, Texas, Rhode Island, Maryland, Missouri, and Ohio, enumerated in the order of the value of their products. Establishments engaged in custom slaughtering only.—Table 3 shows for custom abattoirs for 1919, 1914, and 1909 the same class of statistics as those presented for curing establishments in the preceding table. The 1909 census was the first at which these data were secured. The establishments included in Table "3 are those whose chief business is slaughtering animals for food. The animals which they slaughter are owned by other establishments. In addition to custom slaughtering, however, some establishments do a certain amount of rendering and further processing of products. The materials used are those received for the service rendered or pur- chased from establishments for winch the slaughter- ing is done. The large increase in cost of materials in the last two census periods was due largely to this growing characteristic of this class of plants. It is possible that the statistics do not include all estab- lishments of this class in operation in 1919, as the special agents in different parts of the country may have treated plants of this character differently. Thirty-three establishments engaged in custom slaughtering were distributed through the following states and the District of Columbia in 1919: Alabama, 3; Colorado, 1; District of Columbia, 1; Georgia, 2; Illinois, 1; Iowa, 1; Louisiana, 2; Maine, 1; Mary- land, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Michigan, 1; Minnesota, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 2; Ohio, 1; Rhode Island, 2; South Carolina, 3; Tennessee, 3; Texas, 2; Utah, 1; Virginia, 1; and West Virginia, 1. These custom abattoirs are largely under corporate ownership, but operate along cooperative lines. There were 23 operating under corporate ownership, 1 municipal, 1 partnership, and 8 individual in 1919. SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. 45 Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 4 shows the number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states for 1919, ranked according to value of products. The industry is well distributed throughout the United States, as there were one or more establish- ments in all states except New Hampshire and New Mexico. In value of products, however, the industry is largely centered in a few states. Illinois is the most important of these, and reported in 1919, 30.2 per cent of the total value of products for the United States. The first five states, Illinois, Kansas, Ne- braska, New York, and Missouri, reported products valued at $2,518,263,652, or 59.3 per cent of the total for the country in 1919, and represented about the same proportion in 1914. There was an increase in value of products in each state in the industry except Vermont, and a great many changes in per cent distribution. Most notice- able was Nebraska, whose production was third in 1919, taking the place occupied by New York in 1914, and Ohio, which advanced to seventh place, the one held by Pennsylvania in 1914. The greatest- relative growth, however, was in Minnesota, which occupied eighth place in 1919 and thirteenth in 1914. In fact the only states retaining the same per cent distribution at each of these census periods were Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, South Dakota, Montana, and Vermont. The states of North Da- kota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, had larger value of products than some of those shown in the table, but the figures can not be published separately without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Value of products, for six leading cities.—Table 5 shows the value of products of the industry for Chi- cago, Kansas City, Omaha, New York, Indianapolis, and St. Louis in 1919 and 1914. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 6 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." The classification by sex for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. Figures for states will be found in Table 25. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—In Table 7 the number of wage earners employed in the in- dustry, month by month, is shown. Figures are given separately for all states reporting more than 1,000 wage earners, while for the United States the number of males and females is shown. The table also gives sev- eral states which employed a large proportion of females. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states.—Table 8 indicates a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 8.1 per | cent were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours j per week, as compared with 87.8 per cent in 1919. In I 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted I 69.7 per cent of the total number of wage earners, while ; in 1919 the proportion was only 6.6 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage i earners, for selected states.—Table 9 establishes the | fact that most of the wage earners employed in the , industry were reported by the large establishments. ! In 1919, 64 establishments having more than 500 wage | earners each, employed 121,788 wage earners, or 75.6 per cent of the total average number. In 1914 this : class of establishments employed 65.5 per cent of the , total average number of wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products,—At the ! censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with prod- ucts valued at "$100,000 to SI,000,000" constituted one : group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdi- 1 vided into "5100,000 to $500,000/' and "$500,000 to : $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been com- ! piled, however, from the returns of 1914. The table, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of ; average number of wage earners and value added by i manufacture for 1914. The statistics in Table 10 show the degree of concentration of production in j large establishments. In 1919, 431 establishments, or 33.1 per cent of the total number for the industry, em- ployed 155,502 wage earners, or 96.6 per cent of the total average number, and reported products to the value of $4,122,077,719, or 97.1 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership, by states.—Table 11 shows the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Though corporations owned less than half of the total ! number of slaughtering and meat-packing establish- ments in 1919, they reported more than nine-tenths of the total average number of wage earners and total value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919 there was an increase in the total i horsepower for the industry of 106,146 horsepower, or | 41.9 per cent. This was due principally to the increase ! of 7S,797 horsepower, or 201.4 per cent, in rented | electric power as indicated by Table 12. Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 13 shows the prin- cipal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914. In 1914 gasoline and other volatile oils were included in the total for fuel oils. | Bituminous coal was the principal fuel used in 1919, and there was an increase of over 1,000,000 tons over that used in 1914. There was also a very large increase in the use of fuel oils in this period, but a decrease in gas. This decrease was largely in states where natural gas was used. 46 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital. Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture *. 1919 1914 1909 1,304 1,279 1,221 197,392 1,071 35,325 160,996 121,729 1,157 21,740 98,832 105,971 1,170 16,988 87,813 359,212 $1,176,483,643 253,066 $534,273,563 202,432 $378,319,045 269,174,628 59,685,365 209,489,263 89,696,745 27,561,023 62,135,722 70,122,766 19,718,312 50,404,454 1,978,648 19,654,846 3,782,929,533 4,246,290,614 463,361,081 278,421 4,411,135 1,441,662,658 1,651,965,424 210,302,766 414,520 3,121,767 1,191,438,076 1,355,544,431 164,106,355 1904 929 87,077 969 11,974 74,134 115,956 $237,714,690 53,670,874 13,343,902 40,326,972 101,343 » 1,586,808 805,856,969 913,914,624 108,057,655 1899 882 10,199 68,386 85,008 $188,800,181 43,493,900 10,101,647 33,392,253 (2) 082,096,839 783,779,191 101,682,352 PER CENT OP INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 2.0 62.2 -7.4 62.5 62.9 41.9 120.2 200.1 116.6 237.1 610.7 345.6 162.4 157.0 120.3 1909- 1914 4.8 14.9 -1.1 28.0 12.5 25.0 41.2 27.9 39.8 23.3 -32.8 41.3 21.0 21.9 28.2 1904- 1909 31.4 21.7 20.7 41.9 11.5 74.6 59.1 30.7 47.8 25.0 309.0 47.8 48.3 51.9 1899- 1904 5.3 17.4 8.4 36.4 25.9 23.4 32.1 20.8 18.1 16.6 6.3 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 2 Figures not available. « Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN CURING ONLY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Per cent of in- crease,2 1909- 1919. Percent of in- crease,1 1909- 1919. 1919 1914 19091 1919 1914 19091 Number of establishments 142 181 159 -10.7 Salaries and wages $9,833,728 2,263,004 7,580,724 $4,944,178 1,705,691 3,238,487 $4,123,834 1,299,610 2,824,224 138.5 73.4 168.4 7,676 127 1,183 6,366 6,659 167 1,387 6,105 6,081 159 1,164 4,758 26.2 -20.1 1.6 33.8 Wages . . Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Cost of materials 74,493,632 92,840,368 18,346,736 53,098,330 65,164,466 12,066,136 45,094,837 56,212,973 11,118,136 65.2 65.2 65.0 Wage earners (average number).. Capital Value added by manufacture $32,111,789 $23,210,909 $18,236,059 76.1 1 Includes 1 establishment engaged in custom curing. s A minus sign (—) denotes decrease Table 3.—ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN CUSTOM SLAUGHTERING ONLY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members j Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Capital 1919 33 917 10 825 $2,471,339 1914 33 623 15 55 553 $1,540,013 1909 31 488 55 433 $1,196,346 Percent of in- crease, 1909- 1919. 6.5 87.9 49.1 90.5 106.6 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1919 $991,225 117,260 873,975 2,375,034 1,606,035 1914 $387,368 61,487 325,881 452,326 1,157,698 705,372 1909 $275,887 53,477 222,410 136,538 663,042 516,504 Percent of in- crease, 1909- 1919. 259.3 119.3 293.0 536.5 263.7 191.6 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. 47 Table 4.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States., j 1,304 Illinois j 72 Kansas '■ 28 Nebraska I 16 New York !130 Missouri j 49 Iowa.... j 21 Ohio S 141 Minnesota. i 13 Indiana !57 Texas | 19 Pennsylvania 176 Massachusetts i 40 New Jersey , 46 Wisconsin 21 California :91 Michigan 24 Maryland.... 47 Colorado.. j 21 Washington 29 West Virginia 10 r 160,996! 100. Oj. 54,179! 17,805! 110,122 i 6,646 i , 8,290 i ! 7,134! 1 5,336; ! 5,231! ! 5,691' ; 5,072! '4,438 !l 4,307 3,566 3,218 3,405 1,712 1,563 1,848 1,222 639 33.7 j 11.1 1 6.3 S 4.1 i 5.1 4.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 7 10 11 12 13 15 14 18 19 17 llll:8||!-g VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 3 3 g ~ S - $4,246,291 lOO.OL... |$463,361 100.0 .. 1,284,103; 427,663! 303,849 1 256,038 246,610; 226,362 170,33-8 146,361' 134,029 125,192 J 122,862; 110,238 i 110,221 '< 102,1.82! 92,554! 0.S i 20 0.4 24 59,585 41, 439 41,008 34,389 19,044 30.2 1 1141,153 30. 5 1 10.1 2 j 39,804 8.6 2 7.2 3 32,387 7.0 3 6.0 4 25,990 5.6 4 5.8 5 18,601 4.0 7 5.3 6 21,941 4.7 5 4.0 7 19,739 4.3 6 3.4 8 17,855 3.9 9 3.2 9 12,339 2.7 12 2.9 10 18,440 4.0 8 2.9 11 15,581 3.4 10 2.6 12 9,003 1.9 16 2.6 13 : 9,817 2,1 14 2.4 14 '12,278 2.6 13 2.2 15 , 15,138 3.3 11 1.4 16 9,810 2.1 15 1.0 18 ! 7,919 1.7 17 1.0 19 5,222 1.1 19 0.8 20 : 5,264 1.1 IS 0,4 21 ! 2,245 0.5 23 ^-2 WAGE EARNERS, j VALUE OF PRODUCTS. JJ ,. _ VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE ■5^ 25 <3 "If § ■ ■ ill! ; != M 3 *3 o' 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 5.— VALUE OF PRODUCTS, FOR SIX LEADING CITIES: 1919 AND 1914. 21 772 0.5 22 i $15, m 0. 4 23 $2,119' 0.5 24 Kentucky 26 4oo: 0.3 27; 12, 954 0.3 24 2,295: 0.5 22 Utah 11 446 , 0.3 28 j 11,124 0. 3 25 1,092; 0.2 29 Georgia 7 i 869: 0.5 21' 8,142 0. 2 27 1,378 i 0.3 26 Virginia 25 502 0.3 26! 7,589 0,2 28 1,362; 0.3 27 Montana 12 210 0.1 34 6,859 0.2 29 1,1335 0.2 30 Rhode Island 22 264 0.2 32 6,807 0.2 30 .839 0.2 31 9 549 0.3 25 6,125 0.1 31 1,237 0.3 28 Tennessee 16 3?1 0,2 31 5,706 0.1 32 740 0.2 33 Florida 8 348 0.2 30 5,316 0.1 33 500 0.1 34 Dist. of Columbia.. 6 203 0,1 35 5,012 0.1 34 784 0.2 32 Delaware 15 117 0.1 39 3,28-5 0.1 35 426 a i 35 Nevada 4 118 0.1 38 2.939 0.1 36 215 C1) 41 17 123 0.1 37 2,043 0) 37 395 0.1 37 Idaho 12 89 0.1 40 1, 791 0) 39 350 0.1 38 4 57 0) CO 42 1.406 O) 40 226 0) 40 Arkansas 7 59 41 1, 218 (l) 41 243 0.1 39 Louisiana 3 248 0.2 33 849 0) 42 403 0.1 36 North Carolina 4 45 0) 43 457 0) 43 134 0) 43 All other states 24 3,772 2,3 86,734 2.0 7,062 L5 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 1914 PER CENT OF TOTAL: FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1919 1914 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 PER CENT OF TOTAL FOR THE UNITED STATES. 1914 1919 1914 United States j $4,246,290,614 j $1,651,965,424 :j Total for six leading: j cities ....I 2,138,971,585 j 710,820,350 j Chicago 1,083,090,049 | 394,748,592 ;j Kansas City 381,694,618 ■ 133,826,338 { 50.4 25.5 9.0 100.0 43.0 23.9 8.1 Omaha $288,092,054: (0 New York 185,244,898 $107,959,229 Indianapolis.. 104,805,746 37,780,039 S t. Louis 96,014,220! 36,506,152 All other 2,107,319,029 941,145,074 i Not available. 6. 8 4.4 2.5 2.3 6.5 2.3 22 57.0 48 MANUFACTURES. Table 6.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 197.392 121,729 105,971 6,739 3,208 2,945 1,071 1,157 1,170 1,048 736 4,620 1,315 1,079 Male. 174,196 112,717 98,723 6,665 3,157 2,907 1,055 1,129 1,151 1,019 715 677 4,591 1,313 1,079 Fe- male. 23,196 9,012 7,248 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 88.2 92.6 93.2 98.9 98.4 98.7 98.5 97.6 98.4 97.2 97.1 97.3 99.4 99.9 100.0 Fe- male. 11.8 7.4 6.8 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.5 2.4 1.6 2.8 2.9 2.7 0.6 0.2 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number).. 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 29,657 19,689 15,213 160,996 98,832 87,813 160,789 98,589 87,317 207 243 496 Male. 23,390 17,182 13,614 144,141 92,378 143,961 92,187 81,747 180 191 455 Fe- male. 6,267 2,507 1,599 16,855 6,454 5,611 16,828 6,402 5,570 27 52 41 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- I male. 78.9 87.3 89. & 89.5 93.5 93.6 89.5 93.5 93.' 87.0 78.6 91.7 21.1. 12.7 10.5 10.5 6.5 6.4 10.5 6.5 6.4 13.0 21.4 8.3 Table 7.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919. Male Female 1914 1909 California Colorado Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Washington Wisconsin Slates showing largt proportion of females. Illinois Kansas Nebraska Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. 160,996 144,141 16,855 98,832 87,813 3,405 1,848 54,179 5,691 7,134 17,805 1,563 4,307 1,712 5,231 10,122 3,566 6,646 5,336 4,438 5,072 1,222 3,218 7,048 2,238 1,047 NUMBEB EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 187,609 165,028 22,581 106,613 92,804 3,520 1,991 65,114 6,664 8,170 21,617 1,497 5,354 1,942 5,843 9,805 11,158 3,914 6,866 5,844 4,583 6,645 1,357 4,197 9,622 3,337 1,303 Febru- ary. 171,452 151,902 19,550 103,062 90,332 3,433 1,979 59,864 6,072 7,757 18,156 1,468 5,319 1,774 5,379 9,012 10,675 3,825 6,735 5,348 4,385 4,825 1,175 3,639 8,611 2,819 1,243 March. 163,025 145,954 17,071 99,633 86,032 3,545 1,823 55,397 5,738 7,499 17,249 1,475 5,165 1,706 5,389 8,415 10,535 3,687 6,901 5,148 4,318 4,480 1,105 3,220 7,394 2,235 1,061 April. 160,806 136,909 14,897 94,090 82,708 3,341 1,823 50,427 5,359 6,706 16,666 1,485 4,608 1,480 4,989 7,802 9,988 3,594 6,505 4,999 4,SS7 4,531 1,102 2,752 6,233 1,831 942 May. 151,252 136,320 14,932 91,973 82,862 3,312 1,826 60.048 5,634 6,715 16,056 1,507 4,453 1,466 4,866 7,909 9,553 3,691 6,464 4,996 4,248 4,944 1,117 3,001 6,172 1,831 897 June. 157,358 142,224 15,134 95,10S 84,989 3,326 1,812 51,711 5,664 7,104 17,075 1,518 4,624 1,681 4,870 8,170 10,252 3,656 6,796 5,366 4,312 4,867 1,200 3,473 6,106 1,871 956 July. 157,938 142,895 15,043 94,848 84,800 5,272 1,762 52,297 5,569 7,151 16,988 1,545 4,741 1,594 5,091 8,063 10,134 3,577 6,701 5,316 4,339 5,331 1,189 3,329 6,117 1,830 1,014 August. 156,304 140,957 15,347 91,292 84,562 3,353 1,798 52,435 6,291 6,487 17,0S1 1,575 4,523 1,619 5,022 8,205 10,024 3,580 6,747 5,033 4,254 5,424 1,204 2,543 6,565 1,727 1,038 Sep- tember. 154,147 138,676 15,471 95,128 87,525 3,324 1,856 52,671 5,396 6,032 16,801 1,584 4,232 1,643 4,858 7,981 9,806 3,546 6,714 5,063 4,409 4,964 1,207 2,093 6,739 1,672 1,053 Octo- ber. 155,398 139,110 16,288 101,938 90,517 3,441 1,878 52,946 5,500 6,641 17,007 1,670 3,655 1,644 4,953 7,664 9,643 3,514 6,716 5,198 4,671 4,769 1,334 2,566 7,005 1,828 953 Novem- ber. 158,859 140,480 18,379 103,859 92,447 3,470 1,779 53,729 5,489 7,292 20,000 1,703 1,601 1,923 5,505 7,875 9,596 2,599 6,784 5,738 4,610 4,918 1,303 3,683 7,394 3,106 1,077 Decem- ber. 167,804 150,237 17,667 108,440 94,162 3,518 1,859 53,509 5,916 8,054 19,974 1,735 3,509 2,073 6,018 8,589 10,200 3,609 6,823 5,984 4,890 5,186 1,371 4,120 6,619 2,769 1,027 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 80.4 82.4 66.0 84.2 87.8 92.3 88.0 76.9 79.4 73.8 72.4 84.3 28.0 70.7 80.7 78.1 85.5 66.4 83.8 83.5 86.6 67.1 80.4 49.9 Per ct. av. Is of state. 13.0 12.6 10.3 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. Table 8.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. California.. Cen- sus year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PEE VAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 Colorado ;1919 | 1914 Illinois !1919 ! 1914 Indiana !1919 I 1914 Iowa i 1919 ! 1914 Kansas.. ... 1919 j 1914 Maryland j 1919 1914 Massachusetts. 1919 1914 Michigan 1919 : i9i4 160,996 98,832| 87,813' 3,405 2,172 1,848 777 54,179 31,315 5,691 4,481 7,134 4,413 17,805 9,884 1,563 1,221 4,307 3,233 1,712 1,112 44 and un- der. Be-: 44and' 4S' 48.; 4,791] 8 211 (s) (2) 1,222 (2) 136 (s) (2) 203 (2) 409 C2) 13 (3) 1,859:128,795; (3) ! 4,728 (2) | 4,787! 71 2,789 (*) 200 ! 1,804 (2) i 1 76 49,017 (3). j 1,007 671; (2)! (2) *(jy *(iV 4,062 ; 37 i 5,190 ; 7 17,366 739 ! 559 1 11 i j 3,S32 I 42 55 i 9 Be- tween 48 and 54. Be-; tween 54 and ! 60.; 1 Over ! 60. 5,856: 5,017 4,041 3,263:13,188; 8,734 4,06810,267; 4,113, 8 2-81 3,504 442 343 10,364 273 ■68,019 900 ;63,572 1,006 16 229 224: 425 14 13 245 1,098 311 137 I 26; 207 . I 22 !. '3,384 i 101 I 266 98 I 224 22 2,700 133 373 28 I 995! 967 2 365; 30! 31! 1,243 20 L 479: 93 i [26,027 j" 382 3,877 i 1,741 I. 4,194 ! 74 I. 5,759 j. 417 S79 3 1,201 669; 1,070: IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOIiES OF LABOR PEE WEEK WERE— | Cen-! ! sus I Total, year. Minnesota 1919 5,231 1 1914 2,565; Missouri 1919 8,290! 1914 5,152; Nebraska 1919 10,122 1914 5, 713 New Jersev 1919 3,566 1914 2,033 j New York 1919 6,646! 1914 6,245 | Ohio 1919 5,336 1914 3,4S0 Pennsylvania 1919 4,438 1914 3,616 Texas 1919 5,072 1914 3,486 Washington 1919 1,222 1914 864 Wisconsin 1919 3,218 1914 2,011 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. i| ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— United States. .1919.. 1,304 1914.. 1,279 California 9} Colorado i ^ Illinois , J2 Indiana \ jj{ Iowa ~l Kansas i 28 Maryland i *' Massachusetts *J Michigan I f* Minnesota '- - - • i 16 Missouri !f9 Nebraska 1 JJ New Jersey i *b New York j 130 Ohio •! 141 Pennsylvania !176 Texas - -1 1* Washington !29 Wisconsin S 21 No wage earn- ers. 160,996 98,832 ill 3,405 1,848 54,179 5,691 7,134 17,805 1,563 4,307 1,712 5,231 8,290 10,122 3,566 6,646 5,336 4,438 5,072 1,222 3,218 IS 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. J3 <*> 35 a 515 ; 1,235 303 555 I 1,317 307 i 40 11 7! 21 3 5 25 19 3,512! 3,503 I •a .; • « S! ! so I ^ 5 81 41 IS 65 7 IS j 60 37 j 26 I 33 23 36 9S 147 185 13 318 , 21 l 171 j 179 i 64 j 56 i si; 88 \ 103 | "i 72 38 206 384 368 392 76 42 42 136 4,476 92 6,648 145 4,789 82 5,868 10 289 2 155 2 63 11 384 15 1,043 S 267 3 225 2 92 1 59 5 171 1 76 4 139 2 138 3 10S 1 74 1 31 1 83 3 90 1 92 7 258 3 222 1 40 3 126 2 157 9 2S0 16 1,158 21 635 12 8S3 13 386 9 575 4 140 2 181 1 28 3 198 2 61 3 212 63 I 10,065 51! 8,174 534 253 1,081 946 311 164 855 153 144 114 251 t o 500 wage earners, inclusive, 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over L000 wage earners- 08 C In S 325 725 758 1,111 493 307 xj a; HI! ! :=a*3 ! ja & <3 © 13,272 10,426 654 *3*255 **"730" 716 290 1,008 27.1 362 467 979 319 1,281 287 608 434 26 22 18,379! 16,428 1,374 1,470 1,676 660 585 2 I 1,702 ... j........ "2'!"i*198 l 1,807! 3 601 1 4 615 1 2.463! 1 2,545 508 ^2 103,409 48,327 46,551 3,340 5,288 14,902 **2(8S9 "i,*5i2 5,817 9,520 1,122 1,219 3,882 111367—23 4 50 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 United States 1,304 1,279 1,221 160,996 98,832 87, S13 $4,246,290,614 $1,651,965,424 $1,355,544,431 $463,361,081 $210,302,766 $164,106,355 Less than $5,000 „ 21 129 338 385 121 310 25 16 182 I 134 427! 438 7 25 322 1,815 26 268 1,900 62,774 1,579,512 18,426,68S / 104,143,921 \ 84,607,396 4,037,470,323 82,330 2,170,193 21,631,136 91,527,816 58,345,904 1,478,208,045 45,969 1,757,909 22,239,416 22,692 421,011 3,412,419 f 15,518,572 \ 11,355,429 432,630,958 30,378 584,890 3,988,776 25,529 459,298 4,095,769 $5,000 to S20.000 149 978 / 4,300 \ 2,942 152,560 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 82 !/ 41,7 206 | 166 | S,379 9,207 | 155,039,724 } 19,337,068 21,348,0S5 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 88,291 76, 412 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 1.176,461,413 ISO, 361,654 138,177,674 United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 , 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 Less than $5,000 1.6 9.9 25.9 29.5 9.3 23.8 2.0 14.2 33.4 27.9 1.3 11.0 35-9 0) 0.1 0.6 / 2.7 \ 1.8 94.8 (0 0.3 1.8 0>! 0.3 ■ 2.2, (l) (l) C1) (0 0) 0) $5,000 to $20,000 0.1 1.3 5.5 3.5 89.5 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.3 1.9 0.3 2.5 $20,000 to $100,000 0.4 1 0.7 '/ 3.3 \ 2.5 93.4 $100,000 to $500,000 } 3S.2 } s, 10.5 i f 2.5 \ 2.0 95. 1 | 11.4 86.8 } 02 13.0 $1,000,000 and over , 6.4 16.1 13.6 89.3 87.0 8S.6 84.2 1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 11.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. i AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS VALUE OF PRODUCTS. NUMBER OF fc,5i'Al}L,131i- Cen- MENTS OWNED BY— In establishments Per cent of total. Of establishments owned bjr— Per cent of total. STATE. sus Total. nwnfid hv— Total. Indi vid- Cor- pora- All oth- Indi- vid- Cor- pora- All Indi- vid- Cor- pora- All oth- Individ- Corpora- All Indi- vid- Cor- pora- All oth- i oth- CltY\ AT"<3 uals. tions. ers. uals. tions ers. uals. tions. ers. uals. tions. ers. 1919 481 682 241 160,990 3,267 155,379 2,350 2.0 96.5 1.5 $4,246,290,614 $110,822,752 $4,049,077,511 $86,390,351 2.6 95.4 2.0 United States.... 1914 504 494 281 98,832 3,769 91,056 4,007 3.8 92.1 4.1 1,651,965,424 69,133,795 1,505,177,165 77,654,464 4.2 91.1 4.7 1909 494 450 277 87,813 3,925 79,831 4,057 4.5 90.9 4.6 1,355,544,431 68,625,256 1,211,015,811 75,903,364 5.1 89.3 5.6 1919 34 43 14 3,405 298 2,988 119 8.8 87.8 3.5 92,554,164 9,179,749 75,384,796 7,989,619 9.9 81.4 8.6 1914 35 38 35 2,220 222 1,811 187 10.0 81.6 8.4 50,011,820 6.318,512 37,791,080 5.902,228 12.6 75.6 11.8 1919 7 57 8 54,179 454 53,530 195 0.8 98.8 0.4 1,284,103,016 20,949,930 1,250,948,360 6,204,720 1.6 97.9 0.5 1914 28 55 15 31,627 671 30,709 247 2.1 97.1 0.8 489,230,324 11,846,275 474,026,280 3,357,763 2.4 96.9 0.7 1919 14 26 17 5,691 72 5,463 156 1.3 96.0 2.7 134,028,720 1,835,643 127,988,923 4,204,160 1.4 95.5 3.1 1914 21 23 24 4,484 111 4,228 145 2.5 94.3 3.2 51,065,774 1,321,420 47,375,495 2,308,859 2.6 92.8 4.6 Iowa . .. 1919 2 15 4 7,134 i 176 6,958 2.5 97.5 226,301,698 i 4,227,569 222,134,129 1.9 98.1 1914 11 15 7 4,430 3,246 21,184 73.3 26.7 74,289,387 56,374,518 217,914,869 75.9 24.1 1919 6 17 6 17,805 39 17,729 37 0.2 99.6 0.2 427,663,145 688,664 425,683,369 1,291,112 0.2 99.5 0.3 1914 6 15 5 9,884 28 9,808 48 0.3 99.2 0.5 151,647,123 331,031 150,606,933 709,159 0.2 99.3 0.5 Maryland 1919 | 24 13 10 1,563 241 1,237 85 15.4 79.1 5.4 41,439,448 6,394,153 32,295,912 2,749,383 15.4 77.9 6.6 1914 ; 36 12 12 1,292 444 758 90 34.4 58.7 7.0 17,099,968 6,290,152 9,034,854 1,774,962 36.8 52.8 10.4 Massachusetts 1919 22 13 5 4,307 83 4,178 46 1.9 97.0 1.1 110,238,038 3,030,961 106,246,649 960,428 2.7 96.4 0.9 1914 65 26 16 3,582 242 3,224 116 6.8 90.0 3.2 54,446,687 2,292,794 50,597,928 1,555,965 4.2 92.9 2.9 Michigan. 1919 11 10 3 1,712 159 1,653 3.4 96.6 59,584,740 i 2,157,617 57,427,123 3.6 96.4 1914 20 8 8 1,181 43 1,092 46 3.6 92.5 3.9 21,266,915 650,577 20,116,733 499,605 3.1 94.6 2.3 Minnesota 1919 3 7 3 5,231 189 5,142 1.7 98.3 146,361,046 13,844,326 142,516,720 2.6 97.4 1914 11 9 9 2,587 47 2,459 81 1.8 95.1 3.1 47,710,059 614,397 45,642,481 1,453,181 1.3 95.7 3.0 Missouri 1919 21 25 3 8,290 149 8,241 0.6 99.4 240,610,195 i 1,719,239 24-1,890,956 0.7 99.3 1914 10 24 6 5,200 28 5,139 33 0.5 98.8 0.6 92,060,499 392,938 91,192,177 475,384 0.4 99.1 0.5 Nebraska 1919 3 8 5 10,122 135 10,087 0.3 99.7 303,848,903 i 1,229,528 302,619,375 0.4 99.6 1914 3 6 1 5,713 i 17 5,696 0.3 99.7 104,503,333 i 511,591 103,991,742 0.5 99.5 New Jersey 1919 17 22 7 3,566 104 3,292 170 2.9 92.3 4.8 110,221,328 5,247,614 95,315,116 9,658,598 4.8 86.5 8.8 1914 52 22 16 2,197 171 1,799 227 7.8 81.9 10.3 40,108,471 3,080,998 30,506,824 6,520,649 7.7 76.1 10.3 New York 1919 1 58 46 26 6,646 272 6,047 327 4.1 91.0 4.9 256,038,393 12,536,841 228,233,892 15,267,660 4.9 89.1 6.0 1914 ! 214 55 68 6,641 983 5,023 035 14,8 75.6 9.0 148,105,659 18,241,291 113,530,919 16,333,449 12.3 76.7 11.0 Ohio 1919 1 54 54 33 5,336 319 4,835 182 6.0 90.6 3.4 170,337,892 12,481,613 147,863,255 9,993,024 7.3 86.8 5.9 1914 j 84 51 34 3,619 350 3,108 161 9.7 85.9 4.4 66,674,379 0,758,736 54,632,018 5,283,625 10.1 81.9 7.9 Pennsylvania 1919 '98 47 31 4,438 723 3,534 181 16.3 79.6 4.1 122,862,240 19,624,444 96,076,971 7,160,825 16.0 78.2 5.8 1914 1 84 43 39 3,687 747 2,668 272 20.3 J2.4 7.4 65,981,384 11,000,267 50,737,815 4,243,302 16.7 76.9 G.4 1919 1 6 8 7 3,218 11 3,101 100 0.3 90.4 3,3 102,182,171 458,297 99,199,208 2,524,066 0.4 97.1 2.5 1914 21 13 12 2,236 149 2,019 68 6.7 90.3 3.0 34,697,955 1,875,208 32,005,258 817,489 5.4 92.2 2.4 i Includes the group "All others." 2 Includes the group "Individuals." 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Includes some pelts Production of meat in wholesale slaughtering and meat-packing establishments and on farms and ranges.—Table 20 shows the meat production in slaughtering and meat-packing establishments and on farms and ranges, for 1919, by classes and by states. SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. 57 Table 20.—Production op Meat in Wholesale Slaughter- ing and Meat-Packing Establishments and on Farms and Ranges, by Classes and Status: 1919. CLASS AND STATE. Total. Meat produced in wholesale < Meat and slaughtering ;meat products and meat- :sold on farms packing estab- I and ranges, iishments. Pounds. United States 14,110,772,169 Net pounds. 13,435,719,137 Pounds. 675,053 ,.032 Beef Veal Mutton and lamb and goat and kid meat Pork Alabama »• Arizona... Arkansas.. California.. Colorado.. .5,343,508,761 457,469,662 507,344,778 7,802,448,963 ■ 45,274.962 7,422,319 24,016,557 341,537,968 154,849,130 35,259,714 9,940,093 I 30,0S6 35,118,714 51,454,828 13,234,539 3,493,058,465 486,237,590 S27,797,409 1,483,856,935 55,593,018 8,626,209 IS,256,997 113, 224, 326 314,155,074 241,394,106 575,955,907 Mississippi ;18,970,313 Missouri 954,933,881 Montana 37,959,260 Nebraska 1,108,783,272 Nevada 10,394,149 5,118,728,572 ) W4 7Sn 457; 469; 662 |/ 224»<* 536 831,469 609,474 702,274 610,306 921,896 405,455 308,686 615,384 632,512 457,894 813 125 011 755 470 894 124 982 857 067 979 777 377 112 776 775 PRODUCT AND STATE. Value. Pork, pickled and other cured—Con. Ohio I $52,916,363 Pennsylvania ;22,259,787 Texas I 17,478,772 Washington j 6,544,903 Wisconsin '47,991,162 All other states j 58,237,362 Sausage, total j 145,622,246 California Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Texas.*. Wisconsin , All other states. 1,519,019 42,431,818 3,655,176 4,347,169 7,720,842 1,944,920 6,212,114 2, 582,906 5,241,525 6,630,306 6,406,611 5,386,351 9,958,425 7,424,495 12,763,130 5,110,596 3,970.076 12,316,767 Lard, total 415,817,212 Illinois 146, Indiana 15 Iowa 31, Kansas 33^ Massachusetts 23 Michigan. Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states.. Hides, cattle and calf, total California Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Massachusetts... Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states.. Sheep pelts, total.. California Illinois Iowa Kansas , Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania... Texas Utah Washington All other states. 123,019 241,920 003,935 190,657 374,020 078,212 649,819 744,195 059,520 925,431 156,805 053,472 693,649 440,356 198,685 660,127 223,390 209,634,236 701,204 539,918 755,845 391,336 359,708 477,175 088,990 326,707 817,541 703,826 196,154 058,734 781,362 445,880 276,271 713,585 33,639,696 008,331 885,299 785,673 328,567 650,633 619,420 492,592 168,383 815,204 015,352 017,960 573,312 191,073 610,414 304,185 248,076 678,270 346,952 Quantity. Pounds. 178,055,163 66,309,393 57,457,320 21,311,428 151,041,949 203,204,182 643,905,181 7,678,049 180,615,145 17,662,551 21,252,903 39,325,972 8,095,159 24,481,233 10,758,438 24,657,904 35,010,739 28,457,996 20,668,764 38,836,830 34,395,032 51,474,642 25,279,960 16,178,905 59,074,959 1,372,869,656 1914 Quantity. Pounds. 121,188,242 83,007,657 39,477,022 22,352,555 99,775,805 153,857,662 435,146,931 467,185,468 51,452,324 103,502,429 108,754,239 72,191,184 26,271,409 49,609,701 92,064,888 84,363,218 28,190,529 44,018,065 64,513,888 40,055,529 15,380,667 7,579,586 31,161,615 86,574,917 627,521,297 24,118,281 161,677,467 13, 688,524 24,667,425 83,507,564 5,170,291 18,473,528 37,617,531 59,613,792 41,448,516 24,739,352 17,752,416 32,977,200 8,169,292 7,331,086 66,569,032 Number. 12,164,620 1,083,297 3,366,234 263,719 1,199,374 217,146 192,998 208,382 742,144 1,575,954 416,847 1,377,593 256,740 97,597 228,930 150,768 76,789 234,564 475,544 8,604,082 112,639,102 15,895,177 17,820,025 17,706,704 10,666,851 I 27,854,557 8,409,965! 8,845,380! 16,183,674! 12,267,326 I 13,525,180 i 41,572,857 | 31,047,288; 40,669,573 j 8,847,610! 11,958,878 , 30,632,702 .1,119,188,675 335,695,330 46,374,440 59,038,166 83,753,215 66,849,628 27,342,302 40,311,585 72,410,760 66,505,695 15,222,462 40,496,413 67,135,365 47,191.604 16,157,440 22,914,041 37,014,963 74,775,266 434,538,475 19,754,487 111, 520,999 11,006,066 12,390,379 55,854,920 5,458,472 10,027,859 22,446,957 29,516,483 45,355,486 17,826,624 16,922,093 29,457,278 5,435,323 4,939,085 36,625,964 Number. 15,907,899 1,406,831 4,880,057 307.648 1,559,141 370,835 125,534 196,086 776,765 1,796,985 426,063 1,992,520 300,259 141,892 436,880 283,471 115,601 362,854 428,577 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. 59 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 24 presents, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products, for the industry. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 25 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole and for each state for which figures can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 24.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num-1 Wa*e 1 sus estab- (£ner year, j lish- , iments.l ™* Pri- mary horse- power. Wages- Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 1,304 160,996 359,212 $209,489 $3,782,930 $4 246 291 1914! 1.279 98, S32 253,066 62,136 1,441,663 1,651,965 1909; 1, 221 87,813 202, 432 50,404 1,191,43S 1,355,544 1919' 9 549 1,548 482 4.889 6,125 1914 , 7 122 S97 48 592 703 1909; 4 47 795 25 198 320 Arkansas 1919 59 337 47 975 1, 218 1914 3 6 3 111 123 California 1919 91 3,405 13,325 4,15S 77,416 92,554 1914 si 2,172 7,018 1,770 40, 931 49, .500 1909 74 1,601 3,762 1,276 28,224 33,953 1919 21 1, 848 4,036 2,149 35, 78-5 41,008 1914 16 777 2,467 4S0 10,687 12,726 1909 13 659 2,450 389 S, 295 9,657 Delaware 1919 15 117 3S5 128 2, S59 3,2£5 1914 19 125 504 82 1,499 1,711 1909: 9 82 212 53 1,231 1,372 1919 s 348 918 278 4, 816 5,316 1914 11 54 144 32 789 925 1909; 11 32 20 392 467 1919 12 «q 474 117 1,441 1,791 1914 | 9 81 227 79 "714 l 9*1 1909 4 39 115 33 451 532 1919' 72 54,179 86,636 79,983 1,142.950 '1,284,103 1914 i 70 31. 315 66,59S 19.286 408', 895 i 48.5,362 1909 75 26. 344 55,661 14,356 341,34S , 3S6,366 Indiana 1919 57 5,691 11, 395 5. 470 121,690 : 134,029 1914 65 4; 4S1 9,844 2 . 497 46", 262 51,022 1909 55 4, 416 5,952 2,156 41,939 | 47,230 Iowa 1919 21 7,131 15,527 8,738 204,421 226,362 1914 28 4, 413 10.1S3 2,729 67,774 74,172 1909 27 ■1,125 8*255 2,17S 53,034 58,913 1919 28 17,805 34,663 20,863 387,859 427,663 1914 20 9. 884 24,376 5.90S 135,952 151,647 1909 35 10, 591 24,560 5, 862 147, 646 165,361 1919 20 450 1, 441 437 10,659 12.954 1914 28 223 834 164 3,671 4,109 1909 37 354 853 251 5,746 6,568 Louisiana 1919 i 3 248 1,391 223 446 849 1914 4 219 1,057 95 57 189 Maine 1919 17 123 325 133 1.647 2.013 1914 21 115 139 72 1,037 1,217 1909 14 90 167 48 675 815 Maryland 1919 47 1. 563 5,076 1.973 33,520 41,439 1914 , 40 1,221 3, 878 749 13,767 16,607 1909 43 999 2, 877 584 11,283 13.394 Massachusetts 1919 40 4,307 8, 050 5.391 101.235 110.238 1911 40 3 , 233 5, 772 1,894 45,428 51,725 1909 45 3,055 4.200 1,666 37. 484 42,531 Michigan 1919 21 1,712 4, 746 °, ^77 49.774 59,585 1914 , 17 1,112 3.056 '770 18,814 20.666 1909 i 19 795 3.080 423 11,253 12 , 842 1919 13 5, 231 11.223 6, 449 128,506 146,361 1914 19 2,565 5.189 1, 799 41,591 47, 536 1909 22 I", 902 4,528 1,114 22,043 25.609 I Cen- ; sus j year. i i Num- ber of ! estab- lish- ments 'Wage earners ! (aver- age nam- '. ber). Pri- mary horse- power. Cost of Value Wages. mate- of prod- igals, ucts. Expressed in thousands- Missouri.. Montana.. Nebraska. Nevada New Jersey. New York.. Ohio Ore son 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 i Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island... Tennessee i Texas \ Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states. 49 31 37 12 S 9 8.290 5,152 ; 4,649 19,966 15,37S 11.620 510,378 3,423 2,649 $228,009 §246,610 .84; 335: 91,603 72, 005 79,326 210 I 1,714 274 96 i '299: 101 105! 316: 9 2 16 10,122 j 20,367 13,914 10 5,713 | 15,456 3,697 15 . 6,009 I 11. 8*53 3,369 4 4 46 56 61 130 , 1S4 i 150 118 91 3,566 2,033 1,707 6,646 6.245 5, -8-17 702; 407 123 98 9.560 4,647 6,597 i 1,472 3,134 1,213 18 799 8,96$ ie;is9' 4,610 12,897 j 4,192 5, 824 1,717 1, 781 271,462 94,173 78,346 2,723 1,604 100,404 35,310 32,824 230,049 127,282 10$,'669 1919 141 5,336 19,926 , 6,689 1.50,598 '1914 152 3.480 12,356' 1,381 . 58.297 1909 137 2,974 9", 431 | 1,780; 43; 640 1 1919 21 772 3,048: 958: 13,749 1914 14 442 M44 i 309' 6.202 1909 366 752 1 2S0 j 5,015 . 1919 176 4,438 15,325' 5,346 107,281 ■ 1914 146 3, 616 11,883 2,492 57,605 ! 1909 155 2,940 11.741 , 1,940 44.247 ; 1919 22 264 555; 257 5.968 1914 10 190 336 105 4,15S 1909 10 18i3 303 97 2,644 .. 1919 16 331 837 279 4,965 .1914 IS 199 1. 213 87 , 1,561 1909 22 272 1,186 134' i; 579 .. 1919 19 5.072 14.055 5,757! 106.752 1914 18 3,486 12:276 2,069 44. 424 1909 14 3,639 11,330 1,902 37,410 .. 1919 11 446 1.104 470 10,032 1914 14 138 "319 115: 2.672 1909 12 99 572 77; 1,327 .J 1919 25 502 3,073 456 6, 22S : 19M 21 396 3,084 212 3', 725 1909 24 342 1,491 118 4,057 . 1919 29 1 2y>r> 3.821 1,526 29,124 1914 11 '864 2,149 691 15,9)31 ; 1909 14 528 1,883 575 13,760 J 1919 10 639 3,076! 716 16,798 ! 1914 7 214 1.557 1 140 4,447 ; 1909 6 167 1,321 , 123 3,385 .' 1919 21 3. 218 7,712 j 3,706 , 89,904 1914 22 2; 011 3,759' 1,227 { 28.53S 1909 24 1,681 2,713 | 919 22, 249 . 1919 45 4,946 14,076 5,729; 92,172- 1914 37 2,348 e;22i 1.450 31,141 1909 27 877 2, 412 510 7,258 6, 859 2,120 2,054 303,849 104.503 92,283 2,939 1,853 110,221 38, 809 36,446 256.038 144,236 125,073 170,338 64,960 49,795 15,868 7,457 5,880 122,862 65,191 5i; 107 6, 807 4,497 1 8^9 i Oil 125,192 52,945 42,530 11.124 3,011 1,690 7,589 4,362 4,601 34.389 is; 444 15.654 19.044 4.788 3,764 102,182 32,181 25,702 101,751 38,130 8 821 60 MANUFACTURES. Table 25.—DETAILED STATEMENT, United States Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas - California. Colorado.. 7 ; Delaware 8 j District of Columbia. 9 j Florida 10 Georgia 11 Idaho Illinois Indiana.,. Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana Maine Maryland 20 i Massachusetts. 21 Michigan 22 23 S 24 , 25: 26 27 i 2S i 29 I 30; 31! 32 | 33! 34 j 35 i 36 j Minnesota. Missouri... Montana.. Nebraska.. Nevada— New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Oregon Rhode Island. Tennessee Texas Utah 37 ; Virginia 38 ! Washington 30 | West Virginia.. 40 Wisconsin U ! All other stales * Num- . ber of estab- 1 Total. lish- ments. ! 1 1,304 \ 197,392 i I 9 661 | ! 4 70! i 7 83 j 91 4,51ft ! 21 2,360 | ! 15 169 i ! 6 272 | '8 425 l 7 1,050 | 12 126 j 72 62,990 1 57 6,617 j 21 8,965! 28 22,621 ( 26 567 i 3 276 j 17 156 1 47 2,000 i 40 4,926; 21 2,083! 13 6,636 49 10,281 \ 12 305 16 12.993 4 141 i 46 4,509 130 8,795' 4 64 141 6,607 21 1,035 176 5.752 22 331 16 430! 19 6,558: 11 603 25 629; 29 1,489 i 10 808 , 21 4,046 i 24 4,445 ■ ' 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiotly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. 61 BY STATES: 1919. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Rent and taxes. For materials. Officials. Dollars. 19,081,909 102,414 27,400 19, 050 514,953 163, 760 43, 59, 32, 103, 26, |5,302, 590, 62S, 1,726, 93, Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Taxes, Federal, For; f^I !! Federal,! I _ . . ££2 !Rent of state, Principal | *u*\a*d work- factory. ; county, materials. rent of I 'and! I P°wer ! j local, j Dollars. Dollars. \ Dollars. 40,603,456 209,489,263 i 1,978,648 73,652! 7,200 i 26,735 I 1,405,095 j 604,570 I 152 980 831 786 360 197 j9, 8S2 962 12, 093 j5, 094 20, 69, 77, 186, 17, 852, 923, 305, 519, 86. 564 i 996 244 1 835 I 387! 481,839 I 72,484 j 47,298 I 4,158,193 2, 148, 745 127,997 245,725 278,499 667,369 117,321 1,036 "is," 666" 515,394 158,414 9,817 Dollars. 2, 054, 729 Dollars. 17,600,117 654 ,79,982,535 j 17,275 409 ! 5,470,261 8,077 072 i 8,738,195 | 211,904 005 120,862,627 74,008 133 437,072 j 4,528 25,739 32, 525 378, 163 350,184 313,008 16,636 11,226 456,332 686,928 34S, 823 624,57S jl, 502, OSS 1,036,071 !2, 257,049 71,234 I 121,885 634,019 i3,878,525 22,S15 | 31,717 425,336 |l, 040, 515 1,371,839 12,459,887 23,570! 10,174 977,566 11,234,264 112,047 j 314,206 , 103,247 36,372 80, 237 668,195 36,846 86,175 195, 436 141, 491 681,313 218,986 1, 384,973 32,674 62,133 1,682,50-1 195,021 67,33S 229,9SS 136,896 557,091 709,032 223,095 , 132,943 i 1,972,514 j 5,391,004 2,277.400 | 1,494 2, 376 109,110 15 6,448,530; 44,768 10,377,515 45,583 273 955 I 13,914' is8 ! iia, osi 122,837 I 4,647,499 ! 250,962 8,968,272 j 47,629 34,667 I 6,689,371 I 42,347 957,674 j 16,180 5, 346,125 256, 806 279,000 5, 757,314 470,341 455,791 1,525, 762 716,435 3,705,90S 4,708, 157 186,478 500 44 41, 581 2,397 5,200 4, 8S2 2,220 7,159 104,603 8,465 8,850! 8, 432 20, .541 | 19, 492 4, 810 201, 266 25,20S 212; 158 7,158 3, 859 360 8, 540 21, 339 55,756 4, S03 11, 821 24,785 7, 470 4, 725 1,177 115,952 438,922 ""76,"S6i" 24,461 192,291 3, 260 6,634 236,976 1,440 23,697 7, 306 13, 366 32,273 101,411 17, S40 13,510 5, 098 325,957 103,286 44, 70S 19,188 13, 441 11,059 7,143 4,094.287 647,568 1,380,394 1,223,645 58, 405 20,675 6,927 287, 579 542,061 176, 749 Dollar?. 3,758,839,744 4,801, 490 1,169,1.84 966, 579 76, S77,625 35, 501,638 2, 845, 929 4,165,209 4, 746, 323 6,635, 328 1,417,038 1,136,106,748 121,003,378 203,215,931 385,173,20S 10,580,189 375,96S 1,634, 788 33,171, 745 100,653.710 49, 581,119 Dollars. ■ 24,089,789 \ Dollar Dollars. 87,057 I 10.329 I 8,840 <: 538,696 283,726 j. 13,326! 62,630 i 69.907 I 128,547 j 24,157 ii 6.12-5, 251 1,405. 80S 1, 218,191 92, 554,164 41, 007, 531 3, 2S5,336 5,012,294 5,3.16,186 8,142,161 1,791,175 6,843,744 11,284,103,016 686.316! 134,028,7213 1,204, 755 j 226,361,698 .2.685,503 |, 427,663,145 78,715 Ji 12,953,986 476, 251, 30, 1,546, 6, 301, 618, 2 926', 40, 029! 955! 784 j 581! 344 > 670! 703: 276 1 334: 760 I 127, 856,193 226,464,734 5, 774,590 269,864,945 jl. 596, 899 2,684,881 j 38,2 69,916 12,380 348,4S8 581,630 193,229 649,784 j 1,544,642! 49, 5-54 99, S02, 5(56 228, 842, 265 309, 1.50 149,650,670 13,625,004 695,452 ! 106,508,357 1 38,536 j 5,948,934 29,243 I 4,896,685 522,966 j 105,874,192 108, 4S5! 9:981,802 3* 794 113,354 157, 530 2,197,267 497, 534 6.139,374 28,972,511 16, 721, 412 89, 401,380 78,890,972 601,695: 1,206,249 13,4S2 941,769 i 124,329; 772,659 1 19,023' 68,716! 877,425: 50,261 j 88.193 I 151,941! 77,079 502, 559 783,362 849,326 2, 042.660 41,439,448 110,238,038 . 59,584,740 , 146,361,046 i 246,610,195 i 6,858,703 303,848,903 2,938,628 i 110,221,328 I 256, OSS,393 456,974 i 170, 337. 892; 15,868,169 I 122, .862,240 0,807.195: 5,705.845! 125,191,873 11,124,341; 7.589,320 j 34,388,584 j 19,043,629 102,182,171 I 86,732,305 Primary horsepower. Value Value of added by products. manufac- ture. Owned. Steam IlUf" , , Total. en- Cf „ ;nal- Wa-: !gines:S^mi^-ter! Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 1,236,704; 226,295 242, 772 15, IZ7, 843 5, 222,167: 426.0S1 784,455 j 499,956 • 1, 378. 286 '349,980 141,152,524 12,339, 032 21,941,012 39, 804,434 2,295,082 403,442 395,492 7,919,215 9, 002,69S 9,8.10,392 17, .S55,069 IS. 600,819 i; 1334, 559 32,387,059 215, 470 9, 817,067 25,989,879 134,342 19, 739, 453 2,118, 836 15,581.224 839, 23S 740, 444 IS, 440, '256 1,092,27S 1,361,753 5,264,132 2,245, 138 12,278,232 7,057,971 1, 548 ^S8 337 13,325 4,036 385 917 918 3,291 474 86,636 11, 395 15, 527 34,663 1,441 1,391 325 5,076 8, 050 4, 746 11,223 19.966 1, 714 20,367 '702 210,348 27,6*39 ,2, 018 5 74 ill.8,603 95,635 1 1, (335 j ...J 513 273 2 1 ....: 87 3 25: ; 312 4 *2~63l' 1(34: .... 11,190 """523" 5 3, 147 ""304" ■ 12 ...J 573 % 349 6 288 j '97 7 270 '""145' ....; 502 s 292 .... 626 9 2, .835 2t) |'"ii" ...J 443 456 "*49i" 10 11 51, 459 6,676 10,545 19,661 1, 217 1,070 45 3,140 3, 345 2,735 5,187 15.109 330 11,797 ! 140 2,038 1 840; 2,955 j 5 190 j 16 | 4 """456'!. 410: "u 50(3 ;. 826 . 2,096' 92 15 10 24,984 2,668 4,142 12,042 224 115 276 1,486 4.281 1, 511 33,242 I 3,780 3,284 i 10,955 | 524 s 1,159 268 1,274 4,675 j 819 2,669 I 5,668 1.369' 7.500 I 4.523 562' 9,56(3 !; 6,721; 18,799 10,870; 524 j '425; 19,926 110,760 3,048 i! 435 1,347 12 13 11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 235 "59l" 15,325 555 S37: 14.055 1,104: 3,073 3, .821: 3,076 j 7,712! 9,256 i ill, 863 : 119 i 545 i 9,657 2,162 S13 930 5.324 7; 325 1, 76*5 1,015 50 17 225 1,488 6.911 84 8,219 2,513 434 292 4,398 1,079 903 2,991 137 1,373 1,746 2,552 3. SSI 140 3,220 29 30 31 32 33 12; 2,886 j I 2,461 '1,130 :\ 4,873 3tN 37 38 39 40 41 • Same number reported for one or more other months. WyomSag^er StateS embrace: Counectirilt> 5 establishments; Mississippi, 1; North Dakota, 1; Oklahoma, 5; Sooth Carolina, 4; South Dakota, 4; Vermont, 2; and CANNING AND PRESERVING. GEffEEAL STATISTICS. General character oi the industry.—The canning and preserving industry includes four classes of establish- ments: (1) Establishments whose chief products are canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, including dried and packed fruits, put up by packing houses; (2) establishments whose products are canned and cured \ fish, including pickled, smoked, and dried fish; (3)! establishments whose chief products are canned oysters j and clams; and (4) establishments whose chief products are pickles, preserves, jellies, sauces, etc. j A subclassification has been made for the canned fruit and vegetable branch of the industry for 1919 in which the establishments have been grouped accord- ing to the products of chief value under "canned vegetables/' "canned fruits," "dried fruits," and "dried vegetables"; while the "pickles, preserves, and sauces" branch of the industry has been subdivided into two groups, including under "preserves" those establishments manufacturing as their products of chief value, jam, jellies, preserved fruits, fruit butters, etc., and under "pickles and sauces" those establish- ments whose products of chief value were pickles, olives, sauces, salad dressings, catsup, etc. The general statistics for the industry do not cover the canning of meats, soup, or other products by meat- packing establishments, statistics for which are pinc*uded in the slaughtering and meat-packing indus- try. The industry being seasonal in character the report relates to the season of 1919—that is, to the canning and preserving from the crop of that year. Some of the establishments are engaged in the canning of fruits and vegetables in the summer and fall months, and in the canning and curing of fish and oysters at other times. There is considerable overlapping in the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables and pickles, preserves, and sauces. Establishments engaged pri- marily in canning vegetables and fruits report also preserves, jellies, jams, sauces, and pickles. This is also the case with the fish and oyster industry. Large establishments engaged in the canning and curing of fish also can oysters and clams. The shucking and wholesale shipment of fresh oysters in unsealed con- tainers is not included. The process of manufacture is comparatively simple and inexpensive and the industry is well distributed throughout the United States, Nevada and Wj^oming being the only states not represented by one or more establishments. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics of each census since 1889, with percentages of increase for each period. In- creases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Fed- eral income tax since 1914 accounts for the large in- crease in "Rent and taxes." Summary for the four branches, 1919.—Table 2 pre- sents for 1919 a summary of the statistics for the can- ning and preserving industry as a whole and for its four leading branches separately. The overlapping among the four branches of the industry to which reference has been made comprises products valued at $22,224,258, distributed as fol- lows: Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables to the value of $1,385,623, reported by establishments engaged in the canning and preserving of fish and oysters; canned fruits, vegetables, fish, and oysters to the value of $8,451,522, put up by establishments whose principal products were pickles, preserves, and sauces; canned and preserved fish and oysters to the value of $1,495,258, reported by establishments engaged primarily in the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, and pickles, preserves, and sauces to the value of $10,891,855 were reported by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the canning and pre- serving of fruits and vegetables. In addition, canned and preserved products to the value of $11,483,158 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in industries other than canning and preserving. The total value of canned and pre- served goods reported as by-products by establish- ments classified either in other branches of the in- dustry than the one to which the products belonged, or in entirely separate industries, was thus $33,707,416. Comparative summary for the four branches.—Table 3 shows, for the four branches of the industry separately, the most important items for 1919 and 1914, and the per cent of increase. With few exceptions, there were sub- stantial increases for all four branches of the industry. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 4 shows that California was the leading state in (62) CANNING AND PRESERVING. j 63 ! the industry in 1919 as it has been since the census of 1899. New York ranked second in importance in value of products; and third in average number of wage earners, while Maryland ranked second in average number of wage earners; and third in value of products. In 1914 Pennsylvania ranked fourth in importance in value of products but dropped to fifth place in 1919, being dis- placed by New Jersey. The ranking of the industry by value of products is not always satisfactory as indicating its importance from a manufacturing standpoint. In many instances this ranking would change materially if based upon the average number of wage earners or value added by manufacture. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by age of the average number of wage earners in Table 5 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." The classification by sex for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the classifi- cation by age. Figures are shown for the industry as a whole and for the four branches separately. Figures for the individual states will be found in Table 23. Wage earners, by months.—Because of the seasonal character of the industry, the fluctuation of employ- ment is very great. As shown by Table 6, the number of wages earners employed in the industry ranged from a maximum of 198,047 in September to a minimum of 35,692 in March, the minimum number being equiva- lent to 18 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given separately for all states showing over 550 wage earners, and for a number of states showing a large proportion of females, while for the United States for 1919 the number of males and females is also shown. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 7 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 14.4 per cent of the wage earners were reported as being employed fewer than 54 hours per week, as against 39.5 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 51.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as com- pared with 35.7 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—It should be borne in mind in considering Table 8 that because of the seasonal character of the industry, the average number of wage earners for the entire year for any given establishment is usually much smaller than the maximum or even the average for the active period. (See "Explanation of terms.") Moreover, the fact that some establishments operate during a much longer period than others affects the significance of the distribution according to the average number employed for the year. Of the 4,280 establishments reported for 1919, there were 314, or 7.3 per cent, which employed no wage earners. These were small establishments in which the work was done by the proprietors or firm members, some- times assisted by members of their families or by persons classed as salaried employees. In some cases they employed a few wage earners for short periods, but the numbers were so small and the periods so short that the averages for the year computed in tjie manner described in the "Explanation of termi" were nearer zero than 1, and therefore no wake earners could be shown. Of the total number !of establishments, 39.8 per cent employed 1 to 5 wage earners, and 29.3 per cent from 6 to 20. There were only 393 establishments that employed an average of more than 50 wage earners, and of these only 165 employed over 100. For the United States as a whole : the average number of wage earners per establish- I ment for 1919 was 21, as compared with 18 for 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with products valued at "8100,000 to 31,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "§100,000 to $500,000" and " $500,000 I to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been com- ■ piled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 9, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups I in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in this table show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the three groups having products of S100,000 and over included 1,058 establishments, or 24.7 per cent of the total number i for the industry, but employed 68,243 wage earners, ; or 75.9 per cent of the total average number, and i reported products to the value of 8190,686,510, or I 8S.5 per cent of the total value of products. ! Character of ownership.—Table 10 shows that in I 1919, of the total number of establishments for the ! industry, 37.6 per cent were under corporate owner- j ship. While corporations thus controlled slightly | more than one-third of the total number of establish- ments, they employed 72.9 per cent of the total aver- age number of wage earners and reported 79.4 per cent of the total value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 11, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 60,808 horsepower, or 50.7 per cent. This increase, however, is largely due to the gain of 37,494 horse- power, or 200.2 per cent, in rented electric power, although there was an increase in owned power of 23,619 horsepower, or 23.5 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 12 shows, by states, the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry in 1919 and 1914. Of the total quantity of bituminous coal used in the industry in 1919, Illinois, Indiana, New York, and Pennsylvania together reported 41.9 per cent, while California reported 89.9 per cent of the fuel oils consumed and 55.1 per cent of the gas. 64 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, AND 1889. Number of establishments. Persons engaged I Proprietors and firm members.. (Salaried employees iWage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture < 1919 4,2S0 108,261 4,159 14,179 89,923 180,812 $378,416,813 91,212,687 24,768,664 66,444,023 877,683 17,377,705 412,659,747 628,287,925 215,628,178 1914 4,220 88,069 4,409 9,589 74,071 120,004 $172,474,945 38,668,278 11,471,254 27,197,024 840,419 1,899,046 159,657,909 243,439,859 83,781,950 1909 3,767 71,972 4,244 7,760 59,968 81.179 |$119,207,127 26,945,466 7,863,623 19,081,843 501,173 1,074,279 101,823,059 157,101,201 55,278,142 1904 3,168 66,022 3,450 5,628 56,944 60,831 $79,245,8S0 21,567,056 5,230,704 16,336,352 359,079 3 775,703 83,147,336 130,465,976 47,318,640 1899 2,570 (») (3) 4,199 57,012 38,624 1S89 1,328 (a) (a) 2,037 61,812 7,000 $55,4S0,983 $21,288,166 17,183,832 3,478,727 13,705,105 (j3) 63,667,568 99,335,464 35,667,896 8,971,923 1,390,961 7,580,962 (*) (3) 30,793,280 49,886,305 19,093,025 PER CENT OP INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1.4 22.9 -5.7 47.9 21.4 50.7 119.4 135.9 115.9 144.3 4.4 815.1 158.5 158.1 157.4 1909- 1914 12.0 22.4 3.9 23.6 23.5 47.8 44.7 43.5 45.9 42.5 67.7 76.8 56.8 55.0 51.6 1904- 1909 18.9 9.0 23.0 37.9 5.3 33.4 50.4 24.9 50.3 16.8 39.6 22.5 20.4 16.8 1899- 1904 23.3 34.0 -0.1 57.5 42.8 25.5 50.4 19.2 30.6 31.3 32.7 1889- 1899 93.5 106.1 -7.8 451.-8 160.6 91.5 150.1 80.8 106.8 99.1 86.8 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 2 Figures not available. 8 Exculsive of internal revenue. 4 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—SUMMARY FOR THE INDUSTRY AND EACH OF THE FOUR BRANCHES: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages" Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal revenue; Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1 Total for the industry. 4,280 108,261 4,159 14,179 89,923 180,812 S378,416,813 91,212,687 24,768,664 66,444,023 877,68.3 17,377,705 412,659,747 628,287,925 215,628,178 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN CANNING AND PRESERVING— Canned vegetables. 39,854 2,178 5,118 32,558 95,352 $134,442,080 27,240,226 7,471,942 19,768,284 198,598 4, SS9,217 101,836,478 162,097,699 60,261,221 Canned fruits. 446 24,418 374 2,309 21,735 26,214 $68,006,910 23,200,989 4,637,978 18,563,011 89,991 5,443,829 89,299,975 150,474,213 61,174,238 Dried fruits. 629 7,844 729 1,062 6,053 9,447 $19,300,168 5,902,973 1,109,204 4,793,769 39,991 1,486,069 72,952,712 87,252,343 14, 299,631 Dried vegetables. 628 3 106 519 1,409 $1,943,076 599,449 131,976 467,473 53,061 J, 539,360 2,418,717 879,357 Fish. 410 12,797 275 1,274 11,248 24,865 $63,049,038 11,938,634 2,902,545 9,036,089 445,746 1,578,999 52,410,951 77,284,412 24,873,461 Oysters. 65 1,339 51 1,025 $2,971,876 618,013 149,083 468,930 56,053 43,354 1,582,838 2,976,011 1,393,173 Pickles, preserves, and sauces. Preserves. 195 8,546 112 1,395 7,039 7,715 $35,951,096 8,763,431 3,196,541 5,566,890 18,483 1,940,483 45,537,295 65,122,667 19,585,372 Pickles and sauces. 528 12,835 437 2,816 9,582 14,785 $52,752,569 12,948,972 5,169,395 7,779,577 28,821 1,942,093 47,500,138 80,661,863 33,161,725 Value of products less cost of materials. CANNING AND PRESERVING. 65 Table 3.-COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE INDUSTRY AND EACH OF THE FOUR BRANCHES: 1919 AND 1914. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN CANNING AND PEESEBVING— Fruits and vegetables Fish. 1919 1914 Number of establishments. Persons engaged j Proprietors and firm members..! Salaried employees! Wage earners (average number) .\ Primary horsepower.. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages 3,082 i 3,153 72,744 , 5-8,329 3,284 3,520 K,595 | 4,484 60,865 50,325 132,422 I 88,303 j$223,692,234 !$9S,73S,219 56,943,637 I 22,412,290 13,351,100! 5,108,787 43,592,537 i 17,305,503 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture2 328,580 , 422,514 11,872,176! S78,158 265,628,525 !103,293,044 402,242,972 !149,175,S65 136,614,447 j 45,882,821 Per h cent; of in- ji crease.1 j -2.3 24.7 -6.7 91.7 20.9 1919 1914 5a o 126.6 154.1 161.4 151.9 -22.2 T35.2 157.2 169.6 197.7 I Per cent : ofin- 'crease. 410' 12,797 275: 1,274 , 11,248 1 330! 10,306 I 263 1 974 I 9,069 '24,865 10,966 i$63,049,038 j$28,463,738 | 11,938,634; 2.902,545: 9,036,089 445,746 , 1,578,999 i 52,410,951 77,284,412 24,873,461 , 4.948.991 I 1.269.992 j 3,678,999' 322,347' 375,964! 19,467,153! 31,111,409 11,644,256 Oysters. 1919 1914 242 65 65 24.2 4.6 30.8 24.0 1,339 51 99 2,296 60 149 2,087 1,189 126.7 12L5 1,025 $2,971,876 1, S95 $2,076,607 14L2 128.5 145.6 618,013 149,083 468,930 552,063 128,366 423,697 38.3 56,053 8,669 320.0 169.2 148.4 113.6 j 43,354 1 1,582,838 1 2,976,011 '1,393,173 18,726 1,225,206 2,238,053 1,012,847 Pickles, preserves, and sauces. Per cent of in- crease.' 1919 1914 723 672 7.6 21,381 549 4,211 16,621 17,133 566 3,982 12,590 24.8 -3.0 5.8 32.0 22,500 188,703,665 IS, 840 £43,196,331 19.4 105.5 21,712,403 8,365,936 13,346,467 10,754,934 4,966; 109 5,788,825 101.9 68.5 130.6 47,304 86,889 -45.6 546.6 ■ I 131.5 '• 3,883,176 29.2 !■ 93,037,433 33.0 145,784,530 37.6! 52,747,097 626,198 35,672,506 60,914,532 25.242,026 'A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. J Value of products less cost of materials. Table 4t— PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. ii WAGE EARNERS. Num- ber of festab- lish- iments United States.. 4,280 California New York Maryland New Jersey Pennsylvania.. Illinois Indiana Washington. Maine 444 637 460 97 94 132 166 127 217 Oregon i 103 - ■ 55 129 124 Massachusetts. Wisconsin. Ohio Aver- age num- ber. 89,923 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 24,283 7,656 8,023 3,232 3,010 3,680 | 4,170 3,394 3,846 j 2,344 1,944 2,909 2,951 27.0 8.5 8.9 3.6 3.3 4.1 4.6 3.8 4.3 2.6 2.2 3.2 3.3 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amountj pressedj in thou- sands). $628,288 100.0 219,279 54,558 30,566 29,822 29,489 28,341 27,823 27,516 24,551 20,591 19,017 18,067 17,289 I Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 34.9 8.7 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 VALUE ADDED BY 1 MANUFACTURE.; Amount] (ex- pressed) in thou- sands). !$215,628 100.0 i 72,919 19,429 8,579 11,614 5 !| 12,142 10,508 10,295 0,903 .7,571 ft, 225 5,584 7,416 -£>775 6 7 8 9 10 fi- ll 12 13 Per cent dis- tri- . bu- i tion. 33.8 9.0! 4.0 5.4 5.6 4.9 5 4.8 i 6 4.6 7 3.5 9 2.9 11 2.6 13 3.4 10 2.7 12 Num- ber ofi lestab-1 , lisb-; imentS; Michigan 96 Iowa... 76 Kentucky 28 Missouri 158 Delaware , 78 ] i| Virginia j 498; Utah j 37;; Minnesota ( 38!! Colorado I 24 j; Arkansas 107 j Mississippi ;28 i Louisiana '38; Texas j 27 j Tennessee :62; All other states... i 200 i 1 WAGE EARNERS, i VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Aver- ago num- ber. Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 2,592 I 1,582 | 1,147' 1,256 j 1,459 2,123' 1,099! 683 , 689 I 804: 1,094; 653 354! 593 I 2,353 Amount Per (ex- I cent ( pressed; dis- • in tri- *2 thou- bu- * 'sands), j tion. 2.9 i 1.8' 1.3 | 1.4 1.6: 2.4 , 1.2 0.8! as' 0.9 1.2 0.7; 0.4 0.6 i 2.6 12; 16 19 18 , 17 14 20 24 23 1 22; 21: 25 27 i 26; $16,009 j 10,223 I 1 8, 496; 6,377 | 1 5,584 ■ 5,505' 4,558 ! 3,500 3,190 2,421 2,303 i 2,146 1,913 ! 1,513 7,641 2.5 1.6 1.4 1.0 0-9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0-4 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.2 i VALUE ADDED BY , MANUFACTURE. Amountj 1 (ex' , ! pressed \ in ! thou- j sands) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 i 25;; 26 I; 27 S $5,028 3,488 2,774 1,446 1,962 1,692 1,823 1,171 1,360 930 786 798 784 601 3,025 66 MANUFACTURES. . Table 5.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. INDUSTB? AND CLASS. Canning and Preserving. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number)— 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Fish Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations— Superintendents and managers— Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Oysters Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations..., Superintendents and managers— Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 108,261 88,069 71,972 11,002 7,640 6,920 4,159 4,409 4,244 2,110 1,207 968 4,733 1,924 1,708 7,336 6,458 5,084 89,923 74,071 59,968 87,881 71,128 55,722 2,042 2,943 4,246 12,797 10,306 8,341 932 651 651 275 283 163 127 374 225 186 617 586 430 11,248 9.069 7,260 11,145 8,902 7,085 103 167 175 1,339 2,296 2,873 120 122 130 51 60 49 24 23 34 45 39 47 Male. 61,219 48,180 38,437 Fe- male. 47,042 39,889 33,535 10,631 7,368 6,759 4,029 4,285 | 4,116 2,026! 1,182 951 4,576 1,901 1,692 4,486 6,096 4,028 46,102 35,716 27,650 45,321 34,577 25,865 781 1,139 1,785 8,106 6,753 5,314 371 172 161 130 124 128 84 25 17 157 23 16 2,850 1,362 1,056 43,821 38,355 32,318 42,560 36,551 29,857 1,261 1,804 2,461 4,691 3,553 3,027 644 6-12 267 258 331 275 162 125 367 224 186 353 434 6,844 5,675 4,373 6,795 5,574 4,277 49 101 582 1,299 1,449 117 118 129 51 58 48 23 22 34 43 264 152 131 4,404 3,394 2,887 4,350 3,328 2,808 54 66 79 757 997 1,424 PIE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 56.5 54.7 53.4 96.6 97.7 97.7 96.9 97.2 97.0 96,0 97.9 98.2 96.7 98.8 99.1 61.2 78.9 79.2 51.3 48.2 46.1 51.6 48.6 46.4 38.2 38.7 42.0 63.3 65.5 63.7 97.5 98.9 98.6 97.1 98.1 97.9 &7.2 99.4 98.4 98.1 99.6 100.0 57.2 74.1 69.5 60.8 62.6 60.2 61.0 62.6 60.4 47.6 60.5 64.9 43.5 56.6 50.4 97.5 96.7 99.2 100.0 96.7 98.0 95.8 95.7 100.0 95.6 97.4 100.0 Fe- male. 43.5 45.3 46.6 3.4 2.3 2.3 3.1 2.8 3.0 4.0 2.1 1.8 3.3 1.2 0.9 38.8 21.1 20.8 48.7 51.8 53.9 48.4 51.4 53.6 61.8 61.3 58.0 36.7 34.5 36.3 2.6 1.1 1.4 2.9 1.9 2.1 2.8 0.6 1.6 1.9 0.4 42.8 25.9 30.5 39.2 37.4 39.8 39.0 37.4 39.6 52.4 39.6 45.1 56.5 43.4 49.6 2.6 3.3 0.8 3.3 2.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 2.6 INDUSTRY AND CLASS. Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Fruits and vegetables Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age.. Pickles, preserves, and sauces. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 30 87 77 1,189 2,087 2,666 1,185 2,008 2,325 4 79 341 72,744 68,329 47,448 8,176 5,527 5,110 3,284 3,520 3,316 1,354 700 607 3,538 1,307 1,187 3,703 2,477 1,846 60,865 50,325 40,492 59,399 47,839 36,908 1,466 2,486 3,584 21,381 17,138 13,310 1,774 1,240 1,029 549 666 641 449 321 200 776 353 288 2,986 3,308 2,731 16,621 12,590 9,550 16,152 12,379 9,404 469 211 146 Male. 19 446 1,115 1,251 445 1,085 1,108 30 143 40,641 29,836 23,496 7,944 5,450 5,014 3,206 3,468 3,239 1,304 688 599 3,434 1,294 1,176 2,124 1,903 1,434 30,673 22,483 17,018 29,989 21,533 15,565 584 950 1,483 11,890 10,292 8,178 1,661 1,156 974 505 501 498 424 310 193 732 345 283 1,990 2,693 2,226 8,239 6,443 4,978 8,092 6,385 4,915 147 58 Fe- male. 11 21 8 743 972 1,415 740 923 1,217 3 49 198 32,103 28,493 23,952 232 77 96 78 52 77 50 12 8 104 13 11 1,579 574 412 30,292 27,842 23,444 29,410 26,306 21,343 882 1,536 2,101 9,491 6,846 5,132 113 84 55 44 65 43 25 11 7 44 8 5 996 615 605 6,147 4,572 8,060 5,994 4,489 322 153 83 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. F«- I male 63.3 75.9 89.6 37.5 53.4 46.9 37.6 54.0 47.7 25.0 38.0 41.9 65.9 51.2 49.5 97.2 98.6 98.1 97.6 98.5 97.7 96.3 98.3 98.7 97.1 99.0 | 99.1 57.4 76.8 77.7 50.2 44.7 42.1 50.5 45.0 42.2 39.8 38.2 41.4 55.6 60.1 61.4 93.2 94.7 92.0 88.5 92.1 91,4 96.6 96.5 94.3 97.7 98.3 66.6 81.4 81.5 49.6 51.2 52.1 50.1 51.6 52.3 31.3 27.6 43.2 CANNING AND PRESERVING. 67 Table 6.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italk figures.) 1 Aver- NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OB NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per 1 age cent num- j j mini- STATE. ber em- Febru- j ary. | Decern-j ber. . i mum 1 ployed during Janu- 1 ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. is of maxi- year. i mum. United States: ! _: I 1919 89,923 44,407 37,044! 56,692 41,508 46,581 77,462 122,414 169,455 198,047 161,452 j 87,333 57,681 18.0 Males 46,102 26,6-10; 22,731 i 21,890 25,353 28,599; 43,058 58,973 80,709 91,746 72,354; 47,298 33,873 1 23.9 Females 43,821 17,7e7! 14,313! 13,802 16,155 17,982 34,404 63,441 8S,746 106,301 89,098 , 40,035 23,808; 13.0 1914 74,071 27 ,917; 28,944 i 29,926 34,047 38,458 58,869 89,183 143,042 185,724 141,670 69,626 41,446 i 15.0 1909 59,968 19,998 \ 21,268; 23,015 28,390 31,139 j 45,270 68,516 127,741 154,800 105,257 | 59,727 34,536; 12.9 804 5 £ 11 20 49 26 492 2,528 2,865 2,522' 874 1 256 0.1 24,283 13,618 9,222; 7,74? 10,320 10,779 19,719 44,967 , 51,317 45,039 37, 335 j 24,667 16,666! 15,1 689 203 166 , 166 282 309 527 1,233 i 1,222 2,079 1,237 j 514 330 1 8.0 1,459 455 | 340 j 278 327 494 i 2,074 579 4,065 4,740 3,110! 695 351 j 5.9 Illinois! 3,680 2,552 2,357! 2,427 2,671 2,993 3,724 3,4S3; 4,927 7,688 4,787' 3,507 3,044; 30.7 Tnrimna 4,170 2,263 i 1,695 | 1,569 1,578 1,740 3,219 3,273! 7,920 11,828 9,037 I 3,621 2,297 i 13.3 1,582 616 | 554! 637 595 767 769 812 4,794 5,777 1,903 i 1,083 677! 9.6 Kentucky 1,147 965 943; 894 875 785 1,020 1,102 1,630 1,771 1,636 1,175 970; 44.2 Louisiana 653 Hi; 350! 342 937 886 767 634 850 862 918 672 377! 28.3 3,846 1,086; 981 < 1,068 1,368 2,117 3,494 4,345 7,409 10,799 7,597 3,859 2,029 9.1 Maryland 8,023 1,638 1,674 1,881 2,566 3,333 6,126 5,637 13,715 27,225 25,966 4,202 2,313 6.0 Massachusetts 1,944 2,065 1,959 j 1,858 1,764 1,874 1,978 1,957 1,740 1,921 1,959 2,082 2,171 80.1 2,592! 1,188! 763 762 885 1,189 3,96S 5,641 4,860 4,912 3,752 2,097 1,087 13.5 Minnesota , 683 j 199 184 206 255 298 480 837 2,244 1,994 712 469 318 8.2 1,094 1,380 j 1,192 1,148 1,101 590 179 202 1,059 1,120 1,714 1,728 1,645 10.4 1,256! 310 505 311 327 449 439 449 3,855 4,144 3,488 631 364 7.4 New Jersey 3,232 2,328 2,312 2,017 1,608 1,802 , 2,784 3,293 4,999 5.710 5,390 3,671 2,870 28,2 New York: 7,656 3,664! 3,382 5,557 3,542 4,018 6,121 , 11,230 11,227 14,264 14,260 10,805 6,022 23.4 Ohio! 2,951 1,474! 1,458 1,497 1,630 2,054 • 4,426 3,056 4,882 6,773 4,033 2,422 1,707 21.5 Oregon 2,344 1,029 j 631 671 691 1,180 2,576 ! 3,848 4,116 4,676 3,798 3,097 1,915 i 12.2 3,010 2,363 2,345 2,282 2,362 2,157 2,627 3,148 4,285 1 4,851 4,302 2,994 2,424 | Tennessee 1 593 £5 30 40 40 332 314 1 1,296 1,965 1,626 881 457 112! | LI Utah 1,099 276 235 225 275 348 863 i 2,400 2,256 2.994 2,214 742 360 7.5 Virginia 2,124 145 148 147 532 459 407 ! 846 7,307 7', 594 6,341 1,283 279 L9 3,394 1,367 lt239 1,555 1,971 2,676 2,908 ! 4,397 5,525 6,161 5,847 4,524 2,758 20,1 Wisconsin 2,909 999 901 S61 1,051 1,386 3,760 j 11,163 5,468 '3,999 2,440 1,844 1,046 7.7 i Per ct. States showing large proportion of females. av.ii '4,228 ; j of state. California 12,331 5,166 3,229 5,-557 4,103 10,069 I 28,254 31,621 , 25,132 i 17,719 9,854 5,780 50.8 1,550 1,142 1,045 1,089 1,136 1,334 1,408 1 1,245 1,976 j 3,235 1 2,170 1,483 1,337 42.1 1,782 837 587 574 456 532 1,045 | 1,050 3,684 ] 6,105 I 4,417 1,365 732 42.7 1,812 497 S5S 396 471 879 1,675 2,123 3,688 ■ 4,967 3,778 1,972 945 47.1 4,710 659 755 855 1,137 1,808 3,196 ; 3,431 4,499 i 18,538 ! 20,036 2,484 1,124 58.7 Massachusetts...... 423 399 382 374 i 407 461 453 i 445 428 ! 427 i 437 433 430 21.7 Michigan 1,283 485 244 219 252 354 2,173 3,024 , 2,652 \ 2,651 2,114 90S 320 49.3 1,283 897 887 715 i m 5S5 1,095 1,193 2,066 2,556 2,521 1,470 908 39.7 3,736 1,530 1,346 1,250 1,230 1,463 2,754 ! 5,308 i 5,667 1 7,631 ! 7,880 5,830 2,943 43.8 Ohio.. 1,377 690 700 714 739 992 1,592 1,522 ! 2,238 j 3,109 ! 2,060 1,268 902 46.7 1,147 422 141 94 119 246 1,380 i 2,180 2,350 ; 2,599 1,951 1,443 839 48.9 1,438 1,098 1,101 1,043 1,105 996 1,224 ! 1,630 2,198 2,350 ! 2,038 1,391 1,082 47.8 1,270 76 75 71 225 185 115 ! 401 4,508 i 4,743 3,994 728 119 59.8 1,369 425 £91 357 I 413 I 655 1,026 1,891 2,478 2,901 , 2,533 2,093 1,865 40.1 851 212 173 129 j 12$ 159 931 8,707 1,999 j 1,357 777 475 i i«- 29.1 1 68 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. : Cen- i sus ; year. United States, j Arkansas.. California.. Colorado.. Delaware- Total. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky... Louisiana... Maine Maryland... Massachusetts.. Michigan.... 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 J 919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 89,923 74,071 59,968 804 454 [24,283 12,766 684 1,459 1,803 3,680 2,560 4,170 4,422 1,582 1,209 1,147 594 653 991 3,846 3,913 8,023 8,640 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween! 44 and 48. 5,367 (2) 1919 1,944 1914 1,903 1919 2,592 1914 | 2,507 37 (2) 2,643 (2) 16 (*) 114 (2) 65 (2) 80 (2) 15 (2) 31 (?) (2) 49 1,278 (2) (2) 19,635 7,854 2,632 32 (2) 209 (2) (2) 12 (2) 123 (2) 11 (2) (2) "(Vf 21 (2) (a) (2) 1,089 115 (2) (2) 5 10 (2) (2) 128 (2) (2) Be- tween! 48 and 54. 9,265 11,168 2,844 114,984 1,311 3,077 232 44 10,310 1,336 159 84 55 166 374 21 327 262 32 79 8 74 230 795 216 150 769 1,385 313 56 210 395 Be- tween| 54 and 60. 23 18 190 307 6 79 26 91 1,524 ill 917 188 85 38 2 7 58 161 65 743 272 1,563 200 29 11 11,115 10,467 4,641 123 50 2,358 3,094 259 389 24 256 162 205 439 302 154 18 521 175 79 3 1,565 499 446 142 17 1,513 256 607 28,508 35,141 42,908 289 206 70 9 428 268 355 980 682 1,685 202 22 456 185 3,587 2,781 5,399 139 56 1,605 568 115 492 384 298 6,642 7,144 176 79 800 993 1,072 1,238 1,643 1,576 868 858 129 148 208 186 1,618 3,142 3,090 5,668 36 19 979 1,081 Over 60. 1,642 669 1 44 29 71 409 226 194 166 605 498 29 Cen- sus year. ! STATE. Total, i 1 1 1919 683 1914 436 1919 1.094 1914 1,052 Missouri 1919 1,256 1914 850 , 1919 3,232 1914 3,154 New York 1919 7,656 1914 8,757 Ohio 1919 2,951 1914 2,509 Oregon 1919 2,344 1914 799 Pennsylvania... 1919 3,010 1914 3,096 Tennessee 1919 593 1914 390 Utah 1919 1,099 1914 677 Virginia 1919 2,123 1914 2,076 Washington 1919 3,394 1914 2,352 1919 2,909 1914 2,687 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 15 (2) 18 (2) 189 (2) 93 (2) 100 (2) 38 (2) 14 (2) 67 (2) 26 (2) 8 206 (2) 28 (2) 27 (2) 20 (2) (2) 25 (2) 19 (2) 385 (2) 24 (2) (2) 81 (2) 48.1 Be- I Itween 48 | and 54. 1 (2) •(V)" 194 (2) 1,916 (2) (2) 46 115 485 496 264 396 37 221 339 249 379 92 59 94 114 578 72 175 445 248 150 189 109 146 13 18 83 22 444 177 1,371 261 518 583 86 9 182 21 101 126 235 21 124 207. 54. Be- tween | 54 and 60. 221 258 78 220 203 1,802 |3,669 211 870 458 477 75 613 30 30 148 156 187 65 91 45 17 12 1,936 1,485 404 931 345 630 422 421 1,781 1,841 239 279 418 906 60. Over 6a 648 442 420 133 261 423 420 337 462 1,064 3,243 3,611 1,027 1,094 735 141 281 351 232 197 15 393 981 61 1,311 1,094 1,311 14 46 15 4 12 36 64 22 14 67 48 91 1 133 33 240 399 197 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. «Corresponding figures not available. Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States... 1919. 1914. Arkansas.. California. Colorado.. Delaware., Illinois.... Indiana— Iowa Kentucky.. Louisiana.. Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi.. Missouri New Jersey. New York.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. Tennessee Utah Virginia Washington.. Wisconsin..., I s to (3 4,280 4,220 »-< o el 89,923 74,071 107 444 24 78 132 166 76 28 38 217 460 55 96 38 28 158 97 637 124 103 94 62 37 I 498 127; 129 i 804 24,283 689 1,459 3,680 4,170 1,582 1,147 653 3,846 8,023 1,944 2,592 683 1,094 1,256 3,232 7,656 2,951 2,344 3,010 593 1,099 2,123 3,394 2,909 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 314 118 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 1,702 2,135 73 101 5 22 49 39 13 9 14 77 152 22 33 10 4,418 5,119 8 94 9 31 116 332 4 41 2 36 5 33 10 25 2 5 57 349 3 35 4 18 204 270 13 77 128 128 39 31 34 236 519 63 67 14 4 308 92 612 127 89 83 73 14 884 77 34 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 1,253 1,160 22 101 5 13 73 199 17 22 18 11 48 36 91 . 50 33 37 22 11 79 46 45 14,748 13,163 261 1,274 80 546 442 967 369 58 144 785 2,226 214 274 241 164 523 447 1,049 587 412 444 136 759 570 569 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 618 504 S?2 19,861 15,969 214 2,809 200 187 693 832 776 159 203 1,549 2,090 172 658 203 317 186 404 2,074 593 729 364 92 322 330 1,007 1,591 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. -a . IS II 228 183 16,263 12,827 125 4,991 275 217 640 56 60 125 733 1,474 346 559 82 219 407 1,524 292 519 288 148 627 150 599 493 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. -a . II 133 95 • S2 da a} 19,882 14,966 8,742 121 432 907 857 342 254 147 643 1,427 148 1,034 143 390 239 438 1,365 770 595 422 344 222 ^3 38 8,017 5,787 3,899 "*67i 746 *585 287 450 582 797 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. IS dS 3 1,845 3,510 1,263 582 Over 1,000 wage earners. & . 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Z-ZZ Z'lZ j 0*££ 8*63 A Ifl \ 5*38 / I*£I £*S *1 9*63! 8**3 O'SI j 6*01 ; 8*5 ff *'0 ,0*3 | £1 ] **0 3*3 j £1 ooo'osi 000'9t 0'3 i 8*£! 1*5 61 3**3 \ L'Ll I *S; 9 *5 ooo'oois '745,861 I $2,477,719 454,415 $736,759 347,286 $531,651 j 676,388 j $2,338,497 391,790 1 $736,686 149,255 $294,414 584,309 $1,951,344 251,632 $511,900 126,422 $261,398 ! 587,298 ! $1,346,044 6S6.100 i $712,991 :. (6) 234,691 Sl,3O0,6S0 (6) (•) c6) (6) | 373,977 j $1,142,236 270,077 $455,956! 254,365 $320,141 f 383.211 ; $861,436 7S9,36S $1,023,008 440,303 $576,043 FRUITS AND VEGETABLES—COntd. Canned fruits—Continued. Apples— i Cases * • Value Cherries- Cases s i Value Blackberries- Cases I Value! Raspberries- Cases i Value! Strawberries- Cases ( Value: Plums—; Cases* -j Value i IvOganberries— Cases i Value | Pineapple- Cases 5 Value Prunes- Cases; Value Blueberries— Cases Value Grapes— Cases Value Goo?eberries— Cases Value Other canned fruits- Cases Value Dried fruits: Pounds Value The canning and preserving industry— Pounds Value Other industries- Pounds Value 1919 2,447,927 ', $9,081,598! 1,362,832 $8,451,029 i 910,657 $5,080,397 551,419 $4,278,939 374,097 S3,693,648 571,521 $2,228,183' 273,664 $2,138,817 156,755 $1,365,484 273,710 $1,271,410 150,350 $913,821 87,644 $514,219 87,026 $3-13,504 516,558 $2,701,34S 1914 1,514,939 $2,392,289 543,213 $1,628,975 (6) - (•) (•) (•) I*) 1 See Tables 13 and 16. 1 Includes meat products, in 1914, valued at $781,291. 3 Standard case contains 24 No. 2 cans. See Table 16. « Standard case contains 24 No. 3 cans. Table 16. • Standard case contains 24 No, 2J cans. See Table 16. «Not reported separately, 'Standard case contains 12 « Standard case contains 48 »Included in apples, No. 10 cans. See TaDle 16. No, 1 cans. See Table 16. 1909 1,205,742 $1,898,720 390,351 $1,019, 013 (•) (•) (») (•) 220,05 $346,953 (•) 78,557 $313,647 («) (•) (6) (•) (•) (6) 898,991 $2,024,882 485,335,800 $21,968,154 4M,32S,76 $21,914,99o 1,007,033 $53,159 195,774,76" $6,912,53: 138.495,4$ $5,130,41 46,843,39 $2,423,08 44,568,24 $3,098,09 29,205,56 $2,277,17 (?) (9) 30,445,32 $2,126,8J (a) (•) (•) (•) (6) (6) (•) (•) («) (•) (fl) (•) (•) 74 MAMJFACTURES. Table 15.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909—Continued. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES—COIltd. Dried vegetables—Continued. Celery- Pounds Value Turnips- Pounds Value Soup mixture- Pounds Value All other dried vegetables- Pounds Value FISH AND OYSTERS. Value.. The fish and oyster industry.. Other industries 1919 1914 1909 17,587 $11,100 0) 0) 19,3% $8,264 (1) 655,228 $222,361 0) 9S9,397 1 C1) $271,917 0) h 0) $76,761,919 $33,332,822 $27,850,319 1 $32,806,841 $525,981 ! $76,285,796 ; $476,123 $27,648.289 ! $202,030 Canned fish and oysters: Cases* Value The fish and oyster industry- Cases Value Other industries- Cases Value Salmon- Cases * Value Sardines- Cases 6 Value Oysters- Cases * Value Shrimp- Cases * Value Tuna- Cases ■ Value Clams- Cases « Value All other canned fish- Cases * Value fish and oysters—continued. Smoked fish—Continued. Herring— Pounds Value Salmon- Pounds Value Finnan haddie— Pounds Value Sturgeon— Pounds Value All other smoked fish— Pounds Value 1919 Smoked nsh: Pounds Value The fish and oyster industry- Pounds * Value... Other industries- Pounds Value 10,345,206 $53,186,2S6 10,279,785 $52,859,180 i 65,421 $327,106 j 2,186,004 , $19,113,204 5,777,959 $20,258,565 717,636 $3,510,119 322,076 $1,864,793 874,380 $5,710,188 157,843 $772,870 309,308 $1, 956,547 32,243,591 $5,371,833 31,397,919 $5,287,599 845,672 $84,234 8,78S,104! $22,401,004 j 8,771,860 L $22,303,854! 16,244 L. $97,150 | 1,513,300 i $8,712,695 i 5,012,199 i $6,238,933 \ 944,639 I $2,676,951' 459,877: $1,725,621; 437,090 $1,638,675 | 185,186 j $670,363 . 235,813: $737,766; 28,713,806 | $2,769,341; 27,426,726 i $2,642,131! 1,287,080 I $117,210 (8) $17,592,960 $17,573,311 $19,649 (») $8,723,565 («) $4,931,831 (8) $2,443,101 (») $690,021 (») $402,466 (8) $401, 976 40,739,774 $2,939,258 39,814,989 $2,900, 417 924,785 $38,841 1 Not reported separately. 9 See Table 13. » Reported in pounds in 1909. * Standard case contains 48 No leans. See Table 13- Canned vegetables.—From 1914 to 1919 the total out- put of canned vegetables increased by 7,212,621 cases, or 14.3 per cent, in quantity and $80,159,923, or 95 per cent, in value. General increases are shown for the five-year period in both quantity and value for each variety of canned vegetables for which compara- tive figures are given with the exception of tomatoes and kraut, for which there were decreases in the number of cases reported of 26.9 per cent and 12 per cent, respectively, and for canned pumpkin, which shows a decrease of 51.5 per cent in quantity and 15.8 per cent in value. Canned fruits.—The output of canned fruits in- creased from 1914 to 1919 by 11,983,211 cases, or 126.8 per cent, in quantity and by $103,052,183, or 413.9 per cent, in value. Every kind of canned fruit for which comparative figures are given iji the table Salted and pickled fish: Pounds Value.... The fish and oyster industry- Pounds Value Other industries- Pounds. j Value j Cod- | Pounds! Value! Herring— j Pounds --I Value , Mackerel- Pounds! Value Haddock- Pounds Value j All other salted fish—' Pounds Value 1914 PICKLES, PRESERVES, AND SAUCES. Preserves Pickles and sauces. The canning and preserving industry: Preserves Pickles and sauces Other industries: Preserves Pickles and sauces All other products of the canning and preserving industry 14,639,391 $1,350,745 5,574,273 $1,681,982 5,696,883 $495, 404 570,031 $435,959 5,763,013 $1,407,743 111,655,326 $18,203,800 110,359,666 $18,139,017 1,295,660 $64,783 62,902,037 I $12,643,357 j 14,135,579 ] $845,629 j 5,098,700 j $1,000,593; 7,691,146 i $815,180 j 21,827,864 | $2,899,041 j $74,851,134 $81,109,837 11,604,126 $719,640 4,248,896 $638,975 4,095,693 $327,877 511,196 $150,614 8,353,895 $922,235 131,149,037 $8,172,477 128,333,485 $7,860,856 2,815,552 $311,621 68,456,917 $5,123,562 21,133,974 $641,603 6,224,313 $519,727 4,947,286 $218,359 30,386,547 $1,669,226 $14,833,288 $45,303,671 1909 $69,655,403 I $78,569,430 j $5,195,731 j $2,540,407 j $13,261,576 $43,376,198 $1,571,712 $1,927,473 21,369,856 $931,611 6,836,099 $950,540 4.513,222 $304,620 620,437 $182,786 7,400,160 $569,701 133,169,621 $7,318,101 128,539,299 $7,174,561 4,630,322 $143,540 54,302,338 $3,248,669 21,718,467 $461,287 9.045,469 $740,513 3,065,156 $148,191 45,038,191 $2,719,441 $44,780,826 $14,623,609 J $4,361,538 J- t $41,404,689 }• i $3,376,137 (0 6 Standard case contains 100 No. i cans. See Table 13. • Standard case contains 48 No. $ cans. See Table 13. 7 Pickles, preserves, and sauces include "All other products.' shows increases in both quantity and value for the five-year period 1914 to 1919. For canned peaches, the leading product in all three years, the increase from 1914 to 1919 amounted to 4,298,949 cases, or 126.1 per cent, in quantity and $36,930,452, or 385.2 per cent, in value. Dried fruits.—The increase in the output of dried fruits during the five-year period 1914 to 1919 amounted to 46,821,164 pounds, or 8.2 per cent, in quantity and $50,629,353, or 145.6 per cent, in value. Every class of dried fruit shown separately in the table showed increases in value, but there were de- creases in the quantity reported for prunes, apples, and apricots. For raisins, the leading product, the increase between 1914 and 1919 was 67,256,622 pounds, or 29.8 per cent, in quantity and $21,605,617, or 155 per cent, in value. CANNING AND PRESERVING. 75 Dried vegetables.—The drying of vegetables was I first reported at the census of 1919. The most 1 important product shown is dried potatoes, the \ quantity and value reported representing over 70 per cent of both the total quantity and value shown for all dried vegetables. Canned fish and oysters.—For the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the increase in the total output of canned fish and oysters amounted to 1,557,102 cases, or 17.7 per cent, in quantity and $30,785,282, or 137.4 per cent, in value. For canned sardines, the most important product of the group in 1919, there was an increase of 765,760 cases, or 15.3 per cent, in quantity and 814,019,632, or 224.7 per cent, in value. For canned salmon, the next most important product, the quantity increased 44.5 per cent and the value 119.4 per cent. Canned oysters, shrimp, and clams show decreases in the number of cases reported but increases in value, while for canned tuna there was an increase in the quantity of 437,290 cases, or 100 per cent, and of $4,071,513 in value,, or 248.5 per cent. Table 16.—NUMBER OF CASES PACKED, Sr Smoked fish.—The output of smoked fish increased by 3,529,785 pounds, or 12.3 per cent, in quantity and $2,612,492, or 94.7 per cent, in value from 1914 to j 1919. At each of the three censuses smoked herring ! and salmon were the leading products of the group, the quantity reported for the former increasing 27.3 per cent and the value 87.7 per cent during the five- year period, while the increases for the latter were 31.2 per cent and 163.2 per cent, respectively. Salted and pickled fish.—For the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the total quantity of salted and pickled fish decreased 14.8 per cent, while the value increased I 122.7 per cent. With the exception of haddock, for ! which there was an increase in quantity of 55.5 per cent, there were decreases in quantities shown for I each of the different kinds of salted fish, although the values show substantial increases, i Number of cases packed.—Table 16 shows, for 1919, ; for each class of vegetables and fruits, the number of cases of each size of cans as reported, together : with the corresponding equivalent in standard cases. rANDARD SIZE, 24 CANS TO CASE: 1919. PRODUCT. Stand- ard size ■ of cans. Total number of eases reduced to standard size, 24 cans to the case. NT7MBEB OF CASES OF— Canned vegetables. Asparagus Beans- Baked String Lima All other beans Beets.. Corn Hominy Kraut Succotash Peas Pumpkin Sweet potatoes Spinach Squash Tomatoes Tomato pulp »■ All other canned Tegetables.. Canned soups. Canned fruits.. Apples Apricot Berries- Blackberries....... Blueberries Gooseberries Raspberries. Strawberries Loganberries Cherries Currants Figs Grapes Peaches Pears. Pineapples Plums Quinces All other canned fruit. 2h 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 10 3 3 2J No. 1 cans. No. 2 cans. No. 2£ cans, j No. 3 cans. No. 10 cans. Special size. 57,471,295 i I, 006,604 | 11,142,331! 2,199,825; 468,569 1,013,507 1 584,309 1 14,402.725 587/298 1,041,932 373,977 9,325,727 3S3,211 745,861 676,383 54,589 II, 836,476 » 759,055 868,911 •5,844,821 21,432,393 j 2,447,927 T 3,939,768 910,657 i 150,350 i 87,026 551,419 , 374,097! 273,664 1,362,832 j 2,562 11,918 87,644 7,706,855 2,021,610 156,755 571,521 4,789 770,999 3,802,597 i 322,178 ,332,580 109,073 29,683 170,582 1,980 122,760 5,351 1,500 264,545 3,867 14,336 20,160 1,247,374 108,651 47,977 | 4,981,041' 1,540,564 6,926 377,645 18,193 247 306 17,752 33,966 1,S35 87,758 211 1,154 i 8,025 689,937 151,598 64,944 16,945 1 63,821 i 38,987,667 5,748,387 6,682,855 2,630,525: 45,733 6,787,278 1,822,665 411,608 921,534 222,528 14,066,160' 118,635' 172,309 368,8S7 8,853,843! 33,761 36,685 108,988 1,940 4,711,336 12,053 291,676 i 167,751 2,966,400! 27,701 1 187,120 378,581 50,360; 32,888! 366,652 176,975 152,284 240,224 1,842 i 159 1 7,849 553,107 479,877 i 111,207 93,195! 230! 108,149 419,097 251,492 5,342 7,928 124,136 43,560 2S, 095 125,315 180,011 663 47,130 371,147 190,232 1,667 3,903,786 11,606 37,180 127,388 9,592,215 25,260 2,660,476 11,023 319 140 796 2,802 10,136 517,767 91 69,136 4,822,648 1,074,450 245,470 *i5i*7oi 128,185 1,022,969 27,947 21 35,363 296,919 30,831 385,279 685,610 1 16,740 256,592 363,018 198,211 22,707 3,171,496 27,737 17,230 35,687 674,968 155,661 15,394 22,547 461 :.000 73 10,371 2,555 285 214.995 227,857 10,794 7,135 3 4,837 20,630 79,205 161,367 12,874 :.. 24,948: 69,504 78,726 5,007 56,834: 2,105 128,384; 73,140 | 18,952 163,542 I 22,217! 1,022,374; 470,122! 220,594 | 7,963; 5,501,250 j 1,751,798! 865,098 i 365,257 78,916 42,306 121,984; 60,996 105,653 231,542 381 924 14,594 1,368,909 177,754 19,750 88,645 3,635 203,108 2,271,794 223,111 983,193 19,677 2,890 11,692 10,744 4,097 10,909 959 72,369 1,503 16,431 234 276,435 269,147 368,403 130,886 338,348 6,022 44,145 4,212 235 13,201 25,469 16,024 11,169 59 712 12 54,553 6,404 662 1,9S9 6 153,474 112 cans to the case. 1 48 cans to the case. Number of cases, by size of cans.—Table 17 gives, canned vegetables and fruits, as reported, distributed for 1919, the total number of cases of each class of according to size of cans. 76 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.—NUMBER OF CASES PACKED, BY SIZE OF CANS: 1919. NUMBER OF CASES PACKED IN 1919. Aggregate number of cans. Canned vegetables Asparagus Beans- Baked String Lima All other Beets Corn Hominy Kraut Succotash Peas Pumpkin Sweet potatoes Spinach Squash Tomatoes ■ Tomato pulp ------ All other canned vegetables. Total. 86,188,286 60,123,825 Canned soup.. Canned fruits., Apples Apricots Berries- Blackberries. . Blueberries... Gooseberries.. Raspberries... Strawberries.. Loganberries. Cherries Currants Figs Grapes Peaches. Pears.. 1,156,934 10,456,715 2,146,071 462,114 1,279,453 646,183 14,337,316 643,734 1,105,673 373,451 9,336,544 415,993 804,138 695,564 48,765 14,332,801 899,316 983,060 5,450,716 20,613,745 Pineapples Plums Quinces All other canned fruits.. 1,973,368 4,149,878 799,813 129,842 76,336 522,385 300,281 285,432 1,098,831 2,493 5,595 99,901 7,704,149 2,117,740 207,357 453,379 3,875 683,090 No. 1 size cans. 10,324,202 3,802,597 322,178 1,332,580 109,073 29,683 170,582 1,980 122,760 5,351 No. 2 size cans. 42,121,818 38,987,667 1,500! 264,545 j 3,867 j 14,336; 20,160 j 1,247,374 I 108,651 i 47,977 i 4,981,041! 45,733 6,787,276 1,822,665 411,608 921,534 222, 528 14,066,160 118,685 172,309 368,887 8,853,843 33,761 36,685 108,988 1,940 4,711,336 12,053 291,676 167,751 No. 1\ size cans. 15,467,990 5,748,387 No. 3 size 4J- inch cans. 6,674,181 6,075,447 419,097 251,492: 5,342! 7,928 124,136 43,560 i 28,095; 125,315 i 180,011 1,540,564 I 2,966,400 j 663 47,130 371,147 190,232 1,667 3,903,786 11,606 37,180 127,388 9,592,215 51,976 929,489 18,217 21 28,651 284,392 2,993 383,902 668,362 8,133 252,904 351,684 191,050 17,281 2,870,625 1,650 14,117 35,687 563,047 6,928 j 377,645: 18,193 j 247 i 306 I 17,752 1 33,966! 1,335: 87,758 211 1,154 8,025 6S9,937 151,398 64,944 16,945 1 63, 821 27,701! 187,120; 378,581; 50,360 I 32,888 366,652! 176,975' 152,284 240,224 i 1,8-42;. 159 j 7,849 553,107! 479,877! 111,207 j. 93,195! 230 . 106,149: 25,260 2,660,476 11,023 319 140 796 2,802 10,136 517,767 91 69,136 4,822,648 1,074,450 * "245," 470' ""i5i,'76r 144,013 7,617 20-, 792 461 2,000 27 6,186 102 239 174,713 191,386 9,935 4,172 3 1,401 No. 3 size* 5-inch cans. 573,102 478,870 34,567 93,308 190 6,495 12,527 8,863 1,377 16,978 2,340 3,688 4,823 5,161 3,264 258,311 24,515 2,463 94,232 3,794 7,341 1,755 No. 3 size, 5i-inch cans. 146,227 128,538 39,642 172 9,540 217 "i8,"975 270 "6*267" 6,511 2,162 42,560 1,572 650 17,689 7,854 436 No 10 size cans.1 10,880,766 4,902,319 243,741 1,062,398 181,044 12,874 27,838 81,196 89,470 9,104 67,743 3,064 200,753 74,643 18,952 179,973 22,451 1,298,809 739,269 588,997 138,849 5,839,598 46 4,185 923 46 36,937 34,628 859 2,804 1,530 3,345 1,843 914 | 159 j "2*522"! 1,757,820 909,243 369,469 78,916 42,541 135,185 86,465 121,677 242,711 440 1,636 14,606 1,423,462 184,158 20,412 90,634 3,641 356,582 1 Includes special size cans as shown in Table 16 Products, by states.—Table 18 shows the values of the principal products for the leading states pro- ducing each, as reported at the censuses of 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 18.—Value of Products, by Principal States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 18.—Value op Products, by Principal States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. PRODUCT AND STATE. CANNED VEGETABLES. Beans California Illinois Indiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey. New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Utah Wisconsin All other states Corn Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Maryland New York Ohio All other states.. Peas Illinois Indiana Maryland Michigan New York Wisconsin All other states.. $39,408,603 i 1,490,602 l,t)15,945 7,277,045 1,131,073 1,953,714 | 1, "821,703 13,011,072 3,279,534 575,-361 4,517,008 $85,365 975 343 2,074,838 35,532,007 5,843,773 ! 1,526,103 I 5,763,458 I 4,723,397 | 5,448,073 2,906,990 3,327,725 5,992,488 25,073,220 1,221,443 994,535 1 718,500 1,267,356 3,440,696 12,132,849 4,297,841 J $16,565,021 275,807 1,062,842 2,306, 309 443,652 947,047 1,261,899 2,764,529 1,819,186 1,051,187 3,583, 881 144,791 294,070 609,821 13,923,057 2,173,480 943,, 641 1,868,963 2,038,716 1,939,295 1,252,038 1,441,272 2,265,652 15,089 047 696,975 620, 357 894,929 976,005 3,899,570 5,549,499 2,451,712 i Comparable figures can not be given, $7,931,737 . 87,059 562,249 2,116,648 151,476 778,732 154,697 537,458 1,024,065 264.005 1,730, 212 33,084 101,763 390,289 10,332,136 2,170,082 679,446 1,241,460 1,320,223 1.039,905 1,197,999 1,156,509 1,526,512 10,247,363 227,068 753,527 619,981 796,840 2,681,366 3,410,628 1,757,953 $4,133,810 133,494 321,458 491,233 92,231 1,031,025 0) 272,755 1,055,253 241,125 91,416 8,220 55,968 339,632 15,952,386 2,403,720 958,455 2,616,178 1,525,089 2,021,627 2,272,682 1,736,503 2,418,132 7,928,791 35,309 644,439 1,019,131 471,613 2,598,291 2,011,220 1,148,782 Tomatoes California Delaware Indiana. Maryland New Jersey New York Ohio Utah Virginia All other states., CANNED VEGETABLES—COn. CANNED FRUITS. $38,067,999 10,452,851 1,011,064 2,482,729 10,295,386 284,432 1,748,626 588,366 1,992,088 3,396,908 5,815,549 Apples...... 9,081,598 California Maine...: Maryland Michigan New Yorlc.... Pennsylyania All other Apricots , California , All other vStates.. Cherries California Michigan New York Oregon All other states.. Peaches California Georgia Maryland Michigan New York , All other states.. 502,906 921,577 358,620 574,020 2,048,171 875,519 3, 800,785 25,167,767 25,033,625 134,142 8,451,029 3,753,993 1,422,863 248,517 925,007 2,100,649 46,516,225 42,347,718 446,507 1,425,079 881,443 285,134 1,130,344 $25,532,217 3,122,532 1,965,958 1,809,912 9,851,727 1,249,875 1,055,920 822,862 1,250,280 1,401,303 3,001,848 2,392,289 214,021 77,603 131,417 227,710 1,269,372 144,958 327,208 3,060,626 2,963,672 96,954 1,628,975 459,005 142,951 629,345 125,925 271,749 9,585,773 8,685,831 124,971 334,070 233,051 40,338 167,512 $18, 747, 120, 605, 469, 674, 502, 657, 707, 603, 269, 137, 1,898,720 .136,855 122,791 168,458 275,437 753,231 100,759 341,189 1,825,311 1,819,558 5,753 1,019,013 491,575 72,710 323,803 49,203 81,722 3,753,698 3,013,203 156,282 158,839 176,386 141,142 108,846 $14, 020,846 845,805 , 007,595 ,820,876 ,976,098 ,273,426 389,036 535,751 566,578 747,838 , 857,843 738,013 67.591 6,794 70,980 103,419 354,817 23,463 110,949 1,641,919 1,619,757 22,162 825,522 457,169 44,801 133,814 72,465 117,273 3,902,441 2,640,524 753,003 179,838 39,399 289,677 CANNING AND PRESERVING. 77 Table 18.—Value of Products, by Principal States: 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. 1919, PRODUCT AND STATE. CANNED FRUITS —CODt(l. Pears California Maryland New Jersey New York Oregon Washington All other states. Berries California Maine Maryland Michigan , New York Oregon Washington All other states. DRIED FRUTTS. Apples Arkansas California Michigan New York All other slates... Apricots California All other states. Peaches California All other states.. Prunes California Oregon Washington All other states. Raisins California All other states. CANNED FISH AND OYSTERS. Salmon California Oregon Washington All other states Sardines California. Maine All other states Oysters Georgia Louisiana Maryland Mississippi South Carolina All other states Shrimp Georgia Louisiana Mississippi All other states Tuna—California SMOKED FISH. Herring Maine Massachusetts All other stales Salmon New York Washington ..- All other states. 1919 $14, 202,963 8,249,308 915, .547 547, 863 1,363,984 1,161,462 1,069,390: 895,409 16, 449,126 1,077,620 667, 246 1,271,867 2,392,724 2,070,607 3,253,930 3,421,809 2,293, 317 6,772,100 805,157 2,630,300 39,633 2, 234,128; 1,062,SS2 ■ 1914 S3,853,700 2, 796, 356 301,398 1.53,990 375,300 , 78,404 71,969 76, 283 1909 $1,833,214 1,316,022 111,949 82,082 216, 858 42,842 1904 $2,192,910 1,577,823 199, 802 97, 202 172, 944 43, 464 3,102,245 345, 322 246,-504 319, .587 320,375 716, 577 « 286, 424 3 542,866 324, 590 2, 889,406 194,727 663,673 22, 669 1,893,015 115,322 6,034,697 3,615,857 5,994,309! 3,602,690 40,388! 13,167 12,109,624! J 2,074, 246: 35,378 | 18,253,091! 15,211,293 i 2,785,373' 16,997 i 240,028 j 35,544,262 \ 35,544,262 i 19,113,204 j 159,564! 5,447,491 1 13,506,149! 20,258.565! 7,604,328 I 12,627,862 j 26,375 I 3,510,119 I 55,389! 170,274! 1,854,880! 747,369! 416,509 I 265,698 1,864,793 191,76S 533,594 844,666 294,765 2, 915, 595 2, SS8. 962 26,633 9,004,348 7,956,549 '822,837 112,932 112,030 13,938,645 13,681,048 257,597 8,712,695 241,335 2,314,771 6,156,558 31 6,238,933 368,420 5,780,857 89,656 2,676,951 79,193 237,425 1,177,091 526,106 324,405 332,731 Cod. SALTED FISH. Maine Massachusetts.. Washington All other states. Mackerel Massachusetts... All other states. 5,710,188 | 1,350,745 i 455,489 I 354,859 j 540,397! 1,6S1,982! 1,173,400 | 282,112 226,470 12,643,357 1,334,989 9,450,460 500,862 i 1,357,046; 1,000,593 i 899,956 I 100,637 I , 725,621 109,494 644,132 954,535 17,460 (') 719,640 237,703 210,404 271,533 638,975 442,243 123,217 73,515 5.123,562 34S, 741 3,870,529 247,230 657,062 519,727 499,484 20,243 63, 461 1, 754, 927 171, 995 105, 434 375,319 150,082 596,130 46,273 72,&32 , 236 S62! 101,675 1,058. 659 '168', 640 (l) (»; 0) 372,171 39, 343 ""*478,*505 3, 098,095 112,091 481,173 141,656 1.758,610 129, 094 40, 659 177,343 1,331,895 79,619 2,333,137 30,038 2, 277,177 2, 277,177 1, 410, 838 1,410,838 2, 423,083 2, 422, 043 1,040 1,702,205 1,701,105 1,100 5,130,412 3,299,628 3,169.878 28,000 4,391.922 470,911 25$, 909 5,670 101,7.50 6,912,.533 6,912,533 6,349,381 6,349,381 8,723,565 27,515 1,341,481 7,354,569 4,251,387 125,020 1,694,762 2,431,605 4,931,831 238,607 4,609,224 84', 000 4,380,498 78,000 4,291.324 11,174 2,443.101 105, 740 383,436 761,198 311.161 208,438 613,128 3,812,312 256,750 507.373 548,646 1,340,942 529,511 629,090 690,021 0) 0) 0) 0) 253.i 84 433,693 3,144 (') 0) («) 931,611 255,498 457,485 218,628 631,352 206,879 155,814 268,659 950,540 4S6.910 389,620 74,010 831,184 319,620 405,026 106,538 3,248,669 333,621 3,013.320 141,345 2,542,873 201,11S 171,057 2,511.159 49,366 311,450 740,513 729,828 10,685 678,326 668,326 10,000 1 Comparable figures can not be given. * Includes loganberries to the value of $127,888, tabulated as lf All other canned fruits." •Includes loganberries to the value of $27,633, tabulated as MAll other canned fruits." Canned vegetables.—Canned beans, which include canned baked beans, string beans, lima beans, etc., were the most important of the canned vegetables in 1919. New Jersey w^as the leading state, the value reported for 1919 being an increase over that for 1914 of 370.6 per cent, and representing about one-third (33 per cent) of the total value of canned beans for the United States. In the production of canned tomatoes, California and Maryland led all other states, the value of the output for each state being more than 810,000.000, their combined output for 1919 constituting 54.5 per cent of the total value of this product. Maryland was the leading state in the canning of tomatoes at the censuses of 1914, 1909, and 1904, but the large increase from 1914 to 1919 in the value of products reported for California, 234.8 per cent, puts that state in the lead in 1919. In the production of canned corn, four states, Illi- nois, Iowa, Maryland, and Maine, ranking in impor- tance in the order named, reported 61.3 per cent of the total value for 1919, while in the production of canned peas, Wisconsin led all other states at each of the four censuses, and in 1919 reported nearly one- half (4S.4 per cent) of the total value of canned peas for the United States. Canned fruits.—Of the total value of canned peaches, the most important of this class of products, Cali- fornia contributed 91 per cent in 1919. Nearly all of the canned apricots (99.6 per cent) and 5S.1 per cent of the canned pears were reported from California. Dried fruits.—California was the leading state in the production of each of the dried fruits specified. In 1919 the state produced 38.S per cent of the dried apples, 99.3 per cent of the apricots, 99.7 per cent of the peaches, 83.3 per cent of the primes, and all of the raisins. Canned fish and oysters.—Of the total value of canned salmon, the state of Washington reported 70.7 per cent in 1919, Maine reported nearly two- thirds (62.3 per cent) of the total value of sardines, while Maryland reported 52.8 per cent of the total value of canned oysters. Smoked fish.—Of the total value of smoked herring, Maine and Massachusetts reported 60 per cent in 1919, while of the total value of smoked salmon, New York reported 69.S per cent. Salted fish.—Massachusetts reported 74.7 per cent of the total value of salted cod for 1919. The state also produced nearly the entire output of salt mack- erel—89.9 per cent. Detailed statistics of products, by states.—Table 19 gives detailed statistics of quantities and values of the various classes of products of the canning and pre- serving industry, bv states, for 1919. 78 MANUFACTURES. Table 19.—QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919. PRODUCT AND STATE. CANNED VEGETABLES, Asparagus California New York All other states. Beans, baked California Illinois Indiana Iowa Maryland Michigan New York Ohio All other states. Beans, string California Colorado Indiana Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania... Tennessee Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states. Beans, kidney Indiana Michigan New York Ohio All other states. Beans,lima Maine Maryland Michigan, New Jersey New York Ohio All other states. Beans, all other Indiana Maine Maryland Mchigan. New York Oregon All other states. Beets California Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon, Wisconsin All other states. Corn Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa. Maine Maryland Michigan Minnesota. Nebraska New Hampshire. New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states.. Hominy Illinois Indiana All other states. Kraut. Illinois.. Indiana. Quantity. Value, Cases. 1 1,006, 604 994, 669 4, 109 7, 826 2 11,142 331 503, 806 162 632 2,-500, 975 128 384 304, 043 592 874 158 324 187, 306 6,603 987 2 2,199 825 173, 490 100, 309 11 OSS 10 821 89 241 395, 649 88, 4-15 722 535 4, 630 20, 314 27, 902 86 900 17, 079 51 025 14 286 25, 975 305, 142 54, 991 ^429, 104 60, 641 62, 354 16, 704 17, 324 272 081 3 468, 569 36, 648 91, 778 43, 690 169, 168 24, 056 21, 616 81, 613 »584, 403 180, 826 9, 378 28, 210 38, 265 10, 850 3, 335 313, 539 J 584, 80, 309 533 12, 220 7, 575 59, 204 151, 717 20, 458 5, 740 196 587 50, 275 3 14,402, 725 198, 728 2,291 948 608 515 2,888, 706 1,548, 120 2,342, 359 139, 520 516, 347 177, 915 42, 671 901, 368 1,400, 793 387, 664 146, 372 970 1, 779 745, 296 63 654 •587, 298 93, 173 379. 929 114, 196 » 1,041, 932 18, 894 87, 719 $6,571,629 6,482,299 39,651 49,679 28,551,342 929,742 345,390 6,720,466 209,274 729,346 1,041,692 462,779 356,272 17,756,381 6,607,0S0 518,762 252,661 27,830 32,219 232,217 929,602 306,115 2,600,177 9,51S 65,808 84,019 216,717 34,020 123,250 28,689 82,687 899,998 162,791 1,429,680 171,215 216,192 69,434 73,998 898,841 1,457,719 78,210 206,394 157,533 623,312 97,184 79,283 215,803 1,362,782 357,534 29,518 84,382 100,171 49,960 10,783 730,434 1,951,344 344,352 40.635 26,008 189,035 472,103 67,916 19,664 619,868 171,763 35,532,007 479,594 5,843,773 1,526,103 5,763,458 4,723,397 5,448,073 421,384 1,402,307 409,587 140,601 2,906,990 3,327,725 788,658 437,683 2,284 5,727 1,743,435 161,228 1,346,044 177,838 828,073 340,135 3,845,340 65,423 202,361 PRODUCT AND STATE. CANNED VEGETABLES—COn. Kraut—Continued. Michigan New York Ohio Tennessee Wisconsin All other states- Peas California Colorado Delaware Illinois Indiana Maryland Michigan Minnesota New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Utah Wisconsin All other states. Quantity. | Pumpkin i California Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan New York Ohio All other states.. Sweet potatoes Arkansas California Delaware Georgia Louisiana Maryland.. Mississippi New Jersey Tennessee Texas Virginia All other states." Spinach California Maryland....... New York Ohio All other states.. Squash Connecticut Maine. Michigan New Jersey New York All other states.. Succotash Maine Maryland Michigan New York .. Ohio Vermont All other states.. Tomatoes Arkansas California Colorado.... Connecticut., Delaware Illinois , Indiana , Iowa. Kentucky Maryland Michigan Missouri New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania... Tennessee Utah Virginia West Virginia... Wisconsin....... All other itfttej., Cases. 158,289 276,657 178,276 7,152 159,893 155,052 2 9,325,727 213,857 85,714 222,832 446,908 387,387 623,527 406,980 68,513 57,960 919,612 337,887 71,161 409, S34 5,022,630 50,925 »383,211 38,493 42,093 116,310 64,501 5,282 30,412 49,547 36,573 « 745,861 15,649 52,077 74,954 25,503 26,915 167,274 158,642 6,115 14,487 14,371 155,038 34,836 • 676,388 370,076 256,627 20,961 13,010 15,715 »54,589 1,391 13,242 9,296 9,619 6,500 14,541 « 373,977 53,458 47,260 63,117 149,082 19,494 6,166 36,400 •11,836,476 140,054 3,627,473 292,140 20,066 285,127 67,668 917,235 83,434 31,623 3,055,516 120,781 459,520 79,413 13,289 437,341 8,083 189,403 10,736 170,492 239,005 578,823 860,800 82,821 23,083 43,050 Value. $363,508 929,817 439,254 23,796 406,277 414,904 25,073,220 564,904 254,694 564,208 1,221,443 994,535 1,718,500 1,267,356 176,911 179,638 3,440,696 962,463 182,045 1,262,198 12,132,849 150,780 861,436 119,018 91,613 247,755 122,068 11,667 87,812 92,800 88,703 2,477,719 55,069 249,180 258,790 72,724 82,023 644,394 544,606 20,842 46,517 50,635 453,979 2,338,497 1,308,724 834,032 88,599 45,300 61,842 165,217 3,899 42,128 27,313 22,612 24,978 44,287 1,142,236 179,968 109,635 - 201,201 478,368 65,409 17,712 99,943 38,067,999 443,186 10,452,851 994,057 90,186 1,011,064 227,704 2,482,729 222,126 102,658 10,295,386 444,644 1,383,667 284.432 63,483 1,748,626 26,291 688,366 29,871 532,769 805,720 1,992,088 3,396,908 238,963 72,660 147,664 PRODUCT AND STATE. Quantity. CANNED VEGETABLES—COI1. | Cases. Tomato paste « 234,691 California j 122,804 Indiana 50,284 Maryland 33,928 New Jersey 6,417 New York 3,508 All other states 17,750 Tomato pulp California Colorado Delaware Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Tennessee Utah All other states.. All other vegetables. California Illinois. Indiana Louisiana Maine Maryland. New Jersey , New York Ohio Oregon Washington , All other states.. »759,055 158,972 4,128 31,933 258,949 3,677 30,674 40,310 31,283 62,296 44,859 30,995 7,943 43,959 9,077 '634,220 389,760 1,566 31,391 36,197 8,104 69,485 16,056 13,198 21,767 10,400 7,916 28,390 Canned soup j « 5,844,821 CANNED FRUITS. Apples Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Michigan Missouri New Jersev New York North Carolina.. Oregon Pennsylvania... Utah Virginia Washington All other states. 3 2,447,927 213,230 146,458 38,377 2,676 53,263 253,993 109,504 191,755 4,054 5,384 482,140 5,943 230,555 183,827 43,252 94,075 313,034 76,407 Apricots 1 3,939,768 California !3,912,404 Utah j 23,320 All other states ..| 4,044 Blackberries California Indiana Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Tennessee Texas— Virginia Washington All other states., Blueberries Maine. Michigan Washington All other states.. Cherries California Colorado Maryland Michigan New York...... Ohio Oregon Utah Virginia.... Washington All other states.. 2 910,657 118,832 16,687 48,589 81,022 15,963 9,309 32,645 7,968 230)205 26,449 52,490 2,961 255,620 11,927 2 150,350 100,409 25,738 15,199 0,004 1,862,832 618,210 51,929 6,757 184,472 30,636 10,676 149,203 33,079 1,812 146,782 129,276 1 Standard case contains 24 No. 2| cans. See Table 16. » Standard case contains 24 No. 2 cans. See Table 16. 1 Standard case contains 24 No. 3 cans. Set Table 16. * Standard case contains 48 No. 1 cans. See Table 16. • Standard case contains 12 No. 10 cans. See Table 16. CANNING AND PRESERVING. 79 Table 19.—QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919-Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Quantity, i Value. PRODUCT AND STATEf Quantity. Value. CANNED FRUITS—Contd. Gooseberries Colorado Maryland Michigan New York Oregon Washington All other states Grapes California All other states... Loganberries Oregon Washington All other states Peaches Arkansas— California Delaware Georgia Maryland Michigan, New Jersey New York Oregon Utah • Virginia Washington All other states Pears California Delaware Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Oregon Virginia Washington All other states Pineapples Maryland All other states......... Plums California Michigan NewYork Oregon Washington... All other states Prunes California New York... Oregon Washington All other states Raspberries— Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Oregon.... Washington All other states Strawberries California Louisiana Maryland... Michigan. New Jersey New York Oregon Washington All other states Other canned fruits California.. New York All other states Other canned foods, not in- cluding fish and oysters.. Cases. i 87,028 25*, 118 I 9,175; 33,730 j 1,391 , 12,324 | 4,479 i '87,644 86,851 793 i i 273,664 I 195,535 64,857 13,272 3 7,706,855 46,402 6,869,152 68,411 144,609 239,790 170,758 20,700 48,053 22,303; 16,633 12,121 26,352 21,571' 3 2,021,610 i 1,049,922! 95,275 | 185,610! 39,774 i 105,090 171,187 j 164,733 S 12,077 j 179,878 18,064 j U56,755 i 155,400' 1,355 j »571,521! 363,024 [ 75,980 I 88,320! 16,666 10,830 16,701 1273,710 87,653 | 1,954 i 114,683 52,623 16,797 1551,419 27,385 131,223 19,478 213,096 37,416 103,986 18,835 1 374,097 21,414 43,063 75,215 87,892 19,717 32,0S9 21,107 25,426 48,174 1516.658 360:722 83,053 72,783 U,2S5,611 2,923,184 $343,504 80,103 36,402 149,115 7,428 50,658 14,988 4,810 514,219 509,234 4,985 2,138,817 i 1,458,019 j: 578,735 102,063! 46,516,225 j 179,433 ji 42,347,718! 320,469 il 446,507 |. 1,425,079 i! 881,443 i 136,202 i 285,134 |! 119,868 I; 83,325 i' 56,930 j 127,337 ,1 106,780 14,202,963 8,249,308 506,875 915,547 248,963 547,863 1,363,984 1,161,462 43,991 1,069,390 95,580 1,365,4S4 1,347,972 17,512 2,228,183 1,551,251 224,714 307,670 57,867 30,638 56,043 1,271,410 558,757 11,803 387,985 227,224 S5,641 4,278,939 218,602 959,621 118,127 1,663,789 285,028 918,812 114,960 3,693,648 231,693 500,296 760,936 693,514 187,575 324,209 217,253 222,834 555,338 2,701,348 1,928,526 496,552 276,270 DRIED FRUITS. Apples Arkansas California Illinois New York Oregon Virginia Washington West Virginia... All other states.. Apple chops New York All other states.. Apricots California All other states.. Peaches California All other states.. Prunes California Oregon All other states.. Pounds. 46,623,599 6,720,070 15,477,039 274,354 13,524,019 1,577,441 1,274,125 4,044,090 203,000 3,529,461 3,686,103 3.010,278 '675,825 24,192,628 23,944,612 248,016 73.379,193 73,268,010 111,183 136,377,066 , 114,324,446! 19,930,935 2,121,685 $6,772. 805, 2,630, 33, 2,234, 191, 122 m, 34 254; 308, 256, 52, All other dried fruits. California Oregon All other states... DRIED VEGETABLES. Potatoes California Oregon All other states.. Beans California All other states.. Carrots California All other states.. Turnips—All states... Spinach—All states... Cabbage—All states.. Celery—All states Soup mixture—All states— Other dried vegetables—All states. CANNED FISH AND OYSTERS. Clams; Maine; Washington I All other states | Oysters! Florida j Georgia .! Louisiana .... Maryland... i Mlssiitlppi; North Carolina; South Carolina All other states Roe. Virginia.... Maryland All other states.. Salmon Oregon. Washington All other states.. Sardines California Maine All other states. 37,852,258 33,235,543; 3,177,5S5 1,439,130 7,253,230: 3,189,328 774,087! 3,289,815 , 917,134! 134,639 782,445 j 432,959 I 312,207 i 120,752; 19,396 j 40,989! 19,901' 17,587 j 655,228 j 989,397 j Cases. j «157,843 i 74,397 I 70,964 12,482 j •717,636! 6,972 9,452! 28,508! 410,294 j 133,446 31,219 83,920 13,825 26,768 14,080 2,518 10,170 •2,185,004 511,325 1,661,490 13,189 * 5,777,959 2,110,604 3,660,935 6,420 PRODUCT AND STATE. Quantity. Value. 100! 157! 300! 051! 128! 490 425 214 821; 514; 977: 070 907 6,034,697 , 5,994,309 40,388 I 12,109,624 12,074,246 35,378 18,253,691 15,211,293 2,785,373 257.025 Raisins—California 293,300,581 35,544,262 6,384,934 5', 659,138 436,935 288,861 1,840,399 838,521 176,806 825,072 116,091 8; 097 107,994 117.487 88,568 28,919 8,264 41,352 13,684 11,100 222,361 271,917 772,870 356,878 359,192 56,800 3,510,119 35,663 55,389 170,274 1,854,880 747,569 115,117 416,509 114,918 174,268 73,519 15,166 85,583 19,113,204 5,447,491 13,506,149 159,584 20,258,565 7,604,328 12,627,862 26,375 CANNED FISH AND OYSTERS— continued. Shad Oregon Washington. All other states Shrimp Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi All other states.. Tuna—California All other canned fish. SMOKED AND DREED FTSH. Finnan haddie Maine Massachusetts.. All other states.. Herring. Maine Maryland .... Massachusetts... New Jersey New York". Washington Wisconsin A11 other states.. Salmon New York Washington All other states., Sturgeon New York All other states.. All other smoked and dried fish Illinois! Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts. New Jersey. New York' All other states! SALTED AND PICKLED FISH, j Cod. Maine Massachusetts... Washington All other states.. Haddock Massachusetts... All other states. Herring Maine Maryland Massachusetts... New York Virginia Wisconsin All other states.. Mackerel Maine Massachusetts... New York All other states.. All other salted and pickled fish I California Florida I Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Oregon.! W'ashington | All other states: Cases. 11,877 5,942 1,990 3,945 <322,076 36,246 37,212 91,818 144,800 12,000 $68,428 30,414 14,844 23,170 1,864,793 207,365 191,768 533,594 844,666 87,400 5 874,380 5,710,188 272,37! Pounds. 5,696,883 1,063,492 3,910,134 , 723,257! 14,639,391 5,278,935! 75,800 1 3,284,016 25,191 500,725 j 111,698! 3,264,036 2,098,990 5.574,273 3; 346,000 1,471,093 757,180 570,031 556,171 13,860 5,803,013 1,589,264 i 413,935 54,200 i 173,297: 610,410 1 2,394,636; 567,271 i 62,902,037 i 9,964,117 i 39,847,584 j 5,297,113 I 7,793,223 I 7,691,146 \ 5,957,012 l 1.734.134; 14,135,579 768,425 j 1,875,163! 2,910,953 i 775,500! 3,623,103 . 1,493,300! 2.689.135 , 5,098,700! 49,153 I 4,728,643 282,641 38,263 i 21,883,864 6,640,836 j 442,820! 5,734,735! 1,204,620 2,404,822 1 2,086,628 , 584,050' 2,785.353! 1,744,192 495,404 136,440 278,213 80,751 1,350,745 455,489 17,234 354,859 4,622 83,829 9,711 197,334 227,667 1,681,982 1,173,400 282,112 226,470 435,959 424,37S 11,581 1,411,453 397,316 112,193 14,190 42,818 209,267 560,184 75,485 12,643,357 1,334,9S9 9,450,460 500,862 1,357,046 815, 540 623,583 191,957 845,629 47,333 95,135 204,247 144,507 117,724 37,238 199,445 1,000,593 7,071 899,956 87,486 6,080 2,904,641 1,274,264 41,599 303,503 191,106 247,409 591,082 72,225 183,453 1 Standard case contains 24 No. 2 cans. See Table 16. > Standard case contains 24 No. 3 cans. See Table 16. • Standard case contains 24 No. 2| cans. See Table 16. * Standard case contains 4S No. i cans. See Table 13. * Standard case contains 100 No. i cam. See Table 13. • Standard case contains 48 No. 1 cans. See Table 13. Products, by geographic divisions.—Table 20 shows, for 1919, the value of the several major groups of products and the quantity of most of them, by geo- graphic divisions and states tribution of the total value. with the per cent dis- 80 MANUFACTURES. Table 20.—KIND, QUANTITY, AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Connecticut and Rhode Island Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Centbal Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central — Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota, South Dakota, and Kansas.. Nebraska South Atlantic Delaware Maryland and District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central Kentucky Tennessee Alabama and Missis- sippi West South Centrax Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma and Texas... Mountain Idaho, New Mexico, Arizona, and Montana, Colorado Utah Pacific Washington Oregon California Total value. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Dollars 639,771,0S3j 45,899,817 25, 323, 674 247,485 537, 661 19,164, 406| 626, 591 116,540,464 56, 510, 333 30,229,315 29,800, 816 111, 120,210 18,174, 597 28, 462, 473 30,002,101 16, 238, 728] 18,242,311 22, 765,695| 4,151, 545 10,242,721 7,017,934 435,747 917,748 46,688,554 5, 598, 315 32,103,143 5,646, 255 461,923 389,7061 429, 30Sf 872,270| 1,187,634 12,870,4191 8,644,190 1,572,021 2,654,208 6,764,795 2,420,922 2,166, 571 2,177,302 8,734,368 956,698 3,190,018 4,587,622 |268,386,761 27,717, 20,600,721 220,068,0601 7.2 4.0 CANNED VEGETABLES AND SOUPS. Quan- tity. Cases. 63,316,1161 0.1 3.0| 0.1 I 18.1! 8.S1 4.71 4.7: 17.4! 2.8| 4.4 4.7 2. 5 2.9 3.6 0.6 1.6 LI 0.1 0.1 7.3 0.9 5.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1; 0.2 2.0I 1.4 0.21 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.1 0.5 0.7 42. o| 4.3 3.2| 34.4 2, 327, 508 2,074,553 51,056 175,030 730 26,139 16,130,739 3, 893,079 9,080,036 3, 157,624 6,931, 254 6,125, 876 168,846 521,879 2,840 111,813 43,915, 450 13,773,670 23,105,108 7,036,672 10, 417,015 2, 513,679 6,284,691 3,345, 317 1,769,448 6, 503,880 4,977,462 664, 577 3,510,971 . 494,069 26,054 281,791 9,675,966 972,245 7,491,326 1,059,958 83,068 16,025 777 28,186 24,381 695,432 96,984 393,048 205,400 309,342 162,593 76,024' 70,725 1,728,763 45,567 521,169 1,162,027 7,053,889; 69,279 86,998 6,897,612 Value. Dollars 176,431,3071 Cases 121,432,3931 975, 388, 086, 744, 750, 005, 184, 750, 200, 522, 76,769 633,050 |28,720,813 2,753,772 21,574,563 3,959,344 239,613 46,429 3,010 80,694 63,388 2,252, 452 312,002 1,233,786 706,664 971,559 515,652 228,662 227,245 5, 577,420 154,449 1,624,607 3,798,364 23,902,822 230,258 262,181 23,410,383 CANNED FRUITS. Quan- tity. 433, 016 408, 3571 18,687 2, 842 3,130 1, 561,084 1,162, 834 190,966 207,284 1,205, 31, 34, 9, 1,025, 104, 22, 1, S, 5, 638 6,718| 1,412,201 233,008 860,292 123,301 10,907! 39,409| 145,284 62,679 10,999 42,608 9,072 372,395 263,358 45,645 63,392 313,199 70,946 122,731 119,522 16,049,838 1,201,810 1,196,014 13,652,014 Value. Dollars. 127,949,357 Pounds. I Dollars. 615,408,528l85,401,265| 1,839,900 1,737, 893 70,739 17,581 13,687 9,042,460 6,849,969 1,157,469 1,035,022 6,593,058 176, 543 126, 588 55,204 5,763,049 471,674 81,409 5, 559 28,794 20,182 2,200 24,674 7,605,149 1,224,616 5,374,572 419,961 17,351 119, 8921 17,393,195j 16,896,724 448,757 473,446 120,124 284,205 69,117 1,748,001 949, 568 511,754 286,679 1,472,405 393,414 569, 547 509,444 99,093,529 6,784,899 6,775,604 (85,533,026 DRIED FRUITS. Quan- tity. Value. 21,360j 12,816 3, S94,579 3, 865,289 21,360i 12,816 2,602,163 2,557,160 496,471 2.064,777| 890, 572 45,003 360,696 211, 792 475,2541 67,073 600,000i 39,633! 98,951! 42,198| 3,135,284 1, 535,209 1,336, 575 263,500 199,077 35,000 126, 839 37,238 6,990,070 6,990,0701 2,888,740 2,888,740 582,915,102 4,621,485 24,743,386 553,550,231 823,757 823,757 325,282 325,282 |81,077,474 520,856 [3,443,070 77,113,548 CANNED FISH AND OYSTERS. Quan- tity. Cases 10,345,206| 29, 290 Value. Dollars. 53,186,2861 13, 881, 574 13,686,760 194,814 680,624j 3,303,042 415,610! 1,884,493 25,163j 184,203 38,819 83,920 46,664 70,448 283,246 283,246 120,326 120,3261 5,366,431 1,736,205 522,299 3,107,927 157,817 416,509| 247,157 412,8631 1,639,035 1,639,035 703,868 703,868 33,658,767 13,891,865 5,505,849 14,261,053 CURED FISH. Quan- tity. Pounds. 143,898,9171 Dollars 123,575,633] 87,536,552 24,301,>591 14,567,987 12,437,032 63,234,961 12,008,362 8,508r788 1,825/128 1,674,446 8,486,460 |3,140, 500 |2, 580,008 375,143 185,349 846,944 1,845,264 1,671,860 4,96%-336 1,049,275 1,049,275 8,730,256 107,500 3.786,833 3,623j 103 770,000 *442*826 413,935 413,935 25,674,077 8,890,332 2,213,187 14, 570,558 Value. 12,130,955 448,316 128,976 269,652 41,971 41,971 603,594 13,958 388,813 117,724 41,500 *41*599 112,193 112,193 4,262,444 973,886 626,811 2,661,747 PICKLES, PRE- SERVES, AND SAUCES. Value. Dollars. 155,960,971 7,004,567 120,301 7,200 15,782 6,367,903 493,381 54,172,368 27,658,229 5,250,212 21,263,927 47,567,158 11,132,302 9,613,093 20,628,975 5,076,460 1,116,328 10,825,843 2,322,794 2,439,172 5,458,075 356,778 249,024 4,822,492 1,054,165 2,489,536 474,301 158,250 10,600 5,759 65,112 564,769 8,447,382 8,212,014 29,848 205,520 2,142,154 622,176 1,619,978 1,193,092 76,480 842,126 274,486 19,785,915 3,481,927 2,874,514 13,429,474 ALL OTHER PROD- UCTS. Value. Dollars. 17,266,264 1,661,719 1,215,812 700 437,497 7,710 3,667,523 3,091,297 341,383 234,843 2,776,93S 265,591 1,636,484 58,063 480,079 336,721 632,351 30,364 573,780 17,207 11,000 1,434,387 551,804 356,166 363,883 9,471 13,468 4,030 30,550 105,015 58,104 50 24,182 33,872 263,263 131,945 87,918 43,400 166,169 7,073 153,768 6,328 6,605,810 1,834,289 1,112,692 3,658,829 Among the geographic divisions, the Pacific states led, in 1919, with 42 per cent of the total value of products; the Middle Atlantic group ranked second, with 18.1 per cent; and the East North Central occu- pied third place, with 17.4 per cent. These three geographic divisions together thus reported 77.5 per cent of the total value of products for the United States as a whole. Canned goods—quantity and value.—Table 21 shows the quantity and value of all classes of canned goods, including dried fruits and vegetables, produced in the canning and preserving industry, the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, and other industries. Table 21.—Canned Goods—Quantity and Value: 1919 and 1914, Total, value. Canning and preserving...... Canned vegetables Canned soups.. Canned fruits Canned fish Canned oysters Pickles, preserves, and sauces Dried fruits Dried vegetables Cured fisn Slaughtering and meat pack- ing.-- Canned sausage.... All other canned goods Other industries Condensed and evaporated milk Sweetening sirups, other than cane Peanut butter 1919 Quantity. Value. $1,099,475,395 Cases. 57,471,295 5,844,821 21,432,393 9,627,570 717,636 Pounds. 615,408,528 10,345,821 143,898,917 160,908,986 305,955,406 '2,093,646,405 625,147,474 164,573,590 11,857,717 127,949,357 49,676,167 3,510,119 155, 960,971 85,401,265 2,642,655 23,575,633 124,869,496 27,965,155 96,904,341 349,458,425 293,177,134 50,430,585 5,850,706 1914 Quantity. $353,773,234 Cases. 50,258,674 4,886,098 9,449,182 7,843,465 944,639 Pounds. 568,587,364 159,862,843 74,004,380 160,798,955 873,410,504 Value. 245,429,591 84,413,667 7,877,057 24,897,174 19,724,053 2,676,951 60,136,959 34,771,912 10,93^1,818 36,263,293 9,845,669 26,417,624 72,080,350 58,747,252 13,333,098 0) 1 Figures not available. CANNING AND PRESERVING. 81 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 22 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products as reported for the industry. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 23 presents for 1919, by states, the more detailed statistics for each of the four branches separately. Table 22.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Wage Cost of Value STATE. Cen- sus Num- ber of estab- lish- earners (aver- age Pri- mary horse- Wages. mate- rials. of prod- ucts. ments. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 4,280 89,923 ISO,812 $66,444 $412,660 -S62S, 287 1914 4,220 74,071 120,004 27,197 159,65$ 243,440 1909 3,767 59,968 81,179 19,082 101,823 157,101 Arkansas 1919 107 804 076 390 1.490 2,421 1914 63 454 587 116 '347 579: 1909 44 292 42b 54 1S1 279 California 1919 l 444 24,283 28,930 22,060 146.360 219,279 1914 239 12,756 10,592 5,486 45,695 61.163; 1909 196 7,757 7,453 3,454 24,009 32;915 Colorado 1919 24 6S9 1,896 486 1,831 3,190 1914 26 684 1,453 2S7 1,090 1,798 ■ 1909 30 518 1,349 250 672 1,528; Connecticut 1919 12 95 142 57 206 471 1 1914 15 147 360 53 203 359 1909 12 12S 199 45 175 346' Delaware 1919 178 1,459 2,967 823 3,622 5.584: 1914 2 97 1,803 2,993 460 2 2.52 3,175; 1909 77 1,369 1,725 273 1,553 2,106 I Florida 1919 a 28 424 391 152 625 1,041! 1914 21 194 268 58 239 418 j 1909 18 1S8 70 51 SO 213 j 1919 119 248 528 126 473 795! 1914 17 447 576 69 261 446 i 1909 26 428 31S 56 198 321! 1919 132 3,680 8,299 3,178 17,833 28,341! 1914 117 2,560 7,078 1,108 6,680 10,121! 1909 118 2,383 4,305 904 4,813 7,620 i Indiana 1919 166 4,170 9,660 2,795 17,528 27,823! 1914 141 4.422 7,208 1,574 8.S18 13;866 1 1909 134 3,406 6.39S 879 5,945 8,758 1919 76 1,582 6,949 1,099 6.735 10,223! 1914 64 1,209 4,400 438 2,122 3,920 j 1909 71 1,247 2,989 299 1,568 2,549 1 j Kentucky 1919 28 1,147 1,075 656 5.723 8,496! 1914 33 594 843 190 M67 2,266 | 1909 36 653 907 177 1,093 1,857 j 1919 3S 653 750 297 1,34S 2,146 1914 2-8 991 710 177 663 1,365' 1909 26 974 659 183 573 978 j Maine 1919 217 3,846 10,619 2,875 16.9S0 24,551' 1914 194 3,913 6,257 1,263 7,404 10,743 i 1909 245 3,850 4,355 1,138 5,125 7,689 | Kfarvlaml 1919 460 S,023 16,093 3,932 21,988 30.566 1 1914 465 8,640 10,698 2,402 12,958 18,029 i 1909 m 8,613 7,007 1,926 10,090 13,709 j Massachusetts 1919 a 55 1,944 1,677 1,838 13,433 19,0.17 1 1914 65 1,903 996 866 5,606 8,169; 1909 71 1,449 1,043 642 4,583 6,840 | Michigan 1919 •96 2,592 4,846 1,539 10,980 16,009 i 1914 91 2,507 4,791 944 4,893 8,194 1909 104 2,073 3,374 665 3,074 4,971 | Minnesota 1919 3S 683 1,635 431 2,329 3,500 1914 35 436 1,055 140 SOC 1,284 1909 32 415 692 135 895 1,343 Mississippi 1919 » 28 1,094 846 375 1,5.17 2,303 1914 IS 1,052 600 229 877 1,655 1909 11 847 378 97 508 824 ! 1 I :Num- i Cen- i bei of j sus :es tab- I year, lish- i ments. Missouri.. 1919 1914' 1909 Nebraska ;1019 j 1914 ! 1909 New Jersev !1919 | 1914 j 1909; New York 1 1919 1 '1914 i 1909 j North Carolina !1919: i 1914 j 1909' Ohio !1919; ! 1914 1909 Oregon. Pennsylvania South Carolina. 1919 1914; 1909 1919 1914: 1909 | 1919: i 1914 j 1909 1 i Tennessee. Texas Utah. Virginia Washington — West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states . 1919 1914 , 19^)9 -i 1919 ; 1914; j 1909; .! 1919! '1914 I 1909 J 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 15S 153 222 2 9 17 12 97 84 637 987 790 22 27 21 i 124 136 107 | 103' "1 I 71 I 94 3S4; S3 12 IS I is: I Wage! earners; (aver- > age! num-; ber).! Pri- mary horse- power. : Wages. Cost of i Value mate- j of prod- ucts. rials. Expressed in thousands. 37 37' 24 | I? i 3 6! 1.256 j 850 i 952 | 147 i 244! 215 j 3,232 j 3.154! 1,818 | 7,656! 8,757' 7,075 j 152! 351: 188 j 2,951 i 2|509 i 2.009 j 2,344 I 799 1 661 j 3.010 I 3,096 i 2,753 j i 377 j 485 467 62 593 1 62; 381 37; 303 27 354 I 22! 213 i 19: 158 I 1,099 677 396 its 95 118 1 498 i 2,123 3 441! 2,074 325 j 1,860 127 . 3.394 S6 i 2,352 80 I 2,029 3 25' 29 I 30 j 129 1 112 j 83; I 64 I 57 I 37 j 134 216 271 2,909 2,687 1,776 603 419 329 2.805 \ i;012; 974' 902 1 1,329 569 i 5t136! 3,783 , 2,098! 19.768 16,630 12,469 75 292 j 230 1 7,105! 7,079 j 4,244 i I 4,397; 1,655: 1,318 , i 6,555 4,476! 3,474 j i 297! 407 I 95 j 1,438! 73S i 450 j I 550! 423 243 3,151 1,930 847 665 296 240 7,853 3,861! 1,382 j 8,244; 4,565! 2,433 j S15! 552 i 484; 11,930 1 8,730! 4,915 I 781 1 405: S511 142 1S6 $4,931 740 1,005 $6,377 1,082 1,574 93 73 63 519 392 269 669 590 481 2,654 1,252 546 IS, 208 8,035 2,208 29,822 13.765 3,664 5,846 3; 801 2,563 35.128 15,957 11,669 54,55S 25,945 19,040 58 65 25 211 390 347 144 2,065 947 532 11,515 5,902 3,102 17,289 8,958 4,660 2,018 339 315 14,366 3,090 2,1S7 20,591 4.73S 3,207 2,261 1.264 947 17,347 7,539 4,665 29,489 14,950 9,4S4 119 78 64 206 209 159 429 364 318 17S 62 39 912 361 131 1,513 496 206 155 79 45 1,129 630 201 1,913 1,211 498 657 297 123 2,735 1,669 716 4,558 2,430 1,059 64 33 46 360 22S 214 522 402 330 836 330 277 3,813 1,573 1,208 5,505 2,234 1,854 3,154 1,322 1,272 17,613 27,516 9,450 9,595 5,279 5,046 47 44 1S9 264 430 308 351 605 58 2,220 1,064 639 10,650 4,570 2,967 IS, 067 7,335 4,807 399 145 114 1,827 764 436 3,015 1,242 729 111367—23- 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. s Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 'Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of mdividual operations. 82 MANUFACTURES. Table 23.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR CAN- Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut. Delaware Florida.. Georgia.. Idaho.... Illinois.. Indiana.. Iowa Kentucky. Louisiana.. Maine Maryland.. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi.. Missouri Nebraska-.. New Hampshire.. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia. . Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. CANNING AND PRESERVING, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. United States 3,082 3,082 72,744 3,284 4,892 2,124 1,579 60,865 Se 157,032 Mh 14,005 107 1,044 i 201 30 6 3 804 Se 2,865 Fe 2 303 22,406 203 939 1,048 641 19,575 Au 44,571 Mh 4,862 18 752 4 52 21 12 663 Se 2,043 Fe 145 5 63 5 6 1 2 49 Se 215 Mh 1 70 1,487 83 68 15 11 1,310 Se 4,324 Ap 262 5 43 2 4 1 36 De 94 Ap3 0 12 149 18 14 2 115 Je 493 Mh» 0 8 184 3 16 6 4 155 Se 342 Fe 8 59 1,652 40 153 27 27 1,405 Se 4,768 Fe 480 136 3,510 ! 118 246 98 99 2,949 Se 9,239 Mh 801 62 1,540 ! 32 157 48 32 1,271 Se 5,365 Fe 326 10 118 l 7 4 5 1 101 Se 377 Fe 8 11 197 ! 12 23 11 2 149 My 299 Fe 31 97 1,352 ! 85 150 24 45 1,048 Se 5,146 Mh 80 406 8,785 ! 597 310 147 86 7,645 Se 26,827 Ja 1,360 52 2,366 32 149 34 42 2,109 Jy 5,019 Mh 410 25 558 ! 3 81 8 10 456 Au 1,630 Fe 66 10 276 2 17 4 4 249 No 624 My 65 147 1,178 196 58 9 5 910 Se 3,765 Ja 10 9 182 9 21 3 2 147 Se 754 Fe< 12 4 75 8 3 4 60 Se 179 Fe* 2 53 3,307 42 168 243 169 2,685 Se 4,858 Ap 1,240 3 19 4 15 Se 83 Ja 3 0 515 5,955 499 355 114 152 4,835 Oc 10,668 Fe 958 13 54 19 6 1 28 iJy 108 Ja3 0 87 1,868 52 157 38 45 1,576 Se 4,699 De 359 59 1,937 37 92 39 49 1,720 Se 3,676 Mh 266 42 829 57 40 14 7 711 Se 2,353 Mh 64 62 745 101 34 12 5 593 | Au 1,965 Ja 23 9 164 8 16 16 4 120 1 Je 238 Fe 53 31 1,172 4 81 16 20 1,051 ! Se 2,888 Mh 203 9 206 12 15 3 3 173 ! Se 684 Ja* 4 473 3,491 716 919 13 7 1,836 ! Se 7,188 Ja 2 30 1,518 29 69 47 25 1,348 Se 2,718 Mh 1,287 25 182 44 4 134 ! Se 594 Ja3 0 103 3,258 5 417 46 53 2,737 Jy 10,976 Mh 736 12 122 7 9 4 5 97 163,346 2,918 49,228 906 144 5,244 164 485 295 1,689 7,564 3,514 301 471 4,371 25,002 3,462 1.346 635 3,751 681 169 4,751 85 11,015 105 3,911 3,759 2,098 1,615 198 2,761 640 9,026 2,871 658 7,140 373 69,847 943 20,555 304 57 2,137 51 143 195 1,055 3,714 1,862 85 191 2,706 9,261 1,392 673 249 1,111 334 107 2,504 35 4,900 51 2,211 1,384 971 529 75 1,079 450 3,003 782 153 4,516 79 89,306 1,938 27,037 602 87 3,100 111 342 100 605 3,715 1,637 216 251 1,592 15,310 1,879 673 381 2,409 344 62 2,246 50 5,974 44 1,651 2,300 1,032 1,069 123 1,601 110 5,596 1,979 382 2,489 269 1,534 10 463 13 47 227 22 57 177 30 31 58 11 27 1,173 10 16 26 204 129 'i52 59 23 250 80 92 77 14 CANNING AND PRESERVING, FISH. United States. California Florida Georgia Illinois Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Mississippi New Jersey New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states fl— 57 10 4 5 16 102 23 22 11 3 15 36 4 18 06 12,797 3,312 306 84 32 437 3,066 -251 1,623 516 19 178 578 36 238 1,930 45 146 275 657 353 264 11,248 Au 17,329 Mh 6,749 18,252 10, 541 14 168 78 63 2,989 Jy 4,718 My 976 3,643 1,703 18 14 6 4 264 Oc* 504 Jy* 78 502 250 4 7 1 1 71 De 223 Ja* 11 223 91 8 2 1 1 20 Fe* 22 Je* 17 23 20 17 27 6 4 383 Se 615 Ja 68 742 184 65 165 50 65 2,721 Se 5,592 Fe 859 4,973 2,178 42 8 1 208 Ap 466 Jy 102 554 448 39 53 59 1,464 De 1,651 Au 1,249 1,693 1,488 13 13 7 2 481 Oc 671 Jo 74 673 176 3 1 1 1 13 No 17 Je* 9 15 15 11 17 36 7 107 Ja 122 Au 92 116 84 8 51 28 15 476 Au 940 Ja 115 1,034 849 3 6 13 3 11 De 16 Ap* 7 16 14 25 8 3 1 201 Ap 370 Mh 48 624 472 15 133 65 34 1,683 Au 3,041 Ja 610 3,122 2,434 8 6 3 3 26 Ja 35 Oc 16 39 36 13 1 1 1 130 260 99 7,578 1,937 252 132 3 558 2,740 96 183 484 12 185 2 1.52 679 2 161 65 63,049,038 30 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply) and water motors (operated by water from city mains.) * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) curre? t; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). * None reported for one or more other months. * Same number reported for one or more other months. -ONIAHaSaHd QMV ONINNVO *T 'opJO Prrc *Z 'unnojBo q}JO£[ '2 'treSnpTpf !g 'siqmnipo jo pu?qc[ 'l 'mbjmjiocE Jitrenrqsnqt^ss \ 'trarcqisfv :eouiqui9 sows iQipo ny, qjnog pire 'mnroirr) qinog 'pnt?[si epoq^ !i '^nioqopto *l 'tsnwiuojj !g 'sttesnqrossepg '-2 'swires !s^noniqsnq^SQ z 'wnuqsiv laouiquw so^s joqijo TlVfl N|S2 f i 189 I '*s 108 ; 00T : ex ox 196 |i 2£l'l 1 5 512** , **s Zf 65 5 99 901 SIT 1 Of T ST : ot 06 §1 *22** WS'T 00**1 666 sot £01 £10 > 108 051 921 58* 12 S3 , 511*9 ISS'l *S**I 068'I 901 61 ST* 812, S59 9 Iff £1 i 691 191 06! * 190*101 981 SS SO?'695*9 5S5'l82 S91 **8 fie *99S 'I *08'S5* sss's* *2I*552 m 'sse'e m f9i iosW* 26S'8*8 ISI *9S *964S6 1*6 'SSI 112 '690 *I zis'm 86S 'uz 1*1 *09S '91 966 609 5S5*80I 29* *T85 '9 IS* '956*2 8IS*SS8 281'2SS mz m 'zt 6s*'n* 00* '086*91 822*561 9ie 's** 08S'i02 600*288 Sei'ZSf'll. *S*'2< 25* 199'£1 I 59S**2 ;i I9*'£>$'*2 j 2If''*S2*£I 182** 108 2 01* '£91 *05 52 2£*'2 018*65 1*S '6 1*0 '1 £19'61 II*'IS 126 *8 £10 '9*2 16*'II 698'5 £S9'2 196'8 202 '912 082 £61 058'OST £92 '1ST '01 996 '9*8 586*99 SIT '909 '* 988 *S5* *2 **5'*S2 T6i'909 810'188 '6 8*1 m 921*081*11 0*8'88* 091 '198 esi'sii in '6si 918 '161 01 91* IIS I 91* 689 19 *I9 m 8 S8S*6** 18* '6 090'I 906'*9I 18* 'I S€S 961'9 582*011 *£5*I 9*9*£*2 9*1 '81 026 56S 'I 622*2 899**68 ! 891 ; 999 22 I 988 'OS*, : 119 S I 611'SI '002*1 i 018'I i 001'91 ; TOI'I 528*22 0*0 'Z 091 '8 001 66*'I 016 '99 925 816 '25 i 922*82 888*922 i 120'ISI I 928'2 | 112'5*1 021! 811'21 I0I'TI2! 060'909 ! 019'081 '195'91 819 '2 002 000*2 002 051 III 195'691 902 'SI* 'I 829'81 620'560'2 6*1 *I8I 820 12 298'** S05'9S 8*0 '012 '2 661 01* I :002*891 9*1*5** j 680*980'6 520*1 819 * 900 '651 081'8 281 '6 61* '89 0*1 '15 259'2 889*01 912 '801 986 591'8*1 98**8 *26'l 059 I 056 6 165 **ST 2S9*19£ 'HSia *0NIAH3SaH2 TT 1,012 13 35 1,619 10 84 1 6 7 2,133 44 80 5 110 155 6 69 1 1.719 So Se 2,413 36 Ap .la a 934 21 2.639 23 4 4 6 26 68 191 8 3 8 19 3 46 ■]J 54 Fe 31 50 26 24 8 6 8 9 149 Se 416 Fe 37 185 132 53 3 9 4 5 (<0 Ap Oc Se 5 (<0 My 5 5 5 13 68 30 14 225 2,731 1,410 16 44 51 151 52 27 29 183 78 5 98 39 124 2,255 1,221 310 3,083 2,589 46 1, S55 694 127 2,718 1,395 94 1,345 760 27 1,347 632 2 10 3 4 20 16 435 9 55 33 311 Au 492 Fe 228 329 176 128 3 22 18 8 5 1,280 112 16 6 7 3 60 13 4 128 12 40 1 1 1,046 79 8 Oc Au Ja J 1, 415 93 9 My De No 3 750 52 6 1,227 86 8 620 33 5 587 44 3 4 16 4 26 33 176 645 25 18 10 i4 4 123 Jy 284 Mha 80 322 111 211 5 43 63 41 480 De 520 Mh 440 524 268 243 9 4 44 13 11 41 107 653 299 459 660 3,374 27 6 51 56 36 483 Se 726 Ja 328 551 411 137 3 25 31 10 227 Au 614 Fe 118 267 138 129 4 18 59 32 346 Je 424 Fe 292 366 154 210 2 30 75 46 100 28 300 22 125 534 2,714 Se Se 841 3,490 Ap 356 2,173 557 3,007 306 1,383 232 1,598 5 5 14 21 37 1, 565 214 3,466 8 25 59 67 39 1,375 Se 2,074 Ja 1,019 1,416 557 852 7 8 48 4 5 47 5 20 221 26 15 148 J7 177 De 125 131 79 52 579 331 2,288 3 Au Sc 3 2,639 4 My Ja» 2,053 2 2,187 4 1,112 4 801 9*i 183 18 318 12 18 39 15 234 Au 354 Ja 160 296 146 150 6 61 114 324 189 180 5 4 12 21 17 13 3 1 48 Se 106 Ja s 22 46 14 32 7 17 17 19 5 10 19 16 6 26 5 11 86 256 146 Se Se Se 120 477 250 Mh My Fe 58 152 75 112 268 148 56 133 95 39 128 7 3 10 4 2 18 5 53 5 128 238 100 133 5 88,703,665 51 408 7,630,865 133.462 180,501 1.565,724 2,990 488,832 11,008,502 4,151,228 1,985,904 3,887,998 205,218 29,924 724,105 3,100,895 3,186,311 936,505 2,465.944 3.210,526 13,221,246 6,599,462 1,847,257 17,818,921 9,396 865,523 187,233 257,016 1,463,105 452,379 1,035,285 I PhSiSS Zhfk aQd tltr*li6s 0™??°"ve of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). a^l^^^°^^^7^^^^) °ther P0WQr iaClUded (ChiCfly Shaft-beU °f tra*smittod neighboring power plants). * None reported for one or more other months. CANNING AND PRESERVING. 85 NING AND PRESERVING, BY STATES: 1019—Continued. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Rent and taxes. For materials. For contract work. Taxes, Federal, Rent of state, factory. county, and local. Principal materials. Fnol and rent of power. CANNING AND PRESERVING, OYSTERS. | §109,700 2,731 4,250 5,901 15,405 34,142 3,600 14,710 12,400 1Q,561 $39,383 2,750 261 1,379 13,023 6,983 1,800 4,393 8,794 $458,930 20,390 22,631 31,949 28,034 111,178 35,391 118,672 69,624 31,061 $56,053 198 7,597 46,358 1,900 $12,993 852 120 260 4,575 900 350 600 420 4,916 $30,361 200 1,718 4,210 1,085 10,679 262 2.726 2', 752 6,729 SI, 526,173 26,327 67,064 96,423 300,448 409; 547 102,992 188,493 172,307 162,572 £56,665 900 5,891 3,742 1,015 21,381 3,054 12,745 4,663 3,264 ?2,976, Oil 72, 110, 161, 640, 796, 192, 420, 318, 252; 51,393,173 i! 1,025! 858 45,764 il 37,787 !j 61,375 i! 338,743!! 365,992 j! 86,111!' 219,301 j! 141,270 I1 96,830 i! 36 !■; 40 |j ISO;: 27 |; 209 jj 15 1! 271 I, 175 |! 72 [, 36 40 110 25 207 15 241 134 50 10 !. 2 :j. 13 10 9 10 PICKLES, PRESERVES, AND SAUCES. 3,866,049 4,499,8.c7 3.000 308,223 10.840 11,795 13,514 "3S6,"ifi3" 8,935 19.357 31, 476 16,150 470,417 172,342 14.Ill 395,406 174.997 111,487 63,86S 232,019 16,751 2.133 49,241 285,278 11,514 500 16.608 169,931 163,070 1.41,295 59,618 63,120 144.906 749.131 1^9,1.50 60,250 116,221 66,269 681,855 201,898 48,915 714,449 192,814 79.517 1,387,537 67,713 68,626 3,100 18,654 50,489 21,153 40,741 4.800 14,939 59,435 4,453 22,119 47,304 557,836 j 8,348 1,379,694 23.725 34,253 99,856 2,080 53 418 1,913,875 592,696 224,OSS 621.043 45,543 6,197 85,592 420,234 404, .588 179,081 256.296 414,917 2,311,010 1,2S8,9S1 1*6,607 1,850,045 2,930; 110,536 j 28,884 1 44,134 267,659! 70,903 I 89,284 j 720 210 45,929 640 937 952" 4,196 106 540 2,062 3,054 86 5<*0 498 19,177 314 3,480 6,135 1,550 307" 917 3,905 59,026 6,991 1, 759 8,546 i23 23,012 19,451 179,733 712 31.854 8,097 ieo* 45,109 S93 279 5,465 "~3,*i27" 9 4, SIS 8,747 "ifoii" 240 12,460 7,409 415 261,702 2.184 6,2453 2,158 22 3,981 408,811 128,030 40,996 158,586: 3,944 674; 100,256' 124,404 127,283: 50.906 39.152 I 83,558 785,309 507 680: 355 159, 17, 697, 3, 8', 50, 10, 8, 30.826 15,296 7,20% 289 100,402 139,762 377,244 6,705 374,712 11,859.455 5,730,475 1,445,760 5,469,083 205,261 90.032 759,722 3,973,037 2,971,623 1,252,650 4,001,712 3,041.646 16,176,438 845 161 895 473 394 8S0 331 1 165 1 716; 246 i 6,999, 1,4.55, 14,749, 20, 730, 76, 287, 1,240, 345, 689, 930 3,646 6,141 14,659 5, 414 6,713 6 All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Florida, 3; and Virginia, 1. 6 Same number reported throughout the year. 7 All other states embrace: Alabama, 2 establishments: Georgia, 1; Kansas, 2; Mississippi, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 3; New Hampshire, 1: North Carolina 1; North Dakota, 2; South Carolina, 1; Vermont, 1; and West Virginia, 3.' CHOCOLATE AND COCOA PRODUCTS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report pre- sents separately statistics for two industries: (1) Choc- olate and cocoa products and (2) confectionery and ice cream. The first part of the report covers data collected from establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa products. This industry is confined to ten states; three of which— Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts—re- ported 82.3 per cent of the total value of products. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for chocolate and cocoa products for the censuses of 1914 and 1919 with per- centages of increase. With one exception, increases are noticeable. The large increases, however, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, J therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addi- tion of Federal income tax since 1919 will account for the increase in "Kent and taxes." Contract work, or work performed by employees other than those in the plants reporting, has little significance, since it represents merely the methods of manufacture used by establishments, which vary from year to year. States, ranked by value of products.—Pennsylvania, as shown by Table 2, leads in the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa products. This state reported 35.6 per cent of the total number of wage earners and 34.9 per cent of the total value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures by states will be found in Table 14. Wage earners, by months.—As shown by Table 4 the number of wage earners employed in the industry month by month ranged from a maximum of 10,034 in October to a rrdnimum of 8,200 in May, the minimum number being equivalent to 81.7 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for the states separately. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows 46.4 per cent of the wage earners as employed less than 54 hours per week; while the groups "60" and "Over 60" con- stituted only 4.8 per cent of the total number. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Analysis of Table 6 discloses the fact that 7 establishments, or 14.6 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed fewer than 6 wage earners each, while only 19 wage earners, or 0.2 per cent of the total number, were employed therein. On the other hand, the classes "501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" wage earners, comprising 5 estabhshments, em- ployed 4,890 wage earners, or 53.8 per cent of the total average number, illustrating the extent of manufac- turing operations in a few large establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the census of 1914 establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to 81,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "§100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of estabhshments and value of products have been compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 7, therefore, gives com- bined figures for these two groups in case of average number of wage earners and value added by manu- facture for 1914. The statistics in this table show the degree of concentration of production in large estab- lishments. In 1919 the groups "$500,000 to $1,- 000,000" and "$1,000,000 and over" included 34 es- tabhshments, or 70.8 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed 8,922 wage earners, or 98.3 per cent of the total average number, and reported products to the value of $137,103,365, or 98.5 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 8 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership in the chocolate and cocoa products industry. Corpo- rations owned 83.3 per cent of the total number of establishments in 1919, employed 96.6 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 94.2 per cent of the value of products. During^the five-year period, 1914-1919, the average number of wage earners in corporations increased 4,857, or 124.1 per cent, and the value of products $98,196,031, or 297.8 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 13,704 horsepower, or 69.4 per cent, due principally to an increase of 13,188 horsepower, or 455.4 per cent, in rented power during this five-year period. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914. (86) CHOCOLATE AND COCOA PRODUCTS 87 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904 AND 1899. Number of establishments. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture3- 48; l 10,2*7 21 1,183 9,083 33,440 $60,674,737 13,308,533 4,038,456 9,270,077 1,463 6,037,510 101,754,466 139,258,296 37,503,830 36 5,059 20 879 4,160 19,736 $23,684,636 3,489,070 1,4.53,472 2,035,598 71,955! 237,398; 24,483,303! 35.712,810 i 11,229,507 | 27 i 3,404 10 i 568; 2,826 | 10,593 $13,685,446 2,238,795; 970,182; 1,268,613; 3,361 i 170,346! 15,523,060 22,390,222 6,867,162; 25 2,396 15 291 2,090 7,204 $8,378,980 1,285,082 463,231 821,851 PEE CE1ST OF INCREASE.1 1899 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 u i- 1,623 20 ji. 289 ji 1,314 [j 2,756 ii $6,890,732 || 896,938 || 371,063 j; 525,875 |i a 138,425 9,722,555 14,389,699 j 4,667,144! a 107,498 6.876,682 9,666,192 2.789,510 103.3! 48.6! 42.1 i 47.6 34.6 i 54.8 1 9 5.2 i 0.7 118,3 | 47.2 j 35.2 s 59.1 69.4 1 86.3 j 47.0 i 161. 4 156.2: 73.1; 63.3 ■ 21.6 281.4' 55.8; 74.2! 43.3 177.8 i 49.8 1 109.4 1 24.8 355.4 1 60.5 j 54,4 56.3 —98.0! 2,040.9 >,000.7! 68.7: 23.1' 28.8 315.6 j 57.7 i 59.7! 41.4 289. 9; 59.5 i 55.6 j 48.9 234.0 i 63.5 \ 47.1 i 67.3 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. 8 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. "WAGE EARNEES. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Number J United States. Pennsylvania New Vork Massachusetts New Jersey California All other states VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. ofestab- lish- ments. ! Average! number. i Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. Amount (expressed in; thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. Amount j (expressed in 1 thousands).! Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. « i 9,083 1 100.0 $139,25S 100.0 $37,504 100.0 10 , 3,231 35.6 1 48.660; 34.9 1 16.398 1 43.7 1 14 i 2,311 1 25.4 2 30,863 22.2 2 81123 | 21.7 2 6 ; 2,007 i 22.1 3 30,327; 2LS 3 6,33S 1 16.9 3 S ! 489 i 5.4 4 10,813 1 7.S 4 1,536 I 4.1 6 4 252 i 2.8 7 5.663 , 4.1 5 1,858 j 5.0 4 6 ; 793 8.7 12;932! 9.3 3,251 j 8.7 'i Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 300 116 21 20 112 49 167 47 j Male. Fe- male. 10,287 i 7,449 > 2,838 5,059 - 3,518 ; 1,541 283 114 110 I 49! 152! 46 | PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 94.3 98.3 95.0 98.2 Fe- male. 72.4 27.6 69.5 30.5 91.0 i 97.9 5.7 1.7 5.0 1.8 9.0 2.1 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus Total. year. 1919 904 1914 783 1919 9,083 1914 4,160 1919 8,990 1914 4,098 1919 93 1914 62 Male. i r+ ! male. 611! 646; 6,555 293 137 2,528 1,402 6,520 S 2,470 2,730 1.36S 35; 28! PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 67.6 82.5 72.2 66.3 72.5 66.6 37.6 45.2 Fe- male. 32.4 17.5 27. S 33.7 27.5 33.4 62.4 54. S 88 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON THE 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. em- ployed during year. STATE. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. October. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. tlnited States: 1919 9,083 8,723 6,101 2,622 4,180 9,103 6,397 2,706 4,242 9,064 6,442 2,622 4,298 8,713 6,276 2,437 4,260 8,2W 5,076 2,224 4,109 8,403 6,194 2,209 3,978 8,898 6,431 2,467 3,619 9,137 6,668 2,469 3,777 9.593 6,962 2,631 4,355 10,034 7,213 2,821 4,512 9,826 7,120 2,706 4,389 9,302 6,880 2,422 4,201 81.7 82.9 78.3 80.2 Females 6,555 2,528 4,160 1914 California 252 2,007 258 1,969 262 2,020 270 2,080 282 270 263 1,870 221 2,127 231 2,053 240 2,144 239 2,111 243 1,949 245 1,887 78.4 86.0 81.3 74.1 79.7 Massachusetts 2,030 467 2,162 2,959 1,8U Pennsylvania 489 2,311 3,231 461 2,071 3,228 4S3 2,286 3,295 469 2,218 3,207 4S5 8,027 2,851 476 2,121 2,895 499 2,280 3,010 481 2,376 3,211 505 2,525 3,412 535 2,735 3,572 531 2,684 3,576 526 2,247 3,556 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. Between 44 and 48. Between 48 and 54. Between 54 and 60. 44 and under. 48.i 54. 60. Over 60. United States ...1919.. 9,083 4,160 8 11 3,338 21 859 514 673 644 3,753 2,102 248 879 193 1914.. (2) (2) 252 2,007 60 1 26 166 107 Massachusetts 1,900 New Jersey - .- 489 2,311 3,231 7 1 1.110 204 107 2S5 958 2,166 129 119 4 268 1 480 193 i Includes 48 and under for 1914. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 150 251 to 500 wago earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Establishments. Wage earners ("average nnmber). wago earners, inclusive. wago earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 STATE. wage earners. Wage j earners, j Wage! earners.! Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. & . If Wage earners. Wage earners. © 55 tf © Wage earners. Wage earners. ■Ms "S 9- §>§ >B to 0 © © w United States... 1919.. 48 36 9,083 4,160 7 4 19 4 47 95 10 8 355 292 8 3 543 206 S 11 1,143 1, 807 6 2,086 4 1 2,95S 592 1 1 1,932 1,160 1914.. 2 8 6 California 4 6 8 14 10 252 2,007 1 14 2 72 1 I 166 Massachusetts 1 2 2 2 1 7 6 5 2 2 287 263 1 255 2 1,464 New Jersey 489 2,311 3,231 2 4 1 67 130 50 2 4 1 152 261 69 New York 1 20 1 2 400 748 2 1,494 Pennsylvania 3 427 1 1,932 CHOCOLATE AND COCOA PRODUCTS. 89 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All cLasscs. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... All classes. Less than S5,000 55,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500 000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS. 1919 ! 1914 100. 0 100. 0 6.2 8,3 14.6 20.8 50.0 36 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1919 5.6 5.6 5.6 38.9 16.6 27.8 9,0.83 17 139 452 8,470 1914 4,160 1 22 1,070 3,068 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. j VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 $139,25S, 296 19,541 149,478 1,985,912 6,899,681 130,203,684 1914 1919 $35,712,810! $37,503,830 i 1 102,009 3,331,463 i 4,082,623 i 28,196,715 j 11.127 !.. 4i;420! 432,049 \ 1,843,101 jj 35,179,133; PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 I 0.1 0.2 L5 5.0 93.3 0.5 25.7 73. S 100.0: 100.0 0.1! 1.4 5.0! 93.5 0.3 9.3 11.4 79.0 100.0 (9) 0.1 1.2 4.9 93.8 1914 $11,229,507 1 36,770 1,950,061 9,242,676 100.0 0.3 17.4 82.3 1 Includes the groups "Less than $5,000" and "$5,000 to $20,000." * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes. Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Average, number of wage earners. Value of products. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. 1919 1914 48 36 9,083 4,160 i $139,255,296 |> 35,712,810 || 1919 3 1914 4 61 1,497,514 |: 1919 1914 40 27 8,770 3,913 131.159,108 || 32,963,077 j! 1919 1914 5 5 1313 i 8,099,188 1 1.252,219 j| 186; i Individual... Corporation.. All other Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 6.2 11.1 83.3 75.0 10.4 13.9 I Average j number of j Value of wage products, earners, j 1-5! 96.6 I 94.1 i 3.4 1 4.5! Table 9. 1 Includes the group "Individual." -NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. 4.2 94.2 92.3 5.8 3.5 Primary power, total :1,245 Owned Steam engines Internal-combustion engines— Water wheels, turbines, and motors '.. NUMBER OF HORSEPOWER. ENGINES OR MOTORS. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1,245 335 33,440 19,736 100.0 100.0 74 82 17,356 16,840 51.9 85.3 52 59 15,273 14,410 45.7 73.0 s 9 1,783 2,150 5.3 10.9 14 14 300 250 0.9 1.4 Rented Electric. Other.... Electric Rented Generated by establishments report- ing HORSEPOWER. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR! MOTORS. Amount. 1919 1914 1,171 1.171 2,230 1,171 1,059! 624! 1919 1914 1919 1914 16,084 16, OSS 26 2,896 2,836 60 48.1 48.0 0.1 11.7 14.4 0.3 24,552" 16,058 12,875 2,836 100.0 65.4 100.0 22.0 8,494 10,039 34.6 78,0 Per cent distribution 90 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. STATE. COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel Oils (barrels). Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). Gas. Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). (1,000 cubic feet). United States 1919.. 38,562 25,486 100,744 57,644 1,966 300 33,137 8,008 1,244 40,021 6,519 1914.. 0) California 1,203 9,279 860 1,538 24,976 6,124 615 3,626 Massachusetts 3,359 2,639 18,313 8, 981 18,861 1,169 12,723 67,640 New Jersey 18 277 420 3 144 New York Pennsylvania 23,855 240 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of materials.—Table 11 gives in | Detailed statistics of products,—Table 12 gives in detail the cost and quantity of the principal materials j detail the kind and value of chocolate and cocoa used in the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa. j products manufactured. Table 11.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND COST OF MATERIALS: 1919. All materials, including mill supplies con- tainers, etc. (other than fuel and rent of power). COMPONENT MATERIALS REPORTED. STATE. Cocoa- Total. Sugar. Nuts. Flavors. Other. Beans. Butler. Powder. United States Pounds.. 323,765,152 SG5,153,297 6,132,671 S2,208,925 967,599 $206,789 132,054,335 $12,372,836 7,914,928 $2,497,407 Value.. gl00,347,208 SS8,896,692 $604,344 $5,853,094 California Pounds.. 10,226,721 $2,113, 802 430,955 $175,798 213,391 $38,410 8,045,590 $797,070 14,881 $6,932 Value.. S3,754,700 S3,32S, 167 $11,607 $151,518 102,502,817 $17, 761,553 73,851 $29,421 3,500 $900 27,387,664 $2,601,826 1,207,710 $201,271 Value.. $23,697,561 S21,035,323 $137,491 $299,861 39,755,617 $7,11-1,478 522,858 $217,579 517,511 $113,323 4,273,735 $428,884 296,033 $69,164 Value.. $9,178, 619 §8,256,370 $58,673 $254,269 77,254,798 $13,862, 498 2,121,096 $799,762 220,878 $46,740 35,923,199 $3,338,551 845,305 $261,370 Value.. $22,352,617 $19,427,815 $133,383 $985,511 Pennsylvania Pounds.. 56,905,750 $17,536,652 2,623,152 $865,378 12,000 $1,680 38,087,801 $3,425,680 4,601,809 $1,828,371 Value.. $31,799,653 $27,585,169 $177,832 $3,749,576 All other states ......Pounds.. 37,119,386 $6,731,314 360,759 $120,987 319 $5,736 18,336,346 $1,780,825 946* 187 $130,299 Value.. S9,561,025 $9,263,848 $85,358 $409,329 CHOCOLATE AND COCOA PRODUCTS. 91 Table 12.—PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919. Total value1 Chocolate: In cakes- Sweetened. Unsweetened With nuts - Coatings- Sweetened Unsweetened - - Milk chocolate Liquor Other Cocoa: Powdered, in cans - In other forms Cocoa butter Other chocolate and cocoa products, except confectionery Candy and confectionery Allother - - United States. $139,258,296 24, IS, 23 2, 2, % 13, 451,403 135,032 600,334 671,321 380,148 057,568 790,182 758,565 423,285 180,705 897,384 356,325 697,331 858,713 Cali- fornia. $5,662,682 239,220 196,199 272,570 1,603,978 74,440 3,640 chusetts. $30,327,397 1,475,578! 329,000 | 166,464 , 108,105! 78.418 i 1,128 j 113,942' 5,144,935 3,576,884 2,710,613 6,844,797 2,523,936 204,513 283,380 1,291,060 5,221,812 1,917,799 5,441 35i,961 247,266 New Jersey. $10,813,228 1,624,717 161,914 349,117 522,246 590,750 216,530 803,046 2,268,427 3,698,562 81,606 53,901 442,412 New York. $30,863,238 2,904,488 3,586,666 1,797,407 1,358,849 6,602,230 2,816,982 281,868 1,256,218 2,764,855 2,728,492 4,618,769 128,586 19,828 Pennsyl- vania, $48,660,497 | 9,769,076 539,419 13,405,787 7,888,139 156,803 4,755,800 1,479,865 26,769 3,186,908 3,126,552 3,329,039 47,977 948,363 I 1 In addition, chocolate and cocoa products to the value of $1,368,213 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. GENEEAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 13 gives for 1919 and 1914, by states, the number of establish- ments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the chocolate and cocoa industry. Detailed statistics, by states.—Table 14 presents for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown sepa- rately without the possibility of disclosing the opera- tions of individual establishments. Table 13.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Massachusetts. New Jersey.... i Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of! prod- ucts. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. | 1919 19H 48 36 9,083 4,160 33,440 19,736 $9,270 2,036 $101,754 24,483 $139,258 35,713 1919 6 2,007 5,711 1,915 23,989 30,327 i .1914 5 943 4,403 592 7,303 10,210 i 1919 8 489 1,946 502 9,277 10,813 I 1914 6 322 1,342 148 1,579 2,162 j New York. 1919 1914 Pennsvlvania I 1919 ! 1914 Cen- sus year. All other states. 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 2,311 810 3,231 1,756 1,045 329 Primary horse- power. 10,335 4,482 11,025 7,607 4,423 1,902 Cost Of mate- rials: Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $2,064 380 3,531 739 1,228 177 $22,740 5,367 32,262 7,546 13,486 2,688 $30,863 7,412 48,660 12,342 18,595 3,587 92 MANUFACTURES. Table 14.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- Iments. United States.. California Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states 1.. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 10,287 295 2,223 569 2,644 3,648 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 279 Clerks, etc. Male. 611 Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 293 j 9,083 18 45 25 101 16 117 18 172 224 64 54 29 55 117 29 252 2,007 489 2,311 3,231 793 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Oc 10,034 Se Oc Oc No 282 2,144 535 2, 735 3, ST6 Minimum month. My S,200 Jy 221 My 1,844 Mv 435 My 2,027 My 2,851 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15 OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 9,313 245 1,887 532 2,247 3,561 841 16 and over. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Male. 6,838 2,383 I 36 185 1,358 379 1,694 2,586 636 60 502 138 548 956 179 Fe- male. Capital. $60,674,737 2,711,270 14,871,209 2,612,298 11,116,115 23,604,607 5,759,238 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. $1,928,732 82,577 346,233 188,020 445,851 594,422 271,629 Clerks, etc. $2,109,724 55,584 413,705 114,559 608,514 611,040 308,322 expenses—continued. I Salaries j and ; wages— Continued. Wage earners. United States.. | S9,270,077 California j 25], 171 Massachusetts 1 1,944,753 New Jerse y i 501,630 New York !2,053,937 Pennsylvania j 3,53.1,375 All other states 1 j 977,211 For con- tract work. Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $1,463 ! $271,685 j $5,765,825 ! 8,575 1,463 i 37,461 ! 56,993 j 150,302 ! 1,080 17,274 285,453 827,625 140,582 606,003 3,652,873 253,289 For materials. Principal materials. $100,347,20S 3,7.54,700 23,697,564 9,178,619 22, 352,647 31,799,653 9,564,025 Value of products. Fuel and i rent of | power, Value added by manufac- ture. $1,407,258 ||S139,258,296 l$37,503,830 50,615 291,586 98,502 387,539 462,611 116,405 5,662,682 30, 327,397 10,813,228 30,863,238 48,660,497 12,931,254 1,857,367 6,338,247 1,536,107 8,123,052 16,398,233 3,250,824 Primary horsepower. Total. 33,440 1,353 5,711 1,946 10,335 11,025 3,070 Owned. .Steam en- I gines j (not tur- 1 bines).! 15,273 40 2,662 400 3,996 7,675 500 Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 1,783 150 133 1,500 Wa- ter pow- er.8 300 300 Rent- ed.8 16,084 1,313 2,599 1,413 6,339 1,850 2,570 Elec- tric- horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. 8,494 331 186 400 7,477 100 1 All other states embrace: Connecticut, 1 establishment; Illinois, 1; Ohio, 2; Vermont, 1: Wisconsin, 1. 3 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply)^ and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—Statistics are j fact that 4,787 establishments, or 72.3 per cent of the here presented for the manufacture of confectionery total number for the industry employed fewer than and ice cream. Every state is represented, evidencing i six wage earners each, while only 7,881, or 8.2 per the universal character of the industry, although ap- cent of the total number of wage earners, were em- proximately half the manufacturing is carried on in ployed therein. On the other hand, the classes "501 New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" wage earners, comprising Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 15 20 establishments, employed 15,456 wage earners, or summarizes the statistics for the censuses of 1919 and 16.2 per cent of the total average number, illustrating 1914 with percentages of increase. The large in- the extent of manufacturing operations in a few large creases in the salaries and wages, cost of materials, and establishments. value of products are due largely to a general rise of Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the prices and wages following the World War, and do not, census of 1914 establishments with products valued at therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at for that period. A truer index of the conditions is the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into found in the increases in the average number of wage "8100,000 to 8500,000" and "8500,000 to 81,000,000." earners and primary horsepower. The addition of Separate figures for the number of establishments, Federal income tax since 1919 will account for the and value of products have been compiled, however, increase in "Rent and taxes." Contract work, or < from the returns for 1914. Table 21, therefore, gives work performed by employees other than those in the combined figures for these two groups in case of plants reporting, has little significance, since it repre- average number of wage earners and value added by sents merely the methods of manufacture used b}r es- manufacture for 1914. The statistics in this table tablishments, which vary from year to year. ;show the degree of concentration of production in Principal states, ranked by value of products.—New j large establishments. In 1919 the groups "8500,000 York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, as i to 81,000,000" and "81,000,000 and over" included shown by Table 16, lead in the manufacture of con- ; 260 establishments, or 3.9 per cent of the total number fectionery and ice cream, reporting 49.1 per cent of the , for the industry, employed 53,07S wage earners, or total number of wage earners and 50.8 per cent of the , 55.4 per cent of the total average number, and reported total value of products. products to the value of 8357,432,334, or 56.0 per cent Persons engaged in the industry.—The classifica- of the total value of products, tion, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— 1914 was obtained in the same manner as distribution ^ From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 22, there was an by age. The age classification of average number of increase in the total horsepower for the industry of wage earners in Table 17 is an estimate obtained by 81,598 horsepower, or S2.9 per cent, due primarily the method described in the "Explanation of terms.1' to an increase of 72,836 horsepower, or 171.6 per Figures by states will be found in Table 2S. cent in rented power, during this five-year period. Wage earners, by months.—As shown by Table 18, Character of ownership.—Table 23 shows that in 1919 the number of wage earners employed in the industry ! corporations owned only 23.5 per cent of the establish- month by month ranged from a maximum of 107,004 I ments engaged in the confectionery and ice cream in October to a minimum of S6,491 in January, the ! industry while employing 76.2 per cent of the total minimum being equivalent to 80.8 per cent of the | average number of wage earners and reporting 75.6 maximum. States employing over 850 wage earners ; per cent of the total value of products. During the are showm separately, as are also those showing a j five-year period 1914-1919 the average number of large number of females employed. !wage earners in corporations increased 29,153, or 66.7 Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 19 shows 61.2 per : per cent, and the value of products §336,643,674, or cent of the wage earners as employed less than 54 j 231.8 per cent- hours per week, while the groups "60" and "Over i Fuel consumed.—Table 24 shows the kinds of fuel 60" constituted 11.9 per cent of the total number. !used for the industry. Gas was the principal fuel Size of establishments, by average number of wage j used in 1919 as well as in 1914. Large quantities of earners.—Analysis of Table 20 discloses the significant j bituminous coal were also consumed. (93) 94 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Per cent of in- crease, 1914- 1919. 1919 1914 6,624 4,754 39.3 122,028 7,051 19,329 95,648 78,676 4,933 11,757 61,986 55.1 42.9 64.4 54.3 179,991 $317,043,923 98,393 $120,544,963 82.9 163.0 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture1 1919 $115,955,895 39,796,029 76,159,866 1,191,586 33,750,537 368,809,170 637,209,168 268,399,998 1914 $41,600,871 14,112,623 27,488,248 124,225 4,712,786 126,464,242 209,668,656 83,204,414 Per cent of in- crease, 1914- 1919. 178.7 182.0 177.1 859.2 616.1 191.6 203.9 222.6 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 16.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. m o° WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. STATE. Number establishm< Average number. Per cent istribution. Rank. Amount xpressed in housands). Per cent istribution. Rank. Amount xpressed in biousands.) Per cent stribution. Rank. X3 I United States. 6,624 95,648 100.0 $637,209 100.0 ,$268,-100 100.0 New York 930 15,615 16.3 1 110,069 17.3 1 47,644 17.8 1 Illinois 462 8,779 9.2 4 73,097 11.5 2 32,001 11.9 2 Pennsylvania 839 11,010 11.5 3 71,120 11.2 3 28,590 10.7 3 Massachusetts 278 11,585 12.1 2 68,897 10.8 4 28,543 10.6 4 Ohio 380 5,451 5.7 5 39,185 6.1 5 17,363 6.5, 5 Wisconsin 150 4,123 4.3 6 24,389 3.8 '6 9,969 3.7 7 Missouri 220 3,669 3.8 8 23,497 3.7 7 10,570 3.9 6 California 298 4,083 4.3 7 23,226 3.6 8 9,732 3.6 8 Maryland 170 3,008 3.1 9 17,995 2.8 9 6,659 2.5 10 New Jersey 245 2,955 3.1 10 16,899 2.7 10 6,722 2.5 9 Texas 193 1,950 2.0 12 13,309 2.1 11 5,081 1.9 12 Michigan 184 1,746 1.8 13 12,626 2.0 12 5.45S 2.0 11 182 1,739 1.8 14 11,535 1.8 13 4,664 1.7 13 235 1,713 1.8 15 11,195 1.8 14 3,982 1.5 18 Washington 119 1,596 1.7 16 10,302 1.6 15 4,618 1.7 14 Minnesota 117 1,959 2.0 11 10,056 1.6 16 4,368 1.6 16 Tennessee 68 1,397 1.5 18 10,017 1.6 17 4,036 1.5 17 60 1,553 1.6 17 9,680 1.5 18 4,427 1.6 15 Virginia Utah Connecticut Kentucky Louisiana .'. Colorado Dist. of Columbia, Kansas Nebraska Oklahoma Oregon Alabama West Virginia Arkansas Rhode Island North Carolina... Maine All other states... II 76 49 121 87 41 91 23 115 53 73 37 39 75 64 87 66 87 310 WAGE EARNERS. 53 3 855 1,123 849! 797 818 783 617 584 607 381 342 391 292 316 313 1,713 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0,4 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.8 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 3 m fl SO w $6,692 6,238 5,260 5,255 5,096 5,004 4,859 3,886 3,666 3,591 3,466 3,249 3,178 2,593 2,368 2,035 2,032 11,647 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.8 VALUE ADDED BT MANUFACTURE, •a .2 $2,681 2,939 2,203 2,340 2,020 2,307 3,002 1,493 1,415 1,299 1,246 1,489 1,318 1,028 908 889 767 4,629 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.7 Table 17.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members .. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 122,028 78,676 Total. 12,466 7,671 7,051 4,933 2,250 1,242 3,165 1,496 Male. 64,299 41,877 11,661 7,268 6,695 4,682 2,127 1,176 2,839 1,410 Fe- male. 57,729 36,799 805 403 356 251 123 66 326 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 52.7 53.2 93.5 94.7 95.0 94.9 94.5 94.7 89.7 94.3 Fe- male. 47.3 46.8 6.5 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.3 10.3 5.7 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 13,914 9,019 95,648 61,986 92,318 59,725 3,330 2,261 Male. 7,906 6,313 44,732 28,296 43,763 27,840 969 456 Fe- male. 6,008 2,706 50,916 33,690 48,555 31,885 2,361 1,805 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 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I2£*9T ; 0*9*2 I 28**8 ! 608*1 i 689*1 j 88£*Il : ££8*2 629 I m'i 892*8 998 I 60£*8 ! 199*2 j 996 : 8*9 I 2I£*2 ! 898*8 I 992*1 1 028*1 t 992*1 606 £96 '£ 089*1 999 626 282'* 908 698 £90'2 *£6'8 9££ 290'I 99£*I 818*1 *I9'0I 816** 888*91 09t*2 ! 82**8 ! 998*1 ! 929*1 j 909*11 ! 8*£*2 ! *69'I 689*1 888*8 8££'I 199*8 99**2 £96 819 89£*2 | 092*8 m'i *6£'l 881*1 926 *0* £ 699*1 609 816 098*8 088 J9S ZOO'S m s I***I $911 900{l Ml'I £92*1 810 01 186** 826**1 m'z 89S'S 22£*l £19*1 801'01 99-9*2 £99*1 809*1 88£*£ 188*1 let's *I£*89 I 608*69 j 802 *£9 818*8*! 2**'09 | 896*6* 1*0*2* 619*0* j 910*0* 698*06 I 190*16 8£6*68 •ajb -ruqoj t60 19 £26>'£* f99'8S I6t'98 •AJB -nuBf 699*2 290*1 691*8 9*9*1 206*1 062*1 IT6 98£ £ 89£*I 909 m( UZ'f 988 29* 688*2 821 * 969 I 998 821 I 096*1 £68*1 010 II 19**9 919*91 996*2 699*8 696*1 9*£*I 989*11 800*8 68£*l 8I£*I 6££*8 899*1 880'* 986 19 916'09 2S£*** 8*9*96 Snjjnp poAoid -ma jaqumu a3«j9Av • - - insuoosjAY '-^n ••"••OTqo TinOSSTK ■••i3ibsaairii\[ u^STqotH ptra{£i*TO "enBTsmoi t?A\OJ —stouttii ''opBJOyo£ Jo uoivodoid z6j.v\ 6uwoii$ szyvig •no:$tniTsi3A.Y ^nn3jTA two. scxax aassanuoj, - CTUBAiXsnxra^ oiqo • - • ■jo a A\aN • * *Aasjaf A\aM Tinosstp? B;o3uurp\[ UBSSTqOTR -s^asnqo^ss^pf PU^XAJBH BMOJ "-■■GUBipai — sioinni • ■ -BiSjoao ■Biujojrp30 *16I • * 'sa^H 6161 [*sajB3g oyun} -£q ^namJioxdtna nmmjutuijo pnB samSg poo-Bj-pxoq &q pa^ojpin sj juatnA'oidtno umrapcBia jo q^uoin aqx] '6i6i -saxYxs aaxoaias noa 'shxmok xk 'SHaKHYg: aoYM—'st a^avx 26 96 MANUFACTURES. Table 20.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. Estab lish- ments United States. California , Colorado District of Columbia. Georgia Illinois Indiana — Iowa Kentucky.. Louisiana.. Maryland.. Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey — New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington.. Wisconsin.... 6,624 Wage earners (average number). 91 23 60 462 235 182 87 41 170 278 184 117 220 245 930 380 839 68 193 49 76 119 150 95,648 4,083 783 617 1,553 8,779 1,713 1,739 797 818 3,008 11,585 1,746 1,959 3,669 2,955 15,615 5,451 11,010 1,397 1,950 1,123 855 1,596 4,123 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 1,037 34 13 1 5 76 37 23 16 1 32 16 34 18 41 35 172 65 187 9 18 10 4 13 14 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. OT P 3,750 co E Is 7,881 157 56 12 | 31 230 152 120 56 22 93 143 107 53 126 154 531 191 447 23 121 21 44 58 76 347 112 35 71 472 324 234 135 72 167 315 247 118 262 31S 1,031 390 956 39 281 46 83 151 138 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. a 1,043 63 12 6 12 81 27 22 10 13 25 61 27 27 25 34 108 61 120 19 33 9 15 32 31 11,088 735 128 52 129 900 269 242 98 134 266 656 292 347 227 340 1,136 643 1,292 187 374 97 153 308 335 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. cj © Is 410 13,207 51 to 100 earners, inclusive. .52 w la 192 953 162 82 187 1,379 337 239 72 95 297 819 286 255 317 296 1,572 1,073 1,553 294 367 168 228 302 423 Mo 13,752 580 130 143 1,271 357 680 63 225 396 270 632 2,579 1,147 1,084 150 487 73 391 228 553 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. .22 ft x* a CJ © 135 2» © 21,649 926 251 132 364 2,009 426 172 517 907 2,184 415 449 1,808 249 3,218 1,869 2,690 446 441 376 197 935 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 37 12,615 316 659 351 344 257 456 2,151 281 394 260 355 2,590 329 2,016 281 363 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. n la £5 11,635 542 1,310 Over 1,000 wage earners. la 410 802 618 2,030 525 765 3,4S9 "i'419' © 2 3,821 1,087 2,734 Table 21.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 6,624 4,754 95,648 61,986 $637,209,168 $209,668,656 $268,399,998 $83,204,414 1,371 2,322 1,907 764 136 124 1,483 1,859 981 369 43 19 590 4,113 12,430 25,437 14,615 38,463 1,184 5,439 11,331 3,508,077 25,275,653 82,883,531 / 168,109,573 \ 94,450,874 262,981,460 3,872,560 19,062,161 41,440,149 81,622,684 30,268,272 33,402,830 1,616,510 10,854,891 32,508,775 66,802,764 39,478,971 117,138,087 1,961,681 8,865,516 16,985,945 $600,000 to $1,000,000 } 33,938 10,094 } 42,139,944 13,251,328 All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000..., $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over.. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 20.7 35.1 28.8 11.5 2.1 1.9 31.2 39.1 20.6 7.8 0.9 0.4 100.0 0.6 4.3 13.0 26.6 15.3 40.2 1.9 8.8 18.3 54.8 16.3 100.0 0.6 4.0 13.0 26.4 14.8 41.3 100.0 1.8 9.1 19.8 38.9 14.4 15.9 100.0 0.6 4.0 12.1 24.9 14.7 43.6 100.0 2.4 10,7 20.4 50.6 15.9 Table 22.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Per cent distribution. POWER. Amount. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 21,094 9,274 179,991 98,393 100.0 100.0 1,307 745 723 22 1,414 764 764 64,713 52,763 51,250 1,513 55,9511 45,1074 45,107 36.0 29.3 28.5 0.8 56.9 45.8 45.8 Turbines... *.. Internal-combustion en- Water wheels, turbines, 543 630 20 11,800 10,781 63 6.6 11.0 0.1 19 1 150 0.1 Primary power—Continued. Rented Electric Other Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 19,787 19,787 23,429 19,787 3,642 1914 10,935 7,860 3,075 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 115,278 115,069 209 138,344 115,069 23,275 1914 42,442 41,836 606 62,540 41,836 20,704 Per cent distribution. 1919 64.0 63.9 0.1 100.0 83.12 16.8 1914 43.1 42.5 0.6 100.0 66.9 33.1 CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM 97 Table 23.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Table 24.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States. .1919, 19U, California Georgia Illinois Indiana ■ Iowa Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 126,566 109,148 563 556 400 387 2,723 5,943 473 1,527 105 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 458,614 307,309 152 4,412 58,020 21,964 17,148 9,S30 29,292 9,123 5,214 30,409 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 9,998 16,162 6 406 586 297 246 136 400 370 735 640 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 75,258 31,775 20,012 135 4 4,676 212 19 6 1,155 Gas- oline and other volatile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 16,295 1,853,503 1,453,393 590 833 803 160 714 191 141 528 448 100,743 11,095 96,646 20,745 11,510 134,997 67,051 49,730 15,293 26,046 New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington. Wisconsin... A.nthra-1 Bitumi- cite ! nous (tons, i (tons, 2,240 j 2,000 pounds1!, pounds). 6,399 i 72,696! '517 j 25,827! 72 i 99 6 918 19,236 28,915 34,362 80.515 13,355 6,537 2,642 6,178 1,418 16,940 ! Coke j (tons,; I 2,000! | pounds)./ Fuel oils (bar- rels). ■! Gas- • oline ! and | other ! volatile j j oils I (bar- I rels). I 263! 8S6 j 392 | 303 i 1,305' 173 194 370 171 341 571 j 579 195; 1,248 64! 1,396 691 | 5,008 60! 23 21,305 1,510 4 I 70 I 74 1 9 i 179 111367—23 7 * Included in figures for fuel oils. 98 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS Detailed statistics of materials.—Table 25 gives the cost and, with the exceptions of "milk and milk products'' and "flavors," the quantity of the princi- pal materials used in the manufacture of confectionery and ice cream. Table 25. Detailed statistics of products.—Table 26 gives the specific value of confectionery and ice cream manu- factured in each state and shows that confectionery is 67 per cent of the total value of products while : ice cream is 28 per cent. QUANTITY AND COST OF MATERIALS: 1919. MATERIAL. Pounds. Cost. MATERIAL, Pounds. Cost. Total cost S368,809,170 Cocoa: 57,346,865 14,584,527 4,439,002 $10,260,057 5,437,961 1,050,901 6,163,066 21,139,617 5,190,152 Sugar 823,865,409 83,898,562 71,473, 454 Butter Milk and milk products Powder Chocolate: Flavors 95,657,963 15,210,483 355,956,148 26,667,234 4,578,306 20,186,135 Nuts 90,865,274 17,553,427 Fruits All other materials mcluding mill supplies, con- tainers, fuel, and rent of power 112,763,725 Table 26.—PRODUCTS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States... New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central.. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi - West South Central. Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain Montana - Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona — Utah Nevada Pacific Washington Oregon California aggregate. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 6,624 620 87 22 25 278 87 121 2,014 930 245 1T411 380 235 462 184 150 726 117 182 220 20 19 53 115 563 24 170 23 76 75 66 42 60 27 215 87 68 39 21 371 64 41 73 193 250 37 20 18 91 12 19 49 4 454 119 37 Value of products.1 $637,209,168 80,725,124 2,032,509 410,799 1,756,560 68,896,885 2,368,490 5,259,881 198,087,955 110,068,958 16,898,953 71,120,044 160,491,781 39,185,084 11,194,689 73,096,890 12,626,501 24,388,617 55,005,029 10,055,805 11,534,628 23,497,553 757,057 1,607,901 3,665,749 3,886,336 47,653,325 666,480 17,995,081 4,859,098 6,691,649 3,177,938 2,035,317 1,436,080 9,680,022 1,111,660 19,732,653 5,255,290 10,017,191 3,249,105 1,211,067 24,589,615 2,592,993 5,096,473 3,590,714 13,309,435 13,930,278 809,950 788,317 222,624 5,003,989 198,767 514,546 6,238,375 153,710 36,993,408 10,301,924 3,465,809 23,225,676 CONFECTIONERY. Total value. $427,635,837 63,830,755 902,377 64,114 1,129,763 59,348,465 555,944 1,811,415 130,489,553 81,025,832 9,679,397 39,784,324 111,250,505 24,090,406 5,533,387 56,999,450 6,592,034 18,035,228 36,173,745 7,516,966 7,438,723 16,181,867 466,337 1,093,747 2,042,717 1,433,388 25,902,345 215,668 13,686,103 697,134 3,084.226 505,971 649,109 341,741 6,526,543 195,850 13,132,021 3, ,503,132 7,258,122 1,949,417 421,350 12,782,060 956,216 3,176,365 1,028,007 7,621,472 10,222,402 446,364 577,865 52,269 3,610,386 27,778 151,579 5,321,061 35,100 23,852,451 7,388,829 2,085,254 14,378,368 Reported by establishments classified as— Confectionery. | Ice cream. $422,024,010 I $5,611,827 63,268,459 855,688 50,010 1,107,507 59,018,456 535,769 1,682,352 125,425,074 79,770,906 9,242,243 39,411,925 110,383,401 23,893,237 5,299,651 56,720,708 6,498,302 17,971,503 35,728,421 7,483,629 7,317,619 16,071,078 394,662 1,074,621 2,010,143 1,376,669 25,739,530 208,641 13,679,460 693,334 3,068,176 452,723 624,787 320,769 6,503,143 188,497 13,043,026 3,465,911 7,206,548 1,949,217 421,350 12,355,239 895,174 3,091,555 1,020,503 7,348,007 9,754,946 367,803 557,575 36,591 3,467,497 840 102,821 5,201,719 20,100 23,325,914 7,336,707 2,076,678 13,910,730 562,296 46,689 14,104 22,256 330,009 20,175 129,063 2,064,479 1,254,926 437,154 372,399 867,104 197,169 233,736 278,742 93,732 63,725 445.324 33,337 121,104 110,7S9 71,675 19,126 32,574 56,719 162,815 7,027 6,643 3,800 16,050 53,248 24,322 20,972 23,400 7,353 37,221 51,574 200 426,821 61,042 84,810 7,504 273,465 467,456 78,561 20,290 15,678 142,889 26,938 48,758 119,342 15,000 526,537 50,323 8,676 467,638 Total value. $178,893,847 Confectionery.] Ice cream. 15,107,505 1,056,345 342,835 499,512 8,212,404 1,749,385 3,247,024 59,493,415 23,838,392 6,968,275 28,686,748 41,189,484 13,366,185 5,078,716 13,894,541 4,665,786 4,184,256 15,673,599 2,401,960 3,743,323 5,633,242 217,634 475,777 1,458,881 1,742,782 19,031,429 409,103 4,056,453 3,966,584 3,215,038 2,333,409 1,217,574 1,016,363 1,927,307 6,364 965 1,321,678 2,166,072 1,207,672 679,543 9,996,569 1,356,145 1,737,450 1,957,250 4,945,724 3,412,367 352,962 175,851 139,111 1,230,350 153,938 353,073 888,472 118,610 9,624,514 1,878,732 1,204,776 6,541,006 Reported by establishments classified as— $6,752,654 577,887 71,234 8,546 22,348 214,359 111,086 150,314 1,534,164 754,256 213,730 566,178 1,540,137 485,622 197,610 340,993 444,029 71,883 997,974 78,258 119,397 446,405 208,432 44,521 100,961 305,500 35,579 83,184 67,545 750 50,841 9,801 13,800 64,000 176,301 27,975 146,526 1,800 323,021 23,532 107,918 7,445 184,126 381,621 23,240 35,936 15,040 183,753 12,864 108,548 2,240 916,049 136,844 48,952 730,253 $172,141,193 14,529,618 985,111 334,289 477,164 7,998,045 1,638,299 3,096,710 57,959,251 23,084,136 6,754,545 28,120,570 39,649,347 12,880,563 4,881,106 13,553,548 4,221,757 4,112,373 14,675,625 2,323,702 3,623,926 5,186,837 217,634 267,345 1,414,360 1,641,821 18,725,929 373,524 3,973,269 3,909,039 3,214,288 2,282,568 1,207,773 1,002,563 1,873,307 889,598 5,188,664 1,293,703 2,009,546 1,205,872 679,543 9,673,548 1,332,613 1,629,532 1,949,805 4,761,598 3,030,746 329,722 139,915 124,071 1,046,597 153,938 340,209 779,924 116,370 8,708,465 1,741,888 1,155,824 6,810,753 All other products. $30,679,484 1,786,864 73,787 3,850 127,285 1,336,016 63,161 201,442 8,104,987 6,204,734 253,172 2,648,972 8,051,792 1,728,493 582,586 2,202,899 1,368,681 2,169,133 3,157,685 136,879 352,582 1,682,444 73,086 38,377 164,151 710,166 2,719,551 41,709 252,525 195,380 392,385 338,558 168,634 77,976 1,226,172 26,212 1,235,667 430,4S0 602,997 92,016 110,174 1,810,986 280,632 182,658 605,457 742,239 295,509 10,624 34,601 31,244 163,253 17,051 9,894 28,842 3,516,443 1,034,363 175,779 2,306,301 i In addition, confectionery and ice cream to the value of $14,001,298 and $6,237,400, respectively, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM. 99 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary of the industry, by states.— Table 27 gives for 1919 and 1914, by states, the num- ber of establishments, and shows the average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Detailed statistics, by states.—Table 28 presents for 1919 statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state separately. Table 27.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Wage Cost of Value of Cen- Num- ber of earners (aver- Primary Wages. mate- rials. prod- ucts. STATE. sus estab- age horse- STATE. year. usn- power. ments. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 6,624 95,648 179,991 $76,160 $368,809 $637,209 Montana 1914 4,754 61,986 98,393 27,488 126,464 209,669 Alabama 1919 39 486 814 325 1,760 3,249 Nebraska 1914 33 281 527 106 699 1,027 Arkansas 1919 64 391 1,248 298 1,565 2,593 New Hampshire 1914 43 178 418 89 560 878 California 1919 298 4,083 5,766 3,258 13,493 23,226 New Jersey 1914 182 2,098 2,202 1,111 4,341 7,619 1919 91 783 936 570 2,697 5,004 New York 1914 63 502 481 214 916 1,652 Connecticut 1919 121 849 2,376 641 3,057 5,260 North Carolina 1914 73 421 845 246 913 1,709 1919 24 98 168 88 430 666 North Dakota 1914 28 70 139 30 169 2S5 District of Columbia 1919 23 617 3,478 772 1,857 4,859 Ohio 1914 15 262 1,307 144 610 1,226 Florida 1919 27 105 395 74 762 1,112 Oklahoma 1914 30 72 90 36 171 346 1919 60 1,553 1,903 1,003 5,253 9,680 Oregon.. 1914 42 720 817 278 1,520 2,455 1919 20 161 212 92 432 78S Pennsylvania 1914 13 58 44 26 107 212 1919 462 8,779 14,379 8,367 41,096 73,097 Rhode Island 1914 325 5,399 9,359 2,646 12,137 20,088 1919 235 1,713 4,053 1,237 7,213 11,195 South Carolina 1914 190 1,263 2,505 555 2,823 4,604 1919 182 1,739 4,183 1,285 6,871 11,535 South Dakota 1914 176 1,519 2,850 721 3,100 5,086 1919 115 584 1,263 446 2,394 3,836 Tennessee 1914 73 342 945 203 731 1,252 1919 87 797 1,044 633 2,915 5,255 Texas 1914 62 647 467 236 1,088 1,826 1919 41 818 832 443 3,076 5,096 'Utah.. 1914 24 248 379 90 443 850 1919 87 313 573 244 1,265 2,032 Vermont 1914 62 217 254 102 499 742 1919 170 3,008 6,349 2,124 11,336 17,995 Virginia 1914 125 1,672 2,419 607 3,015 4,721 1919 278 11,585 11,236 8,523 40,354 68,897 Washington 1914 273 7,250 6,699 3,037 13,841 22,902 Michigan 1919 184 1,746 3,73S 1,462 7,16S 12,626 West Virginia 1914 122 1,173 2,762 551 2,839 4,815 1919 117 1,959 2,340 1,223 5,688 10,056 Wisconsin 1914 102 978 1,363 441 2,244 3,877 1919 21 158 645 108 706 1,211 All other states.. 1914 13 56 51 23 103 177 1919 220 3,669 5,773 2,837 12,928 23,497 1914 153 2,782 3,831 1,159 5,017 8,650 I 'Cen- ; sus ! year. j Num- j ber of estab- ; lish- iments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power, j Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. 1919! 1914 i 1919 1914; 1919 1914 1919 i 1914: 1919 1914! 1919 i 1914 1919; 1914 1919 i 1914 1919! 1914; 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 37 | 27 53! 43 245 i 141; 930; 523 1 66 29 20 6 380 J 282 37 34 I 87 j 65! 42 I 28 i 19! 13! 55! 193 123 25 , 10 76! 65 119 100 75 45: 150; 100; 53 - 27 134! 130 607 | 399 i 60 i 40 j ! 2,955 1,810 I 15,615! 11,667 j 316 110: 107! 109; i 5.451' 3,757 j 381! 156 450 j 313 | 11,010! 8,03S j 292! 312; ! 204; 111 j 195 i 129 •; 1,397; 1,950 96S 1,123 762 350 165 855 578 1,596 638 342 195 4,123 2,429 141 6S 218 I 95 1,496 767 132 74 4,280 3,359 31,022 17,025 1,011 234 172 90 14.385 8,105 2,074 1,386 872 653 26,742 14,271 1,050 406 1,819 176 409 223 1,985 J.82S 4,36S I', 919 1,109 1,040 241 191 2,272 1,491 642 2, S17 1,105 6,010 2,990 312 71 S130 67 425 175 49 24 2,294 822 13,519 5,248 245 42 79 52 4,571 1,700 362 91 392 178 8,954 3,306 277 155 140 4S 141 69 913 372 1,407 410 670 328 191 66 715 223 1.339 366 394 118 2,744 936 156 41 $452 | 272 i 2,251 252 99 1 10,177! 3,920 i 62,425; 23,118 i 1.146 ■ 306; 440' 322' 21,822! 7,871; 2,291! 542 I 2,220 ^ 876 j 42,530 < 14,628 I 1,461 i 694 912 459! I 5,982 2,226 8,229 2,016 3,299 1,549 4,010 1,736 5,684 1,360 1,860 584 14,420 4,501 660 148 $810 495 100 MANUFACTURES. Table 28.—DETAILED STATEMENT, INDUSTRY LND .STATE. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Total for the industry- Confectionery Ice cream Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware --• District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ■ Kansas Kentucky - Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio..... Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 6,624 3,149 3,475 39 19 64 298 91 121 24 23 27 20 462 235 182 115 87 41 87 170 278 184 117 21 220 37 53 4 22 245 12 930 66 20 380 73 37 839 87 42 19 68 193 49 25 76 119 75 150 18 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 122,028 93,982 25,046 602 119 574 5,299 1,123 1,157 130 765 181 1,984 226 11,026 2,381 2,432 845 1,072 1,029 480 3,612 13,613 2,308 2,516 238 4,655 195 810 17 108 3,713 41 19,971 455 157 7,248 563 637 13,701 439 303 276 2,022 2,563 1,405 424 1,149 1,931 540 4,943 50 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, jsuper- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 7,051 3,146 13,905 5,415 3,609 1,806 41 23 85 321 90 149 25 21 37 4S 18 458 263 201 140 28 86 190 291 239 129 27 260 40 57 6 30 250 10 ,001 86 18 417 79 38 940 103 47 19 58 128 55 27 54 101 74 126 21 7,906 6,337 1,569 36 10 38 199 53 6 47 10 111 19 578 128 145 44 48 55 34 113 97 25 187 7 103 3 802 25 16 361 47 41 461 15 22 17 102 143 62 16 99 105 43 196 1 Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. 6,008 '4,397 1,611 23 2 36 425 83 41 1 40 14 192 15 6S6 162 241 47 60 79 22 187 627 117 227 16 401 8 5 266 1 1,269 19 13 494 40 65 724 315 234 106 11 31 38 313 16 2 24 271 87 40 15 SO 13 525 115 106 30 71 49 25 128 612 93 104 12 138 1 6 139 1 1,284 9 3 525 16 566 21 12 16 150 108 59 20 43 43 185 5 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 95,648 76,493 19,155 486 82 391 4,083 783 S49 98 617 105 1,553 161 8,779 1,713 1,739 584 797 818 313 3,008 11,585 1,746 1,959 158 3,669 134 607 10 60 2,955 26 15,615 316 107 5,451 381 450 11,010 292 204 195 1,397 1,950 1,123 350 855 1,596 342 4,123 23 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Oc 107,004 Oc 88,216 Jy 24,836 Se No Au No Jy Ap Jv My Oc No Oc Se No Jy Fe Oc Oc No Oc No De jfo Oc Oc No Se Oc Jy Oc Se De Oc So De Se Jy Oc No Oc Se No Au Se De Je No Je 567 104 463 4,829 993 977 103 755 115 1,850 213 10,690 1,898 1,996 657 854 900 356 3,770 12,593 2,096 2,507 201 4,215 153 679 12 84 3,924 30 16,730 379 123 6,689 473 496 11,804 349 224 237 1,629 2,162 1,326 381 936 1,893 414 4,714 27 Minimum month. Ja 86,491 Jy 67,064 Ja 14,600 Ja Fe Fe Ja Ja De De Ja Fe My Ja J7 Mh Mh Ja De Je Ja Ja My Je Fe Ja Ja Ap Fe Mh Ja Ja Je Fe Ja Ap Ja Fe Ja Fe Fe My Mh Ja Ja No Ja Fe Fe Ja Ja 422 71 331 3,497 623 756 89 513 93 1,355 124 7,407 1,523 1,539 479 705 719 260 2,558 10,708 1,519 1,594 107 3,368 107 515 9 40 2,317 24 14,398 246 82 4,588 256 392 10,018 222 190 127 1,256 1,746 1,005 317 762 1,422 263 3,708 19 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 104,181 85,792 18,389 483 97 412 4,726 947 779 103 597 168 1,863 203 9,485 1,846 1,971 632 72-5 864 362 3,784 11,856 2,091 2,488 173 4,119 153 676 11 67 3,311 27 16,160 381 133 6,230 420 495 11,750 322 211 230 1,434 1,966 1,346 326 1,896 341 4,625 24 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. 1,006 799 207 Fe- male. 2,677 2,656 21 2 2 14 225 3 1 1 7 2 209 4 12 2 4 206 65 261 63 77 1,071 220 7 5 638 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM. 101 BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Dollar.'}. 19,612,246 14,396,411 5,215,835 80, 548 15,004 130,417 572,962 1S2,532 151,735 19,020 246,922 24,414 475,041 40,982 12,230,727 3S7.439 333,347 112,252 124,163 174,214 78,848 439,098 11,855,174 323,849 325,517 62,463 542,586 17,260 156,163 6,726 437,999 5,152 13,389,494 63,111 24,684 |1,349,734 118,015 120,511 12,145,452 53', 820 58,347 73,682 436,920 443,966 158,548 57,135 364,953 328,140 95,377 726,603 1,200 Clerks, etc. Dollars, 20,183,783 16,848,059 3,335,724 Dollars. 76,159,866 54,461,057 21,698,809 52,434 3,900 93,157 773,357 309,922 92,532 65 78,457 32,583 365,782 60,680 1,839,691 368,737 635,285 136,427 145,002 231,217 33,029 364,897 1,769,483 373.296 557,482 29,293 1,030,099 19,293 171,010 1,354 8,610 570,908 1, 590 3,277,548 33,721 37.259 1,1*5,763 78,951 142,918 1,742,556 19,085 39,491 103,292 531,000 506,289 435,990 47,524 217,988 517,195 78,916 1,034,975 3,750 Wage earners. 325,452 89,463 207,941 3,257,866 569,522 641,014 88,089 771,632 74,054 1,002,740 92,346 8,367,426 1,236,592 1,285,390 446,203 632,551 443,387 244,216 2,123,842 8,523,320 1,462,128 1,222,465 '108,333 2,837.406 129;690 425,092 11,922 48,792 2,294,250 25,626 13,518,749 245,412 78,904 4,571,129 362,344 391,534 8,953,733 276,699 139,980 140,457 913,402 J, 406,599 669,487 191,252 715,121 1,339,181 394,443 2,743,73S 28,902 For contract work. DoUars. 1,191,586 1,071,449 120,137 Dollars. 16,233,367 14,566,590 1,666,777 1,500 1,007 16,332 5,450 50 200 8,639 200 2,200 1,311 138,312 3,334 24,037 1,548 500 6,0S1 8,142 1,285 1,500 2,403 16,777 1,250 6,034 5,229 S44,216 360 4,829 750 182 31,586 270 75 176 200 12,620 14,249 15,743 300 12,709 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. 30,064 13,318 39,826 385,136 74,935 78,674 8,192 15,177 16,281 56,866 16,140 564,072 164,999 92,190 46,188 57,318 31,918 39,125 93,685 614,724 200,787 140,129 7,260 259,219 25,048 31,540 4,200 S,376 200,211 3,660 1,347,213 29,499 4, ,508 344,820 31,774 23,379 485,816 25,289 29,134 16,830 63,753 141,558 46,273 11,728 58,674 10S,245 39,207 102,884 3; 525 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. 27,517,170 23,837,274 3,679,896 127,213 5,296 44,342 595,257 237,032 165,239 11,715 114,200 12,820 476,446 61,927 3,404,204 556', 288 519,937 106,068 309,197 145,668 65,736 502,640 3,624,883 549,910 544,287 23,969 1,608.464 7', 057 119,404 994 2,914 420,783 2,756 5.267,484 22,866 41,342 1,805,337 51,751 49,474 2,556,826 45,371 27.935 82,503 631,342 437,044 119,762 66,672 313,234 273,682 30,807 1,322,619 1,473 For materials. 1 Principal materials Dollars. [360, 517,580 248,264.352 112,253,228 1,719,342 321,635 1,521,580 13,189,781 2,641.594 2,938,715 418,502 1,707,488 729,484 5,147,690 421,339 40,313,450 7,047,712 6,681,838 2,309,460 2,857,886 3,031,577 1,238,736 11,111,086 39,728,401 7,015,984 5,559,950 670,704 12,633,637 435,150 2,180,635 S7,493 245,599 9,879,369 120,366 61,116,260 1,095,500 428,647 21,312,276 2,206,493 2,176,997 41,411,279 1,415.281 862; 459 888,411 5,848,317 7,961,263 3,249,875 1,067,291 3,894,087 5,5S2,359 1,790,980 14,192,597 111,025 Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 8,291,590 14,169,339 4,122,251 Value of products. t Dollars. 637,209,168 447,728,103 189,483,065 Value added by manufac- ture. Dollars. [268,399,998 195,292,412 73,107,586 40,766 11,869 43,292 303,521 55,462 118,154 11,690 149,656 32,655 105,356 10,201 782,071 165,362 189,065 84,179 57,141 44,712 26,620 225,330 625,60S 152,412 127,650 34,896 294,3S1 17,052 70,136 1,850 5,954 297,560 2,199 1,309,038 50,372 11,716 509,503 84,946 42,920 1,118,612 45,499 27,428 24,09S 133,195 267,631 49,042 12,748 116,108 101,361 69,233 226,961 4,379 3,249,105 514,546 2,592,993 23,225,675 5,003,989 5,259,881 666,480 4,859,098 1,111,660 9,680,022 788,317 73,096,890 11,194,689 li; 534,628 3,5S6,336 5,255,290 5,096,473 2,032,509 17,995,081 68,896,885 12,626,501 10,055,805 1,211,067 23,497,553 809,950 3,665,749 153,710 410,799 16,898,953 198,767 110,068,958 j 47,643,660 2,035,317 j 889.445 757,057! 316,604 39.1S5,0S4 I 17,363,305 3,590,714 j 1,299,275 3,465,809 i 71,120,044! 2,368,490 i 1,436.080 1 1,607,901 I I 10,017,191 13,309,435 6,238,375 1,756,560 6,691,649 10,301,924 3,177,938 24,388,617 222,624 1,245,892 28,590,153 907,710 546,193 695,392 4,035,679 5,080,541 2,939,45S 676,521 2,681,454 4,618,204 1,317,725 9,969,059 107,220 1,488,997 181,042 j 1.028,121 9; 732,373 2,306,933 j 2,203,012 236,288 I 3.001,954! 349,521 I 4,426,976 j 356,777 j 32,001,369! 3,981,615 I 4,663,725; 1,492,697 2,340,263 2,020,184 767,153 1 6,658,665 28,542,876 < 5,458,105 4,368,205 505,467 10,569,535 357,74S 1,414,978 64,367 159,246 6,722,024 76,202 Primary horsepower. Owned. Total. 179,991 77,297 102,694 814 121 1,248 5,766 2,376 168: 3,478; 395; 1,903 i 212 14,379 j 4,053 i 4,183 1,263 j 1,044 j 832 573 1 6,349 11,236 i 3,738! 2,340 i 645 I 5,773! 218; Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 51,250 [31,090 20,160 200 1,496 38 132 4,280 [j 1,234 45 115 465 218 401 22 1,620 95 360 36 2,292 1,056 1,427 J 237 312' SO I 76 953 1 4,116 500 570 443 2,675 Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 31,022 1,011 172 14,385 2,074 872 26,742 1,050 1,819 409 1,985 4,36$ 1,109 241 2,272 1,491 2,817 6,010 15,707 214 42 1,964 1,300 1,513 !ll,S00 865 i 880 648 110,920 38 1 161 61 40 232 34 2 3 35 33 810 110 376 53 312 35 27 12 277 111 29 8 25 113 5 I Wa- ter-! pow-j er.i Rent- ed .a 1 11,5278 44,343 70,935 15 661 2,205 307 39 1.6S1 46 75 26 3,641 118 7,487 j 258 I 80 I 64 300' 16 350 1,079 ... 150 100 1 552! 28 75! 14 782; 705 20 5 1,704 ) 18 100 s! I 634 121 901 5,267 716 1,934 111 1,858 267 1,543 176 11,706 2,783 2,383 951 725 485 5,119 6,198 3.209 1,762 177 2,985 213 1,236 38 117 2,275 45 13.0S6 490 91 10.740 721 771 15,354 930 1.730 '333 1,660 2,930 959 141 1,692 1,402 1,330 4,16S 95 Elec- tric horse- power , gener- ated in estab- i lish- ments I report-! ing.! 23,275 19,437 3,838j 112 i 108 51 429 1,634 445 182 17 81 ! 19 i 20 I 21 189 ! 22 3,841 j 23 257 352 1,273 54 8,7S6 40 28 078 70 2,526 288 167 56 31 ...5 5 103 692 * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—At the censuses of 1904 and 1914 the canvass of the flour-mill and gristmill industry was confined to merchant mills. At all other censuses statistics were also collected for custom mills engaged exclusively in grinding for local consumption. Mills purchasing part of the grain ground have been classified as merchant mills, even though a large part of their business may have con- sisted of custom grinding. Because of the omission of custom mills at the censuses of 1904 and 1914, it seems desirable, in pre- senting the general statistics of manufactures included in other bulletins and reports, to confine the statistics for the industry for 1919 to merchant mills, showing the statistics for custom mills separately, and exclud- ing them in the grand total for all industries. In most of the tables of this special report only merchant mills are represented, Tables 1, 12, and 21 being the only tables which contain statistics for the custom mills. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 presents a summary of the statistics of the industry as a whole, and for merchant and custom mills separately or 1919 and 1909, with percentages of increase for the, ten-year period, while Table 2 summarizes the sta- tistics of the merchant mills for each census since 1899, with the percentage of increase for each census period. For both merchant and custom mills the value of products includes the estimated value of the flour and other products obtained from grain ground on a cus- tom basis, and likewise the figures for cost of grain include the estimated cost of such grain. With few exceptions increases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The large increases for the merchant mills, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to the general rise of prices following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 accounts for the large increase in "Rent and taxes." States, ranked by valne of products.—Table 3 sum- marizes the more important statistics of the industry, by states, the states being arranged according to the value of products reported for 1919. Minnesota continues to be the leading state in the industry; in 1919 the mills of the state gave employ- ment to 13.3 per cent of the total number of wage earners engaged in the industry and reported 18.6 per cent of the total value of products. Kansas ranked second and New York third in value of products and value added by manufacture. Although not shown in the table, there were a number of changes in the rela- tive rank of the states from 1914 to 1919 as measured by value of products. Thus, Kansas, which ranked third in 1914, advanced to second place in 1919, dis- placing New York; and Pennsylvania, which ranked sixth in 1914, dropped to tenth place in 1919, being displaced by Missouri, Washington, Indiana, and Texas in the order named. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by age of the average number of wage earners in Table 4 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." The classi- fication by sex for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the classification by age. Figures for individual states will be found in Table 20. Wage earners, by months.—As shown by Table 5, the number of wage earners employed in the industry ranged from a maximum of 49,393 in December to a minimum of 42,179 in March, the minimum number being equivalent to 85.4 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for the states separately, while for the United States for 1919 the number of males and females is also shown. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 6 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 9.5 per cent of the wage earners were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week, as against 40.1 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 79.7 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as compared with 47 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—As shown by Table 7, there were 3,181 establishments in 1919, or 29.7 per cent of the total number for the industry, which employed no wage earners. These were comparatively small establish- ments in which the work was done by the proprietors and firm members. Of the total number of mills, 58.1 per cent employed 1 to 5 wage earners, and 8.6 per cent from 6 to 20. There were only 134 establish- ments that employed an average of more than 50 employees, and of these only 52 employed over 100. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" consti- tuted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have (102) FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. 103 been compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 8, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in this table show the degree of concentration of produc- tion in large establishments. In 1919 the three groups having products of $100,000 and over included 1,978 establishments, or 18.5 per cent of the total number for the industry; but employed 36,256 wage earners, or 79.7 per cent of the total average number; and reported products to the value of 81,822,762,172, or 88.8 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 9 shows that in 1919, of the total number of establishments reported for the industry, 24.9 per cent were under corporate ownership. While corporations thus controlled only about one-fourth of the total number of estabhsh- ; ments, they employed 76.6 per cent of the total ! average number of wage earners and reported 83.5 i per cent of the total value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers,— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 10, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry ; of 54,021 horsepower, or 6.6 per cent. This increase, however, is wholly due to the gain of 151,019 horse- power, or 133.2 per cent, in rented power, there having been a decrease of 96,998 horsepower, or 13.7 per cent, in power owned. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows, by states, the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry in 1919 and 1914. Of the total quantity of bituminous coal used in the industry in 1919, Minnesota and Missouri together reported 27.3 per cent, while Kansas reported 45.5 per cent of the fuel oils consumed, and Ohio and Oklahoma together, 40.8 per cent of the gas. 104 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—MERCHANT AND CUSTOM MILLS—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919 AND 1909. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture3 Grain ground, bushels 1919 21,135 90,597 24,386 18,596 47,615 1,095,299 SS30,495,722 $84,856,230 $32,187,911 152,668,319 8960,799 $19,673,005 $1,878,138,382 §2,147,218,913 $269,080,531 888,305,973 1909 23,652 30,20-1 12,178 46,467 1,126,347 $370,410,289 $35,167,693 $12,564,595 $22,603,098 (2) (2) $813,891,347 $938,699,95S $124,808,611 872,950,743 Per cent of increase.1 -10.6 2.0 -19.3 52.7 2.5 -2.8 124.2 141,3 156.2 133.0 130. 8 128,7 115.6 MERCHANT MILLS. 1919 10,708 75,769 11,937 18,351 45,481 876,405 $801,624,507 $S2,901,413 $32,013,030 $50,8S8,383 $942,256 $19,263,367 $1,799,180,987 $2,052,434,385 $253,253,398 830,026,293 1909 11,691 66,054 14,570 12,031 39,453 853,584 $349,151,779 $33,981,153 $12,516,767 $21,464,386 $669,271 $2,754,128 $767,576,479 $883,584,405 $116,007,926 806,247,%! Per cent of increase.1! -8.4 14.7 -18.1 52.5 15.3 2.7 129.6 144.0 155.8 137.1 40.8 599.4 134.4 132.3 118.3 2.9 CUSTOM MILLS. 1919 10,427 14,828 12,449 245 2,134 218,894 $28,871,215 $1,954,817 $174,881 $1,779,936 $18,543 $409,638 $78,957,395 $94,784,528 $15,827,133 58,279,680 1909 Per cent of increase.1 11,961 22,795 15,634 147 7,014 272,763 $21,258,510 $1,186,540 $47,828 $1,138,712 (*) $46,314,868 $55,115,553 $8,800,685 66,702,782 -12.8 -35.0 -20.4 66.7 -19.7 35.8 64.7 265.6 56.3 70.5 72.0 79.8 -12.6 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. a Figures not available. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—MERCHANT MILLS—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 5 1919 10,708 75,769 11,937 18,351 45,481 876,405 $801,624,507 82,901,413 32,013,030 50,888,383 942,256 19,263,367 1,799,180/987 2,052,434,385 253,253,398 1914 10,788 65,635 12,669 13,248 39,718 822,384 $380,257,420 40,963,303 16,370,141 24,593,162 115,447 3,798,482 752,270,021 877,679,709 125,409,688 1909 11,691 66,054 14,570 12,031 39,453 853,584 $349,151,779 33,981,153 12,516,767 21,464,386 669,271 2,754,128 767,576,479 883,584,405 116,007,926 1904 10,051 59,623 13,098 7,415 39,110 775,318 $265,117,434 27,174,553 7,352,357 19,822,196 95,218 * 2,196,945 619,971,161 713,033,395 93,062,234 1899 9,476 (*) (3) 5,522 32,226 670,719 $189,281,330 21,543,154 5,257,991 16,285,163 8 428,116,757 501,396,304 73,279,547 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 -0.7 15.4 -5.8 38.5 14.5 110.8 102.4 95.6 106.9 716.2 407.1 139.2 133. 8 101.9 1909- 1914 -7.7 -0.6 -13.0 10.1 0.7 -3.7 8.9 20.5 30.8 14.6 37.9 -2.0 -0.7 8.1 1904- 1909 16.3 10.8 11.2 62.3 (3) 10.1 31.7 25.0 70.2 8.3 602.9 25.4 23.8 23.9 2-4.7 1899- 1904 6.1 34.3 (8) 15.6 40.1 26.1 39.9 21.7 44.8 42.2 27.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 1 Figures not available. 8 Figures not strictly comparable. *Value of products less cost of materials. FLOUR-MILL AMD GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. 105 Table 3.—MERCHANT MILLS—STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. ^2 °g WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. si ^§ ~S STATE. © . • 4^*^ SO S3 S3 s a or ce ribu 111 or ce ribu i Iii or ce ribu (fi to m & United States. 10,708 45,481 100.0 $2,052,434 100.0 ""*! $253,253 100.0 Minnesota 248 6,049 13.3 1 381,249 18.6 i' 43,376 17.1 1 Kansas 385 3,493 7.7 2 206,881 10.1 2 1 24,548 9.7 2 New York 716 3,012 6.6 4 155,272 7.6 3 1 19,638 7.8 3 Illinois 322 2,740 6.0 5 116,563 5.7 4 ■ 13,397 5.3 5 Missouri 690 3,015 6.6 3 113,297 5.5 5 15,113 6.0 4 Ohio 677 2,122 4.7 8 89,397 4.4 6 12,294 4.8 6 "Washington 119 1,536 3.4 12 81,141 3.9 7 7,986 3.2 11 Indiana.. 450 2,280 5.0 6 75,112 3.7 8 9,371 3.7 9 Texas 222 1,567 3.4 11 73,064 3.6 9 9,665 3.8 7 Pennsylvania.. 1,138 2,198 4.8 7 69,447 3.4 10 9,462 3.7 8 California 134 1,779 3.9 9 65,448 3.2 11 8,566 3.4 10 Wisconsin.. 221 1,348 3.0 14 58,304 2.8 12 6,567 2.6 13 Nebraska 218 1,063 2.3 16 53,521 2,6 13 5,962 2.4 15 Tennessee.. 661 1,472 3.2 13 ! 51,913 2.5 14 6,736 2,6 12 Oklahoma 227 958 2.1 17 i 49,844 2.4 15 5,664 2.2 17 533 1,584 3.5 10 i 45,774 2.2 16 6,193 2,4 14 Michigan 345 1,128 2,-5 15 1 44,145 2.1 17 5,959 2.4 IB 116 822 1.8 19 i 42,550 2.1 18 4,748 L9 19 537 937 2.1 18 | 36,154 1.8 19 5,226 2.1 18 North Dakota.. 87 568 1.2 21 , 29,282 1.4 20 3,059 1.2 21 North Carolina. 374 629 1.4 20 24,258 1.2 21 3,213 1.3 20 Iowa 189 509 1.1 22 21,325 1.0 22 2,712 LI 22 Colorado 120 490 LI 23 19,954 1.0 23 2,357 0.9 25 Maryland.. 247 478 1.1 24 19,004 0.9 24 2,647 L0 23 Montana 69 360 0.8 26 16,386 0.8 25 2,294 0.9 26 Idaho West Virginia. Georgia South Dakota. Arkansas....... Utah Vermont New Jersey Maine Massachusetts.. j! Alabama >i New Hampshire! 'i Connecticut j i| Arizona i !i South Carolina J Mississippi... Delaware Wyoming Louisiana New Mexico. Rhode Island...; Nevada Dist. Columbia.; 78 203 161 80 166 77 108 150 118 75 143 48 64 12 30 54 56 28 17 30 25 10 3 27 WAGE EARNERS. < n 304 371 371 221 267 249 169 232 144 123 152 83 80 72 70 61 95 37 48 66 29 25 23 52 ll 3 I « 0.7 0.8 0,8 i 0.5 0,6 j 0.5! 0.4: 0.5! 0.3! 0.3 j 0.3 i 0.2! 0.2 0.2 i 0.2! 0.1 i 0.2 I 0.1! 0.1 0.1 j 0.1 0.1 i 0.1 0.1 VALUE OP PRODUCTS. $13,501 13,077 11,991 8,873 8,646 7,569 6,144 6,040 5,443 4,878 4,565 3,391 2,507 2,392 2,147 2,092 2,056 1,411 1.384 l',324 1,133 1,116 901 568 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Si VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. D w 0 c 25 S5 sgi $1,673 i 2,546! 1,443 9S2! 1,573 j I 1,017 i 812 1,004 734 629 717 m 424 425 342 195 390 228 198 232 155 125 95 0.7 L0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1; 0.2 1 0.1 , 0.1! 0.1! 0.1 O) ! 45 40 i 43 '44 j 42. ■ 46 ! 47 \ 49 48 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 4.—MERCHANT MILLS—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers - Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 i PER CENT OF TOTAL. Total. Male. Fe- male. Fe- male. Male. 75,769 65,635 66,054 70,804 62,79-1 63,492 4,965 2,841 2,562 93.4 95.7 96.1 6.6 4.3 3.9 18,064 17,013 18,763 17,480 16,575 18,286 584 438 477 96.8 97.4 97.5 3.2 2.6 2.5 11,937 12,669 14,570 11,466 12,264 14,111 471 405 459 96.1 96.8 96.8 3.9 3.2 3.2 2,541 1,743 1,486 2,465 1,719 1,473 76 24 13 97.0 98.6 99.1 3.0 1.4 0.9 3,586 2,601 2,707 3,549 2,592 2,702 37 9 5 99.0 99.7 99.8 1.0 0.3 0.2 Ca- j sus I Total, year, j PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. j Fe- ! male. Clerks and other subordinate salaried j employees. \ Wage earners (average number).... 16 years of age and over. 1919 I 1914! 1909 j 12,224!: 8,834 ! 3,390 8,904 :l 7,008 j 1,896 7,838 i. 6,284 I 1,554 1919 | 45,481 :i 41,490 i 991 1914 ! 39,718 :39,211 j 507 1909 j 39,453 li 38,922 | 531 1919 1914 1909 Under 10 years of age.. .j 1919 I 1914 i 1909 45,435 \\ 44,446 j 989 ii 97.8 39,642 :| 39,135! 507 1 98.7 39,320 I 38,796 524 S! 98.7 46;! 76!; 133 |! 44 i 76! 126 } 95.7 100.0 94.7 106 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—MERCHANT MILLS—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment for each state Is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by Italic figures.] num- ber em- ployed auring Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OE NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. STATE. year. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: 1919 45,481 45,123 42,837 42,179 43,056 43,018 42,261 43,434 46,941 48,822 49,378 49,330 49,393 85.4 44,490 44,026 41,950 41,312 42,180 42,212 41,447 42,609 45,889 47,600 48,231 48,183 48,241 85.6 Females 991 1,097 887 867 876 806 814 825 1,052 1,222 1,147 1,147 1,152 66.0 1914 39, 718 39,281 39,140 39,05S 38,324 37,921 38,114 39,560 40,526 41,684 41,234 41,028 40,743 91.0 1909 39,453 39,120 39,2S1 39,154 37,776 37,466 36,911 38,021 39,629 40,887 41,702 41,898 41,600 88.1 1,779 1,822 1,710 1,616 1,631 1,646 1,637 1,S00 1,773 1,835 1,894 2,005 1,980 80.5 490 479 471 427 491 506 400 412 500 546 539 553 556 71.9 Illinois 2,740 2,680 2,597 2,567 2,580 2,579 2,577 2,701 2,875 2,937 2,934 2,934 2,919 87.4 Indiana 2,280 2,263 2,183 2,087 2,170 2,185 2,084 2,227 2,336 2,473 2,463 2,432 2,457 84.3 Iowa 509 518 507 503 493 477 476 476 48-1 497 542 560 576 82.5 Kansas 3,493 3,349 3,074 3,055 3,075 3,189 3,048 3,181 3,871 4, 053 4,051 3,999 3,971 75.2 Kentucky 1,5S4 1,525 1,506 1,4*8 1,477 1,487 1,554 1,656 1,730 1,725 1,667 1,626 1,032 82.3 Maryland 478 438 439 445 448 448 465 478 503 521 515 512 524 83.6 1,128 1,266 t, 015 1,095 1,078 1,038 1,022 1,051 1,129 1,172 1,211 1,216 1,213 80.7 Minnesota 6,049 6,228 5,645 6,607 5,881 5,967 5,822 5,715 5,972 6,261 6,486 6,500 6,504 86.2 3,015 2,909 2,783 2,775 2,765 2,752 2,722 2,845 3,334 3,583 3,292 3,210 3,210 76.0 360 397 399 405 398 361 347 244 327 348 356 368 370 60.2 1,063 1,070 1,001 1,016 1,005 994 981 1,012 1,092 1,101 1,139 1,150 1,195 82.1 New York 3,012 3,106 2,795 2,626 2,870 2,875 2,809 2,860 3,051 3,239 3,322 3,292 3,300 79.0 North Carolina 629 624 622 613 601 601 594 616 649 632 663 671 662 88.5 North Dakota 568 580 58-1 551 547 551 546 638 555 600 619 592 553 86.9 Ohio 2,122 2,064 1,937 2,003 2,067 2,030 2,033 2,022 2,260 2,281 2,243 2,252 2,272 84.9 958 911 896 876 856 763 772 989 1,098 1,092 1,070 1,084 1,089 j 69.5 822 855 828 824 785 760 690 662 830 848 895 940 959 j 68.0 Pennsylvania 2,198 2,151 2,133 2,152 2,151 2,150 2,170 2,156 2,151 i 2,213 2,285 2,315 2,349 90.8 Tennessee 1,472 1,471 1,385 1,315 1,344 1,299 1,297 1,552 1,619 1,611 1,657 1,570 1,544 j 78.3 1,567 1,489 1,473 1,428 1,418 1,438 1,394 1,573 1,677 1 1,703 1,711 1,709 1,791 i 77.8 89.6 937 904 905 905 m 902 900 937 971 i 994 992 976 967 I 1,536 1,473 1,468 1,360 1,459 1,449 1,418 1,332 1,417 j 1,688 1,768 1,829 1,771! 72.8 Wisconsin 1,348 1,212 1,187 1,221 1,341 1,344 1,350 1,215 1,383 1,442 1,558 1,469 1,454 1 76.2 1 Table 6.—MERCHANT MILLS—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. California.. Colorado... Illinois. Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Maryland.. Michigan.. Minnesota. Missouri. Montana.. Nebraska-. Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 45,481 39,718 39,453 1,779 1,067 490 393 2,740 2,398 2,280 2,281 509 790 3,493 2,357 1,584 1,447 478 473 1,128 1,370 6,049 4,564 3,015 2,096 360 256 1,063 682 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER "WEEK WERE— 44 and under. 859 (*) 30 23 (2) 144 (2) (*)' (a) (2) J (2) (2) 1 (2) ( (2) "&)" (2) 16 65 Between 44 and 48. 8' 48 (2) ■■(ay (2)" (2) ■(■*•)•■ (2) ■ ■(■*)•■ (2) (2) •(2y "(Yy ■■(Vy •(vy 48.1 16,597 3,414 3,395 1,434 34 710 97 624 112 26 1,612 61 426 321 146 80 4,800 1,458 773 116 210 96 152 14 Between 48 and 54. 723 355 591 34 168 4 29 54. 3,636 2,949 2,602 230 136 326 111 157 52 116 34 100 004 174 104 Between 54 and 60. 2,236 1,331 1,675 119 82 100 36 158 2 63! 19! 249 18 181 11 60. 16,182 22,714 19,060 44 745 305 64 1,111 1,294 1,066 1,440 264 655 1,118 1,377 824 746 213 274 821 903 646 1,646 1,125 1,049 46 63 498 410 Over 60. 5,200 8,955 12,130 11 10 13 311 162 810 298 658 92 470 882 175 301 174 169 12 267 209 53S 6S1 811 309 229 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. 107 Table 6. -MERCHANT MILLS—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Tennessee...... Texas 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Virginia | 1919 ; 1914 Washington 1919 | 1914 Wisconsin !1919 i 1914 Census year. Total, 3,012! 3,070 | 629 i 588 j 568! 424 j 2,122 2,363 j 958 i 700; 822 | 450: 2,19S! 2,595; 1,472! 1,497 1,567 1 1,300 937 1,082 1,536 928 1,348 1,116 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHEBE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LAB OB PER "WEEK WEBE- 44 and under. Between 44 and 48. 48.1 Between 48 and 54. 54. Between 54 and 60. 60. Over 60. 30 1,236 50 453 212 976 5 (2) (2) 76 47 252 115 2,577 3 21 18 11 13 11 5 92 15 437 399 36 153 (2) 7 371 1 45 119 25 13 1 317 93 23 7 429 115 27 18 171 216 6S 105 1,2-59 1,683 108 226 1 (2) 331 1 31 30 7 214 373 (*) C2) 27 3 252 3£S 399 2 49 166 203 3 (2) 139 (2) 50 3 14 3S3 Q 234 80 84 198 327 370 262 906 1,334 (*) (2) 69 523 157 15 3 72 34 495 69o (*) <2) 47 4 24 102 484 m 2 674 4 162 25 347 353 (2) (2) 22 1 103 94 475 605 17 42 10 34 45 512 277 (2) (2) 53 3 5 63 730 228 1 6 1,129 2 79 8 300 19 7 (2) (*) 156 59 43 655 1 257 2 262 29 788 9 (2) (*) 10S 1 76 6 722 203 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 7.—MERCHANT MILLS—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States. 1919. 1914. California. Colorado.. Il^nois Indiana- Iowa Kansas Kentucky.. Maryland.. Michigan... Minnesota.. Missouri Montana Nebraska , New York North Carolina. North Dakota,. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Tennessee— Texas Virginia Washington.. Wisconsin.... 3 £5 5 10,708 j 10,788 si 45,481 39,718 134: 120 I 322 1 450 189 | 385 I 533 j 247! 345 | 248! 690! 69 218! 716! 374 j 87 577 227 116 1,138 661 222 537 119 221 1,779 490 2,740 2,2S0 509 3,493 1,584 478 1,128 6,049 3,015 360 1,063 3,012 629 568 2,122 95S 822 2,198 1,472 1,567 937 1,536 L34S ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. n 3s 3,1S1 1,887 13 22 101 57 40 82 180 88 85 23 236 6 42 201 129 14 113 92 23 320 332 59 224 10 38 lto5 wage earners, inclusive. I ■S3 « 6,220 11,325 7,667 14,366 88 75 123 329 133 174 312 142 226 151 361 48 142 443 227 51 385 99 63 749 291 111 284 72 149 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 t o 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 t o 250 wage earners, inclusive. Mo 3a 922 953 127 109 2S3 681 212 315 622 240 432 334 588 64! 298 i 771 407: 827 175 j 150! 1,283 j 521 215 511 148 269 i 9,462 j 251 9,625 j 195 202 205 724' 403! 141 1 269 142 254 346 649 119 i 295 , 507 i 111 \ 130! 533 i 265 i 182; 593 j 282 j 365! 215 1 276 230 SB 7,613 I 6,046 | 03 S 82 I 65 \ 226 115 652 36S 104 1,077 173 21 90 661 609' 115 1S4 450 i 111 !. 207; 3SS i 212 , 144 95 | i Mo is 5,774 . 42 4,5.15; 16 S: 2 i 1! 5 j 12 ii 4! 139! 6i: 483: 393 j 52 j 547 | 117 i 75 i 352! S23 | 361' 62 74! 300 204 429 j 109! i. 240 3! 152 i 2 | ! I 132 261 i 306 66 i IIS 62! 435 j 222' 187 j £2 5. S52 2,202 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. ^i'000! Over 1,000 inclusive.: earners" I II 539 598 435 607 128 550 493 212 ! -2 05 2 a II fee© 2 222 , l! 191! 1 601 2 ! 1,773 703 i 315 1 383 601 280 ■ 109 403! 123 102 j 650 510 i 2,632 2.632 108 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—MERCHANT MILLS—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. j NUMBER OF i ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 All classes ..j 10,708 10,788 11,691 45,481 39,71S, 39,453 $2,052,434,385 $877,679,709 $883,584,405 $253,253,398 $125,409,688 $116,007,926 Less than $5,000 I 1,499 I 3,080 ! 4,151 1,331 1,876 4,175 3,529 899 156 153 1,651 4,333 4,411 186 1,659 7,3S0 f 8,062 \ 4,042 24,152 961 4,598 9,680 847 4,489 11,300 4,024,716 36,392,972 189,254,525 / 275,539,175 \ 172,691,000 1,374,531,997 5,347,012 47,675,997 147,254,921 193,837,516 107,237,655 376,326,608 4,781,883 50,280,039 187,287,491 806,577 6,735,789 30,385,551 f 37,340,124 \ 21,363,439 156,621,918 1,245,806 9,375,467 24,841,349 962,213 9,314,478 30,761,856 $£,000 to $20,000... $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } 1,158 | 12,464 } 322,187,333 | 39,040,509 1500,000 to SI,000,000 1 249 ! 398 12,788 39,418,431 §1,000,000 and over.. i 138 12,015 10,029 319,047,659 50,906,557 35,550,948 1 i PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 14.0 28.8 1 38.8 ; 12.4 17.4 38.7 32.7 14.1! 37.1 i 37.7 0.4 3.6 16.2 f 17.7 \ 8.9 53.1 2.4 11.6 24.4 2.1 11.4 0.2 0.6 5.4 16.8 22.1 12.2 42.9 0.5 5.7 21.2 0.3 2.7 12.0 1.0 7.5 19.8 0.8 $5,000 to 820,000 1.8 9.2 8.0 26.5 $20,000 to §100,000 28.6 $100,000 to $500,000 f.i } 9.9 } 31.4 32.4 25.4 J 13.4 \ 8.4 67.0 } 36.5 36.1 / 14.7 \ 8.4 61.8 | 31.1 34.0 $500,000 to $1,000,000 | 2.3 1 3.7 SI,000,000 and over ! 1.4 1.2 30.2 40.6 30.6 Table 9.—MERCHANT MILLS—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. California Colorado Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montaua Nebraska New York North Carolina... North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 |4,711 '5,426 5,90S NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— Indi- vid- uals. 2,667 2,264 2,271 25 31 21 15 13!) 193 202 218 92 117 110 142 264 177 164 174 146 203 67 105 315 284 87 95 369 515 192 136 23 13 220 263 93 117 49 34 372 878 358 257 78 297 327 27 28 Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. 3,330 '3,098 3,512 19 5S 106 97 132 124 47 40 167 119 69 87 30 32 85 i 114 83 j 141 13 10 86 116 116 170 50 70 108 99 200 178 53 41 131 105 179 152 43 22 71 55 136 130 75 54 49 37 143 137 76 66 47 40 87 75 86 70 78 71 67 58 72 56 62 60 50 76 196 205 3 60 61 211 246 107 103 214 249 58 70 20 21 679 312 217 185 56 42 173 148 45,481 39,718 39,453 AVERAGE NUMBER OF "WAGE EARNERS. Total. 1,779 1,067 490 393 2,740 2,398 2,280 2, 281 509 790 3,493 2,357 1,584 1,447 478 473 1,128 1,370 6,049 4,564 3,015 2,096 360 256 1,063 682 3,012 3,070 629 588 568 424 2,122 2,363 958 700 822 450 2,198 2,595 1,472 1,497 1,567 1,300 937 1,082 1,636 928 1,348 1,116 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 5,293 7,831 ,9,053 34,841 25,211 22,880 28 50 19 18 244 420 320 412 87 124 176 260 251 262 148 211 203 332 135 282 259 393 26 13 130 155 417 650 191 221 32 38 378 478 67 97 79 46 620 ,139 215 312 111 154 249 422 34 55 119 170 All oth- tions. ' ers. Cor- pora- 5,347 [6,676 7,520 1,705 9S9 450 i 364 2,258 1,660 1,674 1,416 337 531 46 28 21 11 238 318 286 4.53 8-5 135 2,962! 355 1,767 I 330 915 770 230 192 746 731 5,749 3,984 2,539 1,345 316 237 782 390 2,292 2,014 322 190 501 354 1,338 1,294 832 508 702 372 755 1,030 905 1,352 941 333 306 1,464 846 1,131 709 100 70 179 307 165 298 217 358 18 6 151 137 303 406 116 177 35 32 406 691 95 41 32 879 701 227 280 104 205 355 354 38 27 98 237 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 11.6 19.7 22.9 I. 6 4.7 3.9 4.6 8.9 17.5 14.0 18.1 17.1 15. 7 5.0 11.0 15.8 1S.1 31.0 44.6 18.0 24.2 2.2 6.2 8.6 18.8 7.2 5.1 12.2 22.7 13.8 21.2 30.4 37.6 5.6 9.0 17.8 20.2 5.9 13.9 9.6 10.2 28,2 43.9 14.6 20.8 7.1 II. 8 26.6 39.0 2.2 5.9 8.8 15.2 Cor- pora- 76.6 63.5 58.0 95.8 92.7 91.8 92.6 82.4 69.2 73.4 62.1 66.2 67.2 84.8 75.0 57.8 53.2 48.1 40.6 66.1 53.4 95.0 87.3 84.2 64.2 87.8 92.6 73.6 57.2 76.1 65.6 51.2 32.3 88.2 83.5 63.1 54.8 86.8 72.6 85.4 82.7 31.8 29.1 70.0 60.5 86.3 72.4 35.5 28.3 95.3 91.2 83.9 63.5 All oth- ers. 11.8 16.8 19.1 $2,052,434,385 877,679,709 883,584,405 2.6 2.6 4.3 2.8 8.7 13.3 12.5 19.9 16.7 17.1 10.2 14.0 26.4 28.7 20.9 14.8 15.9 22.4 2.7 6.5 7.2 17.1 5.0 2.3 14.2 20.1 10.1 13.2 18.4 3a 1 6.2 7.5 19.1 25.0 7.2 13.6 5.0 7.1 40.0 27.0 15.4 18.7 15.8 37.9 32.7 2.5 2.9 7.3 21.2 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. 65,448,352 24,078,735 19,954,119 7,535, 633 116,562,915 49,493,224 75,111,435 37,488,223 21,324,678 14,336,576 206,881,300 72,894,736 45,773,798 21,229,203 19,004,169 8,163,869 44,144,434 27,381,474 381,248,891 148,243,708 113,297,359 38,686,309 16,386,055 4,890,275 53,521,388 15,022,126 155,272,104 77,408,764 24,258,213 8,963,501 29,282,056 12,029,905 89,396,619 45,171,200 49,843,800 16,688,690 42,549,987 11,192,573 69,446,449 43,626,356 51,912,531 26,413,574 73,064,361 35,110,301 36,154,105 18,084,413 81,141,020 23,665,382 58,304,432 28,697,413 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals, $152,127,809 113,784,139 149,987,044 Corpora- tions. $1,713,800,083 645,047, 622 588,189,883 1,061,692 1,302,460 592,436 295,984 5,513,169 7,281,852 7,332,454 4,542,764 2,846,386 1,771,662 3,994,058 5,211,923 4,572,952 2,575,957 3,970,188 3,684,638 6,572,213 5,609,02S 5,641,000 5,999,856 6,390,869 4,328,928 852,151 208,925 3,868,197 2,459,519 13,490,187 10,590; 186 5,609,155 2,640,852 1,073,858 1,005,772 10,294,759 6,438,927 1,997,989 1,086,923 2,316,789 1,050,684 18,742,221 15,824,454 5,942,923 3,847,636 3,110,483 1,995,021 7,803,717 5,792,360 1,162,489 1,519,030 5,476,691 2,981,868 $186,506,493 118,847,948 145,407,478 62,902,291 22,004,744 18,701,687 7,048,962 102,149,917 37,022,238 60,545,702 27,284,751 15,758,411 10,595,646 187,284,398 58,562,532 30,308,782 13,332,434 10,402,781 3,541,657 30,150,339 16,3S4,336 366,266,121 134,861,980 100,538,509 27,838,468 14,415,056 4,570,000 42,615,278 10,093,307 131,642,404 58,721,082 14,468,627 3,784,363 27,095,305 10,345,596 66,560,505 28,824,681 44,485,782 14,022,694 38,821,400 9,586,401 26,254,450 10,785,970 38,876,607 18,506,701 66,941,148 27,061,885 13,389,614 5,294,456 78,343,365 21,735,290 48,397,150 21.417,656 AH others. I, 484,369 771,531 659,996 190,687 8,899,829 5,189,134 7,233,279 5,660,708 2,719,881 1,969,268 15,602,844 9,120,281 10,892,064 5,320,812 4,631,200 937,574 7,421,882 5,388,110 9,341,770 7,381,872 6,367,981 6,518,913 1,118,848 111,350 7,037,913 2,469; 300 10,139,513 8,097,496 4,180,431 2,538,286 1,112,893 678,537 12,541,355 9,907,592 3,360,029 1,579,073 1,411,798 555,488 24,449,778 II, 015,932 7,093,001 4,059,237 3,012,730 6,053,395 14,960,774 6,997,597 1,635,168 411,062 4,430,591 4,297,889 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 7.4 13.0 17.0 I. 6 5.4 3.0 3.9 4.7 14.7 9.8 12.1 13.3 12.4 1.9 7.2 10.0 12.1 20.9 45.1 14.9 20.5 1.5 4.0 5. 6 11.2 5.2 4.3 7.2 16.4 8.7 13.7 23.1 29.5 3.7 a4 11.5 14.3 4.0 6.5 5.4 9.4 27.0 36.3 II. 4 14.6 4.3 5.7 21.6 32.0 1.4 6.4 9.4 10.4 601 'SXOaaOHdE TOHXSIHO QNV TOMflO^ esmiaQp s^onep ( —) uSjs snapn y i •sr[io jenj ioj samSg tn papnpni i TSO'691 i (i) 108 *S95 ZU'fZ ;;;;;;;;; (o - ..... rr^g 000 'I (i) OK 1 169 931'l j d) I 990'S 866*851 (0 969 *I*T j 198*1 93 i (i) OS! 1X0*9 iso'ssi i (t) 989*931 si* s s*s 05i oss 399*693 130*883 910*313 938"99 o*i 'u CO S6i*i ! 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SPECIAL STATISTICS. The special schedule used in collecting the statistics for the flour-mill and gristmill industry required de- tails of the quantity of the different kinds of grain ground or milled and the quantity and value of the different products manufactured. In addition to the figures shown for the industr}^ flour-mill and gristmill products to the value of $46,515,270 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries Also a large quantity of grain was used by establish- ments whose chief products were breakfast foods, classified in the general reports on manufactures as "Food preparations." While no figures are availa- ble to show the kinds and quantities of grain used in other branches of manufacture, there were 64,939,315 bushels of corn and 186,039 bushels of wheat con- sumed in the manufacture of glucose and starch alone. Merchant and custom mills—grain ground and value of products.—Table 12 shows the quantity of each of the principal kinds of grain ground and the quantity and value of the products manufactured for all mills for 1919 and 1909, for merchant mills for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for custom mills for 1919 and 1909. Table 12.—MERCHANT AND CUSTOM MILLS—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY OF QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1909. GRAIN GROUND AND GRAIN GROUND. Total bushels.. Wheat bushels., i Corn bushels..: Rye bushels. .| Buckwheat bushels.. i Barley bushels.. Oats bushels.. Other grains bushels.. PRODUCTS. Total value.. Wheat flour barrels.. value.. Corn meal and corn flour barrels.. value.. Ere flour barrels.. value... j Buckwheat flour pounds..1 value.. Barley meal pounds.. value.. Hominy and grits pounds.. value.. Oatmeal pounds.. value.. Bran and middlings tons.. value.. Feed and offal tons.. value.. Breakfast foods pounds.. value.. All other cereal products value.. All other products value.. 8S8,305,973 1909 872,950,743 618,667,518 j 137,426,486 17,693,250 5,588,766 \ 28,339,013 76,471,266 J 4,119,674 503,468,556 244,547,967 13,374,095 8,394,120 30,639,401 63,301,092 9,225,512 §2,147,218,913 133, 51,450, 14, $113, 2 $21; 104, $6, 100, $3, 292, $9, 37, $1, 4, $214, 5, $306, 97, $4, 670,672 353,051 789,976 659,114 575,542 676,868 677,008 147,689 362,712 485,054 290,975 395,290 457,699 423,171 817,357 196,065 329,876 825,066 250,673 381,551 $10,072,201 $5,603,792 $938,699,958 107,108,461 $.557,814,979 27,188,352 $87,088,530 1,591,726 $6,644,659 200,959,917 $5,384,616 33.649,182 $580,654 837,333,466 $12,689,962 10,176,530 S256,141,439 0) C1) $12,355, 119 MERCHANT MILLS. 1919 830,026,293 612,562,471 113,760,971 15,951,961 4,764,830 21,151,343 58,579.943 3,254,774 $2,052,434,385 132, $1,436, 10, $82, 2 $2l' 90, $5, 91, $3, 288, $9, 28, $1, 4, $211, 4, $2(32, 96, $4, 465,604 444,111 682,952 059,560 527,752 235,SOS 137,407 244,539 809,114 217,464 525,592 247,224 120,649 100,875 760,326 435,518 566,855 733,518 531,673 349,541 $10,033,062 $5,333,165 1914 818,929,321 545,728,431 180,115,704 12,813, 831 5,478,045 20,288,396 50,227,050 4,277,864 1909 806,247,961 496,480,314 209,281,237 11,503,969 7,156,062 24,509,770 50,241,598 7,075,011 $877,679,709 i $883,584,405 116,403,770 $543,839,568 16,327,993 $54,963,301 1,937,385 $7,845,213 125,622,189 $3,754, .857 14,000,789 $242,343 870,364,453 $13,767,561 30,451,581 $757,804 4,666,534 $104,702,735 4,753,280 $137,067,959 92,676,085 $2,932,238 $2,244,130 $5,562,000 105,756,645 $550,116,254 21,552,737 $66,941,095 1,532,139 $6,383,538 176,081,891 $4,663,561 28,550,952 $486,000 827,987,702 $12,509,493 9,236,411 $230,356,342 0) $12,128,1.22 CUSTOM MILLS. 58,279,680 6,105,047 23,665,515 1,741,289 823,936 7,187,670 17,891,323 864,900 $94,784,528 1,205,068 $13,908,940 4,107,024 $31,599,554 47,790 $441,060 14,539,601 $903,150 8,553,598 $267,590 3,765,383 $148,066 9,337,050 $322,296 57,031 $2,760,548 763,021 $44,091,548 719,000 $32,010 $39,139 $270,627 1909 66,702,782 6,988,242 35,266,730 1,870,126 1,238,058 6,129,631 13,059,494 2,150,501 $55,115,553 1,351,816 $7,698,725 5,635,615 $20,147,435 59,587 $261,121 24,878,026 $721,055 5,098,230 $94,654 9,345,764 $180,469 940,119 $25,785,097 8 $226,997 . 1 Not reported separately in 1909. The total quantity of grain ground by all mills in 1919 represented an increase of 15,355,230 bushels, or 1.8 per cent, over the amount reported for 1909. For the merchant mills the increase was 23,778,332 bushels, or 2.9 per cent, but the quantity reported for the custom mills showed a decrease of 8,423,102 bushels, or 12.6 per cent. As the custom mills, as a rule, keep no exact records of the amount of grain ground, their reports as to this item are largely estimates based on the receipts for toll. Of the total quantity of grain ground both in 1919 and 1909, more than 90 per cent were reported by the merchant mills. Wheat was the principal kind of grain used both in 1919 and 1909, the amount ground in 1919 being an increase of 115,198,962 bushels, or 22.9 percent, over that reported for 1909. The relative importance of wheat increased during the ten-year period, the pro- portion which it formed of the total quantity of grain reported being 69.6 per cent in 1919 and 57.7 per cent in 1909. Corn was the next grain in importance, the quan- tity reported in 1919 represented 15.5 per cent of the total amount of grain used, but was a decrease of 107,121,481 bushels, or 43.8 per cent, as compared with the quantity reported for 1909, when it formed 28 per cent of the total amount of grain used. Oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat, in the order named, ranked next in importance in number of bushels reported. From 1909 to 1919 there were increases in the quantity of oats and rye used of 20.8 FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. Ill per cent and 32.6 per cent, respectively, while the quantity of barley showed a decrease of 7.5 per cent, and that for buckwheat 33.4 per cent. Of the total quantity of grain ground in merchant mills in 1919, wheat constituted 73.8 per cent, corn 13.7 per cent, and oats 7.1 per cent; while in 1909 wheat formed 61.6 per cent of the total, corn 26 per cent, and oats 6.2 per cent. There was an increase of 23,778,332 bushels, or 2.9 per cent, in the quantity of all kinds of grain ground in these mills in 1919 as compared with the quantity ground in 1909. While the schedule called for the selling value or price of the product at the mill, it was not always possible to obtain this value, and in some instances the amount received at the place of delivery was reported. Even when the selling prices at the point of production were obtained, they were in some cases retail prices and in others wholesale rates. For this reason no attempt has been made to compute from the reported total values the average value per unit for the different classes of products. The total quantity of wheat flour reported for 1919, 133,670,672 barrels, represents an increase of 26,562,- 211 barrels, or 24.8 per cent, over the quantity reported for 1909. In the production of corn meal and corn flour, however, a decrease of 12,398,376 barrels, or 45.6 per cent, is shown for the decade. Grain ground in merchant mills.—Table 13 shows for merchant mills, for the United States and by states, the quantities of wheat and corn ground in 1919, 1914, and 1909, and also the quantities of other grains ground in 1919. Table 13.—QUANTITY OF GRAIN GROUND IN MERCHANT MILLS, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas.. Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada Now Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah. Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All other states a.... WHEAT (BUSHELS). 1919 1914 612,562,471 ! 545,728,431 210,445 668,738 1,&43,919 15,700,708 6,942,507 2,614 i 576,30S I 0) 2,208,702 5,118,604' 33,430,497; 20,042,070 5,925,297! 73,942,142 I 12,449,831! 168,420 5,705,777 42,114 12,020,886 130,865,360 32,73S,674 5,730,171 15,947,132 397,384 407,149 594,466 454,222 43,336,537 6,227,571 10,088,580 27,348,147 15,786,681 14,991,092 15,947,019 164 299,033 3,004,992 13,122,128 21,337,622 2,6S6.917 64,028 10,468,45S 26,836,116 2,923,13S 13,337,487 486,720 330,904 115,100 385,SOS 1.401,408 9', 554,542 5,737,849 718 734,619 1,616,748 2,909,253 31,020,794 21,199,657 7,117,783 59,945,127 13,114,197 44,430 5,310,157 56,701 14.621,098 124,339,078 25,277,533 4,142, S48 11,404,925 193,019 402,325 832,821 290,889 3S, 1S5,270 4,703,195 10,396,6S3 27,7S0,349 9,590,956 8,638,891 19,344,465 505 99,769 4,488,397 14,578,618 IS, 978,767 2,524,74S 15,329 10,232,0S3 17,566,736 2,535,501 13,806,270 491,772 1,000 1909 496,480,314 78,326 385,183 1,134,890 8,866,746 4,574,480 16,141 882,483 20 2, OSS, .586 1,890,276 30,303,512 22,905,586 7,063,273 49,676,585 13,575,601 66, S9S 5,429,008 38,441 16,733,707 104,042,999 27,004,019 1,701,589 10,741,279 294,075 400,548 1,377,24S 259,944 30,073,407 3,715,264 8,821,071 27,271,412 10,074,282 6,414,594 18,320,116 170 27,900 4,697,391 14,359,868 16,243,203 2,25S, 841 1,565 9,672,288 12,854,599 3,0S6,0S2 16,262,688 468,130 326,000 CORN (BUSHELS). OTHEE GRAIN (BUSHELS): 1919. 1919 1914 i 1909 Rye. Buck- wheat. Barley. Oats. Ail other. 113,760,971 180,115,704 j 209,281,237 "15,951,961 ! 4,764,S30 | 21,151,343 i 58,579,943 3,174,125 1,772,154 192,581 1,700,474 1,995,760 i 1,335,577 j 1,191,027; 234,344! 290,228 I 2,305,797: 52,783 | 7,951, .542! S, 701,829 '< 1,797,818! 3,567,710 . 4,688,724! 2,436,522 I 849,411 1,SS7,5S3 j 2,372,083! 1,620,600 j 7,303,824 i 106,585 I 2,951,457! 0) i 960,363 1,195,596 19,950 10,3S0,3SS 2,668,332 60,172 4,847,433 2,977,938 112,014 7,621,209 522,692 553,5S3 89,614 6,013,632 5,000,082 40,108 1,9S3,749 3,210,689 1,144,345 2,018,614 3,926,061 27,692 1,080,272 1,925,919 1 8,75S! 4,564,091 j 930,666 j 1,367,084 | 1,984,451! 498, S15 j 161,561 3,666,287! 50,943 | i 10,257,035 I 14,052,854 I 3,344.173 j 6,952,316 I 4,760,161 j 4,198,565 1 1,610,070 i 4,042,175 I 5,395,035 1 3,092,696 | 8,532,276 5,731 2,247,669 2,208,037 2,447,371 25,779 21,065,163 2; 538,134 55,827 9,544,909 j 5,576,923 48,685 14,638,839! 815,543 j 267,008 153,557 8,023,114 S,620,359 35.709 3,799;582 5,127,104 '475,381 3,299,908 6,723,233 21,065 944.143 2,783,224! 8,5.30: 4,723,726 | 804,009 i 1,570,1&5 j 2,139,404 1 596,202! 123,754 5,135,892: 16,5S5; 12,637,221 i 13,388,245 , 3,3.50,4-12! 10; 584,717; 4,971,835 j 4,757,998 I 1,997,086! 5,265,210 1 8,580,049 j 3,440,937 1 10,474,264! 59,501 40,051 13,085 1,527 0) 5,19S,794 |! 5,827 'j 2,921,923 j; 3,336,651 i 77,686 |i 21,593,807 i 2,749,135 j! 94,809 0) 3,895 804,094 513,072 99.0S7 175;082 20,539 2.250 38.201 28; 964 1.336,287 5; 513,501 104,673 1,625 121,432 5,493 540 7,490 j C1) 25S,14S C1) 7,118,138 531,263 11,636! C1) 173,941 32,806; 87,512 ■ 5,761 [ 45,856 41,388 73,270 363, 423 i 63,921; 483.344 23,413 2,822 305,6S3: 627,165 439,327 154,495 267,643 37,910 16,337 23,079 24,883 668,110 3,594,284; 495,072 30,668! 205,963 54,686 19,581 1 23,070; 6,281 1,123,243; I1) 243,375 j 408.584: 273', 903 576,931 185,832: 0) i 118,181 132,040 164', 508 141,611 (v) 602,485 . 2,227,734 430,404 , 332.149 i. 0)' L 217,915 i. 96,496 , 4,863,433 1,172,597 1 1", 355, ISO 218,069 264", 55S; 610,561 . 73,877 i 529,788 . 2,814,630 i 1,736,637' 3,049,170 i 50$, 546 j 654,81.6 \ 32,102 i. 555,803 !. i 546,830 C1) 13,028,699 j 175,698' 339,281 j 3,624,485 I 329,471' 1,114,975' 4,150,689! 79,466 j 52,646 L 155,671 I 893,627 732,955! 81,092 319,264! 107,363 i 1,805,515 60,592' 140,776 1,040,686 j 1,980;SSO 23,783; 440,459 1,675,307 5.480,135 0) ! 19,231 22,501 680,629 0) 11,612 600,834 32,677 C1) 72,967 31.191 0)' 198,706 9,441 18,638 "325," 685 34,163 111,851 23,705 187,188 "*35," 711 0) 23,248 124,532 53,604 (*) 395,312 54,168 9,715 234,549 60,830 1,414 186,531 43,700 197,711 "94," 410 1 Figures included with those for "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations* 1 Includes District of Columbia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. 112 MANUFACTURES. Products of merchant mills.—Table 14 shows for merchant mills, by states, the quantity and value of wheat flour and of corn meal and corn flour reported for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 15 gives, for 1919, similar statistics for rye flour, buckwheat flour, barley meal, hominy and grits, bran and middlings, and feed and offal. Minnesota, the most important flour-producing state, showed an increase in the production of wheat flour during the decade 1909 to 1919 amounting to 5,767,632 barrels, or 25.4 per cent. Kansas ranked second in this respect, and showed an increase of 5,269,477 barrels, or 48.4 per cent, for the same period. The total output of the two states combined in 1919 represented a little more than one-third (33.7 per cent) of the total production of wheat flour for the United States. Tennessee ranked first in 1919 in the manufacture of corn meal and corn flour, Minnesota first in rye flour, and Pennsylvania first in buckwheat flour. Table 14.—WHEAT FLOUR AND CORN MEAL AND CORN FLOUR PRODUCED BY MERCHANT MILLS, BY STATES: "1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States... Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire— New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming WHEAT FLOUB. CORN MEAL AND CORN FLOTJB. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Quantity (barrels). Value. Quantity (barrels). Value. Quantity (barrels). Value. Quantity (barrels). Value. Quantity (barrels). Value. Quantity (barrels). Value, 105,756,645 |$550,116,254 132,465,604 $1,436,444,111 116,403,770 $543,839,568 10,682,952 $82,059,560 16,327,993 $54,963,301 21,552,737 $66,941,095 47,670 150,254 354,322 3,3&3,303 1,480,736 540,681 1,655,632 3,874,738 37,296,512 14,944,461 18,194 79,414 291,964 1, 783,007 1,229,225 102,209 493,643 1,510, 427 10,341,920 4,923,302 16,296 79,526 97,350 530,244 1,302, 917 10,375,701 5,172,638 343,580 8,096 237,272 113,250 52,287 2,652,384 75,0S4 1,901, 421 1,064,460 491,092 318,466 2,414 1,239,191 9,756 1,544,048 410,157 61,354 534,288 1,902 1,856,501 9,121 1,666,670 222,399 74,764 239,003 1,805,248 468,338 93,165 16,443 514,502 50,969 21,958 977,779 341 110, 494 (l) 4,077 1,283,733 (r) 44 318 797,625 3,465 174,224 4 18,405 1,011,511 40 23,831 53,379 42,567 179,669 401,089 308,754 4,050,824 18,674 196,170 67,790 26,082 630,466 229,967 114,663 3,012,837 18,809 299,647 77,399 24,832 912,105 239,772 73,654 157,852 491,402 1,104,634 5,769, SSS 11,088,516 34S, 421 571,965 2, 155,527 2,261,403 415,220 386,022 2,634,638 1,819,581 541,962 1,785 819,110 5,048 1,369,971 180 4,609,764 1,016 7,261,918 4,305,436 1,251,770 16,157,221 2,689,791 77,749,717 47,088,134 13,728,744 171, 564,543 30,317,827 6,643,9S3 4,526,879 1,4.88,811 12,777,582 2,728,464 31,904,077 21,183,688 7,149,334 56,514,360 13,880,767 6,386,547 4, 794,847 1,523,264 10,887,744 2,832,288 33,992,494 25,315,671 7,958,975 52,589,913 15,921,025 552,385 512,179 145,364 241,247 826,775 4,045,507 4,451,959 1,106,986 1,860,184 6,457,901 600,515 984,239 318,590 388,756 774,322 1,942,702 3,030,308 1, 089,155 1,371,077 2,645,405 738,864 855,409 184,301 576,941 984,217 2,168,824 2,483,265 582,328 1,767,903 3,071,858 33,697 1,282,219 7,647 2,537,3S6 28,505,036 389,272 13,107,473 91, 865 28,366,273 311,764,407 8,820 1,105, 577 14,272 3,056,744 27,132,155 54,598 5,152,538 73,477 16,056, m 117,988,654 13,976 1,130,165 9,887 3,447,800 22,737,404 87,956 6,097,871 50,616 18,838,591 114,185,351 72,566 12S, 005 116,422 590,035 1,019,061 832, 556 812,361 1,072,114 659,195 170,431 720,254 131,646 53,845 2,150,281 605, 583 818,597 230,332 1,165,288 177,189 66,705 2,373,095 741,075 94,175 126,621 2, 146,998 461,630 185,008 3,491,181 606,706 204,863 7,132,417 1,271,861 3,416,087 87,862 86,659 75, 273,509 13,794,193 38,062, 423 831,659 998,947 5, 402,391 871,918 2,383,097 40 329 25,633,116 3,919,318 5,672,269 375,440 30,054,028 1,860,681 S22,994 (i) 6,235,585 763,678 318 2,641,988 1,509 1,020,738 3,129,694 10, 944,855 202,624 514,496 2, 267,550 61,938 11,451,319 360,540 500,879 103,560 0) 712,495 230,968 702,795 425,413 1,222,670 88^432 80,141 30,798 222,030 135,191 443,482 511,620 1,485,779 122,622 93,588 9,053,389 1,315,322 2,225,155 1,425,707 1,050,856 99,985,220 15,423,355 24,997,484 167,330 59,445 8,522,011 920,775 317,998 40,798,737 5,231, 853 9, 864,400 275,365 55,190 6,696,628 1,524, 216 322,556 35,659,891 4,763,956 9, 034,418 40,513 3,696 466,303 624,431 205 318,494 28,542 2,622,848 4,980,429 1,794 65,634 2, 707 1,470,365 543,491 445 234,074 10,849 4,382,960 2,013,292 2,129 190,451 771 585,412 3,253 5,967,943 2,294,852 5,124 951,805 '2,165,078 759,072 1,825,920 2,090,537 596,872 1,626 5,790,288 3,464,289 3,341,756 3,312,713 36 63,380,697 37,048,315 34,477,758 36,821,709 452 5,707,781 2, 072, 240 1,791,334 3,975,031 104 27,852,222 9,832,201 7,749,619 5,723,536 2, 205,039 1,360,281 3,749,842 38 30,508,109 10,959,367 6,015,845 20,150,978 220 371,042 293,863 557 271,435 40,970 2,716,482 2,316,596 4,534 2,051,136 325,5-13 524,941 266,284 2,867 760,299 25,700 1,696,817 964,488 865,250 382,721 559 767,462 268,673 2,528,843 1,124,244 2,236 2,369,701 728,371 19, 795,116 760 14,050 2,509,596 83,003 49,992 629,753 3,085,030 4,583,879 585,521 7,184,128 31,413,719 52,743,029 20,120 920,070 3,093,197 4,089,378 103,906 4,458,144 1.5,620,227 21,805,623 5,590 968,286 3,009,0S9 3,342,035 32,825 5,007,797 17,267,395 19,12-1,834 124,086 3,409 1,088,123 713,288 976,641 31,200 8,373,779 5,848,489 71,486 5,244 1,601,617 1,012,654 2S3,632 18,555 5,460,920 3,729,947 74,617 6,845 1,981,746 877,314 253,849 23,413 6,505,710 2,875,994 545,256 11,530 2,207,724 5,911,381 5,710,921 134,337 24,311,601 60,903,485 505,224 3,133 2,161,767 3,765,070 2,242,417 17,467 10,702,5S8 15,685,353 459,248 169 2,355,109 1,014 10,263,031 12,484,701 3,292 211,215 723,003 27,663 1,540,559 5,655,781 154 458,617 1,099,215 620 886 259 853,051 1,410,351 6,240 1,239 2,511,964 4,456,117 23,669 1,898,712 2,804,242 6,433 55,297 1,453,199 3,861,142 3,453 585,918 2,809,320 103,748 72,752 6,645,431 30,60-1,789 1,154,906 803,467 520,949 3,056,954 106,189 20 2,732,789 13,817,821 530,528 100 634,132 3, 499,965 99,537 66,682 3,615,913 17,909,089 505,294 320,761 238,070 209,961 1,072 56,885 1,922,416 1,173,791 11,523 513,798 233,582 168,531 1,646 36,920 775,034 610,958 7,829 127,319 318,293 85,532 1,033 121,272 986,375 287,740 4,094 405,947 1 Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. * Includes District of Columbia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. 113 Table 15.—OTHER PRODUCTS OF MERCHANT MILLS, BY STATES: 1919. United States.. Alabama.. Arizona Arkansas.. California.. Colorado... Connecticut. Delaware Florida.. Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota EYE FLOUE. Quantity (barrels). 2,527,752 $21,235,808 3,541 5,365 1,836 Missouri Montana , Nebraska Nevada , New Hampshire.. New Jersey . New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All other states 2,822 (l) 137,712 30,698 11,166 17,450 809 C1) 835 5,792 137,750 , 097,252 6,403 138 15,201 C1) 71,837 2,665,882 j 2,504,653! 2, .555,796 1 767,901! 1,441,264 \ 3,137.095 j 4,459,387; 1,9S6,53S I 2,125,737! $S4,973,640 6,658,587 18,760,316 29,113,132 26,604,976 26,836,19S 9,575,987 16,323,957 36,067,250 46,264,550 20,868., 239 22,673,070 116 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL The principal data secured by the census inquiry concerning flour mills and gristmills, other than those relating to quantity and value of materials and prod- ucts, are presented, by states, in Tables 19,20, and 21. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 19 relates to merchant mills, and shows, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the number of establishments, average number of Table 19.—MERCHANT MILLS—COMPARATIVE wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 20 gives more detailed statistics for merchant mills for 1919. Detailed statement for custom mills.—Table 21 gives statistics for 1919 for the mills engaged exclusively in custom grinding. SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States...... Alabama Arizona A rkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia.. Florida. Georgia. Idaho.. Illinois... Indiana. Iowa Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- sus Primary horse-* power. year. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 10,708 10,788 11,691 45,481 39,718 39,453 876,405 822,3S4 853,584 $50,888 24,593 21,464 $1,799,181 $2,052,434 877, 680 883,584 752,270 767,576 1919 1914 1909 143 73 72 152 125 168 4,994 2, 914 3,559 133 48 57 3, S48 1,918 2, 405 4,565 2,179 2,779 1919 1914 1909 12 72 38 54 928 536 784 98 34 42 1.967 2,392 1,065 1,317 8 850 1,129 10 1919 1914 1909 166 102 113 267 282 312 7,005 5,880 5,946 243 123 122 7,073 5,172 4,859 8,646 5,802 5,615 1919 1914 1909 134 132 125 1,779 1,067 948 16,866 13,374 11,545 2, 229 812 732 56,883 19, 504 21, 892 65,448 24,079 25,188 1919 1914 1909 120 83 77 490 393 282 9,074 6,746 6,810 569 316 220 17,597 6, 436 6, 672 19,954 7,536 7,868 1919 1914 1909 64 85 98 SO 113 145 2,351 2,971 3,616 84 59 72 2,083 1,631 1,731 2,507 1,881 2,024 1919 1914 1909 56 60 65 95 127 139 2,736 3,287 3, 349 95 59 57 1,665 1,203 1,500 2,056 1,483 1,752 1919 1914 1909 3 3 7 23 5 38 295 190 556 26 3 806 72 432 901 78 506 16 1919 1914 1909 27 13 52 22 11 1,093 3S2 - 141 33 7 470 134 139 568 166 164 6 5 1919 1914 1909 161 128 105 371 367 386 9,927 8, 672 9,052 314 144 144 10,549 5,254 6,728 11,991 6,084 8,000 1919 1914 1909 78 71 57 304 18S 125 5,003 3,914 3,595 361 155 91 11,828 2,727 2,025 13, 501 3,396 2,480 1919 1914 1909 322 406 461 2, 740 2,398 2,464 37,118 35,793 38, 472 2,926 1,456 1, 271 103,165 42,841 45,590 116,563 49, 493 51,111 1919 1914 1909 450 512 563 2,280 2,281 2, 298 39,341 41,350 38, 502 2, 272 1,2S9 1,216 65,740 32,241 35,002 75,112 37,488 40, 541 1919 1914 1909 189 227 277 509 790 647 13,729 16,388 18,832 578 486 382 18,613 11,758 10,934 21,325 14,337 12,871 1919 1914 1909 385 360 501 3,493 2,357 2,360 59, 829 46,015 46,218 4,146 1,680 1,448 182,334 64,242 60,439 206,881 72,895 68,476 1919 1914 1909 533 442 440 1,584 1,447 1,401 26,852 25,151 24,773 1, 423 658 591 39,581 17,419 18,664 45,774 21,229 22,365 1919 1914 1909 17 7 11 48 31 82 600 313 43 14 33 1,188 624 840 1,384 687 943 895 Maine.. Maryland., Massachuestts. Michigan., Minnesota. Mississippi.. Missouri. Montana.. Nebraska., Nevada.. New Hampshire. New Jersey. New Mexico. New York. North Carolina., North Dakota. Ohio.. Oklahoma. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments, Wage earners (aver- age Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- sus Primary horse- year. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 118 148 173 144 217 4,744 6,025 7,720 $147 128 101 $4,709 3,959 4,027 $5,443 4,426 4,507 225 1919 1914 1909 247 247 295 478 473 506 11,351 11,398 13,807 449 241 227 16,357 6,919 8,003 19,004 8,164 9,268 1919 1914 1909 75 105 120 123 176 229 4,013 4,900 5,642 130 101 126 4,250 3,424 4,131 4,878 3,811 4,632 1919 1914 1909 345 427 520 1,128 1,370 1,530 29,925 35,321 38,991 1,257 859 806 38,185 23,299 29,359 44,145 27,381 34,861 1919 1914 1909 248 286 322 6,049 4,564 4,345 114,764 100,638 93,849 7,781 3, 407 2,782 337,873 127,315 124,217 381,249 148,244 139,136 1919 1914 1909 54 17 13 61 48 18 1,634 783 609 49 14 1,897 344 131 2,092 410 153 5 1919 1914 1909 690 641 680 3,015 2,096 2,198 47,546 39,003 43,175 3,154 1,122 1,040 98,185 33,262 38,826 113,297 38,686 44,508 1919 1914 1909 69 33 12 360 256 105 6,572 4,078 2,313 $474 209 105 $14,092 3,902 1,693 $16,386 4,890 2,175 1919 1914 1909 218 211 249 1,063 682 839 21,854 17,830 19,907 1,240 514 519 47,559 12,983 15,217 53,521 15,022 17,836 1919 1914 1909 10 7 8 25 28 24 4S2 465 395 27 21 24 991 277 496 1,116 387 598 1919 1914 1909 48 79 105 83 144 116 2,942 4,597 5,502 96 89 62 2,926 2,422 2,809 3,391 2,734 3,187 1919 1914 1909 150 196 238 232 341 453 6,631 8,870 10,763 220 188 225 5,036 3,590 4,561 6,040 4,320 5,538 1919 1914 1909 30 17 16 66 29 28 1, 631 761 532 65 16 17 1,092 337 354 1,324 425 462 1919 1914 1909 710 3,012 3,070 2, 990 67,326 72,269 79,098 3,391 1,997 1,669 135,634 67,423 60,470 155,272 77,409 69,802 891 983 1919 1914 1909 374 293 249 629 588 496 17,148 14,227 11,578 563 231 180 21,046 7,644 7,287 24,258 8,964 8,501 1919 1914 1909 87 59 84 568 424 435 9,664 7,810 8,907 679 330 283 26,223 10,072 10,055 29,282 12,030 11,685 1919 1914 1909 577 649 673 2,122 2,363 2,585 47,830 53,524 52,250 2, 439 1,506 1, 415 77,102 38,957 41,353 89,397 45,171 48,093 1919 1914 1909 227 958 700 842 16,573 14,050 16, 400 1,021 420 473 44,180 14,367 16,493 49,844 16,689 19,144 253 295 FLOUR-MILL AND GRISTMILL PRODUCTS. 117 Table 19.—MERCHANT MILLS—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909—Continued. Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina, South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- iish- Iments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 I 1919 I 1914 I 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Wage! earners iprimary| horse- power. (aver- 116 95 114 1,138 1,265 1,450 25 20 i 18! 30! 37 I 10 80 72 95 661 512 454 222 191 238 num- ber). 822 450 394 2,198 2,595 2, 432 29 74 39; 70 | 30 23; 221! 255 285 1,472 1,497 1,577 1,567 1,300 1,216 13,314 8,565 11,541 55,928 61,790 69,212 ! 1,253! 1,082 1,046 1,352 I 1,046 406; 5,369! 6, 412! 7,364: 27,533 | 28,246 I 27,176 | 23,854 19,968 20,765 Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $1,166 330 278 2,259 1,424 1,188 34 29 22 44 12 7 184 187 1,281 642 559 1,681 798 $37,802 9,827 7,667 59,985 37,097 38,170 978 690 790 1,805 346 308 7,891 4,722 5,336 45,176 22,072 25,286 63,400 29,573 28,657 $42,550 11,193 69,447 43,626 44,783 sus iestab-1 v a<£ j horse-; I year, j lish- !'ments num- ber;. i power. Utah. Vermont.. 1,133 !j Virginia. 2,147 421 351 8,873 5.557 6', 208 51,913 26,414 29,070 73,064 35,110 32,485 Washington. West Virginia.. Wisconsin. Wyoming 1919! 77 j 249 1914; 70 i 19S 1909 I 60; 184 1919' 108! 169 1914' 125 i 179 1909; 133 1 156 I 1919 .537 y37 1914 533 , 1,082 1909 458; 1,014 1919 119! 1,536 1914' 100 928 1909 96 U44 1919 203' 371 1914 229 < 381 1909 207 1 452 1919 221 j 1,34S 1914 252 | 1,116 1909 * 322 1,184 1919 i 28! 37 1914 16 i 33 1909: 13 29 5,030; 3,519 3,312 I 8,051 i 7; 3.55 i 8,714; 22,632 23,US6 21,454 , 8,704 9,996 9.950 1,381 1,163 885 Expressed in thousands. 20,785 2,144 13,401; 744 11,773! 464 37S 218 210 30,245 1,561 26,350 737 31,903 695 $269 144 131 15S j 105! 76! I 826 I 403 j m 1 S6,552! 17,569 2,637: 3,156 2,511 j 3,131 5,332 6, 144 3,659 i 4,143 3,528 4,133 30,928 36,154 15,390 IS, 084 15,164 17,598 73,155 81,141 20,272 , 23,665 15,474; 17,853 10,530 j 13,077 5,928 7,053 6,601; 7,696 51,737 I 58,304 24,980! 28,697 27,038 i 31,667 i 1,183 555 118 MANUFACTURES. Table 20.—MERCHANT MILLS—DETAILED United States Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California. Colorado.. Connecticut Delaware.. District of Columbia.. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois.., Indiana. Iowa Kansas.. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total, Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 10,708 I;75, 769 I'll, 937 Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana... Nebraska Nevada... New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. North Dakota... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee. Texas Utah Vermont.., Virginia Washington West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming 143 12 166 134 120 64 56 3 27 161 78 322 450 189 385 533 17 118 247 75 345 248 54 690 218 10 48 150 30 716 374 87 577 227 116 1,138 25 30 80 661 222 77 108 537 119 203 221 28 113 !, 596 i! 2,579 jj 736 j| 170 i! 36 , 91 j! 679 I! 468 ii 4,007 jl 3,471 ii 928 ii 5,288 ii 2,830 j 74' 299 I 931! 238 | 1,947 10,686 127 4,693 566 1,895 49 160 471 119 4,881 1,255 748 3,563 1,630 1,232 4,113 66 120 346 2,820 2,403 426 341 1,937 2,153 754 2,091 88 177 3 223 65 39 66 71 1 27 191 52 331 489 219 341 741 11 114 286 79 400 180 53 754 33 259 4 60 171 27 824 451 53 717 224 1,402 21 26 39 229 86 132 095 67 251 239 26 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male, 6,127 18,834 24 22 59 144 104 14 2 6 7 60 50 362 280 82 567 168 9 25 5S 18 166 612 7 420 77 232 13' 6 32 18 325 103 73 313 163 142 206 6 21 50 216 237 60 18 161 175 53 146 15 21 11 30 439 6 6 6 4 45 42 418 265 79 629 246 6 6 79 7 145 2,9S8 6 336 67 245 4 9 19 5 490 56 42 228 218 113 195 2 178 314 19 11 272 63 263 7 Fe- male. Wage earners. num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. 3,390 |45,481 5 5 17 152 15 4 2 1 12 20 156 157 39 258 10 30 11 108 857 168* 29 3 2 17 3 230 16 12 183 67 56 112 8 3 19 65 56 12 11 55 103 16 95 3 De 49,393 152 72 267 1,779 490 95 23 52 371 304 2,740'' 2,2S0! 509! 3,493 1,584 48 144 478 123 1,128 6,049 61 3,015 1,063 25 83 232 66 3,012 629 568 2,122 958 822 2,198 29 70 221 1,472 1,567 249 169 937 1,536 371 1,348 37 De Jy Se No De De Mh Au» No De Se Se De Se Au No 3 De De De Ja De Oc» Oc Mh De Oc De My Se Oc No Oc Se Au De De Ja De Ja Oc De No De No De8 Oc Ja 174 87 287 2,005 556 90 97 28 57 400 344 2,937 2,473 576 4,053 1,730 63 156 524 138 1,266 6,504 65 3,583 405 1,195 31 96 239 82 3,322 671 619 2,281 1,098 959 2,349 31 84 250 1,657 1,791 284 182 994 1,829 391 1,558 52 Minimum month. Mh 42,179 My Ja Je Mh Je Mh Je» Ja« Ap Je Mh Fe Jry Je 134 64 247 1,615 400 73 93 18 48 341 260 2,567 2,084 475 3,04S Je Au Ja Mh Je Mh Ap Je Jy Je Je Je Fe» Mh Je % My & Je Je Jo Ja JAy Ap My Fe Jy 35 134 438 116 1,022 5,607 58 2,722 244 981 17 75 224 52 2,625 594 538 1,937 763 652 2,133 26 56 196 1,297 1,394 228 159 1,332 355 1,187 23 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTA- TIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. 49,932 Mh 1,423 176 73 297 2,052 554 93 98 28 55 418 346 2,983 2,394 58S 4,066 1,658 61 169 523 143 1,224 6,561 62 3,190 3S4 1,176 29 97 240 82 3,376 671 582 2,335 1,095 954 2,358 30 84 229 1,575 1,739 268 187 970 1,735 394 1,471 59 Male. 4S,6S8 176 73 294 1,858 554 93 98 28 55 415 343 2,938 2,323 578 3,994 1,603 59 154 514 135 1,125 6,380 62 3,079 376 1,141 28 97 237 82 3,290 664 577 2,318 1,062 929 2,325 30 83 228 1,566 1,734 256 183 1,680 385 1,461 59 Fe- male.! 1,170 Under 16. 1 192 99 174 109 8 Male. 72 Fe- jmale. Capital. Dollars. 801,624,507 1,385,731 3,209,015 3,683,631 27,077,832 8,850,998 1,932,131 988,397 281,530 281,712 4,085,258 8,797,938 46,268,650 29,939,740 9,116,142 73,137,213 22,789,346 597,764 2,706,040 7, 503,887 3,135,522 18,096,143 111, 366,446 606,420 46,750,101 9,727,396 19,122,295 766,235 1,419,428 3,024,290 1,023,473 54,569,928 7,408,004 7,745,781 32,284,802 18,746,451 23,099,592 32,373,587 830,185 690,986 3,746,218 19,477,871 40,453,216 3,328,942 3,035,058 23,523,479 39,058,570 5,520,372 16,945,838 1,114,923 Salaries and wages. Officials. Dollars. 17,203,661 58,761 62,020 109,633 355,585 287,339 19,058 5,800 16,810 10,324 184,931 132,212 1,337,318 750,807 199,666 1,872,000 448,485 13,435 51,470 151,610 32,981 399,982 2,021,226 14,045 1,149,853 150,609 612,372 22,994 29,400 52,609 16,156 1,214,734 175,657 152,756 926,752 423,717 387,018 469,996 9,850 33,298 110,002 442,705 697,532 84,930 29,672 305,359 517,564 155,170 476,662 20,796 1 J5.. 17,429,570 I 2,067,213 1,643,870 802,799 461.421 io, 439; 199: 11,716,334 i 102,417,294 , 64,984,283! 18,372,312 , 54,065 29,719 122,326 406,056 167,059 i 15,872 I 21,522 3,230 i 9,009 109,586 111,584 748,158 I 755,752 , 240,750 180,751,636 '1,581,842 6,332 52,004 15,957 6,94S 4,922 21,039 17,878 1,105 3.217 21,596 j 2,094 I 10,684 j 22,100! 18,259 j 43,809 669,266 3,391 33,305 15,332 14,515 640 1,312 18,024 720 188,015 9,113 1,245 i 22,811' 5,695!' 19,788! 103,521 875 1 1,164 3,121 12,245 22,474 24,080 5,185 33,231 241,905 3,128 26,199 93,553! 25,303 39,114,643 1,179,353! 4,677,570 16,168,38S: 4,214,481 251,841 1 37,776,280 3,355,611 I 335,682,145 14,847 i 1,879,641 692,342 j 97,131,800 183,840 j 13,936,735 305,462 I 6,271 j 53,955 I 25,663; 8,362 I 920,031 174,320 173,707 781,557 726,115 274,692 226,614 7,133 5,456 67,715 333,300 668,418 65,942 32,886 230,607 30,S08 I 621,684 7,103 114.739 134,723! 540,065 150! 11,068 47,078,841 981,807 j 2,914,745 4,992,500 1,060,505! 134,849,794' 20,765,4S3 1 25,901,190; 76,334,609 I 43,812,330 i I 37,559,277 j 59,440,485! 963,405 i 1,778,356 7,751,928 j 44,753,314 1 62,884,614 j 6,483,856! 5,310,823 30,691,260 i 72,753,382 10,417,968 51,249,929 1,165,363 466,318 i 8,591 31,602; 189,083 i 35,055; 408,815 \ 2,190,367; 17,167 \ 1,052,924 | 155,521! 480,459 1 9, SOS! 11,569; 43,188! 31,890 j 783.P34 | 280,106 I 321,905 I 767,472!; 367,765 i !i 242,471 j 544,302;! 14,414 j, 26,701 i' 139,170 l; !i 423,033!! 515,057 ii 6S,371 ;| 21,47S L 236,582 j! !i 401,560 j' 112,461 H 486,955 17,557 i! 4.565,179 2; 392,089 8,645,569 65,448,352 19,954,119 2,507,114 2,055,735 900,534 568,023 11,991,429 13,501, OSS 116,562,915 75,111,435 21,324,678 206,831,300 45,773,798 1,384,074 5,442,728 19,004,169 4,878,212 717,239 i 425,170 1,572,588 8,565.646: 2,357,490 424,029! 390,343 94,505 97,593 1,442,644 1,673,170 j 13,397,463 9,371,400 , 2,711,616 24,547,822; 6,192,837 I 196,130 733,556 2,646,698 628,676 53,521,388 I 1,116,199 i 3,391,346 6,040,151 1,324,340 I 155,272,104; 24,258,213 j 29,282,056 i 89,396,619 j 49,843,800 j 42,549,987 j 69,446,449' 1,132,723 I 2,147,216; 8,873,203; 51,912,531 I 73,064,361 I 7,569,434! 6,143,940 I 36,154,105! 81,141,020; 13,076,542! 58,304,432 j 1,411,284 Total. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1. [1,783,901,111 15,279,876 2,052,434,385 253,253,398 876,405 4,994 928 7,005 16,866 9,074 44,144,434 I 5,959,339 38l,24S,891 ; 43,376,379 , 2,091,663! 194,855; 113,297,359 j 15,112,635 i i 16,386,055 2,293,799: 5,962,088 i! 124,884 465,032 ii 1,004,463 , 231,945 19,638,376 ,•; 3,212,624 jj 3,OSS,961 12,294,538! 5,663,705 j; 4,748,239 ij 9,461,662 il 154,904 || 342,159 j! 982,105 i 6,736,184 ij 9,664,690 i; 1,017,207 , 811,644!': 5,226,263 j! 7,986,078 I1 2,546,113 1! 6,567,548! 228,364 j Owned. Steam I engines' Steam (not j tur- tur- j bines. bines). 302,826 26,763 2,351 2,736; 295 1,093 9,927 5.603 i 37,118 , 39,341 13,729 59,829 26,852 600 4,744 11,351 4,013 29,928: 114,764 j 1,634 47,546 1 6,572 21,854 482 j 2,942 i 6,631 1,631 j 67,326 j 17,148! 9,664 1 47,830 16,573 13,314 55,92$ 1,253 1,352 5,369 27,533 23,854 5,030 8,051 22,632 1,305 235 2,638 i 3,299 4,659 . 566 295 , 100 550: 2,686 i 15 1 26,310; 22,596; .5,126 22,177 , 13,227! 20 115 2,909 , 234 9,560; 36,591 4543' 25,646 , 1,720 i 5,415 \ 40: 665 562 1 490! Inter-! nal-! Water | en- i gines. j Elec- tric ! horse- power gener- 'ated in Rent- , estab- ed.» lish- ments report- ing. 196,291 186,087 264,438 46,113 924 SO 1,317 544* 637 178 584 ISO 1,121 1,710 "4,"250" 206 """75" 45 222 926 75 1,261 2,917 1,561 7,009 '' 5,847 245 290 1,929 120 845 14,316 2,044 1,017 ! 455 250 ! 6,321 529 225 30 3,742 77 169 1,147 456 14,221 2,761 i 7,276! 3,419! 1,592 j 7,407 85 j 1,062 22,493 i 75 10,737 1 7,590 , 39 5,007' 447 14,734 220 505 2,602 13,563 8,296 100 105 3,622 20,785 i 2,650 8,704 j 2,425 30,245 ! 7,740 1,381 486 ISO 402 8,333 110 20 i 124 75 1,0S1 25 215 25 2,171 i 453 .2,381 \ 12,593 2,972 930 130 i 45 286 i 3,309 4,296 7,718 i 8,930; 3,859 i 20,530 , 4,398 335' 2,249; 2,696! 2,497 j 33 45 648 594 160 677 1,727 150 35 2,826 1,217 708 1 3,18S , 3,1S3 \ 5,863 j 3,174 ""2*015" 3,772 1,162 9,767 I 7,712 ;i 2,210 32,420 1 30,420 ■! 18,947! 729 ii 2,623 ; 12,7C6 !} 535 250! 4,073 h 125 145 "~2," 131 4,240 530 4,863 952 40 3,955! 5,694 80! 2SS; 2,731 305 3,297 1,332 262 4,720 I 190 i 1,434 4,367 361 i 19,311 i 5,695 i 250 1 6,211 238; 3,147 j 23,093 1 302! 6,176 i 828! 2,364 5,081! 11,523 j 760 7,752 j 175 j 674;! 30 525 I IS 324 23,757 6,442 S60 8,314 3,699 9,318 9,588 621 635 1,316 3,814 I 9,036 i 2,4S6 i 2,577 4,541 1,9S4 ' 15,846 1,480: 1,502 9,333 11,815 230 i 4 03 1,877 85 688 1,236 1,031 34. 454 81 292 1,674 137 260 263 260 513 8S1 23 • Same number reported for one or more other months. 120 MANUFACTURES. Table 21.—CUSTOM MILLS—STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN ! jn um- THE INDUSTRY. Value STATE. ber of estab- lish- ments. Pro- prietors and firm mem- Sala- ried em- ploy- Wage earners (aver- age num- Primary horse- power. Capital. Salaries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. added by manufac- ture. Total. bers. ees. ber). United States 10,427 14,828 12,449 245 2,134 218,894 $28,871,215 $174,881 $1,779,936 $78,957,395 $94,784,528 $15,827,133 1,132 1,432 1,349 5 78 19,912 L141,207 500 79,339 47723,708 5,723,095 999,387 464 666 622 3 41 8,752 569,436 1,000 24,858 1,519,827 1,966,634 446,807 7 13 5 1 7 122 70,100 200 7,335 149,914 181,612 31,698 7 10 5 1 4 165 66,095 1,050 4,891 107,640 120,683 13,043 Connecticut 47 64 49 1 14 1,410 228,560 1,750 14,774 412,611 498,748 86,137 Delaware 5 6 5 1 148 9,250 900 29,583 36,595 7,012 Florida 99 124 118 6 1,643 128.237 9,475 380,305 476,075 95,770 1,069 1,606 1,300 12 294 20,491 2,100,478 9,060 174,034 5,933,481 7,154,599 1, 221,118 6 8 5 1 2 204 16,560 750 2,803 113,812 127,833 14,021 Illinois *. 120 195 148 2 45 3,916 781,893 1,436 41,696 2,618,972 3,193,058 574,086 131 232 130 36 66 4,134 1,441,720 16,754 45,926 1,515,593 1,772,733 257,140 129 206 155 1 50 4,042 638,527 600 41,503 2,574,678 2,971,103 396,425 28 30 24 1 5 679 157,938 300 4,024 185,531 234,955 49, 424 783 981 938 2 41 8,925 716,116 1,200 27,007 2,177,063 2,665, 859 488,796 Louisiana.. 60 79 74 5 1,212 55,312 4,839 143,276 177,607 34,331 22 30 23 1 6 630 122,027 300 5,026 259,530 316,107 56,577 Maryland 66 86 71 15 1,330 179,805 10,422 465,996 556,547 90,551 Massachusetts 10 16 12 4 390 46,384 4,292 129,747 151,159 21, 412 1S5 313 183 24 106 6,898 1,588,117 28,159 123,752 4,523,400 5,302,793 779,393 184 249 181 6 62 4,770 777,129 2,420 66,449 4,330,262 4,956,596 626,334 598 790 731 9 50 13,253 520,726 2,260 38,498 1,830,290 2,299,950 469,660 251 332 296 1 35 4,126 549,902 636 25,212 1,071,773 1,318,391 246,618 7 8 3 1 4 236 59,554 1,200 5,730 95,954 116,073 20,119 Nebraska . 6 8 6 2 122 68,462 2,400 33,368 41,030 7,662 New Hampshire . 12 21 17 4 378 52,438 4,940 59,389 69,812 10,423 24 28 24 4 826 104,388 3,446 182,031 220,739 38,708 10 18 11 1 6 204 59,700 75 5,577 62,565 80,621 18,056 225 359 267 6 86 8,920 1, 515,530 14,253 86,332 2, 539,732 3,127,538 587,806 North Carolina «. 552 98 784 663 89 1 120 11,942 1,416,858 107,032 4,345,080 5,184,382 839,302 109 2 18 2,036 357,070 1,543 15,682 1,800,135 2,124,677 324,542 Ohio 171 350 190 47 113 5,737 1,601,188 33,887 119,178 2,464,123 2,989,096 524,973 Oklahoma .. 96 120 114 6 1,510 185,028 5,826 350,847 431,360 80,513 Oregon 12 16 15 1 208 54,066 1,500 66,561 87,138 20.577 393 588 458 7 123 10,634 2,191,034 2,640 102,100 3,774,138 4,615,270 841,132 286 475 352 4 119 5,615 585,325 4,025 67,495 1,845,524 2,201,909 356,385 South Dakota 33 43 36 1 6 760 151,065 800 5,746 567,831 663,394 95,563 1,072 1,389 1,337 2 50 12,836 1,117,011 200 30,182 3,078, 587 3,856,298 777,711 Texas 325 500 397 17 86 8,432 827,652 9,358 51,168 1,113,766 1,426,911 313,145 Utah 21 36 21 3 12 721 195,822 2,051 13,853 256,314 349,544 93,230 Vermont 25 40 28 12 783 117,108 9,717 249,189 329,573 80,384 788 1,141 972 13 156 14,687 2,5S5,463 11,318 130,123 4,842,886 6,124,986 1,282,100 . Washington . 35 43 37 6 579 120,256 7,287 888,214 954,732 66,518 446 575 538 6 31 6,746 807,904 4,380 25,245 1,733,900 2,216,273 482,37? 382 688 431 27 230 17,735 2,784,440 20,776 220,272 13,383,729 15,339,862 1,956,133 All other states 6 21 19 2 95 8,334 2,050 26,540 30,578 4,038 GLUCOSE AND STARCH. GENERAL General character of the industry.—This report presents statistics for establishments engaged prima- rily in the manufacture of glucose and starch. Since some of the establishments reported the manufacture of both products, separate statistics for each have no special significance. In all tables, except Table 1, only combined figures are presented. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for the glucose and starch industry as a whole since 1904, with percentages of increase, and presents a summary of the statistics for each of the two classes of establishments—(1) those engaged primarily in the manufacture of glucose and (2) those engaged primarily in the manufacture of starch—as reported at the censuses of 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, with percentages of increase. The large increases from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to the general increase in cost of pro- duction following the World War and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Fed- eral income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes.''' States, ranked by value of products.—Measured by value of products, the states engaged primarily in the manufacture of glucose and starch rank as follows: (1) Illinois, (2) New Jersey, (3) Iowa, (4) Indiana, (5) New York, (6) Michigan, (7) Maine, (8) Ohio, (9) Missouri, (10) Connecticut, (11) Kentucky, (12) Minnesota, (13) Florida, (14) Massachusetts, (15) Nebraska, (16) Oregon. Detailed statistics for states that can be shown without disclosing individual operations will be found in Table 13. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 2 is an estimate obtained by the method de- scribed in the "Explanation of terms." The classifi- cation, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age, Figures for states will be found in Table 13. j Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage ! earners in Table 3 show the regularity of employment, I or the reverse, together with the percentage which the | minimum number forms of the number reported for | the maximum month. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hoars of labor: 1919, 1914, and 1909.—Table 4 shows a general tendency in this industry toward a reduction in the number of hours of labor per week. In 1914, 98.4 per cent of the total number of wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours were 60 or more, as against 38.4 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average nnmber of wage earners.—Table 5 discloses the significant fact that 42 establishments, or 75 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed fewer than 100 wage earners; while 14 establishments, or 25 per cent, employed 96.5 | per cent of the total average number. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with prod- ucts valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been com- piled, however, from the returns for 1914. The table, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups or all items for 1909 and for the average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in Table 6 show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. Character of ownership.—Table 7 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 53.6 per cent of the total number of establishments for the industry in 1919, employed 98.4 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 99.4 per cent of the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table S shows, from 1914 to 1919, an increase of 26.9 per cent in total horsepower for the industry due largely to the increase in rented power. Fuel consumed.—Table 9 shows the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry for 1919 and 1914. In 1914 gasoline and other volatile oils were included in fuel oil§, (121) 122 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.-COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees -. - - Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials - Value of products • Value added by manufacture 4 Number of establishments Persons engaged - Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of nroducts Value added by manufacture 4 Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 4 1919 1914 1909 1904 PEB CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914-1919 1909-1914; 1904-1909 Total for the Industry. 56 8,694 37 862 7, 795 52,846 $58,182,682 14,174,845 2,212,362 11,962,483 551 4,034,324 130,328,848 186,256,260 55,927,412 $43, 5, 1, 3, 5,957 70 1,378 4,509 41,639 642,343 489,697 940,132 549,565 16,394 217,529 207,592 615,401 407,809 118 5,827 86 968 4,773 28,257 $38,866,419 4,079,722 1,413,239 2,666,483 3,820 369,628 36,898,771 48,799,311 11,900,540 140 5,409 111 619 4,679 35,986 $24,053,008 3,295,711 654,652 2,641,059 (2) 113,089 a 25,518,876 32,649,836 7,130,960 45.9 -24.6 2.2 -37.4 42.4 72.9 -5.5 26.9 47.4 33.3 12.3 158.2 34.6 14.0 37.3 237.0 33.1 -96.6 329.2 1,754.6 -41.1 224.1 9.0 254.0 7.8 350.7 4.3 $23, 4, 4, 1, 34, 51, 16 47 3,125 36 303 2,786 18,206 078,355 886,155 854,629 031,526 551 165,393 718,211 708,151 989 940 $17, 1, 10, 13, 3 82 2,310 70 460 1,780 17,049 069,940 851,500 625,915 222,585 1,872 97,532 297,937 996,018 698,081 l, no 2,373 80 368 1,925 11,334 420,091 484,810 455,651 029,159 3,820 137,243 626,979 868,393 241,414 131 2,162 111 248 1,803 (a) $7,007,695 1,132,874 266,395 866,479 (3) »35,951 5,260,854 8,082,904 2,822,050 35.3 -34.1 56.5 35.2 1 163.9j 35.9 229.8 -70.6 1,094.9 237.1 269.4 359.4 -25.4 -2.2 25.0 -7.5 50.4 -2.0 24.7 38.0 18.8 -28.9 -11.4 -11.8 -12.8 -15.7 7.7 -22.5 56.4 2.0 -21.5 61.6 23.8 115.9 1.0 226.8 44,6 49.5 9 7 8 9 5,569 3,647 3,454 6 600 2,848 16,923 $21,446,328 2,594,912 957,588 1,637,324 3,247 52.7; 5.6 6.4 559 5,009 34,640 $35,104,327 9,288,690 1,357,733 7,930,957$ 918 2,729 24,590 $26,572,403 3,638,197 1,311,217 2,326,980 14,522 119,997 29,909,655 38,619,383 8,709, 728 P 371 2,876 -39.1 83.5 40.9 32.1 155.3 3.5 240.8 53.0 -4.2 45.3 23.9 40.2 36.9 42.1 61.7 -1.0 $17,045,313 2,162,837 388,257 1,774,580 (J) (3) 25.8 30.0 146.6 -7.7 2,868,931 95,610,637 134,548,109 38,937,472 232,385 25,271,792 32,930,918 7,659,126 3 77,138 20,258,022 24,566,932 4,308,910 2,290.8 219.7 248.4 347.1 -48.4 18.4 17.3 13.7 201.3 24.7 34.0 77.8 -27.9 48.4 6.8 148.6 31.1 71.0 18.8 281.8 121.0 96.3 50.3 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 5 Figures not available. 8 Exclusive of internal revenue. « Value of products less cost of materials Table 2.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes Proprietors and offlciaLs Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 8,694 5,957 5,827 434 240 227 61 54 49 336 116 92 Male. 7,779 5,386 5,319 432 236 225 37 68 84 60 63 49 335 115 92 Fe- male. 915 571 508 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 89,5 90.4 91,3 99.5 98.3 99.1 100.0 97.1 97.7 98.4 98.1 100.0 99.7 99.1 100.0 Fe- male. 10.5 9.6 8.7 0.5 1.7 0.9 2.3 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.9 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. Male. Fe- PER CENT OF TOTAL. male. Male. Fe- male. 465 1,208 827 328 1,006 700 137 202 127 70.5 83.3 84.6 29.5 16.7 15 4 7,795 4,509 4,773 7,019 4,144 4,394 776 365 379 90.0 91.9 92.1 10.0 8.1 7.9 7,788 4,506 4,764 7,013 4,142 4,389 775 364 375 90.0 91.9 92.1 10.0 8.1 7.9 7 3 9 6 2 5 1 1 4 85.7 66.7 55-6 14.3 33.3 44.4 GLUCOSE AND STARCH. 123 Table 3.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TB DAY OF THE MONTH OF NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. | i cent STATE. em- ployed during year, j | | 1 j ^ry1" Marcn- ! APril- ' Ma7- 1 June- i! < ;mioi- ii mum Janu- ary. 'i 1!! July. 1 Sex>- Octo- An^st'! temfcr.; ber. Novem- Decern- j is of ber. ber. !m&xi- j! , :\ mnm. United States: i 1 I 'i 1919 7,795! 7,019 8,916 7,611 1,305 4,850 4,731 8,103 7,165 938 4,932 4,827 6,787! 6,738 7,055' 7,603 6,2ti j 6,243; 6,382 | 6,768 562 i 495 j 673! 835 4,948! 4,608 ■ 4,182' 4,405 4,954; 4,624 \ 4,578 i 4,586 6,989 5, 472 517 4.157 4; 24 5 7,345 ■ 9,116 9,089 6,702! 8,137 j 8,243 643 i 979; 846 4,403 i 4,627 1 4,377 4,193 4,812 5,569 8,690; 8,109 I 65.7 7,877; 7,403 j 75.5 813 706 \\ 37.9 4JS9 4,480! 83.6 5,398 j 4,771 | 75.4 1914 776' 4,509; 4,773 1909 1,007 255 16 6,517 > 1,431 1,264 j 1,061 . 1,253 i 1,272: 823 508! 517! 547; 103 j 117 8: 22 37 i 26 13 6,323 5,187 4,901' 5,654 i 6,650 834 131 9 849 , 856 889 67 104; 218 6 8 28 6,423 1 8,148 j 7,974 809; 763 \ 53,3 157 1 88 1 12.2 17 , 9' 16.2 7,707 7,249! 60.1 507 9 6,969 5,015 Table 4.— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. AVERAGE NUMBER. PER CENT OF TOTAL. ! AVERAGE NUMBER. | PER CENT OF TOTAL. HOURS PER WEEK. HOURS PER WEEK.! 1919 1914! 1909 1919 1914 1909 1 1919: 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total 7,795 4,509 j 4,773 100.0 100.0 100.0 Between 48 and 54 17 i 4 0.2 0.1 54 27: 9 16 16 0.3 6.1 0 2 0.3 44 and under 11 0)! (i) i 47 j 0) 70 0.1 Between 54 and 60 479 0.4 Between 44 and 48 60 1,479 i 1,510 i 2,903 1,534 1,251 19.0 64.4 26.2 48 2 4,272 54.8 L0 1.5 Over 60. 3,432 19.4 34.0 r,9 1 Figures not available. 2 Includes 4S and under for 1914 and 1909. Table 5.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— Wage earners (average , number). No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 250 \ 251 to 500 j 501 to 1,000 Q , ^ 1 ! i Establishments. wage earners, inclusive. wage | • wage ! wage I wage ! ^' earners, earners, 1 earners, ! earners, | earners inclusive. , inclusive. 1 inclusive. ! inclusive. ^' STATE. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. 3 c a © 60! 5 j 1,028; 5 I 2,031! 3 j 2,267 j 1 I 2,19S United States 1919.. 56 89 7,795 4,509 3 2 31 65 69 147 4 37 76 3 105 1 50 1 1 1914.. 7 [owa 4 1,007 255 16 1 1 1 1 1 23 1 2 776 i 1 i! 26 23 5 si 1 1 9 lj 8 1 1 , 195 !! i 6 S ! 1 1 !1 1 Table 6.-SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 56 89 118 7,795 4,509 4,773 $186,256,260 $52,615,401 $48,799,311 $55,927,412 $12,407,809 $11,900,540 4 18 16 5 56 11 21 60 15 9 13 1 2-4 124 122 7,524 4 25 126 12,154 200,282 758,847 1,894.602 183,390,375 16,950 624,35S 393,231 2,282.498 49,298,364 60,946 1 2,407! 5,514 j 19,025 665.195! 45,768 i 165,671 i 207,150 555,487! 17$, 650 1 137,088 i 157,907 4,074,354 j 464,22S! 657,943 1,450,316 43,443,329' 55,236,359; 11,441,595! 10,066,142 !i'! I $5,000 to $20,000 126 116 268 3,997 $20,000 to $100,000 85 504 4,033 $100,000 to $1.000,000 4 14 5 12 $1,000,000 and over ! 100.0 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 7.1 32.1 28.6 5,6 62.9 12.4 17.8 50.8 12.7 7.6 11.0 0) 0.3 1.6 1.6 | 96.5 0.1 2.8 2.6 5.9 88,6 0.5 2.6 1.8 10.6 84.5 0)! 0.1 ! 0) 0.2 1.7 1.3 12.2 84.6 $5,000 to $20,000 ! o.i 1.2; 1.4 i 0.1 1.3 LI $20,000 to $100,000 t 0,4 I 1.0 98.5 a 7! li ! 0,3 $100,000 to $1,000,000 7.1 25.0 5.6 13.5 4.3! 8.3 93.7 | 89.0 i as 5,3 92,2 j 98.8 1 kess than one-tenth of 1 per cenf. 124 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. Iowa Maine Minnesota AH other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Indi- Cor- vid- jpora-j uals. j tions 17 I 30 43 j 34 47! 55 4 ... 3 14 i 4 39 j 5 ..J 6 ..J 6 I 3 j 16 4 I 20 All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 7,795 4,509 4,773 1,007 909 255 114 16 14 6,517 3,472 In establishments owned by— Indi-! Cor- vid- | pora- uals. I tions. Per cent of total. All oth- I ers. Indi-1 Cor- vid- jpora- uals. tions. All oth- ers- 102: 7,674 19! 1.3 ! 98.4 j 0.2 99' 4,373 37 ij 2.2 ! 97.0 0.8 !310 1 4,463 | 1 6.5 ; 93.5 35 85 1,007 909 201 11 16 i 14 100.0 | .'100.0 I 13.7 74.6 78. S' 9.6! 7.5 15.8 .100.0 i .: 100.0 i 167 14 6,450' [j 1.0 99.0 j 3,439! 19 i 0.4 j 99.0 Total. |S186,256,260 52,615,401 48,799,311 24,68S, 750 9,071,324 1,752,06S 628,644 89,016 85,705 159,726,426 42,829,728 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. $885,877 488,822 1,841,874 Corpora- tions. 18185.149,779 51.882,282 46,957,437 All others. $220,604 244,297 356,014 438,071 .j 24,688,750! .! 9,071,324 j 1,175,450 j 59,883! i 529,863 50,751 220,604 130,690 89,016 1 85,705 159,196,563 42,665,370 113,607 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 0.5 0.9 3.8 Cor- pora- 20.3 69.7 !100. 1100. 0.3 0.1 99. All oth- ers. 0.1 0.5 12.6 20.8 0.3 1 Includes the group "All others" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Table 8.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 283 259 259 52,846 41,639 28,257 100.0 100.0 100.0 141 120 101 19 13 8 167 151 248 164 48,451 47,576 19,285 28,291 345 530 38,998 38,003 28,069 27,835 91.7 90.0 36.5 53.5 0.7 1.0 94.1 91.3 99.3 98.5 Engines (*) (2) (2) (3) 8 8 Turbines Internal-combustion engines 5 11 3 8 102 893 49 1,185 0.7 0.2 0.6 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 2.1 142 142 92 92 11 11 4,395 3,585 810 2,641 2,456 185 188 163 25 8.3 6.8 1.5 5.9 5.9 0.7 0.6 0.1 2,998 142 2,856 2,131 92 2,039 1,070 11 1,059 47,735 3,585 44,150 29,276 2,4.56 26,820 27,230 163 27,067 100.0 9.1 90.9 100.0 8.4 91.6 100.0 0.6 99.4 Generated by establishments reporting 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. » Figures not available. Table 9.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 3914. COAL. j Gaso-! line i COAL. Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). Cen- sus year. i Coke 1 (tons, j 2,000 lbs.). Fuel oils (bar- rels). and other volatile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Cen- sus year. Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). STATE. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). ! 14,822 ; 1,054 STATE. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). United States... Iowa 1919 1914 113,141 101,240 859,133 648,430 17,518 6,280 2,8 23,335 270 Minnesota 1919 1914 682 468 1919 1914 474 166,018 144,805 j 586 j 41 17,518 6,156 All other states i.. 1919 1914 112,364 101,048 686,597 501,836 14,236 1,013 21 23,315 191 Maine 1919 1914 273 192 5,836 1,321 30 7 85 144 i 1 All other states embrace, for 1919: Connecticut, 1 establishment; Florida, 1; Illinois, 4; Indiana, 3; Kentucky, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Michigan, 2; Missouri, 1; Ne- braska, 1; New Jersey, 2; New York, 1; Ohio, 1; Oregon, 1. For 1914: California, 1; Connecticut, 1; Florida, 1; Illinois, 6; Indiana, 3; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 4; Michi- gan, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 1; New York, 2; Ohio, 2; Pennsylvania, 1; Wisconsin, 1. GLUCOSE AND STARCH. 125 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Special statistics relating to materials and prod- ucts.—Detailed statistics relating to quantity and value of products and kind and cost of materials used are shown in Tables 10 and 11. Table 10.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1919 1914 1909 157.276.442 S9;31<977 174,368,818 $3,765,515 159,060,478 $3,620,816 12,516,261 $20,33-3,249 8,861,579 8,164,175 $2, .802,768 $3,693,163 , 61,661,977 SI, 842,427 143.001,065 I $i; 829,305! wage earn- ers. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. STATE. so ai eg Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. © Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. fco OS TTniterl States' 86 2,113 7 14 22 15 187 43 1,368 6 407 1 129 5 202 1 14 3 104 1 84 14 337 2 4 3 28 S 247 1 58 46 1,121 j 7 6 12 7 90 23 74S 2 142 1 129 Texas . 14 423 4 55 s 245 2 123 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF EST AB USHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 S6 59 71 2,113 1,253 1,239 $90,038,412 $23.039,294 $22,371,457 j $13,404,596 $2, 423,434 $2,870,377 Less than $5 000 3 7 8 9 14 45 1 3 3 11 1 5 3 7,275 82,143 378,478 ( 2, 723,508 \ 10.405,166 76,441, S42 11.443! 26.S30 | 660,028 1 3.060 50.202 86.868 ( 627,501 \ 2,277,274 10,359,688 3,430 7,603 183. 854 $5,000 to $20.000 3 7 4 9 » 5 1 29, 542 246,484 9,136,563 S, 498,128 5,128,577 i 6,4SS 51,632 $20,000 to $100.000 20 78 «7 $100,000 to $500,000 36 8 4 »> / si } 960 26S } 16,957,715 | } 1,814,353 2,386,337 $500,000 to $1.000,000 \ 255 1,763 4,715,441 | $1,000,000 and over 206 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 550,961 284,153 100.0 100.0 100-0 ■ 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 Less than $5 000 3.5 1,7 5.1 11,9 61.1 13.4 6.8 4.2 j 4.2 1 15.5 | 00 0,2 0.4 f 3,8 \ 12.1 83.4 0,4 0.2 6.3 76.4 16,6 o, i! m 0.1 0.3 6.6 $5,000 to $20,000 S.1 9.3 10.5 16.3 52.3 10.4 1.6 0.1 0.4 H\l 1.1 39.7 36.9 22.3 0.1 |i 0.4 3.0 1 0.6 HX3 2.1 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 }7L8j } 76.6 r 3.0 } lti | 74,9 22. 7 $500,000 to $1.000,000 !\ 11.6 1 84.9 83.1 $1,000,000 and over 4.2 j 21.4 21. li 77.3 9.9 I; 1 Includes the group "Less than $5,000. 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 111367—23 9 130 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Cen- sus year. Total. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. Of establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. AU oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. United States 1919 1914 1909 15 4 9 63 51 57 8 4 5 2,113 1,253 1,239 77 27 103 1,902 1,171 1,063 134 55 73 3.6 2.2 8.3 90.0 93.4 85.8 6.3 1 $90,038,412 23,039,294 22,371,457 $3,969,683 816,843 1,434,535 $78,957,433 20,967,445 19,907, 860 $7, 111, 296 1,255,006 1,029,062 4.4 3.5 6.4 87.7 91.0 89.0 7.9 5.4 4.6 4.4 1 5.9 | Arkansas... ... .... 1919 1914 5 5 202 116 202 116 100.0 100.0 i 8,995, 856 1, 837,478 8,995,856 1, 837,478 California. 1919 1914 1 9 4 337 228 i 109 67.7 32.3 20,264, 263 14,206, 820 16,057,443 70.1 29.9 1919 1914 12 1 30 21 4 2 1,121 735 34 1,030 659 57 i 76 3.0 91.9 89.7 5.1 10.4 41,220,471 12,966,690 1,935,243 36,808,316 10,983,409 2,476,912 11,983,281 4.7 89.3 84.7 6.0 15.3 Texas ... . ... 1919 1914 1 13 16 423 345 1423 345 100.0 17,900,547 7,216,359 117,900,547 7,216,359 100.0 i Includes the group "Individuals." Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 370 120 154 27,382 15,571 19,519 100.0 100.0 100.0 115 94 90 4 21 71 130 125 19,578 18,881 18,821 60 697 14,009 13,927 18,404 18,252 71.5 69.0 68.7 0.2 2.5* 90.0 89.4 94.3 93.5 68 (l) (l) (l) 139! 93 j 72.9 89.0 89.2 442 H 37 |j 15 i 96.2 99.5 11,338 ] 7.95S 7,183 j 442 i| 37 •! 96.2 99.5 99.8 1; !100.0 2 ii 100.0 6 1 i 100,0 Fe- male. 27.1 11.0 10.8 3.8 0.5 0.2 3.8 0.5 0.2 136 MANUFACTURES. Table 5—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OF MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. STATE. em- ployed during year. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. October. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: 1919 11,781 11,339 442 7,997 11,627 11,234 393 6,593 5,926 5,788 138 2,527 4,661 4,596 65 2,537 5,573 5,475 98 3,164 6,386 6,263 123 3,989 7,248 7,150 98 4,045 7,994 7,836 158 4,470 9,064 8,8S9 175 7,180 10,607 10,409 198 9,066 23,281 22,028 1,253 20,353 27,064 25,515 1,549 21,941 20,885 1,056 13,354 17.2 18.0 4.2 12.4 Females 1914 18,686 California 1,512 1,836 1,179 2,102 552 870 188 1,825 67 646 590 297 775 77 719 741 262 564 83 760 1,050 811 1,349 1,191 1,362 1,625 1,453 2,771 1,476 3,654 2,314 1,263 4,493 781 2,731 4,342 1,472 5,024 1,032 1,505 4,383 1,388 4,635 958 15.1 13.5 12.8 15.4 5.5 Ohio 630 2,214 733 2,825 285 1,059 343 1,258 379 1,109 461 1,234 489 1,467 Utah...: 334 177 112 131 160 191 249 Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOTJRS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. STATE. Total. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween Be- tween 54 and 60. and un- der. 48. 54. 60. Over 60. | and un- der. 48. 48 and 54. 60. Over 60. United States..1919.. 11,781 7,997 32 175 107 180 1,742 108 1,213 2,558 8, 512 5,151 Michigan 1,836 630 112 54. 107 322 1,617 308 736 250 1914.. Ohio Utah 2,214 334 32 63 1,383 California 1,512 107 1,405 Wisconsin 84 Table 7—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— STATE. Wage earners (average number). 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. Over 500 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. United States , 1919.. 85 60 11,781 7,997 1 1 16 8 4 158 333 24 1,909 1,794 47 22 6,875 I 9 3,504 4 2,823 1,232 1914.. 8 23 2 1,126 California 10 16 1,512 1,836 1 16 1 48 1 6 3 5 3 90 472 260 357 230 6 10 2 8 1 1,000 1,364 1 358 Michigan Ohio 5 16 630 2,214 370 1,251 Utah 1 32 2 574 Wisconsin 4 334 104 BEET SUGAR. 137 Table 8—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF j ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. ; ] j VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALVE OF PRODUCT. ! | 1919 1914 1919 1914 1!! ; 1919 J 1914 1919! 1914 ! ♦ !!! All classes 85 60 | 11,781 7,997 | $149,155,892 j $62,605,210 $62,126,748 j $21,205,849 $100,000 to $500,000 ^ *??!i ^1} !/ 12,350,648 j 7,273,188 j l\ 15,954,011 | 11,931,339 i ! 130,851,233! 43,400,683! $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 58 | 23 ji 9,519 j 5,377 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 55,250,107 14,012,013 ioo.o | 100.0 j ioo.o !| 100.0 j 100.0 All classes 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 $100,000 to 1500,000 8.3 23.5 33.3 1 28.3 38.3 j 3.3 \ „ 0 f 1.6; 11.6 15.9 / 6Z'b \ 10.7 1 19.1 80.8 j 67.2 j 87.7! 69.3 9.1 } 33.9 $0,0,000 to $1,000,000 $51000,000 and over 68.2 !; 1 1 88-9 j 66.1 i Includes the group "$20,000 to $100,000/' Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 1914 Primary power, total |l, 136 I 686 Owned St earn Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors 679 j 659 I 624 j 35 I. 19; j i; HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 1914 127,394 j76,705 Per cent distribu- tion. 1919 1914 |i !;. 100.0 100.0 117,763 71,630 117, 469 103,697 13,772 259 92.4 i 93.4 i 70', 507 i 92.2 j 91.9' 70,507 i 81.4 : 91.9 j i 10.8 | 928 | 0.2 1.2 I 35 195 I 0) j 0.3 HORSEPOWER. NUMBER OF , ENGINES 1 OR j , motors. Amount. I 1919 1914 | 1919 I 1914 Primarv power—Continued. I Rented !457 Electric !457 Other ISO , ISO; 9,631 9,631 5,075 5,075 Electric 2,406 814 !; 44,871 17,871 Rented 457; ISO ii 9,631 ! 5,075 Generated bv establishments report- I j ing: 1,949 634 ;j 35,240 112,796 Per cent distribu- tion. 1919 !1914 7.6 7.6 100.0 21.5 78.5 100.0 2S.4 n.6 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. : Anthra- ; cite I (tons, ! 2,240 lbs.1. J_ United States... 1919.. 1914.. California.. Michigan.. 37.235 Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 1,047,643 I 682,693! Coke! (tons. I Fuel oils 2,000' I (barrels), lbs.l. 1 125,262 | 37,85-1 1 84,065 6,853 564,059 803,698 506,27; Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 209 0) Gas !j (1,000 j cubic I feet), i 57,862 4,789 201 ; AnUma-; Bitu- cite j urinous i (tons, ! (tons, ! 2.240 1 2,000 lbs.). lbs A Ohio !i 65,702 Utah i 153.537 Wisconsin j 26,834 All other states ! j 580,367 I i Coke (tons, 2.000 lbs.). 2.577 8,142! 300 | 23.325 Gaso- j line j and Fuel oils | other (barrels).;volatil e i oils ! (bar- rels) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). I 35; 57,000 i j 57,661 I! 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. 138 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of quantity and quality of beets treated.—Table 11 shows, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the acreage, quantity, and quality of the beets treated for the manufacture of beet sugar. Of the total acreage in 1919, 6.6 per cent was planted directly by factory- owners, 2.5 per cent by tenants of factory owners, and 90.9 per cent by independent growers. Of the total quantity of beets treated during the same year, 3.9 per cent was grown directly by the factories, 2 per cent by tenants, and 94.1 per cent by independent growers. Table 11.—Acreage, Quantity, and Quality of Beets Treated: 1919, 1914, and 1909. UNITED STATES. 1919 Total acreage of beets planted. 602,555 j 1914 532,421 By proprietors By tenants By independent growers. Total quantity of beets treated (tons of 2,000 pounds) Grown by proprietors Grown by tenants Grown by independent growers.. Quantity of beets used: Average percentage of sucrose. Average coefficient of purity.. 39,637 15,340 547,578 28,266 15,397 488, 758 5,648,552 5,639,103 222,139 114,563 5,311,850 15. 2 83.2 214,923 135,537 5,288,043 16.1 84.0 1909 415,984 29, 459 IS,166 368,339 3,965,356 266,768 163,843 3,534,745 16.1 S4.1 The quality of the beet is indicated by upercentage of sucrose'7 and the u coefficient of purity." Both of these terms relate to the sugar content, the former representing the ratio between the weight of the sugar and that of the whole beet, and the latter the ratio between the weight of the sugar and that of the solid content of the beet. In the operation of beet- sugar factories the coefficient of purity of the beets used is of great importance, as upon this depends to a considerable extent the cost of the separation of the sugar from the solids. Detailed statement of the quantity and value of products.—Table 12 shows the quantity and value of the various products manufactured from the sugar beets for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The molasses and pulp are used largely in the preparation of stock feed. Table 12.—Detailed Statement of Quantity and Value of Products: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Total value. Sugar: Tons (2,000 pounds).. Value Granulated- Tons Value Raw- Tons Value Average pounds of sugar per ton of beets. Molasses; Gallons Value Pulp, value Dried Moist UNITED STATES. All other products, value. 1919 1914 1909 $149,155,892 $62,605,210 $48,122,383 721,909 $138,099,693 743,473 $58,590,466 501,682 $45,937,629 719,420 $137,852,387 739,233 $58,351,324 496,807 $45,645,810 2,489 $247,306 4,240 $239,142 4, 875 $291,819 256 264 253 18,841,429 $2,364,563 5,798,412 4,829,568 968,844 26,461,291 $1,536,192 2,094,863 1,510,759 584,104 20,812,747 $1,129,905 795,900 0) (0 2,893,224 383,689 258,949 i Not reported separately. Products, by states.—Table 13 gives, for 1919, the detailed statement of quantity and value of products for the beet-sugar industry, by states. Table 13.—DETAILED STATEMENT OF QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919. PRODUCT. BEET SUGAR. United States. California. Michigan. Ohio. Utah. Wisconsin. All other states. Total value $149,155,892 $26,354,094 $26,378,870 $7, 249,156 $20,569,135 $3,245,611 $65,359,026 Sugar: Tons (2,000 pounds) 721,909 $138,099,693 125,194 $24,495,988 122,708 $23,900,310 32,838 $6,553,778 94,659 $19,667,324 10,701 $2,952,868 335,809 $60,529,425 Granulated- Tons 719,420 $137,852,387 124,903 $24,454, 722 122,539 $23,8S7,805 32,838 $6,553,778 94,497 $19,651,943 10,671 $2,946,768 333,972 $60,357,371 Raw- Tons 2,489 $247,306 291 $41,266 169 $12,505 162 $15,381 30 $6,100 1,837 $172,054 Value.. Molasses: 18,811,429 $2,364,563 2,897,249 $381,161 3,435,572 $504,445 941,640 $162,048 6.009,046 $705,569 758,980 $79,860 4,798,942 $531,480 Dried val ue $5, 798,412 $1,829,568 $968,844 $1,329,878 $1,142,347 $187,531 $1,860,475 $1,860,475 $505,305 $503,805 $1,500 $195,984 $212,883 $206,198 $6,6.85 $1,693,887 $1,116,743 $577,144 Moist value $195,984 $258 All other products value $2,893,224 $117,067 $113,640 $28,025 $2,604,234 BEET SUGAR. 139 GENERAL TABLE. Table 14 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 14.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of es- tab- lish- ments. United States. California Michigan , Ohio Utah Wisconsin All other statesl.... 85 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 14,190 1,896 2,221 693 2,530 393 6,457 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Salaried offi- cers, super- in- fend- ents, and man- agers. 92 106 25 155 24 Clerks, etc Male. Fe- male. 203 210 20 117 18 44 7 244 Wage earners. Aver- n um- ber. 11,781 1,512 1,836 630 2,214 334 5,255 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. No. 27,064 Oc. De. No. No. No. 3,654 4,383 1,472 5,024 1,032 Mh. 4,661 Fe. Mh. Fe. Mh. Fe. 552 590 188 775 57 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. EXPENSES. Total. 16 and over. Un- der 16. Capital. Salaries and wages. Clerks, etc. Fe- male. Officials. Male. Male. j 26,489 25,275 1,213 1 $224,584,679 $2,565,036 $1,862,920 3,715 4,807 1,390 4,724 958 10,895 3,631 4,733 1,377 4,249 9,58 10,327 83 74 13 475 1 45,839,036 27,673,805 436,343 365,163 90,179 467,138 71,612 1,134,601 302,843 299,421 47,881 150,344 47,388 1,015,043 5,983,906 39,922,847 568 3,734,008 101,431,077 Salaries and wages—Con. United States.. California Michigan Ohio Utah Wisconsin All other states...... expenses—continued. For contract work. '$15,908,118 $796,772 $7,414 Rent and taxes. Rent of fac- tory. 2,246,411 2,764,916 1,126,648 1,999,012 325,555 7,445,576 28,228 70,863 5,601 692,080 7,152 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $11,442,885 1,389,751 1,331,032 199,529 1,056,647 26,605 7,439,321 For materials. Principal materials. Value of products. Fuel and rent of power. j$81,650,540 ^,378,604 $149,155,892 |$62,126,748 Value added by manufac- ture. 13,174,193 15,520,700 4,819,409 11,868,671 1,923,191 980,168 1,161,150 288,707 761,664 130,138 34,339,376 j 2,056,777 26,354,094 26,378,870 7,249,156 20,569,135 3,245,611 65,359,026 12,199,733 9,697,020 2,141,040 7,938,800 1,187,282 28,962,873 Primary horsepower. Total. 127,394 27,155 20,550 7,180 14,94S 3,565 53,996 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 103,697 19,895 17,387 6,650 11,310 3,380 45,075 jlnter- l nal- Steam com- tur- !bus- bines, j tion j en- jgines. Water jpower.8! 13,772 j 259 2,300 i 2,335 I 400! 500 i 10 s 8,227 | 4 128 Rent- ed.* 35 j 9,631 35 4,957 739 95 3,138 171 531 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 35,240 7,279 4,726 1,555 2,757 1,255 17,668 1 AH other states embrace: Colorado, 14 estabhshments; Idaho, 8; Illinois, 1; Indiana, 1; Iowa, 1; Kansas, 1; Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 4; Washington, 1; and Wyoming, 1. 9 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). » Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). CANE SUGAR, INCLUDING REFINING. GENERAL STATISTICS. The two industries, cane sugar and cane-sugar re- fining, have been combined, and, in order to prevent, disclosures, statistics for states have not been shown. Comparative summary.—Table 15 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1909. Increases are noticeable in both industries for the five-year period 1914-1919. The large increases, however, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industries for that pe- riod. A truer index of conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal in- come tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." Contract work, or work performed by employees other than those in plants reporting, has little significance, since it represents merely the methods of manufacture used by establishments, which vary from year to }rear. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—As has been mentioned before, data for states can not be given on account of disclosure of individual opera- tions. New York led in sugar refining, followed by Penn- sylvania, Louisiana, and California, while Louisiana was the leading state in the cane-sugar industry. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by sex, for 1919, was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 16 is an esti- mate obtained by the method described in the "Ex- planation of tcims." Figures in detail will be found in Table 27. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 17 show the regularity of employ- ment, or the reverse, in accordance with existing in- dustrial conditions during the several census years, together with the percentage which the number re- ported by each of the several months forms of the number reported for the maximum month. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 18 shows a marked shortening of the working day for these two industries since 1914. In that year only 8.1 per cent were re- ported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week as against 26.3 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 81.2per cent of the total wage earners as compared with 66.1 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 19 shows the size of establishments by average number of wage earners as a total in com- parison with 1914. Analysis of this table reveals the fact that in 1919, 60 establishments, or 27 per cent of the total number for the two industries, employed less than 6 wage earners each, while 86, or four-tenths of 1 per cent of the total average number of wage ear- ners, were employed therein, evidencing the predomi- nance of the small establishments based upon the average number of wage earners. On the other hand, the classes "501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" com- prising 15 establishments employed 16,288 wage ear- ners, or 67 per cent of the total average number, illustrating the extent of the manufacturing opera- tions in a few large establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the census of 1914, establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000," constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "8100,000 to $500,000'' and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. The table, therefore, gives com- bined figures for these two groups in case of average number of wage earners and value added by manu- facture for 1914. The statistics in Table 20 show the degree of concentration of production in large estab- lishments. In 1919 the groups "$500,000 to $1,000,- 000" and "81,000,000 and over" included 58 estab- lishments, or 26.1 per cent of the total, employed 21,116 wage earners, or 86.8 per cent of the total number for the industries, and reported products to the value of $764,787,417, or 97 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 21 emphasizes the predominance of corporate form of ownership. Cor- porations owned 53.6 per cent of the total number of establishments for these industries in 1919, employed 85.6 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 87.9 per cent of the value of products. During the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the average number of wage earners in corporations increased 8,766, or 72.8 per cent, and the value of products $427,082,536, or 160.6 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 22, there was a decrease in the total horsepower for these industries of 8,510 horsepower, or 5.2 per cent. The largest de- crease is in the rented power, being 3,860 horsepower, or 91.4 per cent, while electric power generated by establishments reporting, increased 34,033 horsepower, or 150.8 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 23 shows the principal kinds of fuel used in these two industries for 1919 and 1914 separately and as a whole. (140) CANE SUGAR, INCLUDING REFINING. 141 Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMAKY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital 222 27,966 171 3,492 24,303 154,402 $245,657,952 833,827,468 $7,107,635 826,719,833 Paid for contract work j 194,888 Rent and taxes (including internal revenue).! $7,703,829 Cost of materials | $706,2S7,397 Value of products I $788,728,026 Value addJed by manufacture 3 1 $82,440,629 Sugar:: Tons (2,000 pounds) 3,746,951 Value !$750,226,480 Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages 1914 199 | 17,105 i 180: 2,040 1 14,885 j 162,912 | 1909 233 15,658 204 1,92* 13,526 160,603 ■ $173,496,343 j $153,166,561 $12,378,118 i $9,875,298 $2,993,365! $2,391,576 $9,3-84,753 i $7,483,722 $32,258! $1,206,888 j $280,043;576 j $311,034,OSS | $30,990,512! 3,597,935' $304,443,657! $46,893 8886,032 , $247,582,804 $279,249,397 $31,666,593 <<) 1919 7.045 165 101,861 $55,117,127 $5.674, SI 7 Si;665.448 $4,009,369 CANE SUGAR. 1914 J 181 4,544 172 740 3,632 113,246 $32,996,524 $2.052,521 $491,145 $1,561,376 CANE-SUGAR REFINING. $27,366 i $11,988 $1,142,247 $263; 820 $44,143,416 j $15,958,218 $57,741,320 ; 821,635,373 $13,597,904 i $5,677,155 225,498 $36,659,085 264,801 $18,947,683 1909 i 214 5,313 198 988: 4,127 . 122,189: $37,925,770 , $2,600,172 • $747,421' 81,862; 751: $43,068 3315,631; $21,294,844 $30', 620; 73-8; $9,325,894 326,858 $26,095,673 i 1919 20,921 6 2,713 18,202 52,541 $193.540,825 $28,152,6-51 $5,442,187 $22.710,464 $67,522 $6,561,582 $662,143,981 8730,9^3.706 $68,842,725 j 3,521,453 | $713,567,395 j 1914 1,300 11,253 49,666 $140,499,819 $10,325,597 $2,502,220 $7,823,377 , $20,270 $943,068; £264,0*5/358 $289,398,715 $25,313,357 3.333,134 $2^5,495,974 1909 2 19 10,345 6 940 9,399 38,414 $115,240,791 $7,275,126 81,654,155 $5,620,971 $3,825 $570,401 8226.287.960 $248.628'. 659 $22'. 340'. 699 1 Includes for 1919: Florida, 3 establishments; Georgia, 2; Louisiana, 189; Mississippi, 1; South Carolina, 6; and Texas, 1. For 1914: Arizona, 1; Florida, 5; Louisiana, 168; Mississippi, 2; South Carolina, 1; and Texas, 4. For 1909: Illinois, 1; Louisiana, 204; Maryland, 1; Minnesota, 2: and Texas.. 6. 2 Includes for 1919: California, 2 establishments: Louisiana, 3; Massachusetts, 2; New Jersey, 2; New York, 5: Pennsylvania, 4; Texas, 1: and Georgia, 1. For 1914: California, 2; Louisiana, 3; Massachusetts, 2; New Jersey, 2; New York, 5; Pennsylvania, 3: and Texas, 1. For 1909: California, 2; Louisiana, 5; Massachusetts, 2; New Jersey, 2; New York. 5; Pennsylvania, 2; and Texas, 1." 3 Value of products less cost of materials. * The quantity and value for sugar refining were not reported for 1909. Table 16— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age CANE SUGAR AND CANE-SUGAR REFINING. CANE SUGAR. CANE-SUGAR REFINING. Cen-1 sus j Total. year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 27,966 17,105 15,658 1,011 661 789 171 180 204 206 96 140 634 385 445 2,652 1,559 1,343 24,303 14,SS5 13,526 24,244 14,813 13,458 59 72 Male. 25,483 16,392 15,22S 641 743 150 160 160 206 96 138 632 3S5 445 2,095 1,453 1,262 22,400 14,298 13,223 22,344 14,238 13,160 56 60 63 Fe- male. 2,483 713 430 557 106 SI 1,903 587 1,900 575 298 3 12 5 Per cent ij of total. > Per cent of total. Per cent of totaL Male. Fe- ! male. I Total.: Male. ! Fe- , | male.; 91.1 I 95,8 i 97.3 I S.9 4.2 97.7 97.0 94.2 2.3 3.0 5.8 S7.7 , 12.3 88.9 1 11.1 7&4 i 21.6 100.0 j 100.0! 98.6; 99.7 j 1.4 0.3 79.0: 93.2! 94.0 i 21.1 6.8 6.0 92.2 i 7.8 96.1 j 3.9 97. S I 2.2 92.2 96.1 I 97.8 j 94.9 83.3 92.6 7.8 3.9 2.1 5. I 16.7 | 7.4 7.045 i! 6,398! 4j544 j 4,423; 5,313 j 5,213 i 640 450 590 165 172 198 159 72 105 316 206 304 462 596 6,101 Ij 3,632 4.127 6,049 3,588 j 4,104 j 23: 647 121 100 Male. 90. S 97.3 98.1 TotaL 1 Male. Fe-! male, j Fe- male. = 621 19 i 97.0 3.0 371; 432 IS '96.0 4.0 211 i 544 46 92.2 7. S 199 146 19 ! 88.5 11.5 6 154 18 89. 5 10. 5 8! 154 44 ; 77.8 22.2 6 j 159 47; 72 ! 100.0 24 i 103 2 j 98.1 1.9 35: 316 318; 206 ; 100.0 179! 287 | 100.0 158 j j 281 23 ; 92.4 7.6 2,348 442 20 ! 95.7 4.3 1,097: 567 29 j 95.1 4.9 747 1 5,496 605 ; 90,0 9.9 18,202 3; 549 S3 i 97.7 2.3 11,253 4,102 25 99.4 0.6 9,399 , 5,447 602 i 90.0 10. 0 18,195 3,509 79 1 97.8 2.2 11,225: 4,080 24 | 99.4 0.6 9,354; ; 49 3 94.2 5.8 7 40 4 ! 90.9 9.1 28! 22 1 : 95.7 4.3 «: 36. 209! 199 1,814 1,011 695 16,904 10,749 9,121 16,897 10.720 9.080 20,921 1 19.085 1,836 j 12,561 1 11,969: 592 10,345 !10,015 i 3H0 Fe- male. Male. 91.2 8.8 95,3 4.7 96.8 3.2 98.9 99.1 100.0 66,7 I 75.0! 100.0! 47 ,. 24 j. 35 j. 316 179 !- 158 i. 534: S6 1,208 '504! 278; 100.0! 100.0 j ! 99.4 j 100.0! 100.0 j 77.3; 92.2 I 93". 0; 1,208 496! 274; 71.4 91.1 1.1 0.9 33.3 25.0 7.8 7.0 92.9 7.1 95.5 4.5 97.0 3.0 92.9 7.1 95.6 4.4 97.1 2.9 25.6 8.9 142 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. January... February.. March April May Juiie July August September October... November. December. CANE SUGAR AND CANE-SUGAR REFINING. Number.1 1919 23,186 23,643 21,471 20,418 21,185 21,327 22,346 20,851 21,220 25,728 35,599 34,662 1914 10,665 10,823 12,395 12,684 12,952 13,649 13,533 13,414 12,931 17,643 24, 752 23,279 1909 9,533 9,212 10,605 10,450 10,366 10,966 11, 074 10,533 11,002 19,034 25,349 24,163 Per cent of maximum. 1919 65.1 66.4 61.3 57.4 59.5 59.9 62.8 58.6 59.6 72.3 100.0 97.4 1914 42.7 43.7 50.1 51.2 52.3 54.3 54.7 54.2 52.2 71.3 100.0 94.0 1909 37.6 36.3 41.8 41.2 40.9 43.3 43.7 41.6 43.4 75.1 100.0 95.3 CANE SUGAR. Number.1 1919 1914 1,453 893 673 701 723 _ 857 1,062 1,017 1,338 7,253 14,635 12,979 1909 1,598 659 715 798 874 1,040 1,122 920 1,322 9,693 15,761 15,115 Per cent of maximum. 1919 44.2 25.3 11.0 7.7 8.4 8.8 9.4 9.2 9.5 41.4 99.1 100.0 1914 9.9 6.1 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.9 7.3 6.9 9.1 49.6 100.0 88.7 1909 10.1 3.5 4.5 5.1 5.5 6.6 7.1 5.8 8.4 61.5 100.0 95.9 CANE-SUGAR REFINING. Number.1 1919 14,633 18,692 19,311 18,904 19,539 19,600 20,501 19,058 19,366 17,624 16,204 15,092 1914 9,112 9,930 11,722 11,983 12,229 12,792 12,471 12,397 11,593 10,390 10,117 10,300 1909 7,935 8,653 9,890 9,652 9,492 9,926 9,952 9,613 9,680 9,341 9,588 9,048 Percent of maximum. 1919 70.9 91.2 94.2 92.2 95.3 95.6 100.0 93.0 94.5 86.0 79.0 73.6 1914 71.2 77.6 91.6 93.7 95.6 100.0 97.5 96.9 90.6 81.2 79.1 80.5 1909 79.7 86.9 99.4 97.0 95.4 99.7 100.0 96.6 97.3 93.9 96.3 90.9 1 The figures represent the number employed on the 15th of each month or the nearest representative day. Maximum indicated by bold-faced figures, minimum bv italic figures. "' J Table 18.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR CANE- SUGAR AND CANE-SUGAR REFINING: 1919 AND 1914. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Cen- sus year. Cen- sus year. Be- | tweeni 44 I 48.1 and I 48. j INDUSTRY. Total. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. INDUSTRY. Total. 44 Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. and un- der. 48.1 54. 60. Over! 60. j and un- der. 54. 60. Over 60. Total 1919 1914 24,303 14,885 745 (2) 3 (2) 5,643 614 25 593 1,271 82 553 1.512 6,525 3.450 9,538 8,634 Cane-sugar refin- ing 1919 1914 18,202 11,253 5,022 614 1,252 6,024 3,055 5,904 5,495 Cane-sugar 1919 1914 6,101 3,632 745 3 621 25 2 19 553 14 501 395 3,634 3,139 (2) 591 1,498 82 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 19— SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR CANE SUGAR AND CANE- SUGAR REFINING: 1919 AND 1914. Total number of establishments Total wage earners (average number) Establishments employing: No wage earners- Establishments 1 to 5 wage earners- Establishments "Wage earners 6 to 20 wage earners— Establishments Wage earners 21 to 50 wage earners- Establishments Wage earners 1919 222 24,303 59 758 1914 199 14,885 52 160 74 942 41 1,237 51 to 100 wage earners- Establishments Wage earners 101 to 250 wage earners- Establishments Wage earners 251 to 500 wage earners- Establishments Wage earners 501 to 1,000 wage earners- Establishments Wage earners Over 1,000 wage earners- Establishments Wage earners 1919 16 1,101 10 711 10 1,499 7 989 7 5 2,711 2,032 7 9 5,228 6,683 8 1 11,060 2,131 1914 Table 20.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS'. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1919 • 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 '$311,034,088 All classes 222 199 24,303 14,885 $788,728,026 $82,440,629 $30,990,512 $5,000 to $20,000 34 17 32 81 2S 30 17 14 72 74 4 18 30 36 394 2,727 1,507 19,609 28 88 958 74,412 143,962 1,992,051 / 21,730,184 \ 18,813,565 745,973,852 38,067 178,406 4,140,240 14,596,958 2,681,702 289,398,715 32,343 47,891 410,403 5,371,220 4,269,916 72,308,856 14,184 36,063 883,317 $20,000 to 8100,000 8100,000 to $500,000 } 2,558 11,253 } 4,743,591 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 25,313,357 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $6,000 15.3 7.7 14.4 36.5 12.6 13.5 8.5 7.0 36.2 37.2 2.0 9.0 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.2 0.6 6.4 (l) (») C1) 0) 0.3 0.1 1.3 4.7 0.9 93.0 0.1 0.5 6.5 5.2 87.7 0.1 2.9 $100,000 to $500,000 11.2 6.2 } . 17.2 75.6 / 2.8 \ 2.4 94.8 } 15.3 81.7 $500,000 to $1.000,000 80.7 * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CANE SUGAR, INCLUDING REFINING. 143 Table 21.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. Num- ber of estab- lish- Aver- age num- ber of Value added by manufac- CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- sus year. Value of products. ments. earners. 1919 222 24,303 S788,728,026 ?82,440,629 1914 199 14,885 311,034,088 30,990,512 Individual...! 1919 65 562 4,386,546 1,095,354 1914 55 868 3,710,938 959,732 Corporation 1919 119 20,812 693,006,951 73,558,434 1914 106 12,046 265,924,415 27,294,528 AH other 1919 38 2,929 91,334,529 7,786,841 i 1914 38 1,971 41,398,735 2,736,252 j CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Per cent distribution Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. if1™; i A«ST Value of products. | Value i added by j manufao i ture. I 1919 29.3 I 2.3 0.6; 1.3 1914 27.6 j 5.8 | 1.2 3.1 1919 53.6 I 85.6 87.9 1 89.2 1914 53.3! 80.9; 85.5: 88,1 1 1919 17.1! 12.1 ■ 11.6 9.4 1914 19.1 | 13.2 , 13.3: 8.8 i Table 22.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OP ENGINES OR MOTORS. I NUMBER OF ■ HORSEPOWER. j ENGINES OR j HORSEPOWER. MOTORS, !'i POWER. Amount. Per cent j distribution. } POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Primary power, total 1,575 1,970 154,402 162,912 Primary power—Continued. Rented. j I 97.4! 97.1! 3 3 274; 362! 4,222 274 360; 4,222 0.2 0.2 2.6 Owned 1,572 1,399 1,355 44 172 1 1,696 1,644 154,040 151,004 130,221 20,783 3,028 8 158,690 158.183 99.8 97.8 84.3 13.5 2.0 (3) Electric 2.6 Steam Other ;! 2! (2) (l) Turbines . . C1) 507 Electric 4,031 3 2.195 ' 56,956! 26,785 '274 , 360 | 4,222 100.0 0.6 100.0 15.8 Internal-combustion engines... Water wheels and turbines 52 0.3 i Rented Generated by establishments reporting 4,028 1,921 i! 56,596 j 22,563 99.4 84.2 i Not reported separately. 8 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 23— FUEL CONSUMED: 1919 AND 1914. Cane sugar and cane-sugar refining, total.. Cane sugar Cane-sugar refining Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 407, iSl 453,797 1,233 2,487 406,24S 451,310 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1,017,513 906,293 29,823 30,411 987,690 875,882 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). 542 1,639 112 15 430 1,624 2,741,665: 1,588,712 | 0) 3,514 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 154,27 1,036,566 ) 840,179 | 1,705,099 j 748,533 C1) 3,100 | 414 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of materials used in tlie cane- sugar industry.—Table 24 shows statistics on the quan- tity and cost of the cane crushed and cost of other materials of the cane-sugar industry for 1919 and 1914. Of the total quantity of cane crushed, 46.8 per cent in 1919, as against 40.8 per cent in 1914, was grown on plantations controlled by mill owners. The arer- age cost per ton of cane thus grown, as reported for 1919, was $8.89, while that of cane purchased was $10.27. Of the total cost of materials used, the cane crushed represented 80.6 per cent in 1919, as against 84 per cent in 1914. Table 24.—Quantity and Value of Materials Used in the Cane-Sugar Industry: 1919 and 1914. MATERIAL. Total cost Cane crushed: Tons, 2,000 pounds Cost Grown on plantations controlled by mill owners Tons, 2,000 pounds Cost Purchased— Tons, 2,000 pounds Cost Treated on shares or contract- Tons, 2,000 pounds Cost Fuel and rent of power, cost All other materials, cost 1919 1914 S44,143,416 | S15,958, 218 3,6SS.002! 3,754,S20 $35,594,766 I $13, 40$, 689 1,724,435 1 $15,342,707 | 1.922.39S i §19,761,721: 41,169 i $41*0,338 j $1,9S2,1S0 j $6,506,470' 1,532,575 $5,259,933 2,166,477 §7, m% 882 $178,874 $1,151,610 11,397,919 144 MANUFACTURES. Detailed statistics of products.—Table 25 gives the quantity and value of the products made from the sugar cane. Table 25.—Quantity and Value of Products of the Cane- Sugar Industry: 1919 and 1914. 1919 Total value. Sugar: Tons, 2,000 pounds. Value Brown or open kettle— Tons, 2,000 pounds. Value Sugar other than brown- Tons, 2,000 pounds. Value Refined- Tons, 2,000 pounds. Value Clarified— Tons, 2,000 pounds. Value Raw- Tons, 2,000 pounds. Value Mola?ses: Gallons Value Sirup: Gallons Value $57,741,320 225 $46,659, 3, $649, 221, $46,009, 35, S9,547, 129, $26,563, 56, S9, 898, '20,058, S4,S6S, 6,739, $4,189, 1914 $21,635,3(3 All other products, value $2,024,296' 264,801 SIS, 947, 6S3 5,309 $361, 410 259,492 SIS, 586, 273 53,594 S4, 228,860 91,075 16,742,266 114,823 87,615,147 20, 675,260 $2, 021,517 2, 420,633 $609,696 $56, 477 The average value per pound of the sugar re- ported was 10.3 cents in 1919, as against 3.6 cents in 1914. The average value of molasses per gallon, from which more or less sugar content had been taken, was 24.3 cents in 1919 as against 9.8 cents in 1914. The sirup, from which practically no sugar had been taken, averaged 62.2 cents per gallort in 1919 as against 25.2 cents in 1914. Detailed statistics of materials and products for cane-sugar refining.—Table 26 presents statistics for the quantity and cost of materials and the quantity and value of products of the sugar-refining indus- try for 1919 and 1914. There are certain duplica- tions in this table in the materials and value of prod- ucts due to the use of the products of the cane sugar as material for sugar refining. Table 26.—Materials and Products of Sugar Refining, 1919 and 1914. MATERIAL AND PRODUCT. 19191 1914 MATERIALS. Total cost $662,143,981 $264,085,358 Raw sugar: Tons, 2,000 pounds 4,298, 417 $614,735,6S4 3,560,479 $247,0S6,355 Cost All other materials, cost $47, 408,297 $730,986,706 $16,999,003 $289,398,715 PRODUCTS. Total value Refined sugar: Tons, 2,000 pounds 3,521,453 S713,567,395 3,333, 134 $285,495,974 Value Molasses and sirup: Gallons 44,060,98-8 $15,316,601 35,802,995 $3,2S4,278 Value All other products, value $2,102,710 $618, 463 1 In addition 12,171 tons of raw sugar costing $1,467,801 with 10,929 tons of refined sugar valued at $1,627,833 were reported by establishments not engaged primarily in the sugar refining industry. GENERAL TABLE. Table 27 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the cane sugar and cane-sugar refining industries com- bined and separately. Table 27.—DETAILED STATEMENT OF THE CANE-SUGAR INDUSTRY, INCLUDING REFINING: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried officors,superintendents, and managers Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees Male Female Wage earners- Average number Number, 15th day of month- Maximum month, and num- ber Minimum month and num- ber Wage earners Dec. 15 or nearest rep- resentative day 16 years of age and over Male Female Under 16 years of age Male Female Total. 222 27,966 171 840 2,652 2,095 557 24,303 38,969 38,790 34,973 3,817 179 167 12 Cane sugar. 202 7,045 165 304 281 23 6,101 De 19,570 Ap 1,514 20,586 20,414 17,910 2,504 172 160 12 Cane-sugar refining. 20 20,921 2,348 1,814 534 18,202 20,501 14,533 18,383 18,376 17,063 1,313 7 7 Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Officials Clerks, etc Wage earners Contract work Rent and taxes Rent of factory ;■ Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local Cost of materials Principal materials Fuel and rent of power Value of products Value added by manufacture Total. Cane sugar. Cane-sugar refining. 154,402 $248,657,952 101,861 $55,117,127 52,541 $193,540, 825 33,827,468 3,573,824 3,533,811 5,674,817 1,173,706 491,742 4,009,369 28,152,651 2,400,118 3,042,069 26,719,833 22,710,464 94,888 7,703,829 96,534 27,366 1,142,247 11,498 67,522 6,561,682 85,036 7, 607,295 1,130,749 6,476,546 706,287,397 694, .536,096 11,751,301 44,143,416 42,161,236 1,982,180 662,143,9S1 652,374,860 9,769,121 788,728,026 82,440,629 57,741,320 13,597,904 730,986,706 68, 842,725 TEXTILES AND THEIR PRODUCTS Page Textiles - - 147 Cotton Manufactures 157 ♦Knit Goods 190 Silk Manufactures - - - 216 Wool Manufactures 233 Wool Shoddy - 268 Wool Pulling — - 274 Wool Scouring - 275 Cordage and Twine, Jute Goods, and Linen Goods 276 Fur-Felt Hats 285 Dyeing and Finishing Textiles 291 Flax and Hemp, Dressed - 297 Haircloth 298 Mats and Matting 299 Oilcloth and Linoleum 300 111367—23 10 (145) TEXTILES. By Abthub J. Leck. GENEEAL STATISTICS. United States, shown comparatively for each census year since 1899. Detailed statistics for textile industries.—Statistics for each of the five groups of textile industries are summarized in Table 2 for 1919. Comparative statistics, by industries.—The principal statistics of the primary textile industries are shown in this comparative Table 3 for the census years from 1889 to 1919, inclusive. Persons engaged in textile industries.—Statistics for the number of persons engaged in the combined textile industries are given in Table 4, for 1919,1914, and 1909, by sex and by age. Prevailing hours of labor.—A distribution of the average number of wage earners according to the prevailing hours of labor for the five groups of tex- tile industries is shown comparatively in Table 5, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Character of ownership for industries.—It will be seen by reference to Table 6 that the corporate form of ownership prevailed in all textile industries to a greater extent in 1919 than in either 1914 or 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power used in 1919, 1914, and 1909 in the combined textile industries are shown in Table 7, with the number and horsepower of each summary of the primary textile industries of the j type, both owned and rented. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. :i PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1S99! 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 :i 6,0S7 4,991 4,825 4,268 4,099 j; 22.0 3.4 13.1 4. 1 Persons engaged 1,023,435 911,780 S65,214 729,182 12.2; 5.4 18.7 Proprietors and Arm members 3,375 3,013 3,113 3.1S5 (2): 12.0 i -3. 2 -2.3' Salaried employees 50,800 34,065 28,014 21; 946 15.526! 49.1! 2V.6 27.6 41.3 969,260 S74,702 834,087 704,051 631,979 ;| 10.8 4,9 18.5 11. 4 Primary horsepower 2,822,572 2,364,9S6 1,976,026 1.526.031 1,229,875 | 19,3! 19.7 29.5 24.1 Capital $4,102,969,046 $1,921,923,038 $1,717,794,601 $1,254,$95,570 $982,559,386 l| 113.5; 11.9 36,9! 27.7 Salaries and wages 967.615,399 420,373,797 356,697,598 263,074,044 217.407,397 Ij 130.2 i 17,9 35.6 21. 0 144,107,479 56,284,975 43,722.234 29,107,389 2L, 035,396! 156.0 28.7 50.2: 38. 4 Wages S23,507,920 364, OSS, S22 312,975,364 233,966,655 196,372,001 j| 126.2 16.3 33. S 19. 1 65,444,591 21,SS3,163 19,966,523 9,649,279 11,189,860! 199.1 9.6 106.9 j -13.8 Rent and taxes 237,069,920 17,421,937 12,613,9S5 3 9,695,917 s 8,219,905 1 1.260.8 i 38.1 30.1 18.0 Cost of materials 3.001,263,746 1,093,190,209 950,995,374 726,357.481 503,510,534 1 174.5 I 15, 0 30.9; 44.3 1,761 709,974 1,591,735,706 1,164,705! 562 886,882,361 Ij 1S4.2 10.7 36.7' 31. 3 Value added by manufacture < 2,005,375,659 668,519,765 640,740,332 438,348,081 383,371,827 ji 200,0 j 4.3 46.2 14^3 !i i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Figures not available. * Exclusive of internal revenue. < Value of products less cost of materials. Scope of the report.—A correlation of all the primary and some of the closely related textile industries is presented here in a combined statistical report. Tables 1 to 13, inclusive, relate to the primary textile industries with their branches, as follows: Cotton manufactures— Cotton goods. Cotton small wares. Cotton lace. Wool manufactures— Woolen goods. Worsted goods. Carpets and rugs, other than rag. Wool-felt hats. Felt goods. Knit goods. Silk manufactures. Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods. These industries, together with the related textile industries, all of which are treated separately in other parts of this report, are shown in further com- bination with certain detail in Table 14. The output of all industries for the United States as a whole was taken into consideration when compiling Table 15, which was specially designed and shown for the first time in connection with the census of 1919. Comparative summary.—Table 1 is a combined (147) 148 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—DETAILED STATISTICS FOR TEXTILE INDUSTRIES: 1919. Total. COTTON MANUFACTURES. WOOL MANUFACTURES. KNIT GOODS. SILK MANUFACTURES. CORDAGE AND TWINE, JUTE GOODS, AND LINEN GOODS. Number or amount. Per Number or amount. Per cent of total. Number or amount. Per cent of total. Number or amount. Per cent of total. Number or amount. Per cent of total. cent of total. Number of establishments 6,087 1,496 24.6 1,016 16.7 2,050 33.7 1,369 22.5 156 2.6 Persons engaged in the industry 1,023,435 3,375 50,800 969,260 462,873 346 15,675 446,852 45.2 10.3 30.9 46.1 208,225 4.88 11,333 196,404 20.3 14.5 22.3 20.3 186,673 1,488 12,613 172,572 18.2 44.1 24.8 17.8 136,775 1,011 8,982 13.4 30.0 17.7 13.1 28,889 42 2,197 26,650 2.8 1.2 4.3 2.7 Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. 126,782 Primary horsepower 2,822,572 $4,102,969,046 1,863,542 SI, 914,919, 506 66.0 46.7 525,757 $989,746,958 18.6 24.1 151,601 $516,457,991 5.4 12.6 176,825 $532,732,163 6.3 13.0 104,847 $149,112,428 3.7 3.6 Capital Salaries and wages 967,615,399 144,107,479 i 823,507,920 410,487,673 41,763,961 368,723,712 42. 4 29.0 44.8 236,773,202 38,187,133 19S, 5S6,069 24.5 26.5 24.1 157,526,402 32,326,582 125,199,820 16.3 22.4 15.2 134,597,292 26,370,962 108,226,330 13.9 18.3 13.1 28,230,830 5,458,841 22,771,989 2.9 3.8 2.8 Salaries Paid for contract work 65,444, 591 4,162,821 6.4 9,316,229 14.2 8,495,982 13.0 43,146,201 65.9 323,358 0.5 Rent and taxes (including internal 237,069,920 3,001,263,746 ft,006,639,405 2,005,375,659 123,148,109 1,314,901,542 2,195,565,881 51.9 43.8 43.9 43.9 59,758,733 759,193,319 1,234,657,092 475,463,773 25.2 25.3 24.7 23.7 25,966,579 427,095,560 713,139,689 286,044,129 11.0 14.2 14.2 14.3 20,594,520 388,469,022 688,469,523 300,000,501 8.7 12.9 13.8 15.0 7,601,979 111,604,303 174,807,220 63,202,917 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.1 Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1 a$0,664,339 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS, BY INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, AND 1889. INDUSTRY AND YEAR. Total, 1919 Cotton manufactures - - - Wool manufactures Knit goods Silk manufactures Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods Total, 1914 Cotton manufactures Wool manufactures Knit goods Silk manufactures Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods Total, 3909 Cotton manufactures Wool manufactures ■ Knit goods Silk manufactures ■ Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linon goods Total, 1904 Cotton manufactures Wool manufactures Knit goods - Silk manufactures Cordageand twine, jute goods, andlinen goods. Total, 1899 Cotton manufactures • YVool manufactures Knit goods Silk manufactures Cordageand twine, jute goods, and linen goods, Total, 1889 Cotton manufactures Wool manufactures Knit goods Silk manufactures Cordage and twine, jute goods, andbnen goods. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 6,087 1,496 1,016 2,050 1,369 156 4,991 1,328 979 1,622 902 160 4, 825 1,324 1,124 1,374 852 151 4,268 1,154 1,213 1,144 624 133 4,099 1,055 1,414 1,006 483 141 4,0.56 905 1,693 824 472 '162 Sala- ried em- ploy- 50,800 15,675 11,333 12,613 8,982 2,197 34,065 10,018 7,853 7,855 6,810 1,529 28,014 8,514 6,987 5,721 5, 537 1,255 21,946 6,981 5,616 4, 330 4,027 992 15,526 4,902 4,495 2,831 2,657 641 (2) (2) (2) Wage earners (average num- ber). 969,260 446,852 196,404 172, 572 126,782 26,650 874,702 393,404 195,285 150,520 108,170 27,323 834,087 378,880 202,029 129,275 99,037 24,866 704,051 315.874 179,976 104,092 79,601 24,508 631,979 302,801 159,108 83,691 65,416 20,903 497,822 218, 876 154,271 59,774 49,382 15, 519 Primary horse- power. 2,822, 572 1,863,542 525,757 151,601 176,825 104,847 2,364,986 1,585,953 442,330 125,842 116,924 93,937 1,976,026 1,296,517 400,762 103,709 97,947 77,091 1,526,031 986,604 322,914 78,769 71,760 65,984 1,229,875 795, 834 271, 565 57,346 57,397 47,733 767,369 464,881 210,642 34, 564 29,638 27,644 Capital. *4,102,969,046 1,914,919,506 989,746,958 516, 457,991 532, 732,163 149,112,428 1,921,923,038 899,764,682 497,699,293 215,826,340 210,071,679 98,561,044 1,717,794,601 822,237,529 506,205,584 163,641,171 152,158,002 73,552,315 1,254,895, 570 613,110,655 370, 861,691 106,943,072 109,556,621 54,423,531 982,559,386 467,240,157 310,179,749 82,065,517 81,082,201 41,991,762 729,332,978 354,020,843 245,886,743 50,686,206 51,007,537 27,731,649 Salaries. $144,107,479 $823,507,920 41,763,961 38,187,133 32,326,582 26,370,962 5,458,841 56,284,975 17,400,000 14,651,788 11,281,035 10,506,905 2,445,247 43,722,234 14,411,758 12,306,199 7,691,457 7,527,279 1,785,541 29,107,389 10,237,891 8,177,345 4,455,151 4,742,270 1,494,732 21,035,396 7,350,199 6,455,495 3,138,160 3,134,352 957,190 (3) Wages. $3,001,263,746 368,723,712 198,586,069 125,199,820 108,226,330 22,771,989 364, 088,822 152,422,599 93,357,880 59,758,151 47,108,469 11,441,723 312,975,364 132,859,145 87,962,669 44,740,223 38,570,085 8,843,242 233,966,655 96,205,796 70,797,524 31,614,607 26,767,943 8,580,785 196,372,001 86,689,752 57,933,817 24,434,497 20,982,194 6,331,741 171,373,880 09,489,272 58,397,470 18,325,261 19,680,318 5,481,559 Cost of materials. 1,314,901,542 759,193,319 427,095,560 388,469,022 111, 604,303 1,093,190,209 443, 522,515 298,063,498 146,687,458 144,442,321 60,474,417 950,995,374 371,009, 470 322,441,043 110,241,053 107,766,916 39,536,892 726,357,481 286,255,303 242,561,090 76,789,348 75,861,188 44,890,546 503, 510,534 176,551,527 181,159,127 51,195,330 62,400,665 32,197,885 435,249,600 154,912,979 167,233,987 35,949, 865 51,004,425 26,148,344 Value of products. $5,006,639,405 2,195,565,881 1,234,657,092 713,139,689 688,469,523 174,807,220 1,761,709,974 701,300,933 464,249, 813 258,912,903 254,011,257 83,235,068 1,591,735,706 628,391,813 507,166,710 200,143,527 196,911,667 59,121,989 1,164,705,562 450,467,704 380,934,003 137,076,454 133,288,072 62,939,329 886,882,361 339,200,320 296,990,484 95,833,692 107,256,258 47,601,607 730,567,498 267,981,724 270,527,511 67,446,788 87,298,454 37,313,021 1 Value of products less cost of materials. 1 Included with wage earners. 8 Salaries and wages not reported separately. TEXTILES. 149 Table 4.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. I || PER CENT 1: OF TOTAL. Cen- J' CLASS. sus Total. Male. Female, ji 1 year. j: | Fe- ! male. Male. r. j !< | All classes 1919 1,023,435 524,682 498,753 - 51.3 ! 48.7 1914 911,780 472,731 439,049 !i 51.8 j 4S-2 1909 865,214 441,788 423,426 ,.i 51.1 j 48.9 Proprietors and officials 1919 25,625 24, .581 1,044 !i 95.9 1 4-1 1914 15,048 14,654 394 I1 97.4 ! 2.6 1909 14,087 13,682 405 ji 97.1 1 2.9 Proprietors and firm members.. 1919 3,375 3,234 141 > 95. S 1 4-2 1914 3,013 2,8S1 132 i 95. 6 ! 4.4 1909 3,113 2,959 154 j; 95.1 ; 4.9 1 Salaried officers of corporations. 1919 7,482 7,2*5 197 i! 97.4 2.6 1914 4,639 4,564 75 !j 98.4 ! 1.6 1909 4,047 3,992 55! 98.6 , 1.4 Superintendents and managers. 1919 14,768 14,062 706 ji 95.2 1 4.8 , 1914 7,396 7,209 187 ii 97.5 2.5 1909 * 6,927 6,731 196 |i 97.2 2.8 |i ] Cen- j sus I ! year.! Clerks and other subordinate sal- • aricd employees. 1919 1914! 1909; i Wage earners (average number)..' 1919 1 1914 !: 1909 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age 1914; 1909 i PES CENT OF TOTAL. Total. 28,550 22,030 17,040 969,260 .874,702 834,087 Male. 1 Female. 1 Male. Fe- male. 16,191 15,572; 12,SIS - 12,359 56.7 j 43.3 6,458 ; 70.7! 29.3 4.222 i; 75-2 j 24.8 483,910 , 4,85,3.50: 49.9; .50.1 ■ 442,505 [ 432.197 ! 50-6 i 49.4 ! 415,2SS 418,799 ; 49. 8 50.2 1919 i 923,558 :j 464,816 458,742 , 50-3; 816,858 763,871 1919 45,702! 1914 \ 57.844 1909! 70,216 i ii 415,143 I 401.715 1 383,371 j m',500 19,094! 26,608 27,362; 30,482 31,917! 38/299 50.8 50.2 J 41.8 47.3 i 45. 5 49.7 49. 2 49.8 58. 2 52.7 54. 5 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK: 1919 AND 1914. Combined textiles Cotton manulactures Wool manufactures Knit goods Silk manufactures Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods, Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 969,260 874,702 834,087 446,852 393,404 196,404 195,285 172,572 150,520 126,782 10S, 170 26,650 27,323 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE- 44 and under. 42,59S (2) (=) 1,697 I2) 932 (s) 7, S18 (s) 31,619 (3) 532 (s) Between 44 and 48. 48.1 IS, 207 C2) (2) 391,760 7,764 2,008 413 I (2) i 10,002! 4,701 j (,) i 2,909! m; 182! C2); 173,366 1,145 123,448 1,10S 54,674 3,673 26,154 1,169 9, US 669 Between 4S and 54. 135,780 20,813 9,927 19,02S 3,149 15,940 4,675 46,149 7,860 47,286 4,916 7,377 213 •54. 139,239 432,039 IS; 331 63,45,5 153,237 27,002 113,333 30,387 87,549 14,241 56,632 4,154 16,23S Between 54 and 60. 183.523 221,894 487.109 141,218 72,025 11,473 64,599 23,909 34,260 3,322 43,243 3,601 Over 60. 56,519 j 1,634 1S9,623! 2,569 245,139 | 71,573 47.20S | 157,112 j 2,273 i 11,511! 4,578: 16, 515 774 2,190 1,686 2,295 467 1,686 334 59 356 663 477 20 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. s Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. Textile manufactures... Cotton manufactures Wool manufactures Knit goods Silk manufactures Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Indi- vid- uals. Cor- ipora-j 1,092 1,013 1,021 4,072 (3,2031 '2,9751 102 105 149j 176 561 519 2501 ISO' 1,307 1,116 73S 645 1,096 785 811 543 120j 114 All oth- ers. 923 775 829| 129 15S 308 179 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. [969,260 874,7021 834,087 In establishments owned by- P '•Percent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 26,29' 36,71S| |43.366 446,852 393,404 196,404 195,285 172,572 |150,520 126,782, 108,170 26,650 27,323] ,896,158 775,142! 709,49Sj 3,215 4,425 5,86S 9,489 9,986! 13,907' 6,498! S, 11 730! Cor- pora- tions. 46, SOS;1 2.71 92.5! a,S42i'l 4.2; 88,6 81,2231 j 5.2j 85.1 438,884 |377,70S 178,800 167,863 147,052 120,697 108,531 86,033 22,891 22,841 All ilndi- oth- 1 vid- ers. 1 uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. 4,753; 11,271 11,736 17,933; 15,534! 15,9161; U,75»i! I4,020j! 3,029|! 3,702*1 0.7| 98.21 1,1 l.lj 96.0| 2,9! 3.0j 91.0| 6.0! 4.9 85.9! 9,2| 2.9 85.2; SO. 2! 85.6 79.5 85.9! S3. C>i 9.0 10.6 13.01 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Of establishments owned by— Total. ! Per eent of total. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. i lndi-! Cor- ! vid- j pora- uals. 1 dons. !$5.006,639,405;j$141,591,247!$4.605,940,414i$259,107.744 1,761,709,974 i: 76,387.57711,546,157.035 i 139,165.362! 1.591,735,706! > 85,906,0551!, 342,571,638; 163.255,013 All oth- ers. I 2.8: 92.0! 5.1] I 4.31 ST. Sj 7.S ! 5.4; 84.3| 10.2 ;2,195,565 701,300, 1,234,657 '464,249, 713,139, 258,912, 688.469, 2.54,011. j 174.807 j S3,235 881'I 15,071, ?57b. 154.402,091' 26.092,433! 933)! 8,711,335; 672,269,539! 20,320,059! j ,092i> 36,925,377:1,121,020.101 i 76,711,614: S131! 25,951,835! '393,5S5,924! 44,712,054;! i' "I i ;i 689;! 47,200,801! 593,140,241; 72.798,647) 903! j 23,319,057! 208,404,357! 27,1,89,489 ;l ! t '! 5231', 38,561,197) 581,413,071.! 68,495,255 i 257; 16', 407,605 j 199.073,261 j 38,530,391;! ,220^ 3,S32.515i 155,961.910; 15,009,795!| ,068! l,997.745i 72,823,954; 8,413.369! 0.7| 98, li 1.2j 95.9! 3.0j 90. s| 5.6 84. S 6.6 9.0! 2.2! 2.4 83 . 2 80.5; 84.5 78.4 1.2 2.9 6.2 9.6 10.2 10. 5 9.9 15.2 8.6 10.1 150 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. POWER. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. Amount. 1914 HORSEPOWER. Per ce 1919 100.0 nt distribu 1914 ion. 1909 1919 1911 1909 1919 1909 Primary power, total 89,965 30,527 15,161 2,822,572 2,364,986 1,976,026 100.0 100.0 Owned 6, 556 4,099 3,710 389 213 2,244 7,286 4,696 7,977 5,131 2,037,414 1,600,763 1,190,956 1,998,198 1,554,-562 1,804,584 1,373,645 72.2 56.7 42.2 14.5 0.3 15.2 81, 5 65.7 91.3 69.5 Steam i Engines C-) (3) (*) Turbines (2) (2) 409,807 8,282 (3) (2) Internal-combustion engines 263 2,327 289 2,557 12,403 431,233 9,171 421,768 0.5 18.2 0.5 21.3 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 428,369 Rented 83,409 83,409 23,241 23,241 7,184 7,184 785,158 772,910 12,2-18 366,788 347,751 19,037 171,442 150,997 20,445 27.8 27.4 0.4 15.5 14.7 0.8 8.7 7.6 1.0 Electric Other _.i 1 Electric 139,235 52,195 .83,409 23,241 55,826 28,954 19,483 7,184 12,299 1.388,863 772,910 615,953 810,014 347,751 462,263 389,567 150,997 238,570 100.0 55.7 44.3 100.0 42.9 57.1 100.0 38. 8 61.2 Rented Generated by establishments reporting 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of'' Other" owned power. 1 Not reported separately. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Raw fibers consumed, by industries.—The quantity ; different branches of the textile industty is given in of the different kinds of raw fiber consumed in the ! pounds in the comparative Table 8. Table 8.—RAW FIBERS CONSUMED, BY INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Cotton (including lin- ters). Wool. Animal hair. Silk. Flax.. Hemp, jute, etc. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 Total. Pounds. 2,905,779,683 2,679,934,775 2,465,225,572 1,981,804,446 496,434, 834 510, 008,799 559,860,995 501,424,203 55,364,735 44,821,941 41,549,822 44,079,928 27,867,055 25,021,945 17,729,306 11,572,783 12,787,560 26,455,737 28,063,703 C) 570,494,610 751,008,927 632,786,278 (3) In cotton manufac- tures. Pounds. 2,758,355,619 2,523,500,837 2,335,344,906 1,876,437,150 7,239 4i,"406 IN WOOL MANUFACTURES. In woolen goods. 593,982 1,057,083 257,102 Pounds. 14,629,920 23,915,496 15,801,394 28,279,832 105,792, 290 78,873,319 87,037,951 157,335,727 12,612,617 16,199,052 17,719,863 23,754,714 1,738,139 1,108,918 (*) 50,000 22,087 In worsted goods. Pounds. 2,745,4a3 4, 471,526 4,222,667 4,333, 576 337,669,614 355, 854,756 387,717, 415 261,368,084 15,667,157 12,921,907 7,441,659 5,740,249 106,777 In carpets and rugs. Pounds. 3, 864, 826 3, 802, 789 5,147,130 1,997,369 36, 261, 904 52, 552, 449 64,136,020 51,320,521 6, 272,522 3,469, 283 5,400,944 6,805,802 In felt goods. Pounds. 1,442,406 3,117,272 1,375,670 1,982,624 11,804,373 14,969, 852 12,409,826 11,868, 238 19,663,511 11,540,635 8,144,011 6,974,634 In wool- felt hats. Pounds. 200,294 606,957 1,203, 498 1,633,526 606 350 1 142,001 i 210,027 In knit goods. Pounds. 93,0.50,318 88,390,208 75,416,023 50,586,760 4,518,068 6,947,598 7,068,788 17,300,616 705,839 690,714 191,344 89,502 1,265,568 1,590,162 In silk manufac- tures. Pounds. 25,890,728 22,374, 700 17, 472,204 11,572,783 In cordage | and twine, i jute goods, | andlinen goods. Pounds. 31,685,111 32,336,685 27,624,490 18,142,735 12,787,560 24,717,598 26,954,785 ,570,494,610 .1750,958,927 '632,764,191' I Includes hatters' fur. » Small quantity reported but not shown, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. »Figures not available, TEXTILES. 151 Yarns purchased, by industries.—Table 9 gives statistics for the various kinds of yarns used in the different branches of the textile industry. Table 9.—YARN PURCHASED, BY INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. KIND OF TARN. Cotton. Woolen, worsted, and merino . Thrown silk, spun silk, and artificial silk. Linen. Jute, ramie, and other vege- table fiber. Other kinds. Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 I 1914! 1909; 1904 I 1919 1914 1909 1904 Total. Pounds. 519,420,163 428,316,706 430,483,305 336,359,633 100,602,636 115,832,891 122,714,085 102, 272,635 26,641,051 14,239,146 9,929,573 6,875,682 2,790,459 9,834,110 10,652,249 9,048,018 53,137,042 66,759,424 58,817,959 49,713,205 4,420,938 3,294,162 2,060,260 1,219,519 IN WOOL MANUFACTURES. In cotton manu- factures. In woolen | In worsted goods. ; goods. In carpets and rugs. In felt goods. In knit goods Pounds.! i 230,061,217 j 139,482,027 126,707,003 1 105,411,516 | 484,390: 656, 789 I 1,613,118 1,428,077 j 2,261,392 | 1,305,550 I 2,062,006; 412,589 | 206,950 786,856 669,532 740,097 227,574 202,647 406,705 Pounds.'' 12,854,825 | 15,316,551 1 16,838,501 1 18,878,949 j Pounds. 15,828,820 16,788,861 22,280,8S7 13,719,123 Pounds. 17,309,949 24,619,137 26,166,241 27,421,831 i Pounds. 45,757 263,780 263,225 409,453 6,879,516: 46,043,926 3,898,922 i 52,427,109 8,035,598! 54,016.104. 9,582,443 J 29,673; 246 I Pounds. ! 2 217,411,343 ; 3 205,524,143 ! 216,987.611 1 161,500,466 In silk manu- factures. In cordage j 'and twine, ■ In jute goods, | wool and linen > shoddy, goods. Pounds. 3 17,958,012 3 18,333,810 3 14,111,878 3 9,018,295 91,474 111,580 70.959 107:377 1,241,270 357,435 854,161 950,200 8,168 12,685 2,007 1.580.210 1,966,905 1.031,880 395,101 94,908 21,558,625 I 8,032 30,961,720 j 116,338; 37,595,684 I 116,115 1 44,823,531 j 124,380 3-53.130 404,370 211.577 304,930 15,000 372 1,500 2, 748 2.170 13,171 237,677 136,735 273,032 196. 840 76,000 2,280,055 7,602,200 8,792, 876 8,228,200 45,119,812 59,148,266 55,592,343 49.119,558 780.450 1,238 5,711 19 445 338 j 1,768 20,822 689,320 535,096 114,339 178,150 24,984,813 638,334 25,784,095 j 1,987,918 20,524,878 1 610,588: 16,197,803 443,155 0,864,656 13,932.426 3,170.721 8,968,182 982,753' 6,405,438 320,671 5,654,096 5 288,009 * 70,278 * 241,754 55,392 Pounds, I Pound*. 7,950,240 j 7,968,054! 20,343 7,077.959 1 («); 202,000 C7) 1.365,898 933.634 1 7,225 1,042,790' 2.936.727; 1,0*3, 8R8 I 209,319 5,52*1.126 1 4,903,762 i;600.522' 70,000 (♦>! 1,023,843 1.: 142.211 1 Includes 5,935,859 pounds of mercerized cotton. * Includes 30,519,234 pounds of mercerized cotton in 1919 and 15.672,427 pounds in 1914. »Includes 2,826,965 pounds of mercerized cotton in 1919,1,464,299 pounds in 1914, 1,494,586 pounds in 1909, and 631,247 pounds in 1904. « Not reported separately. 6 Includes jute and other vegetable fiber yarns. 6 Included in "Other kinds. 11ncluded in "Linen." Table 10.—Total Production and Consumption of Cotton and Wool Yaens in Textile Industries: 1919 and 1914. Production.. Cotton manufactures. Wool manufactures.. Knit goods. Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods. Consumption... Cotton manufactures. Wool manufactures... Cordage and twine, Jute goods, and linen goods. Silk manufactures Cen- sus year. Cotton yarns. Woolen and worsted yarns. Merino yams. 1919 1914 Pounds. 2,467,185,258 2,283,981,341 Pounds. 375,936,802 379,846,695 Pounds. 74,525,718 74,338,905 1919 1914 2,351,765,434 2,179,764,163 1919 1914 10,863,432 11,193,902 369,068,324 371,782,548 56,961,185 49,975,722 1919 1914 104,556,392 93,023,271 6,868,478 8,064,147 17,564,533 24,363,183 1919 1914 28,516,650 32,853,857 1919 1914 *2,350,041,222 12,178,567,309 364,089,117 376,690,554 W, 425,095 68,675,941 1919 1914 1,963,624,833 1,821,259,196 428,600 654,035 55,790 2,754 1919 j 1914 56,033,757 66,648,071 33S,60S,785 344,651,302 45,164,154 40,169,842 I 1919 ; 1914 304,474,380 265,822,477 • 24, 413,398 29,397, 299 24,205,151 28,513,345 1919 1914 7,950,240 7,968,054 1919 1914 17,95S,012 16,869,511 638,334 1,987,918 1 Exclusive of cotton yarn made for own consumption within cordage and twine, Jute-goods, and linen-goods establishments, for which figures are not available. Production and consumption of cotton and wool yarns.—Statistics relating to the production and con- sumption of yarns made of cotton, wool, and wool and cotton mixed (merino) are given in Table 10. Producing spindles.—Dating from the census of 1879 to 1919, Table 11 shows the number of active produc- ing spindles used in the manufacture of cotton, silk, woolen, and worsted goods. Table 11.- -Actcve Producing Spindles: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, and 1879. I USED IK THE MANUFACTURE OP— CENSUS TEAR, j Total. Cotton ! Silk | Woolen Worsted goods. | goods. goods. ; goods, 1 i 1919 | 41,905,S28 34,603,471 31.703,863 28', 178,862 23,672.064 19, 463,9S4 14,384, ISO j 10; 653,435 2,609,459 2,159.271 1,761,758 1,3^4,020 1,213,493 718.360 2132,312 2,345,288 i 2,287,612 2,079,626; 2,227,739 2,156.424 1,752,806 2,456,389! 1,199,269 2,229,181 994,899 2,332,269 I 657,324 1,915,070 339,926 1914 !38,170.499 1909 j 33.849,850 1904 28,721.742 1899 23,901,557 1S89 !118,092,133 1S79 | 1 13,170,743 1 Includes some doubling and twisting spindles, except for silk. Cotton spindles, by states.—Table 12 gives a distri- bution, by states—grouped by geographic divisions— of the number of cotton spindles in the United States according to location in the different textile industries. 152 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.- - ACTIVE PRODUCING COTTON SPINDLES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES, FOR TEXTILE INDUSTRIES: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND CENSUS YEAR. 1 Cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods. DIVISION AND STATE. Total. Cotton manufactures. Knit goods. Wool manufactures. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 United States 34,603,471 31,703,863 2=8,178, 862 33,795,681 30,915,489 620,391 591,987 43,232 78,7.50 144,167 117,637 17,842,998 17,085,454 15,735,086 17.599,062 16,818,064 165,888 169,372 36,192 65,226 41,856 32,792 1,108,97.5 1,33^,041 141,224 11,421,127 2,562,987 1,272,644 1,102,578 1,346,.545 13A.304 10,793.065 2,405,434 1,301,528 1,028,680 1,325,900 91,712 9,637,601 2,371,777 1,279,416 1,091,991 1,333,797 141,224 11,217,487 2,557,787 1,2.5(3,776 1,098,142 1,340,753 136,304 10,505,801 2,400,916 1,276,148 3,976 12,60S 4,436 4,376 2,244 1,816 Massachusetts 161,728 1.50,496 23,584 59,472 1,318 18,328 5,200 11,708 17,296 3,200 10,4.80 Middle Atlantic 1,604,885 1,609,884 1,661.932 1,358,208 1,355,159 4,160 233,485 14,900 238,728 7,040 8,532 6,152 7,465 982,346 402,263 220,276 905,221 443,938 260,725 962,841 420,784 278,307 741,738 4^2,263 214,207 671,133 443,938 240,088 232,976 226,464 7,040 7,032 592 592 198,560 192,670 215,084 179,745 171,980 509 18,520 12,264 13,682 1,500 5,560 295 6,873 7,008 Ohio 3,910 81,256 .58,080 22,430 240 84,792 59,460 13,682 2,160 32,336 124,104 39,240 13,884 3,910 81,256 58,080 3,910 3,725 28,864 240 80,256 59,460 4,536 Illinois Michigan . 18,520 13,682 Wisconsin 3,725 29,159 2.112 30;744 2,160 29,864 295 2,472 5,000 South Atlantic 12,892.596 11,048,114 8,959,297 12,710,620 10,927,646 133,9.5-1 91,428 4,992 48.022 24,048 Delaware. * ■ * 128,098 .569,580 4,728,670 4,965,979 2,500,269 7,360 120,530 50^,144 3,767,906 4,568,712 2,077,462 7,360 133,302 324, .542 2,958,235 3,760,891 1,774,967 117,154 560,280 4,622,714 4,949,225 2,461,247 7,360 120,530 499,144 3,703,482 4,552,048 2,045,082 i6,944 9,300 15,640 11,138 1,000 Virginia 7,000 2,368 11,048 3,632 North Carolina 90,316 5,616 38,022 62,056 5,616 23,756 South Carolina 4,992 South Central . 2,029,432 1,767,741 1,594,381 1,913,046 1,642,640 68,544 . 78,777 47,842 46,324 Kentucky 93,914 370, &57 1,155,417 165,450 7,000 99,628 5,712 131,4.54 93,554 316,154 1, 025,580 159,673 7,066 53,766 5,712 106,236 85,044 247,530 913,503 159,904 85,836 329,337 1,108,933 158,802 7,000 91,684 81,866 281,994 998,836 120,186 7,066 8,078 2,976 28,076 3,000 11,688 2,516 Tennessee 38,544 18,408 3,648 31,644 6,144 36,487 Alabama 20,600 3,000 Mississippi A rkansas 17,114 7;0iiisiana ... . . . 67,902 5,756 46,4.56 7,944 4,.502 2,80S 5,712 Oklahoma 5,712 Texas 97,628 131,454 35,000 106,236 All other states . . . . . 35,000 13,082 Looms.—Statistics for the number of power and hand looms in operation during the census years from Table 13.—LOOMS: 1919, 1914, 1879 to 1919, inclusive, are presented in Table 13 according to the type of goods manufactured. 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. CLASS OF LOOM AND CENSUS TEAR. Power: 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 1879 Total. 873,639 848,246 825,418 696,785 573,214 412,441 285,494 USED IN MANUFACTURE OF— Carpets and rugs. Cotton goods. Silk goods. Woolen goods. Worsted goods. 693,064 677,920 665,652 559,781 455,752 324,866 227,383 96,438 85,058 75,406 59,775 44,257 20,822 5,321 31,871 28,866 33,148 38,104 36,734 38,523 32,955 44,120 46,5S1 39,476 28,123 26,630 19,929 11,703 8,146 9,821 11,736 11,002 9,841 8,301 8,132 CLASS OF LOOM AND CENSUS YEAR. Hand: 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 1879 Total. I 32 94 248 1,039 1,311 4,823 7,929 USED IN MANUFACTURE OF- Cotton goods. (3) h (3) (2) (3) Silk goods. (1} (l) 283 173 1,747 3,153 Woolen goods. Worsted goods. 21 44 41 448 781 Carpets and 11 31 207 690 1,055 2,628 3,995 1 Included with power looms. Establishments and products for textile and related industries, by states.—In addition to the five primary textile industries treated in the foregoing tables, the same are shown together with the related textile in- dustries in Table 14 with respect to statistics pertain- 1 Not reported. ing to the total number of establishments and value of products, segregated by industry groups, for states, arranged in the order of their importance by total value of products in 1919, TEXTILES. 153 Table 14.— NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS TRIES. BY STATES: 1919. FOR ALL TEXTILE AND RELATED INDUS- United States. Massachusetts.. Pennsylvania.. New Jersey New York Rhode Island. - North Carolina... Connecticut...... South Carolina!.. Georgia New Hampshire. Maine Alabama... Illinois Ohio Tennessee. Wisconsin. Virginia— Vermont.. Maryland. Michigan.. Minnesota Indiana West Virginia.. Texas California Missouri Kentucky All other states3. Total. Value of j products. | 7,108 $5,546,302,7721.... 662 2 1,183,282,645j 1,653j 836,420,398, 1,054; 551,849,776| 1,208; 2 536,478, 330! 359| 2 435, 528, 550| 455! 3 351, 830,701 2431 »273,452, 030| 1671 2 234,430,164 169' 2 207,946,9051 91; 2 142,597,57 *! 97] 73! 1171 83! 99 126 44 32 39 5; 361 29 11 17! 44 14| 31 98| a 121, 207, 621 3 86,631,256 2 41,959,299 3 62,321,566 3 65,480,336 3 51,797, 469 3 41, 463, 292 2 26,872, 859 3 24,568, 885 2 IS, 129,643 2 23,264, S47 2 20, 788,354 2 2,778,916 3 13,919,603 2 8, .561,532 2 10,331,202 3 11,020,858 161,3SS, 155 8! 9 10! 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22) 23 24 251 26 27; COTTON MANUFACTURES (cotton goods, cotton lace, and cotton small wares). gj2 0 1,496 $2,195,565,88l| 1,016;$1,234,657,092: 2,050, $713,139,689 231 168 45 .58 132 311 57 145 133 23 14 58 11 Value of products. WOOL MANUPACTUEES (carpets and rugs, other than rag; ( felt goods; 1 hats, wool-felt; woolen goods: and worsted goods). KNIT GOODS. O C3 II 8 Value of products. I Value of j products. 604,937,749 90,-581,626 60, 475,426 55,287,042 177, 423, i 318,368,181 105,054,383 22S, 440,242 3 192,185,896 3 86,391,695 56, .563,8251 79,643,343| 3 7,385,333 3 3,967,998| 22,460, 73" 1,269,504 32,534,934| 4,383, 835 3 18,454,95" 741,132! 4, 352,535j 13,919,603] (3) (s) 24,459,039 26, 283,779 209! 259! 40; 68; 49' it 44: | 6S| 2 366, 506,496| 217, 598,384^ 108,214,464! 100,401,524! 3 175,312,358: c)! 2 53,814,059 (')! 2 3,194,222i 45,943,993, 3 60,327,26o| 2 3, 588,149 20, .802,342 4, 242,05" 3 5,495,3631 2,693,1421 17, 425,823 1, 541, 205 2 4, 571,704 2 2,864, 259 4,542,067j 2,778, 916 (3) 3,154,352 904, 445j 3,247,060 25,493,44S| 606 90! 682 26 121 21 14 •2S| 16 SILK MANUFACTURES. CORDAGE AND TWINE, JUTE GOODS, AND LINEN GOODS. OTHER TEXTILE, AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,1 Value of products. 1,369! $688,469,523; 156 21! 373! 686! 18li 30 3I 4l! 52,424,235 18S, 260, 800 23,853,075 195,376,641 11, 936, 313 29, .833, .568 9,332,776 2,076, 036 12, 566, 7871 9, 015, 583 (3) 4, 757,008!. 20, 460,360 IS, 778, 8441 32,952,349; 40,777,704:. 4,684,504 5,063,2011. 2,687, 4961 12,039,377j 13,984,944: 9,S01,92S; (5) ; 1 34,193,9511 231,711,352 215,050,560, 81,682,572 27,219, 238. (3) j 68,053,429; 2, S7S, 226; (3) ;• 9,597,934 (3) Is) (3) 1,550, 712, 1, -534, 218: (3) 1 (3) 27,473,491: 6 Value of products, j Value of products. j$174, 807,220: l,02lj$539,663,367 3 33,263,723! 14,361,782 17,442,320; 3 27,643,710 644,636; 3 2,386,373] 1,932,997! 3, 236, 878 i (») L 1,246,306, c») 1 2,230,905 (3> 5,60S, 335 i (3) j (3) I (3) 1051 91,956,491 22tt 93,906,454 184j 126,813,931 197! 76,086,841 42,992,918 77,' i 8| 66j 3 1,242,579 35,264,386 677,008 (3)! 194,95S| 4,735,7431 (*) \ (5) i. (3)! 7,254,710! 1,843,810' 50,730,034; 14 4,316,539 (*)' 10,525,457 13,114,047 5,825,193 4,254, S98 351,009 582,472 1,679,901 2,091, 824 2,528,954 2,172,047 1,470,949 21,809,469 1 Other textile and related industries embrace: Hats, fur-felt , 176 establishments, $82,745,308 value of products; oilcloth and linoleum, floor, 21, 552,673,206; oilcloth, enam - cled, 11, $15,436,875; wool shoddy, 78, $23,254,39$: dyeing and finishing textiles, 628, $323,967,683; flax and hemp, dressed, 20, $2,369,114; haircloth, 18, $3,315,113: mats and matting, 12, $4,860,855; wool pulling, 24, $17,361,231; and wool scouring. 33, $13,679,584. 3 Exclusive of value of products for establishments which can not bo shown without disclosure of individual operations (these figures being included in " All other states" in their respective industrv groups) -.v r £s , 8 Can not be shown without disclosure of individual operations. Textile products of the United States itemized ac- cording to basic fiber content.—Table 15 gives the name, quantity, and value of the various textile prod- ucts made in the United States during the year 1919. By a system of cross references to all industries in the United States, the items shown have been gathered and compiled as reported without regard to the type of establishments in which they were made. The products are grouped according to component basic materials—cotton, other vegetable fibers, wool, and silk—and miscellaneous textile products. The principal use of this table is in striking trade balances with imports and exports, and adjusting the tariff laws, as well as being of general service to the trade and to students of economic conditions. The census of 1919 is the first to present statistics for tex- tiles in this form, therefore comparative figures with other years are not available. 154 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—QUANTITY AND VALUE OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1919. [Grouped according to component basic materials.] Grand total. Total. Sheetings Pillow tubing , Print cloth Tobacco, cheese, butter, bunting, and bandage cloths Lawns, nainsooks, cambrics, and simi- lar muslins Tarlatan Mosquito netting (leno woven) Gingnams Shirtings (not silk-striped) Shirtings (silk-striped) Pique (except shirtings) , Drills Twills, sateens, etc Ticks Denims Cotton flannels (canton flannel, flan- nelettes, and blanketings) Cottonades Cotton worsteds Tire duck Other tire fabrics (including breaker and corded) Ounce duck (except tire) Numbered duck (except tire) Canvas (except bagging) Bagging, all kinds Tapestries and other upholstery goods, except pile fabrics, including drapery materials Pile fabrics: Plushes, velvets, velveteens, etc., cut or uncut Corduroys Turkish towels and toweling, wash cloths, and bath mats, in the piece or otherwise All other terry weaves, in the piece. Towels and toweling, wash cloths, bath mats, wiping and polishing cloths (except pile fabrics) Bedspreads or quilts; crochet, mar- seilles, and satin (loom woven) Cotton table damask, in the piece or otherwise Carpets, mats, and rugs of cotton (ex- cept bath mats) Belts and belting for machinery, over 12 inches in width Sheets and pillowcases Blankets Cloths, filled or coated: Window hoEands Other kinds Cloth composed of cotton and silk, or other vegetable fiber and silk, whether known as silk-striped sleeve linings, silk stripes, or otherwise (ex- cept silk-striped shirtings) Fabrics made entirely from cotton waste All other woven fabrics over 12 inches in width Quantity. Sq. yds. Labels, woven figured Woven tape and webbing, not else- where specified Trimmings, edgings, etc., not elsewhere specified Braids: Flat- Woven-. Knitted Lace braids . Braided lace, braids, and tapes. Round braids, including shoe and corset lacings All other cotton braids made on braiding machines... Spindle banding Wicks and wicking ....... 1,368,946,386 12,112,573 997,485,012 249,3S4,631 417,893,406 4,049,537 30,375,770 370,340,926 322,063,939 34,365,903 78,854,827 314,822,109 424,579,544 53,683,485 166,697,695 268,067,853 13,934,761 7,417,063 123,465,422 36,805,932 178,539,527 34,655,411 11,784,013 82,433,300 26,397,167 21,443,796 19,863,021 31,511,839 442,443 43,267,4.53 24,071,651 27,499,294 268, 511 211,209 20,816,607 96,680,556 2.347,862 111,565 51,428,771 4,539,734 368,551,436 Linear yds. 948,604 1,135,247,322 52,376,884 30,571,292 28,778,825 7,239,302 105,223,784 909,945,279 67,780,481 Pounds. 330,303,642 3,510,374 167,986,446 23,347,368 53,988,370 782,790 2,488,493 77,802,951 74,276,059 5,964,054 16,251,948 117,627,118 131,593,989 18,268,115 87,088,323 82,319,178 6,234,880 2,758,279 128,174,168 29,916,856 122,027,248 38,533,601 11,867,754 25,656,70.3 11,164,699 14,035,259 12,807,454 16,882,978 573,682 20,803,779 12,700,004 10, 543,966 350,7S9 439,224 5,018,648 42,384,171 734,816 99,169 6,695,732 3,393,629 103,227,542 Value. $5,049,138,447 2,513,590,084 494,443 3,336,473 220,089,704 2,555,-5413 122,558,328 17,661,778 79,384,890 770,647 2,502,729 85,865,620 71,904,469 12,779,237 23,060,460 73,253,640 101,096,691 13,125,054 56,955,503 60,152,426 4,615,925 4,028,611 143,086,211 32,601,941 70,601,255 23,526,987 7,497,732 13,139,820 20,118,702 24,082,910 13,864,666 14,108,779 418,546 16,774,627 10,244,732 9,544,478 227,188 395,893 3,368,769 32,736,082 1,051,706 63, 687 18,597,249 1,422,451 88,208,474 627, 714 16,664,616 1,507,714 248,909 665,965 488,920 1,580,357 15,351,273 1,556,794 479,852 1,883,809 cotton—continued. Lace and net goods: Nottingham lace curtains prs. Nottingham lace curtain nets linear yds. Bobbinet linear yds. Mosquito netting linear yd9. Levers laces sq. yds. Other narrow laces linear yds. Panels and other small pieces number. Bedspreads number. All other laces and nets linear yds. Knit goods: Hosiery- Hose, full-fashioned doz. prs., Hose, seamless doz. prs.. Half-hose, full-fashioned doz. pi's.. Half-hose, seamless doz. prs.. Underwear- Shirts dozs.. Drawers ..dozs.. Union suits dozs.. Sweaters, gloves, and other fancy knit goods- Sweaters and sweater coats dozs.. Jerseys dozs.. Cardigan jackets dozs.. Bathing suits dozs.. Athletic suits dozs.. Athletic shirts dozs.. Sueded cotton gloves doz. prs.. Knitted gloves and mittens (except sueded) doz. prs.. Scarfs and shawls dozs.. Knitted head wear (except Infants') dozs.. Neckties dozs.. Anklets and wristlets doz. prs.. Athletic and golf hose doz. prs.. Infants' knitted sets dozs.. Infants' leggings and bootees doz. prs.. All other fancy knit goods Knitted cloth- Jersey cloth sq. yds.. Stockinette sq. yds.. Fleece lining (shoe and glove) sq. yds.. Astrakhan sq. yds.. Eiderdown sq. yds.. Sueded cotton cloth sq. yds.. Towels and toweling sq. yds.. All other knitted cloth sq. yds.. Yarns, for sale lbs.. Sewing thread, for sale lbs.. Twine lbs.. Cordage and rope lbs.. Cotton bags lbs-. Open cotton fiber, dyed, bleached, or otherwise treated lbs.. Batting, wadding, and mattress felts lbs.. Cotton card laps, roping, sliver, and roving Ib3.. Other manufactures of cotton waste lb?.. Cotton waste lbs.. All other cotton products lbs.. Quantity. OTHER VEGETABLE FIBERS. Total.. Rope, cable, and cordage: Manila hemp lbs. Henequen -. lbs. Sisal lbs. Jute lbs. All other lbs. Binder twine: Manila, all, or chief value of lbs. Sisal, all, or chief value of lbs. All hemp or hemp tow lbs. All other lbs. Twine, other than binder: - Flax lbs. Hemp lbs. Jute lbs. All other lbs. Yarns: Flax lbs. Hemp lbs. Jute lbs. Allothor lbs. Thread, linen lbs. 4, 256,793 20,381,962 1,812,238 2,400,000 11,916,303 70,406,312 1,759,444 105,092 39,738, 111 2,940,641 33,894,961 199,077 23,625,593 10,428,506 4,227,457 7,623,390 338, 779 31,909 1,620. 107,182 5,000 39,580 163,086 133,968 1,600 47,780 37,198 33,773 5,629 7,794 3,000 10, 630,100 8,889,507 1,941,547 1,530 390,000 165,000 597,341 24,299,653 632,800,559 33,986,232 36,198,635 19,062,942 3,517,900 71,791,820 4,260,437 315,675,594 134,999,530 16,327,138 28,551,626 29,678,866 11,028,160 9,286,584 197,050,557 7,737,820 15,433,225 84,415 7,988,085 52,398,422 7,759,961 7,492 1,617,450 56,407,631 1,647,910 4,279,264 Value. $9,006,032 8,120,690 755,828 527,413 6,952,166 673,070 540,962 119,325 3,641,821 10,896,610 94,751,266 640,624 47,387,902 46,889,941 26,674,692 71,940,740 4,252,319 317,257 48,100 1,399,091 10,000 117,908 1,061,856 404,817 100,791 327,482 179,142 37,857 31,956 96,670 16,654 2,676,544 6,028,585 3,288,652 401,438 2,040 190,000 380,338 709,469 6,029,115 463,709,601 59,405,155 18,678,024 9,141,996 5,629,537 619,591 9,036, 790 1,956,379 1,509,076 39,398, 712 8,686,997 182,515,8S0 33,029,561 3,110,903 5,165,263 6,252,295 3,072,284 2,285,608 38,803,930 1,572,530 3,593,956 113,836 3,864,311 10,904,168 2,652,893 14,608 870,306 11,587,402 538,398 6,690,440 TEXTILES. 155 Table 15.-QUANTITY AND VALUE OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1919—Continued. [Grouped according to component basic materials.] other vegetable fibers—continued. Woven goods: Linen- Towels and toweling— All linen sq. yds.. Part linen sq. yds.. All other sq. yds.. Jute: Carpets and rugs sq. yds.. Bagging for baling cotton sq. yds.. Burlap bags and bagging sq. yds.. Other bags and bagging sq. yds.. Burlap (except bagging) sq. yds.. Webbing (12 inches wide and less) yds.. All other sq. yds.. Knit goods: Artificial silk— Hosierv doz. prs.. Cloth..' sq. yds.. Sweaters, scarfs, neckties, and other fancy knit goods Yarn lbs.. Quantify. Value. 8,219,808 5,747,389 374,523 2,391,596 40,611,738 9,985,150 34, 695,629 1,292,013 25, 417,400 3,135,752 1,587,149 3,288,410 $1,834,098 1,204,366 760,510 1,646,502 6,634,103 1,825.436 4,718; 908 252,221 1,053,170 1,621,504 6.644,346 11,895,879 1,449,145 5,423,242 AJ) other products of "other vegetable fibers". 1,429,758 Total. All-wool woven goods: Suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods— Woolens Worsteds Flannels for underwear Blankets Horse blankets Carriage cloths Shawls All other Cotton-warp woven goods: Suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods— Wool-filling Worsted-filling Domett flannels and shirtings Linings, It alian cloths, and lastings. Satinets and linseys Blankets Horse blankets Carriage robes All other Union or cotton-mixed woven goods: Suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods Flannels for underwear Blankets - Carriage robes All other Woolen, worsted, and mohair uphol- stery goods Press cloth Carpets and rugs: Axminster and moquette Wilton Brussels Tapestry velvet Tapestry Brussels Ingrain carpets Ingrain art squares Srhvrna rugs Of Her carpets and rugs Felt goods: Felt cloths Trimming and lining felts, felt skirts, table and piano covers Polishing felts and buffing wheels.. Piano felts Saddle felts j Endless belts Boot and shoe linings | Hair folting; AH other felts, „ Quantity. Value. Sq. yds. 140,102,111 176,730, 716 1,733,250 6,077,468 387,926 687,241 868,971 1,294,601 39,168, .569 57,924,287 22;224,427 824,287 4.637,678 9,244.134 1,307,789 743,570 25,502,548 24,615,373 6,498,138 10,582,865 553,869 6,186,786 7,162,662 4,444,005 14.700,394 "4,964,321 903,127 9,865,798 9,996,099 i;199,714 820,911 807.741 8,926,407 2,751.497 9,388,254 2,185,465 • 446,711 5,985,760 7,222,741 '$1,387,180,259 Pounds. i 117,718,5.88 I 86,092,953 I 825,886 I 5,134,019 I 216,024; 587,041: 590,667 I 802,607 i 23.797.643' 21,310; 561: 11,780,896 1 675,182 5. 863, .838 7,6(13,761 1,448,015: 1.055', 935 6,009,682! 19.497,282 2.610,517 8; 273.962 699,016 11,438,949 3,699,450 5,213,668 36,667,823 16; 464,515 2.399, US 22,443.519 20; 205,086 1,357,793 976.122 2, ft5S; 390 14,914.; 552 3,397,378 4,315.559 1,132,598 849,413 812,508 250,000 3,088,168 6,658,7S7 244.616.107 314; 076.576 1,860, ,585 7,112,299 648,990 1,371,356 854,041 3,929,659 34.764,570 45,364,581 11.601,477 571,256 3,517,427 7.289, 253 957,427 1,046J, 525 13,116,305 26,045,387 5,215.380 9,626,830 861". 820 8.369,132 9,356,359 4,414,999 35,503,778 23,461,960 2,233.053 20,625,610 13,120,096 1.055.242 714.648 1,914.201 11,527.479 8,785,169 3,628,653 1.; 307,123 2.239; 940 "639,234 478.285 3,127; 911 2.249.653 16', 451.909 wool—continued. j Hats, wool-felt: i Wool-felt hats dozs.J Wool-felt hat bodies and hats in the rough, .dozs.. ] Yarns: Woolen Jbs--i Worsted lbs..j Merino— „ j Woolen }bs.. I Worsted Jbs..| Mohair and similar yarns lbs.. i Wool card rolls" lbs... Wool bats and batting lbs.. j Worsted tops and slubbing lbs.. Mohair tops Jbs..j Wool noils lbs..1 Mohair noils lbs..; All other wastes lbs..: Recovered wool fiber lbs..! Carbonized rags lbs..; All other partially manufactured products.. .lbs.. Knit goods: Hosiery— All-wool—; Hose, full-fashioned doz. prs. Hose, seamless doz. prs. Half-hose, full-fashioned doz. prs. Half-hose, seamless doz. prs. Merino— Hose, full-fashioned doz. prs. Hose, seamless doz. prs. Half-hose, full-fashioned doz. prs. Half-hose, seamless doz. prs. Underwear- All-wool— Shirts dozs.. Drawers dozs.. Union suits dozs.. Tights dozs.. Merino— Shirts dozs.. Drawers ...dozs.. Union suits dozs.. Tights dozs.. Sweaters, gloves, and fancy knit goods— All-wool- Sweaters dozs. Jerseys dozs. Cardigan jackets dozs Bathing suits dozs Athletic suits dozs. Athletic shirts dozs Knitted gloves and mittens doz. prs. Scarfs and shawls dozs. Knitted head wear dozs Neckties dozs Anklets and wristlets doz. prs Athletic and golf hose doz. prs Puttees doz. prs Leggings doz. prs Infants' knitted sets dozs Infants' leggings and bootees—doz. prs Carriage robes dozs All other fancy knit goods Merino- Sweaters dozs. Jerseys dozs. Cardigan jackets dozs Bathing suits dozs Athletic suits dozs Athletic shirts dozs Knitted gloves and mittens doz. prs Scarfs and shawls dozs Knitted headwear dozs Anklets and wristlets doz. prs Athletic and golf hose doz. prs Puttees doz. prs Leggings doz. prs Infants' knitted sets dozs Infants' leggings and bootees.. -doz. prs. Carriage robes dozs AH other fancy knit goods Knitted cloth- All-wool— Jerseys *..sq. yds. Astrakhan ...sq. yds. Eiderdown .-sq. yds. All other knitted cloth .sq. yds. Quantity. 403,893 104,144 29,483,410 74,442,528 9,512,891 4,217,801 , 1,505,768 4,333 612,344 9,903,428 j 200,000 22,809, 442 1,551.769 34,124,290 61,080,705 249,514 I 5,074,209 26,974 368,294 39,053 612,729 31,396 997,975 49,006 3,115,001 182,515 133,127 80,671 245 1,260,839 588,024 1,133.750 14,953 743,910 100,092 4.215 127,443 798 11.294 239,984 71,795 115,781} 76,714 788 14.631 '200 1,876 69,094 51,849 2,069 728,802 41.572 11,827 77.269 26,511 33', 424 726.280 32.19^ 326,072 41.657 16. 838 393 2.758 4.Jt62 103,650 50 4,940,697 9,829 355.083 SIS) 343 Value. $5,485,909 165,469 34,445,275 185,312,123 7,094, 617 9', 328. 764 2,938,240 4,448 912,817 14,509,138 247,218 17,299, 043 -586.806 8,900; 061 21,871,878 31,707 4, 473, 838 219.195 1, 920,765 260,959 2.995,951 252, 867 4,203,563 225,741 10,315,915 1,715,952 1,339,569 2,106,235 9, 42S 11,907,688 7,714.276 21,415; 617 200,459 26,036,386 1,350,27S 161.341 3,574,253 20,078 212,798 1.235,140 1,103, 874 1,150, SS4 496.465 5.829 144,124 3.439 40; 582 3S5, 412 477,413 86,373 3,122; 375 20.639,372 1.003,213 326,532 1.887,605 92,480 400; 707 2.823,277 912,114 2,125,173 67,243 185, 897 10,847 21,906 190. 446 342,464 4,000 2,286,787 12,073,683 9,829 600.000 1,077, 1 11 156 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.— QUANTITY AND VALUE OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1919—Continued. [Grouped according to component basic materials.] Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. wool—continued. Knit goods—Continued. Knitted cloth—Continued. Merino— Jersey sq. yds. Stockinette sq. yds. Fleece lining (shoe and glove).. .sq. yds. Astrakhan sq. yds. Eiderdown sq. yds. All other knitted cloth sq. yds. All other wool products Total.. Broad silks: All-silk goods— In the gray yS- Tram lbs. Hard or crepe twists }ps. Spun silk lbs. 212,390 1,163,828 4,572,778 25,238 195,934 633,933 86,919,172 73,047,345 85,894,401 41,869,419 10,181,640 12,220,083 16,150,689 5,860,527 516,281 886,014 3,611", 901 1,070,845 3,956,637 S539,762 436,565 2,0,53,073 39,563 384,592 708.008 10,277,062 815, 885,164 101,976,095 101,380,505 119,146,165 35,722,740 13,849,095 19,661,302 20,950,239 21,601,280 2,156,617 66,186,609 5,825,359 127,522 3,026,560 13,218,284 634,058 682,909 9,122,457 31,494,535 12,011,137 23, 807,338 silk—continued. Silk yarns and threads—Continued. Machine twist, sewing silks, embroidery silks, and fringe and floss silks lbs.. Noils exceeding 2 inches in length lbs.. Other waste silk, including noils 2 inches or less in length (exhausted noils) lbs.. Knit goods: All-silk— Hosiery doz. prs.. Fancy knit goods Knitted cloth sq. yds.. All other Silk-mixed— Hosiery doz. prs. Fancy knit goods. Knitted cloth sq. yds. All other Other manufactures of silk. MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE PRODUCTS. Total Oilcloth and linoleum: Oilcloth (made on cotton back)— Enameled sq. yds. Table, wall, shelf, and stair sq. yds. Oilcloth, and linoleum (made on jute back)— Linoleum, including cork carpet sq. yds. Inlaid linoleum sq. yds. Floor covering (made on felt back) sq. yds. Artificial leather— Pyroxylin-coated textiles sq. yds. All other sq. yds. All other Hats, fur-felt: Fur-felt hats dozs. Fur-felt hat bodies and hats in the rough., .dozs. 1,327,172 916,657 1,817,558 2,929,379 "5,"942"i25' 14,275,459 """822," 884' 8,460,73$ 39,132,641 22,098,136 9, 834,332 31,596,477 3,332,085 12,400,416 2>122,158 518,581 $18,234,479 687,340 1,098,774 28,451,334 11,952,880 10,548,702 4,187,190 99,674,215 15,546,963 2, 471,473 11,093,029 9,357,979 149,967,060 3,421,188 12,529,910 17,120,654 10,336,391 14,274,561 3,922,558 7,353,712 1,606,534 71,743,027 7,658,525 COTTON MANUFACTURES. By Arthur J. Leck. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report presents statistics for three classes of mills: (1) Those producing "Cotton goods/7 which includes mills engaged in spinning, in the weaving of piece goods, or any of the preliminary processes preparatory to spinning; (2) those producing "Cotton small wares/' which includes mills engaged in the weaving of tape, webbing, figured labels, banding, belts, belting, trim- mings, and edgings, or the making of flat and round braids, which includes shoe and corset laces (some of the mills producing their own yarns); and (3) those engaged in the manufacture of machine-made "Cotton lace goods." Cotton manufactures rank as the most important branch of the textile industry. In 1919 the value of cotton manufactures amounted to over two billion dollars, or nearly 40 per cent of the total value of products for all kinds of textiles combined. Comparative summary.—The development of the industry from 1899 to 1919 is shown in Table 1. The relative importance of the three branches of the industry is brought out in this table, showing that the manufacture of cotton goods is the preeminent feature? and that, while the manufacture of cotton small wares and of cotton lace are important industries, they form a comparatively small portion of the total. Principal states, ranked by valne of products.— Table 2 presents statistics, by states, for the industry in 1919. Massachusetts is the most important cotton- manufacturing state in the Union and has held this position for over 80 years. In 1919 more than one- half of the total value of products for the industry was reported by three states—Massachusetts and the Carolinas. Persons engaged in the industry.—Comparative sta- tistics for the number of persons engaged in the indus- try are shown in Table 3 for 1919, 1914, and 1909. This table has been extended to show similar figures for each branch of the industry for 1919 and 1914, Wage earners, by months, for states,—Table 4 shows that the cotton-manufactures industry is not a seasonal one, but is very regular, employing approximately the same number of wage earners each month throughout the year. The majority of the states as well as the United States conform to this regularity. Average number of wage earners, with per cent, by sex and age, for selected states.—Statistics are presented, by states, in Table 5 with respect to the average num- ber of wage earners, male and female, according to age, employed in the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The most prominent departure from the condition which existed in the industry prior to the census of 1919 is the reduction of child labor in the cotton-growing states. Prevailing hours of labor.—The distribution of the average number of wage earners, according to the prevailing hours of labor, and by selected states, is shown in Table 6 for 1919 and 1914. The mills in the New England states operated chiefly on a 48-hour basis, while the mills in the cotton-growing states operated largely between 54 and 60 hours per week. The general tendency of the industry for the United States is toward shorter hours. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, by states.—The distribution, by states, accord- ing to size of establishments based on the average number of wage earners is shown in Table 7. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 8 presents statistics relating to the size of establish- ments according to the value of products for 1919, 1914, and 1909. At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with products valued at a $100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "8100,000 to §500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been compiled, however, from the re- turns of 1914. The table, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. This table shows that, in 1919, 83 per cent of the total value of products for the industry was confined to establishments whose products amounted to over $1,000,000 each. Character of ownership, by states.—The corporate form of ownership prevails almost entirely in this industry as will be seen from the figures presented in Table 9. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power used in 1919, 1914, and 1909 are shown in Table 10 for the industry as a whole. Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 11 relates to the quantity and kinds of fuel used in 1919 as compared with 1914 for the industry as a whole for the United States and for the various states. (157) 158 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Cotton Manufactures. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capita}-... Salaries and wages. Salaries Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials ■. Value of products Value added by manufacture 8. COTTON GOODS. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 8 COTTON SMALL WARES. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital... Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials.. Value of products Value added by manufacture8. COTTON LACE. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees - Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials. Value of products Value added by manufacture * 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1,496 1,328 1,324 1,154 1,055 462,873 346 15,675 446,852 403,911 489 10,018 393,404 387,771 377 8,514 378,880 323,287 432 6,981 315,874 308,237 474 4,902 302,861 1,863,542 $1,914,919, 506 1,585,953 5899,764,682 1,296,517 $822,237,529 986,604 $613,110,655 795,834 $467,240,157 410,487,673 41,763,961 368,723,712 169, 822,599 17,400,000 152,422,599 147,270,903 14,411,758 132,859,145 106,443,657 10,237,891 96,205,796 94,039,951 7,350,199 86,689,752 4,162,821 123,148,109 1,314,901,542 2,195,565,881 880,664,339 1,614,636 8,409,837 443,522,515 701,300,933 257,778,418 2,157,069 6,196,492 371,009,470 628,391,813 257,382,343 528,826 « 4,898,973 286,255,303 450,467,704 164,212,401 1,702,393 » 4,290,155 176,551,527 339,200,320 162,648,793 1,288 1,179 1,208 1,077 973 445,423 239 14,218 430,966 388,726 409 8,951 379,366 379,538 303 8,053 371,182 317,563 367 6,738 310,458 303,031 389 4,713 297,929 1,840,201 $1,853,099,816 1,566,757 $867,043,678 1,286,105 $808,412,757 979,109 $605,100,164 789,858 $460,842,772 392,839,415 37,364,478 355,474,937 161,679,759 15,550,131 146,129,628 143,504,935 13,715,218 129,789,717 104,289,463 9,911,767 94,377,696 92, 249, 884 7,123,574 85,126,310 3,693,742 120,298,126 1,277,785,597 2,125,272,193 847,486,596 1,483,770 8,096,029 431,602,540 676,569,115 244,966,575 2,058,644 6,033,654 364,013,504 615,217,702 251,204,198 450,817 a 4,801,109 282,047,648 442,451,218 160,403,570 1,592,954 » 4,212,681 173,441,390 332,806,158 159,364,766 164 108 116 77 82 10,254 99 759 9,396 7,062 70 394 6,598 8,233 74 461 7,698 5,724 65 243 5,416 5,206 85 189 4,932 14,263 $29,559,474 10,100 $11,764,495 10,412 $13,824,772 7,495 $8,010,491 5,976 $6,397,385 9,537,260 2,375,042 7,162,218 3,463,783 638,893 2,824,890 3,765,968 696,540 3,069,428 2,154,224 326,124 1,828,100 1,790,067 226,625 1,563,442 211,028 1,553,608 24,039,951 40,896,835 16,856,884 82,970 195,401 6,243,027 11,525,033 5,282,006 98,425 162,838 6,995,966 13,174,111 0,178,145 78,009 * 97,864 4,207,655 8,016,486 3,808, 831 109,439 * 77,474 3,110,137 6,394,164 3,284,027 44 41 (4) (4) (4) 7,190 8 8,123 10 673 7,440 1 (*) v) v) (4) 698 6,490 (4) 9,078 $32,260,216 9,096 $20,956,509 (4) (4) 8,110,998 2,024,441 6,086,557 4,679,057 1,210,976 3,468,081 $ (4) (4) (4) (4) 258,051 1,296,375 13,075,994 29,396,853 16,320,859 47,896 118,407 5,676,948 13,206,785 7,520,837 (4) (4) w (4) (4) v) m h (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 12.7 14.6 -29.2 56.5 13.6 17.5 112.8 141.7 140.0 141.9 157.8 1,364.3 196.5 213.1 241.6 9.2 14.6 -41.6 58.8 13.6 17.5 113.7 143.0 140.3 143.3 148.9 1,385.9 196.1 214.1 246.0 5L9 45.2 92.6 42.4 41.2 151.3 175.3 271.7 153.5 154.3 695.1 285.1 254.9 219.1 3.7 -12.8 -0.2 63.9 73.3 67.2 75.5 438.8 994.8 130.3 122.6 116.7 1909- 1914 0.3 4.2 29.7 17.7 3.8 22.3 9.4 15.3 20.7 14.7 -25.1 35.7 19.5 11.6 0.2 -2.4 2.4 35.0 11.2 2.2 21.8 7.3 12.7 13.4 12.6 -27.9 34.2 18.6 10.0 -2.5 -6.9 -14.5 -14.3 -3.0 -14.9 -8.0 -8.3 -8.0 -15.7 20.0 -10.8 -12.5 -14.5 1904- 1909 14.7 19.9 -12.7 22.0 19.9 3ifr 34.1 38.4 40.8 38.1 307.9 26.5 29.6 39.5 56.7 12.2 19.5 -17.4 19.5 19.6 31.4 33.6 37.6 38.4 37.5 29.1 39.0 56.0 43.8 89.7 42.1 38.9 72.6 74.8 113.6 67.9 66.3 64.3 62.2 (4) 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 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II1 9*3 8*0*61 ;■ 01! 8*5 *08'8S [I 6 j 9'8 8*1*68 8 ;6*8 999*68 :£'!•* 393*68 i 9 8** 9£S'££: 9 I'8 jO'OOI *99*088$;i*";0'0OI LH 89 £98'16 689*181) £10*0*3i *'0I 9**! 9'£3 £83 99 *99'99 9£* 09 8*9'6£ 368*98 389*06 *90*90I S3* ££t 981 '361 0** 833 898 SIS 886 *09 999*961*3$ ff> Co O -OYiSUSTFL ia aaaaY 3HTYA •sionaoaii ao aniYA 0 '001 96*'l 398'9** 381 9*1 118 183 883*88 6£0*8* £63'£9 091 f31 IS 891 £9 381 *63*I3 6£8 '91 88* 91 988*98 89 *I 9* 89 86* 01 89£ It 3£9*6 301 '81 , 1 2> **-3[-*OA j^9^ 9irrBj# ^9SJ9f AV9>I BHiBqBiv "i 9JiqsduiBH BlUBAtZsnnDj ^noT^oairaoo pnBjsi 9poqn 1 BI3J090 BTrqoiBO q^Tios BnnojBO qpoN s#asnqoBSSBH •6T6I :sxonaoaj io amvA Aa aa^Mva 'saxvis ivjiONiaa—'z hihtx 160 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [The month of maximum employment for each Industry and state is indicated by bold-laced figures and that of minimum employment by italic uguras\j United States: Cotton manufactures, 1919. Males Females Cotton goods Males Females Cotton small wares— Males Females Cotton lace Males Females Cotton manufactures, 1914. 1909. Alabama Connecticut Georgia 1 Illinois 1 Indiana Kentucky 1 Maine Maryland 1 Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire 2 New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode" Island South Carolina Tennessee. Texas Vermont Virginia States showing large proportion of females. Georgia1 Illinois 1 Indiana Kentucky1 » Massachusetts New Jersey North Carolina Rhode Island South Carolina Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during 446,852 256,286 190,566 430,966 249,749 181,217 9,396 3,443 5,953 6,490 3,094 3,3% 393,404 378,880 18,102 16,4S3 38,283 1,538 997 967 11,763 3,416 121,150 2,406 21,294 9,672 10,493 67,297 15,379 36,336 48,079 4,S95 2,633 1,092 6,518 14,588 782 561 521 57,613 5.464 25,260 16,877 15,790 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 448,214 255,677 192,537 432,978 249,452 183,526 9,295 3,399 5,896 6,941 2,826 3,115 404,647 374,4$$ 17,747 16,022 40,041 1,399 960 1,181 13,106 3,579 124,242 2,540 20,637 9,519 10,922 67,953 14,166 35,296 48,701 5,162 2,812 1,101 6,072 15,394 70S 544 662 58,219 5,433 25,534 16,559 16,117 Febru- ary. 432,640 247,794 184, S46 March. 430,546 246,842 183,704 417,786 241,750 176,036 8,879 3,211 5,668 5,975 2,833 3,142 403,388 376,348 18,011 16,017 37,273 1,369 1,027 1,196 7,644 Z, 621 120,227 2,498 20,765 8,792 10,330 67,675 14,009 36,067 47,156 5,066 2,673 1,104 6,124 13,905 708 593 676 56,103 6,1 A6 25,564 16,348 15,476 415,600 240,757 174, S43 8,943 3,239 5,70-1 6,003 2,846 3,157 402,490 377,962 17,579 16,346 36,536 1,442 1,044 1,201 6,661 3,449 120,135 2,427 20,866 9,083 10,038 66,782 14,199 35,6-10 47,309 4,922 2,620 1,091 6,175 13,853 736 594 678 55,717 5,327 25,027 16,413 15,677 April. 429,661 2^6,067 1S3,484 414,718 240,037 174,681 8,872 3,232 6,640 5,961 2,798 3,163 401,840 377,521 17,431 15,936 36,260 1,454 1,014 1,206 7,444 3,363 119,715 2,370 20,931 9,508 10,244 66,699 14,431 35,408 46,773 4,669 2,564 1,068 6,364 13,862 730 563 676 65,628 5,452 25,244 16,354 15,449 May. 438,253 251,380 186,873 June. 444,813 254,678 190,135 423,295 245,279 178,016 8,884 3,201 5,683 6,074 2,900 3,174 398,914 377,487 17,835 16,167 37,111 1,494 994 1,153 12,785 3,332 121,538 2,425 20,772 9,694 10,368 65,626 14,745 35,530 47,049 4,708 2,613 1,065 6,480 14,261 742 547 639 56,237 5,484 24,729 16,379 16,417 429,213 248,326 180,887 9,180 3,288 5,892 6,420 3,064 3,356 393,913 377,862 17,927 16,323 37,464 1,533 981 1,211 13,079 3,310 124, Ml 2,308 21,270 9,808 10,580 66,043 15,379 35,814 47,592 4,732 2,605 1,052 6,531 14,430 774 556 693 57,924 5,512 24,966 16.508 15,542 July. 450,512 258,511 192,001 434,345 251,867 182,478 9,634 3,535 6,099 6,533 3,109 3,424 389,239 378,700 17,971 16,780 37,958 1,591 971 608 13,291 3,379 126,083 2,332 21,690 9,732 11,036 67,233 15,638 36,852 47,297 4,722 2,618 1,074 6,596 14,520 830 637 296 58,566 5,407 25,215 17,087 15,439 August. 452,739 260,581 192,158 436,312 253,787 182,525 9,646 3,567 6,079 6,781 3,227 3,554 382,702 378,920 18,744 16,514 38,772 1,625 997 623 13,311 3,388 125,517 2,297 21,883 9,927 11,214 66,497 16,013 36,900 48,046 4,918 2,688 1,101 6,722 14,736 841 562 385 58,133 5,558 24,618 17,170 15,572 Septem- ber. 453,868 260,913 192,955 437,375 2.54,059 183,316 9,622 3,550 6,072 6,871 3,304 3,567 382,898 380,363 18,457 16,649 38,634 1,624 978 627 13,427 3,40S 126,887 2 ,343 21,876 9,927 9,727 66,563 16,193 37,193 49,238 2,669 1,115 6,794 14,650 839 555 303 58,835 5,589 24,695 17,216 16,112 Octo- ber. 455,500 261,706 193,794 438,711 254,741 183,970 9,774 3,630 6,144 7,015 3,335 3,680 385,364 381,225 18,562 16,887 39,223 1,615 995 952 13,402 3,370 124,970 2,405 21,778 9,910 10,177 68,233 16,359 37,000 49,071 5,039 2,638 1,104 6,636 14,992 819 560 489 57,393 5,520 25,724 17,405 16,096 Novem- ber. 459,179 263,591 195,588 Decem- ber. 466,409 267,692 198,717 442,252 256,561 185,691 9,921 3,680 6,241 7,006 3,350 3,656 449,007 260,372 188,635 10,102 3,784 6,318 7,300 3,536 3.764 387,117 388,336 382,232 383,529 18,870 16,936 39,508 1,605 1,012 624 13,495 3,357 127,247 2,449 21,441 9,941 9,839 68,824 16,578 37,505 48,818 5,130 2,576 1,119 6,851 15,067 795 568 303 59,084 5,490 25,790 17,427 16,042 18,090 17,220 40,616 1,715 1,001 1,022 13,511 3,436 128,698 2,475 21,719 10,223 11,441 69,436 16,838 37,827 49,898 5,219 2,620 1,110 6,871 15,396 867 553 532 69,617 5,651 26,014 17,658 16,541 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 3 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 161 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES, WITH PER CENT, BY SEX AND AGE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States. New England states... Cotton-growing states. All other states United States. Alabama Connecticut. Georgia. Illinois.. Indiana. Kentucky. Maine. Maryland. Massachusetts., Mississippi. Wage earners (average number). FEB CENT OF TOTAL. Census year. 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age. Males. Females. 1919 446,852 54.7 40.5 4.8 1919 1919 1919 211.118 192,544 43,190 51.7 59.1 50.1 43.3 36.0 46.8 5.0 4.9 3.1 1914 1909 393,404 378,880 53.4 50.9 38.2 38.7 8.4 1919 1914 1909 18,102 13,697 12,731 60.4 51.3 50.2 37.9! 1.8 10.4 32.0 1 16.7 31.1 j 18.7 1919 1914 1909 16,483 15,466 14,360 55.7 ! 56.3 55.8 39.5 39,4 39.4 4.8 4.3 4.8 1919 1914 1909 38,283 30,719 27,803 60.3 '53.5 52.6 36.4 27.8 32.4 3.4 18.7 15.0 1919 1914 1909 1,538 1,356 1,319 44.0 33.1 30.6 46.7 63.1 62.7 9.4 3.7 6.7 1919 1914 1909 997 961 1,582 42.5 40.8 28.8 50.3 52.5 62.9 7.2 6.7 8.3 1919 1914 1909 967 1,158 1,044 46.6 44.2 39.6 50.7 55.0 52.6 2.7 0.8 7.8 1919 1914 1909 11,763 13,834 14,634 52.0 52.1 47.6 47.2 44.8 46,6 0.8 3.1 5.8 1919 1914 1909 3,416 3, 424 3,966 50.7 50.1 41.6 48.2 43.0 42.5 1.1 6.9 15.9 1919 1914 1909 124,150 113,559 108,914 50.9 52.0 51.2 43.3 44.1 43,1 5.8 3.9 5.7 1919 1914 1909 2,406 1,989 2,645 49.4 45.4 40,3 41.8 5.2 9.5 20.3 50.2 38.0 New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina. Tennessee Texas., Vermont. Virginia.. 1 j PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Wage earners (average number). 'Census year. 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age. Males. Females. 2 1919 1914 , 1909 21,294 21,669 22,290 53.4 56.2 49.7 45.3 43.2 48.3 1.3 0.6 2.0 1919 1914 1909 9,672 7,394 6,63S 43.5 53.1 3.3 5.6 8.9 44. S I 38.1 49.6 52.9 1919 , 1914 1909 10,493 9,127 10,663 60.5 38.6 41.9 42.0 0.9 L8 2.8 56.3 i 55.3 1 i 1919 1914 I 1909 67,297 53,703 47,231 56.9 37.1 31.4 30.0 6.0 13.3 18.9 55.3' 51.1 j 1919 : 1914 1909 15,379 14,640 16,293 47.9 ', 44.9! 43,9 j 47.9 48.1 49.3 4.1 7.0 6.8 ; 1919 1914 36,336; 29,483! 28,786 i 51.5! 51.3 j 50.7' 42.5 43.1 43.3 6.0 5.6 6.0 ; 1909 1919 1914 1909 48,079 46,448 45,454 63.5; 30.2 26.4 24.7 6.3 58.3 56.6 | 15.3 18.7 1919 1914 1909 4,895 3,403 3,07S 51.7 | 43.7 39.8 37.9 4.6 10.4 17.6 49.8! 44.5 1919 1914 1909 2,633 1,875 1,590 62.0 1 1 64.3 . 53-1! 37.5 32.4 32.7 0.5 3.3 14.2 1919 1914 1909 1,092 992 6S3 55.6 i 60.9' 43.0 j 43.2 38.5 51.4 1.2 0.6 5.6 1919 1914 1909 6,518 6,310 5,057 62.1: 35.3 30.6 29.5 2.5 4.4 13.4 65.0 i 57.1! 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations, i Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 111367—23- -11 162 MANUFACTURES Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Total. | 1 i 1 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. STATE. Total. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. United States: 1919 _, and un- der. 48.« 54. 60. Over 60. New Hampshire: 1919 *. . and un- der. 48.1 15,508 54. 60. Over 60. 446,852 393,404 378,880: 1,697 413 173,366 1,145 304 19,028 3,149 2,879 63,455 158,287 571 141,218 72,025 190,998 47,208 157,112 119,226 467 1,686 64,902 21,294 21,669 11 79 5,696 W 1914 (2) (2) 1914 21,639 1909 New Jersey: 1919 9,672 7,394 486 4,133 4,311 47 55 5 687 6,651 Alabama: 18,1021 13;697| 1914 691 1919 416 242 11,949 672 5,202 11,782 293 1,107 New York: 1919 1914 136 10,493 9,127 153 (2) 4 6,439 14 632 251 3,228 7,118 37 695 Connecticut: 1914 (s) 1,049 1919 16,483' 15,466 323 11,502 1,035 71 8 6 3,615 15,273 ! North Carolina: ! 1919 1914 116 67,297 53,703 75 484 1,421 1,823 49,804 13,690 53,491 G eorgia: 1914..... 212 1919 8 38,2S3 30,719 142 260 1,520 18,871 117 17,490 30,602 Pennsylvania: 1919 1914" 1 15,379 14,640 61 (2) 54 7,745 79 3,979 715 2,618 11,576 838 2,270 84 Illinois: i 1914 (3) 1919 1,538' 1,350' 869 1 242 245 419 290 8 Rhode Island: 1919 1914 (2) (2) 602 218 36,336 29,483 67 10,486 1,004 335 24,631 27,248 97 1,892 51 8 Indiana: 1 1914 1919 997! 961 1 441 159 84 397 434 South Carolina: 1919.. 19143 443 48,079 46,448 899 1,463 39,555 1,044 6,162 45,404 Kentucky: ! 1914 1919 » 967 1,158, 335 407 225 70 Tennessee: 1 1919 1914 1,088 4,895 3,403 681 115 3,899 2,995 141 174 Maine: j 1914 130 163 1919 11,763 13,834 11,763 I Texas: 1914 13,834 i 1919 2,633 1,875 228 170 1,237 1,118 1,338 Maryland: j 1914 367 1919» 3,416 3,424 325 2,183 80 352 476 820 I Vermont: 1914 2,604 ! 1919 1,092 992 147 692 253 992 Massachusetts: 1919 j 1914.... 124,150 113,559 388 (2) 24 (2) 111,303 1,051 3,284 935 7,808 110,434 1,343 1,139 Virginia: 1914 1919 6,518 6,310 438 5,344 60 736 6,250 Mississippi: 1914 1919 2,406 1,989 127 220 2,059 1,924 1914... 65 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. 3 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. < Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY STATES: 1919. United States. .1919.. 1914.. Alabama Connecticut. Georgia 1 Illinois i Indiana Kentucky * Maine Maryland1 Massachusetts.. Mississippi New Hampshire3. New Jersey New York Estab- lish- ments 1,496 1,328 58 57 132 10 4 6 14 14 231 15 21 45 58 North Carolina j 311 Pennsylvania , 168 Rhode Island !132 South Carolina !145 Tennessee.. Texas Vermont... Virginia.... Wage earners (average number). 446,852 393,404 18,102 16,483 38,283 1,538 997 967 11,763 3,416 124,150 2,406 21,294 9,672 10,493 67,297 15,379 36,336 48,079 4,895 2,633 1,092 6,518 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage) i earn- ers. St to P lto5 wage earners, Inclusive. Is tuO© 177 125 32 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. SB 143 100 13 1,842 1,197 50 6 370 53 104 169 72 497 338 9 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 163 153 6,682 5,494 168 285 213 118 874 434 325 919 1,551 298 198 61 to 100 wage earners, Inclusive. II 220 217 16,403 16,332 610 469 1,703 62 164 1,744 416 63 218 638 6,379 2,215 1,193 867 54 208 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. tsfl 438 375 4 7 8 154 22 25 66 10 13 2 4 71,743 61,502 3,724 2,296 8,250 356 556 156 527 494 3,611 1,502 675 1,181 1,114 24,511 3,468 4,377 9,908 1,535 2,095 357 708 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. U 03 © to p 228 213 in 81,371 74,840 3,686 4,711 11,673 557 441 742 538 13,192 488 1,127 1,759 2,024 11,428 2,796 9,639 12,452 1,116 538 735 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. tSfl 157 144 108,658 99,099 5,743 4,686 8,489 675 4,137 654 34,065 1,417 "1,240 14,789 3,330 7,177 18,781 752 Over 1,000 wage earners. Si •2 G 160,976 134,815 4,156 3,985 7,955 7,047 1,437 70,279 17,931 5,958 4,361 10,199 1,454 13,282 5,864 1,438 4,531 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations, i Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 163 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 ! 1909 All classes !1,496 i 1,328 \ 1,324 Less than 15,000 1 13~| 21~i 17 $5,000 to $20,000 :39 59: 66 $20,000 to $100,000 !131 i 233 , 280 $100,000 to $500,000 ...I 433 I 624 \ 7Qft $500,000 to $1,000,000 !324 199 J 'ye $1,000,000 and over j 556; 192 163 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 446,852! 393,404 24 196 1,974 / 29,929 \ 51,480 363,249 39 441 8,662 173,295 211,067 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 378,880 :.'$2,195,565,881 $701,300,933 $628,391,813 ■ $880,664,339 $257,778,418 $257,382,343 35 641 11,120 174,990 192,094 | 32,246 495,653 ; 7,613,751 f 127,432,091 \ 237,242,198 1,822,749,942 44,770 697,035 14,394,1.54 157,0.56,051 140,172,492 388,936,431 41,056 840,501 17,137,769 }278,026,841 332,345,643 23,928 ;76,796 20,811 '273,039 3,046,769 i 5,166,008 f 48,363,093 W 105 ms \ 90,073,575 J1™,1"0***** ■ 738,887,052 ; 14S,206,64S 18,643 366,628 6,031,393 108,548,215 142,417,464 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. 100.0 100.0 ioao 100.0 100.0 C1) 0) 0.3 10.8 83.0 0.1 i 2.1 22.4 1 20.0 !/ 5,5.5 C1) 0.1 2.7 44.2 52.9 0) (l) C1) 0.3! 5.5 \ 10.2 J 84.0 0.1 I 2.0 j 4a4 j 57.5 | 0) 0.1 2,3 42.2 55.3 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. 'Rhode Island... South Carolina . 1919 1914 1919 1914 STATE. Cen- sus year. United States.. 1919 1914 1909 Cotton goods. 1919 1914 Cotton small 1919 wares. 1914 Cotton lace... 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 U919 <1914 Maine» 1919 Massachusetts 1919 1914 New Hampshire3... 01919 New Jersey 1919 1914 i 1919 i 1914 i North Carolina 1919 1 1914 i Pennsylvania 1919! 1914! 1 number of establishments! OWNED BY— Indi-| Cor- vid- j pora- uals. i tions. 102 11,307 105 il,116 110 1,113 67 11,164 75 11,021 104 35 55 128 111 14 216 169 296 273 76 111 74 144 145 All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 446,852 1393,404 378,880 In establishments owned by— Indi-i vid- i uals. i Cor- i All pora- j oth- tions. i ers. 3,244 ^4,425 5,366 438,884 377,708 362,264 4,724 11,271 11,250 39 430,966 379,366 9,396 6,598 6,490 7,440 2,582 3,641 ! 623! ! 593 i 1 *39 I ! 191 424,402 365,404 8,031 5,234 6,451 7,070 3,982 ;10,321 742 771 179 I 18,102 16,483 15,466 38,283 i 30,719 | 11,763; 124,150! 113,559; 21,294! 9,672! 7,394 10,493; 9,127 67,297 i 53,703 15,379! 14,640 I 36,336; 29,483 ! 48,079 jj 46,448 64 j 493 1 278 352 1 146 | 36 1 201 | 10S | 398 834 1,158 I 1,451 j 211; 197; 17,538 16,214 14,112 .1 37,813! . 6 30,719! .j 11,763 | ! 123,324 |111,304 .j 21,019 9,526 7,263 10,056! 8,655 I ! I 66,045! i 52,075 12,359' 9,956 ( 36,019 I 26,093! JUS, 079! J 46,225 I »566 205 861 3 470 548 1,903 ?275 **"*95" 236 364 854 794 1,862 3,233 106 3,193 'V223' Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 0.7 1.1 1.4 0.6 1.0 6.6 9.0 0.6 2.6 0.4 3.2 Cor- All pora-! oth- tionsJ ers. 98.2 96.0 95.6 98.5 96.3 85.5 79.3 99.4 95.0 0.9 2.7 7.9 11.7 96.9 3.1 0.2 0.3 1.5 0.5 1.9: 1.2 i 0.6: 1.6 i 7.5 ■ 9.9 0.6 0.7 98,4 91.2 98,8 100.0 99.3! 98.0 , 98.7' 98.5 95.8 94.8 98.1; 97.0 80.4 , 68.0 99.1 1 SS.5 1.2 5.6 1.2 Total. 1.1 j!$2,195,565,881 2.9 3.0 701,300,933 62S,391,813 2.4 2,125,272,193 676,569,115 40,896,835 Hi 525,033 29,396,853 13,206,785 0.4 1.7 1.3 2.2;: 4.0;; 1.3 I: 1.5 |] 12.1 r 0.3 l! 10.8! .100.0 . 99.5 79,643,343 105,054,383 30,808,918 192,185,896 59,982,008 56,563,825' 604,937,749 j 197,322,111; 86,391,695 | 60,475,426 1 16,782,164 55,287,042; 18,464,8.11 318,368,181' 90,743,683 I 90,58.1,626 32,400,446; 177,423.087' 49,718,837 228,440,242! 78,446,145; VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. $15,211,594 8,711,335 11,489,389 Corpora- tions. AU others. $2,154,402,091 672,269,539 598,770,236 $25,952,196 20,320,059 IS, 132,188 Percent of total. Indi- Cor- i All vid- pora- oth- uals. !tions.; ers. 0.7 98.1 1.2 95.9! 1.8 95.3 1.2 2,9 2.9 11,772,663 7,392,140 3,255,072 1,029,170 1183,859 290,025 [2,090,733,347 650,386,740 34,455,750 9,264,000 29,212,994; 12,618,799 286,145 1,087,109 22,766,183 18,790,235 3,186,013 1,231,863 297,961 78,069,912 3 1,573,431 1,869,558 688,173 J 629,932 9S,S07; 785,421! 421,599; 1,707,655 1 1,811,435 6,454,555! 2,844,404! 623,289 431,073 103,216,975 27,591,675 190,037,096 5 59,982,008 56,563,825 600,485,237 192,909,02S 84,712,579 59,845,494 16,549; 802 52,463,349 17,135,555 312,993,62S 87,694,395 73,380,524 23,199,423 176,189,285? 44,639,729 . 1 228,440,242 78,011,480 1,551,263 j 2,130,134 j '2,148,800; 2,582,954 3,724,910 a 1,679,116 133,555 0.6 1.1 8.0 S.9! 0.6 2.2 98.4! 96.1 84.3 I 80.4 \ 99.4! 95.5! 0.3 3.5 98.0 98.3 1.1 2.8 7.8 10.7 2,3 2.0 .! 98.9 .ioao I 1.5 6.9 1.1 . ioao: 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.6 2,038,272: 907,657 j 3,666,898' 1,237,853 10,746,547; 6,356,619 610,510 4,648,035 -434,665; 0.5 2.0 7.1 8.8 0.4 0.9 99.3 97.8 98,1 99,0 98.6 94.9 1 92.8 9S.3 96.6 81.0' 71.6 99.3 89.8 100.0 99.4; 0.4 1.9 1.9 *6.*s 3,7 4.9 1.2 1.4 11.9 19.6 0.3 9,3 0.6 1 Includes the group 'All others." 'Figures not available for 1914. ■ Includes the group "Individuals." < Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 6 Includes the groups 4•Individuals" and "All others." • Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 164 "MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 42,936 13,446 6,157 1,863,542 1,585,953 1,296,517 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Steam 1 2,993 1,725 1,508 217 41 1,227 3,299 1,933 3,487 2,087 1,335,765 1,025,761 768,403 257,358 2,842 307,162 1,329,538 1,011,303 (») (*) 1,183,037 877,201 71.7 55.0 41.2 13.8 0.2 16.5 83.8 63.8 91.2 57.7 Turbines 8 8 («) (2) (2) (a)' (s) Internal-combustion engines 59 1,307 39 1,361 4,016 314,219 2,812 303,024 0.3 19.8 0.2 23.4 Water wheels and turbines 39,943 39,943 10,147 10,147 2,670 2,670 527,777 ! 523,696 4,081 256,415 252,864 3,551 113,480 108,512 4,968 28.3 28.1 0.2 16.2 15.9 0.2 8. 8 8.4 0.4 Electric Other 64,231 39,943 24,288 20,282 10,147 10,135 6,559 2,670 3,889 S74,124 523,696 350,428 512,903 252,864 260,039 235,902 108,512 127,390 100.0 59.9 40.1 100.0 49.3 50.7 lOO.O 46.0 54.0 i Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other'1 owned power. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. » Not reported separately. i Cen- I sus ! year. United States Alabama Connecticut Georgia Illinois. Indiana Kentucky Louisiana.. Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi, New Hampshire 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 21919 21914 21919 1914 1919 21914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 |81919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons. 2,240 pounds).! 368,595 313,531 3,663,302 3,633,563 2,940 300 18,227 9,527 429 1,706 30 59,590 129,299 37 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 203,675 219,353 114,388 109,137 386,897 364,642 21,728 18,916 33,205 31,275 14,041 21,214 5,428 66,978 69,957 21,402 26,994 1,094,395 1,004,328 1,028 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds) 38,609 28,680 129,873 178,185 Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas- oline and other volatile| oils (bar- rels). 32,466 504,135 15,537 24,755 561 400 32 1,370 1,497 43 15,346 185 5,231 151 3,226 84 444 674 3,964 0 110 C1) 67 C1) 663 C1) 175 43,312 4,595 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 60 1,005 (l) 7,070 1,682 (') 134,581 42,846 166 166 19 9,801 16,166 New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee . Texas , Vermont Virginia Wisconsin..... All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 66,587 55,531 34,118 24,160 34,799 13,560 67,249 55,169 14,346 20,116 9,326 2,584 2,061 11 1,552 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 50,351 40,068 106,505 67,417 454,708 486,293 10,762 2,948 83,115 72,152 179,000 235,174 467,2«4 481,939 61,182 51,620 17,671 37,426 6,090 9,164 74,038 66,429 3,240 17,839 20,262 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 10 5,434 350 14,278 1,031 26 4,000 Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas- oline and other volatilel oils (bar rels) 4,206 19 574 236 539 11,975 251 1374,291 1 320 15 35,460 14,674 171 0) 954 0) 231 (l) C1) "(x)" 391 (») 78 0) (\) '(I)" 52 10,634 180 24 (i) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 3, 157 I 281 6i 314 •1900 3,292 3,157 H511 7*i, 678 864 40,577 1 70 ! 30 i 46 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. 9 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are Included in "All other states." * Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in " All other states." COTTON MANUFACTURES. 165 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 12 CO fa- an CO pr»< Nummary of materials for the United States.—Table presents a detailed account of the quantity and |st of principal materials used in the cotton-manu- rtures industry as a whole for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Chore is a certain amount of duplication of materials il products in a table of this kind which is the inseqW'.nce of one establishment reporting as its lpA\\5t what another purchases and reports as materials. An illustration of this duplication is when a yrarn mill and a weaving mill operate as independent establishments—the material for the former may be raw cotton and the product }Tarn, while the material fo r the latter is yarn and the product cloth. A com- plete mill, however, covering the operations of both spinning and weaving eliminates the duplication of m any intermediate products. Ta|ble 12.—Principal Materials Used in Cotton Manufac- tures: 1919, 1914, and 1909. MATERIAL. 1919 1914 Total cost I $1,314,901,542 j $443,522,515 Cotlton (raw):1 Pounds Cost | Domestic—1 Pounds Cost | Foreign— Pounds tCost d, bleached, and other treated tton: Pounds Cost. Cotton waste: Pounds Cost All other nbers: Pounds w Cost Cotton yarn: Pounds Cost Allother yarns: Pounds ■ Cost 8 torch, cost ( hfinicals and dye-stuffs, cost. Allother materials, cost 2,731,404,436 $907,683,931! 2,612,851,431 $S49,256,927: 118,553,005 $58,397,004 623,047 $145,940 120,743,520 $14,344,834 3,702,607 $4,201,302 230,061,217 $192,018,472 3,9S7,052 $13,963,176 $5,579,310 $13,073,488 $163,891,089 2,523,500,837 $330,315,223 2,431,405,884 $312,586,001 92,094,953 $17,729,222 1,052,836 $111,423 54,116,105 $3,542,631 4,276,476 $3,203,262 139,482,027 $39,793,131 3,309,277 $4,793,221 $2,629,558 $5,769,235 $53,364,831 1909 $371,009,470 2,335,344,906 $274,724,210 2,259,312,974 $261,547,820 76,031,932 $13,176,390 191,779 $21,591 80,044,061 $4,225,790 1,627,189 $1,176,449 126,707,003 $34,3S4,791 5,605,522 $S, 183,206 $2,114,756 $4,886,514 $41,292,163 1 Not including linters. Principal materials consumed, by states.—A distri- bution, by states, of the principal materials consumed in the cotton-manufactures industry is shown in Tfble 13 for 1919 and 1914. Table 13.—Consumption of Principal Materials in Cotton Manufactures, by States: 1919 and 1914. MATERIAL AND STATE. 1919 1914 QUANTITY (POUNDS). 1919 Rav cotton,* total ;$907,683,931 $330,315,223 jj2,731,404,436 Domestic1 j 849,2S6,927 Alabama Connecticut. Georgia Maine 45,739,464 20,914,671 1*104,448,982 24,550,268 312,586,001 t '2,612,851,431 15,884,377 j 150,355,697 8,018,943 53,629,265 3 34,922,233 * 338,338,608 10,585,745'! 77,425,777 1914 2,523,500,837 2,431,405,884 128,585,533 52,333,105 «286,910,813 85,632,910 > Slot including linters. * Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual opera- tion. These are included in "All other states." Table 13.—Consumption of Principal Materials in Cotton Manufactures, by States: 1919 and 1914—Continued. MATERIAL AND STATE. 1919 Raw cotton- Continued. >! Domestic-Continued.! Maryland !$8,937,212 i Massachusetts j 210,174,038! Mississippi I 4,335,759 New Hampshire I 35,493,456 New Jersey !3,953,9S1 New York j 20,352,023 North Carolina I 155,667,051 Pennsylvania !4,724,840 Rhode Island I 41,491,054 South Carolina 118,148,478 Tennessee i 11,589,178 Texas !8,077,732 Virginia 14,707,306 A11 other states !15,981,434 Foreign 58,397,004 1914 $2,979,256 80,309,154 1,545.598 16,904; 341 1,766,849 7.399,836 51,040,026 2.3'26,431 15,354,914 46,566,388 4,075,406 2,347,352 5,179,780 5,379,372 QUANTITY (P0UND3). 1919 1914 29,196.868 597,742,102 14,370,837 122,623,353 11,028,609 62,166,373 479,263,912 13.735,249 113.728,386 379', 616,877 35.350,601 29,491,754 47,069,1-50 57.720.013 25,444.796 576,617,532 13, 897,361 134,996.047 12.112:221 57, lis; 973 415,424,339 19,727,080 110,357,913 372,464,143 33,531,384 20, 850,926 39,202.891 46,197,917 17,729,222 118,553,005 92,094,953 Connecticut i 4,173,594 Massachusetts ;34.198,223 New Hampshire !1,941,531 New Jersey 3,214,459 N orth Carolina 1 937,390 Pennsylvania 236,614 Rhode Island j 11,8S7,843 South Carolina All other s tates j 1,807,350 1,800,646 9,017,409 991,309: 2.063,992 '462,599 156,021 2,458,741 87,591 690,914 7,726,664 , 64,984,048 6,153,126 1 6,222,138 ■ 2,980.563 - 431,230! 26,378,748 j "3*676*4.881 8,394,202 48,110,012 6,415,766 9.610,520 2,846,386 845,061 12,045,334 430,188 3,397,484 Dyed, bleached, and other; treated cotton j 145,940 Raw silk :3,988,394 Fibers, other than cotton and I silk !212,908 Cotton yarn !192,018,472 Connecticut ..j 32,543,788 Maine I 140,391 Maryland 1 588,857 Massachusetts '53,860,141 New Hampshire, !1.437,940 New Jersey 23,834,892 New York !4,382,440 N orth Carolina 4,031,297 Pennsvlvania 1 35,844,138 Rhode Island 27,731,S99 All other states , 6,622,689 Yarns, other than cotton i 13,963,176 Cotton waste !14,344,834 Alabama !254,008 Connecticut 520,801 Georgia..... 2,329,156 Maine j 648,926 Marvland Massachusetts New Hampshire New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode" Island South Carolina All other states 3,707,323 657,449 1,405.682 278,992 149,203 643,418 605,054 3,144,822 111,423 3,063,836 623,047 593,982 139,426 3,108,625 j 3,219,393 39,793,131 4,172,975 326,262 806,266 9,284,324 440,536 4,675:3.53 1,335,805 2,097,731 10,814,194 i 4,212,245 I 1,627,440! 4,793,221 3,542,631 142,846 91,030 a 549,612 455,747 122, ass 860,435 124,519 411,106 r2S,442 112,625 136.014 272.732 135,435 230,061,217 33.839, .546 238,751 2,749,457 64,214,703 2,572,142 28, 646,931 5,423,056 6,527.862 42,070;842 33.401,710 10,376,217 3,987,052 120,743,520 1,681.501 2; 262,821 12.420,341 3; 489,561 1,052,836 1,057,083 36,S6S,630 8,850,722 13,361,455 2.142,844 1,476,598 5,921,561 3,449,268 28,818,218 139,482,027 10,795.133 1,225,331 4,746,710 31.117.952 2,020,727 12,240,169 4,682,360 10,550,363 40.724,610 13;262,085 8,116,587 3,309,277 54.116,105 2,713,327 1,526,700 5 6,936,231 5,004,762 2,126,442 17.886,518 1,422, S15 4,517,820 1,919,953 2,504,161 1,543.501 3,194; 427 2,819,448 Detailed statement of materials used, by states.— A distribution, by states, of the principal materials used in the cotton-manufactures industry is shown in detail for 1919 in Table 14. The states are arranged according to rank by value of products. The report which was secured at the census of 1919 was more comprehensive than those of former censuses and will be found to contain many new items of interest which are in keeping with the expansion of the industry. The quantities and kinds of cotton waste purchased and used are shown by states. The rags reported are those to be used for garnetting, or reworked for further manufacture, and not for paper stock. Considerable information is also shown for the first time with respect to the different kinds of yarn which were purchased and consumed by the industry. 166 MANUFACTURES. Table 14—MATERIALS USED IN COTTON MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919. UOTTED STATES. Raw cottonx total Domestic Sea-island American-Egyptian Other long-staple (1J inches and over) Short-staple (under 1$ inches) Foreign Egyptian. Other Linters Open cotton fiber, dyed, bleached, etc. Cotton waste, purchased. Soft Hard Rags Wool waste, silk waste, and raw wool, pur- chased Raw silk Other fibers Cotton card laps, roping, sliver, and roving, purchased Yarn, purchased Cotton Not mercerized Mercerized Woolen, worsted, and merino. Woolen Worsted Merino Silk --- Organzine Tram Spun Artificial Other yarns Starch, cost Chemicals and dyestufTs, cost. Pounds. 2,731,404,436 2,612, 851,431 20,804,901 20,695,56S 485,010, S38 2,086,340,124 118,553,005 88,710,604 29,842,401 26,951,183 623,047 120, 743,520 103,498,398 11,218,096 6, 027,026 39,717 593,982 3,099,386 2,625,789 234,048,2G9 230,061,217 224,125,358 5,935,859 484,390 115,539 313,061 55,790 2,261,392 184,272 1,044,124 260,991 772,005 1,241,270 Cost. $907,683,931 849,286,927 12,016,268 11,361,776 186,237,188 639,671,695 58,397,004 47,419,879 10,977,125 1,719,761 145,940 14,344,834 22,816 3,988,394 199,860 1,631,349 MASSACHU- SETTS. Pounds. 662,726,150 597,742,102 7,548,931 11,673,546 231,164,42$ 347,355,197 64,984,048 50,825,797 14,158,251 2,419,651 205,9S1, 192,018, 184,685. 7,332, 850, 12,098, 1,071, 5,811, 1,407, 3,808, 1,014, 5,579, 13,073, 64S 472 986 486 441 671; 026 605 '. 483: 557 i 064 | 310 I 36,868,630 25,603,730 5,764,900 5,500,000 22,910 384,846 165,067 6,444 65,5 IS, 728 64,214,703 63,406,668 808,035 NORTH CAROLINA. Pounds. 482,244,475 479,263,912 1,941,119 1,260,754 68,850,996 407,211,043 2,980,563 2,980,563 13,147 2,142,844 2,141,644 1,200 1,293,512 152,892 752,151 138,186 250,283 10, 513 $1,343,057 $3,322,344 6,533,465 6,527,862 6,525,878 1,984 SOUTH CAROLINA. Pounds. 379,616,877 379,616,877 40,275 Pounds. 340,157,702 1338,338,608 1,317.530 26,756,096 352,820,506 143,345 2,389,765 1334,631,313 1,819.094 1,671,855 147,239 1,811,611 3,449,268 3,427,475 21,793 21,285 3,095,482 3,069,245 3,069,245 r 5,603 5,603 $765,198 $2,937,435 9,881 804 7,607 1,470 16,356 $873,335 $435,736 12,420,341 12,350,341 70,000 3,171 3,020,000 3,019,050 3,019,050 RHODE ISLAND. Pounds. 140,105,134 113,726,386 4,429,621 4,854,220 83,800,038 20,642,507 26,378,748 21,322,148 5,056,600 224,000 5,921,561 5,921,561 7,568 167,405 $666,802 $904,331 2,067,472 33,709,190 33,401,710 31,594,6J6 1,807,074 61,166 2, 500 58,666 210,850 6,046 113,213 16,154 75,437 35,464 $242,740 $957,367 CONNECTI- CUT. Pounds. 61,355,929 53,629,265 3,689,430 2,026,407 34,349,625 13,563,803 7,726,664 7,221,811 504,853 340,123 2,262,821 2,262,821 14,506 95,323 PENNSYL- VANIA. Pounds. 14,166,479 13,735,249 863,401 1,945,784 10,926,064 43i,230 378,355 52,875 576,176 1,476,598 1,323,385 2,187 151,026 2,000 499,284 34,161,883 33,839,546 33,026,279 813,267 43,480,231 42,070,842 40,213,655 1,857,187 341,763 137,326 3,361 112,997 208,7613 20,000 503,164 14,587 37,205 60,700 390,672 564,462 120,000 11,630 2,335 188,011 $350,710 $250,012 $89,902 $985,903 'NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. TENNES- SEE. ALL OTHER STATES. MATERIAL. ALABAMA. MAINE. VIRGINIA. MARYLAND. TEXAS. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Raw cotton, total 128,776,479 122,623,353 753,649 2,549 150,355,697 150,355,697 17,250,747 11,028,609 1,084,346 13,651 77,728,700 77,425,777 63,574,719 62,166,373 47,069,150 47,069,150 35,350,601 36,350,601 29,196,868 29,196,868 29,491,754 29,491,754 72,236,975 72,0C0.s50 Domestic ■» Sea-island American-Egyptian 1,040 Other long-staple (1$ inches and over) 116,727 121,750,428 2,599,527 147, 756,170 4,158,226 5,772,386 18,769,053 58,656,724 1,820,449 60,345,924 1,405,046 45,664,10$ 1,447,088 33,902,473 269,039 28,927,829 5,168,951 66,921,899 Short-staple (under 1& inches) 29,491,754 Foreign 6,153,126 3,479 6,149,647 6,222,138 5,525,190 696,948 302,923 302,923 1,408,346 1,405,846 2,500 146,12.5 53,200 92,925 Egyptian Other Linters 674,715 5,600,000 4,505,500 269,777 10,996,185 Open cotton fiber, dyed, bleached, etc Cotton waste, purchased 8,850,722 6,180, .544 2,670,178 1,681,501 1,646,463 35,038 391,300 391,300 3,489,561 2,681,377 808,184 13.361,455 12,188,450 1,047,005 126,000 81,500 81,500 476,207 279,145 197,062 27,869,211 27,018,662 600,549 250,000 Soft Hard Rags Wool waste, silk waste, and raw wool, pur- 7,239 Raw silk 5,940 216,000 Other fibers 2,219,035 Cotton card laps, roping, sliver, and roving, purchased 403,379 50,000 Yarn, purchased 2,534,656 2,524,903 2,494,075 30,828 388,522 382,761 382,761 28,832,657 28,646,931 28,452,735 194.196 41,790 318,376 238,751 229,816 8,935 5,691,981 5,423,056 5,123,116 299,940 42 42 537,613 524,070 524,070 624,676 524,676 524,676 2,745,786 2,706,157 2,606,157 100,000 39,629 5,000 5,000 5,000 2,947,023 2,941,954 2,927,641 14,413 Cotton Not mercerized Mercerized Woolen, worsted, and merino Woolen Worsted 6,000 35,790 27,411 39,629 Merino..'. Silk 9,227 5,761 42,854 5,230 , 2,325 1,502 33,797 226,029 13,543 I 1,310 Organzine 1,352 10, 500 12,469 Tram 173 Spun , 5,761 13,543 1,056 254 3,759 Artificial 9,054 3,100 116,525 Other yarns . . . . 526 79,625 Starch, cast $233,296 $1,232,78-4 $191,791 $61,461 $61,264 $82,875 $231,462 $42-1,886 $96,528 $193,304 $151,612 $658,626 $13,377 $28,389 11,948 $10,171 $88,076 $90,999 $148,212 $496,866 Chemicals and dyestufTs, cost 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "All other states," COTTON MANUFACTURES. 167 Cotton consumed in the industry.—Table 15 shows j Cotton consumed in the industry, by states,—The the number of bales, pounds, and cost of the different quantity of cotton consumed in the industry is shovm kinds of raw cotton used in the industry during 1919. j in Table 16 for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Statistics Table 15.—Cotton Consumption in Cotton Manufactures: • are given also for the cotton-growing states, the New 1919- j England states, and for the most important individual 'i' ; !states. kind. I Bales. Pounds. Cost. 1 _ „ . ^ i! Summary of products for cotton manufactures.—De- Total '15,529,422 • 12,73i,404t436 »$907,683,931 ; tailed statistics of the various kinds of products man- cotioti (raw): ■ uf actured within the cot ton-^oods, cot ton small-wares, Domestic... !5,329,973 2,612,851,431 849,236,927 j 7 ,, - j , ~n '• m L1 o sea-isiand 52! 154 20,80*;0oi . 12,oid!26,8 ! and cot ton-lace mdustry are shown m 1 a bie 1 /. bepa- American-Egyptian 40,726 20,695,668 11,361,776 > , , , i , r -, c . -> • l - other loag-stapie (u inches and; . ;rate total values tor each ot these industries arepre- over) " i 961,450 485,010,838. 186,237,188 • , , £ mmir.ii 1 i nnn 1 u , l J-V Short-staple (under U inches).. 4,275,643' 2,086,340,124 639,671,695 Sented IOf 1919, 1914, and 1909, DUG the Commodities Foreign !199,449 118,553,005; 58,397,004 ' listed according to kind and distributed by states are Egyptian 128,959 88,710,604 . 47,419,879 n , , , , * ... * • 1 , . other !70,490 29,842,401 i 10,977,125 shown by quantity and value tor the three industries 1 Not including linters, 55,15-5 bales; 26,951,183 pounds; $1,719,761 cost. i romn*n e('' Table 16.—COTTON CONSUMPTION IN COTTON MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. 1904 Total1.... Domestic Other than Sea-island.. Foreign ea-tsland. STATE GROUPS. Cotton-growing states' New England states All other states PRINCIPAL STATES. Alabama.... i onnecticut. Maine Maryland., Massachusetts.... M ississi ppi New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Virginia All other state;-1; 1 i Bales. Pounds- Bales, Pounds Bales. Pounds. Bales,! Pounds, 5,529,422 | 2,731,404,436 5,167,975 2,523 ,500, 837 4, 828,736 2,335,344,900 3,749,765 1,876,437, 150 5,329,973 j j 5,277,S19; 52,154 | 199,449 j 2,612,851,431: 5,027,391 4,945,718 2 81,673 140, 584 2,431,405,884 2,400, 803,011 3 30,602, 873 i 92,094, 953 4,717,343 4, 649. 594 'a 67,749 111,393 2, 259,312,974 2,233,03$, 701 2 26, 274, 273 76,031,932 3,690,145 3,633. 761 54,384 i 59,620; 1,832,736, 744 1,810,874,712 21,862,032 43, 700,406 2,592,046,530 [ 20,804,901 i 118,553,005 3,151,274 | ! 2,101,602 i 270,546! 1,516,905,394' 1,075,936,337 1 138,562,705! 2, 814,147 2,069,171 284, 657 1,341,178,496.: 1,041,083,642 | 141,238,699 j 2,469.208 2,041, 734 317,794 1,162,969,470 1,014,926,193 157,449,243 1,829,337; , 1,647,207 , 273 221: 891,844,186 846,023.549 138,469, U5 i j I 1: 302,867 > 122,414! < 083,226 i 153,626! 58,960 , 150,355,097: 61,355,929! * 340,157, 702 , 77, 723, 700 , 29,196)808 , 235, 840 118, 80S « 606,198 172,107 54,12S 128,068,433' 60,727,307' 4 288,456, 008 85, .854, 827: 25,979,525 241,073 J17,189 529,726 100, 550 57,358 116, 232, 495 57, 723,360 199, 806' i 104,025 406,001 131,578; 53;794 99,100,678 53,278,482 198,108,953 67,509,692 27, 054,032 250, 820,180 78, o78, 643 27,460, 792 1,293,081 29,699! 662,720,150 li 14,370,837 , 1,236,972 29,14-1 291,332 39,147 119, 734 (324,727,544- j 13, 897.361 i 1,244,614 34.202 622,368,027 • 16,371,192 955,965: 25,640 1 489, 989,5S5 13,007,625 236,009 | 35,008 j 128,776,479 | 17,250,747 63,574, 719 jj 141,411.813 i 21,722,741 i 58,124,466; 28-5, 659 34.354 141,003 13.S, .532, 027 18, 400, 527 OS. 766, 704 262, 894 33', 358 i 134, 809,578 16,319,367 51,835,100 125,54S J 100,924 1 1,022,113 i 27,996 i 266,174 i 784,001! 482,244,475 . 14, 106,479 , 140,105,134 j 379,010,877; SSI, 156 41,435 238,200 784,231 418,270,725 20.572,141 122,403.247 372,894,331 754,483: 50,691 223, 670 090, 834 350,210, 614 25,68-8. 597 112,757,027 324,385,778 . 503,550 , 50,918; 183,132! 558,100 i 242,360,738 38,332! 18,055 I 4^ 296 77^387 25,873,720 95,548,6415 270,957, 461 73,452! 35,350,601! 29,491,754 47,009,150 57,866,138 69,714 42,520 82, 490 94,807 33,531,384 20,850,926 39,2-92,891 46,205,167 i 58,574 32,686 78,017 94,053 28,312,077: 15,893,288 i 37,160,906 . 45,582,012 j 19, 292,275 9,206,589 23,018,074 39,166, 566 5,8.8S4 | 119,075! 117,2.89 j l 1 Not including linters. 2 The figures given for sea-island cotton lor the years 1914 and 1909 represent the total consumption in all industries for the years ending August 31; those for -'Other than sea-bland" were obtained by deduction. J The cotton-growing states included in this group are; Alabama, Arkansas, California. Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tenne-siee, Texas, and \ irginia. * Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "AH other states." * All other states embrace: 1919—Arkansas, California, Illinois, Indiana,Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin; 1914—Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Ohio, Vermont and Wisconsin; 1909—Arkansas^ Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas. Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Vermont, and Wisconsin; 1904—Arkansas, California, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Vermont, and Wisconsin. 168 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.—SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS FOR COTTON MANUFACTURES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Total value . Cotton goods Cotton small wares.. Cotton lace Woven goods (over 12 inches in width): Square yards Value Unbleached and bleached sheet- ings, shirtings, and mus- lins- Square yards Value Ducks- Square yards Value Ginghams- Square yards Value Drills- Square yards Value Twills and sateens— Square yards Value Ticks and denims- Square yards Value Cotton flannel- Square yards , Value Velvets, velveteens-,-corduroys, and plushes- Square yards— Value Toweling and terry weaves— Square yards Value Tapestries— Square yards. Vali 1919 1914 1909 $2,195,565,881 $701,300,933 $628,391,813 $2,125,272,193 $40,896,835 $29,396,853 $676,569,115 $11,525,033 $13,206,785 $615,217,702 $13,174,111 6,317,397,984 $1,489,610,779 6,813,540,681 $489,985,277 6,267,561,279 $447,167,319 3,194,100,981 $477,407,901 3,852,471,903 $196,520,984 3,709,031,377 $199,900,874 336,500,457 $237,082,551 251,367,711 $49,179,212 162,476,322 $27,485,892 368,307,601 $85,070,745 489,661,133 $36,706,542 537,430,463 $37,939,040 314,822,109 $73,253,640 289,969,885 $21,256,698 238,869,407 $17,750,151 424,478,033 $101,056,691 392,108,735 $32,891,854 388,314,961 $34,274,107 220,381, ISO $70,080,557 229,330,389 $24,947,983 264,870,508 $27,350,162 26S,067,853 , $60,152,426 263,862,227 $24,352,020 305,655,864 $25,695,367 40,183,780 ! $36,673,551 29,128,703 $8,540,143 19,706,438 $6,965,634 | 75,165,515 $31,230,370 75,798,907 $9,805,232 52,778,170 | $6,037,075 21,705,586 $17,295,608 10,137,710 $5,411,592 I 10,657,385 $4,723,907 Woven goods (over 12 inches in w idth)^-Contmued. Pillow tubing- Square yards Value Mosquito netting and tarlatan- Square yards Value. Bags and bagging8— Square yards Value Other woven goods (over inches in width)— Square yards Value Lace and lace curtains: Value Tape and webbing: Linear yards „. Value Twine: Pounds Value Cordage and rope: Pounds — Value Thread: Pound Value Yarns for sale: Pounds Value Cotton waste for sale; Pounds Value Old bagging and ties from cotton bales, value All other products, value 1919 12,112,573 $2,555,543 34,425,307 $3,273,376 82,433,300 $13,139,820 924,713,709 $281,338,000 $28,258,489 1,065,551,328 $15,296,061 11,860,195 $5,935,215 6,815,848 $2,857,275 26,441,943 $55,009,176 | 618,201,812 | $453,764,883 1 315,314,238! $36,357,674 $2,507,021 $105,969,278 1914 15,212,622 $1,483,847 97,981,783 $2,820,524 129,357,002 $9,705,616 687,151,971 $66,363,030 $12,521,053 1,026,231,549 $5,030,052 13,284,875 $2,792,125 5,515,658 $891,223 26,507,023 $22,917,099 497,986,999 $127,363,952 317,360,019 $14,421,929 $1,010,344 $24,367,879 1909 (3) (J) 59,100,819 $2, 103,560 63,107,568 $4,862,451 455,561,997 $52,079,099 $8,922,082 (') $5,531,674 13,715,771 $2,417,391 7,603,907 $1,164,526 23,700,957 $20, 516,269 470,370,995 $109,314,953 310,513,348 $10,874,386 (2) $22,483,213 i In addi engaged prim ai on, in 1919, cotton products to the value of $44,479,105; in 1914 to the value of $17,015,899; and in 1909 to the value of $10,821,250, were reported by establishments tll6U6VV1 ^.^narily in other industries. Of these amounts, $10,703,188 in 1919 represents the value of cotton thread and cotton yarn reported by mills engaged chiefly in the production of knit goods, silk goods, wool manufactures, and cordage and twine; $4,442,141 in 1914, and $2,067,506 in 1909, represent the value of cotton yarn reported by mills engaged chiefly in the production of knit goods, wool manufactures, and cordage and twine; and in 1919, $18,408,540, in 1914, $6,011,962, and in 1909, $6,529,649, represent the value of cotton rope and twine reported by manufacturers of cordage and twine and jute and linen goods, a Not reported separately in 1909. » 8 In addition, bags to the value of $5,629,537 in 1919 were manufactured in cotton mills principally from purchased fabric. The value of such bags has been included in "All other products." * Quantity in 1909 reported as 9,663,482 pounds. Summary of products for cotton manufactures, by- states.—Statistics similar to those presented in the preceding table are shown in Table 18. Each im- portant class of products is presented, by states, except in cases where individual operations would be dis-* closed. The quantity in pounds of woven goods was reported for the first time in 1919. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 169 Table 18.—SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS FOR COTTON MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PRODUCT AND STATE. Total value. QUANTITY. 1919 1919 1914 1909 -goods industry small-wares industry., i-lace Industry i goods (over 12 inches in width). Alabama Connecticut Georgia Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Virginia All other states.. nbleached and bleached sheetings, shirtings, and muslins Alabama Connecticut Georgia Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire North Carolina Rhode Island South Carolina All other states. Alabama Georgia Maryland Massachusetts... New Jersey2 Texas All other states.. Unghams.. Massachusetts... North Carolina.. South Carolina.. All other states., Mils.. Georgia Massachusetts.. Mississippi North Carolina. South Carolina.. All other states. Pwills and sateens.. Connecticut Georgia Maine Massachusetts — New Hampshire.. North Carolina... Rhode Island South Carolina... All other states... ricks and denims.. Connecticut Georgia Massachusetts New Hampshire. North Carolina.. South Carolina.. All other states.. Pounds. 1,814,949,042 Square yards. 6,317,397,984 104,582,454 1 59,780,134 . 223,530,118 1 4,302,187 | 62,251,587 21,900,544 I 392,314,466 i 10,031,668 102,672,070 1 33,828,485 \ 22,933,459 j 231,142,806! 30,318,2S6 94,562,089 i 304,876,825 I 21,079,756; 25,476,065; 40,451,657 28,914,386 j 266,585,986 199,244,6-53 5.56,022,081 16,223,169 206,021,206 17,915,469 1,765,948,678 38,727,354 282,531,393 55,136,045 108, 774,299 769,846,326 •>8, S74,786 346,789,461 1,283,490,769 64, .543,615 53,031,345 149, 706,553 77, 984, 796 607,674,805! 3,194,100,981 27,S36,S7S! 9,557,509' 64,675,779; 20,510,394! 13,8,038,501; 11,671,242 i 52,609,428 33,227,907 207,293,129! 42,254,035 2SS, 530,650 40,159,91S 67, 179,0S3 17,122,700 49,256, 263 24,966,174 17,7S5,414 72,061,09S 77, 396,286 22,568,981 21,017,005 6,747,880 27,062,420 117,627,118 30,335,163 9,532,041 2,535,093 14,214,296 37,335,862 23,674,663 131,537,280 7,175,762 13,491,612 14,117,549 31, 270,20S 12,173,740 3,431,323 16,931,268 9,161,611 23,784,207 105,356,43S 5,295,014 10,844,923 15,365,269 10,674,183 43,949,512 5,432,460 13,795,077 113,402,549 70, 427,925 268,901,897 81,557,777 991, 503,373 41,327,918 242,477, 842 171,255,892 1,016,912,301 196,333, 504 336,500,457 Square yards. 6,813,540,681 Square yards. 6,267, 561, 279 246,512,045 203,868,28-4 596,279,936 31,196,210 238,972,102 17,940,4.82 2,066,981,948 • 42,901,210 357,859,393 > 41,313,974 , 121,280,718 748,119,020' 66,202, 776 351,074,515 i 1,343,606,066 I 70,271,185 I 41,677,534 i 137,932,424! 89,550,859! 3,852,471,903 i 58, 722,438 77,194,196 13,818,116 49,844, 048 22,441,049 31,83$, $93 82,641, 717 36S,307,601 102,297,902 105,6S0,259 36,447,592 123,881,848 314,822,109 119,924,453 93,298,425 312,675, 717 105,715,187 , 1,340,324,920 j 54,537,854 i 307,495,671 j 204,923,852 1,062,448,052 j 251,127,772 1 251,367,711 j 38, 730, 257 77,730,988 13,212,532 35, 818, 899 9,641,288 27,667,048 48,566,699 489,661,133 86,226, S72 30,513,477 7,567,026 38,630,477 96,339,969 55,544,2SS 424,478,033 29,198,245 25,622,585 40,382,934 116,915,845 28,112,365 14,602,532 74,851,993 27,682,951 67,108,583 220,381, ISO 10,055,18$ 19,632, S6S 31,588,216 19,136,60S 91, 881,497 14,131,800 33,955,003 129,379,233 100,741,627 25,69S, 766 233, S41,507 2S9.969, SS5 68,911,226 12,425,634 6,676,949 18, 43S, 152 98,617.604 84,900,320 392,108,735 33,445,109 15,353,-S97! 29,006,658 I 129,409,523 | 45,353,004 j 15, 718, 054 74,415,258 13,598,202 35,809,030 229,330,389 13,660,250 30,356,304 35,128,1S1 17, 453,313 85,473,70S 11,790,017 35,468,616 1919 1914 $2,195,565,881 \ $701,300,933 213,195,8443! 186,690,012 489,225,528 | 46,018,961 I 250,188, 405 j 21,428,788 ij 1,989,578,059 1 45,596,2134; 404, 831, 223 :i 40,196,447 ;l 134,028,087! 62-5,876,309 ■■'] 93, ,834,616 , 363,133,635;! 1,079,066,885' 63,029,001! 37,127,223 103,045,596 | 81,470,400: 3,709,031,377 123,239,454: 93,142,124 263,509,923; 136,448,937; 1,230,679,320 62,200,1S9' 269,603,261 246,831,368 864,624,681 418,752,120 162, 476,322 29,435,832 49, 484, 921 13,872,294 29,169,491 5,747,008 i 13,660,253; 21,106.523 . 537,430,463 '. 139,552,491 111,994,426! 29,417,246 256,466,300 238,869,407 64,075,402: 17,0S8,244 ] 7,705,349 i 18,940,774 1 75,823,918 I 55,230,?2O 1 388,314,961 j 40,827,992 j ** 27." 617," 061*; 159,658,540! 47,921,784 12,473,668; 53,871,689 12,910,370 33,033,857 264,870,508' 14,8SS, 985 35,219,627 58,716, 976 21,324,650 97,997, 821 8, 582,717 28,139,732 2,125,272,193 j 40,896,835 I 29,396,853 « 676,569,115 11,525,033! 13,206,785 i I 1,489,610,779 , 489,985,277 60,578,243; 68, 523,161 140,726,106 3,380.389 49,269,661 14,131,-542 389,911,004: 6,547,369 , 80,023,914! 4.1,229,203: 22,221,635 172,488,3*5 48,6.82.122 \ 111,177,315 204,648,028 . 13,812,757 13,041.254 j 31,50i;391 17,712,300 i 19,525,519 18,560,045 • 43,279, 755 1,729,577 19,918,332 I 4,649,2-84 140,814, 41S 2,439, 871 33,485, 758 6, 758, 451 7, 727, 228 .50, 221,104 16,235,292 30,042,850 70,579,894 4,515, 562 3,706,654 9,962,29S 5, 833,3S5 477,407,901 196,520,984 15,497,019 13,401,886 i 40,280,952; 15,310,394 i 137,986,064 j 8,540,052 38,944.038 j 36,907,734 i 140,008,485! 30,531,297! 237,082,551 j 6,266,410 6,423,411 15,545,371 6,623,6SS 65,014, 658 3,443,893 14,266,826 13,923,977 51, 471, 351 13, 541,399 49,179, 212 22,478, 395 43,879,551 10,405,023 50,987, 332 33,318,980 8,596,326 67,416,944 85,070,745 27,409, 269 19,836,135 6,324,709 31,500,632 73,253,640 19,202,104 6,670,675 1, 477,025 9,180, .838 21,243,723 15,479,275 101,056,691 6,469.231 11,448,884 i 3.846,524! 10,384,436 | 4,401, .8-89 2,691,968 9,936,280 36/706,542 10,157, 707 6, 427,154 1,456;SS4 18,664,797 I 21,256,698' 5,9S2,241 8, 5S9, 810 10,166,527 25,199,482 8,250,468 2, S23,646 17,125,339 6,783,891 16,135,287 70, OSO, 557 5,087,859 1,690,223 448,493 912,799 6,610, 701 6,506,623 32, 891, 854 2,911,329 1,188,687 2,357,347 11,192,661 4,939,594 1,239,480 5,338,728 844, 701 2,879,327 24,947,983 3,654,60S 7,129,775 10,479,031 7,516.894 29,276,705 3,583,226 8,440,318 1. 400,188 2; 772,007 3,9-11,760 2,514,731 9,045,956 1,135,377 4,137,964 1909 $628,391,813 615,217,702 13,174, 111 C1) 447,167,319 16, 423, 719 15,084, 224 33.435, 737 2,212,510 20, 684,419 1 Not reported separately in 1909, 1 Figures for 1919 exclude "ounce duck" to avoid disclosure of individual operation*. 170 MANUFACTURES. Table 18.—SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS FOR COTTON MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Woven goods—Continued. Cotton flannel Georgia Massachusetts New Hampshire. North Carolina .. All other states.. Velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and plushes Massachusetts.. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... All other states. Toweling and terry weaves. Georgia Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... All other states. Tapestries. Pennsylvania... All other states. Pillow tubing . Mosquito netting and tarlatan Bags and bagging 2 Other woven goods (over 12 inches in width) Lace and lace curtains. Tape and webbing Twine Cordage and rope. Thread. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island... All other states. Yarns, for sale.. Alabama Connecticut... Georgia Maine Massachusetts. Mississippi , New Hampshire. New Jersey....... New York........ North Carolina.. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee All other states. Cotton waste, for sale. Alabama Connecticut... Georgia * Maine Massachusetts. New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Pennsylvania Rhode Island... South Carolina.. Tennessee All other states. Old bagging and ties from cotton bales. All other products 1919 Pounds. 82.319,178 8,331,595 22, 754,967 17,572,797 28,507,076 5,152,743 26,175,547 7,719,646 6,172,296 3,274,998 9,008,607 38,197,999 5,169,816 1,061,354 3,262,534 992,340 4,476,857 23,235,098 j 9,625, 430 1919 Square yards. 268,067,853 15,656,295 78,640,678 59,592,244 98,436,715 15,741,921 40,183,780 12,059,895 6,463,830 5,180, 230 16,479,825 75,165,515 5,991,985 3,633,445 3,510,374 3,271, 2S3 25,656,705 298,069,949 8,566,611 2,697,007 8,852,451 2,929,388 8,326,002 43,794,056 21,705,586 9,052,124 12,653,462 12,112,573 34,425, 307 82,433,300 924,713,709 Linear yards. 1,065,551,328 Pounds. 11,860,195 6,815,848 26,441,943 7,226, 906 4, 936,512 14,278, 525 618,201,812 31, 708,348 13,483,829 76,653,909 8, 734, 116 154,715,201 2,055,323 3, 811,883 2,834,375 37,033, 298 199,191,556 6,232,189 28,387,208 29,842,984 10,398,809 13,118,784 315,314,228 12,306,584 11,065,638 24,407,154 5,576,872 133,500,403 7,636,620 5,298,997 7,532,751 40,610,235 1,731,184 22,859,631 32,541,008 2,428,933 7,818,218 1914 Square yards. 203,862, 227 16,190,524 75, 155, 157 49,650,233 90,152,119 32,714,194 29,128,703 8,010,211 4,793,205 5,457, 570 10,867,717 75, 798,907 14, 836,2S1 4, 279, 318 835,862 3, 460,425 9,989,645 42,397,376 10,137,710 8,106,698 2,031,012 15,212,622 97,9S1, 7&3 129,357,002 687,151,971 Linear yards. 1,026,231,549 Pounds. 13,284,875 5,515,658 26,507,023 I Square yards. 305,655,864 20,472,753 123,982, 755 71,473,313 64,627,668 25,099,375 19,706,438 6,109,238 3,038,945 3,106,639 7,451,616 52,778,170 12, 264,366 4,155,909 10,103,237 1,955,625 10, 501,557 13, 797,476 10,657,385 8,783,867 1,873,518 C1) 59,100,819 63,107, 568 455,561,997 (8) Pounds. 13,715,771 7,603,907 23,700,957 7, 713, 857 2,675,562 16,117,604 497,986,999 25,757,706 8, 409,090 65,777,960 5,583,096 112,623,922 1,333, 799 968,319 3,723,938 31,675,350 168,310,924 9,476,991 15,744,098 27, 861,944 8,601,057 12,138,805 317,360,019 8,622,029 11,374,187 19,128,934 9,529,852 125,634,736 15,360,363 4,686,591 6,361,414 38,455,783 2,613,542 23,070,944 40, 417,952 2,246,044 10,848,648 6,563,216 3,715,469 13,422,272 470,370,995 25,560,583 7,914,873 61,956,708 3,259,274 108,930, 860 1,119,504 1,930,524 4,926, 844 31,765,481 142,213,450 11,448,343 19,752,920 32,709, 732 7,443,170 9,438,729 310,513,348 10,405,797 11,315,800 19,684,927 7,748,639 115,907,265 12,366,641 3,569,041 7,170,930 34,861,543 3,038,771 42,158,042 29,621,480 2,164,304 10,600,268 1919 $60,152,426 4,598,467 17,418,179 13,348,996 20,447,106 4,339,678 36,673,551 9,240,219 11,575,008 4,166, 569 11,691,755 31, 230,370 3, 807,842 857,289 2,326,624 1,307,398 5,260,040 17,671,177 17,295,608 13,160,694 4,134,914 2,555,543 3,273,376 13,139,820 281,338,000 28,258,489 15,296,061 5, 935,245 2,857,275 55,009,176 14, 819,825 10,410,983 29, 778,368 453,764, 8S3 17,452,524 11,735,652 43,316,573 6,633,266 145,888,149 1,285, 530 2,777,734 4,370,701 22,198,743 136,208,931 3,920,163 24,962,360 19,610,005 6,511,335 6,893,2174| 36,357,674 831,614 1,784,827 1,747,662 577,372 18,246,641 461,538 509,348 852,006 4,055,503 141,935 3,095,472 3,177,200 185,613 690,943 2,507,021 105,969,278 1914 $24,352,020 1,316,680 7,870,079 5,192,818 7, 262,674 2,709,769 8, 540,143 2,054,181 2,434,588 2,140,780 1,910,594 9,805,232 1,657,011 487,237 239,882 665,423 2,759,147 3,996,532 5,411, 592 607,904 1,483,847 2,820,524 9, 705,616 66,363,030 12,521,053 5,030,052 2,792,125 891,223 22,917,099 5,310,536 3,247,298 14,359, 265 127, 363,952 5, 220,758 3,497, 879 13,274,864 1,772,193 38,784,313 288,050 341,886 1,400,267 6,968,631 37, 538,174 2,075,22S 5,679,149 6,078,250 1,783,607 2,660,703 14,421,929 325,078 720,299 605,781 379,392 6,793,957 409,865 367,725 238,466 1,390,461 97,915 1,325,690 1,349,787 68,806 358,807 1,010,344 24,367,879 1 Not reported separately In 1999. * In addition, bags to the value of $5,629,537 in 1919 were manufactured in cotton mills principally from purchased fabric. "All other products." s Quantity in 1909 reported as 9,663,482 pounds. * Figures for 1919 and 1914 include only waste produced in the cotton-goods Industry. The value of such bags has been included COTTON MANUFACTURES. 171 Woven goods continue to lead as the principal product of the industry with 70 per cent of the total value. Within this group the value of sheetings has given way to ducks for first place among the products of the loom. In 1914 ducks represented 10 and sheetings 27.2 per cent of the total value of woven goods, while in 1919 the corresponding percentages were 16 and 14.9. In 1919 tire duck formed over one- half the total value of all kinds of duck, and in itself was 9.6 per cent of the total value of woven goods. Summary of products for the cotton-goods industry.— The quantity (in pounds and square yards) and value of the products of the cotton-goods industry are pre- sented in Table 19 for 1919. Statistics are given here in greater detail than in previous census reports, due to the expansion of the industry and to a rearrange- ment of items on the schedule used for collecting the data. Certain items included in composite classifica- tions in Table 18 are here presented in detail, by states, for the cotton-goods industry, which excludes establishments manufacturing cotton small wares or cotton-lace goods as a primary product. Table 19.—Summary of Products for the Cotton-Goods Industry: 1919. PRODUCT AND STATE. Total value. Woven goods (over 12 inches in width) Sheetings Alabama Georgia Maine Massachusetts Mississippi > — North Carolina Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee All other states Pillow tubing Maine Massachusetts.. All other states. Print cloth Georgia Massachusetts.. North Carolina. Rhode Island... South Carolina.. All other states. Tobacco, cheese, butter, bunting, j and bandage cloths... Massachusetts South Carolina All other states . Lawns, nainsooks, cambrics, and similar muslins Connecticut.... Massachusetts Rhode Island South Carolina All other states Mosquito netting and tarlatan. Ginghams Shirtings (not silk-striped). Connecticut Massachusetts North Carolina... South Carolina AH other states Shirtings (silk-striped).. Massachusetts All other states Pique (except shirtings). Drills Pounds. Square yards. Value. $2,125,272,193 1,814,949,0-12 330,303,642 24,445,207 59,091,159 19,119,574 19,590,666 2,960,571 37,886,220 16,055, 207 107,440, 543 2,0S4,594 41,629,901 6,317,397,9S4 1, 36S, 946,386 91, 042,132 238,851, 455 72,968,602 81,367,563 14,026,1S6 156, 590,868 69, 779,659 472, 867,617 9,642,198 161,810,106 1,489,610,779 220,089, 704 12,991,794 36,094,787 13,904,429 15,488,544 1,720,665 2S, 064,120 13,977,743 66,658,695 1,282,847 29,906,0S0 3,510,374 1, 255,673 780,117 1,474,584 12,112, 573 3,958,766 2,562,165 5, 591,642 2,555,543 951,494 558,307 1,045,742 167,988,446 997,4S5,012 23,394, ,176 122,55S,32S 3,444,589 4, 572,909 55,453,265 11,305,894 373,938,032 70, 360,345 243,598,962 41,574,384 7, SSS, 751 3,922,444 4,393,942 S3,358,158 450,997, 849 52,195,648 59,358,990 6,369,170 5, 902,278 22,350,184 18,362,166 2,110,147 1,877,871 239,866,071 202,401,915 16,331,816 21,132,340 16,976,323 14,016,944 1,323,511 1,635,868 53,98S,370 5,952,699 29,241,009 10,692,052 4,997,600 3,075,010 417,893,406 52,612,464 79,384,890 9,545,224 43,709,594 17,063,716 5,568,197 3,498,159 243,5S0,824 65,681,875 33,213,842 22,804,401 3,271,283 34,425,307 3,273,376 77,396,288 368,307,601 85,070,745 73,736,038 3,103,081 318,203,829 14,725,086 92,952,726 63,223,540 42,097,575 70.969,630 3,877,618 17,328,644 22,713,363 17,237,152 9,148,385 13,564,979 6,788,917 26,918,773 105,264,902 24,024,753 5,854,054 4,712,091 1,141,963 33,865,803 27,974,838 5,890,965 12,379,237 8,032,412 4,346,825 16,251,948 78,854,827 23,060,460 117,627,118 314,822,109 73,253,640 Table 19. -Summary of Products for the Cotton-Goods Industry: 1919—Continued. PRODUCT AN© STATE. Pounds. Woven goods—Continued. Twills and sateens 131,537,2S0 Ticks 18,268,115 4.695,133 6; 020,389 7, 552, 593 Massachusetts North Carolina All other States Denims 87,083,323 10,670,136 37,929,123 3S, 489,064 Massachusetts North Carolina All other states Square yards. Value. Cotton flannel (canton flannel, flannelettes, end blanketings). Cottonades Cotton worsteds Tire duck Georgia Massachusetts.. New Jersey North Carolina.. All other states. Ounce duck (except tire). Georgia Massachusetts South Carolina Texas All other states Numbered duck (except tire). Georgia Massachusetts All other states Tire fabrics, other than duck.. Massachusetts All other states Canvas (except bagging) Bags and bagging Bags (fabric woven in estab- lishments reporting) * Bagging Tapestries Plushes, velvets, and velveteens^ cut or uncut Pennsylvania All otner states Corduroys Turkish towels and toweling.... All other terry weaves Towels and toweling, wash cloths, bath mats, wiping and pohshing cloths (except pile Bedspreads and quilts (crochet, marseilles, and satin) Cotton table damask in the piece or otherwise North Carolina Pennsylvania . All other states Sheets and pillowcases. Cotton blankets.. Massachusetts.. All other states Cloths, Oiled or coated (window hollands, etc.) Cloth composed of cotton and silk or other vegetable liber and silk (except silk-striped shirtings) Massachusetts All other states Fabrics made entirely from cot- ton waste All other woven goods (over 12 inches in width) Yarns, for sale Made from cotton Made from cotton waste or lin- ters Thread. Twines., S33,9S5 6,692,135 2,625,171 4,066,964 3,393,629 103,114,130 618,034,098 609,208,442 8,825,656 j 26,441,943' 11,860,105! 82,319,178: 6,234,8*0 2,637,269; 128,174,168! 10,641,439 < 42,294, 670 24,966,174 4,194,172 46,077,713! 122,027,248 i 46,490,641 1 4,875,125 5,769,751 17,785,414 47,106,317 33,329,234! 10,047,003 i 2,086,468 j 26,195,763 j 29,916,S56! 14,567,668 i 15,349,188 I 11,867,754 j 25,656, 705 j 5, 755,378 i 19,901,327! 9,625,430 i 13,368,093 j 6,172,296 j 7,195,797' 12,807,454 I 16,870, 538' 573,652 20,753,779 12,700,004 10,543,966 5,885,975 357,843 4,300,148 5,018,648 42,320, 816 17, 407,849 24,912,967 424,478,033; $101,056,691 53,683,485! 13,383,379 21,514,757! 18,785,349! 166,697,695 , 18,204,837 i 70,366, 740 78,126,118 268,067,853; 13,934,761! 7,197,280 , 123,46-5,422; 11,655,777 39,639,018 ) 22,441.049: 3,507.853 1 46,191^725 178,539,527 .56,970,661 i 8,232,194 i 9,035.790! 31,838,893 j 72,461,989! 34,495,508 1 8,537,758 j 1,972,836; 23,984,914 j 36,805,932 | 18,647,503 i 18,158,429 i 11,784,013 j 82,433,300! 16,182,932 1 66,250,368 | 21,7G5,5S6 j 20,320,759 6,463.830' 13,856', 929 j 19,863,021 j 31,505,619 j 442,443 j 43,217,453 24,071,651 27,499,294 16,071,805' 952,323! 10,475,166 j 20,816,607 i 96,620,556 I 46,470,714 j 50,149,842 2, 459, 427 51,404,771 21,143,714 30,261,057 4,539,734 366,505,330 1,422,451 87,827,375 453,624,493 450,314,593 3,309,900 55,009,176 5, 935,245 1 Bass to the value of $8,478,833 were manufactured in cotton mills during 1919. $5,629,537 of which represents the value of bags made principally from purchased fabric and $2,849,2% the value of bags made from fabric woven in the establish- ments. s In addition, in 1919, 23,405,520 pounds of cotton twine, valued at $12,288,755. were reported by establishments engaged primarily iu_ manufacturing cordage and twine, and linen goods. 13,125,054 3,273,548 4,219,857 5,626,649 56,955,503 7,200,483 25,0.56,84S 24, 698,172 60,152,426 4,615,925 3, 861, 549 143,038,211 9,857,878 45, 722,608 33,318,980 4,226,078 49,960,667 70.601,255 28; 018, 483 3,848,918 2,947,153 8,596,326 27,190,375 23,395,0S5 6,003,190 1,415, .806 15,976,089 32,601,941 15.261,266 17,340,675 7,497,732 13,139,820 2,849,296 10, 290,524 17,295,608 22,808,885 11,5751008 11,233,877 13,864,666 14,059,097 418,546 16,752,727 10,244,732 9,544, 478 4,544,155 554,302 4, 446,021 3,368,769 32, 639,927 14,615,019 IS, 024,90S 1,115,393 IS, 587,057 8,192,727 10,394,330 172 MANUFACTURES. Table 19.—Summary of Products for the Cotton-Goods Industry: 1919—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Pounds. Square yards. Value. Cordage and rope 1 5,762,707 S2, 207,245 Cotton bags (made principally from purchased fabric)3 5,629, 537 Batting, wadding, and mattress felts 68,516,943 4,260, 437 8,481,877 Cotton card laps, roping, sliver, and roving 1,958,379 Other manufactures of cotton waste 1,494,515 36,331,607 Cotton waste, for sale 314,953, 971 Old bagging and ties from cotton 2,505,078 280,466 424,416 498,515 247,701 464,192 589,788 Georgia Massachusetts Rhode Island South Carolina All other states Amount received for contract work All other products 6,081,962 56, 404,300 1 In addition, in 1919, 11,947,094 pounds of cotton cordage and rope, valued at $6,119,785, were reported by establishments manufacturing cotton cordage and rope as a primary product. 5 Bags to the value of SS,47S,S33 were manufactured in cotton mills during 1919, 35,629,537 of which represents the value of bags made principallv from purchased fabric and $2,849,296 the value of bags made from fabric woven in the establish- ments. Products, by kind of loom.—The quantity and value of piece goods made on plain, dobby, and Jacquard looms in 1919 are shown in Table 20. Table 20.—Quantity and Value of Piece Goods Produced, by Kind of Loom, in the Cotton-Goods Industry: 1919. QUANTITY. KIND OF LOOM. - — - . Value. Pounds. Square yards. Total 1,667,470,234 5,972,644,159 $1,343,285,565 Plain 1,573,107,693 77,734,842 16,627,699 5,569,138,527 349,869,622 53,636,010 1,221,324,230 92,246,392 29,714,943 Dobby Jacquard Cloth produced in cotton mills, according to width.— Table 21 shows, by states, the quantity, in pounds and square yards, and the value of cloth according to width, 12 to 40 inches and 40 inches and over, pro- duced in cotton mills of the United States. Table 21.—CLOTH PRODUCED IN COTTON MILLS, BY WIDTH AND BY STATES: 1919. WIDTH. STATE. Over 12 inches and less than 40. 40 inches and over. Pounds. Square yards. Value. Pounds. Square yards. Value. United States 1,254,728,289 4,827,768,228 S987,422,363 560,220,753 1,489,629,756 $502,18S, 416 25,945,542 119, 202,357 29,086,142 33,834,592 80,042,296 39,442,019 131, 553, 5-55 364,077,383 80,313,260 91,976,563 191,944,698 60,412,846 Massachusetts 253,295,403 1,324,120,362 249,240,757 139,019,063 441,828,316 140,670,247 New Jersey 10,438, 021 26, 851,892 8,767,790 23,390,464 28,284,153 32,461,413 New York 12,177,118 54,291,774 12,711,890 10,756,341 54,482,525 9,509,745 North Carolina 189,471,231 634, 834,706 141,429,787 41,671, 575 135,011,620 31,058,598 Pennsylvania 13,4S8,373 32,585,144 19,592,271 16,829,913 26,289,642 29,089,851 Rhode Island 44,598, 687 211,292,152 55,425,198 49,963,402 135,497,309 55,752,117 268,270, 258 1,163,380,923 178,072,017 36.606,567 120,109,846 26,576,011 23,934,005 48, 658, 883 12,053,944 1,542,060 4,372,462 987,310 31, 2,58,612 115, 968, 021 26, 001,119 9,193,045 33,738,532 . 5,500,272 All other states 250,297,4S4 732,504,631 174,728,188 105,437,16S 238,028,357 70,727,987 Production of cotton yarn, according- to counts, in 1919 and 1914. Separate accounts are given for yarn different sections of the United States.—The quantity which was produced for own consumption, that is, and counts of cotton yarn produced in the cotton- for further manufacture by the same establishment, growing states and the New England states are com- and for yarn produced for sale, pared in Table 22 for the cotton-goods industry in Table 22.—PRODUCTION OF COTTON YARN IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, FOR OWN CONSUMPTION AND FOR SALE, ACCORDING TO SECTION AND COUNTS OF YARN: 1919 AND 1914. SECTION. TOTAL. NO. 20 AND UNDER (COARSE). NO. 21 TO 40 (MEDIUM). NO. 41 AND OVER (FINE). 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 United States Pounds, 2,346,854,120 Pounds. 2,170,578,612 Pounds. 1,122,730,389 Pounds. 989,413,874 Pounds. 1,062,731,573 Pounds. 1,026,306,852 Pounds. 161,392,158 Pounds. 154,857,886 Produced for own consumption 1,728,820,022 1,672,591,613 827,960,647 723,039,867 799,071,278 835,349,137 101,788,097 114,202,609 Cotton-growing states J. 992,393,711 660,667,167 75,759,144 875,966,854 716,315,733 80,309,026 584,425,098 199,136,684 44,398,865 445,122,84.1 224,894,501 53,022,625 393,329,145 376,591,384 29,150,749 4.18,642,419 392,706,715 24,000,003 14,639,468 84,939,099 2,209,530 12,201,594 98,714,517 3,286,498 New England states All other states 3 Produced for sale 618,034,098 497,986,999 294,769,742 266,374,007 263,660,295 190,957,715 59,604,061 40,655,277 New England states 359,003,634 208,964,523 50,065,941 303,579,577 143,328,525 51,078,897 210,604,312 52,523,953 31,641,477 182,310,358 47,677,120 36,386,529 119,575,965 127,578,605 16,505,725 108,271,960 69,590,392 13,095,363 28,823,357 28,861,965 1,918,739 12,997,259 26,061,013 1,597,005 All other states 8 1 The cotton-growing states included in this group are: 1919—Alabama, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana. Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia; 1914— Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.' * All other states embrace: 1919—Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, MicMgan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; 1914—Delaware, Illinois, Indiana Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.' COTTON MANUFACTURES. 173 Production of cotton yarn, according to counts,— j tities of cotton yarn produced for own consumption Table 23 presents statistics for the combined quan- j and for sale, distributed by sections and states. Table 23.—PRODUCTION OF COTTON YARN IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY FOR OWN CONSUMPTION AND FOR SALE COMBINED, BY SECTION AND BY STATES (POUNDS): 1919, 1914, AND 1909. SECTION AND STATE. United States.... Cot ton-growing statesl. New England states... All other states Mabama Connecticut Georgia Indiana Kentucky Louisiana and Arkan- sas Maine Maryland and Dela- ware. Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island.... South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Ul other states * 2,346,854,120 2,170,578,612;2,037,6.53,722|!l,122,730r389989,413,874 !l,351,397,345 1,179,546,431il,030,979,405ji 795,029,410 627,433,199! 632,941,0121 869,631,690! 859,644,258! 865,887,5221! 251,660,637 272,571,621! 290,135,4001 125,825,085! 131,387,923 140,786,795:! 76,040,342 89,409,054| 90,993,276 1919 1914 1909 NO. 20 AND TJNDEE, COAESE. 1919 1914 1909 1,014,069,688 1,062,731,573 1,026,306,852 866,328,605 161,392,158 154,857,886 157,255,429 137,737,574: 118,428,585'; 104,311,123| 50,067,406 49,677,573| 48,241,048i 303,413,106 265,390,106; 230,771,195! 5,034,233 6,473,165! 10,871,116; 7,952,409: 10,096,078 8,796,515; 14,146,221' 72,001,282: 8,096,129 80,414,603 7,547,631' 73,887,722: 27,313,805= 25,853,213: 24,449,126 516,558,48s! 512,325,911: 523,523,228! 12,462,559 j 12,080,821' 12,678,372 112,999,433! 14,861,762; 58,066,406! 426,930,133| 13,820,789! 113,972,156| 333,645,182 32,195,94Sj 27,197,073! 4,032,925; 44,072,763: 18,322,467. 120,233,769' 16,449,512: 54,606,346: 360,530,390! 17,673,767' 92,183,9S5i 321,112,519! 30,466,268! 18,734,292' 4,808,417: 34,611,243; 10,331,920; 106,253,776: 90,972,806j 71,581,923 12,309,030 11,813,929, 11,780,876 237,678,100 186,842,933 188,303,084 3,686,757 5,123,407! 4,731,055! 7,666,803; 5,649,116! 4,623,076 122,469,975: 14,658,395! 60,403,324; 308,604,753 22,636,78111 93,406,52SH 284,657,472;! 26,311,310!) I! 14,373,419!: 4,359,021: 32,927,6151 7,76S,053 14,146,221! 19,480,473! 27,082,010! 135,472,643 5,712,548, i 69,365,442: 4,943,115! 25,701,461! 230,488,903! I 9,075,441! 15,012,723! 118,450,495; 18,280,883 6,096,129 27,787,019 25,755,407! 152,209,593 7,136,630 7,547,631 23,826,696 24,390,580 175,150,251 9,589,216! NO. 21 TO 40, MEDIUM. NO. 41 AND OVER, FINE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 512,905,110' 526,914,379 360,871,260: 43,462.825 25,198,853 37,167,133 504, 169,989 462,297,107 461,030,916 113,801', 064 124,775,530 114,721,206 45,656,474 37,095,366 44,426,429 4,128,269 4,883,503, 5,367,090 30,485,896 24,859,725 65,401,731 1,397,476 285,606; 51,128,975' 26,815,898 28,268,986 997,902 639,881 4,460,214 21,663,655 20,407,387! 12,898,651 16,199,989 16,052,785 78,546,918 42,102,121 i 333,275 255 365,990 1,349,758 6,140,061' 4,396,459 4,173,439 ?50,503 2,000,000 . 50,610,781. 45,282,841.; 1,391,834 2,016,803 4,778,185 1 97,806^ 58,546 231,795 302,150,903 276,459,727 283,053i 920 78,934,942, 83,656,591! 65,319,057 6,750,011 4,944,191 3,089,156! 68,746,257 68,370,303! 43.215,6.80! 50,872,4041 51,389,977! 418,311! 615,108 8,575,972 7,223,9071 6>76,877; 4.100,623 3,818,197' 2,941,770; 3,772,917 26,218,S6Si 31,215,894! 31,602,266 27', 46-5,668 2S,391,604I 762,679; 921)810 179,671,168 175,683,089: 172,014,540 166; 856,241 116.466,984 24,426,690; 14,002,981 22,378,070 20,326 22,329,234! 16,977,175' 17,195,935 8,723,457; 15,011,943 18,131,579! 12,014,823 11,007,274! 98,527,100 125,098,888! 18,845,806 15,825,402: 16,714,336 ll,796,929j 4,745,348, 2,4S6,S24 3.745,849..... j 175,000 80,177,4S7! 59,065.905 57,301,949' 18,781,946 21,103,257 198,780,646, 212,373,172 143,722,335 16,414,041) 10,212,247 12,899,148 11.620,462 10,435,90S 1,015,917 2,709,695 3,616,291 795,826 16,454,680 759,353 25,097,305 15,836,249 50,000 22,891,774: 5,300,261' 4,819,003 2,637,219! 21,468,529! 934,507 2,019,9,56 3,624.635 17,34i;0S2: 1,594,687 2,576,490 . 3,594,842 10,035.841 2,272,172 1,375,350 1,183,782 275,000; 292,986. 192,025 13,776 764,179 "195," 620 * The cotton-growing states included in this group are: 1919—Alabama, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, outh Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia; 1914 and 1909—Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. 2 All other states embrace: 1919—California, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin; 1914—Illinois, Missouri, and Wisconsin; 1909—Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Cotton yarn, per cent distribution, according to size and section.—Table 24 shows in percentages, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the aggregate and relative quantity of the various sizes of cotton yarn produced in the cotton-goods industry as distributed between the cotton-growing states and the New England states. Table 24.—COTTON YARN IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY SECTION AND SIZE OF YARN, AND PER CENT OF INCREASE (BASED ON THE COMBINED PRODUCTION IN POUNDS OF YARN FOR OWN CONSUMPTION AND FOR SALE): 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 i 1919 1914 1909 PER CENT OF AGGREGATE. United States.. Cotton-growing states New England states. All other states. 100.0! 100.0 100.0 United States.. Cotton-growing states New England states.. All other states...— 100.0 | 100,0 Ij 100.0 47.8 45.6 49.8 i 45,3 47.3 j 42.5 i 6,9 7.1 7.7 100.0 Ij 100.0 j' 100,0 | 100.0! 100.0; 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.8 28.9 60.4 53.2 31.7 68.1 61.4! 33.5 64.6 i 3&0 58,0 36,3 44.7! 53. S i 2S.2! 35.0! 53.2 i 31.6 i 3.2 i 13.1 3.3 2.1 | 14.5 | 3.7 j 3.6 13.3 3.8 ll i i 57.6 37.0! 5.4: 54.3! 39.6! 6.1! 50.6 42,5 6.9 100.0! 100.0 70. s! 22.4 j 6.8 I 63.4 27.6 100.0 j 100.0 100.0! 100.0 i 100,0 i 62-4 28.6 9.0 4&3 47.4 i 4.3! 51.3! 45.1 i 3.6 i 41,7' 53.2 i 5.1 26.9 70.5 2.6 16.3 SO. 6 3.1 RELATIVE PER CENT. PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 100.0 23.6 73.0 3.4 1 1 1914- 1909- 1909- 1914- 1909- 1909- 1914- 1909- 1909-! 1914- 1909- 1909- 1919 1919! 1914 1919 1919 j 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919! 1919 1914 i i l United States 8.1 15.2 6.5 13.5 10.7 j -2.4 3.5 22.7 18.5! I 4.2! i 2.6 -1.5 14.6 31.1 1 14.4 26.7 25.6 j -0.9 -2.7 42.1 i 46.0 I 72.5 j 16.9 -32.2 1.2 0.4 -0.7 -7.7 -13.3; -6.1 9.1 9.4; 0.3 | -8.8 1 -0.8 8.8 -4.2 -10.6 -6.7 -15.0 -16.4 -1.7 23.1 2.8! -16.5 j -15.5 -23.1 -9.0 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 174 MANUFACTURES. Production of cotton yarn with quantity produced \ yarn produced for further manufacture by the same for own consumption and for sale, by states,—The pro- ' companies reporting, and the yarn produced for sale duction of cotton yarn, by counts and quantity, is | only, are presented separately, shown in Table 25, by states, for 1919. Statistics for , Table 25.—PRODUCTION OF COTTON YARN IN COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, BY COUNTS AND BY STATES: 1919. U nited States Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Alabama Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Arkansas Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Connecticut Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Georgia Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Illinois Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Indiana Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Kentucky Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale California Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Louisiana Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Maine. Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Maryland Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Massachusetts . Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale , Michigan Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale— M ssissippi Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Missouri Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale, New Hampshire Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale New Jersey Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale New York Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale North Carolina Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Pennsylvania Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Rhode Island Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale South Carolina Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Total. Pounds. 2,340,854,120 1,728,820,022 618,034,098 137, 106', 31, 737,574 029,226 70S,348 S05,745 805,745 50, 13, 303, 220, 76 > 4, 1', 067,400 583,577 i 483,829 413,100 759,197 653,909 528,901 370,610 158,285 084,233! 986,210 j 98,023 952,409 i 117,297 835,112 ISO,526 180,526 20 and under. Pounds. 1,122,730,389 827,900,047 294,769,7-12 21 to 40. Pounds. 1,002,731,573 799,071,27S 203,600, 295 Pounds. 1 124,928,902 J 79,328,307 45,000,595 I SI to 100. Pounds. I Pounds. 23,172,598 10,801,999 12,108,672! 8,416,513 11,003,926 j 2,385,480 106,253,770 86,042,304 19,011,472 805,745 805,745 12,309,030 8,574,300 3,734,670 237.678.100 172,556,859 65,121,241 3,102,369 1,091,746 2,310,623 3,086,757 3,588,734 98,023 7,066, 803 4,117,297 3,519, 500 6,1,80,526 6, ISO,526 ,340,470! ,181,230! 159,246 !i li 001,232 i .,2b?, 166 j> 734,110 ,| ',313,805 l| i,804,034 jj 510, 361, L54, 558,488 848,881 | 709,004! 598,029: 598,029; !, 462, 559 1,407,230 !,055,323 •,463,851 '103,851 112, 109, 3, 14, 2, 58, 21, 37, 426, 227, 199, 999,433 187,550 811,883 861,762 027,387 834,375 066,406 033,108 033,298 930,133 738,577 .191,556 598,029 698,029 13, 7, 6, 11.3, 85, 28, 333, 303, 29, 820,789 588,600 232,189 972,150 747,065 225,091 645,182 802,198 842,984 13,340,476 LI, 181,230 2,159,246 19,480,473 15, 253,5.8-8 4,226,885 27,082,010 26,804,034 277,976 135, 472,643 97,975,9*99 37,496,644 598,029 598,029 5,712,548 4,595,458 1,117,090 5,463,851 5,463,851 69,365,442 68,999,148 366,294 4,943,115 4,408,122 534,993 25,701,461 25,701,461 230,488,903 132,'851,730 97,637,173 598,029 598,029 9,075, 441 6, 557,040 2,518,401 15,012,723 8,313,203 6,699,460 118,450,495 102,061,226 16,389,269 30,485, 896 19,3,80,922 11.09S.974 24,859,725 18,008,167 6,851,558 65.401,731 53,869,063 11,532,668 934,507 27S,S70 655,637 1,397,476 1,397,476 837,139 | 160,763 '.8-37,"l39-1 100,763 8,750, 589 6,444,797 2, 305,792 333,275 333, 275 192,025 'l92"625' 285,606 2.85,606 51,128,975 47,157,147 3,971,828 302,150,903 206,200,543 95,950,360 1,186,508 650,105 530,403 65,265,000 47,209,613 18,055,387 6,750,011 5,811,778 938,233 43,215,680 39,961,818 3,253,802 6,970,877 5,409,735 1,507,142 31,002,266 21,033,108 10, .509,158 172,014,540 94,060,680 77,953,860 4,745,348 1,031,560 3,713,788 80,177,487 62,626,490 17,550,997 198,780,646 188,535,9-16 10,244,700 392,381 200,654 191,727 762,679 "*" "762^079 17,378,049 ^ 826,167 12,387,6,80 10,190,367 2,197,313 15,290,613 12,097,029 3,193,584 1,991,564 1,853,821 137,743 205, 326 200,326 5,000 9,603,405 6,753,844 2, 8-19, 501 25,930 25,930 433,768 433,768 2,450,612 2,220,754 223,S58 1,123,428 1,107,997 15,431 1,637,033 1,291,332 345,701 Pounds. 2,133,868 1,543,571 590,297 121 and over. Pounds. 354, 791 331,034 23,757 379,730 282,240 97,490 3,245,901 2,904,753 341,148 2,508,002 2,209,530 298,472 3,130,983 1,730,818 1,400,165 729,429 714 , 549 14,880 139,735 128, S60 10,875 91,207 89,583 1,624 335,887 688,822 546.782 142,040 123,849 112,591 11,258 COTTON MANUFACTURES. 175 Table 25. -PRODUCTION OF COTTON YARN IN COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, BY COUNTS AND BY STATES: 1919—Continued. Total. 20 and under.; 21 to 40. 41 to 60. SI to 100. 101 to 120. 121 and over. Tennessee Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Texas Produced for own consumption- Produced for sale Vermont Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Virginia Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Wisconsin Produced for own consumption. Produced for sale Pounds.:! 32,19o,94S 21,797,139; 10,398,809 Pounds. 18,280,883' 15,058,918: 3,221/965; Pounds. 12,899,1431 6 738,221: 6,160,927 27,197,073 25,733,692 1,463,381 - 22,378,070! 21,525,276 1 852,794! 4,819,003 1 4,208.416 , 610,587! 4,032,925:' 4,032,925 i 20,326 j 20,326' 2,637,219 ■ 2,637,219' 44,072,763! 42,377,797: 1,694,966 22,329,234! 21,3.84,678 1 '944,556 21,468,529' 20,718,119 750,410 Pounds. 550,8 Pounds. ■ 465,048 j Pounds. Pounds. 550,869 465,048 1,095,300 1,095,300: 275,000 275,000 953,131 753,131 200,000 9-53,131 i 7.53,131 200,000! 280,080 ■ 280 080 Dyeing and finishing in connection with the cotton- goods industry.—Table 26 gives, by states, the total number of establishments, engaged primarily in the manufacture of cotton goods, and shows the number which convert their own goods, convert for others, or do custom spinning or weaving, for 1919 and 1914. Table 26.—ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, DYEING AND FINISHING, OR DOING CONTRACT WORK: 1919 AND 1914. United States1... Alabama Connecticut Georgia Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire TOTAL NUMBEB. BLEACHING, DYEING, OB FEINTING— Their own goods. For others. 1919 j 1914 1919 j 1914 1919 1914 39 1 36 1,452 j 1,287 282 1 268 58 57 5 | 6 13! 12 16 j 15 52! 44 132 118 3 i 1 3 1 14! 15 231 , 189 4! 5 55! 48 1' 9 | 10 21 16 9; S 3 | 2 DOING CUSTOM SPINNING OR WEAVING. 1919 1914 63 | 46 !I New Jersey.. New York.. 2 !North Carolina. Pennsylvania. 2 |! Rhode Island... 2 !i Sooth Carolina., 15 J All other states. BLEACHING, DYEING, OB PETNTING— TOTAL NUMBEB-, Their own goods. For others. DOING CUSTOM SPINNING OB WEAVING. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 I 1919 ! 1914 39 <. 21 11 8 , 5! 4 ! • i 2 52 41 14 12 2! i' l; 311 i 293: 57 61 5 ] 4! 4: 5 155 142 , 32 4! 4:' 13: 11 122 93 2S oo 3 1 6! 8 i 5 145 148: 14 13 1 i 2 120 110 24 21 1! 2! 2; 2 i Includes cotton small wares. Spindles and looms.—The number of spindles in operation during 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904 is shown for the cotton-goods industry in Table 27. Separate statistics are presented in this table for the number of frame and mule spindles according to location in New England and the cotton-growing states as well as for each important state in the United States. 176 MANUFACTURES. Table 27.—ACTIVE PRODUCING SPINDLES IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. United States. ■New England states ■Cotton-growing states 1.. All other states Alabama 'Connecticut. Georgia Indiana Kentucky... 1,108,933 1,2-56,776 2,459,143 SI, 256 S5,a36 91,684 1,091,991 117,1.54 11,206,855 158,802 1,333.797 402,263 . 741,618 N orth Carolina j 4,622,714 I Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Mississippi New Hampshire. New Jersey New Yc CENSUS YEAR AND CLASS OF SPINDLE. 1919 Total. 33,718,953 17,542,926 14,568,272 1,607,755 Frame. Mule. 30,578,703 3,140,250 14,963,306 14,437,712 1,177,685 2,579,620 130,560 430,070 Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia A11 "other states. 195,839 2,512,283' 4, 949,225 i 329,337; 131,454 | 141,224 i 560,280 I 140,489 I 1,106,933 870,510 2,405,333 81,256 74,916 91,684 1,049,831 110,914 9,658,340 158,802 1,322,277 159,841 664,886 4,594,508 106,328 1,931,324 4, 947,665 311,073 115,654 131,024 560,280 125,324 2,000 386,266 53,810 10, 920 42,160 6,240 1,548,515 11,520 242,422 76,732 28,206 89,511 580, 959 1,560 18,264 15,800 10, 200 1914 Total. Frame, 30,815,731 15,165 16,748,058 12,440,700 1,626,973 998,836 1,276,148 2,043,386 80,256 81,864 46,456 1,098,142 120,530 10, 556,867 120,186 1,340,753 443, 938 671,077 3,703,482 212, OSS 2,339,844 4,552,048 281,996 106,236 136,304 499,144 106,150 27,123,236 13,693,693 12,340,678 1,088,865 Mule. 3,692,495 3,054,365 100,024 53S, 106 3,410 406,576 44,718 10, 920 85,424 1,866,092 995,426 1 869,572 1,998,668 80,256 70,944 46,456 1,012,718 120,530 8,690,775 120,1S6 1,296,485 I 44,26S 164,907 '■ 279,031 544,424 126,653 3,678,666 j 24,816 97,522 | 114,566 1,698,039 641,805 4,548,388 1 3,660 271, 996 j 10,000 106,236 126,104 496,644 88,294 1909 Total. 27,395,800 15,383,909 10,222,472 1,789,419 10,200 2,500 | 17,856 | 885,803 1,241,524 1,747,483 » 119,56S! 72,956 59,556! 1,020,688 1 133,302! 9,372,364 153,804 1,318,932 420,784 777, 980 2,908,383 252,559 2,338,689 3,754,251 225,638 97,628 91,712 316,970 85,226 Frame. Mule. 22,679,006 14,716,794 11,663,203 10,046,526 969,277 3,720,706 175,946 820,142 882,S03 818,074 1,677, 987 110,616 62,036 59,556 a59,372 1:33,302 7,282,153 153,004 1,164,386 107,381 417,978 2,849,865 131,214 1,463,346 3,731,039 215,638 97,628 75,872 316,970 68,786 3,000 423,450 69,496 8,952 10,920 161,316 2,090,211 800 154,546 313,403 360,002 58,518 121,345 875,343 23,212 10,000 15,840 "i6,446" 1904 Total. I Frame- Mule 23,155,613 13,911,241 7,494,905 1,749,467 758,087 1,149,915 1,316,573 119,252 76,192 59,052 891,246 133,672 8,411,249 125,352 1,301,281 436,764 704,634 1,880,950 266,097 2,049,522 2,864,092 153,375 68,170 108,028 193,062 89,048 17,933,756 5,221,857 9,763,951 ; 4,147,2130 7,300,053! 194,852 869,752; 879,715 751,087 i 702,439; 1,247,301 101,184 i 55,072: 56,552 667,522 133,672 6,082,189 125,352 1,032,205 87, 960 328,132 1,814,190 145,756 1,199,284 2,848,980 143,375 68,170 80,312 189,974 73,048 7,000 447,476 69,2?J 18, m 21,120 2,500 223,724 2,329,060 26 9,076 8,804 37 6,502 6 6,760 12 0,341 85 0,238 ^-,112 17,715 3,088 6,000 i Includes Alabama, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia Active spindles—1919 and 1904.—In Table 28 the -spates engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods are arranged in the order of their importance according to the number of active cotton spinning spindles in 1919. Only states having a million or more spindles in opera- tion during 1919 are shown, the remaining states being .grouped as u All other states." The progress, by states, for this industry, based on spindles, is shown for the 15-year period 1904 to 1919. The table gives the per fcent distribution of spindles for each state in 1919 and 1904, and is illustrated by the first diagram which follows. The relative per cent of increase for each state is shown in the table and also in the second diagram accompanying the table. In addition, the table gives the per cent distribution of the total in- ,cr&ase of spindles, by states. 'Table 28. -Active Cotton Spindles in the Cotton-Goods Industry: 1919 and 1904. United States. Massachusetts.. South Carolina. North Carolina. Rhode Island... Georgia New Hampshire. Connecticut Alabama Maine All other states... 1919 33,718,9.53 1L 206,855 4,949,225 4,622,714 2,512,283 2, 459,143 1,333,797 1,256,776 1,108,933 1,091,991 3,177,236 1904 23,155,613 8,41,1,249 2,864,092 1,880,950 2,049,522 1,316,673 1,301,281 1,149,915 758,087 891,246 2,532,698 PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION, 1919 100.0 33.2 14.7 13.7 7.5 7.3 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.2 9.4 1904 100.0 36.3 12.4 8.1 8.9 6.7 5.6 5.0 3.3 3.8 10.9 Per | cent of total in- crease, 1904- 1919. Per cent of in- crease, 1904- 1919. 100.0 26.5 19.7 26.0 4.4 10.8 0.3 1.0 3.3 1.9 6.1 Cotton Goods—Per Cent Distribution of Active CoifpoN Spindles for Leading States: 1919 and 1904. PER CENT 20 MASSACHUSETTS SOUTH CAROLINA NORTH CAROLINA RHODE ISLAND GEORGIA NEW HAMPSHIRE CONNECTICUT ALABAMA MAINE MP I 1919 3 IG04 45.6 33.2 72.8 145.8 22.6 2.5 9.3 46.3 22.5 25.4 Cotton Goods—Per Cent of Increase in Active Cotton Spindles for Leading States: 1919. NORTH CAROLINA GEORGIA SOUTH CAROLINA ALABAMA MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND MAINE CONNECTICUT NEW HAMPSHIRE Active producing spindles, ly geographic division- Table 29 gives a distribution, according to geograj >hic divisions, of the number of active producing cotton spindles in the cotton-goods industry for 1919, 1 and 1909. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 177 'able 29.—Active Producing Spindles in the Cotton-Goods Industry, by Geographic Divisions: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 United States... 33,718,953 30,815,731 j 27,395, S00 2,303,222 3,419,931 New England 17,542,920 10,748,058 ! 15,383,909 « 794, SOS 1 1,304,149 Middle Atlantic 1,339,720' 1,327,103; 1,451,323 1 12,017 -124,22-) North Central 179,745 171,980! 18-3,080 7,705 -11,700 South Atlantic 12,708,510 10,925,950 i 8,807,749 \ 1,782,500 2,058,201 East South Central.... 1,682,908 1,482,882 j 1,338,201 200,020 144,081 West South C entral... 230,138 159,758: 170,938 j 70,380 -11,180 All other 35,000 !! 35,000 [ ' i 1 The states comprising each division are shown in Table 31. 2 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Idle spindles.—Table 30 shows for the combined industries—cotton goods, cotton small wares, and cot- ton lace—the number of frame and mule spindles which were idle in each state during 1919 as compared with 1914. Table 30.—Idle Spindles in the Cotton-Manufactures Industry: 1919 and 1914. Total. IDLE SPINDLES. Frame. Mule. United States Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Georgia Indiana 1919 1914 87,978 29,205 5,448 Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Mississippi 2,040 246 73S New Hampshire... Now Jersey New York North Carolina.... Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island. South Carolina Tennessee , 445 '', 270 47 ~3M3SV 22,141 I 56,539' 37,612 , 3,392 i Texas Vermont Virginia All "other states. 9,572 6,808 28,613 35,007 9,24S 25,000 176 20,590 319,085 10,446 1,291 42,303 33,061 10,532; 125,104 39,320 , 600 | 224 1919 1914 1919 1 1914 1 1 149,868 j 237,901 473,320; 492,319 2,656 | 7,732 4,600 ""23,"424" 1,840 *" 17*804 6, SOS 64,554 j 10,809 29.205! 35,007 5,44$' 9,248 i i 25. 000 600! 176; 1,440 j i 20.590!! 195,176 1 223,362 12,73S ■ 36,070 | 95,723 9,445 10,440 9,260 I 278 "3s,"6i6" l'ois 35, 838 32,741 3.600 320 12,384 27,072 36,512; 3,392! 1,344: 9,757 j 9,18-8 34,590 1 29,467 I 90,514 39,320 1,100 600, I 224 10,000 i 3,240 .1 29,040 10.000 3,000 1 2,400 Doubling and twisting s-pindlcs.—Table 31 relates to doubling and twisting spindles, which are not included with statistics on spinning, or producing spindles as they are sometimes called. The number of doubling and twisting spindles used in 1919, 1914, and 1909 are shown by geographic divisions and by states. Consumption of cotton per spindle.—Table 32 gives the number of pounds of cotton consumed per spindle since 1889 for the United States and for each of the principal states—1919 and 1914—engaged in cotton manufactures. The amount of cotton consumed per spindle varies inversely with the counts of yarn pro- duced. Relation of spindles to wage earners and -wages.—In Table 33 the number of spindles per wage earner and the wages for the entire industry per spindle are shown for each census year since 1879. 111367—23 12 Table 31.—Doubling and Twisting Spindles in the Cotto>. Manufactures Industry: 1919, 1914, and 1909. DIVISION AND STATE. United States New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Tthode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania North Central Ohio Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Missouri South Atlantic Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia South Cesteal Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Arkansas Louisiana Texas All other stites United Stales: 1919 1914 1909 1904 1399 1SS9. jding states: Nov." England— Massachusetts New Hampshire... Rhode Island Southern- Alabama Georgia North Carolina South Carolina ! 1919 1914 1909 2,£93,972 2 359,921) 2.0. 1, Cr0 1, 4S5. '05 1 -34 444 37 2s3 2.5, 424 24, .570 54,910 9* 2~* 42.1-2 22'"' 2i"'0 S42,354 747/^4 ,54^,^57 37f.-i, 5vo 2' b, * 2 - 22'/37 5 172,1.53 r: i u 24". no 17,407 25. ^M 33,110 229,714 20J Qjv 192,h70 25,014 22, 241 23,624 10,0.56 4,63S 3,90r 3,7S0 lvl> 1.600 930 41f- 5$u 3,1« 2,3-OG . 1,400 1,000 1.000 70-6 7% :oS 992 924 794,99S 707, F.9 32, a5'> 49.713 42,444 1,056 -\ 130 309 57$.671 439, 272 415 136(14S )31'000 15:1,224 244,697 109,212 100, 720 12,5, 432 136,930 11"\-J'.; 3, .V)0 5. 0-5*5 1, 792 30,170 24, 7.54 22, 5>>. 73,2-54 94, 270 7 5. 4>4 7,320 7, SoO 7, oso 20$ 200 1.000 I 3,372 192 192 1,60S 4,64$ 4, 732 1,900 umed Per Spindle in Cotto - Manu- States and Leading States | Quantity (pounds). S2 1 \- 1 -\ 104. 59. i; 10'. 47 30. 9> HI. 30 112, 94 Table 33.—Relation of Spindles to Wage Earners and Wages: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1S99, 1SS9, and 1S79. >TT<>\ M AAl >> V< }■ tM'l -TUTi earners uw t. rj_:o number1! ^ .go- \on,l <\ o.t active pn iu l i .pi j 1W Number i i >t»u - t »mer Waces »piuale. 1919 440 so2 72-,;: 712 ■ v,795 RSI 7^ 73 $10. 90 19)4 .AS, 401 1^2 422 .<>> oO Ml , I 7^ .'iS1 4. 93 1'10 » . ! 37*,.Nh) 1 .2 SAM, » 4-5 1 27,42.-,iO* 72 4.S4 1904 .1 . s74 20".7 > ^ l'>5, .4*. 73. »1 4. 15 |sq') » :u)2 stu so OS!) 7.i2! 19 0 o o ,2 l>2. yu 4. 55 1SS9 : 21S.S7H 024 >>s 11 iss iOn 04 s2 4. 65 1S7M 172,544 42 040 510 in,oxC4 . • 01 74 3. 95 Cotton goods—number and capacity of mills, by states and geographic divisions.—The statistics presented in Table 34 show that the cotton-goods industry in the United States consists largely of mills doing spinning and weaving in the same establishment. The extent of this practice is shown, by geographic divisions and by states, for 1919, 1904, and 1899. \ 178 MANUFACTURES. Table 34.—COTTON GOODS—NUMBER AND CAPACITY OF SPINNING MILLS, WEAVING MILLS, AND MILLS WHICH DO BOTH SPINNING AND WEAVING, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919, 1904, AND 1899. DIVISION AND STATE. United States New England Maine New Hampshire.. Vermont Massachusetts— Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Nobth Central. Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. Michigan *. Wisconsin. Missouri, Nebraska*. Number of SPINNING AND WEAVING MILLS. Capacity. SPINNING MILLS. WEAVING MILLS. Number of estab- lish- ments having Census year. estab- lish- ments. Number. Number. Capacity, number ofspindles. Number. Capacity, number of looms. no spindles or looms Number of spindles. Number of looms. for spinning or weaving. 1919 1904 1899 1,288 1,077 973 632 590 502 27,050,718 19,171,542 15,882,095 673,017 522,301 432,959 409 295 274 7,280,639 3,984,071 3,126,257 180 169 168 19,152 18,609 17,723 67 23 29 1919 1904 1899 346 308 332 214~ 220 223 14,827.162 12,097,602 11,233,326 ~" 369,036^ 319,711 295,710 66" 34~ 4,67(T 32 15 16 53 1,813,639 1,617,661 20 4,347 76 17 3,175 1919 14 13 1,087,223 28,822 1 6,808 1904 15 13 886,914 24,050 1 4,332 1 139 1899 15 13 837,021 23,229 1 4,500 1 137 1919 16 13 1,326,598 39,747 1 16,644 2 1904 25 21 1,284,289 36,115 3 16,992 1 1899 23 20 1,235,907 35,123 3 7,648 1919 4 4 141,224 3,304 1904 4 3 106,108 2,539 1 1,920 18,452 1899 5 3 81,576 2,099 2 1919 1904 1899 191 142 163 114 105 110 9,302,859 7,295,418 6,712,998 223,980 191,507 176,554 39 22 36 2,135,242 1,115,831 1,071,689 17 8 10 1,399 3,179 2,726 21 7 7 1919 1904 1899 74 73 71 43 46 44 1,908,834 1,641,870 1,469,404 48,473 44,735 39,366 14 14 658,388 407,652 411,218 12 9 3 2,448 998 106 5 4 4 20 1919 1904 1899 47 49 55 27 32 33 1,060,424 883,003 896,420 24,710 20,765 19,339 11 12 14 284,330 266,912 104,154 5 2 3 829 31 206 4 3 5 1919 1904 1899 188 191 208 19 694,697 752,710 896,538 16,052 16,267 20,477 26 29 28 705,250 654,785 562,097 126 132 134 11,305 12,517 12,109 17 ! 24 34 6 12 1919 1904 1899 37 30 34 6 9 14 509,812 573,522 626,040 11,029 11,857 14,110 11 7 7 231,806 131,112 94,228 10 12 10 1,010 607 435 10 2 3 1919 1904 1899 33 17 20 5 4 3 87,685 71,648 101,688 2,123 1,745 1,576 4 361,848 365,116 330,042 21 7 2,142 492 650 3 1 5 4 10 3 1919 1904 1899 118 144 154 8 11 17 97,200 107,540 168,810 2,900 2,665 4,791 11 17 17 111,596 158,557 137,827 95 113 114 8,153 11,418 11,024 4 3 6 1919 1904 1899 26 14 14 8 8 9 180,556 174,292 182,864 3,524 4,583 4,761 4 1 1 33,077 2,112 1,750 3 4 74 469 172 11 1 1 3 1919 5 1 15,910 , 42 1 6 3 I 1904 3 2 400 158 1899 3 2 1 1919 4 4 86,704 2,110 1904 5 5 119,252 3,165 2,712 1899 4 4 102,488 1919 7 1 33,168 600 2 29,352 4 1904 2 1 32,000 748 1 19 1899 1 1 31,488 700 1919 3 1 15,910 42 2 1919 6 2 3,725 2 68 50 2 1904 3 1 11,024 314 1 2,112 1 1899 3 2 21,496 577 1 14 1919 1 1 28,864 730 1904 1 1 12,016 356 1899 2 1 11,904 356 1 1,750 1899 1 1 15,488 416 1 No establishments reported for 1904 and 1899. 2 No establishments reported for 1919 and 1904. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 179 ..Table 34.—COTTON GOODS—NUMBER AND CAPACITY OF SPINNING MILLS, WEAVING MILLS, AND MILLS WHICH DO BOTH SPINNING AND WEAVING, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919, 1904, AND 1899—Continued. DIVISION AND STATE. South Atlantic. Delaware 1. Maryland.. Virginia. West Virginia North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. South Central. Kentucky. Tennessee. Alabama. Mississippi. Arkansas. Louisiana. Texas. Mountain and Pacific. Colorado8. Utah s California.. Census year. 1919 1904 1899 1904 1899 1919 1904 1899 1919 1904 1899 1919 1904 1899 1919 1904 1919 1904 1899 1919 1904 1899 1919 1904 1S99 1919 1904 1919 1904 1899 1919 1904 1919 1904 1919 1904 1919 1904 1919 1904 1899 1919 1919 1904 Number of SPINNING AND WEAVING MILLS. Capacity. SPINNING MILLS. WEAVING MILLS, Number of estab- lish- ments having estab- lish- ments. I no spindles or looms Number. 1 Number. Capacity, number of spindles. Number. Capacity, number of looms. Number of spindles. Number of looms. for spinning or weaving. j 612 ■ 465 349 324 274 193 9,859,135 5,118,477 2,908,677 247,768 154,283 93,433 269 177 142 2,955,636 1,277,424 787,092 15 13 14 : 2,872 i 1,276 2,267 4 1 1 7,552 238 I 1 1 3 2 21,552 738 1 13,000 14 6 117,154 1,421 7 1,106 567 1 12 7 133,672 154,064 2,159 5 14 10 2,509 13,325 4 301 10 9 554,680 1 5,600 34,922 i 10 3 158,140 5,429 6 1 35 7 7 126,827 4,608 1 1 19 311 212 177 107 100 75 2,525,504 1,148,716 649,442 70,874 42,545 23,992 199 104 94 2,136,648 732,234 483,990 4 7 8 664 674 1,477 1 1 145 127 120 96 4,750,507 2,618,194 115,890 72,702 22 31 236,330 245,898 2 1,042 1 SO 57 1,304,181 42,193 22 127,168 1 470 132 103 82 67 1,911,290 1,052,203 46,258 31,210 47 577,058 264,370 2 60 1 36 67 42 652,611 19,393 25 162,934 114 66 63 1,454,168 1,017,961 36,12S 27,157 44 485,264 236,111 1 165 3 98 35 68 41 633,378 17,858 27 157,657 6 1 49,504 1,350 3 39,332 29,120 6 2 4 1 47,072 1,292 3 6 2 37,592 991 4 29,041 16 7 206,771 5,471 3,008 9 125,958 37,100 16 8 116,275 8 17 9 97,558 2,995 8 26,33S 58 30 845,087 19,738 27 271,102 1 159 46 28 617,714 15,659 18 140,373 85,768 31 18 325,560 8,549 13 15 11 137,764 3,883 3 33,776 1 14 12 113,544 3,472 2 6 5 73,872 2,464 1 1,250 1 1 7,000 133 2 1 7,124 240 1 6,720 2 2 9,700 257 3 2 S6,6S4 2,018 1 5,000 3 2 55,752 1,600 1 3,300 2 2 55,600 1,584 15 14 121,358 3,535 1 10,096 13 11 60,480 1,SS6 2 7,690 4 3 33,496 1,018 1 15,260 2 1 35,000 509 1 60 1 1 10,500 300 2 2 27,312 720 1 1 17,312 4S0 1 1 60 1 1 35,000 509 1 1 10,500 300 1 1 10,000 240 1 No establishments reported for 1919. a No establishments reported for 1919 and 1904. «No establishments reported for 1904 and 1S99. Number of looms} by width.—The number of looms in the United States which were active during the years 1919 and 1914 are shown in considerable detail for the cotton-goods industry in Table 35. The figures are given in this table for the number of webbing and ribbon looms reported for 1919 as operating in con- nection with this industry. Looms, by hinds and by states.—Statistics similar to those in the foregoing table are shown in Table 36 with a distribution of types of looms according to states. 180 MANUFACTURES. Table 35.—NUMBER OF LOOMS IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, BY WIDTH: 1919 AND 1914. WIDTH. Cen- Nar- Broad, Special. 42 Domes- For- LOOM. sus Total. row, 32 but tic eign year. less than 32 less than 42 inches and make. lnalre. i inches. inches. over.1 369 1 Total 1919 692,169 115,352 456,025 120,792 691,800 1914 672,754 115,507 477,884 79,363 672,351 403! Plain, total 1919 583,550 101,490 383,094 9S,966 583,185 365 1914 557,325 100,625 391,547 65,153 557,078 2-17 Non automatic 1919 257,081 59,935 159,436 37,710 256,726 355 1914 359,476 70,203 246,922 42,351 359,366 110 Two-harness 1919 154,283 30,897 99,267 24,119 154,100 183 1914 211,220 39,526 146,316 25,378 211,198 22 More than two-har- 1919 55,117 10,626 33,011 11,480 54,955 162 ness. 1914 105,189 16,158 74,800 14,231 105,111 78 Box 1919 47,681 18,412 27,158 2,111 47,671 10 1914 43,067 14,519 25,806 2,742 43,057 10 Automatic 1919 326,469 41,555 223,658 61,256 326,459 10 1914 197,849 30,422 144,625 22,802 197,712 137 1 I Cen- sus year. Fancy, total Nonautomatic... Dobby Dobby box Jacquard Jacquard box.. Automatic Webbing and ribbon looms. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 WIDTH. Total. Nar- row, less than 32 inches. Broad, 32 but less than 42 inches. Special, 42 Domes- tic make. inches and over.1 108,188 115,429 13,431 14,882 72,931 86,337 21,826 14,210 108,184 115,273 79,781 104,462 10,366 13,519 54,992 77,699 14,423 13,244 79,777 104,442 48,817 66,940 4,815 8,030 38,009 54,435 5,993 4,475 48,813 66,920 14,916 18,145 2,264 3,072 9,813 13,324 2,839 1,749 14,916 18,145 8,660 12,986 2,869 1,355 4,040 7,381 1,751 4,250 j 8,660 ! 12,986 7,388 6,391 418 1,062 3,130 2,559 3,840 2,770 7,388 ! 6,391 28,407 10,967 3,065 1,363 17,939 8,638 7,403 966 ! 28,407 ! 10,831 431 431 1 431 (2) For- eign |make. 4 156 4 20 4 20 136 i The basis of the special width loom was 42 inches in 1919 and 43 inches in 1914. 2 Not reported separately in 1914. Table 36.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS FOR LOOMS IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY, BY WIDTH AND BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. I 3TATE AND CENSUS YEAR. Total. Domestic make., Foreign make.... Plain Nonautomatic • Two-harness • Narrow (less than 32 inches).... Broad (32 but less than 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over) More than two-harness Narrow Broad Special Box Narrow Broad Special Automatic, Narrow.. Broad.. Special.. Fancy Nonautomatic... Dobby Narrow.. Broad... Special.. Dobby box.. Narrow.. Broad. Special.. Jacquard Narrow.. Broad... Special.. Jacquard box., Narrow... Broad Special Automatic... Narrow.. Broad... Special.. United States. 1919 1914 1919 1914 692,169 691,800 369 Webbing and ribbon looms. 583,550 257,081 154,283 30,897 99,267 24,119 55,117 10,626 33,011 11,480 47,681 18,412 27,158 2,111 326,469 41,555 223,658 61,256 108,188 79,781 48,817 4,815 38,009 5,993 14,916 2,264 9,813 2,839 8,660 2,869 4,040 1,751 7,388 418 3,130 3,840 28,407 3,065 17,939 7,403 431 Georgia. 672,754 672,351 403 557,325 359,476 211,220 39,526 146,316 25,378 105,189 16,158 74,800 14,231 43,067 14,519 25,806 2,742 197,849 30,422 144,625 22,802 115,429 104,462 66,940 8,030 54,435 4,475 18,145 3,072 13,324 1,749 12,986 1,355 7,381 4,250 6,391 1,062 2,559 2,770 10,967 1,363 8,638 (l> 6,318 41, 46,318 41, 42,753 11,017 7,846 2,656 3,713 1,477 2,707 729 1,918 60 464 30 294 140 31,736 2,753 17,665 11,318 3,364 1,375 430 50 354 26 382 258 124 336 232 104 227 24 182 21 1,989 472 1,114 403 201 38,336 23,637 13,883 913 9,859 3,111 6,441 905 4,872 664 3,313 288 2,491 634 14,699 2,088 10,167 2,454 3,533 3,373 2,063 40 1,797 226 92 522 192 372 229 143 132 160 160 C1) Massachusetts. 1919 1914 225,379 225,379 228,127 228,056 71 171,261 119,097 86,167 19,566 51,531 15,070 26,224 4,630 16,423 5,171 6,706 2,878 3,724 104 52,164 6,014 35,009 11,141 54,065 46,915 34,179 3,945 27,248 2,986 6,147 877 3,593 1,677 4,647 2,106 2,396 145 1,942 523 1,419 7,150 256 4,905 1,989 53 170,620 134,483 83,784 20,754 54,167 8,863 44,600 7,599 32,382 4,619 6,099 779 5,136 184 36,137 5,258 26,832 4,047 67,507 52,884 38,104 3,837 32,385 1,882 6,437 387 5,488 562 7,263 860 5,726 677 12 600 468 4,623 138 3,896 580 0) I i I North Carolina. I Rhode Island. South Carolina. I All other states. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 ! 1919 1914 71,538 71,538 64,763 33,583 14,719 3,509 10,059 1,151 5,922 735 5,065 122 12,942 7,201 5,591 150 31,180 6,986 17,654 7,540 6,772 2,912 288 288 1,924 899 1,005 20 700 200 64 436 3,860 378 1,977 1,605 3 60,931 60,931 51,593 34,972 16,676 6,227 9,779 670 11,659 2,282 8,522 855 6,637 4,076 2,461 100 16,621 3,317 10,489 2,815 9,338 7,715 2,222 582 1,640 3,733 1,925 1,808 1,351 92 140 1,119 409 350 6 63 1,623 1,615 8 0) 50,921 50,855 38,842 15,760 9,147 296 6,319 2,532 4,439 437 2,087 1,915 2,174 1,591 579 23,082 513 14,278 8,291 12,078 9,406 3,845 81 2,141 1,623 2,168 136 1,352 680 926 230 2,467 256 1,709 502 2,672 182 1,953 637 52,095 52,095 40,314 28,569 17,290 302 14,072 2,916 11,153 717 6,223 4,213 126 28 20 78 11,745 878 9,899 11,781 11,627 4,972 291 3,568 1,113 2,732 367 1,757 1,087 100 818 169 2,836 620 1,616 600 154 68 65 41 (l) 116,932 116,932 108,763 18,518 13,715 1,118 12,244 353 756 180 566 10 4,047 1,873 1,924 250 90,245 12,413 74,773 3,059 8,169 4,081 3,251 2,583 240 506 38 468 111,189 111,187 2 99,216 52,901 40,983 5,864 32,417 2,702 9,561 1,293 8,258 10 2,357 1,401 722 234 46,315 5,270 40,109 936 11,973 10,425 9,357 2,153 7,124 80 274 318 3 61 152 150 119 107 60 52 50 60 2 4,088 1,548 78 24 3,489 1,524 521 181,081 180,778 303 157,168 59,106 22,689 3,752 15,401 3,536 15,069 3,915 6,952 4,202 21,348 6,426 14,034 98,062 13,876 64,279 19,907 23,740 15,092 6,824 311 6,395 1,118 3,789 56 3,271 462 1,777 328 732 717 2,702 138 666 1,898 8,648 1,699 4,501 2,448 173 178,543 178,213 330 157,246 84,914 38,604 5,466 26,022 7,116 21,775 3,362 14,543 3,870 24,535 7,947 14,976 1,612 72,332 13,611 47,139 11,582 21,297 18,438 10,222 1,127 7,921 1,174 3,739 301 3,051 387 2,695 242 318 2,035 1,882 80 287 1,515 2,859 1,143 1,388 328 0) »Not reported separately. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 181 LoomSj width hy states.—Table 37 presents statis- j tics in greater detail with respect to looms for the! year 1919. Comparative figures could not be shown i as this was the first census at which information was received on the number of harness and boxes used in connection with the automatic loom. Table 37.— DETAILED STATISTICS FOR LOOMS IN THE COTTON-GOODS INDUSTRY: 1919. United States. Total 692,169 Plain Domestic. Foreign... Nonautomatic Two-harness— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over).. Two-harness, box— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over).. More than two-harness— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over).. More than two-harness, box— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over).. Automatic Two-harness— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over).. Two-harness, box- Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches and over).. More than two-harness— Narrow (less than 32 inches)., Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over) — More than two-harness, box- Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over) Fancy Domestic-, Foreign... Nonautomatic Dobby— Narrow (less than 32inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special(42inches or over)... Dobby, box- Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over) — Jacquard— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over) — Jacquard, box- Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over) — Automatic Dobby— Narrow (less than32inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over)... Dobby, box- Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42inches).. Special (42 inches or over)... Jacquard— Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over)... Jacquard, box- Narrow (less than 32 inches). Broad (32 to 42 inches) Special (42 inches or over)... 583,550 583,1R5 365 257,0S1 30, S97 99,267 24,119 12,364 16,618 630 10,626 33,011 11,430 6,048 10,540 1,481 326,469 23,569 135,945 38,171 2,072 7,515 1,185 15,171 71,196 19,637 743 6,002 2,263 108,188 108,184 4 79,781 4,815 38,009 5,993 2,264 9,813 2,839 2,869 4,040 1,751 418 3,130 3,840 28,407 1,567 15,021 3, S46 873 2,029 462 429 711 2,567 196 178 528 Webbing and ribbon looms: Number Aggregate number of divisions.. Ala- bama. 19,897 431 I;. 5,209 j!. 19,623 19,623 4,223 514 2,098 802 50 67 16S 216 303 2.674 5,293 1,956 25,539 j 46,318 368 i, 967 1 804! 274 274 139 | 100 I 25! 20! 90 19,3-84 j 19,312! 72 12,427 1 512 42,753 42,753 16 4 , 2,179 4,299 1,598 4 516 375 2,656 3, 713 1,477 30 252 140 729 1,918 60 268 5,271 523 6,153 6,153 4,7S9 84 3,575 278 1 542 161 100 28 135 I 1,364 34 1,041 265 31,736 1,896 10,286 6,397 223 644 24 602 6,234 4,865 32 501 32 3,364 3,364 Maine. Massa- ! chusetts. 28,822 1 22-5,379 27,134: 171,261 27,134: 171,261 2,935 119,097 150 293 218 1,159 601 514 24,199 772 4,429 4,166 3,698 7,345 1,093 1,375 50 354 26 25$ 124 232 "104 24 1S2 21 1,989 | 50 j 8S6 1 403 j 366! 2,456 1,688 1,688 120 316 106 74 14 374 684 56 | 168! 106 50 148 201 j 2,403 | 19,566 51,531 15,070 1,049 2,644 20 4,630 16,423 5,171 1,829 1,080 84 52,164 2,649 21,044 7,207 704 1,499 4S 2,375 11,627 3,485 2*6 839 401 54,065 54,065 New Hamp- shire. New York. 39,747 I 12,039 ,106 ,396 145 ,150 103 ■,386 ,053 12S 487 2lH 1 32 235 24 *437 53! 636 | 37,990 37,990 17,276 j 1,500! 4,887 9,393 9,3-59 34 12 512 40 1,374 1,500 4,S8S 20,714 306 249 469 8,719 2,090 2,546 1,490 15,870 1,600 30 700 1,757 1,757 379 1,378 1,001 377 2,051 1,432 Tv!™" Rhode South Carolina/ s*Va | Island. Carolina. North 71,535 11,053 2,646 2.612 4 51 244 2,159 20 1,324 3,509 10,059 1,151 6,650 5,18.5 100 735 5,065 122 551 406 50 31,ISO 2 322 11/271 3,389 660 456 1,030 2, S29 5j 429 2,049 175 498 1,072 6.772 6,772 , 912 2SS 899 1.005 20 200 64 436 3,860 188 248 138 54 1,295 136 273 lt18S 161 5,083 5,009 74 33,583 3,485 33-5 193 14 322 457 64 113 174 514 15 760 524 1,598 129 538 723 110 5,933 5,93S 50,921 116,932 38,842 i 35,776; 66 108, 763 108,763 AH Vir- 13,325; 30,659 15,760; 18,518 296! 1,118 6,319 | 12,244 2, .532 | 353 1,749 lt90S 230 ISO 566 10 124 16 20 90,245 .9,864 63,409 3,059 300 1,828 72 437 2,087 1,915 4 1,591 507 23,082 512 S, 743 5,407 16 1 5,439 2,868 96 96 137 304 14 2,235 2S0 219 59S 86 259 1,247 12,07S 12,078 9,406 81 2,141 1,623 136 1.352 680 4 "340" 696 230 256 1,709 502 2,672 1,850 293 126 103 157 56 2,054 8,184 195 1,352 12,591 12,591 25,970 25.851 119 3,598; 14,488 202 I 964 i 8,169 8,169 4,081 428 2,583 240 3-S 468 152 119 4,0SS ■ 72 3,332 498 j 6; 115; 19; 2.229 8,074 1,533 182 MANUFACTURES. Looms, hy geographic divisions.—A distribution of the number of looms in the cotton-goods industry, ac- cording to geographic divisions, is shown in Table 38 for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 38.—Looms in the Cotton-Goods Industry, by Geo- graphic Divisions: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. DIVISION. 1919 1914 1909 1904 United States 692,169 672,754 632,963 540,910 Middle Atlantic 373,712 27,357 3,598 250,640 30,607 5,686 569 380,177 25,097 3,797 230,978 28, 510 4,195 373,560 30,805 5,195 192,560 26,342 4,501 324,058 2S, 784 4,696 155,559 23,431 3,726 656 North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central All other states1 I 1 All other states embrace, for 1919, California, 1 establishment and Utah, 1; for 1904, California, 1 and Missouri, 1. Statistics for the cotton small - wares industry.— Special statistics relating to cotton small wares are presented in the following tables. Other informa- tion which is more general in character but shown sepa- rately for this industry will be found in Tables 1, 3, 9, and 48. Materials.—The quantity and cost of the chief mate- rials used in the manufacture of cotton small wares are itemized in Table 39 for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 39.—Materials Used in the Cotton Small-Wares Industry: 1919, 1914, * nd 1909. MATERIAL. 1919 1914 1909 Total cost $24,039,951 $6,243,027 $6,995,966 Cotton: Domestic— 10,209 20,192 6,331 Pounds 4,966,774 9,810,1.56 3,082,270 Cost $1,580,159 $954,079 $359,106 Silk: 0) 100 662 Cost $350* 834 Yarns: Cotton- 22,594,262 14,716,299 18,346,525 Cast $16,840,808 $3,598,598 $4,700,513 Silk and spun silk- Pounds 58,463 86,943 37,617 Cost , $475,996 $313,439 $112,912 Artificial silk- 196,279 78,344 (2) Cost $844,083 $148,790 Other yarns— 23,406 326,520 480,013 Cost $24,944 $199,255 $252,385 Waste: Pounds 201,960 121,175 625,526 Cost $35,466 $9,466 $59,138 Starch, cost $71,020 $5,123 $18,681 Chemicals and dvestufTs, cost $237,186 $75,503 $77,337 $3,930,289 $938,774 $1,065,060 * Included in "AH other materials" in order to avoid disclosure of individual oper- ations. 2 Not reported separately. Products.—Detailed statistics are shown in Table 40 with respect to the quantity and value of the princi- pal products of the industry reported at the censuses of 1919 and 1914. The growth of the industry warranted a further segregation of products than had been made prior to the census of 1919, so that comparison with 1914 is not available for a number of commodities. Table 40.—Products—Cotton Small-Wares Industry: 1919 and 1914. Number of establishments.. Woven tape and webbing (not else- where specified) Linear yards.. Value., Banding, belts, and belting (not over 12 inches in width) Linear yards. r, . „ , Value.. Spindle banding Pounds., Value., Labels, woven figures Linear yards.. Value.. Tnmmings, edgings, etc Linear yards.. Value.. Braids: Flat- Woven and knitted Linear ^ards Lace and braided lace Linear yards Round (including shoe and corset alue.. $alue.. laces) Linear yards.. Value.. A11 other Linear yards.. Value.. Cotton waste: Soft Pounds.. Value.. Hard Pounds.. Value.. All other cotton small wares Linear yards.. Value.. All other cotton products Value.. All other products (including contract work) .Value.. 1919 1914 164 108 $40,896,835 $11,525,033 1,060,863,168 S15,104,429 1,023,839,328 $4,927,498 14,283,019 $625,934 440,392 $423,557 915,186 $623,837 51,048,784 $1,438,201 (l) (l) (l) 0) 0) 58.350,120 $901,874 101,663,950 $1,886,470 0) 0) 894,249,563 $15,195,776 65,627,056 $1,333,504 0) 0) 0) 0) 360,257 $26,067 363,881 $26,262 53,202,089 $1,227,244 $1,586,862 $496,818 161,700 $5,059 0) 0) $6,296,530 $295,946 1 Included in "All other cotton products." Equipment.—A distribution, by states, of the spin- dles, braiding machines, and looms used in the indus- try during 1919 is shown in Table 41. Looms used in establishments where the primary occupation is weaving belting and hose, suspender and garter webbing, or any elastic webbing are not included in this table, as such establishments are given other industry classifications. Table 41.—Machinery Used in the Manufacture of Cotton Small Wares: 1919. Spindles Producing spindles Mule, spinning Frame, spinning Doubling and twisting spin- dles Braiding machines: Number Aggregate number of carriers. Webbing and ribbon looms: Number Aggregate number of di- visions Total. i 78,779 58,360 2,' 55,6S0j 20,4191 1,672,081 I 4,973i 160,007 Massa- chu- setts. New Jer- sey. 15,880 10,632 10,632 5,248 13,333 333,345 1,498 28,059 845 48 24,769 1,536 New York. 1,177 120 120 1,057 5,957 [206,918 201 8,266 Penn- syl- vania. 12,256 374,789 1,562 55,265 Rhode! All Is- j other land, i states 58,952i 2,770 |2 45,5041 2,104 2,560* 42,944| 2,104 13,448| 666 27,275 660,992 1,905 60,329 2,311 167,978 412 9,852 » Mills in this industry reported 71,758 spindles in 1914; 29,808 in 1909: 39,530 in 1904; and 42,600 in 1899. > Not including 1,600 mule spinning spindles idle entire year. Wage earners.—The number of spinners, weavers, and braiders is shown, by states, in Table 42 for 1919, with a division of such operatives by sex and age. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 183 Table 42.—Wage Earners in the Cotton Small-Wareb Industry: 1919. [On Dec, 15, or nearest representative day.) i Total. United States | 10,065:1,683 Spinners, mule 16 years of age and over, male... 16 years of age and over, female.. Spinners, frame 16 years of age and over, male... 16 years of age and over, female. Under 16 years of age, male Under 16 years of age, female 3 © Weavers 16 years of age and over, male.., 16 years of age and over, female. Under 16 years of age, male Under 16 years of age, female 150 34 93 9 14 2,084 710 , 1,345! 2! 27; Braiders !1,941 16 years of age and over, male 1 590 I 16 years of age and over, female ;1,272 j Under 16 years of age, male 13 Under 16 years of age, female 66 Allother '5,886 16 years of age and over, male 2,255 16 years of age and over, female 3,216 Under 16 years of age, male 134 Under 16 years of age, female 281 367 166 201 397 75 290 4 28 895| 299 485 36 . 75 226 2 « S -313 ' n W 4522,696:4,360; §48 151 351 113! 247 128 116 121 30 671 j 739 122 I 253 532 ; 479 ■ 17 , 7 541 | 790 154 I 320 353 j 459 8 1 26! 10 1,484 2,706 694: 978 763j 1,483 17 71 10 174 I 172 71 96 2 3 68 17 49 403 121 256 Statistics for the cotton-lace industry.—A special schedule designed for the exclusive use of those estab- lishments reporting the manufacture of cotton lace has made it possible to present statistics in detail as shown by the following tables. Information which is more general in character may be found for this industry by referring to Tables 1, 3, 9, and 48. Materials,—The quantity and cost of the principal materials used in the manufacture of cotton-lace goods, during 1919 and 1914, are presented in Table 43 for the United States and the most important states. Table 43.—Materials Used in the Cotton-Lace Industry: 1919 and 1914. 1919 1914 United States- Yarns: Cotton- United States New York Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... All other states. Mercerized cotton- United States Silk and spun silk- United States Rhode Island... All nthef states. Artificial silk- United States Quantity (pounds). Cost. $13,075,994 '11,036,199 U 0,055,733 1,940,257 1,580,610 6,725,186 I 5,512,958 1,341,404 1 1,717,414 1,029,352! 1,244,751 711,106 » 17,456 11,387 6,069 2.860 816,989 3 137,141 91,080 46,061 26,242 Quantity (pounds). Cost, S5,676,948 HI, 137,700 1,946,677 7,451,857 1,093,489 645,677 13,709,978 577,212 2,171,934 525,902 434,930 247,SOI 83,433 * 55,240 34,312 20,925 3 263,612 163,910 99,702 3, SOS 7,533 1 Includes raw cotton, statistics for which can not be shown separately without disclosing individual operations. 2 Includes raw silk, statistics for which can not be shown separately without disclosing individual operations. Table 43. -Materials Used in the Cotton-Lace Industry: 1919 and 1914—Continued. Starch: United States Pennsylvania All other states... Chemicals and dyestufTs: United States New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states... All other materials., 1919 1914 Quantity r . | Quantity r^ (pounds). -osl' !(pounds). -051' §59,477 33,427 26,050 178,575 27,598 77,889 27,664 45,424 1,801,837 $39,070 33,891 5,179 75,433 9,558 41,549 10,962 13,364 1,497,889 Products.—Table 44 presents statistics in regard to the quantity and value of the leading products of the industry for 1919 and 1914 for the United States and for those states which can be presented separately. Table 44.—Products of the Cotton-Lace Industry: 1919 and 1914. 1919 1914 United States *$29,396,853 New York 4,146,000 Pennsylvania ;14,813,995 Rhode" Island , 4,110,419 All other states J > 6,326,439 Nottingham lace curtains: United States Pennsylvania All other states Nottingham lace-curtain nets: United States Pennsylvania All other states Pairs. 3,933,493 j 8,165, 447 2,935,614! 6,679,158 997,879 | 1,486,289 Lin. yds. \ 19,464,962' 7,616,339 15,234,267 I 5,532,697 4,230,695 | 2,083,642 Levers laces: j Square yds. United States 11,629,123 6,607,546 Rhode Island I 7.327,531 3,869.113 All other states j 4,301,592 2,738,433 j Lin. yds. Other narrow laces j 70,406,312 | 673,070 Panels and other small pieces: Number. United States I 1,759,444 MO, 962 Pennsylvania... J 633,220' 265,380 All other states '1.126.224 j 275,582 Bedspreads: Unfted States.. Pennsylvania... All other states. All other laces: United States Pennsylvania... All other states. All other products: United States Pennsylvania... AH otner states. j Quantity. Value. 1113,206,785 2,194, OSS 6,534,485 2,056,962 2,421,250 Pairs. 5,591,154 4,127,985 1,463,169 4,678,847 3,342,82S 1,336,019 Lin. yds. 1 7,504,809 1,258,307 1,019,217 239,090 6,696,842 '807,967 i Square yds. 7,236,934 : 3,761,362 3.681,042 1,815,006 1,866,036 3,475,572 Lin. yds. |166,169,567 896,692 i Number. 2,359,879 2,275, 928 83'. 951 322.594 278,844 43,750 Number. 105,092 119,325 54,977 65,245 50,115 54,080 Number. 719,333 530.780 188', 553 3,641,821 745,739 2,896,082 2,032,3-13 233.041 1,799,302 484,107 316,330 167,777 1,199,464 464,820 734,644 685,732 221,923 463,809 i In addition, in 1919, cotton lace to the value of $2,025,790 and in 1914, t o the value of $958,738, was manufactured by establishments engaged primarily in other I ndus tries. Equipment.—The number of spindles and lace machines, both active and idle, is shown in Table 45, 184 MANUFACTURES. It will be noticed that a large majority of the lace machines used in this industry are of foreign make. Table 45.—Machinery Used in the Manufacture of Cotton Lace: 1919 and 1914. MACHINERY. Spindles: Frame— Domestic Twisting and doubling- Domestic Lace machines • - ■. • - • Nottingham lace curtain- Foreign Bobbinet Foreign Domestic Levers Foreign. Domestic Warp Foreign Domestic All other Foreign Domestic 1919 1914 Total. Active. Idle. Total.* 27,552 18,368 9,184 25,000 14,880 9,920 4,960 (3) 2,029 1,811 218 11,582 419 342 77 1412 474 474 31 473 473 28 1 1 3 • 508 406 102 U44 503 401 102 374 5 5 70 47 45 2 135 11 9 2 28 36 36 9 581 544 37 660 365 348 17 I 508 216 196 20 152 1 All active except 11 lace-curtain machines, 9 levers, and 1 warp reported idle in 1914. I 2J\Tone reported in 1914. Wage earners.—The number of spinners, lace weav- ers, and lace-curtain weavers are given, by states, in Table 46, according to sex and age. Table 46.—Wage Earners in the Cotton Lace-Goods Industry: 1919. [On Dec. 15, or nearest representative day.] United States total. Spinners, frame.... 16 years of age and over, male... 16 years of age and over, female.. Under 16 years of age, female Lace weavers 16 years of age and over, male... 16 years of age and over, female.. Lace-curtain weavers.. 16 years of age and over, male... 16 years of age and over, female. All other , t 16 years of age and over, male... 16 years of age and over, female.. Under 16 years of age, male Under 16 years of age female Total. 2S 25 3 760 732 28 558 531 27 6,095 2,111 3,425 244 315 © Vj C t> 5 815 244 r/j ,ri 957! 3,575 1,165 685 28 25 3 117 116 1 398 371 27 13,032 1,025 1,659 176 172 63 60 3 32 32 590 173 405 ./saws i©q}o nr>> pepnpui sjls essqj, 'snotw&do iBnpTAipnj jo ejtifioiosrp piOAtJ sinemqsnq«$se 3 JOj sopsfwssepTijoxg c /S9?«)s i9T^o xry» papnpm 9ib ©seqj, -suo^Bjedo iropiATpcn jo emsopsyp pjoab ^nexnqsTxqe^se t Joj sopsiws sapnpx^ t ?96*S 98? '61 ec? 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I 83?'391 i 896'9S9'l 306'?I8'IS- t32'898S 3?9'*89S'l 368'S39 108'102 99S'S6lt3S 19 29 89 182*31 269*81 301 '81 ! 2%9*3? j 823*8? j 699*82 ?9t '8 903'? 898*11 82£'?I 622'21 688'19 313 '33 839'93 8t9'62 39 09 29 098'?! 99?'91 88?'91 281'89 ! 639*99 ; 909*32 999 '9 386'9 8?9 *9I 096'II S88'2I 308'99 383 (fZ 60S'08 WO'SOI 911 811 381 808*23 612 'OS 883 '88 626*36 , 939*311 [ 898*091 132 '2 611'8 823*93 6*0*38 013 'I? 88?'831 280 'St 3S6'69 9Sl'36I 01 618*1 998 I 889*1 030*3 i 692*8 • 992'? 339 089 9?3'I seo's III 'z 622'3 9SS'Z ? 301'I 819'I 2 t ? 266 918*9 910'? 099*? 82? 998 102 029'I 881'I 06?'3 309 '3 262'I 898 'f 196 389'I ? ? 9 S-91'I 296 691*8 932'8 1 ?3S*9 208 698 689 SSI 'I 088'I 936*3 69? tto'i 306'I 166'I 91 91 ?I ?89'?I ?88'8I 892*11 ! 838*89 ?0t*t9 ■ 302*12 812'S 922*9 93?*II 068'II 880'81 tSt'63 386'13 3Sl'33 f99'99 91 81 ?I 996 '8 ?3? 8 91?'8 j 821*81 i 926*91 1 ; 838*21 681*1 683'I 166*3 23t'lt 33S'S 162'9 99f 81 sst't 310'? 6SI 183 ?I6 '801 699 '811 091'?3I 1 SfO'398! : 880 88? , ! 298*939! 2IT'9? 902'09 1*1'ill 291 '901 ?88 '611 136 't98 39*'981 338 261 SC6'ft)9 381 8 8 18 911 ! 08 889 ?I 22 9t9 6fl Ifi SIT 91 1 St0*8 | 9?9'3 1 019'9! 686*1 ! 686*9 | 90? *3 969 089 289*1 3t0'3 3TS'I ?26't 301 '8 6S2*3 290'S ?I II 13 03 13 063*33 699*13 ?63'I3 | 996*88 1 i 9SS*28! 1 086*06 S86'8 9?0'0I 883*81 t3I '61 062'33 8t3 'Lf 309'88 862 98 368 49« I •spiresTiom ni passajdxa -poid JO 9ll[BA JO %SOQ 'S92«AV •J9AV0d '-asjoq •(J9q -Ttmn 9S« -J9AB) SJ9IL1159 92^ 6061 ?I6I 6I6Ii 6061 ?I6I 6161 ?I6I I 6161 ,■' 6061! ?I6I i 6161 I" 6061 ?I6I' 6I6It!" 6061: ?I6I! 6161 I" I 6061 j ?I6I! 6161 t1' 6061 1 ?I6Ii! 6161 j- 6061! ?I6I! 6I6Iij" 6061! ?T6I i 6I6Iv' 6061 | ?I6I 6161 ■ 6061! ?I6I j 6T6I I" 6061 f-161 6161 ■"-9jrqsdnren m.9^ -TddtssTssrj^ nBSrqofpf ■ S^^9STiqOUSS«J\[ •pUBlAJBJ^ •A3pn;U93 -BQBrpui ■sroaqii •bt3jooo v •^nopoeaaoo *JB9^ sns -O90 S9^4S pO)Pil 6061 aNV 'H6T '6I6T -S3XYXS A3 'AHVIOmS 3AIXYHVJHOO—*JL^ aiavj, •S9TJ[0U^jq 98JI[^ 8^ jo qoi38 joj Apivi •6061 p™ *>I6I '6161 nT 9t0lI^ 981 186 MANUFACTURES. Table 48.—DETAILED STATEMENT, INDUSTRY AND STATE. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS, DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY.. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Capital. COTTON MANUFACTURES. United States !l,496| Alabama Connecticut. Georgia3 Illinois 3 Indiana K entucky 3. Maine. Maryland 3. Massachusetts — Mississippi New Hampshire * New Jersey 14 j New York 15 i North Carolina. 16 I Pennsylvania... 17 ' Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Wisconsin All other states '■> 58 57 132 10 4 6 14 14 231 15 21 45 58 311 168 132 145 16 15 462,873! 18,6281 17,6491 39,417| 1,638 1,043 1,007 11,951 3,716 127,655 2,500 21,814 10,176 11,078 69,502 16,792; 37,852 49,434! 5,0661 2,730' 1,1381 6,635l 211! 5.2411 346 ,38/ 10 12 145 30 V 10 I2i 27! 36; 1451 30 250 387 630j 34 181 21 89| 90 1,458 62 210 246 257 1,32' 4981 62 26 49 11 133 4,783| 3,505| 193! 403j 317! 37j 65; 124' 1,059: 18 165; 156! i 1541 565! 461; 328 415 60 20 9, 56j 22 129 73 364 173 26 446,852 18,102 16,483 38,283 1,538 997 967 11,763 * 3,416 958! 124,150 13j 2,406 135 i 21,294 90j 9,672 147! 10,493 277| 67,297) 309) 15,379 471! 36,336 182! 25) 15j 11 12j 41 48,079 4,895 2,633 1,092 6,518 171 4, 193,241 2,437 95 2,8-10 11,137! 72I" 393| 719 96! I 19 13 631 24; 157 106j 54 2,192 335 1,225 1,667 142 2 11 11,626; 248! 439 652 65 53 14 47 15 3,914 77 128 232 45 2,179 369 1,328 1,537 96 11 2 85 6 84 Dollars. 1,914,919,506! 69,673,498 89,997,981 150,191,479 5,130,335 3,627,971 4,107,714 54,738,225 16,441,008 509,651,572 6,680,362 83,546,903 55,291,554 51,265,047 268,322,984 70,545,742 138,017,008 248,327,427 21,064,680 10,188,487 4,477,985 33,731,798 696,715 19,203,031 COTTON GOODS. Alabama Connecticut. Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts — Mississippi New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. Pennsvlvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Wisconsin All other states 3.. 1,288 445,423 58 47 132 7 , 18,628 16,698 '39,417 \ 1,355 4 6 14 14 ! 1,043 I 1,007 ! 11,951 ! 3,716 191 15 16 33 | 125,834 2,500 ! 21,688 9,700 37 311 118 9,658 69,502 10,618 32,561 74 145 16 15 4 49,434 5,066 2,730 1,138 15 6,635 211 4,333 239 6,792! 4,331 1! 21 6| IS? 36! 110i 6l 250! 334j 630, 30! A 21! 89! 901 1,361 62) 20' 212 202 1,327 331 524 756 86 62 26 49 11 1141 193 37 31 26! 20! 7I 65 124 1,046 18 164 134 120 565 235 262 415 60 20 9 3,095 73 3281 173! 22| 34' 83 911 13| 132j 87 430,966 18,102 15,647 38,283 1,277 99: 967, 11,763 3,416; 122,499;) 2,406! 21,183i; 9,261' 101, 9,222; 277I 67,297! 175j 9,767' 364! 31,405; 182! 25 15 11 12I 4 661 De 449,007 Ap 414,718 48,079 4,895 2,633 1,092 6,518 171 4,086 No De De De Mh Je De Fe De Ja Se De De De De De De De Ja No De No Ap Ap 18,870 16,277! 40,616: Ap 1,454; Mh 1,044! Ja 1,2111 Jy 13,511| Mh 3,621j Je 127,017! Ap 2,540! Au 21,753! Ja 9,771j Fc 10,038 69,436! 10,61l| 32,337 459,845 Se My Fe Fe 49,898! Ap 5,219; So 2,812; Oc 1,119 Je 6,8711 Ja 184! Ap 17,431 15,157 36,2601 1,C~' 950| 608 6,66l| 3,310 118,106 2,297 20,421 8,437 8,391 65,626 8,734 30,378 46,773 4,453 2,538 1,052 6,072 152 18,631 16,271 40,511 1,458 1,001 1,022 13,522 3,440 128,489 2,805 21,637 9,729 10,040 72,831 10,700i! 36,729 50,576 5,192 2,592 1,142 254,380 J 4,445 11,257 9,182 24,4101 689| 426l 477 7,034 1,743 65,749 1,386 11,568 4,291 6,1601 41,414i 5,653 19,578 32,121 2,686! 1,6061 635 4,284 85 1,946 183,810 7,054 6,315 14,730 614 503 518 6,378 1,658 55,354 1,273 9,788 5,118 3,812 27,046 4,772 14,998 15,251 2,268 973 494 2,437 96 2,361 10,735 72 385 719 961 191 13 63 24 3,575 69 155 94 42 2,192 134 1,109 1,667 142 2 11 90 62 10,920 248 389 652 53 14 47 15 3,811 77 126 226 2,179 141 1,044 1,537 96 11 2 85 6 76 1,853,099,816 69,673,498 86,809,530 150,191,479 4,728,285 3,627,971 4,107,714 54,738,226 16,441,008 504,295,192 6,680,362 83,219,151 53,852,871 46,212,802 268,322,984 45,864,475 120,067,679 248,327,427 21,064,680 10,188,487 4,477,985 33,731,798 696,715 16,779,498 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply) and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 1 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants), a Excludes statistics for 1 establishment, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These all included in "All other states/1 COTTON MANUFACTURES. 187 BY STATES: 1910. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Rent and taxes. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For | contract ! work. Rent of factory. Taxes. Federal, state, county, and" local. For materials. Principal materials. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. Fuel and rent o f power. Total. Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam engines Steam (not : tur- tur- bines. bines). Inter- na 1- com- bus- tion en- gines. Water pow- Rer 192,18.5,896' 68, 747, 38,8 150.363 64, 309 10,292 99' 73,-, 53,027 17 385 4 ! 6, 484, 463, 1.975,674 4, -546 4, 070 476 1 105 5 : 4, 352, 535' 1,362, 630 4, 550 2,030 9 593 6 4, 4 59, 039 1,534.110 5 , 524 3,048 2 90 2, 384 7 56, .563, .825 27.139,450 71.702 13,750 "16.' 053 38.153 0! 74o *20 611 > 18,454 , 957! 7,027,400 17,323 4,336 1, 900 3,055 7. 982 1 745 9 596,6.-57, 441 237,012.202 523,645 267.200 87,234 1,380 69,460 98,371 117 895 10 8, 056,769 3,092,662 6, 939 6; 030 6 905 647 11 $5,983,153 3S,9SS,020 90, 895 21,185 29,042 25.239 17.379 30 831 12 58, 705,655 IS, 093,342 22,373 12, 352 4,687 "iii 7i0 4*513 9 333 13 49,076, 293 20, 973,072 47,861 12,572 18,290 89 7, 535 9, 325 19 "09 14 318,368,181 131,583,466 258.463 76, 299 17,153 10 27,054 137,947 31. S36 15 66,404,059 27,534,316 21, 504 15,504 670 123 359 4'. .848 2 817 16 155, 48S; 347: 67.204,697 111,986 55,860 13, 346 18.060 24, 720 "">3 630 223,440,242 91,356,657 267,090 107,352 19,798 ; 39, 530 100, 410 27 963 18 22, 460, 737 8,165,382 16,093" 9,721 1,025 250 5,097 2 103 19 13,919,603 4,604, 710 14,210 4, 785 "$00 8,625 15 20 4, 383, 835 2,256,550 6,56b 3, 300; 30 1*677 1,554 100 21 32.534.934 14,990,961 38,963 5,206! 17,929 . J 15,405 423 22 523 22 1,269,504 334,950 1,073! 300; 325 ""30 300 11s 206 23 19, 78-5,306 7,459,854 13,112! 3,080; 1,535 8^ 8, 489 10 24 27,015, 767 10,348, 711.355,474,937 3,693,742 1,647,489; 118,6-50,637 1,240,463,75$ $35, 820| 1.466,496 2, 316, 670| 181, 265 289,864 11,357,948 3,676 1,201! 1,006.929' 14,783,982 393,947 140,915) $39,234 26,277,763 295,640 50,400; 102,682 1,085.712 18,770 70,4351 43,451 77,140! 23,285> 442,745! 153,373' 319,727; 229,608 700, .509 . 639,332 . 11,425,977' 2,990, 753; 6,611,577| 2, 740,039 109,902, 503 163,595! 43,166' 1,537,147! 835,611; 370,942 18,136,068 894,775! 290,706 8,115,8-52, 710,635; 4,470,673! 1,675, 73.1 J 1,936,147: 2,635,929; 325, $06; 188,860! 78,135, 379, 551: 30, 820! 367,624, 342,020 1,174,210 737,179 643,385 716,088! 120, 304! 49, 857! 20,917: 166,276| 78,265 ( 166,971 8,800, 49,134, 10,200, 23,974, 36, 401, 3', 171, 1, 840, 907, 6,077, 129, 2,834, 386,370 3,9:3-1 549, 723 400 . 41,743 IS, 990 275- 506! 630! 008; 912 482 264, 400 . 197 . 219|. 49Sj. 115, 163, 740 653 787 1S2 833! 325 . 704 . 1,5001 13S 27, 97$; 3,343,719 49,901,930! 5,126,817' 63, 25$, .805' 10.$34,929. 120,405.162! '66,239 4,430,197; 379,683 79,139 4,214,637 552,887 939,202: 35,955, S62 457,764 6,097! 5,273,081 14.601 1,906,511 53,927! 28,092 234,400 2,335,791, 2,834,454! 28,691.470 11,139,221 348,077,063' 4, 786.440 45.152,817 39\ S56,021 1,437,223 1.152.353 3,032,346 78,592 104,114 90, 475 732,905 233,336 11,59$, 176 187,667 1,S45,321 756,292 2,990,315 27.215,006 $$8,215 16,259,060 181,021,415 5,758,300 2,937. 456 38,076,$70 742,S73 3,0S1 14,408.829 132, 590, $54 1,639,597 13,923, $37 : 527, S31 $, 987, 812' 246,432 2,013,265: 17,l32,S14i $65,643 12,011,320 14,000 3,101,047 1,320 40,726 7,069' 785,402. 4,492,731! 366, 468 327,081 114,020 411,159 18.911 314,132 4 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "All other states." s All other states embrace: Arkansas, 1 establishment; California, 1; Louisiana, 3; Michigan, 3; Missouri, 1; Nebraska, 1; Ohio, 7 certain states, statistics fo r which can not be shown separately without disclosing individual operations. « All other states embrace: Arkansas, 1 establishment; California, 1; Louisiana, 3; Michigan, 3; Missouri, 1; Ohio. 5; and Utah, 1, Utah, l; and 6 establishments m 188 MANUFACTURES. Table 48.—DETAILED STATEMENT, PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. INDUSTRY AND STATE. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Total. I Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-| bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Male. Fe- Male. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. month. WAGE EARNERS, DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. ! 16 and over. ! Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male COTTON SMALL WARES. 164 10,254 99 368 160 231 9,396 De 10,102 ±V 8,872 10,065 3,593 5,926 158 388 Dollars. 29,559,474 5 143 10 7 18 108 De 128 Fe 91 128 30 81 3 14 334,286 3 283 3: 4 11 4 261 Ap3 262 Se 259 261 67 188 6 402,050 40 1,821 13 97 13 47 1,651 Ja 1,768 Fe 1,541 1,683 544 996 40 103 5,356,380 5 126 8 3 1 3 111 Au 132 Fe 63 123 54 65 2 2 327,752 6 239 3 19 6 2 209 No 234 Ja3 183 226 60 163 2 1 486,095 15 506 13' 17 14 13 449 Au 460 My 420 452 225 224 3 1,237,160 37 2,687 33 75 51 56 2,472 De 2,723 Fe 2,254 2,696 970 1,648 25 53 7,450,378 48 4,281 23 129 54 85 3,990 De 4,366 Ap 3,637 4,360 1,585 2,490 81 204 13,237,086 5 168 3 14 3 3 145 136 58 71 5 2 728,287 United States.. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states 4 ^ COTTON LACE. United States Connecticut New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states 6— 7,196 237 914 3,487 1,010 740 19 16 20 175 12 50 179 6,490 728 202 822 i,140 941 657 De '3001 De Au De De De 8151 239 951 3,504 1,124 Ja 5,941 Fe Fe Ap My Mh 579] 171 7361 2,875 801 7,441 815 244 957 3,575i 1,165 685! 3,374 378 90 547 1,512 582 265 3,505 396 139 382 1,712 468 408 244 5 10 12 176 35 318 36 5 16 175 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 2 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). * Same number reported for one or more other months. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 189 BY STATES: 1919—Continued. EXPENSES. ! 1 I POWER. ; i ] Salaries and wages. Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. i Elec- .' j Value Value of added by products, 1 manufae- Owned. j trie horse- power! For contract work. Taxes, Federal, | ture. c+0o™ ■ (inter- I nal- | Steam com- 1 tur. bus- g£r !bines, tion ; geuer-' atedih estab-: iish- 1 men ts 1 report- ing.: Fuel and! rent of \ power. ! Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Rent of factory. state, county, and Principal materials. Total. : Rent- Water! ed.3 pow- 1 er.1 ■ local. I b^>| gS». i i i 1 1 1 COTTON SMALL WARES. Dollars. 1,679,7741 26,107 37,200 392,001 4,880 58,265 117,156 398,388 596,241 49,536 Dollars, i Dollars. Dollars. I Dollars, 695,268] 7,162,218 211,028j 184,507| 22,316! 30,4931 63,0631 4,325' 9,355! 53,565; 173,773 331,963( 6,415 78,390 159,455 1,238,705 97,275 149,663 368,237 1,693,962 3,273,984 102,547 J 20,047! "22,"508 3,583 3,500 37,241 2,175 21,518 ll,910j 10,114 49,014; 44,909 107,549| 58,349 3,118 Dollars. \ 1,369,101 Dollars. 23,498,3481 22,844j 7,704, 253,476; 4,226; 5,845! 153,133 513,641 5,122,118 238,956 391,505 12,390; 1,191,593 259,615! 5,589,452 787,473 9,759,437 15,528! 538,513 Dollars. 541,603! 12,800 15,435 123,367 6,429 8,444 24,417 106,054 232,589 12,068 Dollars. Dollars.! i . 40,896,835| 16,856,884 14,263! 5,907 415,773: 900,870! 8,250, SOS! 405,537| 771,049! 249,840, 371,794! 3,004,823 i 160,152 371,100 2,064,749; 848,739 9,363,572 3,668,066 17,824,321j 7,832,295, 900,656 350,075; 145 220 2,722 85 258 10.'. 351. 520. 150 . 670; 415. 2,054j 1,211. 7,72S! 3,466 . 381 i 100 . 126 1,783 6,4471 1,512, 1 35, 100 1 .185' 31 225 1,946: 10 45 30 65 43 255 823, 2,824 241 COTTON LACE. 977,540 1,046,901 6,086,557 258,051 26,783i 1,269,592 12,676,005 399,989 29,396,853| 16,320,859j 9,078 ! 180,167 1 51,602 1 204,454 377,144 ! 132,793 | 31,380 43,619 44,980 57,338 785,636 211,470 749,057 2,776,982 969,987 593,425 22,177 39,928 3,780 46,112 120,546 25,508 17,269 340,207 2,345,' 30,542 200 131,963 480| 561.538 6,489 190,181 1,185,707 409,116 1,927,996 6,216,894 1,811,763 1,124,529 39,61l! 10,616 64,285 193,423 60,572 31,482 3,087,539 1,862,2211 998,722! 578,990i 4,146,000; 2,153,719 14,813,995 8,403,678 4,110,419 2,238,084 2,240,178! 1,084,167 605 149 1,370 5,185 1,181 588 731,189 49,627 120,148 ! 15,161 1 1,025 4^483;. 350 . 565 . 175! 2,118], 2,616| 2S5j 15 . 22j 40;. 120; 20: 6051 134i 3t 662; 711! 3, 8i 43S 1,381 2S5 504 « All other states embrace: Georgia, 1 establishment; Kentucky, 1; Maryland, 1; Nebraska, 1; and Ohio, l. * All other states embrace: Illinois, 1 establishment; New Hampshire, 2; and Ohio, l. KNIT GOODS. By Arthur J. Leck. GENEKAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The classifica- tion "knit goods" includes establishments whose product is the result of knitting, either by power or hand machine, without regard to whether the yarns are of cotton, wool, silk, or other material. In addition to the general statistics which follow., special statistics relating to materials, products, and equipment have been prepared from supplemental re- ports, the form of which was designed for the exclusive use of the knit-goods industry, and these statistics are presented herewith in two sections. "Section 1," like the general statistics, relates to the industry as a whole, many of the tables being com- parative for a number of census years. "Section 2" is the result of sorting the reports for the industry into five groups, comprising establishments whose chief product according to value in 1919 was hosiery, underwear, fancy knit goods, knitted cloth, and con- tract work, a separate tabulation being made for each. These groups, except for "contract work," are industries within themselves, having many separate interests and independent trade associations, each one sufficiently large and important, in relation to other industries, to warrant a segregation of statistics for the industry as a whole into these five parts. As the report of the census of 1919 was the first publication of information based on the plan of "Section 2/7 comparative figures with other years are not available. Comparative summary.—Table 1 gives a general summary of the progress of the industry from 1899 to 1919, inclusive. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—The rank of the principal states by value of products in 1919 is shown in Table 2. The same is expressed in the form of a diagram which follows and makes a com- parison with the value of products reported for 1914. Persons engaged in the industry.—A division, by sex, of the number of persons engaged in the manu- facture of knit goods is presented in Table 3. In the wage-earner class females predominated at each cen- sus period. Wage earners, by months, for states.—The regularity with which the wage earners are employed in the in- dustry throughout the year is evidenced by Table 4, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Figures are presented by states for 1919. Wage earners, per cent distribution, by sex and age, for states.—Table 5 gives a distribution in percentages j for the number of wage earners, male and female, I according to age, employed in the various states which J lead in the manufacture of knit goods. I Number of spinners, knitters, etc., by sex and age, ! for selected states.—The number of wage earners with I reference to their occupation is shown in Table 6, by | sex and age, for the United States and for the two ! leading states, New York and Pennsylvania. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 7 shows a marked shortening of the working day between 1909 and 1919. In 1909 the largest number of wage earners for any one group was reported as working between 54 and 60 hours per week as compared with 54 hours in 1914 and 48 hours in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Statistics relating to the size of establish- ments as measured by the average number of wage earners employed in the industry are presented in Table 8 for the United States, for 1919 and 1914, and for the principal states for 1919. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 9 gives the relation of the value of products to the number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of knit goods for the United States during 1919, 1914, and 1909. At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 estab- lishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. The table, therefore, gives com- bined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. Character of ownership.—That the corporate form of ownership prevails in the industry is revealed in Table 10, based on the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, and value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.—The various types of power, with horsepower for each type, used in the manufacture of knit goods is shown for 1919, 1914, and 1909 in Table 11. Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 12 gives the dif- ferent kinds of fuel for the industry in the United States and for each state in 1919 compared with 1914. (190) KNIT GOODS. 191 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1919 Number of establishments.. 2,050 Persons engaged j 186, 673 Proprietors and firm members !I ASS Salaried employees j 12,613 Wage earners (average number) I 172,572 Primary horsepower !151,601 Capital i §516,457,991 Salaries and wages !157,526, 402 Salaries 32,326,5*2 Wages | 125,199,820 8, 495,9S2 2-5,966,579 427, 095,570 713,139,6S9 2S6, 044,119 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * 1904 1S99 1, 144 109,489 1,067 4,330 104,092 78, 769 $106, 943,072 1,006 (2) 2, S31 S3,691 57,346 > $82,065,517 1 39,069,75S j 27,572, 657 4,455,151 j 3.135,160 31,614,607 1 24', 434, 497 7*6,215: 3 934,331 76,789,348 137,076,454! 60,257,106 I 1,141,828 2 711,030 51,195,330 95; 833,692 44,63$, 362 PEE CENT OF INCREASE , 1914 1909- 1904- 1899- 1919 1914 1909 1904 i; 2* 4 1S.0 20.1 13.7 !l 16 9 17 3 24.3 r 14. 6 14 5 6.3 i( 60 6 37 3 32.1 52.9 ;! 14 < 16 4 24.2 24.4 i; 20. 5 21 3 31.7 37.4 139 3 31 9 .53.0 30.3 '121 7 35 5: 45.4 30. 8 ,:i 1S6. 46 7 72. 6 42.0 109. 5 33 6 41.5 29.4 162 2 50 1 174.5 -31.1 ;: 1,002 3 75 1 44.0 31.4 191 0 33 1 43.6 50. 0 r 175. 4 29 4 46.0 43.0 1.54. 9 24 8' 49.1 35.1 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. 2 Figures not available 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. Table 2.—Principal States, Ranked by Value of Products" 1919. 0 9 WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. © s a C . STATE. Numbi establish] Average number. Per cent istribution Rank. Amount xpressed i housands) Per cent istribution Rank. ill Per cent istribution Rank. m United States... 2,050 172,572 100.0 $713,110 100.0 S2S6,044 100.0 682 41,372 24.0 2 195,377 27.4 1 80,411 28.1 1 606 44,156 25.6 1 185,261 26. 4 2 71.564 25.0 2 77 12,751 7.4 3 52, 424 7.3 3 2i; 252 7.4 3 Wisconsin 72 8,736 5.1 6 40,773 5.7 4 16,561 5.S 4 63 10,308 6.0 4 32,952 4.6 12,607 4.4 5 North Carolina 121 10,216 5.9 5 29,834 4.2 6 12,251 4.3 6 90 4,853 2.8 8 23,S53 3.3 7 8,503 3.0 s 58 5,095 3.0 7 20, 460 2.9 8 8,759 3.1 34 4,407 2.6 9 IS, 779 2.6 9 7, 700 2.7 9 16 3,564 2,1 11 13,985 -2,0 10! 6,498 2.3 10 28 3,808 2.2 10 12,567 1.8 11 i 5,752 2.0 11 Michigan 31 3,170 1.8 12 12,039 1.7 12 i 5,249 1.8 12 Rhode Island 26 1,983 1.1 16 11,936 1.7 13 4,547 1.6 13 Indiana 8 2,075 1.6 14 9,802 1.4 14 4,187 1.5 14 Connecticut 21 2,649 1,5 15 9,333 1.3 15 3', 984 1.4 15 New Hampshire... 16 2,979 1.7 13 9,016 1.3 16 3,897 1.4 16 Vermont 1? 1,105 0.6 19 5,063 0.7 17 1,969 0.7 17 Alabama 10 1,655 1.0 17 4. 757 0.7 IS 1.482 0.5 19 Virginia 10 1,578 0.9 18 4', 685 0.6 19 1,782 0.6 IS California 21 695 0.4 22 2,87$ 0.4 20 1,361 0.5 20 ■ 7 749 0.4 21 2,687 0.4 21 915 0.3 21 South Carolina 14 781 0.5 20 2,076 0.3 22! 830 0.3 *?? Utah 10 19S 0.1 24 1,156 0.2 23! 369 0.1 21 Washington 8 105 0.3 25 401 0.1 25 241 0.1 25 All other states 14 2, US4 1.7 8,041 1.1 ! 3,373 1.2 ... < Value of products less cost of materials. Knit Goods—Value of Products for States: 1919 and 1914. MILLIONS OF DOLLARS _ 100 wo NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS WISCONSIN TENNESSEE NORTH CAROLINA NEW JERSEY ILLINOIS OHIO MINNESOTA GEORGIA MICHIGAN RHODE ISLAND INDIANA CONNECTICUT NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ALABAMA VIRGINIA CALIFORNIA MARYLAND SOUTH CAROLINA F F !■ F F * UTAH 192 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. All classes | 1919 I 1914 1909 Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members... 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Salaried officers of corporations.! 1919 : 1914 i 1909 Superintendents and managers. 1919 1914 1909 Total. 186,673 159,673 136,130 6,698 3,966 3,308 1,488 1,298 1,131 1,933 LOoO 799 3,277 1,618 1,375 Male. 60,563 51,335 43,950 6,224 3,782 3,125 1,424 1,238 1,067 1,868 1,019 781 2,932 1, 525 1,277 Fe- male. 126,110 108,338 92,180 474~ 184 183 64 60 67 65 31 18 345 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 32.4 32.2 32.3 92.9 95.4 94.5 95.7 95.4 94.1 97.0 97.7 89.5 94.3 92.9 Fe- male. 67.6 67.8 67.7 7.1 4.6 5.5 4.3 4.6 5.9 3.4 3.0 2.3 10.5 5.7 7.1 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16_years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 1909 Alabama California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana • ••• Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont - Virginia- Washington Wisconsin State* showing large proportion of females. Alabama Connecticut Georgia Illinois. Masachusetts Minnesota Ne w Jersey. North Carolina Pennsylvania Tennessee Wisconsin Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent num- ber em- ployed during mini- mum is of maxi- mum. year. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. 172,572 49,891 122,681 150, 520 129,275 168,304 47,982 120,322 152,974 163,582 45,926 117,656 155,683 125,181 160,438 4b, 137 116,301 157,636 128,052 162,956 46,709 116,247 157,054 129,317 166,713 48,291 118,422 155,273 129,270 168'617 49,445 119,172 153,071 128,899 173,887 50,709 123,178 148,572 127,845 177,339 51,885 125,454 m, 779 128,231 177,244 51,576 125,668 143,747 130,329 181,315 52,759 128,656 147,513 132,997 184,046 53,651 130,395 146,356 134,540 186,423 54, 622 131,801 86.1 82.6 87.5 90.6 91.7 123,308 145,582 133,340 1,655 695 2,649 3,808 5,095 ! 1,646 604 2,500 3,956 5,017 1,652 614 2,573 3,609 5,017 1,653 613 2,579 3,612 4,986 1,648 645 2,587 3,549 4,940 1,655 631 2,606 3,594 5,066 1,625 682 2,622 3,701 5,090 1,621 709 2,738 3,726 5,183 1,634 703 2,716 3,698 5,160 1,666 683 2,726 3,959 5,124 1,691 1,679 833 2,721 4,142 5,213 1,690 875 2,718 4,196 5,159 95.9 69.0 91.3 83.7 94.8 748 2,702 4,054 5,185 2,675 749 12, 751 3,170 3, 564 2,684 732 12,722 3,201 3,972 2,699 730 12,501 3,175 4,170 2,641 672 12,484 3,058 4,171 2,651 643 12,402 3,115 4,065 2,647 702 11,970 3,001 3,900 2,629 737 12,117 2,971 3,712 2,627 773 12,432 3,097 3,367 2,663 754 12,603 3,188 3,129 2,681 737 12,954 3,121 3,087 2,695 811 13,353 3,352 3,106 2,730 824 13,499 3,345 3,063 2,753 873 13,975 3,416 95.4 73.7 85.7 87.0 72.5 8,026 2,979 4,853 41,372 10,216 4,407 3,021 4,646 40,941 10,479 3,877 2,981 4,648 39,942 10,058 8,686 2,897 4,755 37,408 9,669 3,688 2,890 4,705 38,8S0 9,753 3,850 2,950 4,721 40,246 9,896 4,006 2,998 4,679 39,741 10,081 4,263 2,648 4,887 41,427 10,031 4,525 3,018 4,932 42,812 10,138 4,879 3,038 4,900 42,140 10,232 4,863 3,093 5,100 43,079 10,479 5,075 2,986 5,184 44,281 10,868 5,123 3,228 5,180 45,567 10,908 5,149 82.0 87.7 82.1 88.6 69.6 44,156 1,983 41,794 1,945 734 10,015 39,464 1,871 39,706 1,836 761 9,646 147 40,226 1,857 42,305 1,920 43,387 1,960 723 10,355 211 45,676 2,024 46,655 2,033 46,885 2,069 47,556 2,053 48,132 48,086 2,138 82.0 85.8 86.4 86.7 52.9 781 10,308 768 9,685 781 9,605 753 9,960 773 10,435 799 10,655 805 10,658 837 10,839 2,091 803 10,930 237 835 11,014 198 129 142 163 179 222 242 244 235 225 1,105 1,578 105 8,736 1,113 1,214 72 1,122 1,144 1,249 67 1,099 1,417 1,109 1,437 72 8,379 1,159 1,606 82 8,506 1,163 1,198 949 1,806 1,033 1,804 161 9,087 1,063 1,831 160 9,302 1,108 1,817 164 9,308 79.2 65.9 39.0 88.9 1,207 66 8,410 64 8,428 1, 759 100 1,789 119 8,867 133 8,855 8,508 8,278 8,904 Per ct. av. is of state. 65.3 64.5 60.0 71.6 71.0 83.8 1,080 1,709 2,283 3,645 9,049 2,985 1,077 1,084 1,650 2,117 3,602 8,918 3,575 1,081 1,669 2,060 S, 5fi0 8,875 3,593 1,074 1,663 2,155 3,568 8,774 3,448 1,076 1,679 2,206 3,646 8,602 3,288 1,060 1,685 2,246 3,651 8,613 3,091 1,053 1,775 2,242 3,719 8,898 1,059 1,754 2,184 3,679 8,988 2,562 1,085 1,766 2,387 3,656 9,220 2.504 1,105 1,752 2,421 3,687 9,521 2,551 1,097 1,764 2,488 3,728 9,581 2,513 1,109 1,754 2,529 3,667 9,626 2,498 1,697 2,361 3,582 9,072 3,416 2, 778 3,774 6,283 33,730 7,489 6,639 8,601 6,495 32,412 7,291 6,474 3,683 6,205 80,842 7,051 6,405 3,766 5,981 31,152 6,910 6,288 3,709 6,009 30,871 6,992 6,370 3,704 6,070 32,215 7,230 6,322 3,608 6,207 32,786 7,520 6,416 3,775 6, 111 34,690 7,562 6,792 3,815 6,195 35,450 7,682 6,770 3,781 6,291 35,610 7,728 6,733 3,907 6,443 36,150 7,916 6,918 3,982 3,967 6,733 36,445 8,020 7,095 77.8 61.5 76.4 T2.7 76.0 6,706 36,137 7,966 7,085 •saooo 86T '\V9Q jod i jo tRoa^-ouo nsrtf sse*i t SI SS—Z9STII 9SS * 85 I*SS **6l 1*8 SIS m rn'i 186 819 6*0'l SSI L 8* 8*18 E'iS E'i 6*81 8*11 Z'O SO 90* 096 9fS 98 911 est VIS I*9S 9'IS 0*t* 6*8 S*6S ro (i) 196*1 S60 46 9*6*01 iss'h 551 '01 | 086'6 61 ! 91 *es rw I'SS I'i IIS SO SO m'z 101*5 o*i i S9S"S SS6'S 98 0S0*S | zip's! 8 01 S*TI 9'IS SSS rt 6*0 S*0 9*1 19* 182 881 98 086 1ST. 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Table 7.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES 1919 AND 1914. United States. Alabama. California >.. Connecticut. Georgia.. Illinois.. Indiana. Louisiana *. Maryland... Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 172,572 150,520 129,275 1,655 781 695 2,649 2,904 3, SOS 3,468 5,095 3,535 2,675 2,338 533 749 1,077 12,751 10,635 3,170 2,714 3,564 2,088 2,979 3,328 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween) 44 and 48. 7,818 8 146 24 (2) 509 (J) 25 (3) 34 (») 1 (9) 4,701 (a) 25 (2) 657 (3) 14 (a) 13 (2) 80 (*) Be- tween | 48 and. 54. 51,674 3,673 908 46,149 7,860 3,331 528 409 323 266 12,292 9 921 26 403 35 2,686 30,387| 187,5491 4,753 908 396 635 [2,066 525 |2,179 10 30 206 12 60 496 1,431 201 3,a80 32 173 3 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. 541 1,077 2 511 236 |9, 702 771 2,315 2,021 120 661 23,909 34,260 65,422 1,121 174 1,283 1,644 1,029 896 872 1,786 411 446 1,001 124 409 60. 4,578 16.515 49,934 315 607 1,067 !2,346 447 Over 356 663 4,927 New Jersey New York North Carolina.. - Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Utah».... Vermont. Virginia.. "Washington 8.. Wisconsin Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 4,853 4,025 141,372 |40,095 10,216 7,787 4,407 3,411 44,156 |41,130 1,983 2,030 781 771 10,308 5,690 1,105 963 1,578 2,272 105 8,736 6,244 462 (3) |5,029 (*) IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- t ween | 44 and 48. 114 (') |2,495 (s) 1,415 (2) (3) 37 64 (a) 184 (J) 454 (2) (3) 116 74 168 (3) 48.1 16,000 209 453 2,552 171 7.469 3,827 3,816 374 64 16,027 807 1,235 305 625 155 1,085 Be- 48 and 64. 3,333 205 [9,725 1,533 34 10 1,918 270 5,419 300 582 363 5,590 30,382 623 6 286 3,035 15,400 34,353 714 1,519 26 163 |3,328 4,027 2,145 3,569 683 203 107 600 [4,073 3,241 262 1,6 Be- tween] 54 and 60. 456 120 4,408 4,994 541 702 388 1,778 2,835 3,160 60. 90 406 |3,127 1,743 [7,080 20 535 364 289 651 696 39 Over 60. 356 405 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. »Corresponding figures not available. »Not shown separately in 1914. Table 8-—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States.... 1919.. 1914.. Alabama California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Maryland - Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia— Washington Wisconsin 2,050 1,622 10 21 21 28 58 8 7 77 31 16 16 90 682 121 34 I 11 § a 172,572 150,520 1,655 695 2,649 3,808 5,095 2,675 749 12,751 3,170 3,564 2,979 4,853 41,372 10,216 4,407 44,156 1,983 781 10,308 198 1,105 1,578 105 8,736 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. .52 42 3§ 379 295 1,026 472 849 360 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. •S3.J2 2 a as £ 5,786 4,445 5 i 2 14 I 4 I. 104 25 j ll- 100 25 221 12 3 61 3 1 1 2 43 6! 7 j 59 614 27 177 9 12 j 149 7 1 93 7 I 73 28 192 26 7 141 7 4 3 5 333 2,193 362 104 31 143 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. .S3J2 $ § 379 291 3 13 73 34 2 162 4 5 11 2 13,150 9,738 25 111 97 473 234 94 65 483 224 43 88 427 2,497 1,160 5,618 150 159 366 39 74 527 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 308 257 3 3 2 4 7 1 2 12 7 1 3 9 51 32 7 123 3 1 18 1 3 2 22,146 19,071 205 241 166 290 516 55 167 809 554 74 291 730 3,711 2,225 494 8,721 229 78 1,269 58 219 169 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. rO a V) R 274 232 44,106 36,843 629 225 1,430 1.674 1,378 220 517 1,982 432 950 550 10,197 1,568 1,368 12,537 1,516 237 3,258 447 1,081 1,297 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 38 105 92 23 36,249 31,896 2,245 793 354 1,066 2,061 8,297 1,296 2,334 7,548 258 2,445 439 289 2,023 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. II 53 * a 37 24,777 35 25,256 1,371 597 2,299 1,035 584 693 8,699 671 4,620 "2*935' 1,273 Over 1,000 wage earners. ft CO 9 25,332 22,422 1,512 "5*276 *3,"6l3 5,164 2,907 3,055 saooo xinx S6T [(*sj9tpo nVi. dnoj8 eqj sapnpnj» r<'SJ9q^o \\y„ put: f,sxtmpiAipni,, sdncug aqi sopnToui c ,/siTJtip^Ajptii,, dnoxS eq-j sopnpai i 1*1 9*1 8*S £"0 9*it 1*91 0*11 9*1 1*2 0*11 o*i |S*Id 6 "16 8*1* 0*001 2*21 0 "001 0*001 0*001 jO'OOI i6*U |2*SS :9*99 i8*U 1***8 **S6 |oT6 8*86 5'OS 6*91 |8*0 9*0 ITS 8'SI 5"Il I'll 0 *2t 19** 6 ** I "98 9*£l 9*88 **It jO *II 5**1 5*58 18*8 0*2 18 *8 |0 "6 jO *0T |6 *2 :9"S "if '16 "\Z '86 "IS **6 *S6 9**I 8 '01 2*28 IS |0 "001 O'OOI \Z'Q ;9*I !S*8 ;o*2 |1'S6 1*8 !2*96 16 ** l*T IT. 9*9 *'0*001 816 0*001! ;e*9S i O'OOI 9*91 9*01 2*01 6 "9 919*822 III'5*9 I98*209s 119'm |*98 '202 'II ■218*958*0$ |6*5'6*6 |000 162 s 106 "1ST 09*'992*1 $ZS'zes's 102*5**'i£ ost'sss eu'fzz'z 916'9*1 89£*£0£*1 s ose'ess's 850**99'5 £*8'29I 0SS_'68I s_ 0*1 '161 098 '296 'SI 1880*816'68 112'899*1 *05<*S9'*s i080**599'T |ios(ml9 > :'991'I s |&*8 '096 "28 > 980'910'Ss |90S '192 *8 601'££9 '01 1*1 **66 'I* 298*20*'581 f9£'80£ 'I **§ 'IS* '81 ,959'10**8 j69S'886'lS I6SI '191 T,9 j29l'28£'0SI \m *0S9 '9 :616 '0*6 '61 !l59 '962 '8 ;0£2 211 'I *!oi8 '9*5 '* *|C5E'l£I '81 "j 160'096'? *j60* "SSS'll jlI£oT£'*I |92*'lOI*5* *i96*'lS9'S» ! < < '|SS6 10S 6? 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U*'9S8'99 i I 881 '919 '21 ; 001 '099 '1 i 290'122 flf '206'm m '922 '2IIS 621 'ffQ '982S 6061 fI6l 6161 6161 6161! 6061 *161 025'091 *T6I 6161 6061 fI6l 6061 050*2 219*211 f-18'l 1 229*1 68-9 '681 '811$ 912'621 £06 '216 lS9Z% 129 '8H '002$ *9I *8I III 689 152 9*1 818'£8! 92 If 252't£ \ CQf / II 190 9* S\ ^v I I£* 811'01: ^89 899 *0l'l 122 i 028 811 | 621 *61 106'81 826'2 568 HI'808'18 211'02 HZ'SSS'Z 81*'2 869 '068 962 H9 '896 '88 Sit '191 'Lf m'if8 '56 821'9FI'So 925 '18S '£ £99 %Lf £S2'lfT'l2 691 '129 '2 090 '618 191 '28 { 9£9 '9* £81 '£60 '188 6S9'£2 I£5;609;S2I \ 9 918 '628 '281 { 099 '9-21 '18 •enaxava sotaa do aaanaN 30VH3av 'SXN3KHSnaVXS3 30 asapinN •"000 009$ o% OOO'OOTt *'000*001$ 000'02$ 000'02$ 000'9$ '■■*000'9$ n«qa sseq - sosf^ip n v • -J9AO pnBOOO 000 1$ *000'opo'l$ 000'005$ "**000*005$ 01 OOO'OOTS **"000'00I$ o; 000*02$ 000'02$ o^ 000*9$ 000'9$ "a*eq? sseq •XDnaoaa 30 anivA '6061 (INY 'mi £6I6T ^XOiiaOHJ RO SHIVA A3 -'SXMaKHSnaVXSa JO 3ZIS—*6 aiav£ 196 MANUFACTURES. Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OP PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OP ENGINES OE MOTOR3. HOR3EPOWEE. POWEE. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 11,806 5,333 2,736 151,601 125,842 103,709 100.0 100.0 100.0 878 589 569 20 53 236 965 737 1,085 811 89,758 76,003 68,509 7,434 814 12,941 96,635 80,884 88,033 74,760 59.2 50.1 45.2 4.9 0.5 8.5 76.8 64.3 84.9 72.1 8 8 8 74 154 113 161 1,108 14,643 1,235 12,038 0.9 11.6 1.2 11.6 10,928 10,928 4,368 4,368 1,651 1,651 61,843 59,680 2,163 29,207 26,284 2,923 15,676 13,286 2,390 40.8 39.4 1.4 23.2 20.9 2.3 15.1 12.8 2.3 Other 15,509 10,928 4,581 6,888 4,368 2, 520 2,839 1,651 1,188 91,137 59,680 31,457 46,117 26,284 19,833 25,4.85 13,286 12,199 100.0 65.5 34,5 100.0 57.0 43.0 100.0 62.1 47.9 * Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. * Not reported separately. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Alabama California* Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Louisiana9 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons, 2.240 lbs.). 102,024 118,071 142 4,886 1,152 10 255 49 11 336 315 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 584,787 484,268 7,908 3,738 74 15,309 13,087 22,013 15,393 20,897 21,101 13,786 9,095 2,045 4,342 4,252 42,503 36,205 84 19,406 9,402 5,308 8,655 8,680 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 30 74 882 138 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 1,654 4,172 2,849 2, 476 695 129 140 "iio" 8 74 100 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 3,354 (') 0) 0) 371 0) 0/ 0) 0) 140 (l) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 73,068 40,765 5,229 236 2,610 250 2,701 1,076 1,339 5,018 151 New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee...... Utah* Vermont Virginia Washington3... Wisconsin All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 6,355 2,572 30,124 41,146 156 1,608 2 168 59,606 70,234 74 208 228 125 35 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 4,693 12,784 201,534 164,981 45,729 27,570 11,777 13,391 60,344 42,324 2,896 6,521 4,961 4,136 47,400 28,690 394 6,245 5,158 8,403 11,231 65 35,441 20,539 7,887 110,678 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 10 215 552 972 Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gaso- line and other [volatile oils (bar- rels). 400 370 105 129 104 449 2,924 29 13 139 28 944 (l) 209 C1) 1,025 0) 0) 'W 566 0) 20 0) '"(Vf 0) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 491 1,647 29,076 11,401 746 572 4,626 6,351 24,180 9,207 42 104 284 2 2,282 60 1,853 279 * Included in figures for fuel oils. Figures not available for 1914. KNIT GOODS. 197 SPECIAL STATISTICS. SECTION 1. MATERIALS. Summary of materials for the United States.—Table 13 is a comparative summary relating to the quantity and cost of all materials used in the knit-goods indus- try for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 13.—Quantity and Cost of Materials Used in the Knit-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Materials, total cost Cotton: Domestic- Pounds Cost... Foreign - Pounds Cost. Carded and other pre- pared— Pounds Cost Waste purchased— Pounds Cost Wool: Domestic (in condition purchased.)— Pounds Cost Foreign (in condition purchased)— Pounds Cost Equivalent of above in scoured condition, pounds All other animal hair: Pounds Cost Recovered wool fiber, pur- chased: Pounds Cost Wool waste and noils, pur- chased: Pounds Cost Tops, purchased: Pounds Cost Raw silk, purchased: Pounds Cost Yarns, purchased: Cotton, not mercerized— Pounds Cost Cotton, mercerized— Pounds Cost Woolen— Pounds Cost..... Worsted- Pounds Cost Merino- Pounds^ Cost Silk and spun silk- Pounds Cost Artificial silk- Pounds Cost Linen, lute, and other vegetable fiber- Pounds Cost Chemicals and dyesturTs, cost. All other materials, cost Yarns made for consumption within same establishment: Cotton, pounds Woolen, pounds Worsted, pounds Merino, pounds |?427,095,570 1919 $146,687,458 {$110,2-11,053 92, 446,3S0 $30,3b7,995 603,93« $275,281 838,753 $262,772 24,832, 027 $4,857,149 3,706,825 $4,125, &>4 811,243 $934,968 4,116,365 705, S39 $339,577 5,367,065 S2,066,168 5,025, 522 $3,852,720 146,812 $240, 434 1,265,568 $9,340,769 1S6,892,109 $120,791,157 30,519,234 $49,403,099 5,383,926 $8,866,2S7 12,635,631 $32,14S, 641 6,965,256 $10,278,050 5,711,110 $49,222,061 4,153,546 $24,101,514 258,009 $182,774 $8,222,817 $67,195,453 87,003,037 5. S6l,147 532,694 17,239,895 1914 | 1909 86, 202, 432' $11,083,987 | 2,187, 776 j $360,919 1,920,124 $235, «32 24,303,514 $2,190,762 5,735,3% $2,436,524 1, 212,203 $530,959 6,072,257 690, 714 $153, 099 3, 4.53,682 $602,392 5,946,337 $1,827,122 265,216 $140,153 1,590,162 $6,331,413 189,851,716 $47, 405,667 15,672,427 $9,289,859 7,145,453 $4, 442, 765 14,305,333 $11,694,039 4,333,309 $2,380,702 1,913, 47S $7,510,872 1,257,243 $2,337,949 70,278 $60,839 $2,913,027 $32,758,577 75,970,761 7,714,761 231, 752 24,180,036 71,9*6,529 $8, 277, 508 3, 429, 494 $526,001 (') 0) 6, 596,0S1 $2,666,636 472,707 $252, 419 5,582, S39 191,344 $62,363 7,482,553 $919.970 8, 5S6,261 $2,813,129 121,565 $92,995 216,9S7, 611 $4S, 165,749 (l) (l) 6,140, 265 $3,834,094 10,370, 004 $10,116,325 1904 161, 500,466 $34,372,910 (l) CO 4,839,343 $2,798, 454 S, 789,570 §7, 457,690 4,014,609 1 2,568,890 $2,667,051; $1, US, 999 982,753 §3,606,599 h 241,754 1 $180,818' | $2,541,939 I $23,517,457 1 69,171,277 8,316,349 223,404 20,856,989 Principal materials used in the industry, by states.— A distribution, by states, of the principal materials used in the industry, according to quantity and cost, is given in Table 14. Table 14.—Principal Materials used in the Knit-Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. $76,789,348 48,668,643 $5,526,396 1,918,117 $342,921 (') (') (') 0) 16,170,183 $5,610,440 1,130, 433 $543, 418 13,909,144 89, 502 $51,877 7, 489,358 $923,719 6,020,459 $1,711,609 182,149 $116,773 320,671 $1,200,259 C1) 0) 62,617 $56,224 $1,677, 252 $13,277,347 39,954,890 V1) l) 1 Not reported separately. MATERIAL AND STATE. Cotton, raw !i$30,663,276 1919 Conne'ticut Georgia Massa husetts... New Hampshire. New York- North Carolina.., Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia All other states.. Oncn rot ton fiber, dyed, j bk-ached, or otherv\ise treated, purchased Cotton card laps Cotton waste. Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire New York Virginia All other states Wool: In condition purchased Connecticut ., Massachusetts.. Mi -higan ■ New Hampshire New YorK Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states . Equivalent of above in scoured condition Connecticut Massachusetts Michigan New Hampshire.. New YorK- , Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states.. Recovered wool fiber. New Hampshire.. New Yorn: All other states.. Wool waste and noils. Connerticut Michigan New York Pennsylvania... Wisconsin All other states. Tops. Connecticut New York All other states. Raw; New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states 562,944 2,462,301 5,129,928 234,095 11,338,970 5,155,400 350,654 3,064,243 I 31,769 | 2,352,972' I 113,147 149,625 4,857,149 109,828 293,638 174,719 3,981,772 94,700 202,492 * 5,060,852 QUANTITY (POUNDS). 1919 i 93,050,318 1914 » 88,390,208 1909 1 75,416,023 1,601.338 , 7,950', 262 j 16,421,615 665,020 34,604,413 14,169, 262 963,824 9,258,751 274,008 7,141,825 329,665 509J3S8 1,844,557 S, 738,066 14,369,989 1,247,298 39,560, 749 10,213,853 2,767,822 3,985,128 1,9.56,792 3, 705,964 1,920,124 24,832,027! 24,303,514 681,723 599,618 138,525 179,133 1,644,631 1,156,920 223,163 437,139 2,066,168 215,978 757.639 1,092; 501 3,852,720 381,895 1,054,916 595,339 20,778,9S4 47i; 784 1,549.109 688,320 458,286 19,624,939 945,546 2,586,423 < 4,518,068 | < 6,947,598 596,589 534,068 135,256 128,305 1,354,405 1,113,994 218,782 436,669 4,116,365 524, 501, 135, 128, 1,244, 1,015, 183, 381, 661 932 256 305 962 791 i 773 j 6S5! 1,090,505 313,877 255,880 172,081 2,787,835 582,590 528,758 1,216,072 6,072,257 1,971,512 4,043, .536 16,459, (353 1,3J 4,280 34,665,0-53 3,531,967 2,506,120 3,591,120 1,018,657 6,314,745 C2) (3) (3) <3) * 7,068,788 1,019,245 440,374 166,136 211,544 1,967,337 467,877 302,740 2,493,535 5,582,839 950,743 303,877 248,605 166,768 2,497,961 335,941 528,758 1,039,604 5,367,065 I 3,453,632 815,927 340,769 150,082 210,171 1,967,327 435,848 287,095 1,375,620 7,482,553 590,2S0 17,044 1,393,891 307,797 353,497 1,190,211 240,434 31,778 59,273 149,383 9.340,769 394,452 5,274,611 3,587,861 83,845 600,274! 2,197,971 j 2,568,820 j 608,904 1,742,352 1,102,426 5,025,522 j 5,946,337 826,903 j 13,463 | 1,785,285 i 4S1.14S! 607,351 I 1,311,367 811,613 210,922 2,602,559 636,390 428,988 1,255,865 146,812 j 265,216 17,394 43,S75 85,543 29,000 80,042 156,174 1,265,568 I 1,590,162 47,541 704,039 372,091 141,897 j 164,490 1,025,446 400,226 566,214 5,410,605 1,505,734 8,588,261 2,015,712 356,037 4,398,579 546', 497 199, S7S 1,069,558 121,565 33,783 66,914 15,868 (*) <*) (*) (5) 1 Includes for 1919, 603,938 pounds of foreign cotton, costing $275,281; for 1914, 2,187,776 pounds; and for 1909, 3,429,494 pounds. 2 Not reported separately. s Figurts not available; Included with "all other states." < Includes for 1919. 811,243 pounds of foreign wool, costing $934,96$; for 1914, 1,212,203 pounds; and lor 1909, 472,707 pounds. & Not reported. 198 MANUFACTURES. Table 14.—Principal Materials used in the Knit-Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. Table 14.—Principal Materials used in the Knit-Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. MATERIAL AND STATE. Cotton yarn, not mercerized. Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina .. Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia Wisconsin All other states.. Cotton yarn, mercerized. Connecticut.... Illinois Indiana Massachusetts.. Michigan New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin All other states. Woolen yarn Illinois Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota New Jersey New York Ohio..... Pennsylvania... Utah Vermont Wisconsin All other states. Worsted yarn California Connecticut. Illinois Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Utah Wisconsin All other states.. Merino yarn. Connecticut.... Illinois. Massachusetts.. Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... Wisconsin All other states. Silk yarn and spun-silk yarn. Connecticut... Indiana Massachusetts. New Jersey New York 1919 $120,791,157 186,892,109 189,851,716 j 216,987,611 1,645,869 279,480 414,037 129,435 1,834,503 5,477,779 1,719,170 825,036 6.008,948 2,321,199 3,971,346 1,820,943 1,618,735 31,351,296 6,402,229 4,110,410 30,482,876 S3,584,184 582,584 9,124,733 209,409 876,389 2,100,037 3,245,496 654,984 121,880 1,425,664 1,548,116 2,922,230 507,403 3,155,791 1,841,269 1,4-41,941 550,720 24,748,301 240,782 2,483,434 55,550 4,998,313 3,361,705 8,866,287 313,988 694,488 409,871 180,627 137,290 3,883,859 509,733 1,232,926 47,611 1,154,116 301,778 32,148,641! 49,403,099 30,512,234 15,672,427 741,700 970,883 792,454 3,036,087 482,590 185,247 690,086 1,091,747 11,324,766 1,966,945 6,718,728 1,592,792 247,361 1,680,590 596,665 10,278,050 166,473 4.16,529 1,526,978 222, 571 119, 390 2,155,136 1,059,102 1,755,730 423,770 489,537 1,943,834 49,222,061 QUANTITY (POUNDS). 1919 1,266,191 310,154 591,606 284,136 3,399,974 9,211,562 1,659,716 1,351,549 8,299,748 3,774,503 6,341,270 3,946,773 2,299,867 .53,325,500 9,781,189 6,629,906 43,371,847 4,619,065 931,272 13,611,690 187,943 1,483,390 4,083,901 5,297,497 831,860 5,383,926 208,972 374,808 501,228 92,672 70,109 2,042,342 345,001 646,-548 28,207 939,869 134,170 12,635,631 261,404 409,700 377,972 1,211,375 221,168 71,144 250,176 391,736 4,280,339 819,400 2,681,474 609,028 98,435 705,374 246,906 6,965,256 72,648 322,381 764,842 132,271 67,318 1,999,086 1,209,056 921,612 187,761 356,622 931,659 5,711,110 1914 1909 576, S 132, fl 1,539,8 936,7 4,886,4 6,677,7 1,420,2 2,000,5 6,963,7 2,366,6 1,794,1 3,712,7 2,264,6 86,676,6 9,527,4 4,207,2 59,035,9 4,609,8 632,0 4,746,9 201,2 1,181,3 5,017,1 4,804,7 1,073,5 7,145,453 472,487 123,022 565,249 47,338 195,572 3,133,302 776,308 611,845 17/387 46,803 838,740 317,400 6,140,265 187,752 113,368 449,928 42,420 154,248 ,186,332 773,371 618,809 11,271 *452," 896 149,870 14,305,333! 10,370,004 130,951 I 378,595 493,861 1,357,338 391,146 111,571 643,762 441,467 4,659,388 1,449,655 2,114,360 665,977 170,358 969,424 327,480 4,333,309 71,467 1,027,047 1,593,053 3,268,261 9,078,746 90,919 469,100 558,101 105,879 43,341 668,811 1,107,919 339,279 85,966 118,549 715,442 1,913,478 80,046 416,566 287,276 619,140 306,325 110,190 733,465 338,566 3,232,368 1,095,829 1,684,786 597,037 91,872 568,093 208,445 4,011,609 46,178 297,119 466,747 149,591 35,139 925,440 S43,181 389,296 311,618 238,931 308,339 982,753 7,139 2 Not reported separately. 3 Figures not available; included with "all other states." MATERIAL AND STATE. COST. QUANTITY (POUNDS). Silk yarn and spun-silk yarn—Con tin nod. 1919 1919 1914 1909 Ohio S74,346 22,576,841 8,991 2,603,469 84,998 803,550 405,810 20,796 877,180 38,281 250,467 22,900 38,582 20,036 Pennsylvania Rhode Island 651,422 7,305,774 3,575,104 98,640 264,453 111,629 Wisconsin Linen, jute, and other vege- table fiber yarn 182,774 288,009 70,278 241,754 Pennsylvania 1,692 181,082 1,645 286,364 22,743 47,535 16,975 225,779 All other states Additional materials, by states.—In addition to the materials shown in the foregoing table certain other materials used in the industry, and reported separately for the first time in connection with the census of 1919, are shown, by states, in Table 15. Table 15.—Quantity and Cost of Materials not Reported Separately at Previous Censuses: 1919. MATEKIAL AND STATE. Silk yarn (organzine and tram). Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Sewing thread, cotton Connecticut Georgia Illinois Massachusetts Michigan - Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee. Vermont Virginia • Wisconsin All other states Sowing thread, silk Illinois Massachusetts Now York... Pennsylvania All other states Quantity (pounds). 5,073,854 49,102 165,421 353,993 1.060,050 2,271,999 766,507 406,782 2,529,680 Buttons, pearl Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Vermont Virginia Wisconsin All other st ates Buttons, other than pnarl. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota New Jersey New York , Ohio Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island... Virginia Wisconsin All other states.. 35,163 32,734 23,244 158,948 68,928 31,823 34,572 25,549 ,057,430 162,755 53,025 484,927 .114,622 71,086 36,299 81,149 57,426 65,832 8,723 3,392 21,322 22,127 10,268 Gross. 5,351,529 99,227 49,942 479,523 120,022 366,966 44,256 2,265,556 225,817 415,867 75,044 326,347 153,880 69,101 91,579 568,402 1,479,107 9,112 12,915 28,673 16,920 84,357 2,369 729,099 64,065 378,565 36,804 44,291 41,132 30,805 Cost. $44.238,372 414,322 1,411,759 3,263,730 8,654,052 20,137,777 6,971,951 3,384,781 3,829,796 64,966 42,107 50,253 257,322 125,678 63,312 51,945 53,779 1,507,318 199,493 99,857 762,604 153,623 106,798 49,538 134,934 106,269 $563,024 15,624 32,766 274,788 173,361 66,486 2,290,295 43,068 20,399 212,351 42,333 137,286 31,796 1,013,239 102,116 175,895 25,707 140,888 68,322 22,841 40,229 213,825 873,136 4,173 126,189 40,823 26,696 21,877 4,767 324,619 77,114 172,097 7,684 11,907 37,891 17,299 KNIT GOODS. 199 Yarn and sewing thread mannfactured for own nse.— Table 16 gives the quantity of yarn and sewing thread manufactured, by states, during 1919 for consumption within the same establishment where it was made. Table 16.—Yarn and Sewing Thread Manufactured in Knitting Mills for Consumption Within Same Establish- ment: 1919. Table 17.—Quantity and Value of Products of the Knit- Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. YARN. THEE AD. STATE. Cotton. Woolen (carded). Worst- ed Merino (cotton- mixed). All other. Cotton. Silk. (comb- ed). United States.... Connecticut Pounds. 87,063,037 Pounds. 5,861,147 Pounds. 532,694 Pounds. 17,239,895 Pounds. 2,276,640 Pounds. 134,715 Lbs. 593 46,378 16,925,522 7,689,061 125,399 4,068,105 727,028 478,721 19,000 1,409,459 805,641 143 New Hampshire— New York 68,980 42,550,565 8,231,650 1,646,720 869,268 3,083,198 53,240 188,279 1,227,223 5,204,561 501,739 73,075 12,550 North Carolina T* An r> ^vl van i a 23,045 746,896 31,954 Tennessee 7,498,940 1,128,960 596,382 17,605 31,621 Wisconsin 376,719 303,168 242,799 29,376 506,304 3,271,706 All other states 2,279,822 17,326 593 PRODUCTS. Summary of products for the United States.—A detailed summary of the products for the industry in the United States is shown comparatively in Table 17 for the census years 1904 to 1919, inclusive. Table 17.—Quantity and Value of Products of the Knit- Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Products, total value1. Hosiery: Dozen pairs Value Hose- Dozen pairs Value Cotton- Dozen pairs Value Wool- Dozen pairs Value Merino— Dozen pairs Value Silk- Dozen pairs Value Silk-mixed— Dozen pairs Value Half-hose— Dozen pairs Value Cotton- Dozen pairs Value Wool- Dozen pairs Value Merino- Dozen pairs — Value Silk- Dozen pairs Value Silk-mixed— Dozen pairs Value... —... 1919 $713,139,6S9 1914 5258,912,903 84,645,757 |$308,662,377 51,425,340 5216,651,368 36,835,602 $105,647,876 a 395,268 s $2,139,960 1,029,371 H 456,430 * 2,589,358 $25,337,019 10,575,741 $79,070,053 33,220,417 $92,011,009 23,777,740 S47,S49,610 651,782 §3,256,910 3,164,007 810,541,696 « 1,926,995 6 $9,758,019 3,699,893 $20,604,774 75,164,911 $98,09S, 590 44,186,412 S63,144,569 36,952,380 $38,390,194 1,369,492 $2,548,047 723,433 $1,414,118 2,354,648 $13,851,251 2,786,459 $§,9-10,959 30,978,499 $34,954,021 24,457,195 $21,241,280 616,341 $1,327,439 2,335,861 $3,384,831 1,305,792 $4,701,969 2,263,310 $4,29S,502 1909 $200,143,527 $137,076,454 62,825,069 $68,721,825 2 34,933,976 |* $31,503,427 32,499,104 $24,078,622 1,166,429 $2,358,106 834,029 $1,466,283 3 -134,414 2 $3,600,416 <») (a) 27,891,093 $27,218,398 24,805,917 $21,831,365 1,061,535 $2,087,121 2,023.641 $3,299,912 1904 44,186,063 $44,113,260 3 26,041,87S |* $26,674,346 24,169,804 $22,764,799 1,083,783 $2,205,080 746,226 $1,1S2,164 M2,065 a$522,303 (&) IS, 144,185 $17,438,914 15,223,213 $11,821,830 1,309,876 $3,402,406 1,611.066 $2,214,678 8 i In addition, knit goods, in 1919 to the value of $8,374,682, iu 1914 to the value of $5,088,033, and in 1909 to the value of $2,975,749, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. * Includes silk half-hose. > Includes worsted. « Includes 740,804 dozen pairs artificial silk, valued at $3,737,621. * Not reported separately. «Includes 846,170 dozen pairs artificial silk, valued at $2,906,113, 'Included in silk hose. 1919 Shirts and drawers: Dozens Value Cotton- Dozens Value..-' Wool- Dozens Value Merino— 'Dozens Value Silk- Dozens Value Silk-mixed— Dozens Value All other- Dozens Value Union suits: Dozens Value. Cotton- Dozens Value Wool- Dozens Value Merino— Dozens Value..-. Silk- Dozens Value. Silk-mixed— Dozens Value All other- Dozens Value Bathing suits: Dozens Value Leggings: Dozen pairs - Value Gloves and mittens: Dozen pairs Value Knitted headwear (except in- fants): Dozens ■ Value ■ Sweaters, sweater coats, jer- sevs, cardigan jackets, etc.: Dozens Value Scarfs and shawls: Dozens Value 1914 1909 1904 17,180,404 $98,286,403 14,655,963 $72,564,633 315,642 $3,055,521 1,848,863 $19,621,964 85,852 $1,404,231 9 274,084 I 8$1,640,054; (») (») 9,211,032 !$105,243,S80 7,518,516 $71,122,386 76,701 $2,003,011 1,133,750 $21,415,647 49,388 $1,313,131 432,677 $9,389,705 All other fancy knit goods, value, Fleece lining (shoeand glove): Square yards Value Eider down: Square yards Value Jersey cloth and stockinette: Square yards Value Tricolette: Square yards..... Value All other knitted cloth: Square yards Value Yarns for sale: Cotton- Pounds Value - Woolen— Pounds Value Worsted— Pounds Value Merino— Pounds, Value Cotton waste: , Pounds 1 Value ■ 21,758,775 j $57,523,051 i i 19,735,898 i $43,097,937 373,045 $3.448,575 1,434,504 $9,22S,6S6 69,786 $1,214,609 43,118 $313,439 102,424 $219,805 6,272,515 $35,596,034 5,468,730 $25,617,815 25,337,779 $69,592,817 i 22,567,121 $50,007,598 178,163 $1,820,521 2,536,473 $17,055,624 « 56,022 s $709,074 (10) (10) (6> (s) 2,473,103 $14,853,536 2,047,637 $9,713,597 301,393 $6,644,906 4,635 $62,510 3,571,123 $19,530,411 557,732 $3,996,398 2,132,581 $61,094,341 298,237 $4,054,859 $16,321,888 6,581,183 $2,521,369 941,017 $1,174,592 30,344,402 $28,690,935 5,051,639 17,172,431 26,889,695 $9,78S,41S 17,493,355 $9,834', 118 451,804 $937,497 22,833 $61,262 324,638 $242,76" 15,452,314 $1,490,933 Old bagging and ties, value...! $54,823 Contract work, value ;$8,771,09-1 All other products, value I $S, 501,477 147,221 $2,490,815 50,102 $683,289 486,128 $5,706,102 364,387 $4,217,432 31,714 $886,248 is 10,977 is $239,218 29,895 $393,618 (13) (13) 108,827 $501,436 (*) 274,454 £2,033,889 (6) (») 74,901 $313,952 65,326 $192,242 2,470,183 $10,519,613 2,527,889 $7,296,SS7 987.178 $3,456; 326 888,223 $3,217,985 2,249,142 $26,195,002 2,221.410 $22,430;S17 63.264 $713,545 218,923 $916,294 $3,196,979 $2,392,927 6,221,601 $670,095 9,726,770 $1,209,464 1,076,995 $516,957 1,298,322 $442,431 10,593,986 $4,378,544 i 3,111,272 ! 1784,255 h I (*) i (5) 1,854,851 $1,251,653 410,207 $269,323 17,052,510 $3,990,349 7,457,412 $1,568,417 "117,634 u $64,499 1*488,322 15 $217,114 (w) (le) 183,147 $70,905 12,999,218 $628,944 $24,452 $3,649,274 (s) $1,082,485 $6,014,250 $4,954,70S 19,723,141 $56,643,860 17,107,958 $39,658,762 4S5.32S $3,647; 934 2,113.810 $13,03i;754 s 16,045 e $305,410 (10) (10) (•) (») 1,440,420 $6,793,947 1,260,301 $4,478,664 68,067 $965,132 105,242 $1,199,949 13 6,810 12 $150,202 (13) (W) (5) (6) 8 122,462 $619,998 2,260,508 $5,556,260 589,315 $1,774,862 811,629 $8,345,369 435,306 $1,293,348 $2, US, 842 11,768,961 $1,249, 401 4,843,939 $1,018,981 3,354,026 $1,145,127 (6) (6) 455 274 $35-1,316 3,304,615 $654,234 62,653 $14,268 232, S69 $230,836 196,037 $100,745 (5) h (?) $208,167 $-1,840,633 * Includes silk-mixed. , . s Includes all other shirts and drawers to avoid disclosure of individual operations. io Included in silk shirts and drawers, u Included in silk-mixed shirts and drawers, is Includes silk-mixed union suits. 13 Included in silk union suits. n Includes worsted yarn to avoid disclosure of individual operations. i* Includes woolen, worsted, and merino yarns. 16 Included in woolen yarn to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 200 MANUFACTURES. Products for the industry, by states.—Table 18 pre- sents statistics with reference to the quantity and value of the chief products of the industry according to location, by states, where they were manufactured. Table 18.—Comparative Summary of Products of the Knit- Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. FBODUCT ANT> STATE, 1919 Hosiery $308,662,377 Alabama I 2, Connecticut !1, Delaware Georgia Illinois Maryland Massachusetts Michigan • New Hampshire— New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio ■ Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin All other states Cotton Alabama Delaware Georgia Illinois Maryland Massachusetts. New Hampshire. New Jersey North Carolina.. Pennsylvania— South Carolina... Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin All other states.. Hose Alabama Georgia.. Illinois Maryland Massachusetts — New Hampshire. New Jersey , North Carolina.. Pennsylvania— South Carolina... Tennessee., Virginia Wisconsin All other states.. Half-hose Georgia Illinois Maryland Massachusetts.. North Carolina.. Pennsylvania... South Carolina.. Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin All other states. 19, 124, 3, 2, 22, k 15, 732,369 214,648 844,881 822,523 297,551 875,176 474,521 225,868 494,816 709,728 180,392 553,767 277,469 962,543 470,253 001,784 269,832 228,067 722,935 303,254 497,486 732,369 350,757 704,848 635,100 718,315 025,585 538,716 758,786 256,273 132,833 001,784 759,258 228,067 707,337 947,458 647,876 261,645 086,447 746,757 244,000 309,816 538,716 737,536 956,499 938,858 291,311 800,919 537,206 729,551 468,615 47,849,610 3,618,401 2,888,343 474,315 1,715,769 6,299,774 19,193,975 710,473 3,958,339 690,861 2,977,786 5,321,574 153, 2, 10, 1, k 19, 44, % 20, 2 17; 12, 105, I i; 1, 2, 12, 24, 1, 16, 1, 14, Wool ;1 5.396,870 New Hampshire { i 556,601 Pennsylvania. I * 339,063 Wisconsin > i 546,331 All other states !i 3,954,875 Merino 14,998,126 New Hampshire j 4,243,051 A11 other states j 10,755,075 Silk \ 28,451,334 Massachusetts \ 1,846,853 New Jersey 1,736,515 New York 1,800,337 Pennsylvania ;10,719,081 Wisconsin \ 5,462,853 All other states I 6,886,695 1919 Doz. pairs. 84,645,757 1,108,379 376,585 329,120 5,003,420 5,281,621 829,743 5,890,020 582,638 2,089,550 2,812,652 910,406 9,176,861 605,630 29,097,288 505,576 1,012,533 8,842,082 1,387,716 5,253,269 3,550,065 60,613,342 1,108,379 206,120 4,967,042 4,484,480 783,6S1 1,990,675 657,326 1,175,459 9,431,825 17,722,549 1,012,533 8,643,3/9 1,387,716 3,654,564 3,387,674 36,835,602 854,309 2,896,809 2,779,386 557,043 1,213,330 657,326 1,170,459 5,5.50, 547 8,273,195 530,969 6,672,904 1,072,716 2,438,452 2,168,157 23,777,740 2,070,233 1,705,094 226.638 777,345 3,533,078 9,449,354 431,504 1,970,S65 315,000 1,216,112 2,032,457 » 1,047,050 * 152,309 163,926 1 120,243 * 710,572 4,193,378 1,253,977 2,939,401 2,929,379 152,898 96,380 10-1,301 1,212,464 536,391 826,945 1914 1909 586,334 544,475 693,416 4,651,961 4,238,360 731,754 4,528,469 761,770 2,597,949 855,252 272,663 8,762,607 594,199 I 29,855,896 1 580,084 I 983,871 I 5,537,249 1 1,524,174 i 3,631,394 j 3,233,034 j 61,409,575 586,334 693,416 4,651,961 3,686,091 669,954 3,791,779 1,034,358 364,497 8,746,982 23,383,766 983, 871 5,426,052 1,524,174 2,567,571 3,298,769 36,952,380 498,809 2,515,163 2,046,650 339,646 3,097,784 962,116 302,918 5,917,709 11,719,660 377,123 4,464,822 1,127,595 1,176,617 2,405,768 24,457,195 2,136,798 1,639,441 330,308 693,995 2,829,273 11,664,106 606,748 961,2,30 396,579 1,390,954 1,807,763 1,985,833 495,565 413,660 275,406 801,202 3,059,294 1,0.53,502 2,005,792 3,660,440 108,106 368,193 195,392 1,990,922 557,086 440,741 8 Table 18.—Comparative Summary of Products of the Knit- Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. 373,500 560,100 661,104 3,726,330 3,550,613 866,476 4,506,960 605,589 2,681,273 850,932 355,687 5,811,340 400,275 27,832,601 554,194 855,431 3,267,156 715,807 2,373,261 2,276,440 57,305,021 373,500 661,104 3,726,330 3,069,634 825,921 4,280,266 1,186,912 752,452 5,806,140 27,139,582 855,431 3,267,156 715,807 2,042,952 2,601,834 32,499,104 288,352 1,226,235 1,188,667 271,467 3,508,546 1,164,666 656,239 3,879,392 13,876,893 159,404 2,420,817 495,803 1,143,366 2,221,257 24,805,917 2,600,095 1,880,967 544,454 773,720 1,926,748 13,2432,689 698,027 846,339 220,004 899,586 1,255,288 2,227,964 991,105 428,918 128,894 679,047 2,857,670 503,256 2,354,414 2 434,411 (3; 2 145,497 2 77,600 » 211,317 PROPITCT ANP STATE. 1919 Hosierv—Continued. Silk-mixed ...j $99,674,215 Massachusetts j 9,007,470 NewJersev 11,968,972 New York' I 6 019,973 Pennsylvania j 63,831,934 Wisconsin ... 2,289,023 AH other sta tes 6,556,843 Artificial silk \ & 6,644,346 Pennsvlvania j 2,691,441 All other states 5 3,952,905 Shirts and drawers - i 98,286,403 Connecticut Georgia Massachusetts... Michigan New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island— Vermont Virginia All other states.. Cotton Connecticut Georgia Massachusetts.. Michigan New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... Virginia All other states. Wool Connecticut Massachusetts.. New York All other states. Merino Connecticut..... Massachusetts.. New York Pennsylvania... All other states. All other. Union suits . Massachusetts.. Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Wisconsin All othor states. Cotton Massachusetts.. Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Ml other states. Wool New York Utah All other states. Merino Massachusetts.. Now York Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... All other states. 674,795 283,037 115,392 570,563 263,767 086,351 416,624 559,166 231,135 844,886 050,359 871,424 036,780 282,124 72,564,633 373,115 283,037 5,610,905 1,413,178 814,505 37,411,522 3,559,166 14,587,505 504,970 2,036,780 5,969,950 13,055,521 1342,361 (7) 1 1,257,718 1 1,455,442 19,621,964 3,883,483 8 3,452,849 7,717,556 986,875 3,581,201 Silk 1 1,404,231 New York i 783,681 All other states I 620,550 Silk-mixed , p 1,640,054 Massachusetts 726,638 AD other states 913,416 105,243,880 8,980,931 3,228,941 36,267,304 5,862,351 14,712,349 8,046,424 33,145,580 71,122,386 3,300,839 908,396 29,205,961 658,636 13,074,126 23,974,428 1 2,003,011 115,264 1 135,753 i 1,851,994 21,415,647 1,487,359 4,447,321 3,957,755 509,412 416,119 10,597,681 QUANTITY. 1919 Doz. pairs. 14,275,459 2,496,236 1,488,466 451,682 8,468,165 370,952 999,958 1,587,149 749,433 837,716 Dozens. 17,180,404 38,291 1,343,023 719,470 213,761 146,734 6,924,699 417,219 38,727 5,171,882 165,638 107,684 347,391 1,205,917 14,655,963 44,962 38,291 926,583 695,514 109,726 6,041,257 417,219 5,035,935 77,356 347,391 921,729 1315,642 i 21.278 (7) i 154,993 1 139.371 1,848,863 268,043 8 294,855 630,355 110,068 545,542 85,852 29,690 ,56,162 » 274,084 92,141 181,943 9,211,032 525,187 263,431 3,127,856 223,757 2,250,825 166,335 2,653,641 7,518,516 262,626 88,946 2,731,093 54,745 2,172,792 2,208,314 i 76,701 i 1,272 i 4,116 i 71,313 1,133,750 73,018 301,352 98,530 33,721 40,597 586,532 1914 Doz. pairs. 5,049,769 405,295 119,372 11,610 4,066,978 144,297 302,217 Dozens. 21,758,775 505,219 185,600 1,354,538 833,089 135,359 181,999 9,203,882 686,519 70,176 6,524,131 145,275 145,453 838,056 949,479 19,735,898 131,988 185,600 1,142,782 816,960 150,908 8,466,807 686,519 6,340,164 133,809 83S.056 842,305 373,045 53,360 32,695 161,794 125,196 1,434,504 315,804 145,781 484,268 163,765 69,786 53,603 16,183 43,118 25,280 17,838 102,424 6,272,515 408,445 132,304 2,638,635 291,491 1,415,583 132,744 1,253,313 5,468,730 238,256 103,588 2,528,302 219,704 1,388,936 989,944 147,221 28,333 3,916 114,973 486,128 82,990 51,470 62,986 18,057 23,472 247,153 (See footnotes at end of table, on next page.) KNIT GOODS. 201 Table 18.—Comparative Summaby of Products of the Knit- Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Union suits—Continued. Silk Siik-niixed Massachusetts.. All other states. All other ...... 1919 $1,313,131 9,389,705 4,192,733 5,196,972 :ew York All other states. Gloves and mittens. Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Wisconsin All other states.. Bathing suits California Massachusetts.. New York Ohio... Pennsylvania... All other states. Knitted headwear (except in- fants') New York Ohio Wisconsin AH other states Sweaters, sweater coats, jerseys, cardigan jackets, etc Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Scarfs and shawls... New York Ohio All other states. 62,510 62,031 479 19,530,411 157,017 14,061,935 336,345 2,669,452 1,458,981 846,681 6,644,906 1,247,027 907,620 2,184,669 210,000 1,248,143 847,447 3,996,398 917,624 1,872,642 932,505 273,627 61,094,341 1,729,040 2,992,021 2,051,686 32,980,487 4,974,242 9,559,785 4,131,154 2,675,926 4,054,859 2,027,853 890,030 1,136,976 1919 1914 Dozens. 49,388 432,677 189,543 243,134 4,635 4,603 32 3,571,123 24,652 2,562,380 142,876 380,319 323,442 137,454 301,393 34,757 42,079 96,267 5,400 77,608 45,282 557,732 91,936 319,924 113,783 32,089 2,132,581 32,350 108,729 34,234 1,24S, 952 165,414 288,054 103,746 151,092 298,237 1S7,017 32,130 79,090 Dozen*. 31,714 29,895 18,651 11,244 108,827 74,901 65,029 9,872 2,470,183 120,449 1,340,479 253,137 310,939 251,820 193,359 274,454 15,512 6,328 123,553 3,285 117,044 8,732 987,178 177,235 | 537,175 181,236 91,532 2,249,142 25,556 94,857 68,098 1,464,606 150,295 304,550 85,439 55,741 63,264 8,837 41,443 12,984 1909 Dozens. a 10,977 65,326 52,107 13,219 2,527,889 245,797 1,195,140 319,522 284,931 368,157 114,342 (6) P > (6) («) 888,223 124,301 272,478 322,688 168,756 2,221,410 22,286 40,544 70,772 1,656,336 115,457 221,700 54,292 40,023 218,923 9,800 122,080 87,043 Table 18.—Comparative Summary of Products of the Knit- Goods Industry, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. All other fancy knit goods. New York Ohio Pennsylvania l ■: All other states Fleece lining (shoe and glove). Rhode Island All other states Eider down.. Jersey cloth and stockinette. New York Pennsylvania All otKer states QUANTITT. 816,321, 7,189, 953, 7,103, 1,075, 1919 1914 1909 2,521, 557, 1,963, 569 Too 614 j: Sq. yards. \ 6,581,183 1,160, 744 5,420,439 Sq. vards. Q, 221.601 5, S31,m 890.333 I So. yards. 9,726,770 6,6S6,112 3,040,658 1,174,592 | 28.690,935 12;153,590 7, S93,118 8,644,227 Trieolette | 17,172,431 New York ;14,531,058; Pennsylvania 109,619 All otHer states 2,531,754 Other knitted cloth i 9,788,418 Yarns for sale: Cotton !9,834,118 Georgia 1,947.573 "* 3,404^985 941,017 1,076,995 i 1,298,322 30,344,402 i 11)484,919 3, 955,284 14,904,199 5,051,639 4,369,064 38,000 644,575 10,593,986 8,507,954! 1,223,689 862,343 3,111,272 2,053,563 177,766 879,943 New York All other states ;4,481,560 26,889,695; 1,854,851 Pounds.': 17,052,510! 3,340,124 8,235,253 5,477,133 17,493,355! 3,462,853: 6,338,475! 7,692,027 ] 410,207 Pounds, 7,457,412 276,604 2,499,483 4,681,325 I 1 Includes worsted. 3 Includes silk-mixed goods. s Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. < Included with silk. * Includes "All other half-hose" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 6 Not reported separately. 7 Included in merino to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 8 Includes woolen to avoid disclosure of individual operations. »Includes some linen to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Principal products, by geographic divisions.—A distribution of the quantity and value of the principal products for the industry are shown, by geographic divisions, in the United States in Table 19. 202 ANUFACTURES. Table 19.— PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS OF THE KNIT-GOODS INDUSTRY, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. DIVISION AND YEAR. United States: 1919 1914 1909 .1904 New England: 1919. 1914 1909.. 1904 Middle Atlantic: 1919 1914 1909 1904 East North Central: 1919 1914 1909 1904 West North Central: 1919 1914 1909 1904 South Atlantic: 1919 1914 1909 1904 East and West South Central: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Mountain and Pacific: 1919 1914 1909 1904..... Production in st ates which can not he dis- tributed by geographic divisions without disclosing individual operations: 1904 Number of estab- lish- ments. 2,051 1,622 1,374 1,144 Percent of total. New England: 1919 1914 1909 . 1904 Middle Atlantic: 1919 1914 1909 1904 East North Central: 1919 1914 1909 1904 West North Central: 1919 1914 1909 1904 South Atlantic: 1919 1914 1909..... 1904 East and West South Central: 1919 1914 1909.. 1904 Mountain and Pacific: 1919 1914 1909.... 1904 Production in states which can not be dis- tributed by geographic divisions without disclosing individual operations: 1904 Total value. §713,139,689 258,912,903 200,143,527 137,076,454 149 161 137 136 1,379 1,043 861 676 203 197 183 159 18 18 18 10 183 129 119 100 79 36 33 24 40 38 23 14 25 100.0 7.3 9.9 10.0 11.9 67.2 64.3 62.7 59.1 9.9 12.1 13.3 13.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 K.O 8.7 8.7 3.9 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 2.2 87,778,875 33,425,513 30,990,884 24,807,979 407,490,516 150.232,240 120,598,043 79,681,629 101,858,213 38,295,010 26,633,881 18,435,357 15,132,958 5,097,S60 2,607,647 1,202,586 56,796,893 21,235,420 13,770,901 0,243,665 39,496,067 8,989,952 4,581,498 2,088,069 4,5S6,167 1,636,908 960,673 683,391 933,778 100.0 12. 3 12. 9 15. 5 18. 1 57. 1 58. 0 60. 3 58. 1 14. 3 14. 8 13. 3 13. 4 2. 1 2. 0 1. 3 0. 9 8. 0 8. 2 Principal products. Value. 3592,817,412 227,932,290 182,895,882 121,452,696 6.9 6.7 5.5 3.5 2.3 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 70,013,725 29,997,133 27,884,676 20,06S, 978 327,890,924 129,994,040 111,280,584 72,669,422 89,453,023 1 33,631,736! 22,641,245: 15,073,180! 14,523,123! 4,924,509 | 2,418,496 1,0S0,253; 51,559,075 ] 19,579,953 13,423,965 9,028,126! 36,504,674; 8,551,051! 4,405,383! 2,084,949 1 2,S72,S6S: 1,253, 868! 841,533 i 556,224 891,564 100.0 11.8 13.2 15.2 16.5 55.3 57.0 60. 8 59.8 15.1 14.8 12.4 12.4 2.4 2.2 1.3 0.9 8.7 8.6 7.3 7.4 6.2 3.7 2.4 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 Quantity. Hosiery (dozen pairs).I 84,645,757 75,164,911 62,825,069 44,186,063 9,009,563 8,356,560 8,409,837 6,222,109 32,820,346 30,9.83,811 29,039.220 21,662,943 12,779,873 10,223,443 7,782,722 5,331,986 322,925 313,625 302,880 128,219 18,736,665 18,209,105 13,070,504 7,739,948 10,970,424 7,072,247 4,213,253 2,204,093 5,961 6,120 6,653 7,285 SS9,4S0 | Shirts and drawers (dozens). Union suits (dozens). 17,180,404 21,758,775 25,337,779 19,723,141 I 9,211,032 6,272,515 2,473,103 1,440,420 2,170,074 I 2,287,144 i 2,758,239! 2,336,507 | 12,243,315 i 15,910,012 I 19,374,641 14,575,705 I 1,076,153 1,147,069 1,091,844 821,134 286,918 209,428 106,735 150,954 100.0 I 1,806,345 1,585,542 1,558,064 500,483 391,632 406,439 273,471 34,575 7,145 14,339 6,679 627 100.0 1,003,528 720,076 447,005 170,992 5,387,507 4.120,264 1,436,323 987,682 789,062 654,933 329,004 115,684 675,738 424,110 100,066 io.6: n.i; 13.4 i 14.1! 38.8 ■11.2 46.2 •19. 0; 15.1; 13.6 i 12.4 12.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 22.1 24.2 20.8 17.5 13.0 9.4 6.7 5.0 (') (') 0) 0) 2.0 12.6 10.5 10.9 11.8 71.2 73.1 76.5 73.9 6.3 5.3 4.3 4.2 1.7 1.0 0.4 0.8 497,406 196,035 134,858 155,159 798,977 141,999 4.000 3,750 58,814 15,098 21,847 7,047 100.0 10.9 11.5 18.1 11.9 58.5 65.7 58.1 8.6 10.4 13.3 8.0 7.3 6.8 4.0 Sweaters, cardigan jackets, etc. (dozens). 2,132,581 2,249,142 2,221,410 811,629 174,448 111,774 46,051 17,446 1,571,250 1,837,254 1,948,808 707,619 307,802 268,232 201,925 70,635 7,731 5,915 14,037 7,814 5,830 90 50 1,865 71,350 18,272 10,499 7,876 189 100.0 8.2 5.0 2.1 2.1 73.7 81.7 87.7 87.2 14.4 11.9 9.1 8.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 1,0 5.1 8.3 6.3 7.9 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 (') 0 0) • (') 5.4 3.1 5.5 10.8 8.7 2.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0,2 0.9 0.5 (') (') 0) 3.3 0.8 0.5 1.0 (') Gloves and mittens (dozen pairs). 3,571,123 2,470,183 2,527,889 2,260,508 67,594 38,164 56,542 81,159 2,972,912 1,673,332 1,480,071 903,376 526,364 758,656 991,076 1,275,973 2,643 200 1,547 10 100.0 1.9 1.5 2.2 3.6 83.3 67.7 58.5 40.0 14.7 30.7 39.2 56.4 0.1 (0 * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. KNIT GOODS. 208 Production of men's, women's, and children's knit goods,—Table 20 gives the quantity and value of the various kinds of knit goods manufactured within the industry for men's, women's, and children's wear. Table 20.—Products of the Knit-Goods Industry, for Men's, Women's, and Children's Wear: 1919. Total. Total value. $623,897,973 Hosiery: Dozen pairs. Value Hose— Dozen pairs. Value Cotton, not mercer- ized— Dozen pairs Value Cotton, mercerized— Dozen pairs Value Woolen- Dozen pairs Value Worsted— » Dozen pairs Value Merino— Dozen pairs Value Silk- Dozen pairs Value Silk-mixed 1— Dozen pairs Value Artificial silk- Dozen pairs Value Half-hose— Dozen pairs Value Cotton, not mercer- ized— Dozen pairs Value Cotton, mercerized— Dozen pairs Value Woolen— Dozen pairs Value i.. Worsted- Dozen pairs Value.. '$1,310;072 Merino— Dozen pairs I 3,164,007 Value I $10,541,696 Silk- I Dozen pairs I 1,080, S25 Value I $6,851,906 Silk-mixed—! Dozen pairs | 3,699,893 Value Artificial silk- Dozen pairs Value— Shirts and drawers: Dozens Value Cotton, not mercerized— Dozens Value Cotton, mercerized— Dozens Value Woolen— Dozens Valuo Worsted- Dozens Value Merino- Dozens— Value. Silk- Dozens Value Silk-mixed »— Dozens— Value Union suits: Dozens Value Cotton, not mercerized— Dozens Value 84,645,757 $308,662,377 51,425,340 |$216,651,368 29,208,182 $72,705,340 7,627,420 $32,942,536 315,836 $1,809,141 79,432 $330,819 1,029,371 $4, 456,430 1,848,554 $21,599,42S 10,575,741 $79,070,053 740,804 $3,737,621 33,220,417 $92,011,009 19,486,330 $36,975,182 4,291,410 $10,874,428 428,238 $1,946,838 223,544 $243,683,348 Mon. Women. Children. Table 20.—Products of the KxNit-Goods Industry, for Men's, Women's, and Children's Wear: 1919—Con. $288,704,288 | $91,510,337 34,494,417 $95,601,925 30,704,335! 19,447,005 $166,307,184 | $46,753,268 3,364,661 | 30,282,287 j 17,778,392 $11,404,581 11162,431,428 ; $42,815,359 2,223,127 $4,684,396 416,841 $2,391,162 199,7So $1,303,283 17,451 $73,831 I i 216.285 $1,212,525 74,061 $579,766 13,585,993 '< 13,399,062 $38,420,376 j $29,600,568 4,096,355 I $21,975,221 i 32,251 $230,414 j 8,518; $64,053; 223,439; $1,146,245 | 1,761,314; $20,938,574; 217,111 9,853,613 I $1,159,618 $76,018,924! 720,804! $3,637,621; 31,129, 756 $84,197,344 422,048! $3,875,756 1 3,000 $4,050 i 3,114,224 $8,576,1.53 83,800 $275,444 53, 463 $192,935 589,647 $2,097,660 13,179 $81,0,88 505,017 $1,891.511 20,000 $100,000 1,668,613 $3,937,909 278,170 $498,607 19,205,160 i $36,472,525 2,960,513 !1,330,897 $7,726,246 ■ $3,148,182 1,295 $4,351 13,026 i $SS, 565 j 426,943 1 $1,942,4S7 210,518 . $1,221,504; 3,164,007 i $10,541,696 | 1,032,377 j $6,312,976' 3,254,065 j $17,073,797 I 846,170! : $2,906,113! 7,371,403 i 7,056,670 2,752,331 $57; 701, 424 j $29,662, SI 1 $10,922,168 37,085 $166,601 368.937 $3,3161537 $20,604,774 | 846,170 $2,906,113; 17,180,404! $98,256,403 14,63S,834 i; 6,104,693! 6,709,611 $72,382,983 || $40,459,339 | $26; 006,975 \ 11,363 $72,329 46,888 $214,440 17,129 $181,650: 268,248 I $2,428,191 i 47,394; $627,330 1,848,863; $19,621,96-1 j 85,852' $1,401,231 274,0S4 $1,640,051 9,211,032 $105,243,880 !, 1,430 I $7S,300; 197,701 j $2,043,304! 44,255! $607,604 , 935,582 $14,066,385 425 $26,675 87,297 $419,917 3,426,527 3,710,61' $51,476,404 ! $37,396,7s1 15,372 j $100,601 j 3,974 I $76,887 $1,675 I 198,244! $1,670,052 I 84,947 1 $1,370,237 1 44,317! $436,381! 7,492,628 $70,658,381 1 Includes "All oth,er" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 2,524,012 3,229,797 $31,438,460 j $26", 804,927 1,824,530 $5,916,669 307 $2,749 66,573 $308; 000 3,114 $18,151 714,857 $3,885,527 480 $7,319 142,470 $783,753 2,073,886 $16". 370', 689 1,738, S19 $12,414,994 Union suits—Continued. Cotton, mercerized— Dozens. Value Woolen- Dozens Value Worsted— Dozens Value Merino— Dozens Value Silk- Dozens Value Silk-mixed— Dozens V alue Sweaters, sweater coats, jer- seys, cardigan jacket s, etc.: Dozens Value Cot ton, not mercerized— Dozens Value , - Cotton, mercerized— Dozens Value Woolen- Dozens Value Worsted- Dozens Value Merino— Dozens Value Silk- Dozens Value Silk-mixed— Dozens Value Artificial silk- Dozens Value Other- Dozens Value Bathing suits: Dozens Value Cotton, not mercerized— Dozens Value Cotton, mercerized— Dozens Value Woolen— Dozens Value Worsted- Dozens Value Merino- Dozens Value ^ilk- Dozens Value Silk-mixed— Dozens Value Sueded cotton gloves: Dozen pairs Value Knitted gloves and mittens (except sueded): Dozen pairs... Value Cotton, not mercerized— Dozen pairs Value Cot-ton, mercerized— Dozen pairs Value Woolen- Dozen pairs Valuo Worsted- Dozen pairs Value Merino— Dozen pairs Value.. Silk- Dozen pairs Value..,. Silk-mixed— Dozen pairs Value Total. 25,858 $464,005 52,837 $1,177,548 23,864 $825', 463 1,133,750 $21,415,647 49,358 $1,313,131 432,677 $9,389,705 2,132,581 861,094,341 356,562 84,276,334 15, 746 $341,342 264, 771 $10,146; 322 575,725 SI 7,079,750 781,051! $21,894,147 Men. 14, .8-57 SI, 562; 877 89.771 . S3,9S0, 782- 14,817 $-877,066 9,613 $277,662: 49,719 $1,139,947 20,577 $748,120 630,513 $14,175,223 402 $41, 245 191,691 S3,655,747 934.199 $23,913', 246 235, m $2,757,119 460 $9,352 89,139; $3,785,332 199,665 $5,894; 923 ■ 408.440 ^ $1.1, 407; 251 , b55 $59,239 1,636 $16,98* Women, i Children. 16,275 i $1.86,343! 1,482 '- $20,613 j 3 257 $77', 343 202,031 $3,869,144 48,9-86 |. $1,271,856 !. i 208,761! $5,166,531 i 301,206 $3,371,280 730,139 j $28,667,727: 23, ISO $592,532 15,286 $331,990 121,297 $4,968,995 j 25S,559; $8,389,771 ■ 184,143! $7,253,345 14,623 Si, 558,197 87,808 -83, 875,425 14,S17 i $577,066! 32,225 $.567,427 465,243 $5 513,368 97,742 $926,653 54.335 $1,39i; 995 117,501 $2,795,056 189, 365 $3,233,518 234 $4,650 1,105 $46, US 18,381! S935' 721 ! 10,426 $520,403; 7,955 $115,318 301.393 $6,644,906; 167,507 1 $3,528,938 j 98,222 $2,585,413: 35,664 $530,555 98,078 $1,133,652! 52,837 j $.535,939 1 24,066 , $391,547! 21,175 $206,166 9,104; $265,439 3,824 $88,664! 5,250 ',. $176,775 44.752 $1,241,493 21,942! $533,762 16,130: $613,221' 6.680 $91,510 78,615 $2,253,634 50,546 $1,496,358 25.456 2,613 $63,564 $693,652 69.058 $1,593,987 • 38,322 25,540 $554,746 5,196 $166.315 $872,926 71 1 $2,336 36; $1,259 35; $1,077 i. 1,715 1 $151,365 1,715 . $154,365 163,086; 13,231 . $73,290 139,828! $918,377 10,027 $70,189 i; 3,408,037 i $18,4(58,555 432,579 $2,342,999 1,778,194; $13, $22,973 1,197,264 $2; 302;583 132.777: $190,771! 19,767 $79, 440 59.269 $273; 075! 53.741 $135,256 1,191 1 $4,016 j 478 $1,835 713 $2,211 ::::::::::::: 194,601; $1,030,673 - 77,993 $352,218 77,369 $459,414 39,239 $219,041 15,383! $201, 167 j It, 611. $15,858 7,891 , $18,525 25,851 $1.10,084 726,2s0' $2,823,277; 306.440 $1,327,270 105.372 314, 468 $939,398 $556,609 1,522.4(H) 1 $7,077, 475! 16,765 742.470 So, 645, 669 763,222 $893,593 785,345! $6,837,846 1 $538,213 785,345 $6,837,846 1 204 MANUFACTURES. Table 20.—Products of the Knit-Goods Industry, for Men's, Women's, and Children's Wear: 1919—Con. i PRODUCT. Total. Men. Women. Children. Scarfs and shawls: 1 Cotton, not mercerized— Dozens 298,237 $4,054,859 166,227 $1,037,907 86,109 $2,899,195 45,109 $117,757 Value 1,600 SlOO, 791 600 $85,791 1,000 $15,000 Woolen- Dozens 2,574 §78,394 123 $2,400 2,411 $75,409 40 $585 Worsted— 72,221 SI, 025,480 600 $29,700 26,760 $906,057 44,861 $89,723 Merino— Dozens 32,198 $912,114 75 31,123 $882,799 1,000 $27,449 Silk- Dozens $1,866 Value 12,255 S455,674 10,001 $400, 695 2,254 $54,979 Silk-mixed— Dozens 31,201 SI, 126,598 10,828 $267,455 20,373 $859,143 Value Artificial silk— Dozens 144,000 $250,000 144,000 $250,000 Value Other- Dozens 2,188 $105,808 2,188 $105,808 Value Knitted headwear (except infants'): 557,732 $3,996,398 71, 983 $582,843 352,674 $2,190,505 133, 075 $1,223,050 Cotton, not mercerized— Dozens 29,169 $104,152 29,169 $104,152 Value Cotton, mercerized— Dozens 18,611 §223,330 18,611 $223,330 Value Woolen— 66,699 $-199,871 26,753 $203,626 92.5 $11,060 39,021 $255,185 Value Worsted— Dozens 49,090 $651,013 24,180 $206,749 14,646 $302,306 10,264 $141,958 Value Merino— Dozens . 326,072 $2,125,173 21,050 $172, 468 263,716 $1,580,054 41,306 $372,651 Silk- Dozens 500 $9,000 500 $9,000 Value Silk-mixed— Dozens 63,981 $362,759 42,718 $ia5,933 21,263 $176,826 Value.. Other- Dozens 3,610 $21,100 1,500 $7,000 2,110 $14,100 Value Neckties: Dozens. 5-17,631 $5,100,947 544,631 $5,070,947 3,000 $30,000 Value.. . . . Cotton, not mercerized— Dozens . 35,773 $172,442 35,773 $172,442 Value.. Cotton, mercerized— Dozens 1,425 $6,700 1,425 $6,700 Table 20.—Products of the Knit-Goods Industry, for Men's, Women's, and Children's Wear: 1919—Con. PRODTJCT. Total. Men. Women. Children. Neckties—Continued. Worsted- Dozens 76,714 $496,465 76,714 $496,465 Value Silk- Dozens 120,508 $1,938,314 120,508 $1,938,314 Value Silk-mixed— Dozens 293,183 $2,273,784 290,183 $2,273,484 3,000 $30,000 Value Artificial silk— Dozens 20.028 $213,242 20,028 $213,212 Value All other fancy knit goods, value $11,283,451 $2,353,425 $4,223,316 $4,706,710 EQUIPMENT. Cards and spindles used in the industry, for the United States.—A comparison by census years of the number of cards and spindles used in the industry is given in Table 21. Table 21.—Cards and Spindles Used in the Knit-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. CLASS. NUMBER. PER CENT OP TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 Sets of cards.. 3,347 3,074 2,671 1,977 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Woolen and shoddy 1909 863 844 977 27,2 28.1 31.6 49.4 Cotton 2,438 2,211 1,827 1,000 72.8 71.9 68.4 50.6 Spindles 885,681 866,494 736,774 603,180 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 Producing 859,202 848,729 729,935 596,362 97.0 97.9 99.1 98.9 Woolen and shod- dy 234,353 254,157 244,458 286,661 26.5 29.3 33.2 47.5 Worsted 4,458 2,585 2,360 9,664 0.-5 0.3 0.3 1.6 Cotton 620,391 591,987 483,117 300,037 70.0 68.3 65.6 • 49.7 Doubling and twist- ing 26,479 17,765 6,839 6,818 .3.0 2.1 0.9 1.1 i Includes 4 worsted cards. Cards and spindles used in the industry, by states.— A distribution, by states, is shown in Table 22 for the number of cards and spindles used in the industry during 1919 and 1914, sos -saooo jinx •H6i a&v 6T6i :s3ivxs Aa 'ahxsikini sclooo-xins asx ni crasn saiaMias anv siavx 206 MANUFACTURES. Distribution of establishments and spindles, by states.—Table 23 giyes the relation between the num- ber of establishments and spindles in the industry, by states, for 1919 and 1914. Table 23.—Distribution op Establishments and Spindles, by States: 1919 and 1914. Cen- sus ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE INDUSTRY. With produc ing spindles. With- Having 4,000 Total out, pro- Total. spindles or year. num- ducing over. ber. spin- dles. . _ Num- ber. Number of Num- ber. Number of j spindles. spindles. United States 1919 2,050 1,870 ISO 859,202 50 700,280 1914 1,622 1,478 144 84S,729 49 690,313 Alabama 1919 10 \ 8 2 18,408 2 18,408 1914 5 4 1 6,144 1 6,144 Connecticut 1919 21 11 10 34,230 2 8,360 1914 25 15 10 37,152 4 18,392 1919 28 23 5 38,022 5 38,022 1914 22 16 6 23,756 4 21,216 1919 58 57 1 6,860 1 6,860 1914 46 45 1 5,136 1 5,136 Louisiana 1919 3 2 1 7,944 1 7,944 1914 3 2 1 4,502 1 4,502 Massachusetts 1919 77 60 11 176,266 4 163,940 1914 77 69 8 158,952 3 147,896 Michigan 1919 31 S 25 6 21,020 1 18,000 1914 34! 26 8 17,987 1 13,680 New Jersey 1919 90 90 1914 62 59 3 7,303 1 7,254 New York 1919 682 586 96 350,471 20 280,354 1914 4S3 425 58 367,171 22 307,610 North Carolina 1919 121 116 5 90,316 4 86,64-4 1914 74 70 4 62,056 3 59,248 Pennsylvania 1919 606 595 11 20,593 2 14,500 1914 498 493 5 22,476 2 18,66-4 South Carolina 1919 14 13 1 5,616 1 5,616 1914 6 5 1 5,616 1 5,616 Tennessee 1919 63 59 4 33,544 4 38,544 1914 26 22 4 31,644 3 30,396 All other states.. 1919 246 219 27 50,912 3 13,088 1914 261 227 34 98,834 2 44,559 Knitting machines used in the industry, for the United States.—The number and kind of knitting machines used in the industry since 1904 are shown in Table 24. Table 24.—Knitting Machines Used in the Knit-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. CLA.SS. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Total 172,363 142,240 115,019 88,374 Power lfV1,319 138,167 110,630 81,876 Flat 17. -136 12,243 10,423 6,964 Full-fashioned flat 9, -120 5,852 3,388 3,542 Circular 57,481 54,050 48,142 39,409 Circular hosiery, automatic 79,385 59,894 44,676 31,961 All other 5,597 6,128 4,001 0) Hand (Lamb and other varieties) 3,044 4,073 4,389 2 6,498 Spring needle 24,217 16,376 17,680 13,899 Power 23,789 16,138 17,308 13,564 Flat 3,22-3 3,477 2,351 2,211 Ribbed 1,194 1,105 964 1,455 Plain 2,029 2,372 1,387 756 Full-fashioned flat 3,660 3,052 2,177 1,455 Ribbed 280 251 209 260 Plain 3,380 2,801 1,968 1,195 Circular 9,994 7,125 8,256 8,250 Ribbed 3,487 2,015 2,188 1,087 Plain 6,507 5,110 6,068 7,163 Circular hosiery, automatic 5,715 1,773 3,815 1,648 All other ." » 1,197 711 709 A Hand (Lamb and other varieties) 428 238 372 335 Latch needle 48,146 125,864 97,339 74,475 Power 145,530 122,029 93,322 68,312 Flat 14,213 8,766 8,072 4,753 Ribbed 8,823 3,529 2,516 2,343 Plain 5,390 5,237 5,556 2,410 Full-fashioned flat 5,760 2,800 1,211 2,087 Ribbed 995 1,239 902 770 Plain 4,765 1,561 309 1,317 Circular 47,487 46,925 39,886 31,159 Ribbed 35,715 35,326 30,080 24,452 Plain 11,772 11,599 9,806 6,707 Circular hosiery, automatic 73,670 58,121 40,861 30,313 All other <4,400 5,417 3,292 A Hand (Lamb and other varioties) 2,616 3,835 4,017 6,163 Per cent of total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.2 97.1 96.2 92.6 Flat 10.1 8.6 9.1 7.9 Full-fashioned flat 5.5 4.1 2.9 4.0 Circular 33.3 38.0 41.9 44.6 Circular hosiery, automatic 46.1 42.1 38.8 36.2 All other 3.2 4.3 3.5 Hand (Lamb and other varieties) 1.8 2.9 3.8 7.4 Spring needle 14.0 11.5 15.4 '16.7 Latch needle 86.0 88.5 84.6 84.3 1 Not reported. 3 Not including machines used by manufacturers employing hand machines ex- clusively, which were not reported in 1904. 3 includes 244 traverse-loom and 620 warp knitting machines. * Includes 318 traverse-loom and 520 warp knitting machines. Knitting machines used in the industry, by states.— Table 25 relates to the number of different kinds of knitting machines employed in the industry accord- ing to location; by states, in 1919 and 1914. m 'saooD ximx s€2 ss* 891 811 S** si* 012 *6 0* 05**1 o*£ i *Sl 261 06 92 061 101 s £1 31 m OS ss 05 99 ** 810 "> **o s •seinqotini 3n-pi;pxN 6X6X Z09 Z 698 082 I 2* 892 009 'I 088*2 661 ZLL 9X8 *X6X *9I '9 908 988 ** 9*2 289 69**2 9ZI 808 801 *totiojbo ttmon 6I6X 189 01 98 991 92 088 *I6X 982 99 991 21 9X opto 6X61 80* 8 88 01 9LI 2H 0* *I6I 0X2 91 92 911 01 8* mtreAptsuuej 6I6X *Z9*9 291 002 8*1 889*1 Z99 928'I 89**2 8X2 28 *X6I ZO*** 882 Z9I *0I 181 *T 00* 818 m'i 98X *2 T>neisi epoqn 6X6X 889 8 081 2 86 26 92 118 oz *I6X 08Z 91 8 96 001 29* 09 29 6X6X 682 08 89 ";nonu9A 6161 OZ 91 8 92 02 *X6X 861 98 881 08 WrfiiiA 6161 8*1 *9 *6 *X6X 802 6 m ujshoost^ 6X6X 0*8 02 9 X 88 661 89 18 X 63 *X6X 988 *6 82 8 ZL 08 89 Zl 6X6X 228 8 6 12 I Z9 98 881 Z •aiaaax hoxvi *I6X 98 01 22 Z8 9 X I 6I6X 9*1 *8*X 828*8 068'9 966 99Z** 9IZ 98 ZLL 'XI 0Z9 8Z oo*'* i 9t9 2 *X6I *98*92I 629*8 Z82*9 682*1 199*1 928'98 669 'XX 121*89 ZI**9 398'8 6I6X Z8I*I 00L 09 £8* *X6X 809 86 LIZ 888 8* * ■eTuiojiTBO 6I6X 91* ** 92 X *2 *9I Z 81 68 *X6X *98 98 16 *X 22 9* £9 81 01 99 ^noppeiraoo 6X6X 929 8Z 08 6 08 2 212 2 Z*2 09 *I6X 9X0*1 8* 08X 81 9X2 291 898 2* Zl 6X6X 222 222 *X6I 0X0*1 992 *8I 16* 08 6X6X 161 8 892 09 669 1*9 88Z*I *I6X 669 ** 8 882 960*1 29 262*8 *I sionmi 6X6X 1*6'Z *Z0 I 99 261 962'2 68/, 98* 008*1 I2Z*I 69 *X6X 966*9 Z88 9X2 809 0*8 20X 886, 880 *2 m 6X6X 68**1 2 899 89 698 Zl *X6X 8*0*1 2 X 00* 8X *io EI 6X6X 888 989 Z*T m *X6X 9IX L9Z 6X61 8 *I6I 281 9* 8 8 82 68 Zl z 6X61 oso'x 182 691 009 *X6I 682*1 L 89 922 281 *iz 001 s 6X61 816*8 fLZ 88 28 **' 2X8 901'9 065 66 *X6X 292 '8 228 8* Z8I 81 108 'I 189 818 '9 fix ziz "ne3jqoiK 6X6X 829*2 ** OX *80*I 8* xzo*i 86 881 m m *X6X 999 *2 86 Oil 112 I 898, 9Z 198, 6161 Z8Z Z* 22 I 9 289 98 osx fZ *X6X 889 89 Z2 6 8 898 L 29 6Z OK •noo^{ri6I QNV 6I6T :S&LVXS AQ 'AHXSnCMI Sa: 3NIHOVH ONIXXIN2—"SS aiavi •sannxoVviiiNVH 8os KNIT GOODS. 209 Table 25.—KNITTING MACHINE EQUIPMENT IN THE KNIT-GOODS INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Con. CLASS AND STATE. LATCH NEEDLE—continued New Hampshire ■ New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island.... South Carolina Tennessee - Vermont Virginia - Wisconsin ■ All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 KNITTING MACHINES EMPLOYED EN THE INDUSTRY. TotaJ. 3,207 3,472 4,077 2,873 16,139 12,098 13,703 10,673 2,535 2,570 50,834 47,015 1,109 1,084 1,855 1,015 12,747 6,749 273 1,895 1,475 8,027 6,435 2,5S6 2,206 Power. Flat. Ribbed. 470 350 104 34 Plain. Full-fashioned flat. Ribbed. 45 118 227 296 123 3,350 911 2,283 1,354 479 221 329 111 209 37 96 164 1,574 787 1,359 1,562 16 27 10 7 262 3 154 417 316 201 507 67 Plain. 32 554 130 100 91 107 65 1,704 165 206 569 42 Circular. Ribbed. 736 1,141 386 970 4,662 6,291 2,103 1,755 1,412 1,181 11,901 12,132 413 470 235 246 3,964 2,875 257 117 585 431 1,775 1,439 379 Plain. 77 1,134 10 24 Circular hosiery, automatic. 21 18 2,397 2,163 193 143 2,868 1,000 1,898 1,316 374 122 2,133 1,113 7,820 6,891 208 172 367 369 4,893 5,340 30,181 25,147 66 51 598 475 50 140 1,154 626 413 865 6,912 2,896 All other. 1S3 156 1,150 1,038 4, SSI 2,398 1,872 1,540 1 215 285 462 453 482 147 264 391 1,097 6 36 725 113 160 6 70 Hand (Lamb and other varie- ties). 80 1,024 1,347 40 94 329 233 274 444 425 118 m Sewing machines, active and idle, by states.—The number of active and idle sewing machines, includ- ing loopers, is shown for the industry, by states, in Table 26. Table 26.—SEWING MACHINES, INCLUDING LOOPERS: 1919 AND 1914. United States Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa. Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi New Hampshire... Total. 77,330 399 426 1,293 85 1,086 1,993 670 86 149 270 4,993 1,767 1,677 37 917 1919 Active. Idle. 72,448 406 1,110 85 931 1,871 670 86 137 264 4,828 1,571 1,673 37 835 4,882 1 20 183 155 122 12 6 165 196 4 19141 Total. 65,328 185 187 1,221 171 7S0 1,615 811 77. 36 325 4,338 1,633 1.021 37 953 New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states Total. 1,8S6 25,753 3,241 2,096 18 20,042 765 335 3,003 262 561 709 69 200 2,494 4S 1919 Active. L.S10 23,595 3,046 2,016 18 18,831 747 307 2,954 253 524 686 69 200 2,442 48 Idl«. 76 2,158 195 SO 1,211 18 2S 49 9 37 23 52 1914 I TotaL 1,272 25,280 2,077 2,021 21 15,417 900 193 1,347 174 493 854 89 175 1,537 111367—23 14 * Active and idle machinery not reported separately. 210 MANUFACTURES. SECTION 2. The purpose of this section will be found by refer- ence to the foregoing pages under "General character of the industry." Summary of materials.—Statistics are presented in Table 27 with respect to the quantity and cost of the different kinds of materials used in the industry by establishments whose chief product according to value in 1919 was hosiery, underwear, fancy knit goods, knitted cloth, or contract work. Table 27.—QUANTITY AND COST OF PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED IN KNIT-GOODS ESTABLISHMENTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO VALUE OF PRIMARY PRODUCT: 1919. KIND OF MATERIAL. Total. Cotton (raw) Domestic Foreign Open cotton fiber, dyed, bleached, or otherwise treated, purchased Cotton waste, purchased Cotton card laps, roping, sliver, and rov- ing, purchased... Wool (raw) Domestic Foreign - Equivalent scoured. All other animal fiber and hair (except silk) Tops, purchased • Wool waste and noils, purchased Recovered wool fiber (shoddy, mungo, and wool extract) - Silk Yarn, purchased: Cotton, not mercerized Cotton, mercerized Woolen (except merino) Worsted (except merino) Merino.. - Silk (organzine and tram) Spun silk • Artificial silk Linen, Jute, or other yarns of vege- table fiber v Sewing thread, cotton Sewing thread, silk Buttons, pearl , Buttons, other than pearl.. Chemicals and dyestufis.. Quantity, Pounds. 93,050,318 92,440,380 603,938 329,665 24,832,027 4,518,068 3,706,825 811,243 4,116,365 705,839 146,812 5,025,522 5,367,065 1,205,568 186,892,109 30,519,234 5,383,926' 12,635,631 6,965,256 6,073,854 637,256 4,153,546| 288,009 2,529,680 65,832 Gross. 5,351,5291 1,479,107 Cost. $367,456,358 30,663,276 30,387,995 275,281 113,147 4,857,149 149,625 5,060,852 4,125,884 934,968 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF- Hosiery. Quantity. $161,668,310 Pounds. 21,269,705i 21,040,4521 229,253' 52,018 2,005,409 152,178 707,9S0, 487,837j 220,143 652,996 6,918 24,759 Cost. 339,577| 240,434 3,852,710! | 1,00S^92S| 2,066,168 9,340,769 120,791,157 49,403,099 8,866,287 32,148,641 10,278,050! 44,238,372! 4,9S3,aS9; 24,101,514' 182,774 3,829,796 563,024 2,290,295 873,1361 8,222,817; 920,685 612,254 65,714,697 26, S24,806 880,040 1,457,302 1,892,401 3,650,393 507,996 2,110,404 1,000 103,957: 12,672| Gros8. 12,3001 4,760 6,611,734 6,540,8831 70,851 13,259 364,4S9 41,019 694,024 431,408 262,616 4,228 41,692 692,187 372,736 4,449,649 44,511,383 44,342,614 920,531 3,633,068 2,610,712 32,318,257 4,018,576 9,840,416 286 191,299 114,494 6,600 2,218 5,872,839 Underwear. Quantity. §109,664,872 Pounds. 64,743,417 64,415,740 327,677 261,591 9,841,361 248,493 1,905,972 1,445,367 460,605 1,801,876 593,065 122,053 2,164,686 1,863,971 36,422 96,871,423 2,429,342 139,346 935,394 3,313,049 132,856 69,258 228,687 18,912 2,073,395 26,496 Gross. 4,912,7971 781,604 Cost. 21,900,107 21,721,205 178,902 95,531 2,150,070 74,375 2,402,041 1,842,0851 559,956| \ 257,574 198,742 1,782,186 605,6111 293,2S5| 60,029,333 2,974,367 266,813 2,528,778 5,106,155 1,130,710 446,677 1,147,028 46,996 2,973,390 152,205 2,007,589 261,162 834,147 Fancy knit goods. Quantity. $58,084,269 Pounds. 2,144,309 2,140,575 3,734 6,056 5,531,957 77,295 748,281 631,2881 116,993 612,829 90,090 1,071,643 1,742,041 552,524j 10,014,5551 1,032,404 3,663,654 8,071,775 1,745,555 642,052 35,636 506,741 260,446 274,729 19,453 Gross. 289,589 645,498 Cost, 761,384| 758,804 2,580 1,357 1,030,850 23,961 757,212 652,935 104,277 66,739 774,585 594,140 3,898,922 7,094,705 1,691,421 6,587,701 20,275,417 2,533,384 5,530,297 312,231 3,327,726 121,844 541,126 237,098 223,982 595,461 1,102,726 Knitted cloth. Quantity. |S37,998,737 Pounds. 4,892,887 4,849,613 43,274 10,000 7,453,300 31,122 1,155,835 1,142,333 13,502 1,048,664 15,766 780,265 840,368 64,368 14,291,434 232,682 700,736 2,171,010 14,251 648,553 24,366 1,307,714 7,651 61,720 7,126 Gross. 129,8271 44,588 Cost. Contract work. Quan- tity. $40,170 1,390,051 1,367,103 22,948 3,000 1,311,740 10,270 1,207,575 1,199,456 8,119 11,036 ""603*752 493,681 698,913 9,155,736 394,697 1,090,792 5,710,92S 27,799 5,259,108 206,205 9,786,344 13,648 98,088 59,027 45,743 11,349 409,255 Cost. 150, 150 450 450 15,879 85j Gross. 7,0161 2,657 25,893 200 6,381 2,946 3,850 Summary of products.—An itemized summary of quantity and value of products for the industry is given in Table 28, for the year 1919* This table illus- trates how strictly the majority of establishments engaged in the manufacture of knit goods confine their production to a single commodity, like hosiery, under- wear, fancy knit goods, knitted cloth, or contract work. KNIT GOODS, 211 Table 28. -DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS OF KNIT-GOODS ESTABLISHMENTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO VALUE OF PRIMARY PRODUCT: 1919. Products, value... total Hosiery: Do^en pairs... Value Hose- Dozen pairs... Value Cotton- Dozen pairs... Value Wool- Dozen pairs... Value Merino— Dozen pairs... Value Silk- Dozen pairs... Value.. Silk-mixed— Dozen pairs... Value Half-hose— Dozen pairs... Value Cotton- Dozen pairs... Value Wool- Dozen pairs... Value... Merino— Dozen pairs... Value Silk- Dozen pairs... Value Silk mixed- Dozen pairs... Value Shirts and drawers: Dozens Value Cotton- Dozens Value Wool- Dozens Value Merino- Dozens Value Silk- Dozens Value Silk-mixed— Dozens Value.. Union suite: Dozens Value Cotton- Dozens Value Wool- Dozens Value Merino— Dozens Value.. Total. »$713,139,689 84.645, 3308,662, 51,425, $216,651, 36,835, $105,647, 395, $2,139, 1,029, $4,456, 2,589, S25,337, 10,575, $79,070, 33,220, $92,011, 23,777, $47,849, 651, $3,256, 3,164, $10,541, 1,926, $9,758, 3,699, $20,604, 17.180, $98,286, 14.655, $72,564, 315, $3,055, 1,848, $19,621, 85, $1,404, 274, SI,640, 9,211, $105,243 7,518, $71,122, 76, $2,003, 1,133, $21,415, $309,926,979' 0071 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Hosiery. $215,147,294 83,006,122 S298,922,785j 50,258,396 $20S,84o,121 36,824,113 $105,602,616 386,122 $2,104,912 1,028,394 $4,446,722 2,556,358 §24,582,317 9,463,409 $72,108, 554 32.747,726 $90;077,664 I 23.375,920 $46,680,476 631,342 $3,129,045 3,154,124 $10,507,552 1,914,999 $9,426,873 3.671,341, $20,333,718] 53,105 $736,137 22,0S0 S284,9641 17,9251 $341,1731 13,100 $130,000 18,000 $299,000 Under- wear. $121,780,440 1,330,764 $4,234,659 9.83,351 $3,289,520 11,470 $45,234 3721 $4,140 971,509 $2,240,146 347,413 $945,139 344,235 $924,251 559! $5,949 2,616 $14,939 16,524,716 $93,486,096 14,147,394 $69,790,004 293,390 $2,786,442 1,787,928 $18,903,135 35,237 $503,441| 260,71' $1,503,074 8,837,069 $99,395,904 7,258,980 $68,176,956 76,555 $1,992,851 1,126,685| $21,213,631 Fancy knit goods. 270,947 $4,740,088 145,669 $3,751,882 Knitted cloth. $59,676,049 3,: $20,821 977 $9,708 33,000 $754,732 140,823 $3,721,353 125,278 $988,206 57,582 $244,8S3 19,881 $121,916 9,883 $34,144 9,380 $316,207 28,552 $271,056 309,662 $1,720,293! 283,305 $1,579,324 172 $4,115 25,783 $118,574 135 $11,300 267 . $6,980' 225,202 $4,277,707 135,626 $1,839,402 146 $10,160 2,704 $119,618 292,921 $2,343,877 225,264 $1,195,305 17,227 $259,082 50,430 $889,490 130,761 $1,271,269 123,910 $1,106,028 4,361 $S2,39S 37,924! $764,845! 37,924! $764,845: 19 \ $26! 4,905 I $10,087 i Union suits—Con. Silk- Dozens Value Silk mixed- Dozens Value Bathing suite: Dozens. Value Leggings: Dozen pairs Value Gloves and mittens: Dozen pairs Value Knitted bead wear (ex- cept infants'): Dozens. Value Cardigan jackets, sweaters and jerseys: Dozens. Value Scarfs and shawls: Dozens Value All other fancy knit goods, value Fleece lining (shoe and glove): Square yards Value Eider down: Square yards Vqlue Jersey cloth and stock- inette: Square yards Value Tricolette: Square yards Value All other knitted cloth: Square yards Value Yarns for sale: Cotton- Pounds Value Woolen- Pounds Value Worsted- Pounds Value Merino- Pounds Value Cotton waste: Pounds Value. * Old bagging and ties, value." Contract work, value... AH other products, value ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MAJtfTTFACTURE OF— Total. 1 Hosiery, i Under" -v i wear. Fancy knit goods. ; Knitted ; cloth. ! I 46,898 2,490 49,388 $1,313,131; !Sl,230; 432,677! $9,389,705; 301,393! $6,644,906; 4,635! $62,510 . 3,571,123!! $19,530,411 557,732; $3,996,398; j 2,132,551!! $61,094,341! !j 298,237! $4,054,859 1 18,000 327,951 $299,000 $6,782,178 500 $44,991 97,040 $409,153! 1S,727| $233,889 2,408; $130,156: 11,4SS; $336,244 20,8221 $230,7011 3 $122 j 42,524; $348,551 52,561 $398,185| $82,843 36,728 . $2,308,527 205,959 74,112 $5,699,623 $669,591 4,632 . $62,388.. I 3,264,433 $17,692,383 4S6,444i $3,364,324 167,126 $1,080,324 50,400' 1.888,449! 191.324 $913,41S| $57,S30,911j $2,219,856 402: 142,34^ $14,491 j $3,454,124! $16,321,SS8;; $495,259, $1,209,353; $14,350,1421 6,581,183 ;179,466 $2,521,369| ;$132,287 941,017;. $1,174,592;!. I 411,332 $117,364 37,26S: 1,098,618! 2,072,165j 27,136,351 $206,676; $1,192,000; $3,224,055j$24,068,204 27,8751 911,688 30,344,402 $28,690,935|! 5,051,639.1 $17,172,43l|| j $114; 407 26,889,695 i I 3,482,4261 $9,788,418;! !$1,704,2061 17,493,355' 7,941,718! 9,513,756! $9,834,118: $4,664,3251 $5,132,046; 144,000 $250,000 $267,134 5,990,385 $2,271,718 941,017 $1,174,592 $3,042,24Sj 447,267! $704,793 j 451,804 $937,4971 22,833:L $61,262!:. 324,638 $242,767j;. 15,451,924^ Si, 490,933 $54,823 $8,771,094 31,9S9I !184,105 $22,185; j $334,550 $S, 501,477! J 3.761,5S5i $335,309! $15,232! $1,392,49$; $1,683,140| 324,638! $242,767 10,020,280! $1,051,143] $28,60; $335,114] $4,983,237 4,112,076 $14,015,776 22,960,002 $7,379,419 37, SSI $37,747 235,710 $580,762 22,833 $61,262 1 Includes $6,608,927 received for contract work, of which $410 was classified under "Cotton waste," and $21,458 under "All other products," not shown separately i* the table. 1 Number of establishments and value of products, by states.—Table 29 gives the distribution of the number of establishments and value of products, by states, in 1919, for the industry by groups of primary product. The accompanying diagram illustrates by definite proportion the value of products shown in the table. Production of yarn and sewing tliread, for own con- sumption.—The production of yarn and sewing thread for own consumption is given in Table 30 for the in- dustry, according to the several specialized branches. Cards and spindles used in the industry.—The num- ber of cards and spindles used in the industry is shown for the different branches in Table 31 for 1919. 212 MANUFACTURES. Table 29.—DISTRIBUTION OF VALUE OF PRODUCTS AND NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTED BY THE KNIT- GOODS INDUSTRY ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF IMPORTANCE ACCORDING TO VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY STATES, AND BY PRIMARY PRODUCT FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1919. United States. New York Pennsylvania Massachusetts Wisconsin Tennessee North Carolina New Jersey Illinois....— Ohio Minnesota Georgia Michigan Rhode Island Indiana Connecticut New Hampshire— Vermont All other states KNIT GOODS, TOTAL. Num- ber of estab- lish, ments. 2,050 606 77 72 63 121 90 58 34 16 28 31 26 Value of all products. $713,139,689 195,376,641 18S.260,800 52,424,235 40,777,704 32,952,349 29,833,568 23,853,075 20,460,360 18,778,844 13,984,944 12,566,787 12,039,377 11,936,313 9,801,928 9,332,776 9,015,583 5,063,201 26,681,204 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Hosiery. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 21 320 18 19 42 113 23 18 Value of all products. $309,926,979 4,442,308 126,382,238 17,967,818 30,096,689 22,402,608 21,681,638 16, 853,091 14,423,894 2,364,307 445,704 11,829,425 4,812,661 3,470,253 "9,801,928 769,786 6,698,301 1,071,625 16,825,669 Underwear. Fancy knit goods. Knitted cloth. Contract work, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 341 134 19 Value of all products. $215,147,294 83,955,192 33,400,259 24,940,940 3,392,633 8,427,716 7,835,100 1,270,746 3,045,576 6,397,385 » 13,539,240 »737,362 4,130,105 2,170,009 (10) 7,411,083 '2,317,282 3,991,676 6,420,925 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 354 113 28 44 29 Value of all products. $121,780,440 69,669,634 17,199,498 5,240,275 7,168,719 6 316,830 3,784,636 i 2,990,890 «10,017,152 (8) (8) 1,152,148 1 237,663 8 3,248,889 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 112 Value of all products. 159,676,049 34,076,512 10,403,231 i 4,275,202 (3) i 1,944,602 i 1,944,463 6,058,388 u 1,151,907 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 206 135 23 2 3 12 1 18 2 Value of all products. $6,608,927 3,233,095 875,574 119,663 « 2,122,025 8 (6) 8 (10) <*) "185*721 Note.—In presenting this table certain combinations had to be made to avoid disclosing operations of individual establishments, as follows: » Includes "Contract work." * Includes "Knitted cloth" and "Contract work." 8 Includes "Underwear" and "Contract work." «Included in "Knitted cloth." «Included in" Fancy knit goods." A° Included in "Hosiery." * Included in "Contract work." 7 Includes " Fancy knit goods." "Includes " Fancy knit goods" and "Contract work." «Includes "Knitted cloth." 8 Included In "Underwear." KNIT GOODS—VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919. MILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS WISCONSIN TENNESSEE NORTH CAROLINA NEW JERSEY ILLINOIS OHIO MINNESOTA GEORGIA MICHIOAN RHODE ISLAND INDIANA CONNECTICUT NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ALL OTHER ,STATE8j ////////////////; ■■■hosiery ezzz underwear 3fancy knit goo08 3 knitted cloth ^contract work Table 30.—Quantity of Yarn and Sewing Thread Manu- factured for Own Consumption in Knit-Goods Establish- ments, Classified According to Value of Primary Prod- uct: 1919. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN MANUFACTURING— KIND OP YAEN OE THREAD. Total. Under- wear. Fancy knit goods. Knitted cloth. Hosiery. 112,973,413 87,083,037 5,861,147 532,694 27,393,289 21,386,968 1,668,989 94,061 64,652,984 52,077,747 1,977,203 201,860 10,087,376 3,958,343 1.745,992 236,773 10,839,764 9,639,989 478,963 "Worsted . ... Merino (cotton- All other 17,239,895 2,276,640 3,620,749 632,532 8,754,020 1,642,154 4,144,314 1,954 720,812 Silk 135,308 134,716 693 843 843 101,864 101,271 593 7,298 7,298 25,303 26,303 Table 31.—Distribution of Cards and Spindles Used in Knit- Goods Establishments, Classified According to Value of Primary Product: 1919. KIND OF CARD AND SPINDLE. Total. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Fancy knit goods. Con- tract work. Hosiery. Under- wear. Knitted cloth. Cotton 3,347 i 909 2,438 658 176 482 2,270 505 1,766 188 154 34 221 64 157 10 10 885,681 859,202 234,353 4,458 620,391 26,479 192,233 178,051 40,620 2,900 134,631 14,182 552,903 644,015 119,687 69,085 58,287 49,951 176 8,160 1,698 54,313 52,762 21,340 26,247 26,087 2,856 Worsted 424,328 8,888 1,382 30,040 23,232 160 1,661 1 Includes 4 worsted cards. KNIT GOODS. 213 Knitting machines nsed in the industry.—The differ- ent kinds of knitting machines used in the industry during 1919 are accounted for in Table 32, arranged according to the primary products of the est ablishments reporting. Table 32.—Distribution of Knitting Machines Used in Knit- Goods Establishments, Classified According to Value of Primary Product: 1919. Total. Total !172,363 Power I 169,319 17,436 9,420 57,4S1 79,385 5,597 3,044 Flat Full-fashioned flat Circular Circular hosiery, automatic. All other Hand (Lamb and other varieties) Spring needle. Power Flat Ribbed —. Plain Full-fashioned flat Bibbed Plain Circular Ribbed Plain.. Circular hosiery, auto- matic All other i Hand (Lamb and other va- rieties) Latch needle.. Power Flat . Ribbed Plain Full-fashioned flat Ribbed Plain ■ Circular Ribbed Plain Circular hosiery, auto- matic ■ All other!* Hand (Lamb and other va- rieties) Per cent distribution: Total Power.. Flat Full-fashioned flat.. Circular Circular hosiery, automatic, All other Hand (Lamb and other varieties) Hosiery, 117,759 24,217 23,789 3,223 1,194 2,029 3,660 280 3,380 9,994 3,4S7 6,507 5,715 1,197 423 148,146 145,530 14,213 8,823 5,390 5,760 995 4,765 47,487 35,715 11,772 73,670 4,400 2,616 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117,605 4,957 5,907 29,504 73,799 3,438 154 Under- wear. 22,726 22,656 3,241 546 16,362 1,771 736 70 10,458 j 7,879 10,448 773 585 188 2,767 199 2,568 1,453 699 754 5,324 131 10 107,301 107,157 4,184 2,570 1,614 3,140 116 3,024 28,051 20,508 7,543 68,475 3,307 144 68,3 69.5 2S.4 62.7 51.3 93.0 61.4 7,870 1,605 372 1,233 375 39 336 5,618 2,152 3,466 3 269 14,847 14,786 1,636 1,231 405 171 94 77 10,744 9,460 1,284 1,768 467 13.1 ! | Fancy ; Knit- Con- knit I ted i tract goods. | cloth, iwork. 22,045 4,242 i 5,591 19,544 8,359! 2,917 j 6,803 478 987 2,501! 4,222 429 1 3,451 34 307 20 5,292 450 49 1,361 3,303 129 299 2,907 2,631 514 229 2S5 4S0 42 438 936 235 701 168 533 276 19,138 16,913 7,845 4,922 2,923 2,437 783 1,654 5,867 3,568 2,299 310 454 2,225 12. S 13.4 18.6 5.8 23.5 2.2 13.2 2.3 11,5 47.9 31.0 11.8 0.6 17.6 S2.2 2,268 I 705 2,26S! 324 j 8 1 316 i 572 7 7 38 1,704 297 1,407 34 206 1,974 1,954 105 72 33 1 38 2S3 104 179 1S6 58 133 4,.SS6 1 1,747 1,190 557 101 20 2.5 2.5 2,5 (8) 6.0 (8) 5.5 0.6 4,720 443 28 415 11 2 9 1,078 989 89 3,117 71 166 3.3 3.1 2.6 0.5 2,4 4.2 2.3 9.8 1 Includes 244 traverse-loom and 620 warp knitting machines. 3 Includes 318 traverse-loom and 520 warp knitting machines. 8 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Sewing machines, active, by states". Table 33 gives the number of sewing machines, by states, for the industry and its branches in 1919. Number of spinners, knitters, etc., by sex and age.— Wage earners are shown in Table 34 for selected occu- pations in the several branches for 1919. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PBIMAKILY IN THE MANXTFACTUBE OF— Table 33.—Distribution of Active Sewing Machines, Includ- ing Loopers, in Knit-Goods Establishments, Classified According to Value of Primary Product: 1919. United States.. Alabama California Connecticut-. Delaware Georgia Illinois j Indiana.... I Iowa ! Louisiana.. | Maryland-. 398 406 1.110 85 931 1,871 670 86 137 264 *,m 1,571 1,673 37 S35 1, 810 23,595 3,046 2,016 Oregon 1 18 Pennsylvania ;18,831 Khode Island 747 South Carolina.. : 307 Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota Mississippi New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Total. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PEIMAEILT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Hosiery. Under- wear. 72,448 I 20,663 Fancy knit goods. 32,721 12,710 152 2 40 85 773 1,051 345 86 137 135 1,029 332 39 37 538 1,193 232 2,085 135 161 81 1,018 Tennessee. Utah, Vermont... Virginia... Washington West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states. 2,954 i 253 524 686 [ 69 [ 200! 2,442; 4S I 8,416 195 275 1,670 j 43"i 176: ■S3 238 325 129 3,167 739 1,55S 285 203 13,484 942 945 6,223 361 32 983 199 481 502 200: 1,214 48 582 323 45 75 511 604 177 76 12 367 5,722 15 932 18 3,022 42 Knitted cloth. Con- tract, work. 2,887 3,467 85 4 26 219 1,588 895 149 54 i 69 | 646 i 2 104 47 2,571 4 275 296 ***8 Table 34.—Distribution of Spinners, Knitters, Stitchers, Loopers, and Finishers in Knit-Goods Establishments, Classified According to Value op Primary Product: 1919. Spinners Male. 16 years and over Under 16 years Female * 16 years and over Under 16 years... Knitters Male.... 16 years and over Under 16 years Female 16 years and over Under 16 years Stitchers, loopers, and finishers... Male 16 years and over Under 16 years Female 16 years and over Under 16 years— Total. 110,125 3,438 2,428 2,356 72 1,010 944 66 42,397 14,889 14,500 389 27,508 25,898 1,610 64,290 6,184 5,&56 228 58,106 56,526 1.580 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMA- RILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Ho- Under- siexy. wear. 47,936 ! 34,807 564 300 285 15 264 247 17 28,194 6,809 6,500 309 21,385 19,887 1,498 19,178 1,551 1,386 165 17,627 16,743 884 2,336 1,695 1,642 53 641 597 44 4,181 2,382 2,344 38 1,799 1,772 27 2S,290 1,249 1,223 26 27,041 26.747 '294 Fancy knit goods. 17,372 3,411 Knit- ted cloth. 274 236 232 4 38 3S 6,655 3,914 3,876 38 2,741 2,6S9 52 10,443 763 728 37 9,6&1 9,571 109 250 192 192 58 53 5 1,321 333 333 1,840 65 65 1,775 1,501 274 Con- tract wort. 6,599 14 5 5 2,046 796 794 2 1,250 1,217 33 4,539 2,556 2,556 1,983 1,964 19 214 MANUFACTURES. Table 34.—Distribution of Spinners, Knitters, Stitchers, Loopers, and Finishers in Knit-Goods Establishments, Classified According to Value of Primary Product: 1919—Continued. Total. PEB CENT DI3TBIBUTION. Aggregate Spinners Male 16 years and over Under 16 years Female 16 years and over Under 16 years Knitters Male 16 years and over Under 16 years 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMA- RILY EN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Ho- siery. 43.5 16.4 12.4 12.1 20.8 26.1 26.2 25.7 66.5 45.7 44.8 79.4 Under- wear. 31.6 67.9 69.8 69.7 73.6 63.5 63.2 66.7 9.9 16.0 16.2 Fancy knit goods. 8.0 9.7 9.8 5.6 3.8 4.0 15.7 26.3 26.7 9.8 Knit- ted cloth. 3.1 7.3 7.9 8.2 Con- tract work. 6.0 5.7 5.6 7.6 3.1 6.6 6.8 0,5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.0 4.8 5.4 5.5 0.5 Table 34.—Distribution of Spinners, Knitters, Stitchers, Loopers, and Finishers in Knit-Goods Establishments, Classified According to Value of Primary Product: 1919—Continued. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION—Con. Knitters—Continued. Female 16 years and over Under 16 years Stitchers, loopers, and finishers... Male 16 years and over Urider 16 years Female 16 years and over Under 16 years Total. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMA- RILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Ho- siery. 77.7 76.8 93.0 29.8 25.1 23.3 72.4 30.3 29.6 56.0 Under- wear. 6.5 6.8 1.7 44.0 20.2 20.5 11.4 46.5 47.3 18.6 Fancy knit goods. 10.0 10.4 3.2 16.2 12.3 12.2 16.2 16.7 16.9 6.9 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 35 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, in totals for the United States, and for all states that can be shown, the num- ber of establishments, average number of wage earn- ers, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the knit-goods industry. Table 35.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909 Detailed statement.—Table 36 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each branch separately, for each state that can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value i of prod- ucts. STATE. estab- lish- ments. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 1914 1909 2,050 1,622 1,374 172,572 150,520 129,275 151,601 125,842 103,709 $126,200 * 59,758 44,740 $427,096 146,687 110,241 $713,140 , 258,913! 200,144! 1919 10 1,655 1,555 723 3,275 4,757 | 1914 5 781 738 176 447 764 i 1909 6 611 750 124 314 591 | 1919 21 695 267 496 1,617 2,878 1914 16 405 146 197 424 902; 1909 6 268 44 112 200 452 1 1919 21 2,649 4,594 2,227 5,349 9,333 1914 25 2,904 3,365 1,296 2,727 5,222 1909 21 3,340 3,540 1,363 3,049 5,801 1919 28 3,808 4,325 2,321 6,815 12,567 1914 22 3,468 3,386 995 3,063 4,893 1909 22 2,743 2,948 719 1,872 3,233 Illinois 1919 58 5,095 3,644 3,809 11,701 20,460 1914 46 3,635 2,531 1,546 4,067 7,367 1909 43 2,913 3,452 1,116 3,232 5,947 1919 8 2,675 1,786 2,220 5,615 9,802 1914 11 2,338 1,985 1,022 2,029 3,748 1909 5 1,933 1,393 687 915 2,381 1919 7 749 606 367 1,773 2,687 1914 10 1,077 443 344 644 1,116 1909 11 1,022 460 234 697 1,172 1919 77 12,751 16,574 11,364 31,173 52,424 1914 77 10,635 12,309 4,737 9,267 17,419 1909 65 9,941 9,113 3,855 6,972 14,736 1919 31 3,170 3,073 2,114 6,790 12,039 1914 34 2,714 3,373 1,008 2,610 5,233 1909 35 2,645 3,291 769 2,047 4,029 1919 16 3,564 1,480 2,298 7,487 13,985 1914 13 2,088 2,149 892 2,526 4,665 1909 10 1,052 853 348 1,086 2,243 1919 16 2,979 2,731 1,983 6,118 9,016 1914 20 3,328 2,722 1,303 2,379 4,283 1909 21 3,129 2,316 1,143 2,636 4,764 1919 • 90 4,853 3,016 4,476 15,350 23,853 1914 62 4,025 2,516 2,244 3,335 7,850 1909 87 2,606 1,477 903 1,828 3,810 New York. North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee. Utah. Vermont. Virginia. Washington1. Wisconsin.... All other states. Cen- sus year Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 682 483 360 121 74 62 34 38 39 606 498 464 26 23 17 14 6 7 63 26 22 10 11 11 7 7 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber.) 41,372 40,095 35,950 10,216 7,787 5,151 4,407 3,411 3,149 44,156 41,130 38,206 1,983 2,030 1,774 781 771 10,308 5,690 3,117 198 183 174 1,105 963 946 1,578 2,272 1,715 105 60 8,736 6,244 4,282 2,984 2,586 1,969 48,206 41,127 35,882 11,649 7,879 4,024 2,688 2,740 1,613 26,359 23,861 21,797 1,261 1,802 1,626 787 589 597 7,060 4,754 2,758 82 47 978 870 962 1,459 1,343 1,079 33 28 5,413 3,629 2,312 1,975 1,510 1,343 Value lof prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $34,001 17,814 14,839 5,901 2,045 1,080 3,033 1,502 1,072 30,692 15,382 11,750 1,561 887 635 425 187 152 5,553 1,527 724 104 66 53 916 484 411 1,002 751 503 71 27 6,777 2,448 1,579 1,670 880 609 $114,966 43,860 38,677 17,582 6,410 3,012 11,079 5,033 3,851 116,697 37,756 27,218 7.389 2,405 2,444 1,246 499 334 20,345 4,399 2,120 787 283 292 3,095 1,404 1,089 2,902 2,108 1,467 160 74 24,217 7,025 3,887 4,668 1,913 1,004 S195,377 78,229 67,130 29,834 8,892 5,152 18,779 8,654 6,433 188,261 64,153 49,658 11,936 4,192 2,076 749 655 32,952 7,523 3,565 1,156 528 419 5,063 2,165 1,746 4,685 3,516 2,463 401 167 40,778 13,292 7,8*13 8,041 3,391 2,055 1 Included in "All other states'' in 1909. KNIT GOODS. 215 Table 36.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States, Alabama-. California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states 1 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. ! WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OB NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Num-! ber of j estab-! lish- i mentsj l Total. 2,050 ;1186,673 7 77 31 I 16 16 90 682 121 34 606 26 14 63 10 7 10 8 72 14 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 1,488 5,210 ;3,718 |3,685 1,696 919! 2,848 i 4,021 I 5,538 j 2,968;! 809 i1 13,596 3,437 4,034 3,098 5,202 45,161 10,773 4,824 47,677 2,136 832 10,778 295 1,165 1,649 136 9,934 3,147 73 614 4S 13 559 14 1 3 1 2 2 3 25 2 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male, 2S 49 75 107 147 77 43 235 56 67 153 1,226 307 128 1,538 35 278 26 25 40 10 305 78 8 i 4 103 | 56 47 I 72 74 104 136 6 255 98 117 16 69 925 127 158 747 19 7 100 49 18 14 465 40 28 161 79 314 72 27 54 1,024 75 US 677 32 21 17 11 4 403 43 Wage earners. Aver- ago num- ber. 172,572 Number, 15 th day of- 16 and over. Maximum month. De 186,423 1,655 695 2,649 3,808 5,095 2,675 749 12,751 3,170 3,564 2,979 4,853 41,372 10,216 4,407 44,156 1,983 781 10,308 198 1,105 1,578 105 8,736 2,984 Oc De Jy De No 1,691 875 2,738 4,196 5,213 De 2,753 De 873 De 13,975 De 3,416 Mh De No 4,171 3,228 5,184 De 45,567 De 10,908 De 5,149 No 48,132 De 2,138 Oc 837 De 11,014 Se 244 Au 1,198 Minimum month. Total. Male, Fe- male. Under 16. Capital. Male. Fe-; male. Salaries and wages. Officials. , Clerks, • Dollars. \ Dollars. Dollars. Mhl60,438 ;187,746 52,134 125,440 ]2,93S 7,234 ,516,457,991 20,165,869 12,160,713 Ja Ja Mh Ap Jv Ap 1,621 604 2,500 3,512 4,940 2,627 643 My 11,970 Je 2,971 De 3,026 Jy 2,648 Ja 4,545 Mh 37,40S Mh 9,669 Fe 3,586 Fe 39,464 Mh 1,835: Je 723 Mh 9,545 Ja 129 I Se 949 1,657 802 2,718 4,197 5,143 2,752 873 13,963 3,542 I 562 110; 912 1,533 1,441; 879 152 3,862 835 3,033 I 527: 3,229! 969 5,164 ,i 1,1*3 46,346 i 16,357 1 l{ 10,947 j! 3,987 , 5,122 1 1,008 1 48,357 :10,485 j 2,139 |i 506 i 1,049 688 1,624 2,351 3,520 1,685 689 9,447 j 2,638 I 2,-505! 2,183! 3,706 29,519! i 5,662 1 4,060 I 53 135 59 184: 17 i 11 36 j 30! 140 j 242 31 26 2 129 178 128 108 23 470 52 34,019 1,181 1.493 i 23! 41 238 330 1,056 '23 ,672 117 842 j! 327; 469! 10 i 36 11,016 i, 2,849 j 7,616 j 160 ■ 391 245 j 24! 216 1 | 4 1,108 355 1 751 I !2 No 1,831 I Fe 1,207 De 164 j Ap 64 De 9, SOS Mh 8,278 i 1,785 !| 499! 1,165 166 j! 31 | 135! 9,530 i, 2,015 6,249 | 3,065 ji 719 i 2,001 j 58 392! 74 i 63 874 271 i 3,105,635 « 2,316,252 | 10', 621,377 j ! 9,380,339! I 16,459,583; ! I 6,321,581! 1,635,487 S 1 38,6,56,842 i 9,122,918 j 11,014,213 | 7,349,092! 12,757,149 j 165,822,395 j 29,390,939 j 13,564,745! 110,359,419 | 6,578,245 j 2,272,750 I 19,446,256 704,665 i 3.648,779 I I 3,870,341 j 268,611 25,672,325! 6,118,053 j 101,133 171,93S 312,500 342,506 592,216 307,120 89,686 1,117,126 324,152 306,420 264,912 654,073 5,459,905 SOI, 088 903,914 5,274,701 386,352 75,259 919,986 48,950 95,175 134,537 26,039 1,147,098 309,083 14,942 152,466 153,264 77,391 490,012 241,651 26,930 887,331 324,895 615,916 119,812 267,669 2,902,5S9 264,534 572,309 2,451,761 83,250 31,154 421,377 37,980 40,875 56,193 28,861 1,811,463 88.0-8 United States. Alabama California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio... Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin. All other states 1 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—Con. | Wage earners. Dollars. 125,199,820 For contract work. Dollars. 8,495,982 722,816 496,284 2,226,926 2,321,090 3,808,741 2,220,459 366,857 11,364,030 2,114,308 2,297,950 1,982,SS7 4,476,305 34,000,707 5,991,164 3,032, S99 30,691,815 1,560,596 424,780 5,553,414 103,593 916,438 1,002,361 71,375 5,776,628 1,675,397 15,677 10,063 952,539 488,017 2,583 16,24S 15,006 5,414 118,662 """io"321* 147,789 226,850 1,920 30,023 70,929 108,524 60 33,186 2,838 66,415 704,593 133,367 261,371 3,674,770 101,330 20,926 116,651 719,950 14,393 1,206,936 70,686 23,893 22,853 942,995 6,749 34,278 7,545 35,218 42,451 100 77,646 30,550 29,829 12,410 116,249 7,624 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. I Dollars. Dollars. 2,272,445 123,694,134 421,630,358 For materials. Principal materials. 60,959 62,187 474.695 295,671 796,128 176,577 27,371 2,317,856 658,361 422, .443 522,093 664,445 6,346,249 693,594 992,989 4,555,205 70S, 508 77,072 1,384,133 16,651 1S3,721 02,606 5,409 1,964,839 224,372 3,218,346 1,506,303 5,226,385 6,672,995 11,526,862 5,546,136 1,744,356 30,730,778 6,655,330 7,408,285 5,047,034 15,219,580 113,260, 713 Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 5,465,202 56,619 10,836 122,835 142,021 174,170 69,216 2S, 181 441,785 135,056 78,325 71,029 130,31S 1,705,125 17,202,673 i 379,729 10,990,123 I 89,117 115,655,139 1,04i; 634 7,331,113 j 5S,003 1,212,093! 34,093 20,082,090 j 263,145 781,242 5,780 3,047,498 I 47,144 2,843,134 157,340 23, OSS, 227 4,576,583 59,006 2.280 228,611 91,114 Value of products. Dollars. 13,139,689 4,757,008 2,878.226 9,332, 776 12,566,787 20,460,360 9,801,928 2,687,496 52,424,235 12,039,377 13,984,944 9,015,5-83 23,853,075 195,376,641 29,833,568 IS, 778, S44 188,260, 800 11,936,313 2,076,036 32,952,349 1,156,389 5,063,201 4,684,504 400,902 40,777,704 8,040,643 Value added by manufac- ture. Dollars. 286,044,129 1,482.043 1,361,087 3,9S3, .556 5,751,771 8,759,325 4,186,576 914,959 21,251,672 5,248,991 6,49.8,334 3,897,520 8,503,177 80,410,803 12,251,166 7,699.604 71,564', 027 4,5-17,197 829,850 12,607,114 369,367 1,968,559 1,782,364 241,282 16,560,836 3,372,946 Primary horsepower. Owned. Total. 151,601 1,555 207 4,594 4,325 3,644 1,786 606 16,574 3,073 1,480 2,731 3,016 48,206 11,649 2,688 26,359 1,261 787 7,060 82 978 1,459 33 5,413 1.975 Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 68,569 ^00 2,545 1,559 1,447 1,155 200 7,270 1,460 1,200 460 1,260 19,918 4,083 1,165 14,068 i 590! 525! 3,234 ! Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- Igines. 7,434 35 1,214 100 125 5,130 750 558 1,044 3,920' 508; Wa- ter pow- er.' 814 12,941 .... 813 IS 1 30; 415 3S 2,719 15 1,724 16 I 80 101 3,761 221 !2,915 85 263 1 304 5 35 I 135 20 1 40 Rent- ed.s Elec- tric horse- j power ! gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 61,843 1,155 267 1,201 2,74S 2,167 216 406 5,333 1,59$; 280 |: 447 | 1,535 19,296! 3,680: i,43S' 11,644 j 631! 262 i 3,824! 83! 2S5 . 415' 33 I 1,493 I 1,407! 31,457 170 397 45 765 933 ISO 2,055 807 1,452 322 1,027 8,494 1,317 5,853 5,018 53 357 2,193 18 1 All other states embrace: Delaware, 2 establishments; Iowa. 2; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 3; Maine, 2; Mississippi, 1; Oregon, l; and West Virginia I «Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated bv water from city mains ) '* 8 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power (included chicflv shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants) SILK MANUFACTURES. By Arthub J. Leok. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The silk-manu- factures industry includes mills engaged primarily in throwing and weaving, either as separate establish- ments or combined in one as a complete mill. Other products of silk, like braids, nets and veiling, thread) spun silk, etc., of less importance in value, are also in- cluded under the silk-manufactures industry. Silk knit goods, fish lines, and electrical supplies, however, are not a part of this industry, but are grouped under other industry classifications. Comparative summary.—The progress of the silk- manufactures industry is shown in Table 1 for each census from 1899 to 1919, inclusive, also the percent- ages of increase. Summary for the silk-manufactures industry.—Table 2 summarizes the statistics of the industry for 1919 and 1914, and gives per cent of total and of increase for each of the various items shown. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 3 presents the more important statistics of the industry, by states, the states being arranged according to value of products reported for 1919. The states shown in the table are given their actual ranking among all states, the rank of certain states for which figures can not be presented being higher than some of those enumerated. Persons engaged in the industry.—Statistics relating to the number of male and female employees, distrib- uted according to class of employment, are shown in Table 4 for 1919, 1914, and 1909, together with the per cent that each sex forms of the total for each class. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—Table 5 gives the total average number of wage earners em- ployed in the silk-manufactures industry, together with the number employed on the 15th (or the near- est representative day) of each month during the year 1919 for each state for which figures can be shown sep- arately, also the percentage in each state which the smallest number forms of the largest number reported for any month. States showing a large proportion of females are also shown, with the per cent the average number of females forms of the total average number of employees for the state. Wage earners, per cent distribution, by states.—In Table 6 the average number of wage earners is shown, by states, for 1919 and 1914, with per cent of total, for age and sex. Number of spinners and weavers, by age, sex, and states.—The number of spinners, weavers, and other wage earners is given in Table 7 for the industry, and for five selected states, in 1919 and 1914. The figures shown are for those reported as employed on Decem- ber 15 or the nearest representative day. Prevailing hours of labor.—In Table 8 the average number of wage earners employed in the industry dur- ing 1919 and 1914 has been classified according to the number of hours of labor per week prevailing in the establishments in which they were employed. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 9 shows the size of establishments in 1919 and 1914, as measured by the number of wage earners employed, for the industry as a whole and for the leading states. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The size of establishments based on value of products is given in Table 10 for 1919, 1914, and 1909. While establishments manufacturing products valued at $1,000,000 or over represented a comparatively small proportion of the total number at the three censuses, they reported 61.7 per cent of the total value of products in 1919, 46.6 per cent in 1914, and 34.8 per cent in 1909, which shows the tendency of the industry to become concentrated in large establishments. In comparing the figures for 1919 and 1914, consideration must be given to the inflation of values on account of war, which resulted in a shift to higher groups of establishments without a material change in status. Character of ownership.—Table 11 presents statistics with respect to the character of ownership, or legal organization, of establishments in the industry accord- ing to states in 1919 and 1914. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of prime movers, both owned and rented, used in the industry during 1919,1914, and 1909 are shown in Table 12, with figures for the number and horsepower for each type. Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 13 gives the quan- tity of various kinds of fuel used in silk mills, by states. (216) SILK MANUFACTURES. 217 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1 PEE GENT OE INCREASE ,i 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 ! 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- j 1919 1914 1909 1904 1,369 902 852 624 483 1 51. 8 5.9 36.5 29.2 Persons engaged 136,775 115,571 105,238 84,153 68,550 I 18.3 9.8 25.1 22.8 1,011 591 664 525 477 71.1 -1L0 26.5 10.1 8,982 6,810 5,537 4,027 2,657 i 31.9 23.0 37.5 51.6 126,782 108,170 99,037 79,601 65,416 1 17.2 9.2 24.4 21.7 176,825 116,924 97,947 71,760 57,397 ! 5L2 19.4 38.5 25.0 $532,732,163 $210,071,679 $152,158,002 $109,556,621 $81,082,201 i 153.6 38.1 33.9 35.1 Salaries and wages . 134,597,292 57,615,374 46,097,364 31,510,213 24,116,546 133.6 25.0 46.3 30.7 Salaries 26,370,962 10,506,905 7,527,279 4,742,270 3,134,352 ; 151.0 39.6 58.7 51.3 Wages 108,226,330 47,108,469 38,570,085 26,767,943 20,982,194 129.7 22.1 44.1 27.6 43,146,201 14,550,762 12,008,744 6,859,586 6,570,299 1 196.5 21.2 75.1 4.4 Rent and taxes - - . 20,594,520 2,031,897 1,570,381 3 1,040,334 3 829,923 913.6 29.4 25.4 Cost of materials 388,469,022 144,442,321 107,766,916 75,861,188 62,406,665 168.9 34.0 42. i 21.6 Value of products 688,469,523 254,011,257 196,911,667 133,288,072 107,256,258 171.0 29.0 47.7 24.3 300,000,501 109,568,936 89,144,751 57,428,884 44,849,593 i 173.8 22.9 55.2 28.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—SUMMARY FOR THE TWO BRANCHES OF THE SILK-MANUFACTURES INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees * v - -: Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital... Salaries and wages • Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) • Cost of materials ■ Value of products Value added by manufacture1 1919! Establishments I engaged in— Total. Manufac- turing fin- ished silk products, primarily. Throwing,: winding, etc., only (throw- sters). 1,369 1,040 329 136,775 1,011 8,982 105,660 S07 7,511 97,342 31,115 204 1,471 29,440 126,7S2 176,825 $532,732,163 115,700 $447,966,397 61,125 $34,765,766 134,597,292 26,370,962 108,226,330 111,299,601 22,727, S67 SS,571,734 23,297,691 3,643,095 19,654,596 43,146,201 40,197,415 2,948,786 20,594,520 388,469,022 6SS,469,523 300,000,501 17,394,020 333,435,945 590,237,835 256,801,890 3,200,500 55,033,077 9S,231,688 43,198,611 1914 Total. 902; 115,571 I 591 6,810! 108,170; 116,924 $210,071,679 57,615,374 10,506,905 47,10S,469 14,550,762 2,031,897 144,442,321 ] 254,011,257 109,568,936 j Establishments engaged in- Manufac- turing fin- ished silk products, primarily. 695 96,551 480 6,104 S9,967 83,534 $173,461,635 51,590,670 9,474,269 42,116,401 14,037,432 1,806,819 131,797,946 232,692,381 100,894,435 Throwing, winding, etc., only (throw- sters). 207 19,020 111 706 IS, 203 33,390 |$36,610,044 6,024,704 1,032,636 4,992,06S 513,330 225,078 12,644,375 21,318,876 8,674,501 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 Fin- ished | silk j prod- ucts. 76.0 77.3 79. S 83.6 65.4 84.1 82.7 86.2 Sl.S 93.2 84.5 85.8 85.7 85.6 24.0 22.7 20.2 16.4 23.2 34.6 | 15.9 I 17.3 j 13.8 j IS. 2 I 1914 Fin- 2 ished -g silk £ prod- £ ucts.! g 77.1 83.5 81.2 89.6 83.2 71.4 82,6 89.5 90.2 89.4 6.8 | 96.5 15.5 i 14.2 88.9 91.2 14.3 | 91.6 14.4 j 92.1 22.9 16.5 18.8 10.4 16. S 28.6 17.4 10.5 9.8 10.6 PEE CENT OF INCREASE, 1914-1919. TotaL Fin- ished silk prod- ucts. 51.8 ; 18.3 ! 7L1: j 31.9 I n.2; I 51.2 : 153.6 • 133.6 I 151.0 I 129.7! 49.6 9.4 68.1 23.1 8.2 38.5 158.3 115.7 139.9 110.3 3.5 ;! 196.5 I 186.4 11.1 ii 913.6 8.8 I 168.9 8.4! 171.0 7.9 M 173.8 862.7 153.0 153.7 154.5 5S.9 63.6 83,8 108,4 61.7 83.1 131.5 252.8 293.7 474.4 1,322.0 335,2 360.8 39S.0 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States, Pennsylvania New Jersey New York Connecticut Massachusetts Rhode Island Virginia Maryland Allother states— Number of estab- lish- ments. 1.369 373 686 181 41 21 30 10 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 126,782 53,052 32,328 13,342 11,254 5,697 4,150 661 839 5,461 Per cent j distiibu-1 Rank, tion. i 100.0! 41.8' 25.5 10.5 i 8.9! 4.5 3.3 0.5 0.7 4.3 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount | Percent (expressed in j distribu- thousands). | tion. $688,470 1 I I 5 231, 215, 81, 6S, 34, 27 i; t 100.0 33.7 31.2 11.9 9.9 5.0 4.0 0.2 0.2 4.0 !; Amount [Per cent Rank, j (expressed in; distribu- H thousands), j tion. $300,001! ill 3 I! 4!: 6lj 12!! 13 |, 105,424; 91,609 I 35,292 i 30,528 j 14,950' I 10, 404! 942 j 826; 10,02ft I Rank. 100.0 35* 1 1 30.5 2 11.8 3 10.2 4 5.0 5 3.5 6 O.S 12 0.3 13 3.3 218 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 136,775 115,571 105,238 Total. 4,662 2,315 2,236 1,011 591 664 1,163 559 2,488 1,165 1,092 Male. 57,893 49,948 42,216 4,442 2,225 2,134 1,125 549 469 2,334 1,107 1,027 Fe- male. 78,882 65,623 63,022 220 90 102 28 22 26 38 10 11 154 58 65 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 42.3 43.2 40.1 95.3 96.1 95.4 97.2 96.3 96.1 96.7 98.2 97.7 93.8 95.0 94.0 Fe- male. 57.7 56.8 59.9 4.7 3.9 4.6 2.8 3.7 3.9 3.3 1.8 2.3 6.2 5.0 6.0 Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 5,331 5,086 3,965 126,782 108,170 99,037 120,198 100,362 91,159 6,584 7,808 7,878 Male. 3,027 3,625 3,060 50,424 44,098 37,022 48,244 41,599 34,620 2,180 2,499 2,402 Fe- male. 2,304 1,461 905 76,358 64,072 62,015 71,954 58,763 56,539 4,404 5,309 5,476 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 56.8 71.3 77.2 39.8 40.8 37.4 40.1 41.4 38.0 33.1 32.0 30.5 Fe- male. 43.2 28.7 22.8 60.2 59.2 62.6 59.9 58.6 62.0 66.9 68.0 69.5 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females.. 1914 1909 Connecticut— Maryland Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Virginia States showing large proportion of females. Connecticut Maryland Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Virginia Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. 126,782 49,610 77,172 108,170 99,037 11,254 839 5,697 32,326 13,342 53,052 4,150 661 4,893 522 3,668 17,252 7,970 36,580 2,291 433 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 118,907 45,177 73,730 107,769 97,170 10,147 773 4,665 30,541 12,675 60, m 4,046 629 4,574 505 8,037 16,460 7,627 35,509 2,192 409 Febru- ary. March. 118, £01 44,644 73,657 109,712 99,473 10,310 768 4,618 12,781 51,008 4,038 663 4,625 463 3,040 16,462 7,733 36,047 2,232 439 120,863 46,223 74,640 110,879 100,753 10,617 816 4,760 30,628 51,227 4,074 670 4,695 491 3,124 16,359 7,686 36,149 2,252 435 April. 123,114 47,356 75,758 111,706 100,314 May. 125,317 48,395 76,922 112,761 99,212 June. 125,601 49,166 76,435 111,779 97,782 July. 127,671 50,139 77,532 111,141 96,634 10,932 792 5,083 31,270 12,793 52,072 4,098 650 4,775 472 3,344 16,827 7,621 36,481 2,259 418 11,268 798 5,388 31,698 13,115 52,806 4,171 634 4,864 485 3,570 17,040 7,827 36,781 2,344 409 11,487 822 5,482 32,169 13,237 52,362 4,199 691 4,928 505 3,710 17,336 7,875 35,911 2,357 395 11,596 939 5,900 32,700 13,453 53,015 4,238 597 5,007 577 3,882 17,477 8,106 36,354 2,346 407 August. 128,936 50,658 78,278 109,700 98,351 11.697 918 6,140 32,689 13,559 53,618 4,099 681 5,001 563 3,995 17,382 8,169 36,835 2,281 454 Septem- ber. 129,999 51,798 78,201 107,193 99,528 11,721 807 6,410 33,521 13,326 53,717 4,221 5,017 521 4,053 17,786 7,904 36,561 2,300 459 Octo- ber. 130,019 52,815 77,204 105,213 99,629 11,772 7S3 6,512 34,208 13,789 52,567 3,998 689 5,070 495 4,038 18,016 8,104 36,166 2,176 445 Novem- ber. 135,517 54,141 81,376 100,142 99,409 11,813 871 6,629 34,736 14,190 66,762 4,288 697 5,084 562 4,074 18,349 8,415 38,481 2,348 452 Decem- ber. 137,239 54,808 82,431 100,045 100,294 11,688 981 6,777 35,064 14,534 57,342 4,330 732 5,076 625 4,149 18,540 8,673 38,686 2,405 474 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 86.1 81.5 89.2 88.7 95.8 85.9 78.3 68.1 81.6 87.1 87.4 93.3 80.7 Per ct. av. is of state. 43.5 62.2 64.4 53.4 59.7 69.0 55.2 65.5 Table 6.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Connecticut Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1910 1914 1919 1914* Wage earners (average number). 126,782 108,170 99,037 11,254 10,668 839 874 5,697 4,495 32,326 28,263 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 16 years of age and over. Male. Female. 37.4 38.5 35.0 55.4 52.8 33.8 36.5 33.9 30.9 45.8 46.7 57.4 54,3 67.1 41.3 43.8 60.0 41.4 60.0 51.4 61.2 Under 16 years of age. 5.2 7.2 8.0 3.2 3.4 6.2 22.1 6.1 2.5 2.8 2.1 New York— Pennsylvania Rhode Island. Virginia...... Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Wage earners (average number). 13,342 11,659 53,052 44,755 4,150 2,325 661 691 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 16 years of age and over. Male. Female. 39.8 44.6 28.6 29.6 43.3 40.1 31.8 30.8 58.7 52.4 63.5 67.9 51.3 56.1 61.4 51.6 Under 16 years of age. 1.5 3.0 7.9 12.5 5.4 3.8 6.8 17.6 SILK MANUFACTURES. 219 Table 7.—WAGE EARNERS, DISTRIBUTED BY OCCUPATION, AGE, AND SEX, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914, [Number employed Dec. 15, or nearest representative day.] OCCUPATION, AGE, AND SEX. Male Female, Under 16 years Male... Female Spinners, winders, etc 16 years and over Male... Female Under 16 years Male... Female Weavers 16 years and over Male... Female Under 16 years Male... Female On broad silk looms 16 years and over Male... Female Under 16 years Male... Female. On ribbon looms 16 years and over Male... Female Under 16 years Male... Female On velvet and plush looms 16 vears and over * Male... Female On all other looms 16 years and over Male... Female. Under 16 years Male... Female All other 16 vears and over * Male Female Under 16 years Male Female. PENNSYLVANIA. Wage earners, total 137,716 16 years and over 130,564 2,555 2,934 j 1,498 i 1,393 2,555 . 2,934 i 1,498: 1,392 1,757! 2,048' 462! 523 798 8S6 ] 1,035; 869 1 Table 8.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Connecticut Maryland Massachusetts— New Jersey Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 126,7S2! 108,170! 11,254 10,66S 839 874 5,697 4,495 32,326 28,263 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be-! [tweeni 44 i 4S.i and! 48. 131,619 (3 214] (2) (2) |24,332| <*) Be- tween! 48 and 54. 2.90926,154 (2) !1,169 (3) 1 106 (s) 205j (3> |47,2S6 4,916 2,3201 6,911 16 2,915 1.7441 2,333 (*)! 33 14,241 |56,632 2,323 3,339 545 2,567 22 3,109 1,532 Be- tween] 54 and 60. 3,322i 774 43,243' 2,190 81,407^,881 753 170 4,123 118 534 60. 581 294 118 10 161 126,148 230 Over 60. 477 20 20 477 New York Pennsylvania. Ehode Island. Virginia Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 Total. 13,342! 11,659| 1919 j 53,052 1914 i 44,7551 1919 \ 1914 ] 1919: 1914 | 4,1501 2,325| 66ll 691! IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween] 44 and 48. 4,218 <*> 1.732] 99 6SS ITS! (3)' 4S.1 i Be- i tween ! 48 | and: '54. , 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. 1,777: 3,883 2.718 123| 2,3S1 7,544 7,941i31,993 9,515 104] 772 39,854: 2,794] 104| 379 977! ...J 2,247: 194; 61 58 1,534 1,125 3,701 203 396 1 Includes 48 and under (or 1914 and 1909. »Corresponding figures not available. 220 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. lto5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ■ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to i.ooo; wage earners, inclusive. Establishments. Wage earners (average number). wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 STATE. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish, ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. wage earners. © e Wage earners. CP » CP be S CD |2 © 2 CD CD CD MS CD CD United States 1919.. 1,369 902 126,782 108,170 9 2 141 396 186 327 170 4,192 2,227 340 213 11,797 7,332 232 179 17,097 13,578 218 164 33,339 25,545 69 77 24,487 26,514 19 23 13,458 15,551 14 22,016 17,237 1914.. 63 11 Connecticut. 41 11,254 1 5 7 1 3 227 76 14 34 2,857 10 1 5 171 328 24 164 5,697 5 362 11 1,763 507 865 2 1 1 14 586 294 473 5,583 2 1,081 3 7,053 Maryland 6 21 686 839 5,697 32,326 3 5 Massachusetts 4 281 6,666 1 1 817 794 2 1 3,063 1,040 New Jersey 9 109 304 89 65 9,385 New York 181 373 30 10 13,342 53,052 4,150 661 21 4 4 58 17 8 49 35 4 643 493 55 47 93 8 4 1,692 3,420 259 181 27 93 4 5 1,999 6,715 231 376 22 100 5 1 3,355 15,679 841 104 12 34 3 3,807 11,985 1,014 3 8 2 1,788 5,953 1,742 Pennsylvania 6 8,790 Rhode Island Virginia Table 10.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 All classes 1,369 902 852 126,782 108,170 99,037 $688,469,523 $254,011,257 $196,911,667 $300,000,501 $109,568,936 $89,144,751 Less than $5,000 52 140 341 483 175 178 46 122 305 298 70 61 45 130 298 67 955 8,077 / 28,474 \ 20,871 67,438 167 242 1,930 14,713 130,468 1,650,448 18,033,508 J 118,925,677 \ 125,274,169 424,455,253 133,454 1,627,286 15,739,554 70,572,465 47,638,346 118,300,152 113,378 1,511,784 15,328,061 110,473 1,385,591 11,715,839 / 53,199,553 \ 54,863,392 178,725,653 103,894 1,131,234 8,146,471 69,038 1,018,282 8,838,024 $-5,000 to 520,000 2,073 13,527 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500.000 } 342 } 51,131 53,5S2 } 111,378,638 | 52,077,901 51,651,501 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.... 37 41,272 28,570 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 68,579,806 48,109,436 27,567,906 All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 3.8 10.2 24.9 35.3 12.8 13.0 5.1 13.5 33.8 33.0 7.8 6.8 5.3 15.3 35.0 0.1 0.8 7.1 0.2 1.9 12.5 0.2 1.9 14.9 C1) 0.1 0.6 6.2 27.8 18.8 46.6 0.1 0.8 7.8 0.1 1.0 7.4 0.1 1.1 $5,000 to $20,000 0.2 2.6 0.5 3.9 $20,000 to $100,000 9.9 $100,000 to $500,000 } 40.1 / 22.4 \ 16.5 53.2 } 47.3 54.1 / 17.3 \ 18.2 61.7 } 56.6 34.8 f 17.7 \ 18.3 59.6 } 47.5 43.9 57.9 30.9 $500,000 to $1,000,000....... $1,000,000 and over 4.3 38.2 28.8 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 11.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Cen- sus year. ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Total. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. Of establishments owned by- Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. oth- ers. All others. United States 1919 1914 1909 250 ISO 180 811 308 179 204 126,782 108,170 99,037 6,498 8,117 9,746 108,531 86,033 67,387 11,753 14,020 21,904 5.1 7.5 9.8 85.6 79.5 68.1 9.3 13.0 22.1 $688,469,523 254,011,257 196,911,667 $38,561,197 16,407,605 19,081,800 $581,413,071 199,073,261 134,495,867 $68,495,255 38,530,391 43,334,000 6.6 6.5 9.7 84.5 78.4 68.3 9.9 15.2 22.0 5-43 468 Connecticut. 1919 6 30 5 11,254 10,668 568 10,586 100 5.0 94.1 0.9 68,053,429 3,256,528 64,654,251 142,650 4.8 95.0 0.2 1914 8 30 6 605 9,855 208 5.7 92.4 1.9 30,591,825 ! 1,633,023 28,637,731 321,071 5.3 93.6 1.0 \T q nrl nnd 1 1919 1919 1919 2 4 839 a 839 100.0 1,534,218 34,193,951 215,050,560 3 1,534,218 30,909,691 100.0 2 16 3 5,697 5,136 3 561 90.2 9.8 3 3,284,260 36,116,360 90.4 9.6 New Jersey 167 310 209 32,326 28,263 3,596 2,447 22,933 20,017 5,797 11.1 70.9 17.9 24,525,311 14,973,964 154,408,889 11.4 71.8 16.8 1914 96 183 89 5,799 8.7 70.8 20.5 75,706,449 53,986,999 16,745,486 6.6 71.3 22.1 New York 1919 39 98 44 13,342 565 10,482 2,295 4.2 78.6 17.2 81,682,672 15,197,046 62,828,610 13,656,916 6.4 76.9 16.7 1914 39 75 29 11,659 860 8,702 2,097 7.4 74.6 18.0 29,260,763 ,2,126,468 *3,588,141 18,665,119 8,469,176 7.3 63.8 28.9 Pennsylvania 1919 31 26 300 42 53,052 44,756 1,330 48,572 3,150 2.5 91.6 5.9 231,711,352 212,131,125 15,992,086 1.5 91.5 6.9 1914 207 51 3,598 35,487 6,670 8.0 79.3 12.7 86,938,654 15,975,213 68,326,411 12,636,930 6.9 78.6 14.5 1919 1914 2 24 8 4 4,150 2,325 4,051 2,272 199 97.6 2.4 27,219,238 7,664,472 26,395,282 7,528,312 »823,956 97.0 3.0 4 53 2.3 97.7 136,160 1.8 98.2 "UMrtrlnfa 1919 1914 Q 1 661 •661 100.0 1,550,712 1,772,931 •1,550,712 1,772,931 100.0 9 691 691 100.0 100.0 » Figures for 1914 not available. 1 Includes the group "Individuals." »Includes the group "All others.'* 'SaHILLOV.inNVH XTIS izz •qp lanj job eamSn nj papnpni x ZLL\ 958'60X 850'iX 602*02 519'9X (i) (i) i fr> I 991 PUB spo 19IR0 000'X) an^OA spo oiqno -isq) •(siai 161 *X r io*'2 |* "I 6T9 269*X* | 25 j 085 j 191 1 * i i ess'tz ! 229'8 i 0X1'X ij SIS'6 603*1 0X6*25 KO'H rn'iz 020 '98 (sptmodj 000*2 'snoj) ("spntiod 00042 'sucn) snon H6T 6X6X tso'os X8Sf92 W6I 6X6X 9X5'96X 886*202 H6X 6X6X 5XS 899 2 H6T 6X6X OH j 61X 6X6X Sil'I mi 8 , i •(sptmod OftZ 9?T0 sns **pxretsiepor[H * BTcreAXAsrnraj XSO'l m'z 69f'l 88 526'X XX0*8 252 SH fZLff ojqno 000'X) (t) *69 (i) (t) 522 (i) xxe'x -roq) spo iaiflo pxn3 eup 295 0X8 SOS 396 'Z S6X*5* sno 8S8 200 *X (sptmod| 000'2 sno;) UZ'fl X8X'ZZ XIX *6 88>*1X fS8*1 229 *09*X9 OSO'XS H9'202 ixi*692 •(spimod 000'?. 'suo;) snon -pnnjTg; 6H'9i 858*29 811*2 000 *2 ZOf ei6*s 062** 109*108 S9X '90S •(sptmod 0*2*2 'sno;) -vjqiny H6X 6X6X H6X 6X6X *X6X 6X6X H6X 6X6X *X6X 6X6X jreaA' STIS A*9SI9j: AV9N ptrex^iBft inoftoatraoQ TE6T CLKY 6161 :S3iYXS A3 ^HUSNOO IHQi-'81 *£l9}ttied3s pa^iodai v>N t 'la-Mod paxiMo ttJ9tro » jo p«aq am lapim pe^iodai ^tmonre am 606X Joj opnxom ja^odosjoq joj samSij x K95 9*8* O'OOX 0'9 9 OX 9'9X 5'8 n "8 9'81 f '88 0 0OX I 6 '6* j X'05 O'OOX L'f 8'02 0"52 5'9 S'X 0'L9 0'9l O'OOX 6061! nei 8'08 1*69 O'OOX LI 8tf X'X I'L f99 O'OOX fot'ex ^8'OX S5if8^ 859 K 8*i'8Z XOf- Lf fLS 9 ■ res'OX 8CE'9X 888'8 LLZ'l (z) U) 6S0 Si 6U IS m'L6 6161 6061 W9'9 8H'£Z 99Z 6Z 909'I S9i'X . .a £08 SJL 699^8 t26r9XX fl6l 8ti'28 t82'92 286'iOX 220'8 t82'S2 XX8'8Z iZS'8 996 *X 929 'Zl 565'9L X2S'88 HS86 528'9ZX 6T61 •}tmoiny 815'8 98X'2 fU'9 IL9'S 888'5 f56 8X 98X'2 98X'2 XOX *9 585 001 8 988'2 6061 888 5 888'5 LZ9 859 8 980'9 fI6I X8i'2X 615 '22 0X8'58 615'22 615'22 69 X5 58 69* f09 fZ9 802'22 6161 ■ -Sm^jodai s;naraqsT|q^S9 ^q pa^Bjanao ■*"*•':pa^na^ oupaia "•Jiaq^O •oinoata pa;naa •sjo;ora pwB 'samqm; 'spaqM ja;^AV sam3na noi^snqmoD-imua^ni "*—sanrqinj, sairana itn^s penMQ *l^o; 'la^od AJBnnia •6061 am 'mi 'mi =saaAOM araaa saJAX 50 naMOdasaoH aNV aaamiM-'si aiavx 222 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Summary of materials and products.—The quantity and cost of materials and the quantity and value of products are summarized in Table 14 for the industry as a whole and separately for each of the two branches. Table 14.—SUMMARY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS FOR THE TWO BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. MATEEIAL AND PRODUCT. Materials, total cost Raw silk: Pounds Cost , Frisons, pierced cocoons, noils, and other waste: Pounds Cost All other materials, cost Products, total value.. Thrown silk: Pounds. Value Organzine— Pounds Value Tram- Pounds Value Hard crepe twist- Pounds Value Spun silk: Pounds Value Machine twist, sewing and embroidery silk, fringe and floss: Pounds.... Value All other products, value Received for contract work.. Raw silk thrown on commis- sion, pounds Organzine, pounds Tram, pounds Hard crfipe twist, pounds 1919 1914 PEE GENT DISTRIBUTION. PER CENT OF INCREASE,1 1914-1919. Establishments engaged in- Establishments engaged in- 1919 1914 Total. Manufactur- ing finished Throwing, winding, Total. Manufactur- ing finished Throwing, winding, etc., only (throw- sters). Fin- ished prod- ucts. Throw- ing, Fin- ished prod- ucts. Throw- ing, Fin- ished prod- ucts. Throw- ing, silk products, primarily. etc., only (throw- sters). silk products, primarily. wind- ing, etc. wind- ing, etc. Total. wind- ing, etc. $3SS, 469,022 $333,435, 945 $55,033,077 $144,442,321 $131,797,946 $12,644,375 85.8 14.2 91.2 8.8 168.9 153.0 335.2 25,890,728 $206,222,609 21,628 919 $175,653,432 4,261,809 $30,569,177 22,374,700 $86,416,857 19,633,018 $77,038,819 2,741,682 $9,378,038 83.5 85.2 16.5 14.8 87.7 89.1 12.3 10.9 15.7 138.6 10.2 128.0 55.4 226.0 11,461,588 $16,136,213 $166,110,200 2,620,516 $3,892, 513 $153,890,000 8,841,072 $12,243,700 $12,220,200 4,328,536 $3,066,297 $54,959,167 1,827,116 $1,518,982 $53,240,145 2,501,420 $1,547,315 $1,719,022 22.9 24.1 92.6 77.1 75.9 7.4 42.2 49.5 57.8 50.5 3.1 164.8 426.2 202.2 43.4 156.3 189.0 253.4 691.3 610.9 96.9 $688,469,523 S590,237,835 $98,231,688 $254,011,257 $232,692,381 $21,318,876 85.7 14.3 91.6 8.4 171.0 153.7 360.8 5,568,760 $52,628, 129 1,349,723 $13,433,861 4,219,037 $39,194,268 4,070,401 $16,023,928 1,196,370 $4,967,363 2,874,031 $11,056,565 24.2 25.5 75.8 74.5 29.4 31.0 70.6 69.0 36.8 228.4 12.8 170.4 46.8 254.5 8S6,014 $9,122,457 437,497 $4,249,654 448, 517 $4,872,803 1,492, 999 $6,325,291 491, 742 $2,079,454 1,001, 257 $4,245,837 49.4 46.6 50.6 53.4 32.9 32.9 67.1 67.1 (3) 8 8 3,611,901 $31,494,535 634,724 $6,128,220 2,977,177 $25,366,315 2,577,402 $9,698,637 704,628 $2,8S7,909 1,872, 774 $6,810,728 17.6 19.5 82.4 80.5 27.3 29.8 72.7 70.2 8 8 8 1,070,845 $12,011,137 277,502 $3,055,987 793,343 $8,955,150 (») (8) (3) (3) (3) 25.9 25.4 74.1 74.6 8 (3) (8) 8 8 (!) (8) 3,956,637 $23,807,338 801,091 $4, 584,624 3,155,546 $19,222,714 1,607,416 $4,577,058 690,821 $2,189,915 916,595 $2,3S7,143 20.2 19.3 79.8 80.7 43.0 47.8 57.0 52.2 146.1 420.1 16.0 109.4 244.3 705.3 1,327,172 $18, 234,479 1,166,357 $16,756,978 160,815 $1,477,501 1,562,039 $9,681,613 1,508,181 $9,520,797 53,858 $160,816 87.9 91.9 12.1 8.1 96.6 98.3 3.4 1.7 -15.0 88.3 -22.7 76.0 198.6 818.8 $555,464, 552 $38,335,025 $545,858,441 $9,603,931 $9,606,111 $28,731,094 $215,328,051 $8,400,607 $214,560,235 $1,454,071 $767,816 98.3 25.1 1.7 74.9 99.6 17.3 0.4 82.7 158.0 356.3 154.4 560.5 1,151.1 313.6 $6,946,536 18,475,714 6, 286,728 7,393,872 4,795,114 1,436,275 751,612 450,930 233,733 17,039,439 5, 535,116 0,942,942 4,581,381 13,869,239 7,088,229 6,781,010 (8) 1,023,138 524,368 498,770 (8) 12,846,101 6,563,861 6,282,240 (8) 7.8 12.0 6.1 4.9 92.2 88.0 93.9 95.1 7.4 7.4 7.4 92.6 92.6 92.6 (8) 33.2 40.4 32.6 (a) Vs) 8 (a) (8) ?3) (') (3) i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Figures not comparable. 3 Not reported separately. Comparative summary of materials.—An itemized | industry is given in Table 15 for 1919 as compared account of the materials used in the silk-manufactures j with 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 15*—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF MATERIALS FOR SILK MANUFACTURES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. MATERIAL. Total cost. Silk: Raw- Pounds..... Cost Bought as such and used in manufacture. unthrown- Pounds Cost Bought and thrown in this mill for consumption, not for sale— Pounds Cost Bought and given out for commission throwing— Pounds Cost Thrown, bought as such and used in manufacture— Pounds.... Cost Organzine)— Pounds ■ Cost . Tram- Pounds Cost Hard crfipe twist— Poundi Cost Friaons, pierced cocoons, noilj, and other waste, bought as ■uch and used In manufac- ture— Pounds Cost 1919 1914 1909 1904 . $388,469,022 SI44,442,321 $107,766,916 $75,861,188 25,890,728 $206,222,609 22,374,700 $86,416,857 17,472,204 $67,787,037 11,572,783 $45,318,416 10,272,040 §78,853,441 8 8 (l) (*) 4, 809,188 . $38,337,980 8 8 8 10,809,500 $89,031,188 8 8 8 6,125,490 $62,487,939 3,855,899 $16,703,096 3,377,972 $14,679,719 3,236,744 $14,552,425 2,240,671 $24,204,190 8 8 8 1,793,048 $17,082,057 8 8 8 2,091,771 $21,201,692 8 8 8 11,461,688 $16,130,213 4,328,536 $3,066,297 2,402,960 $1,637,187 » 49,811 • $187,159 MATERIAL, Silk—Continued. Spun silk, bought as such and used in manufacture- Pounds Cost Singles- Pounds Cost..... Two or more ply- Pounds Cost Artificial silk- Pounds Cost Singles— Pounds Cost Two or more ply- Pounds Cost Yarns, other than silk: Cotton (not mercerized)— Pounds Cost Cotton, mercerized— Pounds Cost Woolen and worsted- Pounds Cost Mohair- Pounds. Cost Other- Pounds Cost 1919 1914 1909 1904 4,767,679 $25,874,715 3,209,309 $8,094,427 2,112,972 $4,848,789 1,951,201 $4,310,061 1,868,510 $10,732,794 8 8 8 2,899,169 $15,141,921 8 8 8 3,039,257 $16,885,564 1,902,974 $3,440,164 914,494 $1,926,894 466,151 $1,623,473 2,667,934 $13,844,697 8 8 8 371,323 $2,040,867 (l) 8 8 15,131,047 $14,151,863 16,869,511 $6,163,240 12,617,292 $4,687,173 8,387,048 $2,586,954 2,826,965 $4,266,693 1,464,299 $1,078,337 1,494,586 $1,124,409 631,247 $471,035 638,334 $2,167,743 1,987,918 $2,087,804 610,588 $765,989 443,155 $409,867 572,054 $876,746 2,646,055 $1,804,302 710,108 $640,529 138,389 $137,097 470,736 $1,338,838 291,672 $438,944 353,780 $456,597 130,930 $108,841 $39,071,199 $15,348,803 $9,212,593 $6,165,880 » Not reported separately. 1 Does not include waste, noils, etc, which were included with "All other materials" In 1004. SILK MANUFACTURES. 223 The materials of the industry are well defined and completely accounted for except possibly in respect to the quantity and value of raw silk used. This is due to the fact that a considerable quantity of raw silk owned by importers, merchants, and dealers is sent to commission throwsters to be made into yarn on a contract basis. The yarn is returned to the owners of the raw silk and later sold by them as organzine, tram, or hard crepe twist to establishments within the silk-manufactures industry and does not figure in the statistics of materials as raw silk, but as organzine, tram, and hard crepe twist only. A close approxi- mation of the quantity of raw silk handled in this way in 1919 may be arrived at by obtaining the difference between the quantity of raw silk thrown on commis- sion, shown in Table 14 as 18,475,714 pounds, and the quantity bought by the industry and given out for commission throwing, shown in Table 15 as 10,809,500 pounds, which is equal to 7,666,214 pounds. Principal materials used in the industry, by states.— A distribution, by states, of the kind, quantity, and cost of materials used in the industry is shown in Table 16 for the census years 1904 to 1919, inclusive, with per cent of increase, 1909-1919. Table 16.—PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED IN THE INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. QUANTITY (POUNDS). i 1 COST. j! PEE CENT OF | INCREASE,1 !! 1909-1919. MATERIAL AND STATE. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 | -IQA4. i| Quan- 1W* :| tity. H Cost. ■j 25,890,728 22,374,700 17,472,204 11,572,783 $206,222,609 $86,416,857 $67,787,037 \ $45,318,416 48,2 204.2 1,777,775 1,875,922 1,624,701 1,320,509 13,544,6-41 7,263,562 6,099,209 5,067,3S1: 9.4 122.1 Massachusetts 1,109,943 1,121,697 920,30S 739,004 9,219, M0 4,141,624 3,753,207 2,944.279! 20.6 145.6 7,966,034 6,891,603 6,112,647 3,553,090 64,680.504 26,613,777 23,705,609 13,920,194 30.3 172.8 New York 2,274,136 2,339,776 1,817,329 1,006,793 19,22$; 629 9,033,199 7,092.171 3,934,433 1 25.1 171.1 Pennsylvania 10,007,59S 8,073,266 5,532,973 3,970,044 80,527,565 31,573,509 21,206,972 15,419,221; 80.9 279.7 S08,94S 535,613 483,330 262,112 6,561,401 1,850,707 2,173,458 1,179,447 , 67.4 201.9 1,946,294 1,536,823 980,916 721,231 12,460,329 5,940,479 3,756,411 2,853,461 j 9a 4 231.7 Organzine, tram, and hard crepe twist.. 6,125,490 3,855,899 3,377,972 3,236,744 62,487,939 16,703,096 14,679,719 14,552,425 | 81.3 325.7 Connecticut 240,429 41,121 54,619 2S,S44 1,914,645 206,051 238,785 144,355! 340.2 701. S Massachusetts.. . 42,143 404,464 New Jersey 3,504,601 1,471,594 1,143,754 1,343,081 37,364,340, 6,154,447 4,899,843 5,832,154 j 206.4 662.6 718,018 337,164 335,003 603,623 7,019,320 1,457,062 1,471,824 2,919,456 | 114.3 376.9 1,425,462 1,760,594 1,719,952 1,202,805 13,882,065 7,934,419 7,531,045 5,390,466 j -17.1 84.3 194,837 245,426 124,644 58,391 1,903,105 951,117 538,222 265,991! 56.3 253.6 4,767,679 3,209,309 2,112,972 1,951,201 25,874,715 8,094,427 4,848,789 4,310,061 125.6 433.6 Connecticut 1,696,472 1,244,745 596,379 716,607 8,192,911 3,340,302 1,425,657 1,609,152 184.5 474. 7 New Jersey 724,065 501,912 244,617 154,201 i 4,149,060 1,198,296 628,027 341,298 196.0 560.6 505,289 372,718 315,622 249,896 2,516,857 664,480 759,710 734,099 6a 1 231.3 Pennsylvania 1,118,958 723,176 695,067 454,074 6,830,327 1,845,513 1,566,914 876,485 61.0 335.9 521,040 130,342 73,816 52,145 i 3.117,169 363,934 175,113 139,909 605.9 1,680.1 Frisons, pierced cocoons, noils, and 201,S52 236,416 187,471 324,278 ; 1,068,391 681,902 293,368 609,118 7.7 264.2 11,461,688 4,325,536 2,402,960 * 49,811 \ 16,136,213 3,066,297 1,637,187 »187,159 377.0 8S5.« Artificial silk 3,039,257 1,902,974 914,494 466,151 ! 15,885,564 3,440,154 1.926,S94 1,623,473 232.3 724.4 Connecticut 202,879 404,087 IS,192 907,321 718,026 39,062 1,015.2 2,222.8 Massachusetts 64,1S3 335,551 New Jersey 555,728 487,887 103,148 8,066 | 2,935,363 923,675 i97.20S 35,074 435. S 1,338.5 New York 1,510,909 709,611 616,439 289,282 i 8,398,375 1,234,255 1,309,400 1,039,783 145.1 541.4 481,273 176,682 127,486 127,192 2,269,013 334,022 273,646 394,126 277.5 729.2 All other states 224,285 124,707 49,229 41,611 '1,039,941 230,176 107,578 154,490 355.6 866.7 Cotton yarns (not mercerized) 15,131,047 16,869,511 12,617,292 8,3S7,04S i 14,151,S63 6,163,240 4,657,173 2,556,954 19.9 20L9 4,488,146 4,867,496 2,410,095 1,359,021 ; 3,597,015 1,727,259 850,437 439,025 86.2 323.0 752,062 1,046,919 1,225,386 724,594 j 749,405 530,121 535,889 264,580 -38.6 39.8 1,877,0.58 2,975,046 1,889,158 1,054,973 ! 1,824,310 1,087,780 781,061 402,480 -0.6 133.6 2,131,644 1,594,878 2,018,612 1,197,943 I 2,336,396 655,439 757,470 401,841 5.6 20S.4 4,183,116 3,590,419 2,869,000 2,591,135 1 4,059,169 1,328,708 1,077,157 665,915 45. S 276.8 Rhode Island 716,190 1,830,922 1,421,229 969,426 720,722 500,348 404,141 290,214: -49.6 75.3 All other states 982,833 933,831 783,812 4S9,956 864,846 333,535 281,018 122,899 25.4 207.8 2,826,965 1,464,299 1,494,586 631,247 4,266,593 1,078,337 1,124,409 471,035 89.1 279.5 Connecticut 93,711 109,219 29,310 21,560 127,159 93,307 20,270 7,337 1 219.7 527.3 768,018 221,929 158,399 5,348 1,091,554 181,501 113,253 4,470 384.9 S63.8 761,122 352,340 490,307 261,905 1,123,817 313,104 390,198 208,204 55.2 1SS.0 465,545 400,224 483,627 101,943 681,227 232,957 359,315 74,770 -3.7 89.6 255,398 336,904 309,063 227,944 476,497 217,198 224,029 168,025 -17.4 112.7 4S3,171 43,683 23,880 12,547 766,339 40,270 17,344 8,229 | 1,923.3 4,31S,5 Woolen and worsted yarns 638,334 1,987,91S 610,588 443,155 2,157,743 2,087,804 765,959 409,867 4.5 181.7 New Jersey 52,782 396,383 69,169 25,725 179,042 '450,763 106,333 27,962 i -23.7 68.4 73,702 203,671 94,622 1S4,340 184,735 241,485 114,829 191,816 —22.1 60.9 Pennsylvania 324,621 454,307 83,075 48,870 1 1,349,634 569,877 98,340 47,969 29 (2) (2) 19,693,393 4,763,872 2,366,169 4,576,128 7,987,224 95,183,248 926,819 1,717,102 47,639,175 6,341,434 37,024,558 1,534,160 70,830,675 3,729,932 C) 12,3S5,152 6,509,695 23,968,700 10,812,840 13,424,356 (2) (2) (2) (*) (2) (2) 40,044,433 3,584,329 4,518,084 15,583,924 16,358,096 30,786,242 8,800,823 1,991,611 8,384,776 11,609,032 10,093,583 9,741,329 352,254 2,759,411 226,717 Pounds. 2,740,319 14,592 266,458 330,026 1,642,004 487,239 779,462 1,088,780 573,031 515,749 060,507 255,322 405,185 86,739 (3) Yards. 124,871,215 7,562,166 4,235,637 46,700,737 10,896,809 43,552,924 6,497,937 5,425,005 97,870,717 6,812,551 0) 42,327,218 10,002,610 33,624,116 643,979 4,460,243 (*) (2) (*) (2) (2) 21,334,584 3,874,771 4,272,422 7,325,103 5,862,2S8 76,536,133 1,852,560 1,149,292 38,452,447 5,730,188 26,299,013 3,052,633 27,000,498 749,615 (l) 4,373,519 S94,199 9,928,808 5,853,958 5,200,399 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 15,603,353 1,331,233 3,247 8,461,557 5,807,316 11,397,145 3,042,286 890. 952 1,467,251 5,996,656 7,262,315 7,154,387 107,928 2,547,367 1,760,2.10 Pounds. 2,025,645 65,482 171,187 99,866 1,396,424 292,686 570,529 932,998 614,729 318,269 606,357 167,485 438,872 205,354 (3) (») c3) 1919 $391,73.3,902 16,604,633 17,672,808 147,569,327 25,104,956 152,574,138 20,485,693 11,664,347 322,502,765 12,362,837 10,763,763 133,227,850 19,883,732 126,211,810 13,471,763 6,581,010 101,976,095 43,582,733 4,933,499 35,070,760 IS,389,103 101,380,505 50,970,277 9,572,602 28,709,858 12,127,768 119,146,165 1,957,380 9,309,006 38,674,840 5,377,631 62,431,192 1,396,116 69,233,137 4,301,796 6,909,015 14,341,477 5,221,224 26,362,328 7,013,930 5,083,337 35,722,740 2,593,933 738,285 19,920,144 6,640,766 5,823,612 13,849,095 6,103,987 3,211,950 1,245,053 3,288,105 19,661,302 7,499,205 963,405 5,197,131 6,001,561 20,950,239 19,197,396 1,752,843 21,601,280 2,156,017 52,628,129 830,277 15,912,324 10,889,269 16,'181,230 8,515,029 23,807,338 10,644,095 7,539,991 3,104,104 7,089,813 2,095,511 4,994,302 500,571 5,423,242 882,034 4,361,923 179,285 1914 1909 $137,719,564 5,884,845 6,954,245 43,020,187 9,102,192 57,451,134 4,572,591 5,734,370 96,689,801 3,817,321 0) 36,905,379 7,149,555 42,833,383 382,471 5,601,692 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 41,457,105 14,648,890 3,496,384 18,058,376 5,253,455 55,232,696 1,224,013 2,809,121 22,256,489 3,653,171 24,775,007 514,895 41,029,763 2,067,524 0) 11,114,808 1,952,637 14,617,751 4,190,120 7,086,923 (2) (3) <*) I2) (2) (2) 22,046,903 5,171,512 1,444,499 9,835,242 5,595,650 18,982,860 5,943,296 508,138 4,782,509 7,748,917 8,570,022 8,060,314 509,708 10,135,842 840,126 16,023,928 375,021 3,058,454 4,058,80-1 5,163,732 3,367,917 4,577,058 4,036,807 2,621,887 1,414,920 5,046,452 1,816,758 3,229j 694 598,354 (3) (•) (3) (s) $107,881,146 5,890,233 5,898,231 43,167,205 9,042,488 35,772,192 4,415,6-11 3,695,156 74,471,291 4,146,923 (l) 35,553,705 5,946,921 25,873,332 403,522 2,546,888 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 11,353,242 3,200,166 1,147,251 2,920,664 4,085,161 63,118,049 823,104 1,253,922 32,353,539 4,799,670 22,952,668 935,146 33,409,S55 1,743,310 C) 7,613,500 3,095,567 9,898, S60 4,012,119 7,046,499 (2) (*) (2) (2) (2) 15,728,195 1,834,553 1,946,309 5,360,206 6,587,127 17,681,660 5,778,947 1,119,258 4,538,054 6,214,801 4,767,990 4,519,238 248,752 2,104,768 382,820 12,550,510 64,706 1,240,406 1,354,540 7,475,327 2,415,531 2,104,066 6,341,719 3,524,361 2,817,358 3,778,306 1,581,544 2,196,762 401,049 (a) (a) {') (3) 1 Included in "All other states. * SILK MANUFACTURES. 227 Table 21.—PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS OF SILK MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Ribbons Connecticut New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states Laces, nets, veils, veilings, etc New Jersey New York All other states Fringes and gimps New York All other states Braids and bindings Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey.. 1919 $66,186,609 956,930 30,342,220 10,381,416 23,350,039 1,153,004 5,825,359 2,031,122 2,416.329 1,377,908 3,026,560 1,973,967 1,052,593 13,218,284 164,032 1,025,666 822,355 $38,201,293 547,155 17,924,186 5,188,368 13,667,159 874,425 1,328,933 650,634 652,189 26,110 1,025,188 665,894 359,294 3,073,648 22,048 186,620 234,934 1909 $32,744,873 1,125,697 14,971,005 6,261,289 10,008,146 378,736 1,350,850 531,923 794.640 24,287 824,527 560,027 264,500 4,483,248 134,427 286,308 758,563 PRODUCT AND STATE. 1904 $21,890,604 I 1,153,983; 10,036,331 1 4,983,712 5,573,799 !i 142,779; 745,489 414,891 !| 291,400 I1 39,198 !i 1,016,954 !| 544,544 I1 472,410 | 3,493,977!; 72,571 337,380: 404,456! 1919 Braids and bindings—Continued. I New York....' :§8,018,345 Pennsylvania - i 2,543,885 All other states '644,001 All other products !25.340,460 Connecticut i 1,929,345 Massachusetts !2,469,357 New Jersey... ;4,909,575 New York j 6,546,297 Pennsylvania i 4,434,433 Rhode Island !1,448,954 All other states j 3,602,499 Am ount received lor contract work 38,335,025 Connecticut j 732,897 New Jersey '8,508,654 New York i 3,S63,966 Pennsylvania i 22,386,962 All other states i 2,842,546 1914 1909 11, 958,162 | $2,566,881 476,743 i 539, 732 195,141 | 199,337 14,433,435! 3,139,067; 324, 662 I 2,456,731' 2,888,643! 2,627,782 j 1,853,620 1,142,930! 8,400,607 j 135,603 i 1,661,628 f 745,744 j 5,208,322 j 649,310; 8,831,445 778,031 79,807 1,659,748 3.660,554 2,478,784 17,475 157,046 8,364,350 293,332! 2,436.573 606,010; 4.416,978' '611,457 1904 $2,042,365 424, 277 212,928 8,447, 859 75, 2 20 402,111 861,520 4,370,930 2,418.679 54.283 265,116 3, 716,056 230.611 998, S90 268. 252 1,994,319 223,98! Table 22.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE QUANTITY OF PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. PRODUCT AND STATE. Broad silks. Pennsylvania... New Jersey Rhode Island... New York Connecticut Massachusetts.. All other states., All-silk.. Pennsylvania.. New Jersey New York Rhode Island... Connecticut Massachusetts.. All other states. In the gray New Jersey Pennsylvania. - New York All other states. Piece-dyed and printed. New Jersey Pennsylvania New York All other states Yam - dyed, including warp- printed . Pennsylvania Now Jersey Massachusetts New York Connecticut All other states Silk-mixed Pennsylvania. - Rhode* Island... New Jersey New York Massachusetts.. Connecticut All other states. 919 1914 1909 1904 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.2 42.0 35.3 34.9 35.0 32.0 34.9 37.4 7.8 5.2 6.3 5.2 6.0 7.2 8.2 8.7 3.8 4.2 6.2 6.1 3.0 4.0 5.2 3.4 4.2 5.4 4.0 4.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.4 44.9 36.2 34.4 40.5 36.5 45.6 43.2 5.7 S.9 7.6 10.2 5.0 3.6 4.6 6.7 7.0 2.3 2.5 5.7 3.9 5.2 100.0 (l) O) 43. S (l) (l) Q) 31.7 (l) 0) 4.2 (l) (l) 20.3 0) 0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50,6 33.3 24.2 18.2 28.6 41.2 23.2 34.3 8.8 11.0 12.0 20.0 12.0 13.9 40.5 27.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59.2 47.8 38.9 34.4 28.4 39.1 50.0 50.2 5,7 3.9 l.S 1.5 4.6 6.8 6,7 7.5 1.1 1.6 1.0 2.4 1.0 0.8 1.6 4.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 39.6 36.4 33.8 36. S 18.2 14.7 15.3 21.7 14.1 23.3 17.5 16.2 6.9 6.0 3.6 9.2 3.3 4.5 4. S 5.3 2.8 10.7 17.2 18.9 19.3 PRODUCT AND STATE. Broad silks—Continued. Silk-mixed—Continued. In the gray Pennsylvania... Rhode* Island... Connecticut New Jersey All other states.. Piece-dyed and printed. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states 1919 Yarn - dyed, including warp- printed* New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states Velvets Connecticut All other states.. Organzine, tram, and hard crepe twist. New Jersey Pennsylvania New York Massachusetts All other states Machine twist Connecticut All other states.. Sewing and embroidery silks. Connecticut .* All other states Artificial silk yarn.. New York* New Jersey All other states. 100.0 C1) i1) (M 50.0 (V) (M 27.1 0) {1): (J) T. 0 (l) (M (n IS. 2 0) (1); 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 sa 5 20.7 9,0! S. 5 2S.8 4.6 11.3' 7.3 45.7 3 a 9 j 54.2 25.4 2S.9 40. S \ 37.2 j 100.0 100.0 100.0! 100.0 38.6 26.4 28.6 j 26.7 31.2 25.2 27.2! 12.9 5.3 2.5 ^5 j 7. S 24.9 45. 9 37.6! 52.6 j 100.0 100.0 100.0 j 100. 0 93.4 94.3 96.5! 6.6 5.7 3.5 j 1.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 32,6 21.5 9.7 8.5 29.7 32.1 59.9 • &s. y 15.2 24.7 12.0 i 4.9 1.5 2.0 0.5! 3.2 21.0 19. S 17. S' 14.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 72. S 65.9 52.6 , 65.9 27.2 34.1 47.4: 34.1 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 25.4 36.1 3S.7 27.6 74.6 63.9 61.3; 72. -J 100.0 72.3 0) in 15.5 (l) <*) C1} 12.2 0) 1 Not reported separately 228 MANUFACTURES. Table 23.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. United State: Connecticut: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Massachusetts: 1919 1914 1909 1904 New Jersey: 1919../ 1914 1909 1904 New York: 1919 1914 9.9 12.0 10.7 11.7 5.0 4.2 4. 5 5.3 31.2 29.8 33.2 32.2 11.9 11.5 4.3 4.3 4.5 5.0 5.5 4.6 37.7 34,9 40.0 42.1 6.4 6.6 >3 > 100.0 I 100.0 76.1 1 72.6 86.7 87.4 (3) fa) (2) (2) 1.5 1.4 3.4 5.3 (2) (2) C") (2) 45.8 46.9 45.7 45.8 15.7 13.6 ||| CD g W 54.3 46.2 48.6 45.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) <*) (2) (*') (2) pi- ca 3 © to oS (2) (2) (2) (2) 1.6 2.3 0.5 3.2 30. 2 19.1 9.9 8.5 20.7 25.3 I! 100.0 I 100.0 i.o; 0.5 2.5 1.8! 6.0 J 4.6! 5.5: 7.5 j 5.4 | 6.3 I 14.8! 9.6 j 61.5 64.0 10.4 25.8 14.6 10.3 100.0 1.9 1.6 3.5 6.2 17.8 i (2) 4.8 1 (*) 3.6 I (2) 5.7 I (») 12.9 15.3 18.3 11.8 27.6 20. S 22.2 19.8 29.1 26.9 10.1 8.9 New York—Con. 1909 1904 Pennsylvania: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Rhode Island: 1919 1914 1909 1904 All other states 1919 1914 1909 1904 13.5 15.1 33. 6 34.2 31.5 29.5 4.0 3.0 2.3 1.9 4.2 4.3 8.4 9.5 38. 9 41.7 33.2 31.1 5.2 3.3 4.1 3.5 3.0 4.2 3.4 3.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 23.9 27.4 13.3 12.6 19.1 22.8 35.3 35.8 30.6 25.5 1.7 2.3 1.2 0.7 © a 00 s (2) (2) (2) 8.3 7.8 8.3 45.7 45.5 43.6 46.7 is* 511 10.8 4.6 31.3 32.2 59.6 66.6 16.2 21.0 19.2 17. I 9g.g lis 58.9 57.3 16.6 14.9 13.4 17.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) 9.6 4.8 6.6 ~ o 39.9 46.2 15.0 13.4 20.7 22.6 10.5 14.5 0.8 0.9 5.8 5.4 2. 1 7.2 7.2 58.4 62.0 52.8 53.7 (2) (2) (2) C2) 7.3 6.0 1 Includes machine twist, fringe, and floss silks. 2 Included in "All other states.' Contract work.—Table 24 shows, by states, the dis- tribution of establishments in the silk-manufactures industry reporting contract work. Of the 1,369 estab- lishments in the industry in 1919, 138 dyed, finished, or printed their own goods; 7 did dyeing, finishing, or printing for others; 146 did their own throwing; and 500 did custom weaving, warping, quilling, or throwing. Table 24.—CONTRACT WORK. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN- : Silk ! raanu- I factures. United States , 1,369 California 1 1 Connecticut !41 Delaware i 1 Georgia I 1 Illinois j 4 Maine i 3 Maryland '6 Massachusetts j 21 Michigan 1 2 Dyeing, finish- j ing, or printing. Their own goods. For others. I Throw- ing for own con- sump- tion. 138 140 Doing custom weaving, warping, quilling, or throw- ing. 500 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN — Silk manu- factures. New Hampshire i 2 New Jersey 1 686 New York I 181 North Carolina I 3 Ohio 1 Pennsylvania i 373 Rhode Island 30 Tennessee 2 Virginia 10 West Virginia 1 Dyeing, finish- ing, or printing. Their own goods. For ! others. Throw- ing for own con- sump- tion. Doing custom weaving, warping, quilling, or throw- ing. 1 269 28 3 163 1 Active silk spindles in the industry.—The progress | mon to the silk industry. Table 25 gives the number of the industry is to some extent reflected by the of active spindles reported by establishments engaged increase or decrease in the number of machines com- ' in the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 25.—ACTIVE SILK SPINDLES IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Producing spindles In plants doing throw- ing, winding, and spinning, only In other silk mills 1919 1914 1909 PER CENT OP INCREASE.1 1909- 1919 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 2,669,459 2,159,271 1,761,758 51.5 23.6 22.6 1,742,465 926,994 1,289,163 870,108 1,089,110 672,648 60.0 37.8 35.2 6.5 18.4 29.4 Winding spindles In plants doing throw- ing, winding, and spinning, only. In other silk mills 1919 1911 1909 PER CENT OF INCREASE.! 1909- 1919 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 896,S88 710,102 624,711 43.6 26.0 13.7 560,798 336,090 407,616 302,480 318,792 305,919 j 75.9 9.9 37.6 11.1 27.9 -1.1 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Active silk spindles, by states.—Table 26 gives the number of active producing and winding spindles for the industry, distributed by states, and character of plant, in 1919 and 1914. SILK MANUFACTURES. 229 Table 26.—ACTIVE SILK SPINDLES IN THE INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Census year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Aggregate. Total. 2,669,459 2, 159,271 2,168 2,168 138,189 141,712 23,528 17,136 21,416 7,500 4,136 4,970 30,346 19,060 152,658 122,156 16,262 17,204 3,700 3,700 284,121 213,327 263,049 16*4,620 49,318 39,842 1,610,086 1,350,079 40,303 18,780 21.179 36,567 5.000 450 Spinning and twisting. 2,482,153 2,057,889 Spinning only (spun silk). 187,306 101,382 2.168 ] 2,168 | 111.914 | 95,864! 23,528 L 17,136 j- 21,416 L 7,500 L I 4,136 |- 4,970 !. 30,346 19,060 L 111,938! 110,356! 16,262 i. 17,204 3,700 - 3,700 '- 272,121' 213,327 '. 244,377: 141,066! 49,31S . 39,842 . 26,275 45, 848 40,720 11,800 12,000 18,672 23,554 1,541,210 1,348,679 19,540 4,000 21,179 36,567 5,000 450 68,876 1,400 20,763 IS,780 PRODUCING SPINDLES. In plants doing throwing, wind- ing, etc., only. WINDING SPINDLES. Total. 1,742-, 465 1,289,163 20,048 28,936 23,528 17,136 21,416 7,500 400 26,786 17,340 34,296 11,404 3,700 3,700 182,673 128,608 210.979; 141.518 2,776 2,600 1,637,646 1,247,967 104,819 41,196 20,048 28,936 23,528 17,136 21,416 7,500 400 26,786 17,340 5,312 6,132 3,700 3,700 182,673 128,608 192,307 125,054 2,776 2,600 1,159,781 875,344 || 1,123.381 S73,944 25,903 ii 18,060 5,140 4,000 j 4,000 ii 21,179 21,179 36,567 36,567 \ 5,000 1 5,000 450: 450 28,984 5,272 18,672 16.464 In other silk mills. Total. 926,994 870,108 2,168 2,168 118,141 112,776 Spinning and Total. twisting.: ^ In plants' doing In other throwing. silk winding". | mills, etc.. only., 844,507! 82,487: 809,922 j 60,186; 2 168 !. 2,168 ,. 91,866 j 26,275 66,928 I 45,848 j 3,736 L 4,970 I- 4,970 3,560 i 3,560 1,720 h 1,720 118,362 !i 106,626 110,752; 104,224 16,262 1 17,204! 16,262 17,204 101,448 i 84,719 I 89.448 84:719 52,070; 52,070 23 .102 i; 16,012 46,542 37,242 j 46,542 37,242 11,736 6,528 12,000 J ,090 1 36,400 1 450,305 i 417.829! 32,476 1,400 j 474.735 | 474,735' 20,763 18,060 14,400 720 14,400 j 896,888 1 710,102 1.176: 1,176 j 33,835 j 39,564 i 5.754 1,766: 41,762' 25,000 7:56 310 11.644' 9,660! 19,826' 17,530; 5,936 j 10,696 , 928 92S' 168,299' 155,968 j 88,199 52.367 i 18,168; 20,748! 2,960 2,960 i 472,883! 362,455: 6,160 i 1,260 3,580: 560,798 i 407,616 I 10,042 6, 7-54 .,000 960 4,882 9,858 5,754 1,766 40,762 25,000 200 9.720 8,520 2,864 2,540 92S 928 99,234 63,514 &3,878 39.497 7.092 13,660 306,902 234,139 4-80 3, 580 5,0*30 960 336,090 3Q2,486 1,17' 1. 17' 28,953 29,706 1,000 .536 310 1,924 1,140 16,962 14,990 5,936 10,696 69,065 92,454 24,321 12,870 11,076 7,088 2,960 2,960 165,981 128,316 6,16t) 780 Idle silk spindles in the industry, by states.—The number of idle spindles for the silk-manufactures industry is shown for the year 1919 in Table 27, dis- tributed according to states. Table 27.—IDLE SILK SPINDLES IN THE INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919. PRODUCING SPINDLES. WINDING SPINDLES. 11 In plants doing throwing, winding, etc., only. | ! Aggregate.! In other silk mills.! j; | In plants 1 doing STATE. In other silk mills. Spinning only "; (spun silk). Spinning ' Sp^n* Spinning!. Totel- only! (spiin ji silk). | throwing, ! winding. J etc.. ! only. Spinning Spinning Total. and twisting. Total. tw£W j (ggj Total. 30,560 and twisting. l United States 68,363 50,714 17,64,9 37,803! 36,663 1,140 14,051 16,509 , 26,554 j 15,293 11,261 Connecticut 13,455 216 1,814 1,954 9,932 2,354 216 1,814 11.101 Ii 9Ifi: 916 216 12,539 1,438 11,101 I 1,692 . V 412 1 400 I 412 1,292 Illinois . 216 1 90 Massachusetts ::::::::::: 90 1,724 1,954 7,464 i,724 i 1,954 i 2,464 ! 840 840 3,640 2,S58 Michigan - 1 1,954 '4,932 1 3,640 New Jersey 3,489 5,000 1 2,468 2,46-S ! 3,920 | 2,551 5,000 6,347 j- 2,355 New York 4,974 25,703 1 4,134 24,995 840 708 1,054 22,7-44 214 22,444 840 300 3,920 2,959 561 9,771 1,794 837 Pennsylvania 408! 10,608 660 Tennessee 660 Virginia 10,3.15 10,315 1 10,315 10,315 1 i! 230 MANUFACTURES. Establishments engaged in throwing silk, by states.— Table 28 shows, by states, the number of establish- ments engaged in the throwing of silk, classified ac- cording to the number of spinning and twisting spin- dles reported, for 1919 and 1914. Table 28.—ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN THROWING SILK, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF SPINDLES 1919 AND 1914. United States California Conner-tie at Georgia Illinois Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 347 243 Having- Less than 2,500 spin- dles. 130 88 2,500 spin- dles but less than 5,000. 5,000 spin- dles hut less than 10,000. 10,000] spin- dles but less than 15,000. 15,000| spin- dles or over. Total number I of spindles.1 2,532,867 2,057,889 2,168 2,168 114,268 95,864 23,528 17,136 21,632 7,500 4,136 4,970 30,346 19,060 113,752 110,356 18,216 17,204 New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. Total. 169 115 Having- than 2,500 spin- dles. 2,500 spin- dles but less than 5,000. 5,000 spin- dles but less than 10,000. 10,000! spin- dles but less than 15,000.! 38 19! 15,000 spin-! dies! or i over, i Total number of spindles.1 3,700 3,700 277,053 213,327 248,511 141,066 49,318 39,842 1,566,205 1,348,679 19, 540 4,000 31,494 36,567 5,000 450 i Does not include the 204,955 spindles in 1919 and 101,382 in 1914 used in connection with the manufacture of spun-silk yarn. Active looms in the industry.—Statistics for 1919 relating to the number of active looms in each state connected with the silk-manufactures industry are presented in Table 29 for the census years from 1904 to 1919 inclusive, with percentage of increase from census to census. Table 29.—ACTIVE LOOMS IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919. .STATE AND CLASS. United States On broad silks (in- cluding velvets).. On ribbons Connecticut On broad silks. On ribbons—, M assachusetts On broad silks. On ribbons N ew J ersev On broad silks. On ribbons 1919 96,438 87,215 9,223 5,141 4,971 167 3,218 3,218 31,681 30,683 3,998 1914 85,058 73,504 11,551 5,536 5,213 323 3,279 3,267 12 27,781 23,049 4,732 75,406 64.836 10,570 5,006 4,477 529 2,717 2,708 9 28,915 24,423 4,492 1904 60,058 50,449 9,609 4,260 3,500 760 1,610 ], 466 144 23,935 19,917 4,018 PER CENT OF INCREA.SE.1 1914- 1919 18.7 -20.2 -7.1 -4.6 -48.3 -1.9 -1.5 24. 8 33.1 -15.5 1909- 1914 12.8 13.4 9.3 10.6 16.4 -38.9 20.7 20.6 -3,9 -5.6 5. 3 1904- 1909 25.6 28.5 10.0 17.5 27.9 -30.4 84.7 -93.8 20.8 22.6 U.8 STATE AND CLASS. New York On broad silks On ribbons— Pennsylvania On broad silks On ribbons Rhode Island On broad silks All other states— On broad silks On ribbons 1919 1914 1909 1904 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 7,392 6,144 1,248 7,862 5,981 1,881 7,575 5,375 2,200 6,989 4,761 2,228 -6.0 2.7 3.8 11.3 -14.5 ■8.4 12.9 -1.3 -33. 7 37,482 33,853 3,629 33,694 29,302 4,392 26,249 23,031 3,218 19,336 16,999 2,337 11.2 15. 5 -17.4 28.4 27.2 36.5 35.8 35.5 37.7 5,240 5,240 3,045 3,045 2,511 2,511 1,706 1,706 72.1 72.1 21.3 21.3 47.2 47.2 3,284 3,103 181 3,861 3,647 214 2,433 2,311 122 2,222 2,100 122 — 14.9 -14.9 -15.4 58.7 57.8 75. 4 9.5 10,0 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base Is less than 100. SILK MANUFACTURES. 231 Active looms in the industry, by states.—Table 30 gives the number of looms and Jacquard attachments which were in operation during 1919 and 1914 for the principal states in the industry. Table 30.—ACTIVE LOOMS IN THE INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Connecticut Delaware Illinois. Maine.. Maryland Massachusetts Michigan New Hampshire.. Cen- :, SUS il ?ean ,114 i ..919 j 287 516 449 449 671! 092 538 59S 24,953 13,953 4,748 < 3,335 205 205 293 293 5.690 8,920 1.366 2,584 82 311 1,56 156 4,679! 2,869 465! 190! 561 176 73 40S Rib- bon. 40 ! 3,998 176 : 4,732 30 ! 1.248 62 ; 1,881 Jac- quard ma- chines 4,28.5 4,563 1,240 697 27,408 j 6,263 j 182 17,541 I 11,551! 210 3,629: 4,392' 1,124 939 240 2 50 125 1 With or without Jacquard attachments. Idle looms in the industry, by states.—Table 31 is the complement of the preceding table, except for the 1914 figures which are not available as idle looms for this industry were not reported prior to the census of 1919. Table 31.— IDLE LOOMS IN THE INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919. United States Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts Total, 10,3S8 319 32 25 14 185 Other than velvet and ribbon. Total. 7,829 189 15 25 Over 40-inch reed space. 5,668 15 40-inch or under reed space. 2,161 100 "%25 ""22 Vel- vet. Rib- bon. Jac- quard ma- chines. 2.498 || 1,522 103! 17 45 Other than velvet and ribbon. ! Total ! I; t, Total. Michigan j 179 New Jersey !3,654 New York j 1,331 North Carolina :229 Pennsylvania i 3,248 Rhode Island :880 Virginia J 292 li 179 2,S37 836 229 2,162 880 292 Over !^ch| vet HI* 5PftC*- | space. 179; 2,019 527; 1.675 i 880 i 121 , 818 . 309! 229 487 171 Rib- bon. 817 463 1,084 Jac- quard ma- chines. 864 64 397 *150 1 With or without Jacquard attachments. MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 32 gives by states, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the number of es- tablishments, average number of wage earners, pri- Table 32.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. mary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products. Table 33 presents for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, by states. United States.. Connecticut. Massachusetts.. I i Num- Cen- j ber of sus I estab- year. \ lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 .1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 I 1919; 1914 1909 I 1,369 902 852 41 44 47 6 5 4 21 19 19 686 368 34$ Wage 1 «*™JS Primary num- ber). power. 126,782 i 176,825 108,170 | 116,924 99,037 97,947 (S10S, 226 '47,108 38,570 10,668 8,703 839 874 655 5,697 4,495 4,109 18,357 11,160 8,564 1,505 1,012 915 9,811 6,635 5,305 32,326 29,095 28,263 21,218 30,285 22, 376 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $.388,469 144,442 107,767 11,523 5,606 3,749 456 283 160 5,040 2,092 1,840 32,832 14,800 13,917 §688,470 254,011 196,912 37,526 18, 406 11,834 70S 424 237 68,053 30,592 21,063 1,534 911 512 19,243 I 34,194 5,961 I 10,677 5, 430 | 8,942 123,441 I 215,051 40,883 i 75,706 33,265 65,430 New York. Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island. Virginia. All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 181 143 170 373 284 226 30 12 13 10 9 7 21 | 18 j 18! Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 13",342 11,659 12,903 53,052 44,755 36,469 4,130 2,325 1,685 661 691 819 5, 461 4,440 3, 409 Primary horse- power. 25,232 14,707 11,110 73, 826 48,915 41,962 7,224 3,509 2,318 1,811 1,798 1,858 9,964 7,970 3; 539 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value ot prod- ucts. Expressed in thousand?. $11,758 4,967 5,385 38,129 16,312 11,443 4,161 1,192 788 367 210 261 3,960 1,646 1,027 $46,391 16,736 13,949 126,287 48,795 35,166 16,815 5,327 3,188 609 1,094 1,011 17, 449 6,816 3,687 581,683 29, 261 26, 519 231,711 86,939 62,061 27,219 7,664 4,584 I, 551 1,773 1,544 27, 174 10,488 6,257 Table 33.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. t:nited States. Connecticut . Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode* Island Virginia All other states ] Num- ber of estab-| lish- mentsl 1,369 21 686 181 373 30 10 21 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 136,775 12,169 869 6,141 35,453 14,693 56,578 4,346 717 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, |super in- tend- ents and man- agers. 1,011 16 2 14 6.82 140 112 11 3 1 3,651 345 21 139 1,106 433 1,363 84 34 126 Clerks, etc. Male. 3,027 Fe- male. 2,304 303 178 742 493 1,118 42 7 144 251 7 113 597 2ST> Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 126,782 11.254 839 5,697 32,326 13,342 903 53,052 59! 4,150 12 j 661 77 I 5,»461 I Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. De 137,239 No De De De De Do De Do 11,813 981 6,777 35,064 14,534 57,342 4,330 732 Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. Fe 118,201 [1137,716 Ja Fe Fe Fe Mh Ja Oc Je 10,147 j 768 i 4,618 , 28,628 12,652 50,128 3,998 591 11,687 978 6,813 35,074 14,401 57,949 4,348 713 5,750 16 and over. Male. 52,401 78,160 |2,368 6,495 316 2,518 16,177 5,661 17,200 1,913 237 1,887 Fe- male. Under 16. Male. 4,799 602 3,880 17,920 8,526 36,406 2,201 428 3,398 146 37 131 312 70 1,487 66 20 99 Fe- male. 217 23 284 665 147 |2,856 168 28 366 Capital. Dollars. 532,732,163 57, S37,589 1,145,185 26,614,191 101,180,821 62,550, 489 1237,628,505 20,200,627 869,111 24,705,615 Salaries and wages. Officials. Dollars. 16,790,489 Dollars. 9,580,473 1,706, 103 72,702 574,927 5,299,282 1,989,416 ft, 988,240 496,034 65,001 598,484 Clerks, etc. 1,527,293 5, 655 560,575 \2,247,563 1,374,709 3,253,338 196, lW 28,023 357, 120 expenses—continued. Salaries and) swages—Con.i Wage For contract work. i Dollars. I Dollars. United States. .108,226,330 143,146,201 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Connect i put Maryland Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York .. 11,523,017 456,115 .. 5, 039, 601 .. 32,832,211 .. 11,757,847 Pennsylvania......... 38,129,477 Rhode Island ;4,160,940 Virginia... '367,354 A11 other states 1 :3,959,738 1,144,105 5,544 1,370, 674 17,988,470 4, 980,390 15,608,271 1,170,794 46,274 831,679 Dollars. 2,982,226 39,877 455 15,689 1,483,315 696, 620 782,728 31,310 6,200 26,032 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and" local. For materials. Principal materials. 36,611,924 665,294 19,000,721 122,356,778 45, 667,918 123,623,779 16, 532,722 577,290 17,201,149 Fuel and rent of power. Value Value of ! added by products. Dollars. 688,469,523 manufac- ture. Dollars. [300,000,501 68, 053, 429 1,531,218 31,193,951 |215, 050,560 81,682,572 231,711,352 27,219,238 1,550,712 27,473,491 30, 527, 560 826,417 14,950,468 91,609,312 35,291,822 105,424,109 10,404,365 941,975 10,024,473 Primary horsepower. Total. 176,825 18,357 1,505 9,811 29,095 25,232 73,826 7,224 1,811 9, 904 Owned. Steam engines (not tur- bines ). 75,595 5,406 535 2,469 11,869 7,881 39,506 2,040 810 5,076 Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- coni- bus- tion en- gines. 4,792 1,120 1,465 2,122 2,650 660 290 530 482 Wa- ter pow- er.* |8,327 1,749 417 1,085 875 400 525 1, 432 Rent- ed.* 78,311 6,311 970 4,933 15,399 14,268 |30,841 2,134 476 2,979 Elec- tric horse- power gener- jated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 1,459 3,738 6,386 9,005 4, 464 425 2,W » All overstates embrace: California, 1 establishment; Delaware, 1; Georgia, 1; Tllmois, 4; Maine, 3; Michigan, 2; Now Hampshire, 2; North Carolina, 3; Ohio, 1; Tennessee' 2: aril West Virginia, 1. , * Includes water wheels, turbines, and motors (irrespective of ownership of wator supply). . 3 Chiorty electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other rented power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). WOOL MANUFACTURES. By Arthur J. Lege. GENERAL General character of the industry.—The statistics presented in this report represent establishments en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of (1) worsted goods, (2) woolen goods, (3) carpets and rugs, other than rag, (4) felt goods, and (5) wool-felt hats. Wool pulling, wool scouring, and recovering wool from rags, tailors' clippings, and mill waste, commonly known as shoddy, represent processes in the manufacture of wool materials, rather than the production of finished goods, therefore statistics for these industries are pre- sented separately. Of the five primary textile industry groups—cot ton manufactures, wool manufactures, silk manufactures, knit goods, and cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods—wool manufactures ranked second in 1919, the value of its products representing 24.7 per cent of the total value of products of the live groups combined. The value of products for wool manu- factures in 1919 was about one-half that of cotton manufactures and about equal to the sum of the value of products reported for knit goods and silk manufactures. Comparative summary for wool manufactures, by years.—The advancement made in wool manufactures since 1899 is summarized in Table 1. Summary for wool manufactures, by component indus- tries.—The general status of wool manufactures and of each industrial branch is shown for 1919 in Table 2. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— The states engaged in wool manufactures are shown in Table 3 in the order of their importance according to value of products for 1919. Persons engaged in wool manufactures and component industries.—Statistics relating to the number of male and female employees, distributed according to class of employment, are shown for 1919, 1914, and 1909 in Table 4 for wool manufactures as a whole and for each of its separate branches. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.— Table 5 gives the number of wage earners—male and female—-employed in wool manufactures, and its \ separate industries., on the 15th day of each month \ during 1919. Comparative figures are given for 1914 ! and 1909 for wool manufactures for males and females 1 combined. Employment by selected states is shown ! for 1919. Number of spinners and weavers, by states, sex, and : age,—The number of spinners and weavers employed in the industry during 1919 and 1914 is shown in Table 6 in such detail as location by states, sex, and age—over and under 16 years. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 7 shows that the largest number of wage earners employed in estab- ; lishments engaged in wool manufactures worked 48 ! hours per week in 1919, 54 hours in 1914, and between I 54 and 60 in 1909. Similar figures are shown for the | separate industries within the group, and by states for ; the combined industries during 1919 and 1914. I Size of establishments, by average number of wage ; earners.—Table 8 presents statistics with respect to | the size of establishments, based on the average j number of wage earners for wool manufactures and l for each branch separately in 1919 and 1914. Sta- | tisties for states are also presented for the combined | industries in 1919. I Size of establishments, by value of products.—The size of establishments based on value of products may be found by reference to Table 9, which is com- parative for 1919 and 1914. Character of ownership.—It will be seen from Table 10 that the corporate form of ownership prevailed in the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. This is not confined to certain states but is general for all states. Statistics for states are shown for the year 1919 only. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power used in the industry are shown in Table 11, with the rated capacity in horse- power of each for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Statistics on owned and rented power are shown separately. Fuel consumed, by states,—Table 12 gives the quantity and kinds of fuel used in the industry for the various states during 1919 and 1914. (233) 234 MANUFACTURES. Table 1..—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 3. 1919 1,016 208, 225 488 11,333 196,40-1 525,757 S9S9,746,958 236,773,202 38,187,133 198,5S6,069 9,316,229 59, 75S, 733 759,193, 319 1,234,657,092 475,463,773 1914 1909 1904 1899 PER CENT OF INCREASE 1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1009 1899- 1904 979 203,716 1,124 209,882 866 1,213 186,699 1,107 5,616 179,976 1,414 164,713 1,110 4,495 159,108 3.8 2.2 -15.6 44.3 0.6 -12.9 -2.9 -7.3 12.4 -21.8 24.4 12.3 -14.2 13.3 -0.3 24.9 13.1 578 7,853 195,285 6,987 2112,029 -33.3 12.4 -3.3 442,330 $497,699,293 400,762 $506,205,584 322,914 $370,861,691 271,565 $310,179,749 18.9 98.9 10.4 -1.7 24.1 36.5 18.9 19.6 108,009,668 14,651,788 93,357,880 100,268,868 12,306,199 87,962,669 78,974,869 8,177,345 70,797,524 64,389,312 6,455,495 57,933,817 119.2 160.6 112.7 19.1 6.1 27.0 50.5 24.2 22.7 26.7 22.2 2,456,260 3,922,866 298,063,498 464,249,813 166,186,315 3,629,257 2,925,922 322,441,043 507,166,710 184,725,667 1,220,708 > 2,357,150 242,561,096 380,934,003 138,372,907 1,749,222 ^ 2,007,374 181,159,127 296,990,484 115,831,357 279.3 1,423.3 154.7 165.9 186.1 -32.3 34.1 -7.6 -8.5 197.3 24.1 32.9 33.1 33.5 -30.2 17.4 33.9 28.3 19-5 -10.0 1 A minus sign (-) denotes decrease. 2 Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2. -SUMMARY FOR WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY COMPONENT INDUSTRIES: 1919. Total for wool manufac- tures. Number of establishments i 1,016 Persons engaged 208,225 Proprietors and firm members 488 Salaried employees 11,333 Wage earners (average number) 196,404 Primary horsepower 525,757 Capital 1 1989,746,958 Salaries and wages 236,773,202 Salaries 38,1S7,133 Wages 198,586,069 Paid for contract work 9,316,229 Rent and taxes 59,758,733 Cost of materials 759,193,319 Value of products 1,234,657,092 Value added by manufacture1 475,463,773 INDUSTRY. Woolen goods. Worsted j goods.! 1! Carpets ■ F.lt d j Wool-felt and rugs. I *elt goods. | hats. 292 j 109,372 j 129! 5,413 , 103,830! 295,533 j 75 j 24,251! 50! 1,268: 22,933 1 38,170 | ! 49 5,934 j 8 1 690 5,236 16,411 $557,721,078 |S119,196,461 |$35,024,373 119,353,515 I 2S, 965,905! 6,970,832 17,840,660! 4,749,7S4; 2,097,342 101,512,855! 24,216,121 I 4,873,490 40 1,648 43 157 1,448 560 67,020 258 3,805 62,957 172,947 [$273,973,670 79,736,922 13,141,096 66,595,826 ! I 1,198,862 j 8,013,960! 86,716 , 9,009 i 7,6S2 16,791,225 | 37,218,556 i 3,984,671 1,656,453 , 107,828 217,965,333 I 447,629,350 1 67,118,039 22,780,775 3,699,822 364,S96,590 i 700,537,482 ! 123,253,828 ( 39,229,540 6,739,652 146,931,257 252,90S, 132 j 56,135,789 i 16,448,765 I 3,039,830 $3,831,376 1,746,028 358,251 1,387,777 PER CENT OF TOTAL CONTRIBUTED BY EACH INDUSTRY. W oolen goods. Worsted goods. Carpets [and rugs. 28.7 52.5 26.4 47.8 52.9 56.2 56.3 50.4 46.7 61.1 86.0 62.3 59.0 56.7 53.2 7.4 11.6 10.2 11.2 11.7 ,sj 12.0 I 12.2 j 12.4 i 12.2 j 0.9 6.7 8.8 10.0 11.8 Felt goods. 2.8 1.6 6.1 2.7 3.1 3.5 2.9 5.5 2.5 0.1 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.5 Wool- felt hats. 3.0 0.8 8.8 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.6 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.--PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States . Massachusetts 1 Pennsylvania Rhode Island * New Jersey 3 New York. Maine 1 Connecticut1 New Hampshire... Ohio*.. Vermont 1,016| 207 259 88 35 68 m 47 44 101 18 WAGE EARNERS. ^ 0 i r ce ibut ank r! 196,'104!. 58, 084 30,936 24,303 14,7821 18,800' 9, 913 8,1321 9, 772! 786 3,031 29.6; 15.8 12,4 7.5' 9.6; 5.0 7\ 4.1; 61 5.0 8! 0.4j 9i 1.5! 10 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Is < 81,234,657 366, 506 217,598 175,312 102,30: 100, 402 60,327 .53,814 45, 944 3,3861 17,426 29.7j 17. 6 14.2! 8.3! 8.1 4.9! 4.4 3.7 0.3 1.41 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. ° a $475,461 139,135 77,100 58,398 46,603 14,00" 24,101 20, 60<" 10,405 1,358 6,890 29.3 16.2 12.3 9.8 9.3 5.1 4.3| 4 0.3 1.4 Wisconsin 6 j 2j Illinois'....- Jj Michigan« f Indiana | \L Tennessee l& Oregon 9 | Kentucky -j l°j Georgia1 ;6 Minnesota 2 ;u West Virginia "\ Virginia • I \*\ All other states6 1 65! WAGE EARNERS. 1,070 482 812 048 1,366 808 565 595 574 542 630 0.51 12 0.21 13 0.4 0.5 0.7j 0.4; 0.3i 0.3! 0.3! 0.3! 0.31 4.8 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 15, 495 2,708 4,572 4,542 4,212 3,357 3,217 2,703 2,864 3,779 2,693 52,438| 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 4.2 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. £t3 $2,157 1,003 l,69l' 1,222 2,010 1, 410 1,298 1,037 1,0.87 1,155 22,557 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 4 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing of individual operations. * Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing of individual operations. 'Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to avoid disclosing of individual operations. ♦Excluies statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosing of individual operations. °Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing individual opera- tions. 6 Includes all establishments which can not be shown by states without disclos- ing individual operations. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 235 Table 4.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES AND COMPONENT INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. INDUSTRY AND CLASS. Wool M anw a.ctttres. . Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earner? (average number^ — 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Woolen goods Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporal ions. Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners [ average numl ex)... 16 years of age and o\ er. Under 16 years of age — Worsted goods... Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers oT corporations Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sal aried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1014 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1911 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 208,225 203,716 209,882 5,640 3,168 3.640 488 578 866 1,478 940 S97 3,674 1,650 1,877 6,181 5,263 4.213 196.404 195,285 202,029 139,077 188,408 191,102 7,327 6,877 10,927 67.020 51.631 54:771 Male, 121,452 117,643 120,032 2.487 1,338 1,542 253 316 480 729 397 406 1,500 625 656 1,576 1,128 1,049 62,957 49,165 52,180 62.013 48,328 50,472 944 837 1,7ft* 109,372 113,059 114,422 2.348 1,149 1,431 129 141 197 507 330 309 1,712 678 925 3.191 2,383 1,979 103,830 109,527 111,012 98,105 104.162 103,203 5,725 5,365 7,809 5,452 3,119 3,583 466 551 835 1,430 927 886 3,556 1,641 1,862 3,826 4,013 3,271 112,174 110,511 113,178 108,965 107.469 108,123 3.209 3,042 5.055 45^272 35,226 35,815 2,385 1.313 1,514 243 29S 457 708 393 402 1,434 622 655 m 796 802 41,993 33,117 33.499 41;489 32,659 32,547 504 458 952 55,412 57,894 58,858 2,282 1,136 1,411 125 135 191 489 327 304 • 1,668 674 916 2.04S 1,793 1,490 51,082 54,965 55,957 48,707 52,752 52,654 2,375 2,213 3.303 Fe- male. 86,773 86,073 89,850 188 49 57 22 27 31 48 13 11 118 9 15 2,355 1,250 942 84,230 84,774 88,851 80,112 80,939 82,979 4.118 3; 835 5,872 21,748 16,405 18,956 102 25 28 15 18 23 21 4 4 66 3 1 682 &32 247 20,964 16,048 18,681 20,524 15,669 17,925 440 379 7-56 53,960 55,165 55,564 66 13 20 4 6 6 18 3 5 44 4 9 1,146 590 489 52,748 54, 562 55,055 49,398 51,410 50,5-19 3,350 3,152 4.506 PEB CENT OF TOTAL. Male. INDUSTRY AND CLASS. Cen- sus rear. FEB CENT of total. 67.5 68.2 65.4 95.9 98.1 98.2 94.2 94.3 95,2 97.1 99.0 99.0 95.6 99.5 99.8 56.7 70.6 76.5 66.7 67.4 64.2 60.9 67.6 64.5 53.4 .54.7 .55, 7 50.7 51. 2 51.4 97.2 98.9 98.6 96.9 95.7 97.0 96.4 99.1 98,4 97.4 99.4 99.0 64.1 75.2 75.3 49. 2 50!2 50.4 49,6 50.0 51.0 41.5 41.2 42.3 Cakpets and rugs i'roprietors and nfficials 1 1919 '1914 I 1909 Proprietors anil firm members . 1919 1914 I I 1909 Salaried officers of corpora? ions J 1919 I 1914 . 1909 Superintendents and managers.^ 1919' i 19L4 I ! 1909: Clerks and other subordinate sal- i 1919 aried employees. ;1914 ! 1909 32.5 31.8 34.6 4.1 I 1.9; 1.8 |, 5.8 i; 5.7 i; 4.8 i 2.9 , 1.0 j 1.0 t 4.4 ij 0.5! 0.2 ij 43.3 i 29.4;! 23.5 j 33.3 I 32.6 , 35.8 j 33.1 i 32.4! 35.5: 46.6 • 45.3 44.3! 49.3 48.8 r 48.6 1 2.8 1. i 1.4 3.1 4.3 3.0 3.6 0.9 L6 2,6 0.6 1.0 35.9 24.8 24.7 50.8 49.8 49.6 .50,4 49.4 49.0 58. 5 58.8 57.7 Wage earners t average numben 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Felt goods. I'roprietors and officials Proprietors and linn members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sal aried employees. Wage earners 1 average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age W^OL-FEL.r hats Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers- Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners 1 average number 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age 236 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States: 1919 Males Females.. Woolen goods. Males Females... Worsted goods. Males Females Carpets and rugs. Males Females Felt goods Males Females.. Wool-felt hate.. Males Females 1914. 1909.. Connecticut Georgia 1... Illinois2.... Indiana Kentucky- Louisiana Maine. » Maryland Massachusetts1. Michigan 3 Minnesota3 New Hampshire. Now Jersey < New York Ohio 2 Oregon 3 Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island». Tennessee Vermont Virginia West Virginia. Wisconsin & States shou'ing large proportion of females. Connecticut1 Georgia1 Indiana Maine1 Massachusetts i.. New Hampshire. New Jersey *.. New York Pennsylvania. Rhode Island 3 Tennessee Average number em- ployed during year. 196,404 112,174 84,230 62,957 41,993 20, 964 103,830 51,082 52,748 22,933 14,032 8,901 5,236 4,052 1,184 1,448 1,015 433 195,285 168,722 8,132 595 4S2 948 565 18 9,913 207 58,084 812 574 9,772 14,782 18,800 786 30,936 24,393 1,366 3,031 630 542 1,070 2,272 243 483 3,511 23,348 3,654 7,694 7,782 14,748 11,729 626 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Jan- nary. Feb- ruary. 165,308 i 1/0,168 93,924 l 79,528 71,384 j 60,640 52,063 | 34,043' 18,020 | 88,631 | 44,057 I 44,574 I 47,873 31,497 16,375 67,489 32, 098 35,391 18,62-2 I 18,681 11,289 I 11,349 7,333 i 7,832 5,076 3,921 1,155 916 j 614 $02 193,400 158,318 7,094 596 461 915 490 18 7,523 146 49,271 580 8,491 14,092 15,302 799 731 26,525 18,334 1,340 1,819 613 476 1,021 2,044 255 476 2,755 19,586 3,260 7,282 6,407 12,868 8,779 609 5,065 3,875 1,190 1,061 709 352 196,992 161,120 6,771 5S2 452 5-55 433 18 7,374 145 39,852 699 539 8,222 4,018 15,204 789 722 24,364 15,827 1,327 1,930 611 450 802 1,926 251 2,696 16,383 3,166 2,327 6,268 11,976 7,696 609 April. 149,779 I 176,954 85,548 I 101,217 64,231 75,737 50,508 | 58,242 33,581 I 39,076 16,927 19,166 73,916 35,758 38,158 91, 796 44, 747 47,049 19,374 j 20,792 11,658 j 12,690 7,716 | 8,102 4,896 3,814 j 1,082! 1,085 737 348 202,26S 165,585 7,118 597 471 943 481 18 7,956 145 45,018 714 548 8,596 4,079 16,174 730 701 24,426 17,185 1,315 2, 335 591 412 925 2,061 253 487 2,845 18,255 3,280 2,334 6,702 12,018 8,256 599 4,888 3,816 1,072 1,236 888 348 203,511 166,851 7,756 600 489 901 522 18 9,416 161 48,671 760 563 9,313 14,469 17, ,547 739 756 27,162 22,644 1,247 2,848 602 465 996 2,179 244 440 3,291 19,435 3,475 7,611 7,204 13,164 10,689 686 May. I 193,282 110,359 82,923 63,086 42,240 20, 816 101,375 49,501 51,874 22,448 13,726 8,722 4,S74 3,801 1,073 1,499 1,091 408 203,012 168,015 8,226 598 480 921 560 18 10,137 26 54,534 819 561 9,568 16,405 18,181 761 786 30,289 24,943 1,353 3,107 604 486 1,050 2,268 243 463 3,607 21,981 3,577 8,475 7,484 14,408 11,830 633 208,361 119,642 88, 719 66,442 44,523 21,919 111,621 55,457 56,164 23,596 14,503 9,093 5,012 3,919 1,093 1,690 1,240 450 200,596 171,946 8,538 604 499 964 564 18 10,555 25 63,506 859 573 9,977 17,227 19,151 785 31,925 25,893 1,404 3,060 635 576 1,089 2,416 238 490 3,767 25.338 3,708 8,801 7,921 14,983 12,263 646 July. 216,510 124,103 92,407 68,638 45,922 22,716 116,593 57,968 58,625 24,421 14,979 9,442 5,12S 3, 982 1,146 1,730 1,252 478 191,039 170,818 8,845 617 '486 947 596 18 10,837 173 66,205 835 586 10,327 17,859 19,650 780 834 33,462 27,204 1,394 3,151 638 597 1,120 2,452 234 483 3,825 26,490 3,825 9,181 8,107 15,729 13,035 629 August. 219,153 125,797 93,356 69,131 46,236 22,895 117,664 58,664 59,000 25,011 15,296 9,715 5,424 4,207 1,217 1,923 1,394 529 188,355 170,295 8,555 613 492 953 628 18 10,862 .300 66,260 873 583 10,546 17,949 20,271 811 848 34,204 27,519 1,379 3,326 660 598 1,144 2,324 242 477 3,788 26,429 3,888 9,239 8,430 16,025 13,118 623 Septem- ber. 220,392 125,579 94,813 69,571 46, 584 22,987 119,097 58,616 60,481 24,398 14,823 9,575 5,508 4,266 1,242 1,818 1,290 528 193,567 171,747 October, 218,442 124,417 94,025 8,706 593 487 991 622 18 10,705 318 66,745 864 578 10,475 17,864 20,367 806 909 34,459 27,808 1,397 3,508 631 602 1,137 2,398 235 497 3,673 26,975 3,882 9,375 8,456 16,264 13,527 639 69,428 46,419 23,009 116,646 57,306 59,340 25,390 15,467 9,923 5,529 4,247 1,282 1,449 978 471 196, &50 173,321 8,006 558 488 994 623 18 11,075 343 64,533 864 580 10,476 17,722 20,647 817 34,447 ( 27,736 1,418 3,699 663 • 612 1,170 Novem- ber. 221,912 126,485 95,427 70,129 46,732 23,397 118,637 58,319 60,318 25,961 16,061 9,900 5,688 4,365 1, 323 1,497 1,008 489 190,232 173,943 8,787 590 493 1,004 640 18 10,933 348 65,270 883 598 10,540 17,772 21,452 819 863 34,604 28,617 1,410 3,772 659 607 1,183 I Decem- ber. 226,587 129,489 97,098 I 2,223 228 i 515 i 3,845 i 25,892! 3,887 j 9,189; 8,625 16,365 13,505 647 2,430 248 525 3,891 26,252 3,939 9,238 8,910 16,467 13,897 645 70,374 47,063 23,311 122,495 60.493 62,002 26,502 16,543 9,959 5,744 4,411 1,333 1,472 979 493 j 184,098 I 172,693 9,132 592 4.96 1,005 j 621 18 11, 583 354 66,143 599 10,733 17,928 21,664 796 855 35,365 29,006 1,408 3,817 653 623 1,203 2,643 245 I 517 4,149 27,160 3,971 9,276 8,880 16,719 14,153 648 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 2 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. 1 Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. < Excludes statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. - Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing Individual operations. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 237 Table 6.—WAGE EARNERS-SPINNERS AND WEAVERS—IN WOOL MANUFACTURES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER DEC. 15 OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. PER CENT OF TOTAL. STATE, AGE, AND SEX. 1919 j 1914 1919 1914 Total. | All other.' Spin- ners. Weav- ers. All other. Spin- ners. Weav- ers. All other. Spinners. Weavers. ! Total.! Spinners. Weavers. All other. United States 229,181 21,991 48,700 158,490 200,450 j 22,160 46,173 132,117 j 9.6 21.2 69.2 11.1 23,0 65.9 16 years of age and over 220,612 20,881 48,512 151,219! 193,424 20,455 45,993 126,976! 9.5 22.0 68.5 10.6 23.8 65.6 Male 127,801 1 10,222 26,587 90,992 , 110,545 9,525 25,367 75,653 1 S.0 20.8 71.2 8.6 22.9 68.4 Female 92,811 i 10,659 21,925 60,227: 82,879' 10,930 20,626 51,323 11.5 23.6 64.9 13.2 24.9 61.9 Under 16 years of age 8,569 I 1,110 188 7,271! 7,026; 1,705 180 5,141 13.0 2.2 84.9 24.3 2.6 73.2 Male 3,779 ] 509 77 3,193; 3,110 661 80 2,369 13.5 2.0 84.5 21.3 2.6 76.2 Female 4,790 1 601 111 4,078 ( 3,916; 1,044 100 •> 779 1 12.5 2.3 85.1 26.7 2.6 70.8 69,338 | 5,204 13,382 50,752! 62, .562; 4,872 12,401 45,289 j 7.5 19.3 73. 2 7.8 19.8 72.4 16 years of age and over... 65,790 i 5,053 13,317 47,420: 60,782 4,693 12,354 43,735 j 7.7 20. 2 72,1 7.7 20.3 72.0 "Male 40,149 1 2,576 7,246 30,327! 36,810 2,197 6,739 27,874 i 6.4 18.0 75.5 6.0 18.3 75.7 Female 25,641 1 2,477 6,071 17,093 i 23,972: 2,496 5,615 15,861 | 9.7 23.7 66.7 10.4 23.4 66.2 Under 16 years of age 3,548' 151 65 3,332! 1,780: 179 47 1,554! 4.3 1.8 93.9 10.1 2.6 87.3 Male 1,547! 72 15 1,460 j 708 i 69 6 633 i 4.7 1.0 94.4 9.7 0.8 89.4 Female 2,001 , 79 50 1,872 ■ 1,072 | 110 41 921 3.9 2.5 93.6 10.3 3.8 85,9 35,560 1 5,061 7,936 22,563! 34,226 | 4,177 8,524 21,525 14.2 22.3 63.5 12.2 24.9 62.9 16 years of age and over... 34,270 4,736 7,897 21,637; 31,793 3,48S 3,477 19,828; 13,8 23.0 63.1 11.0 26.7 62.4 Male 18,216 2,176 4,760 11,280; 17,169 1,683 5,719 9,767 11.9 26.1 61.9 9.8 33.3 56.9 Female 16,054 2,560 3,137 10,357: 14,624 1,805 2,758 10,061 15.9 19.5 64.5 12.3 IS. 9 68.8 Under 16 years of age 1,290 325 39 926; 2,433 689 47 1,697 25,2 3.0 71.8 28.3 , 1.9 69.7 Male 611 145 12 454! 1,067 195 17 855 23.7 2.0 74.3 18.3' 1.6 80.1 Female 679 ISO 27 472 I 1,366 494 30 i>42 26.5 4.0 69.5 36.2 2.2 61.6 Rhode Island 29,287 2,746 5,509 21,032! 23,024 2,939 4,926 15,159 9.4 18.8 71.8 12.8 21.4 65. S 16 years of age and over... 27,458 2,486 5,504 19,468 21,493 2,406 4,&88 14,199 9.1 20.0 7a 9 11.2 22.7 66.1 Male 14,360 1,234 3,775 9,351: 11,508! 1,072 3,304 7,132 8.6 26.3 65,1 9.3 25,7 62.0 Female 13,098 1,252 1,729 10,117 9,985 1,334 i;584 7,067 9.6 13.2 77. 2 13.4 15.9 70.7 Under 16 years of age 1,829 260 1,564; 1,531 533 38 960 14.2 0.3 85.5 34.8 2.5 62.7 Male 761 116 645 i 664 228 33 403 15.2 84.8 34.3 5.0 60.7 Female 1,068 144 5 919! 867 305 5 557 13.5 0.5 86.0 35.2 0.6 64.2 21,892 1,812 4,140 15,940 21,244: 2,312 4,268 14,664 S.3 18.9 72. S 10.9 20.1 69.0 16 years of age and over... 21,782 1,811 4,133 15,838: 21,028 2,265 4,264 14,499 S.3 19.0 72.7 10.8 20.3 68.9 Male 12,891 721 2,272 9,898 j 11,567 878 2,162 8,527 5.6 17.6 76,8 7.6 18.7 73.7 Female 8,891 1,090 1,861 5,940 , 9,461 1,387 2,102 5,972 12.3 20.9 66.8 14.7 22. 2 63.1 110 1 7 102 i 216 47 4 165 i 0.9 6.4 92.7 21. S T5 76.4 Male 71 6 65 | 133 23 o 10S 1 8.5 91.5 17.3 1.5 81.2 39 1 1 37 83 24 o 57 2.6 2,6 94,9 28,9 2.4 68.7 19,265 2,291 3,151 13,823; 15,334 2,850 3,880 8,604 1L9 16.4 71.8 IS. 6 25.3 56.1 16 years of age and over... 18,329 2,021 3,151 13,157: 15,07i> 2,801 3,864 8,413 11.0 17.2 71.8 18,6 25.6 55.8 Male 9,071 478 980 7,613; 6", 723 'S26 1,359 4. .538 j 5.3 10.8 83.9 12,3 20.2 67. 5 Female 9,258 3,543 2,171 5,544 j 8,355 1,975 2,505 3,875 16.7 23.4 59.9 23.6 30.0 46.4 Under 16 years of age... . 936 270 666; 256 49 16 191 28.8 71.2 19.1 6.3 74.6 Male 387 139 24S; 108 25 13 70 35.9 64.1 23.1 12.0 64.8 Female.. 549 131 418 | 148 24 3 121 23.9 76.1 16.2 2.0 81.8 11,824 1,107 4,394 6,323 1 8,651 940 2,680 5,031 9.4 37.2 53.5 10.9 31.0 58.1 16 years of age and over... 11,723 1,098 4,392 6,233 j 8,479 876 2,630 4,923 9.4 37.5 53.2 10.3 31.6 58.1 7,535 935 2,296 4,304 5,565 614 1,344 3.607 12.4 30.5 57.1 11.0 24.2 64,8 Female 4,188 163 2,096 1,929 i 2,914 262 1,336 1,316 3.9 50.0 46.1 9.0 45.8 45.2 Under 16 years of age 101 9 2 90; 172 64 108 8,9 2.0 89.1 37.2 62.8 Male 59 3 1 55; 71 24 47 5,1 1.7 93.2 33,8 66.2 Female 42 6 1 35' 101 40 61 14.3 2.4 S3.3 39.6 60.4 New Hampshire 10,736 660 2,342 7,734 9,404 660 2,026 6,713 6.1 21.8 72.0 7.0 21.5 71.4 16 years of age and over... 10,632 654 2,315 7,663 9,346 660 2,026 6,660 6.2 21.8 72.1 7.1 21.7 71.2 Male 6,717 461 1,127 5,129 5,801 407 883 4,511 6.9 16.8 76.4 7.0 15.2 77.8 Female 3,915 193 1,183 2,534 3 ..545 253 1,143 2,149 4.9 30.3 64.7 7.1 32.2 60.6 Under 16 years of age ... 104 6 27 71 '58 58 5.8 26.0 6S.3 100.0 Male 50 1 25 24 34 34 2.0 50.0 45,0 100.0 Female 54 5 2 47 24 24 9.3 3.7 87.0 100.0 238 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.- -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING SOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States: 1919 1914 1909 Total. 196,404 195,2S5j 202,029 Woolen goods— | I 1919 62,9571 1914 !49,1651 Worsted goods— i | 1919 1103,830) 1914 [109,527 Carpets and rugs— i 1919 i 22,9331 1914 1 31,3091 Felt goods— 1919 i 5,230| 1914 1 4,035 Wool-felt hats— I 1919 j 1,4481 1914 1,2491 Connecticut: 1919 3 1914 « Georgia: 1919 J 1914 & Illinois: 1919 a Indiana: 1919 1914 * Kentucky: 1919 1914 Louisiana: 1919 Maine: 1919» 1914 a Maryland: 1919 8,132 7,350 595 524 948 719 565 675 9,913 7,998 207 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PBEVAILING HOURS OF LABOB PEE WEEK WEBE— 44 and un- der. 932! (2) (2) Be- tween 44 and 48 10,002 (2) (2) 568 (2) 119 (2) 90 (*) 131 (3) (3) (3) 369 <*) 9,595| (3.) 38| C5) "(V)" (2) "(V)* Be- jtween! 48and 54. 12S, 44SI 1,10S| 5S8j 36,781 1,062 77,598 12,782 23 1,121 51 166 IS 3,860 120 3,623 15,940 4,675 1,270 27,002 113,333 8, ISO 4,773 634 7,007 1,589 2,295 2,099 1,663 96 202 257 1,849 108 27 119 Be- tween 54 and 60. 10,993 14,010^ j 6,944i 74,295j 7,494! 23,235[ 1,067 1,239 504 554 213 307 266 247 2 6,287 166 25 181 i,6S5| 967 ,767 390 219! 2,071 6,123 752 115 300 7,374 182 60. Over 60. 2,273j 334 11,511 59 57,3841,077 1,866!. 7,033i 3,093|. 62j. 267 . 290! - 917! 55L 201 . 812 209 524 70! 437 3 78 1 3 458 INDUSTRY AND STATE. Massachusetts: 1919 3 1914 3 Michigan: 1919 * Minnesota: 1919 ft New Hampshire: 1919 1914 New Jersey: 1919 i 1914 * New York: 1919 1914 Ohio: 1919« Oregon: 1919 & 1914 Pennsylvania: 19i9 1914 Rhode Island: 1919& 1914 6 Tennessee: 1919 1914 Vermont: 1919 1914 Virginia: 1919 West Virginia: 1919 Wisconsin: 1919 * Total. 58,084 [59,574 812 574 9,772 9,532 14.7S2 15,336 18,800 21,092 786 808 .124,393 .122,745 .! 1,366 .| 1,069 1 2,638 2,226 630 459 1,070 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 51,603 1 50 38 32 9,686 1 (') 48.» Be- J tween! 48and| 54. 2,299 1,717 269 7,687 13,467 6,306 370 31 434 12,402 620 121,062 1,926 186 244 148 2,287 356 450 5,834 2,227 527 196 343 3,178 48,216 317 31 1,799 1,062 28 13 9,086 16,198 54. 191 25 1,417 22,029 2,527 18,147 53 146 121 122 8 70 48 Be- tween 54 and| 60, 494 80 1 8,470 1,005 15,316 307 1,023 220 226 995 8,801 277 3,993 995 703 312 1,823 420 340 616 1,755 Over 60. 567 3,134 183 397 356 345 605 317 180 83 281 103 16 58 242 92 40 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914. * Corresponding figures not available. * Excludes statistics for 2 establishments, to avoid disclosing individual opera- tions. « Excludes statistics for 3 establishments, to avoid disclosing Individual operations. * Excludes statistics for 1 establishment, to avoid disclosing individual operations. * Excludes statistics for 6 establishments, to avoid disclosing individual operations. 7 Excludes statistics for 5 establishments, to avoid disolosing individual operations. Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States 1919. 1914. Woolen goods...1919, 1914. Worsted goods. .1919. 1914. Carpets and rugs 1919, 1914. Felt goods 1919 1914. Wool-felt hats... 1919 1914. Connecticut1 Georgia1 Illinois2 Indiana Kentucky 1,016 979 501 298 is » 196,404 195,285 62,957 49,165 103,830 109,527 22,933 31,309 5,236 4,035 1,448 1,249 8,132 595 482 948 565 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 182 195 114 114 15 6 to 20 ! 21 to 50 wage ! wage earners, earners, inclusive. inclusive. .0 g II 97 110 5 L 1,286 1,376 ~747 684 277 334 98 222 44 107 120 29 150 138 10 5,462 4,947 3,146 2,833 1,292 1,009 430 583 386 264 40 105 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 202 l 193 1 122 120 15,486 14,681 9,469 9,231 3,652 3,298 1,163 1,383 920 143 69 1,154 ""04 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 289 267 176 141 45,666 43,142 27,527 22,452 13,191 13,548 2,716 4,143 1,907 2,136 325 3,477 329 442 430 547 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. II 117 99 40,087 34,320 16,613 9,242 18,167 22,086 3,183 2,399 1,516 593 2,406 266 323 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. 3% 34 22,380 21,569 3,504 2,677 16,610 14,936 2,266 3,956 Over 1,000 wage earners. 1*2 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments » Excludes statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosing to avoid disclosing individual Individual operations, operations. 65,855 75,055 1,837 1,932 50,633 54,286 13,385 18,837 1,021 WOOL MANUFACTURES. 239 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919—Continued. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— INDUSTRY AND «TATE. Louisiana Maine1 Maryland Massachusetts 1. Michigan 2 Minnesota * New Hampshire. New Jersey 3 New York" Ohio* Oregon 2 Pennsylvania. Rhode Island 2 Tennessee Vermont Virginia West Virginia. Wisconsin 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to .500 wage earners, inclusive. 15 1 ■ : : i 72 4 144 j 15' 1,245! 30 1 25 1 74 1 116 27 1,004 48 3,627 i 68 20 1 35 1 60 3 58 2 130 1 17 2 84 15 1,116: 19 20 { 6 191 . 3 242 4 106 1 9 334 11 850; 16 44 , 2 SI 3 243 , 1 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. g5! 3d §>§ !3Si is! i«ti si; 1 43 j 67 2,382! 8 302 i 92! 70 63; 156 1 51 12 2 6 1 81 3,770' 1,009 129; 481 , 96 253 , 250 i 4,317! 108 I 11,298! 347 \ 111! 3,072; 641; 2,558 120 2! 293 53 j 8,332 30! 4,871 30: 1 1 4 9 12 1 1 15 19 1; I 709 130 210 617 » 922 '349 1,376 3,201 4,521 298 391 5,315 6,390 421 276 506 j '4*830'' 2,587 *27," 270 j 1 4,105 7,533 8,57y 4 2,947' 1,836 3 3 4; 10 6,633 4,66o 3 5 3,951 7,030 7 . 963 . i. 1 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 3 Excludes statistic for 5 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 2 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. * Excludes statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. '- Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND VALUE OF PRODUCT. Wool Manufactures Los* than $5,000 $5,000 to 120,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,0*10,000... $1,000,000 and over Woolen goods. Worsted goods. Wool-felt hats.. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,01X1,000 $1,000,000 and over Carpets and rugs.. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1.000,000... $1,000,000 and over Felt goods Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to$100,000........ $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 1,016 44 52 93 289 223 315 34 31 61 170 141 123 1914 li 72 193 423 3 119 99 501 57 40 100 258 40 6 Per cent distribution. 1919 100.0 4.3 5.1 9.2 28.4 21.9 31.0 1914 7.4 19.7 43.2 12.2 10.1 100.0 100.0 6.1 5.5 10.9 30.4 25.2 22,0 11.4 8,0 20.0 59.5 1.2 100.0 100.0 0.7 1.0 5. S 22.3 1S.S 51,4 100.0 1.7 5.4 14.1 }«.7 26.2 100.0 2! ?! 21: 15! 37 12 15 2.7 4.0 9.3 28.0 20.0 36.0 1 I 2.0 3' 21! H! 13, 40 1 Less than $5,000 1 5 | 9 $5,000 to $20,000 !15; 6 $20,000 to $100,000 1 5! 11 $100,000 and over !IS j 4 6,1 42.9 22.5 26.5 100.0 12.5 37.5 12.5 30.0 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 196,404 38 255 1,624 18,402 26,860 149,225 195,285 117 548 6,271 ^79,285 109,061 62,957 I 49,165 28 I 96 176 j 302 1,059 .3,288 33,751 I 4,891 103,S30 !109,527 16 373 f 4,737 \ 6.641 92,061 10 147 1,646 j-26,S47 80,877 22,933 ! 31,309 Per cent distribution. 1919 1919 ; 1914 100.0 j 100.0 ; $1,234,657,092 1914 Per cent distribution. 1919 ! 1914 1919 Per cent distribution. 1919 I 1914 $464,249,813 100.0 100.0 IS475,463,773 ;$166,186,315 j 100.0 ; 100.0 0.1 0.3 (*) 0.1 0.8 I 9.4 \ 13.7 !/ "1U-" !\ 164;0d0;60S 76.0: 55.8:! 984,957,19' 9'i, 560 593,358 4,868.918 1} 40.6 7 100.0 ; 100.0 361,896,590 160,019 741,465 11,495,333 100,546,834 83,402,694 261,903,438 0.4 13. 3 79.8 0.2 • 40. 9 61,299 83,440 363,513 | 424,595 2,700,250 i 4,561.615 \ 33,928.934 rt_.,' ;?85 j0''902*0" \ 63, 251 375,157,992 93,164, OSS 0.1 0.6 ( 7.1 \ 13.3 78.9 0,1 0.3 2,7 40.9 56.1 103,815,905 : 100.0 100,0 j, 146,931,257 j 40,119,863 C1) 0.3 1.7 .{&! 53.6 0.2 0.6 6.7 10.0 100.0 100.0 !j 700,-537,482 0) 0) 0.4: r 4.6 I 6,4 88.7 100.0 .11 1 8.2 i 9 71 25. S | 94; 622 15.5 || 19,891 j 23,290 j S6, 7 (V) 0) 0.4 100.0 3.8 3.8 28.3 50.9 11.3 1.9 5,236! 4,035 I 100.0 I 9 I 59 232 j 1.1 1,297 ,\ 3 ?94 ;| 24.8 966 !/ d>'y4 |\ 18.4 2,914 | j 55.7 100.0 |j 1,448 ] 1,249 j 100.0 30,0 j 20.0 36.7 1 13,3 j 0 i 54! 40' 1,348 10 I 20! 4S6 | 733 I 0.4 3.7 2.8 93.1 I 69,104 I 360,747 I, 3,104,968 j/ 48,224,902 !\ 102,850,945 l! 210,279,924 0.1 1.5 21. i 7,748 I 29,938 i 866,110 If 16,503,301 "42,38S, 007 122,958 i 409,053' 5.884,002 60', 128,118 25,790,164 11,481,610 i 0) 0.1 0.9 13. 2 28.2 57.6 0.1 0.4 | 82. S 11,1 275,668,474 i 100.0 \ 100.0 73.8 j; 640,742,378 100.0 123,253,828 0.2 2.0 100.0 0.2 5.S 94,0 4,610 38,950 454,571 5.520,917 10,54.1,417 106,693,363 39,229,540 100.0 0.S 1.6 38.9 58. 254,921 7,090,374 7,432,657 24,451*, 588 6,739,652 li 12,398 163,723 191,048 6,372,483 10,732 167,272 2.383, S00 26,701.905 44, 90 f, 035 201,503,730 69,128,1S5 43,189! 59,112 234,053! 208,619 1, 717,210' 2,103,390 f 19,963,210 ,W ^ \ 41,845.180 :/o*,W>-,.oo 83,148,415; 4,786,486 : 252,908,132 92,867,850 C1) 0.1 1.2 f 13.6 \ 28.5 >6.6 104,006 1,662,234 9,770,813 8,673,034 48,918,098 13,692,765 (}) ! G) i 5,141 . 6,864 C1) 0.1 I 27,30) , 116,754 0.1; 0.9!, 638,793 1,194,328 91.5; 73.1 |j 230,456,340 69,087,313 100.0 | 100.0 j; 56,135,789 | 26,847,962 C1) i (») ! 0.2 0.4! 2.4 "}-*■■ 86.6! 70,8 3,211 16,601 197,40S 2,168,393 4,127,123 49.623,050 56,953 629, ?27 } 6,870,993 19,290,289 100.0 I 100.0 0.1 0.5 loco 100.0 0.3 f 3,0 \ 5.6 91.1 C1) 0.1 1.3 }*.= 74.4 ioo.o ; 100.0 0)! (l) I 0.2 0,4' 2,3 { ft}*-* 88.4 | 71.8 100.0 j 100.0 ;| 16,448,765 , 5,384,495 j 100.0 j 100.0 I 15.731 869;181 8,769,392 4,038,853 1,944,484 22,428 49,334 696,116 1,176,606 0,7 18,1 18.9 62.3 0.1 6.3 64.0 29.5 100,0 i 100.0 0,2; 2.4; 2,8 94.6 j 35.8 60,5 76,577 2,981,389 2,813,738 10,577,061 3,039,830 6,975 | I 0.1 351,070 j 0.5 j 6.S i| 5,026,450 |{ || 93.4 '■ 64^3 j 966,145 ; 100.0 j 100.0 S,65S 105,553 71,362 2,854,257; 15,843! 36,915 i 283,100; 630,2S7 , 0.3 j 3.5! 2.3 93.9 29.3 65,2 * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent . 1 includes establishment having product of $1,000,000 and over to avoid disclosing individual operations. 240 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States.. .1919.. 1914.. 1909.. Woolen goods 1919.. 1914.. Worsted goods... 1919.. 1914.. Carpets and rues. 1919.. 1914.. Felt goods 1919.. 1914.. Wool-felt hats. Connecticut1 Indiana Maine l. Massachusetts l. .1919.. 1914.. Michigan * Minnesota * New Hampshire. New Jersey & .... New York Ohio 7 Pennsylvania... Rhode Island *. Tennessee... Vermont Virginia Wisconsin K. NUMBER OF ES- TABLISHMENTS OWNED BT— Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- 2 j 7 1 I 10 9 32 3 | 29 7 I 53 ....! 9 59 ( 145 11; 74 i! 3! 3 7 i 129 158 232 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 196,404 195,285 202,029 02,957 49,165 103,830 109,527 22,933 31,309 5,236 4,035 1,448 1,249 8,132 948 9,913 58,084 812 574 9,772 14,782 18,800 786 30,936 24,393 1,366 3,031 630 1,070 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 5.S63 9,489 11,292 Cor- pora- 178,800 167,S63 162,880 3,42S ! 54,849 3,838 [ 38,743 2,003 4,893 321 660 116 62 a 193 2 236 1,374 654 4 96,994 97,981 20,806 26,567 5,236 3,743 1,176 829 7,939 S82 9,677 52,964 3 812 3 574 8,946 13,685 90 I 17,812 2 786 2,099 j 24,627 1,069 ; 23,145 1,088 2 233 i 2,798 2 17 I 613 44 j 804 All oth- ers. 11,736 17,933 27,S57 4,680 6,584 4,833 6,653 1,806 4,082 156 358 3 66 3,746 172 1,093 4,210 179 3 278 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 7.2 2.4 0.5 Cor- pora- tions.! 91.0 S5.9 87.1 78.8 93.4 89.4 90.7 84.9 100.0 92.8 81.2 66.4 97.6 93.0 97.6 91.2 91.5 92.6 94.7 All oth- ers. 6.0 9.2 13.8 7.4 13.4 4.7 6.1 7.9 13.0 10.8 28.7 7.0 6*4 1.8 7.4 79.6 94.9 79.6 92.3 97.3 75.1 13.6 0.7 20.4 20." 7 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. $1,234,057,092 464,249,813 507,166,710 364,896,590 103,815,905 700,537,482 275,668,474 123,253,828 69,128,185 39,229,540 13,692,765 6,739,652 1,944,484 53,814,059 4,542,067 60,327,260 366,506,496 4,571,704 2,864,259 45,943,993 102,302,296 100,401,524 3,385,985 217,598,384 175,312,358 4,242,057 17,425,823 2,693,142 5,495,363 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. 19,007,028 9,519,469 14,586,757 14,158,134 2,721,642 2,096,442 813,624 607,250 111,090 1,073,532 2 861,274 7,965,097 3,610,752 21,924 589,794 15,816,943 6,343,652 1,073,150 2 47,315 308,691 Corpora- tions. 11,121,020,101 393,585,924 410,182,889 320,025,490 80,312,807 649,944,584 242,061,557 107,881,235 57,126,692 39,229,540 12,879,141 5,438,792 1,205,727 52,740,527 4,213,436 59,465,986 335,035,177 s 4,571,704 3 2,864,259 41,211,574 95,259,285 95,179,060 2 3,385,985 169,330,732 167,974,848 3,706,257 16,352,673 2,645,827 4,269,627 All others. $76,711,614 44,712,054 67,509,166 25,864,072 13,983,629 36,006,141 19,448,783 12,650,951 9,905,051 693,610 627,667 3 328,631 23 ,"506," 222 1,121,667 7,021,087 4,632,670 32,450,709 993,858 3 535,800 "* "91.7 "645" Per cent of total. |lndi-| vid- uals, 2.0 Cor- pora- tions. 87.7 77.4 92.8 87.8 87.5 82.6 100.0 .1 80.7 62.0 98.0 92.8 98.6 91.4 89.7 93.1 77.8 95.8 87.4 93.8 98.2 77.7 All oth- ers. 6.2 9.6 13.3 7.1 13.5 5.1 7.1 10.3 14.3 10.3 32.3 7.2 ~6."4 2.4 6.9 14,9 0.6 12.6 & Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 1 tt> ...,1., J ..<-., +: — f— a <-„ u;.-U 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 2 Includes the group "All others." 3Includes the group "Individuals." * Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 1 Excludes statistics for 6 estabishments to avoid disclosing individual operations, a Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 241 Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned , Steam , Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 10,361 1,819 1,119 1,017 102 49 651 8,542 8,542 1914 4,953 1909 3,032 2,090 1,307 0) 0) 58 725 2,863 2,863 2,412 1,507 0) (l) 61 844 620 620 HORSEPOWER. Per cent distribution. 22,0.53 8,6-12 13,511 10,025 i 2,863 j 7,162 i 3,931 620 3,311 1 Not reported separately. Table 12-—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. ; 1919 j 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 525,757 442,330 400,762 100.0 100.0 100.0 435,423: 352,447! i 230,900! 121,547 1 401,268 318,206: 377,176 292,044 0) 82.8 67.0 43.9 90.7 71.9 94.1 72.9 (*) i 2,673 SO, 389 (V) 2,577 23.1 1,882 | : 81,094 | 82,555 0.4 15.4 0.6 18.2 0.6 20.6 \ 90,334 \ 87,494; 2,S40 i 41,062 34,206; 6,856; 23,586 16,492 7,094 17.2 16.6 0.5 9.3 7.7 1.6 5.9 4.1 1.8 264,437 i 87,494' 176,943; 169,495 34,206! 135,289; 90,129 16,492 73,637 100.0 33.1 66.9 100.0 20.2 79.8 100.0 18.3 61.7 United States. Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana. Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire.. | Census I year. 1919 1914 11919 11914 '1919 '1914 11919 11914 1919 '1914 1919 1914 1919 11919 11914 1919 ; 1919 ! 1914 1919 1914 1 1919 11914 1919 1914 j! Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 269,962 332,200 1,037 7,038 8S3 ■! Coke Bitumi- lj (tons, nous j! 2,000 (tons, j lbs.). 2,000! lbs.). i| 1, 858,062 || 3,881 1,802,629 jj 1,524 79,518 75,677 6,400 7,663 8,998 6,499 16,266 16,031 4,514 9,195 8,036 2,239 89,947 89,279 335 2,640 26,167 29,327 567,613 677,325 40 10 11,641 9,183 717 5,946 3,112 24,218 2,560 98,508 85,528 510 509 322 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 846,206 44,940 15,492 452 18,533 54 Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 50 C1) 0) 0) 650 0) 495,018 121,752 947 7,233 j 0) I 10,711 S7 3,030 909 C1) "6Y 21 | Census i 1 year.; 22,987 67,091 0) 77,857 30 115 Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. Tennessee 1919 1914 «1919 « 1914 1919 1914 Vermont 1*1919 | 1914 Virginia j 1919 West Virginia j 1919 Wisconsin j81919 ,«1914 All other states !1919 i 1914 Anthra-j Bitumi- cite I nous (tons, | (tons, 2,240 i 2,000 lbs.), i lbs.). New Jersey 51919 ; « 1914 New York !1919 | 1914 Ohio !«1919 | * 1914 Oregon '«1919 ! 1914 Coke (tons, 2,000 i lbs.). Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 118,683 142,767 25,458 31,152 56,310 84,401 4,161 9,906 102: ISO 1 4,529 21,903 106,607 2S, 306 244,313 220,232 8,623 31,731 I 1,186 I 520; 262,223 I 217,463 j 182,486' 225,938 j 10,291! 10,607 35,286 32,936 5,883 | 5,392 | i 11,820 12,454! 1,201 254 1,372 (i) 885 20 j 1,500 \. 1! 65 J 17,851 .! 17,668 i 3,205 | 2,246 J 270,975 91,961 42,950 26 128 66 20,752 14,630 0) C) 137 0) 130 0) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 2.1S4 926 3,283 6,890 930 7,798 36,545 1,320 77 0) S3 C1) 19,993 53 91 30,833 21,193 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. * Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. » Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. * Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. 5 Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 6 Excludes statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 111367—23- -16 242 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. MATERIALS. Summary of materials for the United States.—Table 13 presents statistics for the quantity and cost of the principal materials used in wool manufactures during 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Principal materials used in the industry, by states.— A distribution, by states, of the principal materials used in wool manufactures is shown for a number of census years in Table 14. Table 13.—PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. MATERIAL. Total.. Wool: In condition purchased Domestic Foreign Equivalent.in scoured condi- tion Hair Camel, alpaca, and vicuna. Mohair Domestic Foreign Other animal hair and fur.. Cotton.... Domestic. Foreign... Cotton, dyed, bleached, carded, and other prepared and cotton waste. Rags, clippings, etc... Recovered wool fiber., Waste and noils of wool, mohair, camel hair, etc Wool waste and noils Mohair, camel, alpaca,* and vicuna noils Tops, purchased... Yarns, purchased. Woolen Worsted. Merino Mohair Cotton Silk and spun silk Silk Spun silk Artificial silk Linen Jute, ramie, and other vege- table fiber Wool-felt hat bodies and hate in the rough All other materials, including cost of fuel and rent of power.. 1919 1914 Poundu I Pounds. 491,728,475 253,835,421 237,890,054 502,857,333 277,588,101 225,269,232 ! 295,388,119; 307,705,932 54,340,349 3,362,621 12,271,514 7,548,790 4,722,724 38,706,214 22,682,635 17,299,101 5,383,534 17,815,143 48,799,746 37,532,275 51,481,261 49,305,632 2,175,629 26,466,973 171,914.904 25,759,406 47,126,670 1,609,023 1,113,035 46,039,351 542,587 94,333 448,254 39,990 2, 295,500 47,389,342 Dozens. 72,213 44,131,227 6,619,750 9,374,841 6,928,622 2,446,219 28,136,636 35,307,083 28,676,781 6,630,302 (*) 62,083,016 30,158,915 50,350,387 46,816,398 3,533,989 29,177,790 214,451,204 23,802,234 62,895,372 706,483 (2) 56,988,329 794,693 279,902 514,791 (2) 7,611,078 61,653,015 Dozens. 13,449 1909 Pounds. 1904 Pounds. 552,503,710 320,530,329 231,973,381 352,478,605 3S,707,738 4,697,393 3,241,342 2,453,984 787,358 30,769,003 26,546,861 23,559,623 2,987,238 (2) 42,044,854! 24,877,557 I 35,361,846 34,581,498 780,348 21,103,510 231,389,792 26,649,969 70,441,520 2,672,012 (2) 65,598,854 I 479,376 1 128,122 351,254 (2) 8,807,329 56,740,732 Dozens. 483,526,095 330,963,563 152,562, 532 2S2,194,618 43,485,426 1,578,800 5,620,196 2,684,573 2,935,623 36,286,430 36,593,401 32,850,801 3,742,600 (2) 81,059,536 35,782,056 30,441,941 29,359,788 1,082,153 10,843,036 203,079,791 38,181,488 42,403,705 3,618,407 (2) 60,429,356 488,326 202,578 285,748 (2) 8,252,529 49,705,980 Dozens. 12,089 1919 1914 $759,193,319 $298,063,498 329,000,563: 122,909,821 177,495,134! 67,486,811 151,505,429 55,423,010 16,370,627 3,594, 171 7,059,259 (2) (2) 5,717,197 7,815,488 5,680,087 2,135,401 4,079,446 12,024,710 14,895,473 33,286,599 31,895,967 1,390,632 45,621,904 187,931,653 24,231,293 114,936,830 2,186,201 986,292 30,077,134 4,539,466 896,599 3,642,867 213,400 1,079,771 9,681,266 573,925 107,592,931 6,660,411 1,750,874 3,026,147 2,058,201 967,946 1,883,390 3,882,900 2,849,094 1,033,806 (8) 4,954,159 4,016,382 10,616,633 9,929,782 686,851 16,707,322 80,468,762 6,998,141 49,254,606 203,825 , (2)! 13,775,952 2,658,673 1,155,259 1,503,414 (a) 1,424,622 6,152,933 26,646 47,820,472 1909 §322,441,043 152,750,833 88,243,931 64,506,902 4,045,809 1,423,632 1,003,792 624,679 379,213 1,618,385 3,204,526 2, 729,226 475,300 (a) 2,935,344 3,387,155 9,917,963 9,776,634 141,329 14,755,409 90,017,898 5,594,388 61,622,616 427,529 (2) 15,329,692 1,464,834 675,124 789,710 (2) 1,620,751 3,958,088 83,020 41,343,086 1904 $242,561,096 119,748,779 82,073,949 37,674, 830 4,423,593 320,280 1,917,360 839,731 1,077,629 2,185,953 4,541,219 4,001,338 539,881 (2) 5,748,070 4,833,949 6,969,557 6,657,841 311,716 5,379,333 59,904,637 9,270,883 30,309,750 770,627 (*) 12,896; 381 1,862,336 947,787 914,549 (2) 1,368,145 3,426,515 25,997 30,985,962 PER CENT OF IN- CREASE,! 1909-1919. Quantity. Cost. -11.1 -20.8 2.6 -16.2 40.4 -28.4 278.6 207.6 25*. 8 253.3 -14.6 -26.6 80.2 143.9 108.1 349.3 16.1 50.9 309.7 339.8 45.6 42.6 235.6 226.2 178.8 884.0 25.4 209.2 -25.7 -3.3 -33.1 -39.8 108.8 333.1 86.5 411.4 -29.8 13.2 96.2 209.9 -26.4 27.6 32.8 361.3 -73.9 -33.4 -16.5 144.6 230.3 591.3 160.2 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 'Not reported separately. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 243 Table 14.—PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. MATERIAL AND STATE. Wool: In condition purchased.. Connecticut , Maine 3 Massachusetts... New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states *.. Domestic Connecticut Maine3 Massachusetts New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6.. Foreign Connecticut Maine3 Massachusetts New Hampshire. New Jersey New York. , Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states3.. 1919 491, 1 11, 11, 3163, 21 49, 49 78! 15S; 46, 728, 707, 345, 264, 728, 577, 629, 898, 637, 939, 475! 319 f 905! 869! 587 1 494 | 245! 288 i 082! Equivalent in scoured condition... Connecticut Maine3 Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6 Hair: Mohair and camel, alpaca, vi- cuna, and all other animal hair and fur Maine Massachusetts New Jersey New York". Pennsylvania All other states6 Cotton Connecticut Maine , Massachusetts.... New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6.. Recovered wool fiber. Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6.. 253,838,421 j 6,703,814 j 6,994,166: 1 74,574,826 j 10,743,702 I 28,173,174 16,386,976 i 46,483,033' 1 38,114,858 25,663,872 j 237,890,054 j 1 5,003,505! 4,351,739 i 3 88,690,043 , 10,984,885! 21,404,320 33,242,269 32,415,255 i 20,522,224 21,275,814 295,388,119 1 9,562,788 10,227,991 3 100,078,489 13,875,687 26,037,661 28,550,910 44,164,079 130,642,303 32,248,211 54,340,349 4,643,969 3 10,844,803 I 4,892,977 | 5,345,661 13,539,537! 15,073,402 j 22,682,635 1 361,195 13,295,408 5,084,568 963,908 Waste and noils of wool, mohair, camel hair, etc Connecticut Maine Massachussetts New Jorsey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6 Top; purchased assachusetts... Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states8. -! 2,788,568 2,913,106 3*3.396 6,892,486 37,532,275 13,909,777 8,397,918 11,120,116 2,177,238 2,436,905 11,458,951 1 8,031,370 j 51,481,261 I 1 1,980,989 1 ^5,162,141 1 1 15,582,931 j 2,109,377' 4,167,529 I 8,749,369 j 13,743,092 j 9,985,833 26,466,973 j 6,766,376 | 2,490,316 j 12,085,309 I 5,124,972 1 1914 502,857,333 i *9,005,960 | 8,963,005: 3 165,039,667 i 17,131,490' 50,400,202; 60,420,225 84,879,429: 62,627,429; 44,389,926 i 277,588,101 j 7,924,204 I 6,752,924 3 85,349,530 j 5,818,2-51 I 32,602,750 i 25,051,729 I 45,811,154' 43,352,801 i 24,924,75S \ 225,269,232 a 1,081,756 2,210,081 3 79,690,137 11,313,239 17,797,452 35,368,496 39,068,275 19,274,628 19,465,168 307,705,932 3 6,386,974 7,251,676 3 99,914,078 12,551,304 2S,471,130 37,448,054 54,326,916 31,499,327 29,856,473 44,131,227 33,S00,53S » 5,399, .163 1,610,842 5,437,285 17,128,417 10,754,982 35,307,083 3 964,377 3 2,933,786 10,814,793 2,290,290 119,518 3,486,922 7,285,788 964,914 6,446,695 30,15S,915 a 1,569,619 3 4,430,594 »5,853,328 2,202,861 6,780,133 1,720,113 7,602.267 50, 3 1, 3 4, 310, 6, 8, 2t 10, 350,3S7 953,136 664,425 959,863 160,433 9S3,209 930,422 075,203 723,696 29,177,790 9,110,710 4,029,376 10,221,069 5,816,635 1909 552,503,710; « 10,172,622 13,115,532 i < 167,993,961! 22,734,062: 44,922,157 • 62,829,067 107,044,311 j 79,082,314 44,609,684! 320, .530,329! 9,084,587' 9,575,975: * 96,268,287 j 12,027,487' 31,109,309; 22,362,412! 56,781,645 58,108,445 , 25,212,182 • 231,973 3 1,088', 3,539, * 71,725, 10,706, 13,812, 40,466, 50,262, 20,973, 19,397, 381 j 035; 557; 674! 575 i 848: 655 j 666 I 869 j 502 1 352,478,605 2 7,045,156 10,221,289 * 108,243,103 13,793,500 22,914,674 45.637,550 69,864,549 43,153,225 31,605,559 38,707.738 32,657; 327 I <3,876,452: 2,730,077 6,611,888 i 20,571,702 1 2,260,292 1 26,546,861 I s 55S,5S5 j 3 1,986,953 10,143,678 j 489,543 j 228,378 I 2,472,801 \ 5,017,601 579,139 I 5,070,183 j I 24,877,557! * 1,593,1S1: 84.094,185 I 3'. 687,530' '990,526 i 5,419,245! 1,546,464; 7,546,420 j 35,361,846 I » 1,871,548 i 32,380,110 1 * 9,996,811 1 1,586,752: 4,413,834! 5,858.435 2,578,085: 6,676,271 j 21,103,510'; ♦5,039,116 2,445,813! 10,406,834 1 3,211,747! 483,526,095; 2 12,76.5,250 j 15,114,84S! 3 139,798,692 !| 18,608,958; 37,944,206 ii 49,608,834 !J 99,306,459 < 66,069,085 !, 44,309,763 ■'( 330,963,563!' 11,831,199 i: 12,390,314 !• 3 92,006,872 j; 13,998,513 33,983,274 22,456.770 :'i 52,605,952:! 56,776,005 I 34,934,664 A 152,562,532!' 2 934,051: 2,724,534 | 8 47,791,820' 4,610,445: 3,980,932 1 27,152,064 ;. 46,700,507: 9,293,0S0: 9,375,099! 282,194,618 I - 3S,205,794 -. 11,016,422 '!.. 3 83,817,768 j n!::: 27,823.052 60,609,266 36,551,598 54,170,718 43,485,426 8 2,127,9-80 j' 3 4,847,564 | 361,220! 2,310,985 30,582,588 !j 3,255,089 jj 36,593,401 i «1,504,567 I 33,132,243 9,856,972! (*> t 625,301 ',. 2,724,025! 5,659,235 |i 1,847,509 !{ 11,243,499 j! 35,7S2,056 '\ 2 2,457,223 ;l M,114,911!! 8,398,940 2,231,909 I; 7,346,250 !| 4,273,269 ii 6,959,554 ij 30,441,941 i s2,263,438 j •1,850,639 8 8,935,753' 973, 898 I 3,214,128 i 4,384,062 3,160,612 i 5,659,411 i 10,843,036! 2,999,927 1,273,118 i 4,150,072! 2,419,919 I $329,000,563 1 12,088,719 11,582,093 3 108,043,388 14,844,902: 29,728,758 . 27,162,246 49,675,546 1 43,275,967! 32,598,944' 177,495,134 7,093,1.50 7,409,122 1 .50,351,9.35 8,238,532 15,418,034 11,920,744 30,238,738 1 27,357; 583 19,467,296; 151, .505,429 - 1 4,995,569 4,172,971 3 57,691,453 6,606,370 14,310,724 15,241,502 19,436,808 , 1 15,918,384 1 13,131,645 1914 $122,909,821 2 2,8-50,562 3,149,093 3 40,325,696 4,865,530 11,883,474 13,158,906 20,071,113 15,412,556 11,192,891 67,486,811: 2,492,498 , 2.518.091 i 3 20; 022; 913 1 1,721,846 7,002,031! 5,826,676' 10,957,850 10,185.240 6,759; 666 5-5,423,010 i * 358,064 , 631,002 I 320,302,783! 3,143,684 | 4,881,443! 7,332,230 9,113,263 i 5,227,316 4,433,225 1909 $152,750,833 2 3,767,739 1 4,863,487 1 2 47,193,010 7,011,493 j 11,826,250 I 14,719,116 28,309,853' 22,768.723 \ 12,29i;i62 88,243,931 j 3,474,052! 3,585,232 < 25,664,325 j 3,383,625 . 6,896,485 6,754,854: 15,674,90S \ 15,468,437 - 7,342,013 • 64,506,902 3 293,687 I 1,278,255; «21,528,685 , 3,627,868 i 4,929,765 i 7,964,262 12,634,945; 7,300,286! 4,949,149 j 1904 $119,748,779 * 3,844,374 5,003,956 3 36,508,293 6,968,72S 11,534,048 22,589,076 16,907,448 16,392,856 82,073,949 3.523,049 4; 160,873 »23,808,54S 5,638,501 5,769,932 12,711,189 13,804,403 12,357,454 37,674,830 * 321,325 843,083 312,699,745 <*) 1,330,227 5,764,116 8,205,686 3,103,045 5,407,603 1 16,370,627! 6,660,411 3 994,714 3 1,710,701 121,011 747,981 1,583,514 1,502,490 4,045,809 3 562,814 < 1,100,038 91,897 819,729 1.032,196 439,135 '4,423,593 '477.768 3 1,242,051 39.550 275,573 1,807,059 581,592 2,585,135 i 3 4,335,794; 760,394 , 2,350,780 2,440,350; 3,898,174 j 7,815,488 1128,758! 11,145,362 1 1,883; 32$ 1 342,511 j 3,882,900 * 125,445 3,204,526 * 82,852 3253.40S 1,237,820 78,358 26,541 265,039 536.262 96,882 627,364 4,541,219 * 175,622 »431,592 1,306,313 838,008; 790.542 1 179,402 j 2,507,577! 3397,756 1.263,958 '270,495 8,968 325,971 626,466 141,648 722,193 ( ^69,456 350,835 625,052 290,491 1,291,855 14,895,473 1 1,969,117 3.418,876 3,980,880; 4.016,382 5 245,792 «671,242 3692,537 249,611 706,934 269,621 1,180,645 3,387,155 * 295,442 •484,770 547,990 140,926 550,473 259,829 1,107,725 4.833,949 3 323.976 3 602,176 1,030,990 273,609 904,165 631,450 1,067,583 637,359 1,125,020 1583,717 1 3,180,504 i 33.256,599 \ 1 1,113,999 13,212,831 i 110,806,415 i 1,436,083 i 2,977.754 , 4,035,028 i 1 3,314.; 047 6,390,442; 10,616,633 3 516,396 '893,273 3 2,657,705 1.227,346 1,089,584 1,669,422 471,491 2,091,416 9,917,963 * 466,078 1 716,536 <2,692,110 557,593 1.231,700 1,463,775 839,389 1,950,782 6,969,557 a 517,193 3427,032 3 2,314,666 246,702 736,555 671,882 880,816 1,174,711 45,621,904 i 11,439,360 16,707,322 4,974,310 2.288.774 6,516,9S9 2,927,249 14,755.409 <3.46i;319 1,530.899 7,887,543 1,875,648 5,379,333 1,605,067 3,935.747! 22,798,588! 595.512 2,455*. 639 7,445,209 i 723,115 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. a Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. « Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. < Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to make figures comparable with those for 191 i and 1904. » Figures not available. «Includes all establishments which can not be shown without disclosing individual operations. These are Included in "All other stales.' 244 MANUFACTURES. Table 14.—PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919,1914,1909, AND 1904—Continued. MATERIAL AND STATE. Yarns, purchased Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6 Woolen Massachusetts New Jersey New Yrork Pennsylvania All other states5 Worsted Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states 6 Merino Pennsylvania All other states6 Mohair Massachusetts Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6 Cotton Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states8 Silk and spun silk . Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states6 Artificial silk Massachusetts Pennsylvania All other states6 Linen Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania All other states e Jute, ramie, and other vegetable fiber Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states9 1919 171,914,904 4,239,473 1 3,749, 882 36,417,315 1,182,461 11,749,327 31,086,613 58,078,206 14,484,856 10,926,771 25,759,406 3,315,9% 2,542,841 1,582,377 16,829, &54 1,488,338 47,126,670 3,598,193 14,735,188 5,229,676 1,127,777 9,459,434 11,790,315 1,186,087 1,609,023 1,304,121 304,902 1,113,035 52,857 834,858 64,314 161,006 46,039,351 641,280 i 3,749,882 15,024,251 1,182,461 2,087,080 5,892,876 12,372,351 2,521,128 2,568,042 542,587 134.364 40,964 4,688 171,860 109,099 81,612 39,990 6,848 19,258 13,884 2,295,500 210,134 838,862 527,216 719,288 47,389,342 2,937,677 1,848,766 21,6-40,033 16,559,254 4,403,612 1914 214,451,204 2 5,778,136 3 3,631,773 44,334 079 1,526,795 11,654,345 44,743,528 70,322,421 17,529,845 14,930,282 23,802,234 3,986,066 1,114,365 762,865 17,118,410 820,528 62,895,372 a 4,161,962 19,458,214 7,066,772 2,315,693 14,004,345 14,907,573 9S0,813 706,4S3 352,555 353,928 (&) (5) Si 56,9SS,329 * 1,477,480 8 3,443,361 14,764,361 1,355,139 1,290,906 8,736,856 18,816,137 2,369,712 4,734,377 794,693 201,216 22,721 10,597 356,266 110,562 93,331 (&) (5 (*) 7,611,078 944,122 3,750,272 1,430,459 1,486,225 61,65^,015 4,789,631 2,087,281 29,080,107 18,244,249 7,451,747 1909 231,389,792 2 6,372,748 8 3,424,663 46,077,736 1,749,948 10,125,494 44,329,490 88,523,601 19,267,818 11,518,294 26,649,969 1,534,135 768,495 691,413 22,463,957 1,191,969 70,441,520 a 5,113,219 21,470,242 6,240,943 3,050,833 18,088,331 13, 403,194 3,074,758 2,672,012 2,242,312 429,700 (5) (6) (&) (6) 65,598,854 21,193,956 "2,449,258 15,425,293 1,183,680 1,702,805 7,589,373 26,354,704 5,479,701 4,220,084 479,376 104,861 6,122 15,413 246,038 45,567 61,375 8,807,329 1,195,599 4,858,864 1,483,096 1,269,770 56,740,732 6,314,491 1,352,412 27,857,594 17,645,163 3,571,072 1904 203,079,791 2 4,593,783 3 3,670,867 32.266,465 6,926,904 38,741,798 87,267,624 17,756.202 11,856,148 38,181,488 1,402,016 1,036,163 4,290,001 27,380,884 4,072,424 42,403,705 2 2,558,669 11,130,612 1,307,443 1,971,882 12, S97,864 10,382,578 2,154,657 3,618,407 2, 815,943 802,464 60,429,356 a 1,689,875 3 2,005,774 12,756,599 (5) 2,168,820 5,739,538 24,488,354 5,596,723 5,983,673 488,326 146,673 5,855 21,018 126,132 137,458 51,190 (5) 8,252,529 1,588,434 5,049,746 1,232,933 381,416 49,705,980 5,084,250 2,400,587 21,403,311 18,325,514 2,4S6,318 1919 1914 $187,931,653 9,999,291 i 2,920,248 48,463,995 736,379 18,510,801 10,403,549 55,573,372 32,016,678 9,307,340 24,231,293 4,102,542 2,922,393 898,125 14,490,904 | 1,817,329 I 114,936,830 9,564,369 32, 528,849 14,044,623 1,806,828 25,314,242 28,729,209 2,948,710 2,186,201 1,733,327 452,874 986,292 93,510 552,583 109,323 230,876 30,077.134 434,922 i 2,920,248 9,892,865 736,379 926,702 2,829,945 8,222,562 2,217,868 1,895,643 4,639,466 1,072,161 256,640 43,912 1,554,292 960,278 652,183 213,400 37,299 101,107 74,994 1,079,771 83,596 405,745 2.48,076 342,354 9,681,266 653,173 36-0,443 4,418,99*1 3,356,279 892,377 $80,468,752 3 4,431,030 » 1,266,335 22,026,410 458,770 7,002,308 7,026,393 22,604,499 12,831,499 2,821,508 6,998,141 1,085,094 423,968 242,260 4,900,066 346,753 49,254,606 2 3,806,284 15,324,771 5,988,147 1,310,225 10,679,197 11,422,456 723,526 203,825 106,543 97,282 13,775,952 >339,935 « 1,113,711 4,222,281 357,337 250,600 1,822,659 3,849,490 784,833 1,035,206 2,658,673 657,507 101,938 30,464 1,001,309 530,579 336,876 1,424,622 1.83,500 675,801 280,865 284,456 6,152,933 502,408 218,885 2,922,044 1,787,029 722,567 1909 $90,017,898 «6,056,001 '1,610,516 24,461,745 729,652 6,777,696 6,528,630 26,776,433 13,915,166 3,162,059 5,594,388 268,683 274,219 219,976 4,412,546 418,964 61,622,616 2 5,629,603 18,923,644 6,011,147 2,006,843 14,461,212 11,987,111 2,603,056 427,529 309,803 117,726 1,464,834 366,504 31,284 53,093 5^6.860 222,473 194,620 1,620,751 215,556 866,837 285,481 252,877 3,958,088 468,588 105,193 1,881,506 1,234,142 268,659 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. 3 Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing Individual operations. 9 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. * 6 Figures not available. 6 Includes all establishments which can not be shown without disclosing individual operations. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 245 Principal fibers used in the industry.—The quantity in pounds of the different kinds of fiber used in Wool manufactures is shown in Table 15 for 1919, 1914, 1909; and 1904. Table 15.—Principal Fibers Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. MATERIAL. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 430,322,300 458,090,506 475,556,394 468,857,495 Mohair, and camel, alpaca, 295,388,119 307,705,932 352,478,605 282,194,618 16,634,135 16,994,591 7,938,735 7,198,996 Other animal hair and fur 38,706,214 28,136,636 30,769,003 36,286,430 57,911,197 70,946,264 57,823,190 106,584,050 tttfchased........ 37,532,275 30,168,915 24,877,667 35,782,056 Made for own consiimt> 20,378,922 40,787,349 32,945,633 70,801,994 22,682,635 35,307,083 26,546,861 36,593,401 Per cent of total , 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.0 Mohair, and camel, alpaca,! 68.6 67.2 74.1 60.2 and vicuna hair ........! 3.6 3.5 1.7 1.6 Other animal hair .J 9.0 6.1 6.5 7.7 Recovered wool fiber ........J 13.5 15.5 12.2 22.7 Made for own cozisUmp- j 8.7 6.6 5.2 7.6 tiOn..., 4.8 8.9 6.9 15.1 5.3 7.7 5.6 7.8 Scoured wool and recovered j Wool fiber, total j 353,29^316 | 378,652,196 410,301,795 I 388,778,663 Per cent of total j 100.0 100.0 100.0! loo.o 83.6! 81.3 S5-9! 72.6 Recovered wool fiber I 16.4 18.7 14.1 27.4 Purchased \ 10.6! 7.9 6.1 9.2 Made for own consump- i 1 5.8! 10.8 8.0 18.2 Consumption of wool, in grease, washed, and gcotu'ecL—Table 16 gives, for 1919, the quantity in pounds of wool purchased for consumption, according to the condition purchased, and the manufacturers' estimate of the equivalent total for the same in the grease and scoured. Table 16.—Wool Used in Wool Manufactures, by Industries: 1919. Total wool manufac- tures. Woolen goods. Worst ed goods. I Carpets . and rugs. Felt goods. J- Wool- felt hats. 'Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. \ Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Wool purchased 1491,728,475 '105,792,290 337.669,614,36,261,90411,804,373|200,234 Domestic 253,S38,421 63,859,091.181)971,185| 39o,S75! 7,496,756! 115,514 Foreign 237,890,054 41,933,199 155,698,429:35, 866,029 4,307,617j 84,780 In condition pur-! j; chased: j! In grease 402,824,721;, Domestic......!201,276,306; Foreign ,201,548,415;: Washed^. I 10,136,700 Domestic i 2,731,361: Foreign '7,405,339;, ScourecLT 78,7(57,054' Domestic 49,830,754 Foreign 28,936,300, 36,735,257 329, 20,055,649177, 16,679,608:151, 2,225,277' 4, 257,102 * 1.968,175: 66,831,756! 43,546,340 23,285,416 050,363131 956,382! 093,981)31, 662,763 2, 975,214! 687,549| 2, 956,488 2, 039,589 916,899 2, SI6,675 324,247 92,42S> 37$, &2 40,573 338,019 066,637 31,055 035,582 5,211,991 i 10,435 2.929,593! 10,435 2.2S2,39Si 870,06$! 45S,472 411,596 5,722,314 189,859 4,108,691 105,079 1,613,623- 84,780 Equivalent total:! In grease 567,202,77L 167,980,843 342,63u, 044 38,896,665 17,303,947 385,272 Domestic 290,329,733! 101,044,016 183,363,070 433,005 11,271,897,217,745 Foreign 270.873,038!. 66,936,827159,272,974 38.463,660 6,032.050! 167,527 Scoured. 295,388,119j 86,547,717 177,288,745 21,905,916 9,450,9131194,828 Domestic 148,760,651} 53,249,971 88,963,108 248,900 6,188,624) 110,048 Foreign 146,627,468; 33,297,746 88.325,637 21,657,016 3,262,289! 84,780 ; L ' :I Wool consumed, by states.—The quantity and cost of wool consumed in 1919 by the several states engaged in wool manufactures is shown in Table 17. Table 17.—WOOL USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919. Wool purchased: Pounds Cost Domestic— Pounds.. Cost Foreign- Pounds.. Cost 253,838,421! $177,495,134 j 237,890,054 $151,505,429 Pounds. 402,824,721 201,276,306 201,548,415 10,136,700 2,731,361 7,405,339 Scoured 78.767,054 In condition purchased- In grease Domestic Foreign Washed Domestic Foreign. United ij Connecti- States. 'j cut.i Maine.1 Domestic... 49,830,754 Foreign 28,936,300 Equivalent total- In grease ;567,202,771 Domestic 296,329,733 Foreign 270,873,038 Scoured ;295,388,119 Domestic 1 148,760,651 Foreign '146,627,468 6,703,814 $7,093,150 j 5,003,505 I $4,995,569 Pounds. 3,965,1S5 | 2,151,811 I 1,813,374 7,742,134 4,552,003 3,190,131 19,41S,431 10,870,444 8,547,987 9,562,788 5,540,540 4,022,248 8,316,203 5,608,745 2,707,458 19,550,283 11,920,590 7,629,693 10,227,991 6,271,295 3,956,696 Massachu- setts.3 New ! Hampshire. 491,728,475 ij 11,707,319 i 11,345,905 $329,000,563 i $12,088,719 j $11,582,093 6,994,166 $7,409,122 4,351,739 $4,172,971 Pounds. 3,029,-505 1,385,224 1,644,281 197 197 163,264,869 j $108,043,388 \ 74,574.826! $50,351,935 j 88,690,043 $57,691,453 | Pounds. i 136.480.S6o! 60; 007,295 i 76.473,570 4,856,647' 2,021,028 i 2,835,619 21.927;357 12,546.503 9,380,854 184,977,949 84,946,985 100,030,964 100,078,489 40,598,730 59,479,759 21,728,587; $14,844,902 j 10,743,702! $8,238,532! 10,984,885 $6,606,370 Pounds. 15,163,594 5,789,242 9,374:352 6,564,993 4,954,460 1,610,533 27,267,624 14.667,9S5 12; 599,639 13,875,687 7,518,242 6,357,445 New Jersey. I New York. Pennsyl- vania. 49,577,494 49,629,245 $29,728,758 i $27,162,246 28,173,174; $15,418,034 j 21,404,320! $14,310,724 j Pounds, j 47,219,107 i 27,935,381 19,283,726 915,944 99,100 816.844 1,442; 443 138.693 1,303,750 51,263,797 28,385,887 22,877,910 26,037,661 14.330,191 11,707,470 16,388,976! $11,920,744 j 33,242,269 $15,241,502 Pounds, j 43,059,488 13.745,573 j 291313,915! 2,375,474 j 30,304 i 2,345,170 4,194,283 2,611,099 1,583,184 j 54,116,792 18,642,545 1 35,474,247 28,550,910! 9,356,120 19,194,790 Rhode Island.1 5S, 637,082! $43,275,967 ! 38,114.858 $27,357; 583! 78,898,288 $49,675,546 46,483,033 $30,238,738 32,415,255! 20,522,224 21,275,814 $19,436,808 j $15,91S,384 $13,131,648 AH other states. 46,939,686 $32,598,944 25,663,872 $19,467,296 Pounds. 71,774,628 42,S7S,073 28,896,555 1,217,992 281.1,144 937,84S 5,905,668 3,324,816 2,580,852 84,521,654 \ 49,382,026! 35,139,628 i 44,164,079 I 26,226,890 i 17,937,189; Pounds. 53,096,273 35,325;521 17,770,752 56,569 26,569 30,000 5.484,240: 2;762,768! 2,721,472 1 63,438,544 1 40,175,503; 23,263,041 30,642,303 19,201,405 11,440,898 Pounds. 29,036,076 12,058,186 16,977,890 713,877 274,019 439,858 17,189,733 13,331,667 3,858,066 62,647,697 37,337,768 25,309,929 32,248,211 1.9,717,238 12,530,873 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations- These are included in "All other states." i Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avqid disclosing individual operations. These are included in "All other states/' 246 MANUFACTURES. Wool used in the industry during the 40 years prior to 1919.—Table 18 gives a review of the quantity of wool used in the industry as a whole and for each branch separately at each census year from 1879. Table 18.—Wool Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, and 1879. INDUSTRY AND TEAR. QUANTITY, IN CONDITION purchased (POUNDS). PER CENT OF TOTAL. Do- mes- tic. Wool Manufac- Total. Domestic. Foreign. For- eign. tures: 1919 491,728,475 253,838,421 237,890,054 51.6 48.4 1914 502,857,333 277,588,101 225,269,232 55.2 44.8 1909 552,503,710 320,530,329 231,973,381 58.0 42.0 1904 483,526,095 330,963,563 152,562,532 68.4 31.6 1899 394,369,523 257, 934,562 136,434,961 65.4 34.6 1889 351,153,020 239,775,712 111,382,308 68.3 31.7 1879 287,597,334 214,845,394 72,751,940 74.7 25.3 Woolen goods: 1919 105,792,290 63,859,091 41,933,199 60.4 39.6 1914 78,873,319 62,236,522 16,636,797 78.9 21.1 1909 87,037,951 73,514,264 13,523,687 84.5 15.5 1904 157,335,727 132,656,502 24,679,225 84.3 15.7 1899 150,200,616 127,678,662 22,521,954 85.0 15.0 1889 185,307,944 168,485,806 16,822,138 90.9 9.1 1879 197,524,955 177,042,288 20,482,667 89.6 10.4 WORvSTED goods: 1919 337,669,614 181,971,185 155,698,429 53.9 46.1 1914, 355,854,756 204,397,868 151,456,888 57.4 42.6 1909 387,717,415 237,088,015 150,629,400 61.1 38.9 1904 261,368,084 187,143,988 74,224,096 71.6 28.4 1899 179,977,936 122,714,543 57,263,393 68.2 31.8 1889 97,701,474 59,832,451 37,869,023 61.2 38.8 1879 41,149,326 25,461,511 15,687, 815 61.9 38.1 Carpets and rugs: 1919 36,261,904 395,875 35,866,029 1.1 98.9 1914 52,552,449 149,503 52,402,946 0.3 99.7 1909 64,135,020 231,413 63,903,607 0.4 99.6 1904 51,320,521 856,868 50,463,653 1.7 98.3 1899 51,871,334 109,811 51,761,523 0.2 99.8 1889 56,881,566 2,139,332 54,742,234 3.8 96.2 1879 36,037,570 2,029,318 34,008,252 5.6 94.4 Felt goods: 1919 11,804,373 7,496,756 4,307,617 63.5 36.5 1914 14,969,852 10,511,057 4,458,795 70.2 29.8 1909 12,409,826 8,562,413 3,847,413 69.0 31.0 1904 11,868,238 8,779,197 3,089,0-11 74.0 26.0 1899 9,606,263 5,357,383 4,248,880 55.8 44.2 1889 6,729,083 5,039,495 1,689,588 74.9 25.1 1879 4,913,873 4,204,806 709,067 85.6 14.4 Wool-felt hats: 1919 200,294 115,514 84,780 57.7 42.3 1914 606,957 293,151 313,806 48.3 51.7 1909 1,203,498 1,134,224 69,274 94.2 5.8 1904 1,633,525 1,527,008 106,517 93.5 6.5 1899 2,713,374 2,074,163 639,211 76.4 23.6 1889 4,537,953 4,278,628 259,325 94.3 5.7 1879 7,971,610 6,107,471 1,864,139 76.6 23.4 Wool used in wool manufactures and other indus- tries.—Statistics are presented in Table 19 with respect to the total quantity of wool consumed in this industry and other textile industries, according to states, in 1919. Wool, and yarns of wool, consumed in textile mills,— Table 20 relates to the total consumption of wool, and yarns made from wool, consumed by all kinds of textile mills in the United States during 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 19.—Wool Used in Wool Manufactures and in the Knit-Goods, Cotton-Goods, and Wool-Shoddy Industries: 1919. Foreign wool (in condition purchased). United States.. Pounds. 238,710,827 Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode" Island Tennessee Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia.... Wisconsin All other states1. 11,965,599 221,816 115,131 269,311 4,415,003 88,795,908 536,736 159, 868 11,092,824 21,404,320 33,418,523 181,045 9,405,096 18,000 32,497,268 20,622,224 38,773 1,829,691 231,805 264,621 1,227,265 Domestic wool (in condition purchased). Pounds. 257,724,007 7,106,377 80,951 1,983,703 3,495,829 1,325,093 7,804,633 75,207,671 1,323,795 1,069,273 10,764,068 28,173,174 17,565,127 186,767 4,006,120 2,762,044 47,515,014 38,221,576 933,279 1,546,928 870,870 486,180 1,053,755 2,196,471 2,045,309 Equivalent of foreign and domestic wool in scoured condition. Pounds. 299,692,775 13,944,981 58,969 1,322,316 3,421,241 1,073,758 10,835,260 100,785,063 1,634,229 744,723 14,003,992 26,037,661 29,795,872 367,347 7,715,907 2,199,294 45,179,870 30,849,021 728,650 3,012,451 738,045 421,780 807,068 1,858,580 2,256,697 1 All other states embrace: California, Delaware, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah. Table 20.—Wool, and Yarns of Wool, Consumed in Textile Mills: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Wool (in condition pur- j Wool-felt hats. Cotton goods Knit goods Wool shoddy Fur-felt hats Wool (equivalent of above; in scoured condi l ion).. Woolen goods. Wool-felt hats. Cotton goods Wool shoddy. Fur-felt hats.. Woolen, worsted, and me- rino yarns Wool manufactures Woolen goods Worsted goods Carpets and rugs... Felt goods ". Cotton manufactures... Cotton goods Cotton small wares. Knit goods Silk goods Wool shoddy 1919 1914 1909 1904 Pounds. 496,434,834 Pounds. 510,008,799 Pounds. 559,850,995 Pounds. 501,408,203 491,728,475 105,792,290 337,669,614 36,261,904 11,804,373 200,294 7,239 4,518,068 181,052 502,857,333 78,873,319 552,503,710 87,037,951 387,717,415 64,135,020 12,409,826 1,203,498 41,400 7,068,7S8 237,097 483,526,095 157,335,727 261,368,084 51,320,521 11,868,238 1,633,525 355,854,756 52,552,449 14,969,852 606,957 6,947,598 203,868 17,300,616 597,492 44,000 299,692,775 313,982,057 358,298,941 296,569,254 295.388,119 86,547,717 177,288,745 21,905,916 9,450,913 194,828 7,239 4,116,365 181,052 307,705,932 58,693,405 352,478,605 60,126,473 230,580,497 51,474,353 9,308,172 989,110 41,400 5,582,839 196,097 282,194,618 102,106,291 139,173,774 31,551,895 8,131,082 1,231,576 198,755,341 39,218,831 10,476,716 561,639 6,072,257 203,868 13,909,144 421,492 44,000 100,602,636 115,832,891 122,714,085 102,411,024 74,495,099 6,879,516 46,048,926 21,558,625 8,032 484,390 481,890 2,500 2-4,984,813 638,334 87,404,089 3,898,922 52,427,109 30,961,720 116,338 656,789 585,414 71,375 25,784,095 1,987,918 99,763,501 8,035,598 54,016,104 37,595,684 116,115 1,613,118 1,251,282 361,836 20,524,878 610,588 202,000 84,203,600 9,582,443 29,673,246 44,823,531 124,380 1,428,077 1,398,904 29,173 16,197,803 581,544 WOOL MANUFACTURES. 247 Yarns and recovered wool fiber as materials.—A distribution, by states, of the quantity of yarns, ac- cording to kind, and the quantity of recovered wool fiber consumed in the industry is shown in Table 21 for 1919. Table 21.—Yarns, and Recovered Wool Fiber, Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919. MATERIAL AKD STATE. Total. Yarns. Pounds. 439,806,696 All wool Woolen Connecticut1...- Indiana...... — Maine1 Massachusetts— Michigan......... New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Vermont Wisconsin All other states... Worsted Connecticut1 Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York*. Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont All other states... 338,608, 223,415, 17,437, 3,288, 29,349, 54,917, 1,242 14,399', 7,984, 29,068, 1,591, 31,579, 7, 998, 1,736, 9, 976, 1,409, 11,433, Merino Connecticut... Maine1 Massachusetts. Purchased. Made in establishment.* ! using. 115,193,017 3,644,659 964,210 40,843,891 4,653,405 10,873,266 . 9,678,243 I 13,459,008 22, §88,981 1,258,743! 6,928,611 45,164,154! 1,845.200 5,264,090 L 10,030,317 ii Pounds, 120,534,450! Pounds. 319,272,246 72,836,076 25,759,406 383,966: 43,000 l 3,315,996 I 3,394; 2,542,841 j 1,1532,377' 32 , 16,829,8o4: 892,419 j 106^973" I 5S)554j 47,126,670 j 3,598,193 j 77,753! 14,735,188 i 250,470' 5,229,676 I 1,127,777; 9,459,434 \ 11,790,315 j 542,307 i 315,557! 1,609,023 f 26,208! 265,722.709 197,656,362 17,053;696 3,288,967 29,306,135 51,601,681 1,242,822 14,396.381 5,442,084 27,486,386 1,591,593 14,749,809 7,106,185 1,736.075 9,869,375 1,409,907 11,375, 266 68,066,347 46,466 SS6,457 26,108,703 4,402,935 5,643,590 8,550,466 3, 999,574 11,09$; 666 716,436 6,613,054 43,555,131 1,845,200 5,264,090 10,004,109 Table 21. -Yarns, and Recovered Wool Fiber, Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919—Continued, Made in es- tablishments using. MATERIAL AKD STATE. Total. j Purchased. Yarns—Continued. I! Merino—Continued. j Pounds. New Hampshire 1,587,970 New Jersey \ 3,369,495 New York j 1,418,148 Ohio !2,439,020! Pennsylvania > 10,075,285 West Virginia '1,036,565' All other states , 8,04S,064 Cotton ;56,033,757 Connecticut 641,280 ,! Maine1 4,780,216: Massachusetts 19,338,209 New Hampshire, 2,075,671 New Jersey 2,087,080 , New York 7,663,553 Pennsylvania 12,850,659 Rhode Island 2.724,747 All other states I 3,872,342 j Recovered wool fiber < 57,911,197 j Connecticut1 '4,409,422 i Maine' ;8,765,406 | Massachusetts ;21,242,778; Minnesota 276,835 j New Hampshire 4,576,135 , NewJersev 2,283,666! New York*. i 3,625,679 ■ Pennsylvania , 3,187,404; Rhode Island1 1,510,470! Vermont ;1,959,439 , Wisconsin 408,25S All other states 5,665,705; Pounds. Pounds, 2,086 j 1,585,881 16,608! 3,352,887 ! 1,418,14s .....j 2,489,020 1,304,121! 8,771,164 ! 1,036,-565 260,000 \ 7,788,064 46,039,351 1 9,994,406 641 280 3,749*832 1,"030,334 15,024,251 i 4,313,958 1,182,461 893,210 2,087,080 5,892.876 . 1,770,677 12,372", 351' 478,308 2.521,128 203,619 2; 568,042' 1,304,300 37,-532,275! 3,909,777' 8,397.918 11,120,116 ', 22-8,555 3, 655,460! 42,692 I 2,177,238 2', 436,905; 1,4.58,951 1,303,515' 294,709 2,506,439' 20,378,922 499,645 367,488 10,122,662 48,280 920, 675 2,240,974 1,44S, 441 750,499 51,519 655,924 113,549 3,159,266 1 Excludes statistics for l establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations* PRODUCTS. Products of wool-manufacturing industries.—A sum- mary of the quantity and value of products relating to the industry as a whole is shown in Table 22, by states, for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 22.—PRODUCTS OF WOOL-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. PRODUCT AND STATE. Total value. Woven goods 3 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire— New York Pennsylvania All other states All-wool woven poods Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire— New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states Woolen suitings, over- coatings, and dress goods Connecticut Maine. Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states 1919 Pounds. 1919 Square yards.\ \Square yards 325,652,840 21,622,655 28,604,999 114, S90, S71 35,103, 592 11,651,046 30,35$, 391 83,421,286 211,549,741 16,467,520 15,009,173 69,022,613 27,904,604 12,342,366 7,936,178 14,651,821 28,204,180 20,011,286 117,469,170 12,458,551 15,005,437 35,722,047 23,350,645 5,153,407 4,103,487 5,741,172 5,253,192 10,651,232 537.342,012 2si, 625.488 47,115,295 217,080,215 33,268,952 19,264,301 48,98C>. 696 142,001,065 327,377,554 22', 768,782 20,275.706 118,666,333 22,40-1,350 29,575,885 12,937,468 23,272,409 50,788,939 26,687,622 1914 {Square yards.\Squarc yards 566,402,683 24,393,717 39,019,028 220,748,203 39,106,2-86 23,603,273 55,330.197 164,201) 919 323,768,983 16,021,944 14,697', 562 114,830,218 20,880,031 36,464,187 14,448,467 28,987.670 46,713,932 30,724,972 1900 1904 1919 571.350,648 24)553.203 33.678,262 223 , 761,.500 38,927,776 21,308,778 68,990,264 157,130,865 323.444,896 17.9S7.303 15,089.929 109,221,437 25,922,838 26,793,087 17,243,627 33,149,873 53,661,591 24,375.211 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 139,915.929 90,985,906 84,641,705 16.992,6?3 9,538,061 8,809,612 20,271,891 13,806,070 12,401,175 44,880,286 27,485,439 29,366,745 12,64S, 078 7,257,404 8,455,368 9,983,938 7,078,897 4,841,941 5,862,777 3,115,415 4,365,726 7,818,005 3,828,370 2,656,590 8,247,798 5,163,182 4,955,093 13,210,483 13,713,068 8,789,452 s Exclusive of carpets and rugs and woven felt goods. 506,013,537 28,460,588 31,387,917 186,784,354 (3) 20,599,605 60,101,868 178,679,205 260.681,119 18,377,887 12,999,152 85,615,420 (3) 16,804,826 12,459,972 26,622.510 43', 831) 236 43,970,116 $1,234,657,092 j$464,249. S13 113,7.88,739 10,396,037 10,208,432 48,896,960 (s) 3,622,678 4.427', 304 4,375,160 5,147,209 2*3,714,959 741,804,857 \ 269,145,28 48,336,265 50.743, 797 258,491,332 42,391,230 2-8,450,076 78,479,004 234,913,153 573,519,887 43,428,772 30,470,584 189,234.850 32,377,902 65,854,653 22,121,510 53', 358,521 90,154,099 46,518,996 244,338,307 2$,343,800 30,458, .554 71,705,530 19)911,159 27,202,096 9,358,303 19,260,426 12)622)265 25,476,174 15,853,044 15,153,575 97,810,697 14,200, 78$ 12,702,447 28,844,286 84,5S0.426 203, 756, 7S1 12,456,95S 8,0-37, 756 72,163,336 10,081.736 21,434)793 10,231,942 20,577,655 32,132,963 16,639.642 ,692, ,559, ,390, ,441, ,080, ,677, , 443, ,452, .106, ,542, $507,166.710 $380,934,003 296,730,614 234,820,240 17.464,589 15,359,310 , 107.064,598 15)346,708 15)317,657: 35)294,343 90,883,409 220.079,555 15)103,628 8.607.710 78.873)571 11,791,315 18)921,354 12,830,093 22,653,317 36,055.830 15,212)707 907,413 355,134 991,470 025.840 480,947 222,487 185.230 838,024 600,703 207,578 PER CENT OP INCREASE,1 1909-191Q. 14,057 16)167)584 SO,629,821 '(3 ) 13,613.945 26.858.837 82,892,777 158,439,261 11,269.666 8,462,977! 53,601,910; 'O 7,591.965: 10,532,885 j 16)102,796! 28.217,458 1 22)659.604 . 66.323.051 j 6,611)776 i 6,477, 729 I 25,161)107 (s) 2,120,255 3.857,600 3,041,854 3) 158,426 15,994,304 143,4 -6.0 150,0 20.7 176. S 39.9 230. 1 -3.0 141.4 -14. 5 176.2 -20,8 85.7 -29.0 122,4 -9.6 1.58.5 1.2 160.6 26.6 187.5 34.4 254.0 8,6 139.9 -13.6 174.6 10.4 248.0 -25.0 72.4 -29. S 135.5 -5.4 150.0 9.5 205.2 65.3 329.4 92.9 285.4 63.5 335.7 52.8 276.9 49,6 344.4 106.2 544. 2 34.3 193.8 194.3 947. 9 66. 5 250. 6 50.3 310. 4 • Figures not available; included in "All other states/ 248 MANUFACTURES. Table 22.—PRODUCTS OF WOOL-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. All-wool woven goods—Con. Worsted suitings, over- coatings, and dress goods. Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states Flannels for underwear.. Massachusetts Pennsylvania All otlier states Blankets Pennsylvania... All other states.. All other Maine New York All other states. Union or cotton-mixed woven goods Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states Cotton - mixed suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states All other Connecticut Maine Massachusetts — New Hampshire.. Pennsylvania All other states.. Cotton-warp woven goods. Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire... New Jersey New York". Pennsylvania Rhode Island— All other states Wool-Riling suitings, over- coatings, and dress goods Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Pennsylvania All other states Worsted-filling suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states Satinets and linseys Massachusetts All other states Domett flannels and shirt- Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire... All other states Cotton-warp blankets. Maine Massachusetts. Pennsylvania All other states 1919 Pounds. 85,981,863 3,819,523 31,585,025 7,188,959 3,371,473 7,084,749 22,929,981 10,002,153 858,512 302,500 254,931 301,081 5,130,783 1.255,042 3,875,741 2,109,413 (2) 234,884 1,874,529 1919 Square yards. 176,506,452 5,514,159 71,577,550 (*) 19,591,947 6,471,953 12,290,438 42,532,115 18,528,290 1,755,034 722,6S1 400,488 631,865 6,073,395 1,697,360 4,376,035 3,126,744 (2) 333,341 2,743,403 34,593, 1,239. 4,759, 10,287, 2,205, 208, 5,847, (3) 10,046 220 22,312,992 1,239,057 1,887,820 7,025,642 1,331,668 5,162,604 (2) 5,666,201 12,280,959 2,871,471 3,261,907 873,764 685,192 4, 588,625 79,509,148 3,916,078 8,836,535 35,580,709 4,993,556 2,091,315 3,506,262 9,858, 774 4,428,357 6,297,562 23,771,643 546,422 1,941,399 9,079,701 2,788,188 2,396,450 7,019,483 21,300,561 11,235,904 587,564 3,146,327 2,636,006 3,694,760 5,922,098 5,147,623 774,475 11,780,531 1,589,188 3,964,009 1,084,176 5,143,158 7,656,079 (2) 1,218,298 3,507,816 2,929,965 48,430, 1, 472, 6,485, 13,831, 3,207, 277, 8,811, (2) 14,350, 29,274,001 1,472,914 1,853,369 9,148,004 1,574,108 7,846,214 (*) 7, 379,392 19,162,882 4,631,816 4,964, 530 1,633,331 965, 552 6,967,653 161,527,575 5,383,792 20,354,344 84,582,352 7,657,163 2,173,221 6,049,547 16,902,521 9,024,605 8,400,030 39,146,902 653,683 3,352,205 16,118,039 3,898,6.50 4,834,850 10,289, 475 1914 >7,896,787 14,051,396 1,938,429 6,758,969 6,269,795 8,878,198 4,769,645 3,989,170 780,475 22,223,880 3,415,918 6,720,072 2,416,423 9,671,467 9,291,696 <■) 1,941,976 3,609,230 3,740,490 [Square yards. 222,420,785 6,351,180 86,386,650 13,558,848 29,361,290 10,860,850 22,626,800 41,538,522 11,736,645 2,176,264 336,707 393,964 1,445,593 7,185,584 2,134,723 5,050,861 1,000,444 229,663 410,266 360,515 46,295,357 1,775,642 1,339,816 18,264,936 4,717,530 1,356,536 9,8S3,044 696,642 8,261,211 31,400,082 1,469,642 1,136,456 11,962,150 3,707,146 6, 882,987 696,642 5, 545,059 14,895,275 306,000 203,360 6,302,786 1,010,384 3,000,057 4,072,688 196,338,343 6,596,131 22,981,650 87,653,109 13,508,725 3,627,321 7,798,270 16,459,483 14,854,704 22,858,950 53,500,462 3,553,542 4,861,954 22, 818,252 3,48-3,608 4,792,627 13,999,479 56,763,091 26,075,033 4,300,447 8,816,213 9,545,888 8,025,510 8,518,686 6,857,360 1,661,326 16,097,419 2,046,588 2,8S2,803 5,728,402 5, 439,626 18,139,720 3,460,409 2,837,664 930,128 10,911,519 1909 Squareyards. 226,110, 822 7,973,637 78,424, 778 17,279,793 21,886,943 12,283,220 27,684,839 48,586,917 11,990,695 3,856,353 506,182 796,097 2,554,074 5,638,434 1,424,062 4,214,372 3,197,582 335,541 594,481 2,267,560 37,453,351 2,168,4S4 3,996,585 10,236,836 5,010,181 549,526 5,104,428 1,996,140 8,391,171 27,518,766 2,168,484 3,645,794 6,405,030 3,973,788 4,448, 851 1,890,140 4,986,669 9,934,595 350,791 3,831,806 1,036,393 655,577 4,060,028 210,452,401 4,397,416 14,591,748 104,303,227 7,994,757 2,977,585 6,515,625 30,735,963 20,782,229 18.153,851 60,236,428 2,171,126 2,244,167 22,610,651 5,142,088 13,368,893 14,699,503 94,643,217 58,750,120 3,772,957 11,103,856 15,725,716 5,290,568 &, 102,460 4,120,737 981,723 4,571,765 881,732 794,799 70,000 2,825,234 9,853,161 1,743,092 1,547,934 3,398,778 3,163,357 1901 Square yards 127,079,304 3,078,079 34,074,137 (3) 13,064,724 7,052,718 19,526,954 37,070,497 13,212,195 8,710,131 1,349,300 436,723 6,924,108 7,414,563 1,395,419 6,019,144 3,688,382 630,122 979,950 2,078,310 63,197,407 4,178,500 6,224,365 13,401,999 (8) 4,830,873 14,026,477 4,030,440 16,504,753 52,166,903 3,823,808 4,3^6,706 10,404,973 (3) 12,853,980 3,708,784 16,978,652 11,030,504 354,692 1,827,659 2,997,026 (3) 1,172,497 4,678,630 182,135,011 5,904,201 12,164,400 87,766,935 (3) 7,616,767 3,308,760 19,452,881 12,059,420 33,861,647 54,939,651 1,766,051 4,774,737 14,876,509 4,974,537 28,517, 817 65,988,989 37,564,031 1,518,326 8,963,067 9,767,391 8,176,174 22,343,617 17,559,146 4,784,471 4,285,838 1,719,849 (3) 2,565,989 9,340,589 2,250,661 3,086,920 2,993,220 1,009,808 VALUE. 1919 1914 1909 1904 $313,679,634 14,547,686 ,114,229,407 (a) $141,778,035 $156,755,217 $85,079, .547 3,550,183 27,463,600 (a) 5,776,171 53,172,690 7,569,400 59,079,589 38,652,557 11,946,229 29,453,073 77,497,081 27,353,601 5,959,261 17,724,341 7,204,249 14,650,635 5,385, 562 5,857,024 11,95S, 229 24,001,061 6,863,888 7,363,842 16,131,143 29,019,070 9,266,182 18,939,947 32,377,429 6,631,517 7,667,788 1,905,730 1,065,264 241,616 598,850 880,494 158,169 179,462 542,863 1,257,271 207,183 430,876 619,212 2,045,858 439,405 120,696 1,485,757 7,107,949 2,097,377 5,010,572 4,521,546 1,812,465 2,709,081 3,454,5S5 1,153,048 2,301,537 2,793,284 566,465 2,226,819 6,488,267 884,231 142,119 393,815 348,297 1,705,069 202,192 378,551 2,197,521 339,215 818,261 (2) 513,766 5,974,501 1,124,326 1,040,045 50,108,499 2,035,439 6,049,333 11,591,031 3,504,314 608,346 10,636,908 (2) 16,526,158 1,054,369 14,327,973 1,105,667 1,919,118 3,332,690 1,651,492 232,103 2,070,669 1,0-14,706 2,971,528 26,288,407 1,813,565 3,195,958 5,193,788 (a) 464,004 6,143,131 1,307,794 380,294 3,321,235 1,972,886 5,797,114 2,281,317 6,033,779 15,683,128 429,818 3,425,513 33,210,160 2,035,439 2,245,075 8,007,577 1,793,096 9,836,739 11,710,610 952,782 393,081 11,920,956 1,105,667 1,790,923 2,538,174 1,436,933 1,794,043 1,022,506 2,232,710 23,331,080 1,678,069 2,518,010 4,636,226 4,319,854 996,761 (3) 2,383,088 429,818 5,449,396 2,138,727 6,910,652 9,292,234 2,235,226 16,898,339 4,815,548 101,587 70,923 2,407,017 2,957,327 135,496 677,948 557,562 (3) 3,804,258 3,583,454 1,711,218 800,169 6,999,240 1,823,277 311,033 938,147 128,195 794,516 214,559 276,626 993,121 347,718 1,238,603 1, 570,581 118,176,471 2,872,054 14,223,880 57,665, 451 6,509,014 2,573,739 5,720,220 14,483,575 6,452,222 7,676,316 48,862,324 2,341,717 6,651,815 62,323,086 1,255,294 4,832,482 50,092,572 1,574,045 4,508,649 19,504,230 2,811,258 1,438,506 2,090,211 4,945,396 5,033,566 4,045,625 24,858,337 1,903,901 1,253,733 2,255,461 21,834,123 (3) 10,579,357 9,609,533 5,783,988 2,348,135 1,108,174 4,958,927 5,762,303 7,998,216 34, 735,320 744,075 2,810, 550 13,598,007 1,019,521 1,497,661 5,189,915 825,122 1,327,813 3,737,975 15,621,015 560,095 709,016 5,375,123 1,0S1,067 4,025,157 3,870,557 16,586, 520 591,412 1,974,231 4,578,046 (3) 14,057,057 3,192,001 4,630,851 9,300,786 1,505,194 7,937,637 45,342,581 24,751,789 2,240, 54S 6,835,827 4,694,776 6,819,641 15,563,099 5,228,443 985,105 3,028,015 3,251,084 3,070,452 30,003,046 13,373,680 1,326,382 5,243,290 7,400,686 2,659,008 19,680,956 9,319,254 540,078 2,754,821 4,891,922 2,174,881 3,671,389 2,904,031 767,358 1,546,203 1,171,708 374,495 912,182 606,202 305,980 4,077,233 3,213,469 863,764 11,600,377 2,241,961 3,853,342 1,008,829 3,896,245 2,814,904 350,337 459,888 911,967 211,616 769,476 1,100,558 904,121 136,605 25,500 538,246 426,274 343,202 7,390,560 3,059,237 986,766 659,522 240,660 2,742,151 675,629 256,530 633,948 2,250,089 684,878 853,219 359,682 352,310 1,363,278 2,307,511 1 3,719,771 1,272,289 1,176,044 -21.9 -30.8 -8.7 100.1 92.2 93.3 -10.5 -47.3 -55.6 -12.5 54.5 163.8 28.9 55.5 139.4 256.7 -54.5 42.8 -49.7 -75.3 51.6 414.2 -43.9 -3.3 7.7 19.2 3.8 105.8 81.9 117.7 -2.2 280.5 -35.5 21.0 35.7 431.4 PER CENT OF rNCREASE,1 1909-1919. Square yards. 1,220.4 29.6 57.6 47.3 71.6 -23.2 22.4 39.5 -18.9 -4.2 -27.0 -7.2 -45.0 -56.6 -53.7 -35,0 -69.9 49.4 -28. 7 -24. 2 -63.8 -30.0 -38. 8 -42.0 -48.6 -39.1 -60.1 67.8 -6.5 -3.2 -20.5 386.1 287.4 745.5 |3,352.0 242.3 -5.7 25.5 6.2 18.2 Value. 29.3 249. 7 -32.1 84.1 62.3 215.2 35.1 247.8 -36.0 112.2 -49.5 162.1 72.6 413.7 71.0 427.8 6.4 178.6 -32.1 81.1 -49.2 25.4 42.8 215.5 -60.4 24.8 76.4 448.3 48.0 316.2 92.9 602.0 2,867.6 351.0 697.6 189.3 604.8 89.6 128.8 194.3 132.0 241.9 105.3 153.6 36.9 -32.9 32.7 122.4 32.8 296.4 161.5 195.3 15.0 140. 3 5L1 85.1 68.9 30.4 -36.6 156.5 302.5 379.1 150.8 1,172.0 959.4 |2,720. 8 6,209.1 623.9 169.5 431.4 264.0 216.3 » A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Included In "All other states " to avoid disclosing individual operations. * Figures not available; Included in "All other states." WOOL MANUFACTURES. 249 Table 22.—PRODUCTS OF WOOL-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904—Continued. QUANTITY. PRODUCT AND STATE. Cotton-warp, woven goods- Continued. All other Massachusetts Pennsylvania All otner states Carpets and rugs Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania All other states. Pounds. Square yards. Square yards. 9,078,236! 28,198,665 , 43,309,965 (2) ' (l) 28,181,997 515,805: 672,110 1,856,133 S, 562,431! 27,526,555 i 15,271,835 118,081,918 12,952,008 45,947,226 35,927,149 23,255, 535 Wool-felt hats New York Pennsylvania... All other states. Yarns for sale Connecticut Maine.. Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... All other states. Woolen Maine Massachusetts.. New York Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... All other states. 52,181,512 i I 6,487,324: ! 19,015,388 i ! 17,378,967 j 9,299,833 \ 'Dozens. \ \ 401,893! 114,069 I ■ 185,475 j i 102,349 I ! Pounds. 118; 970,054 646,728 1,409,216 26,413,155 10,171,495; 2,956,341 j , 44,902,114 23,963,720 8, 507,285 28, 959, 769 30,076 3,54S, 730 659,339 18,100, 441 3,267, 054 3,354,129 74,385, 846 C2) 20,477,164 8,991,223 1,78S, 166 . , 18,6S5,148 Rhode Island j ;19,369,197 A11 other states! 5,074,948 Worsted Maine Massachusetts. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.. Merino Massachusetts.. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... All other states. All other , Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire.. New Jersey Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states... 511,191 617,026 23, 640,228 10,149, 864 2,100,275 1,945,713 2,346,311 4,872,59S 2, 225, 467 Waste 1 31,035,630 Massachusetts | ;13,504,681 New Jersey.. New York. Noils Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... Rhode'Island... All other states. 13,406,054! 1,664,758 I 8,116,525 816,278! 2,808,493 j 2,218,385 250,000 722,503 115,665 2, 000 4, 457,197 2,612, 247 Pennsylvania I j 1,831,400 Rhode Island.. All other states. All other products Connecticut Maine Massachusetts — New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states... 3,570; 600 5,059, 505 66,340,274 9,479,715 24,480,532 24,103,422 8,276,605 Dozens. 381,044 68,927 184,620 127,497 Pounds. 134,729,609 530,679 1,232,570 29,991, 727 12,928,295 1,901,221 58, 820, 785 22,960,291 6,364,041 26,830,047 28, 499 1, 936,411 158,740 21, 7S4,704 763,946 2,157,747 86,998, 805 1,197, 827 24,103,998 12,718, 906 1, 742, 481 24,176, 877 20,224,819 2, S33, S97 10,523,363 1, 958,912 5,343,128 1,604, 059 1,616,264 10,378,394 6,244 1,992,406 79,342 20,013 7,516,076 367, 467 396,846 24,449,227 10,955,313 2, 216,080 2,188,370 3,840,996 3,283,790 1,964,678 29,571,562 10,997,975 4, 066, 348 2,451,510 3,683,664 5,177,162 3,194,903 1909 Contract work Connecticut Maine Massachusetts — New "Hampshire.. New Jersey New York". Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states. Square yards. 36,045,370 16,478,986 2,853,591 16,712,793 81,218,881 10,236,887 26,973,631 36,222.080 7,786^ 283 Dozens. 590,957 133,678 303,398 153,881 Pounds. 136,780,805 879,928 1,477,360 2S, 774,178 11,346,062 1,241, 041 as, 003,533 19,530, 045 5, 528,658 29, 215,188 16,779 1,161, 773 3,949 25,664,665 661,234 1, 706,788 89,198,713 1,353, 845 24, 517, 859 11,204,625 1,237, 092 25, 896,142 18, 264,920 3, 724, 230 14,011,362 1,283, 261 11,710,956 534,654 482,491 4,355, 542 95, 219 1,811,285 1904 PEE CENT OF INCREASE,4 1909-1919. 1919 1,731,770 69,237 645,031 27, 938, 313 11, 250,153 1,628,352 1,897,069 6,006,239 5,199, 661 1,956, S39 25,948, 432 8, 013, 437 2,111,639 SSS,887 5,260, 513 7,106, 426 2,567, 530 Square yards.> 25,236,327 j; 12,960,480 2,522,077! 9,753,770 j; 82,670,843 \. 8,434,467! 22,559,873 45; 763,852 i 5,912,651 |; Dozens. 446,121 136,481 158,58-5 151,055 Pounds. '122,390,693 413,581 639,615 19,015,889 6, 094,987 1, 301,162 68, 903,501 16,903,608 9,118,350 43, 734,323 95,531 1,553,033 (4) 37, 657,138 1,339,60S 3,0S9, 013 »62,942,79S 366, 715 15, 850,64S 5. 776, 075 1,301,162 25,4I6,32S 13,222,913 1,008,957 12,914, 512 743, 771 5, 830, 035 2, 341,087 3,999,619 2,799,060 177,369 S6S,437 («) 318,912 1,434,342 16, 238,144 5,244,593 940,33S 858,972 3,994,229 3,319,117 j 1,880,895 22,378,230! 5, 762,271; 1,161,229 i S52,243 l 4,759,554 i 5, S37, 000 ■ 4,005,933 $15,436,244 <*) 228,710 15,207,534 110,151,089 13,128,841 47,667,962 36,217,914 13,136,372 5,409,505 2,292,906 1,454,09 L 1,662, .508 237,971,867 1,628,998 2,961,135 54,062,420 25,940, 408 5,714,117 72, 010, SOS 61,661, 008 12,992,973 33,166,552 59,609 5,145,210 492, 810 16,001,051 6,648,161 4, S19, 711 185,180,372 44, 051, 595 24,428,314 4,957, 735 47, 488, 0.55 51,959,048 12,295, 625 16, ISO, 614 3,613, 801 8,521,702 1,647, 361 2,397,750 3,444,329 271,769 1, 251,814 175,715 1,000 1914 1,406,458 337,593 17,702,923 7,202,421 1,813,265 1,411,829 2,054, 758 3,573,859 1,646,791 7,337,940 2,795,156 1, 612, 041 3.87, 639 388, 707 1,621,021 533,376 95,502,900 3, 725, 792 7,082, 809 24, 471,797 337,746 2, 581.145 13,223; 819 21,510. 892 9,677, 760 12, 891,140 18,776,011 179,518 375, 974 7,347; 649 361,608 723, 760 1,253,676 5,482, 210 2,429, 05S 622,558 1909 1904 : Square Valu ! yards.: $12,280,874 6,894,754; 346,188 j 5,039,932 j 64,683,322 10,482,775 23,774,662 19,472,933 8,952,952 1,777,225 378,277 i 765,208! 633,740 j 88,705,240' 309,997 889,036 20,753, 500 11, 309, 733 1,503,654 28,631,446 20, 005,173 3,302,701 9, 008,978 18, 527 662,383 79,60S 6,924,691 391, 831 931,938 70,218,727 865,945 17,626,009 11,189,911 I', 424, 048 18, 664,351 IS, 292,764 2,155,701 4,862,564 1,511,984 1,815,586 1,055.346 479,64S 2,614,971 4,564 953,124 69,331 13,236 1,226,818 265,232 82,666 6,930,475 3,133,490 668,074 600,196 1, 102,157 940,435 486,123 $12,132,725 5,110,197; 664,774 6,357,754 \ 66,966,338 12,160,257 25,477,756 > 21,570,318! 7,758,007 3,646,787 1 1,185,298! 1,431,342 l 1,030,147 95,274,599 723,666 1,211,143 23,231,053 11,642, 086; 1,187,300 34,548, 848 i 19,259,262; 3,471,241 3,482,305 981,282 629,869 297,768 430,303 902,003 241,080 28, 032, 600 888,086 1, 698. 011 6,842,883 212, 693 763,340 5,647, 734 7,638,749 766,923 3, 574,181 3,493,383 68, 179 87,265 1,419,930 69,309 22,096 268,879 623,235 678, 674 255,816 27.2 $6,728,298 '] -21.8 3,443,861 ;| 339,230 I —76.4 >■ -65. 64.7 2,945,207 56,861,775 9,260,089 19,194,104 23,650,927 4,7.56,655 2,290,070 956,347 647,064 686,659 3 61, 162,562 292,612 489,102 12,193,214 4,807,660 26, 071,'590 12, 545,725 3, 817,905 7,635,864 10,283,017 12,181 455,448 2,779: 6,021, 540 368,165 775,751 I 80,820,775 j 1,156,075 21,069,894 ■ 11,565,331; 1,184,521 i 24,098,942 i 18,634,773 I 3,111,239 5,666,228; 1,043,693 4, ISO, 974 i 225,317 216, 244 1,151,732; 32,641 j 662,018 247,392: 31,007; 178,674 i 9,035,419 3,655,975 588,740 548,973 1,895,601 i 1,S19,094 i 527,036 3,607,146 . 766,530! 528,799 1 1.55,921 I 592, 524 I 1,316,779 i 246,593 j I 28,678,897 \ 1,111,983 1,582,033 I 5,506,630 i 495, 997 910,144 5,215,566! 6,192,317! 5,128,384! 2,535,843 3,226,910 32,848 78,722 1, 452.31S 48,831 2,850 257,212 800.935 366,622 ISC, 572 64,146 799,941 7,280,744 ■844,691 1, 293,495 & 44,490,176 284,190 10, 310,734 4, 656,244 944, 754 17, 431, 468 10,551,023 311,763 5,226,574 498,056 1,359,378 1,150,011 2,219,129 1,162,795 140, 766 5S4.4S3 (<) 151,416 -35.8 I -36.6 I -29.5 \ -52 0' 19.4 -32.0: -14,7! -38.9 -33.5; 139.2 64.5 8.0 87,1 67.9 69.3 48.3 93.4 1.6 61.4 -13.0 ■ 149.8 -26.5 125.1 -4.6! 144.5 -8.2 1 132 7 -10. 4; 131.4 138.2: 38L3 -34.0; 108.4 22 7 j 220.2 53.9 j 274.3 -0.9! 334.4 79.2: 389.4 205.5! 1029.7 16598.4 17633.4 -29.5 1 165.7 394.1! 1705.8 96.5 1 521.3 -16.6 j 129.1 -16.5; 109.1 -19.8 111. 2 44.5; 318.5 -35.3.1 97.1 6.0! 178.8 36.3! 295.2 -4.3; 185.6 29.7 1 246.3 -3a 7 | 103.8 52.7! 631.1 4S2.1 j 1008. S -49.1 1 199.1 162 6 j 732.6 -60.1 i 89.1 286,130 5,022,907 1,517,014 '326,732 261,055 1,206,447 1, 240, S06 470, 853 2,652,667 818.838 327, 740 128,750 329, 565' 831, 452 216,322 16,934, S49 465, 452 591, 096 4,126,871 633,931 2,5S6,441 3,923, 273 1, 622, 880 2, 984,905 63S.3 4435.9 -4.S 83.9 -15.4 95.9 -9.8 97.0 29.0 208.0 2 6 157.2 -60.9 8.4 -6.3 96.5 13.7 212 5 19.6 103.4 68.5 264.7 111.1 204.9 193.9 148.6 -65.2 -34.4 -49.8 23.1 97.1 116.3 233.0 235.1 347.7 344.4 -31.9 183.6 153.3 247. 4 88.7 408. 4 i.ias, 19, 129, 482, (<) 29, 366, 138, 20, 933 j 481.9 185' 446.5 753 326 377.6 405.9 640.5 473 1! 25295.1 410 :l 387.4 S5S ;j 584.5 822 1 562 6 106 1 233.7 • A minus sign (—) denotes decrease, 1 Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosing individual operations. • Figures for Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island include tops that total 4,773,600 pounds ,with combined value oi $2,855,607. « Figures not available; included in "All other states. • Includes tops. 250 MANUFACTURES. Leading products of wool manufactures, by indus- tries.—Table 23 gives a condensed account of the leading products, according to value, of wool manu- factures, by industries, for the year 1919. Table 23.—LEADING PRODUCTS OF WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY INDUSTRIES: 1010. Total. Total value i $1,234,657,092 Woven goods for personal wear . Carpets and rugs Other woven goods (blankets,carriage robes, etc.). Felt goods Wool-felt hats Yarns Waste and noils All other products Contract work 710,466,8-19 110,151,089 31,338,008 37,843,349 5,409,5(35 237,971,867 25,040,863 57,659,551 18,776,011 Woolen-goods industry. Worsted-goods industry. Carpet and rug industry. Felt-goods industry. Wool-felt hat industry. $364,896,590 5700,537,482 $123,253,828 $39,229,540 $6,739,652 287,030,146 7,591 28,765,972 1,321,234 422,131,592 27,520 1,352,085 1,143,826 110,115,978 505,939 161,285 714,012 36,522,115 5,409,505 31,837,200 940,381 10,235,571 4,758,495 205,697,251 23,859,344 33,841,352 13,628,338 394,109 209,521 10,681,168 203,287 43,307 31,617 1,733,578 23,626 1,167,882 162,265 Average value of products, per establishment.— The average value of products for establishments engaged in wool manufactures is shown in Table 24 for the industry as a whole and separately for each of its branches in 1919, 1914, 1909 and 1904. Total production of yarns and recovered wool fiber in the industry.—Table 25 presents statistics with respect to the total quantity of yarns and recovered wool fiber produced in the wool manufactures industry. The table gives separate figures for the quantity pro- duced for sale and for consumption by the same establishments where these products are made. Table 24.—Average Value of Products, per Establish- ment: 1010, 1014, 1000, and 1004. INDUSTRY. I 1919 1914 1909 1904 .j §1,215,214 $474,208 $451,216 $314,043 Felt rood? '651,601 j 2,399,101 j ! 1,643,384 , | 800,603 | .| 168,491; 207,217 • 925,062: 712,662: 258,351 , 64,816! 182,485; 964,S91' 512,145 j 275,642 141,368! 179, .541 733,385 443,068 229,451 144,515 Wool-felt hats. .. Table 25.—TOTAL PRODUCTION OF YARNS AND RECOVERED WOOL FIBER IN WOOL MANUFACTURES: 1010 AND 1014. ! f 1 i FOE USE IN THE SAME ESTABLISHMENT. j Census year. i PRODUCT. Total. For sale. i 1 i j 1 Total. Made in woolen mills. Made in' worsted mills. Made in felt, mills. Made in carpet mills. I Pounds. j 438, 242,300 441,796,406 Pounds. 1 118,970,051! 134,729,009 | Pounds.' 319,272,246 307,066,797 j Pounds. 195,460,171 164,372,992 Pounds. 82,584,586 [ 87,174,5xi; Pounds. 5,955,334 7,581,177 Pounds. 35, 272,155 47,938,017 Yarns 1 1919 | 1914 Woolen ! 1919 226,616,131. 197,914, 350 113,801, 552 182,712, 432 56,961,185 49,975,722 10,863, 432 11,193,902 28,959,769 26,830,047' 1 75,735, 205 i 197,656,362 171,084,303! 68,066,347 86, 809, 393 43,555,131 39,453,359 9,994,406 9,659,742 , 147,232,110 118,309,523 1,113,759 1,271,374 40,819,384 39,206,840 6,294,918 5,585,255 18,207,724 i 10,400,722; 61 350 377 i 4,095,124 6, 758,237 28,121,404 35,615,821 5,602,211 10,253,791 155,255 . 1914 , 1919 1914 2 9o', 843', 039 13,406,051' 10,522,363 1 869,026 1,.534,160 74,629,697; 720,282 | 154,360 714,531 1,860,210 92,159 Merino i 1919 i 1914 Cotton 1919 2,306,203 |. 1,393, 285 2,068, 435 1914 1,989,802 "ie," 2f>0 .....i 1919 21,810,761 41,258, 722 1,431,839' 471,373 | 20,378,922; 40,787,349 j 17,665,485 39,616,2213 476,460 | 464,029 j 1,394,811 707,094 842,166 ! 1911 _!_.__ 1 Includes 1,319,359 pounds of mohair yarn. Establishments engaged in bleaching, dyeing, and finishing,—The number of establishments engaged in bleaching, dyeing, and finishing is shown in Table 26, by states, for 1919. A separate account is given for 2 Includes 8,844,234 pounds of mohair yam. those doing this character of work in connection with their own textile mills, and those doing work for others, a small number of establishments being counted twice when operating both ways, WOOL MANUFACTURES. 251 Table 26.—Establishments in Wool Manufactures Doing Bleaching, Dyeing, Finishing, and Contract Work: 1919. ESTABLISHMENTS IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, 1919. United States Woolen and worsted goods. Connecticut.... Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont ■ All other states Carpets and rugs Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states Felt goods and wool-felt hats Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states EQUIPMENT. Summary of equipment for wool manufactures.—The kinds of machines used in wool manufactures which would indicate the progress of the industry when shown comparatively for a series of years are given in Table 27 for 1919," 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 27.—Machinery Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1919 1914 1904 1909- 1919 1914- 1919 — ;» ■. , ji Woolen cards (sets)*....< 5,835 i 5,382 5,555 6,142 jj 5.0 8.4 Wool-combing machines J 2,294! 2,425 2,120; 1,549! 8.2 -5.4 Spindles 5,242,613 5,006,286 4,570,089 4,021,09S 'J 14. 7 4. 7 Looms 2 .....j 77,338! 76,789 73,268: 66,293 1 5.6 0.7 Pickers !1,223 1,392 1,565, 1,812 !• -21.9 -12.1 Garnett machines ! 211 I 221 251 1 245 j -15.9 -4.5 i i 1 : 11 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Includes shoddy cards. 3 Exclusive of carpet and rug looms. Detail for machinery used in wool manufactures and its branches.—Table 28 furnishes more complete sta- tistics than the one preceding with respect to the kinds of cards and spindles used, giving in addition the branches of the industry in which they were located in 1919 and 1914. Spindles used in the industry, by states.—A de- tailed account of the number and kind of spindles used in the industry is shown, by states, in Table 29, for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 28.—MACHINERY USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY INDUSTRIES: 1919 AND 1914. Cards, number. Woolen3... Worsted... Cotton Spindles. Woolen3. Worsted.. Cotton... Mule spinning. Woolena... Worsted.., Cotton ime spinning. Woolen3 Frame sp V'oolon3 Worsted. Cotton... Doubling and twisting. Woolen*.. Worsted Cotton Looms Wool-combing machines. Pickers Garnett machines WOOL MANUFACTURES. WOOLEN GOODS. 1919 8,203 5,835 2,143 5,242,613: 2,201,666 I 2,988', 855' 52,092! 2,761,ISO 2,079,628 681,552 1,676,139 31.305 1,601,602 43,232 805,294 90,733 705,701 a 8,860 85,495 2,294 1,223 211 1914 7,800; 5,382; 2,153 i 265 1 5,008,286 \ 1,914,691 I 3,010,145 | 81,450 | 2,485,790' 1,815,698' 669,926 166 1,643,5S3 9,771 1,555,228 78,584 876,913 89,222 784,991 2,700 S6,641 2,425 1,392 221 1919 i 4,618! 4,503 j 20 I 95; 1,888,213 1 1,853,014! 20,371 14,828 I 1,76-1,133 I 1,761,433 | 2,700 48,432 23,513 12,311 12,608 75,648 68,068 5,360 2,220 29,894 26 954 126 1914 3,S11! 3,753 1,604,881 1,545,195 46,792 12,S94 1,476,095 1,470,489 5.440 166 46,792 8,304 27,560 10,928 81,994 66,402 13.792 1,800 26,366 20 1,061 127 WORSTED GOODS. 1919 2,457 333 2,041 83; 3,087,916 j 179,536 2,883,132; 25,248 837,312: 166,420 670,892 i 1914 1,531,135 T435,"55i" 23,584 695,469 13,116 680,689 1.664; 45,835 2,171 103; 29 i CARPETS AND RUGS. FELT GOODS AND WOOL-FELT HATS. 1919 1914 1919 2,521 469 1,959; 93 j 3,117,151! 229,822 I 2.838,an: 48,528 I 592; 463; 82 i 47 i 233,226 j 135,898; 85,312! 12,016; 760 j 465 I 536 l 536 872,626 j 126,788 j 208,140' 11S,S68 i 664,486! 7,920! 1,485,070 1 864 j 1,435,678 j 48,528; 759,455! 20,818! 738,637 49,462 2,285 140 38 : 7; 792! 57.740 j 7,040; 33,S66; 9,238! 19,652 i 84,976 1 <9.256! S! 21 I ! 1914 1 Sets of cards. s Includes shoddy cards. »Includes 2,072 spindles for doubling and twisting paper stock. « Includes 1,099 looms employed on woven goods, other than carpets and rags. 6 Includes 489 looms employed on woven goods, other than carpets and rugs. 708 695 116 9 4 246,762 103,948 122;786 20;028 33,25-8 33,218 40 37.492 35,726 1,766 102,238 102,238 32,947 32,907 40 34,831 34,831 110,090 300 90,662 19,128 1,631 303 1,328 34,434 1,410 311 311 1.030 32,124 592 435 900 M0.341 114 89 30 510 12 472 6 102 100 35 26 252 MANUFACTURES. Table 29.—SPINDLES USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES: 1919> 1914, 1909, AND 1904. All classes: 1919.... 1914.... 1909...- 1904...- Producing spindles: 1919 1914 1909....... 1904 Woolen1— 1919 1914....... 1909 1904 Worsted— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Cotton— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Mule spindles— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Woolen «— 1919....... 1914 1909 1904 Worsted— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Cotton— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Frame spindles— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Woolen i— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Worsted— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Cotton— 1919 1914 1909 1904 Doubling and twisting spindles: 1919 1914 1909.... 1904 Woolen t — 1919 1914 1909 1904 Worsted— 1919 1914.. 1909 1904 Cotton— 1919 1914 1909 1904 United States. 5,242,613 5,006,286 4,570,089 4,021,098 437,319 129,373 794,129 457,211 110,933 825,469 911,966 169,416 283,154 225,154 750,446 1S9,605 43,232 78,750 131,717 98,190 761,180 485,790 312,950 494,935 079,628 815,698 886,101 140,753 681,552 669,926 423,393 313,862 166 3,456 40,320 ,676,139 ,643,583 ,481,179 962,276 31,305 9,771 25,865 28,663 ,601,602 ,555,228 ,327,053 875,743 43,232 78,584 128,261 57,870 805,294 876,913 775,960 563,887 90,733 89,222 110,488 110,626 705,701 784,991 648,050 441,038 8,860 2,700 17,422 12,223 Connecti- cut. 242,014 202,793 215,218 207,481 227,521 179,703 193,4.56 187,981 207,377 155,867 168,536 167,021 20,14-1 23,836 24,920 20,960 211,877 161,064 174,536 166,721 207,377 155,564 168,536 166,721 4,500 5,500 6,000 15,644 18,639 18,920 21,260 300 15,644 18,336 18,920 20,960 14,493 23,090 21,762 19,500 6,096 14,646 13,550 12,420 8,397 8,444 8,212 7,080 Maine. 289,085 267,923 235,960 210,992 267,804 243,716 214,584 189,684 200,756 185,500 161,56S 169,560 54,440 53,780 48,920 17,060 12,608 4,436 4,096 3,064 196,758 185,236 161,304 160,908 196,758 185,236 161,304 159,408 1,500 71,046 58,480 53,280 28,776 3,998 264 264 10,152 54,440 53,780 48,920 15,560 12,608 4,436 4,096 3,064 21,281 24,207 21,376 21,308 5,481 6,807 6,684 16,530 15,800 17,400 14,692 4,778 Massachu- setts. 1,750,837 1,760,432 1,431,236 1,118,549 1,476,938 1,441,774 1,174,547 960.337 561,849 480,810 502,678 554,086 891,505 901,492 573,056 349,377 23,584 59,472 98,813 56,874 803,787 713,904 561,478 624,780 561,273 477,994 489,934 548,934 242,514 235,910 71,544 53,146 22,700 673,151 727,870 6.13,069 335,557 576 2,816 12,744 5,152 648,991 665,582 501,512 296,231 23,584 59,472 08,813 34,174 273,899 318,658 256,689 158,212 22,701 15,320 24,033 20,076 246,814 302,438 223,136 131,305 2 4,384 900 9,520 6,831 New Hamp- shire. 233,414 217,180 193,704 234,974 218,637 201,180 177,860 222,054 143,571 131,408 115,600 178,630 75,066 69,772 61,924 43,424 336 149,371 140,868 125,576 180,010 143,371 131,408 115,600 176,370 6,000 9,460 9,640 3,640 69,266 60,312 52,284 42,044 200 2,260 69,066 60,312 52,284 39,784 14,777 16,000 15,844 12,920 1,071 2,476 2,836 4,400 13,706 13,524 13,008 8,520 New Jersey. 352,576 346,720 282,310 220,486 286,904 284,262 234,618 184,533 59,336 50,424 53,106 71,500 227,568 233,838 181,512 113,033 173,516 175,604 154,206 126,300 53,136 .50,424 53,106 65,500 120,380 125,180 101,100 60,800 113,388 108,658 80,412 58,233 6,200 6,000 107,188 108,658 80,412 52,233 65,672 62,458 47,692 35,953 2,600 300 2,420 63,072 62,458 47,392 33,533 New York. 381,926 341,194 320,937 334,672 316,543 283,789 269,749 281,937 153,475 119,053 138,679 153,343 156,028 157,704 123,718 121,554 7,040 7,032 7,352 7,040 200,865 172,193 155,694 177,603 144,945 118,753 128,439 153,343 55,920 53,440 26,935 23,940 320 320 115,678 111,596 114,055 104,334 8,530 300 10,240 100,108 104,264 96,783 97,614 7,040 7,032 7,032 6,720 68,383 57,405 51,188 52,735 11,243 3,637 6,665 7,917 54,236 53,768 41,343 41,906 2,904 3,180 2,912 Pennsyl- vania. 763,401 746,593 814,881 758,427 628,280 602,276 667,596 630,534 284,517 289,792 318,166 346,294 343,763 310,984 346,630 278,440 Rhode Island. 742,638 693,201 632,537 489,340 565,790 504,213 459,127 379,374 119,718 94,099 124,729 151,860 446,072 408,796 333,246 227,514 Wiscon- sin. 33,620 28,838 36,991 37,398 1,500 2,800 5,800 383,466 383,620 432,496 457,140 279,708 286,712 316,962 344,864 103,758 96,908 112,734 106,476 2,800 5,800 244,814 218,656 235,100 173,394 4,809 3,080 1,204 1,430 240,005 214,076 233,896 171,964 1,500 135,121 144,317 147,285 127,893 21,361 18,294 24,872 16,317 112,188 126,023 121,591 110,196 2 1,572 822 1,380 1,318 1,152 268,089 237,793 218,224 215,920 119,609 94,099 124,104 151,860 148,480 143,528 94,120 64,060 166 297,701 266.420 240,903 163,454 109 297,592 265,268 239,126 163,454 30,234 25,396 32,734 32,558 26,026 21,188 25,974 28,438 4,2 4,2 6,760 I 4,120 24,982 20,324 26,854 28,058 24,982 20,324 25,534 28,058 1,320 5,252 5,072 5,880 4,500 1,044 864 440 380 4,208 4,208 5,440 4,120 i 1,152 I 1,152 i 176,848 188,988 173,410 109,966 8,316 12,076 15,040 13,874 168,532 176,912 156,870 96,092 1,500 3,386 3,442 4,257 4,840 1,582 1,722 2,041 2,374 1,804 1,720 2,216 2,466 'Includes shoddy. 5 Includes 2,072 spindles for twisting paper stock, distributed as follows: Massachusetts 2,000 a.nd Pennsylvania. 72, WOOL MANUFACTURES. 253 Looms used in the industry.—Table 30 gives the number of broad, narrow, and hand looms used in the industry, according to the kinds of goods woven in 1919 and prior census years. Table 30.—Looms Used in Wool Manufactures (Exclusive op Carpet and Rug Looms): 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Broad looms:* On woolen goods.. On worsted goods. Narrow looms:5 On woolen goods.. On worsted goods. Hand looms 1919! 1914 1909 i 1904 i 1 176,012 175,491 \ i 72,665 66,293 24,533! 34,658 21,788 35,009; 25,031 j 28,796 27,171 19,722 7,338; 9,462 I 21 7,078 1 11,572! 44 8,117! 10,680; 41! 10,933 8,401 66 1 Not including cotton looms. 2 Fifty inches reed space and over. 4 Under 50 inches reed space. Looms, by states.—Statistics relating to the distri- bution of looms, by states, shown comparatively for a number of census years will be found in Table 31. Table 31.—Looms Used in Wool Manufactures (Exclusive of Carpet and Rug Looms), by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. United States: 1919 1914 1909 , 1904 Connecticut: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Maine: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Massachusetts: 1919 1914 1909 1904 New Hampshire: 1919 1914 1909 1904 New Jersey: 1919 1914 1909 1904 New York: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Total. •77,338 * 76,789 <73,268 3,358 3,240 3,409 3,201 4,495 4,533 4,024 3,689 27,723 27,609 25,185 20,588 4,189 4,084 4,230 4,397 5,745 5,709 4,991 3,799 3,174 3,182 3,035 4,156 Broad,* 59,612 57,282 54,221 46,893 Narrow.* Hand. 17,705 19,444 19,006 19,334 21 63 41 66 3,075 2,947 3,145 2,581 3,635 3,447 2,967 2,993 19,078 18,514 16,572 13; 734 3,880 3,939 3,743 3,198 5,676 5,620 4,887 3,519 2,642 2)617 2,534 2,388 282 293 264 619 860 1,086 1,057 8,644 9,087 8,612 6,853 309 145 487 1,199 e7 87 102 280 522 523 475 1,717 10 42 26 51 1 Fifty inches reed space or over. 1 Under 50 inches reed space. »Includes 1,099 looms in the carpet and rug industry used on woven goods, other than carpets and rugs. < Includes cotton looms* Table 31.—Looms Used in Wool Manufactures (Exclusive of Carpet and Rug Looms), by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Total. Pennsylvania: 1919 1914. 1909 1904 Rhode Island: 1919 1914 1909 1904 Wisconsin: 1919 1914 1909 1904 AH other states: 1919 1914, 1909 1904 L2,335 11,389 11,748 10,752 9,315 10,251 9,252 8,103 347 262 327 297 6,657 6,530 7,067 7,311 Broad.1 'Narrow.' Hand. ! 8,a53 7,363: 7,952 7,225 7,838: 7,734 7,210 6,455 337 246 309 277 5,398 4,855 4,902 4,523 4,275 4,017 3,786 3,516 7 9 10 11 1,477 2,517 2,042 1,648 10 16 18 20 1,259 1,673 2 2,163 2 2,786 2 1 Fifty inches reed space or over. 8 Under 50 inches reed space. Sets of woolen cards used in the industry, by states.— Table 32 gives the location, by states, of the number of sets of woolen cards used in the industry for several consecutive census years. Table 32.—Sets of Woolen Cards (Including Shoddy Cards) Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. United States. California Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia.... Wisconsin 1919 1914 5,S35; 5,3S2 29! 464 I 3?i 58' 59 i 9! 27: 539 | • is! ,679 i 65 | 49 i 11! 407; 174 I 624 I 28; 63 j 37! 814! 285 i 58 4 I 146 i 42 | 10 i /6 21 425 5 30 55 55 17 43 489 27 .,465 40 50 3 3S5 180 631 21 54 36 821 205 6 62 10 135 27 9 20 55 1909 5,555 12 462 5 35 39 62 25 47 441 27 1,483 62 36 10 357 m 606 34 54 31 912 305 6 82 1 124 35 1904 6,142 490 5 33 46 84 28 83 456 48 1,667 62 34 14 393 184 632 25 69 29 932 360 &2 12 127 50 2 21 81 Sets of woolen cards, according to width, by states.— The number of sets of woolen cards, according to width, is shown in Table 33 for the various states engaged in wool manufactures during 1910. 254 MANUFACTURES. Table 33.—SETS OF WOOLEN CARDS (INCLUDING SHODDY CARDS), BY WIDTH, USED IN WOOL MANUFACTURES, BY STATES: 1919. 32" 1 36" STATE. Total. 21* 24" 26" 28" 30" ! 38" 40" 41" 42" 44" 48" 50" 54" 56" 60" 64" 66" 68" 72" 84" 90" 96" 100* United States.. California 5.S35 25 54 19 2 7 9 15 1 671 3 20 62 3,241 5 13 1 1.579 17 12 7 12 15 15 3 14 16 2 29 464 6 31 5S ; 1 10 324 2 10 3 Connecticut 43 2 80 3 31 35 7 8 Delaware Georgia Illinois i is 10 Indiana 59 9 27 539 18 ... I . 13 2 4 45 7 4 1 Iowa. ... Kentucky.. 1 1 18 94 10 Maine.. 2 67 375 8 Maryland Massachusetts 1,679 65 49 11 407 7 15 266 4 16 18 29 1,009 44 27 10 3 315 17 3 7 1 6 Michigan .. Minnesota .. 6 Missouri...,. 1 New Hampshire... New Jersey 1 5 5 85 17 267 20 12 174 6 1 95 323 1 31 27 10 32 138 23 32 9 17 3 1 4 1 2 12 New York 624 28 63 37 18 19 1 102 8 North Carolina 4 Ohio Oregon 1 Pennsylvania . 814 285 58 4 146 37 9 1 5 11 1 239 199 28 4 1 521 Rhode Island .. 2 2 63 28 5 3 Tennessee 1 1 Utah Vermont 1 16 1 7 82 1 39 22 Virginia 42 10 24 76 3 16 10 4 40 Washington.. West Virginia . . 4 17 16 16 Wisconsin 1 2 Wool-combing machines used in wool manufactures.— Table 34 gives the number of combing machines, domestic and foreign, used in the industry, separately for woolen, worsted and carpet mills. Table 34.—Wool-Combing Machines Used in Wool Manu- factures: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Total Of domestic manufacture Per cent of total Of foreign manufacture... Per cent of total In worsted mills Of domestic manufacture.. Of foreign manufacture In woolen mills Of domestic manufacture.. Of foreign manufacture— In carpet mills Of domestic manufacture.. Of foreign manufacture 1919 2,294 739 32.2 1,555 67.8 2,171 647 1,524 26 7 19 197 85 12 1914 2,425 566 23.3 1,859 76.7 2,285 477 1,808 20 8 12 1120 81 39 1909 1904 2,120 480 22.6 1,640 77.4 1,925 370 1,555 63 42 21 132 68 64 1,549 386 24.9 1,163 75.1 1,312 259 1,053 128 81 47 109 46 63 1 Includes a few combs in 1 felt-goods mill. Wool-combing machines, by states.—The number and per cent distribution of combing machines, by states, are given in Table 35 for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Pickers and garnett machines used in the industry.— A separate account of the number of pickers and gar- nett machines used in the industry during 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904 is given in Table 36. Table 35.—Wool-Combing Machines Used in Wool Manu- factures, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. United States....! 2,294 Connecticut 21 Maine.. '41 Massachusetts I 862 New Hampshire 52 New Jersey 368 New York I 157 Pennsylvania !343 Rhode Island. Wisconsin All other states. 385 11 54 1914 2,425 29 32 918 52 349 143 320 522 11 49 1909 1904 2,120 1,549 52 29 703 52 268 141 354 461 13 47 37 26 497 24 169 74 377 291 8 46 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 1919 100.0 0.9 1.8 37.6 2.3 16.0 6.8 14.9 16.8 0.5 2.4 1914 100.0 1.2 1.3 37.9 2.1 14.4 6.9 13.2 21.5 0.5 2.0 1909 100.0 2.5 1.4 33.2 2,5 12.6 6.7 16.7 21.7 0.6 2.2 1904 100.0 2.4 1.7 32.1 1.5 10.9 4.8 24.3 IS. 8 0.5 3T0 Table 36.—Pickers and Garnett Machines Used in Wool Manufactures, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. STATE. NUMBER OF PICKERS. NUMBER OF GARNETT MACHINES. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 United States 1,223 1,392 1,565 1,812 211 221 251 245 • 98 93 106 129 19 21 22 20 92 120 106 135 15 15 18 17 334 352 447 427 46 37 50 43 92 111 98 127 9 12 12 17 New Jersey 45 50 60 73 3 2 1 3 112 112 112 118 27 25 32 21 158 232 258 316 41 53 44 55 Rhodo Island 46 55 72 94 9 15 15 24 Wisconsin 20 24 35 32 7 5 8 6 All other states 226 243 272 361 35- 36 43 39 . —.— WOOL MANUFACTURES. 255 WOOLEN GOODS AND WOESTED GOODS. Summary of principal materials used.—The quan- | woolen-goods and worsted-goods industries are shown tity and cost of the principal materials used in the j in Table 37 for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 37.—MATERIALS USED IN THE WOOLEN-GOODS AND WORSTED-GOODS INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Total cost Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. PEE CENT OF Df- \ CEE ASE,! 1909-1919. 1919 1909 Wool: In condition purchased.. Woolen goods... Worsted goods.. Domestic Woolen goods... Worsted goods.. Foreign Woolen goods... Worsted goods.. Equivalent in scoured con- dition Woolen goods Worsted goods. Mohair, and camel, alpaca, and vicuna hair Woolen goods Worsted goods Other animal hair.. Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. Cotton Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. Rags, clippings, etc. Woolen goods... Worsted goods.. Recovered wool fiber.. Woolen goods Worsted goods— Waste and noils of wool, mohair, camel hair, etc Woolen goods Worsted goods Tops purchased — Woolen goods.. Worsted goods- Yarns purchased Woolen Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. Worsted Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. Merino Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. "Cotton Woolen goods.. WTorsted goods. Silk and spun silk.. Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. All other Woolen goods.. Worsted goods. Chemicals and dyestufls.. Woolen goods Worsted goods All other materials. Woolen goods.., Worsted goods. 443,461,904 j 105,792,290 337,669,614 245,830,276; 63,859,091 i 181,971,185 197,631,628 41,933,199 155,698,429 263,836,462 86,547,717 177,288,745 434,72-8,075 78,873,319 355,854,756 266,634,390 62,236,522 204,397,868 168,093,685 16,636,797 151,456,888 2-57,448,746 58,693,405 198,755,341 13,791,281 i 1,316,941 j 12,474,340 I 14,489,813 i 11,296,996! 3,192,817 I 17,375,403 I 14,629,920 I 2,745,483 { 46,453,109! 45,753,399 j 699,710 j 33,163,696 31,416,145 1,747,^551 43,738,241 40,260,627 3,477,614 26,266,239 533,755 25,732,481 83,984,486 8,361,784 2.172,487 6,1S9,297 42,962,105 3,909,077 39,053,028 1,604,553 797,952 S06,601 28,683,645 12,854,825 15,S2S,S20 415,790 84,218 , 331,572 j 1,956,609 1,6S2,374 274,235 14,359,457 2,270,349 12,089,ICS 14,761,502 13,928,703 S32,799 28,387,022 23,915,496 4,471,526 59,425,149 58,745,594 679,555 26,276,924 25,960,307 316,617 42,411,874 37,881,087 4,530,787 474,755,366 S7,037,951 387,717,415 310,602,279 73,514,264 237,OSS,015 164,153,087 13,523,687 150; 629,400 290,706,970 60,126,473 230,580,497 7,S05,422 1,290,055 6,515,367 17,356,100 16,429,808 926,292 20,024,061 15,801,394 4,222,667 40,402,460 38,387,554 2,014,906 21.454.1S7 20,118,305 1,335,SS2 26,473.311 23', 743; 175 2,730,136 29,106,307 I 20,828,245 590,716! 558,938 28,515,591 i 20,269,307 90,925,586 I 2,168,371 i 801,270 I 1,367,101! 102,550,361 931,222 338,131 593,091 530,863 479,837 I 51,026 | 32,105,412 | 15,316,551 I 16,788,861; 515,950! 111,580 j 404,370! 1,978,193 | 1,975,073 i 3,120 I 1904 ! Pounds. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Cost. 1 ; j I! §665,594,683 ! $246,496,666 $273,433,570 217,965,333' 63,696,042! 6-5,651,634 . 447,629,3-50 I 182,800,624 I 207,786,936: ! 53,626,797 I 59,148,771 2,617.815 i 5,821,394 51,008,982! 53,327,377 1,971,709 1,876,073 95,636 39,169,388! 16,858,501 i 22,2S0;SS7! 282,536! 70,959 211,577 1,046,735 1,044,565 2,170 | 418,703,811! 157,335,727 261,368.084 319,800,490; 132,656,502 187,143,988 I 98,903,321 24,679,225 ] 74,224,096 j 241.280,065 102,106.291; 139,173,774 i 306.170.702 95,536,031 1 210,634,671 170,882,888 59,940,553 , 110,942,335 135,287,814 35,595,478 99,692,336 6,507,631 II 1,311,741!: 5,195,890 ,| 22,987,332 !j 22,442.973!! 544,359 \. 32,613,408 i! 28,279,832 i: 4,333,576 || 79,367,290 !| 79,361,946 !< 5,344 ji 31,919,456 i! 29,591,899 I1 2,327,557 ii 26,032,838 jl 23,7681963 \\ 2,263,875 j 9,160,929 !j 198,746 i! 8,962,183 :j 72,677,847 ii 5,750,088 , 3;725,110 1 2,024,978 1 31.047,516! 4,278,253 26,769,263 j 2,45S,0S5 j 1,579,080 I 879,005 j 32,59S,072 j 18,S7S,949 I 13,719,123! 108,087,619 23,476.191 84,61 Ii 428 64,571,871 19.312,679 45,259.192 43,515,748 4,163,512 39,352,236 136,666,917 27,429,030 109,237.887 85,01Si 238 23,779,436 61,238,802 51,648,679 3.649,594 47,999,085 105, 42, 62. 78. 37; 41, 26, 5, 21, 433, 698. 734, 673, 311 361, 760, 387, 373, 451 735 716 136 572 564 315 163 152 9,5%. 336 1,570,100 8,026,236 3,050,987 1 1,649,803; 1,401,184 j 5,952,015! 4,781.781 1,170,234 11,772,699 11,578,720 j 193,979! ! 13,518,853 12,821,342 697,511: 25,018,729 j 25,073,536 I 2,945,193! 45,449,230 j 735,326! 44,710,904 j 150,701,646 j 12,887,478 3,359,995 9,527,483 j 110,456,932 j 8.368,291! 102,058,641 2,1S5,2S6 561;712 1,623,574 21,077,436 8,850,883 12,226,553 412,307 3,283,386 107.377 j 605,681 304,930 I 2,677,705 i 411,779 397,108 14,671 811,128 311,096 500,032 22,870,502 11,392,624 11,477,878 68,492,984 30,765,412 37,727,572 4,455,354 j 613,729! 3,841,625: 1.062,810 1 993,554 I 69,256! 3,241,352 2,531,509 709,843 4,754,308 4,717,847 36,461 3,551,217 3,500,297 50,920 S,906,485 7,478,656 1,427,829 16,679,S19 303,253 16,376,536 57,195,195 1.174,815 272,450 902,365 44,660,712 2,112,950 42,547,762 16S,519 145,250 23,269 9,076,933 3,601,304 5,475,629 2,010,SS5 I '274.857 i 1,736,028 j 103,334 j 96,940! 6,394 j 8.536,232! 3;517,991! 5,018,241 j 30,026,272 j 6,831,335' 23,194,934 j I 2,399,123 346,634 i 2,052,489 j 932.911! 848,17S j 84,733 2,515,409! 1,926,419 j 585,990 j 2,856,966 j 2,691.458 j 165,508 i I 3,058,214! 2,835,067 223,147: 7.523.2S3! 6.652.902 I 840,381 j 14.614,527 j 412,590 1 14,201,937 68,586,014 558.270 170,193 388,077 56,033,701 5;576,492 50,457,209 318,456 264,867 53,559 10,492,185 3,855,752 6,636,433 1,142.663 227.319 915,344 40,739 40,550 189 8,820,925 3,370.501 5,450,427 25,464,278 8,973,682 16,490,596 1,957,581 1! 375,378; 1,5-82,203 !j 1,369,776 j; 1,304,690 Ii 65,056! !j 4,072,907! 3,496.255 jj 576,622 ij 5,668,634 j; 5,668,272 !| 362 j 4,472.666 I 4,059,651 i 413,015 6,056.227: 5,345,740 j 710,457! 5,073,078! 113,464! 4,959,614 37,842,274 2,622.882 1.462.702 1,160,180! 24,904,511 3,431,418 21,473,093 551,107 270,959 320,118 S, 032,773 4'. 205.006 3,827,767 1,679,883 364,732 1,315,151 21,118 18,141 2,977 7,456,550 4,632,981 2,823,569 18,086,162 10', 392.641 7,693,521 -6.6 21.5 -12.9 -2)19 -13.1 -23.2 20.4 210.1 3.4' 7t>. / 2.1 91.5 -16.5 -31.2 241.0 -13.2 -7.4 -35.0 15.0 19.2 -65.3 54.6 56. 2 30.8 65.2 69.6 27.4 26.1 -4.5 27.0 -18.1 797.9 542.5 943.6 -27.4 -32.8 -26.8 -18,6 -57.5 743.4 -26.8 -23.9 -29.0 47.2 18.7 56.7 86.9 61.1 12,537.6 $197,489,3136 87,'830,825 | 109,65$, 481! 124.0 24S.3 92.8 101. 0 152.1 81.2 161.9 875,3 107.7 -9.2 43.9 -23.1 300.0 353.0 291.0 227.0 94.5 1,553. 6 136.6 148.2 98.7 312.1 330.2 17.2 342.1 352.2 212.6 272,4 275.2 250.5 211.0 7S.9 214.8 119.7 2,208.5 1,874.2 2,355.0 97.1 50.1 102.3 5S6.2 112.2 2,929.7 100.9 129.6 84. 2 187.3 166.4 192.5 1,891.0 667.2 |264,467.2 159.3 238.0 110.6 1 A minus sign (—) denotej decrease. 256 MANUFACTURES. Fibers used as materials.—The quantity of the different kinds of fibers used in these industries is shown for 1919 in Table 38. Table 38. -Fibers Used in the Woolen-Goods and Worsted- Goods Industries: 1919. POUNDS. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. MATERIAL. Woolen- goods industry. Worsted- goods industry. Wool- Wor- en- sted- goods|goods indus- indus-j try. ; try. 1 Total 203,133,831 201,403,010 100.0 I 100.0 Scoured wool (equivalent) 86,547,717 38, 522,138 49, 081,630 31, 416,145 17,665, 485 12,613,937 177,288,745 3,300,640 2,224,011 1,747,551 476, 460 15,667,157 42.6 j 88.0 19.0 1 1.6 24.2 i 1.1 15.5! 0.9 8.7! 0.2 6.2 I 7.8 Wool waste and noils Recovered wool fiber Purchased Made for consumption Animal hair Mohair, camel, alpaca, and vicuna noils... 1,738,489 14,629, 920 176,974 . 2,745,483 0.8 j 0.1 7.2 1.4 Cotton PER CENT OF TOTAL. Wool- en- goods indus- try. 50.2 Wor- sted- goods in- l dus- try- 49.8 32.8 92.1 95.7 94.7 97.4 44.6 j 90.8 I 84.2 I 67.2 7.9 4.3 5.3 2.6 55.4 9.2 15.8 Wool consumed.—Separate statistics are shown for the woolen-goods and worsted-goods industries in Table 39 with respect to the quantity and cost of wool consumed in 1919. Products.—Table 40 gives a separate detailed summary of the kind, quantity, and value of products for the woolen-goods and worsted-goods industries in 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 39. -Wool Used in the Woolen-Goods and Worsted- Goods Industries: 1919. Woolen- Worsted- Total. goods goods Wool purchased: industry. industry. Pounds 443,461,904 105,792,290 337,669,614 Cost $306,170,702 S95,536,031 $210,634,671 Domestic— 245,830,276 63,859,091 181,971,185 Foreign- $170,882,888 559,940,553 §110,942,335 197,631,628 41,933,199 155,698,429 Cost $135, 287,814 i $35,595,478 $99,692,336 Condition of wool purcliased: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 365,785,620 36,735,257 329,050,363 198,012,031 20,055,649 177,956,382 167,773,589 16,679,608 151,093,981 Washed 6,888,040 2,225,277 4,662,763 2,232,316 257,102 1,975,214 4,655,724 1,968,175 2,687,549 70,788,244 66,831,756 3,956,488 45,585,929 43,546,340 2,039,589 Equivalent total: 25,202,315 , 23,285,416 1,916,899 510,616,887 167,980,843 342,636,044 284,407,086 1 101,044,016 183,363,070 226,209,801 j 66,936,827 159,272,974 263,836,462 | 86,547,717 177,288,745 142,213,079 ■ 53, 249,971 88,963,108 121,623,383 33, 297,746 88,325,637 Table 40.—PRODUCTS OF WOOLEN-GOODS AND WORSTED-GOODS INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Total value.. Woven goods:8 Pounds Square yards Value All-wool woven goods: Pounds Square yards Value Woolen suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods- Pounds Square yards Value Worsted suitings, overcoatings, and dress goods- Pounds Square yards Value Flannels for underwear- Pounds : - Square yards Value... Blankets- Pounds Square yards Value Horse blankets- Pounds Square yards Value Carriage cloths- Pounds Square yards.. Value , Carriage robes- Pounds • Square yards Value Shawls- Pounds Square yards Value 1919 Total. 2*1,085,434,072 332,208,704 535,937,572 $739,279,795 211,074,296 326,714,779 $572,043,595 117,149,070 139,410,352 $243,072,041 85,981,863 176,506,452 $313,679,634 825,886 1,733,250 $1,860,585 4,975,438 5,916,197 $6,897,923 216,024 387,926 $648,990 587,041 687,241 $1,371,356 590,667 868,971 $854,041 Woolen- goods industry. $364,896,590 207,280,978 253,621,026 $315,796,118 116,793,743 134,099,416 $216,805,158 106,089,121 119,523,723 1$194,602,522 2,964,325 4,348,267 $9,172,426 825,886 1,733,250 $1,860,585 4,953,831 5,896,557 $6,837,897 216,024 387,926 $648,990 587,041 687,241 $1,371,356 590,667 868,971 $854,041 Worsted- goods industry. $700,637,482 124,027,726 282,316,546 [$423,483,677 94,280,553 192,615,363 [$355,178,437 11,059,949 19,886,629 $48,469,519 83,017,535 172,158,185 [$304,507,208 (*) (6) 21,607 19,640 $60,026 2*379,484,379 1914 Total. (<) 565,462,159 $268,679,480 (<) 323,037,563 $203,390,017 90,950,381 $55,660,503 («) 222,420,785 $141,778,035 (<) 2,176,264 $880,494 (<) 6,489,689 $4,186,754 (<) 102,205 482,398 (<) 514,226 $443,223 <«) 132,399 $158,900 (<) 124,486 $66,365 $103,815,905 Woolen-, goods industry. $275,668,474 (0 228,562,987 $89,683,731 C«) 85,565,208 $53,056,310 (*) 74,220,650 $45,444,007 (*) 2,508,763 $2,137,030 CO 2,176,264 $880,494 <«) 5,786,215 $3,843,893 (<) 102,205 $82,398 (<) 514,226 $443,223 (<) 132,399 $158,900 124,486 $66,365 | Worsted- goods industry. (<) 336,899,172 $178,995,749 (<) 237,472,355 $150,333,707 (<) 16,729,731 $10,216,496 (0 219,912,022 $139,641,005 1909 Total. 703,474 $342,861 28419,743,521 (<) 570,743,797 $296,447,594 (<) 322,94-1,365 $219,853,767 ■(«) 84,641,705 $56,907,413 (0 226,110,822 [$156,756,217 (<) 3,856,353 $1,257,271 (<) 5,137,903 $3,228,797 (0 247,395 $185,430 (<) 1,782,855 $947,862 («) 85,179 $17,642 <«) 704,153 $404,583 Woolen- goods industry. $107,118,858 $312,624,663 (<) 215,673,405 $95,239,754 («) 91,526,966 $58,966,651 (<) 74,292,529 $48,524,619 (*) 7,249,428 $5,760,731 (<) 3,399,913 $952,978 (<) 4,402,330 $2,563,019 <«) 247,395 $185,430 (<) 1,246,423 $623,981 (0 85,179 $17,642 (<) 603,769 $338,261 Worsted- goods industry. (<) 355,070,392 [$201,207,840 (*) 231,417,399 $160,887,116 0) 10,349,176 $8,382,794 (<) 218,861,394 [$150,994,486 (<) 456,440 $304,293 («) 735,573 $665,778 536,432 $323,881 100,384 $66,332 Per cent of in- crease,1 1909- 1919. 153.8 -6.1 149.4 1.2 160.2 64.7 327.1 -21.9 100.1 -56.1 48.0 15.1 113,6 56.8 250.0 -61.5 44.7 23.4 111.1 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. *In addition, in 1919, woolen and worsted goods to the value of $12,624,758; in 1914, to the value of $2,635,889; and in 1909, to the value of $3,183,485, were made by estab- lishments engaged primarily in other industries. Of these amounts products to the value of $8,504,372 in 1919, $1,600,567 in 1914, and $1,902,187 in 1909 were made by carpet and rug and felt-goods mills. • Does not include woven upholstery goods. < Not reported in 1914 and 1909. ►Can not be shown separately; included in "All other" for the group. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 257 Table 40.—PRODUCTS OF WOOLEN-GOODS AND WORSTED-GOODS INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909—Continued. All-wool woven goods—Continued. All other- Pounds Square yards Value Cotton-warp woven goods:3 Pounds Square yards Value Woolen-filling suitings, over- coatings, and dress goods- Pounds Square yards Value Worsted-filling suitings, over- coatings, and dress goods- Pounds Square yards Value Domett flannels and shirtings- Pounds Square yards Value Linings, Italian cloth, and lastings— Pounds Square yards Value Satinets and linseys— Pounds Square yards Value Blankets- Pounds Square yards V alue Horse blankets- Pounds Square yards Value Carriage robes- Pounds Square yards Value All other- Pounds Square yards Value Union or cottoa-nitxed woven goods: Pounds Square yards Value • Cotton-mixed suitings, over- coatings, and dress goods- Pounds Square yards Value ■ Flannels for underwear- Pounds. Square yards Value * Blankets- Pounds Square yards Value Horse blankets- Pounds Square yards Value Carriage robes- Pounds Square yards Value All other- Pounds , Square yards Value Upholstery goods and sundries, value Woolens, worsted, and mohair upholstery goods- Pounds Square yards.., Value All other, value 1919 Total. 748,307 1,204,390 $3,059,025 79, 429,188 161,445,850 $118,137,626 23,771,643 39,146,902 $34,735,320 21,300,561 57,896,787 $45,342,581 11,780,531 22,223,880 811,600,377 595,222 742,562 $532,411 5,863,838 4,637,678 $3,517,427 7,603,761 9,244,134 $7,289,253 1,448,015 1,307,7S9 $957,427 1,055,935 743,570 SI, 046,525 6,009,682 25,502,54S $13,116,305 41,705,220 47,776,943 $49,098,574 19,497,282 24,615,373 $26,045,387 2,610,419 6,497,990 $5,205,330 7,459,554 9,922,925 $8,616,905 699,016 553,869 $861,820 11,43-8,949 6,186,786 $8,369,132 $8,451,633 2,741,232 4,429,876 $3,944,134 $4,537,499 Woolen- goods industry. 566,815 653,481 SI, 517,341 51,930,001 77,619,601 $57,495,230 22,738,473 37,100,656 $31, i508,800 1,214,980 2,659,716 S2,046,678 11,409,777 21,183,496 $10,596,709 595,222 742,562 $532,411 5,863,838 4,637,678 $3,517,427 7,603,761 9,244,134 $7,2S9,253 1,448,015 1,307, 789 $957,427 1,055,935 743,570 $1,046,525 aS, 557,234 41,902,009 $41,435,730 17,643,021 22,046,401 $23,507,042- 2,610,419 6,497,990 $5,205,330 7,459,554 9,922,925 $8,616,905 699,016 553,869 $861,820 10,145,224 2,880,824 $3,244,633 $352,362 242,355 360,191 $344,362 $8,000 Worsted- goods industry. 181,462 550,909 $2,141,684 27,499,187 83,826,249 $60,642,396 1,033,170 2,046,246 $3,226,520 20,085,581 55,237,071 $43,295,903 370,754 1,040,3S4 $1,003,668 («) («> (<) (<) (<) (*) (<) (<) <«) 6,009,682 25,502,548 $13,116,305 3,147,986 5,874,934 $7,662,844 1,854,261 2.56$, 972 $2,538,345 (<) («) (<) (*) (<) (4) 1,293,725 3,305,962 $5,124,499 $8,129,271 2,498,879 4,069,685 $3,599,772 $4,529,499 1914 1909 Total. (2) 127,128 $133,345 196,179,866 $48,816,015 O) 53,509,462 $13,598,007 (J) 56,763,091 $15,563,099 (a) 16,092,266 $2; 814,054 (») 36,196,243 $9, $04,661 <*) 8,415,079 $1,535,291 (2) 17,973,821 $3,010,070 (2) 5,831,305 $1,539,526 (a) 1,282,417 $936,6-S7 (*) 116,182 $14,620 I3) 46,244,730 $16,473,44S (2) 31,400,082 $11,710,610 (8) 4,995,575 $1,089,661 C*) 3,937,463 $2,067,934 (2) 2,231,162 $395,858 (3) 354,049 $137,968 (*) 3,326,399 $1,071,417 $2,042,029 1,598,444 $1,809,474 $232,555 W oolen- Worsted- goods goods industry. industry. Total. (2) 102,930,421 $22,692-, 131 48,284,320 $11,878,272 (5) 2,696,072 $665,342 (*) 16,092,266 $2,814,054 (2) 2,355,141 $312, 889 (') S, 415,079 $1,535,291 (*) 17,973,821 $3,010,070 (*) 5, $31,305 $1,539,526 (*) 1,282,417 $936,687 (s) 40,067,358 $13,935,290 28,549,109 $10,243,869 (2) 4,995,575 $1,089,661 (») 3,937,463 $2,067,934 (2) 2,231,162 $395,85S 354,049 $137,968 $1,543, SSI (») 1,351,262 $1,539,381 $4,500 127,128 $133,345 I 93,249,445 (s) 378,000 $149,552 (*) 210.346,081 $26,123,884 jj $62,265,854 (!) ! (3) 5,225,142: 60,236,428 $1,719,735 |; $15,621,015 (3) 54,067,019 $14,897,757 (2) (') (*) 94,643,217 $30,003,046 (*) 4,571,765 $911,967 («) ! (3) 33,841,102 ji 28,928,148 $9,491,772 j; $9,008,799 (a) v (a) (*) ji 5,102,460 (<) j; $912,182 (3> j; (M (<) ij 9,740,841 (<) ,! $2,684,919 li i! (2) |j 4,210,09S ji $1,676,942 Si (*> !! 2,889,444 !j $1,396,595 <3) 116,182 $14,620 (3) 6,177,372 $2,538,158 2,850,973 $1,466,741 (*) («) (<) (*) (<) <«) (») 3,32*3,399 $1,071,417 $498,148 (3> 247,182 $270,093 $228,055 (3) 17,680 $50,389 37,453,351 $14,327,973 (*) 27,518,756 §11,920,956 (2) 7,063,572 $1,308,369 (*) 1,717,758 ji $650,714 694,176 $186,238 (*> 459.089 $261; 696 S1,9S6,330 (3) 1,176,542 $1,523,648 $457,682 Woolen- goods industry. (*) 90,351,200 $23,563,020 <*) 58,313,577 §14,523,651 (3) 3,961,730 $1,413,950 (s) 4,571,765 $911,967 (a> 2,413,630 $241,335 (5) 5,102,460 $912,1S2 (2> S, 003,6S0 $2,5135,409 (*) 4,197,932 §1,674,509 (*) 2,8-82,171 SI, 376,595 (*) 4,261 $3,422 (3) 33,795,233 $12,710,083 (5) 23,870,638 §10,306,066 (3) 7,063,572 $1,308,369 (*) 1,717, $650, (3) 694,176 $186,238 449,089 $258,696 Per cent — !of in- „ t , 1 crease,1 Worsted- 19fj9. . goods ij 1919> industry.; $1,121,499 681,272 $1,121,499 378.00ft i! 218. $149,552 ji 2,34m (2) I 119, 994, 875! $38,702,834 1.922.851 $1,097,364 90,681,487 $2S,5S9,096 i -23.: 89.' -35.0 1.2-2.4 213,514,518 1 $S,767T464 j 843,161 $179,510 j (3) j 12,166 | $2,433; m I 7,273! $20)000 ] (3> I 13,419 i $46,967 i -38. s 51.1 3-86.1 1,172.0 -9.1 2S5.6 —68. 9 -42, 9 (3) 3,658,118 $1,617,890 (3) 3,648,118 I $1,614,890; -74.3 -25.1 144,145.2 25,930.1 -10.6 118.5 477.7 1,224.2 10,000 $3,000; 20.6 229,3 $864,831 (2) ji. 495,270 ;| $407,149 ij $4x57,682 ',! 327.0 276.5 158. 0 891.4 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Not reported in 1914 and 1909. * Includes woolen and cotton warps with cotton rilling. * Can not be shown separately; included in "All other" for the group. 111367—23- -17 258 MANUFACTURES. Table .40.—PRODUCTS OF WOOLEN-GOODS AND WORSTED-GOODS INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909—Continued. 1919 PRODUCT. | j Total. Yarns lor sale: > Pounds j 118,309,923 Value j $237,534,451 Woolen— s Pounds | 28,387,039 Value j $32,828,522 Worsted- Pounds | 74,33G,549 Value ...j $185,124,203 Woolen, union or merino— j Pounds i 9,150,149 Value i $6,808,543 Worsted, union or merino— Pounds 1 4,217,801 Value | §9,328,764 Ail other— i Pounds 1 2,218,385 Value I §3,444,329 Worsted tops and slubbing: I Pounds 9, 899, 257 Value I $14,503,006 Noils: j Pounds 24,054,141 Value 1 §17,809,446 Waste: j Pounds !28,029,816 Value !§6,990,279 All other products, value i $22,448,629 Contract work, value j $18,386,833 Woolen- goods industry. 32,585,513 $31,837,200 21,706,444 $23,760,259 134,172 $53,071 S, 770,901 $6,101,512 aS7,993 $821,374 1,086,003 $1,100,984 Worsted- goods industry. 85,724,410 $205,697,251 6,680,595 $9,068,263 74,202,377 SI 85,071,222 379,248 $707,031 3,329,808 $8,507,390 1,132,382 $2,343,345 9,899,2o7 $14,503,006 23,848,286 $17,674,860 10,064,783 '■ 17,965,033 $805,795 j $6,184,484 $11,212,034 I $11,236,595 $4,758,495 j $13,628,338 205,855 $134,5SG i Total. 132,559,701 $85,872,215 26,125,575 $8,783,020 86,412,097 §69,801,271 6,473,849 $1,689,530 4,048,514 $3,173,034 9,499,666 $2,425,360 8,9,85,170 $4,926,929 23,961,100 $6,819,690 26,433,970 S3,320,447 $4,386,953 $3,436,636 1914 Woolen- goods industry. 33,416,266 $9,255,625 18, 723,346 $6,344,824 840,585 $-100,736 6, 473,849 $1,689,530 7,378,4S6 $820,535 91,867 $23,901 5,769,336 $232,438 $2,497,119 $579,210 Worsted- goods industry. 99,143,435 $76,616,590 7,402,229 $2,438,196 85,571,512 $69,400,535 4,048,514 $3,173,034 2,121,180 $1,604,825 8,985,170 $4,926,929 23, ,869,233 $6,795,789 20,664,634 $3, OSS, 009 $1,889,834 $2,857,426 Total. 134,051,361 $94,541,753 28,520,493 $7,505,412 88,323,953 $80,395,543 10,249,625 $2,143,416 3,761,737 $3,522,812 3,195,553 $974,570 11,321,279 $8,027,231 27,479,293 $8,938,589 24,420,444 $3,534,761 $3,241,008 $3,026,255 1909 Woolen- goods industry. 34,952,665 $8,192,183 22,087,764 $5,396,612 423,000 $343,931 10,133,715 $2,099,087 50,000 $30,000 2,2.58,186 $322,553 335,011 $70,352 3,994,358 $200,691 $1,728,993 $565,3,86 Worsted- goods industry. 99,098,696 $86,349,570 6,432,729 $2,108,800 87,900,953 $80,051,612 115,910 $44,329 3,711,737 $3,492,812 937,367 $652,017 11,321,279 $8,027,231 27,144,282 $8,868,237 20,426,086 $3,334,070 $1,512,015 $2,460,869 Per cent of in- crease,1 1909- 1919. -11.7 151.2 -0.5 337.4 -15.8 130.3 -10.7 217.6 12.1 164.8 -30.6 253.4 -12.6 SO. 7 -12.5 99.2 14. S 97.8 592.6 507.6 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Machinery.—The machinery used in the woolen- goods and worsted-goods industriess in 1919 and 1914 is shown in Table 41 according to kind and quantity for each. Only such machinery as would indicate the progress of these industries is taken into account. Table 41.— MACHINERY USED IN THE WOOLEN-GOODS AND WORSTED-GOODS INDUSTRIES: 1919 AND 1914. Cards, number Spindles Mule spinning Frame spinning Doubling and twisting.. Looms Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 21919 31914 Total. 7,075 6,332 4,976,129 4,722,032 2, 601, 445 2,348,721 1,603,567 1,531,862 771,117 841,449 75,729 75,828 Woolen. » 4, 675 4,014 !2,019,553 jl, 747,561 |l, 915, 672 1,651,173 , 22,937 9,168 80, 944 87,220 30, 428 27, 295 Worsted. 2,061 1,965 |2,903,503 |2,885,593 673,592 1,543,862 1,463,238 686,049 752,429 43,704 46,589 Shoddy. 161 208 12,997 27,456 12,181 27, 456 240 512 1,102 Cotton. 178 145 40,076 61,422 166 36,192 59, 456 3, 884 1,800 1,085 842 Wool-combing machines. Pickers Garnett machines., Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 2,197 2,305 1,057 1,201 155 165 AMERICAN. English or Brad- ford. 636 474 Other. English or Brad- ford. 1,068 1,437 Other. 475 383 1 Sets of cards. * In addition, in 1919, 858 looms were employed by carpet and rug establishments on woolen and worsted woven goods. 3 In addition, in 1914, 36 looms were employed by carpet and rug establishments on woolen and worsted woven goods. WOOL MANUFACTURES. 259 CARPETS This industry does not include establishments manu- facturing rag carpets and rugs as a primary product, although the carpet and rug industry, with 75 estab- lishments in 1919, manufactured rag rugs amounting to $512,047, in connection with wool carpets and rugs, Table 42.— PRINCIPAL STATISTICS OF THE CARPET AN] MANUFACTURING FI AND RUGS. I as will be seen by reference to Table 45, on page 260 | General summary for the industry.—Table 42 relates j to the principal statistics of the wool carpet and rug i industry as compared with other industries manufac- ! turing floor coverings. ) RU& INDUSTRY COMPARED WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES 30R COVERINGS: 1919. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages.. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal revenue). Cost of materials Value of products2 Value added by manufacture3 FLOOR COVT2EING.1 PER CENT OF TOTA.L. Carpets and I rugs, other; than rag. Oilcloth Carpets and rugs, Mats and mat- ting. Oilcloth and lino- leum, tioor. Total.;! Rag carpets. Mats and matting. and linoleum, floor. Rag carpets. 1 || other than rag.. 447:! 75 339 12 21 16-8; 75. S 1 2.7 4.7 34,394 I, 451 ij 2,507 i 31,436 ij 24,251 1 50 j 1,263 i 22,933 1 2,716 391 309 1,173 6,254 3 : 70.5 11.1 7.9 86 . 7; 12.3' 3.4 1.5 3.7 3.4 18.2 0.7 33.4 17.2 93 1,073 837 5,414 50.6: 66,023 !| $179,044,224 ij 2,016 730 6.4 3S,170 j $119,196,461 j 2,674 , S2,853,400 1,670 S7,190,675 23,509 $49, $03,688 57. S 66.6 41 2.5 4.0 35. 6 27.8 1.6! 40,238,073 | 7,142; 755 j, 33,095,318 I 28,965,905! 4,749, 784! 24,216; 121 j 1,934,371; 3S3'.S70 1 1,040,251 229, 644 810,607 8,297,546 1,779,457 6,518,089 72.0 66.5 73.2 4.8 i 5.4 . 2 6 3.2 2.4 20.6 24.9 19.7 i,55o;5oi; 4.7 \ 138,253 1! 6,474,246 i 101,627,196 j! 186,384,946 H 84,757,750 1! S6.716 i 3,984,671 j 67,118,039 1 123,253,828! 56,135,789 1 39,936 139,521 i 2,037,874 5,597.057 3,559,183 3,303 225,977 2,102; 580 4', 860,855 2,758,275 8,298 2,124,077 30,368,703 52.673.206 22,304,503 62.7 61.5 , 66.0 66.1 66.2 2S.9 2.2 . 2.0 3.0; 4.2 2 4 3^5 2.1 2.6 3.3 6.0 32.8 09 9 28.3 26.3 1 Not including 3 establishments manufacturing wood carpets, statistics for which can not be shown without the disclosure of individual operations. * In addition, jute carpets and rugs, to the value of $1,600,677, were reported by manufacturers of jute goods. • Value of products less cost of materials. Materials.—An itemized account of the principal materials used in the carpet and rug industry is given in Table 43 for 1919, 1914, 1909,"and 1904. Table 43.- -Materials Used in the Carpet and Rug Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. 1 MATERIAL. 1919 1914 1 1909 1904 Total cost $67,118,039 $42,280,223 $39,563,004 $37,947,954 Wool: In condition purchased— Pounds 36,261,904 52,552,449 64,135,020 51,320,521 Cost $13,25S, 069 $10,493,743 $11,752,396 $10,431,146 Equivalent of above in scour- ed condition, pounds 21,905,916 39,218,831 51,474,353 31,551,895 Animal hair: Pounds 6,272,522 3,469,283 5,400,944 6,805,802 Cost $1,847,332 $402,225 $471.057 $593,5SS Cotton: 3,864,826 3,802,789 5,147,130 1,997,369 Cost $1,426,110 $343,916 $-533,302 $251,112 Waste and noils: 560,664 3, 119,715 2,732,034 2,172,481 Cost $130,290 $176,610 $513,392 $341,309 Yarns, purchased: Woolen- 17,389,590 21,626,360 25,71S,747 32,431,400 Cost $11,337,800 $5,821, S48 $5,036,11S $6,648,001 Worsted- Pounds 4,164,565 9,267,278 11,292,749 11,3.55,993 Cost $4,479,898 $4,592,906 $5,58S, 915 $5,405,072 Cotton- 17,309,949 24,619,137 20,166,241 27,421,831 Cost $8,972,737 $-1,637,673 $4,772,594 $4,757,850 Linen- Pounds 2,280,055 7,602,200 8,792,876 8,228,200 Cost $1,062,197 $1,414,924 $1,606,009 $1,355,892 Jute, ramie, and other vege- table fibers- 45,119,812 59,148,266 55,592,343 49,119,558 Cost $9,399,764 $6,040,186 $3,926,694 $3,404,516 Other yarns- Pounds 921,655 341,114 781,028 1,112,138 Cost $1,788,833 $658,254 $408,121 $339,285 $2,917,202 $1,378,509 $1,729,492 $1,467,476 $10,497) 807 $6,019,429 $3,221,914 $2,952,707 Products.—A summary of products for the industry, covering a number of years, is shown in Table 44, while Table 45 relates to the production of carpets, rugs made of sewed strips, and rugs woven whole, according: to the various land for each. Table 44. -Products of the Carpet and Rug Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. PRODUCT, 1919 1914 1909 1904 Total value i$123f253,82$ $69,12S, 185 j» $71,188,152 $61,5S6,433 Carpets and rugs: Pounds Square yards Value..* Axminster and mo- quette— Pounds Square yards Value Wilton- Pounds Square yards Value Brussels— Pounds Square yards.. Value Tapestry velvet- Pounds Square yarxis Value Tapestry Brussels- Pounds Square yards Value Ingrain carpets— Pounds Square yards Value ■ 118,071,798 52,173,092 |S110,115,978 36,667,823 14,700,354 $35,503,778 , 16,464,515 4,964,321 $23,461,960 2,399,11S 903,127 $2,233,053 22,443,519 9,865,798 $20,625,610 20,205,086 9,996,099 $13,120,096 1,357,793 1,199,714 $1,055,242 66,340,274 $64,6S3,322 (3) 15,742,835 $18,578,693 (») 5,616,263 $11,929,605 (*) 2,698,840 $3,995,626 (*) 13,227,819 $12,867,635 (s) 13,614,354 $9,852,647 (*) 5,795.807 $2,24i;294 (3) (*) S1,21S,881 j 82,670,843 $66,966,338 j $56 r 861, 775 (2.) (2) 15,691,358! 8,181,606 $17,372,706 J $8,476,140 (») 5,343,616 $10,119,330 (5> 4,436,457 $5,550,189 (s) 10,660,170 $9,027,193 (*) 17,078,476 $12,999,333 (') 17,799,762 $6,749,672 2.395,058 $4,710,444 (») 3,024,162 $3,898,675 (») 8,033,288 $7,754,681 (') 16,108,908 $11,464,716 33,557,951 $13;287,302 i In addition, in 1919, carpets and nigs, to the value of $40,089, in 1909 to the value of $479,161, and in 1904 to the value of $70,000 were made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. »Not reported. 260 MANUFACTURES. Table 44. -Products op the Carpet and Rug Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Carpets and rugs—Continued, Ingrain art squares— Pounds Square yards Value Smyrna rugs- Pounds Square yards Value Other carpets and rugs- Pounds Square yards Value 976,122 820,911 $714,648 2,658,390 807,741 31,914,201 14,899,432 8,914,987 §11,487,390 Ail other products, value I S13, 137,850 1919 1914 (') 3,177, 563 $1,165,087 (') 822,150 S870,891 5,644,643 S3,181,844 S4, 444,863 1909 H 6,131,862 82,408,960 1,400,233 $1,660,322 (') 2,676,947 $1,078,633 $4,221,814 1904 (') 7,135,546 $2,785,457 (') 3,828,282 $4,134,500 0) 406.042 $349,S60 $4,724,658 Table 45.—Products 1 Not reported. of the Carpet and 1919 and 1914. Ruo Industry: Carpets, total Axminster and moquette. Wilton Brussels ■ Tapestry velvet Tapestry Brussels Ingrain All other Rugs, made of sewed strips, total Axminster and moquette. Wilton Brussels Tapestry velvet Tapestry Brussels All other Rugs, woven whole, total— Axminster and moquette. Wilton Brussels Tapestry velvet Tapestry Brussels Ingrain Smyrna Chenille—Axminster Wool and paper fiber Colonial, or rag rugs All other 1919 Pounds. 27,015,936' 4,903,286! 3,936,370! 210,1611 11,966,209 2,024,291 1,227,816 148,686 9,911,401! 4,376,196 4,305,618j 2,000,294 1,357,793! 1,199,714 2,391,307j 989,212, 523,569,0931 4,966,378 4,522,887 219,066 9,318,832 2,656,088' 1,055,242! 830,600 |34,669,358 12,472,3S0 34,588,983 18,682,656 7,109,480,14,995,835 10,218,547i 2,954,691 2,173,957; 744,160 2,835,775 1,292,4S8 468,597; 116,988 289,826 154,573 56,386, '13,081, 2,309, 15, 9.696, 15,430, 976, 2,658, 1,182, 9,627, 643, 764 504 27,734,503 8811 5,466,623 598| 781,8141 000i 10,281 343j 4,197,1141 87l| 7,878,817] 122j 820,911 390 807,741 825! 310,181 739! 6,828,638! 356 293,941 379 338,4421 14,586,636 1.968,987 2,301,044 562,593 173,888 51,957,902 15,541,565 4,352,437 45,000 9,005,734 9,901,415 714,648 1,914,201 2,526,851 6,247,954 512,047 1,196,050 1914 Square yards. Value. 17,311,347l$15,186,790 1,451,752 1,900,948 693,827 4,856,066 2,612,947 5,795,807 20,S54,526 9,637,852 3,574,464 2,000,819 2,913,657 2,727,734 28,174 1 4,653; 140, 4, 5,458, 8,273, 3,177, 822, 178, 4,16S, 1,297,631 1,848,523 3,546,480 1,030,398 4,813, 992 1,706,103 2,241,294 25,945,708 10,659,397 8,015,747 2,956,198 2,437,296 1,877,070 23,550,824 6,070,773 367,378 9,030 5,616,347 6,269,474 1,165,087 870,891 714,798 1,643,079 923,967 Wool consumed in the industry.—The quantity and cost of domestic and foreign wool used in the indus- try during 1919 are shown in Table 46. A separate account is given in the table for the quantity of wool in the condition purchased with the equivalent total, in the grease, and scoured. Table 46.—Wool Used in the Carpet and Rug Industry: 1919. Wool purchased... Domestic.. Foreign In condition purchased In grease Domestic Foreign Washed Domestic Foreign Scoured Domestic Foreign Equivalent total: In grease Domestic Foreign Scoured , Domestic Foreign Pounds. 36,261,904 395,875 35,866,029 31, S16,675 324,247 31,492,428 2,378,592 40,573 2,338,019 2,066,637 31,055 2,035, 582 38,896,665 433,005 38,463,660 21,905,916 248,900 21,657,016 Cost. $13,258,069 166,211 13,091,858 Summary of machinery used.—The types of machines which would indicate the magnitude of the industry are shown, by states, in Table 47 for the year 1919. Table 47.- -Machinery Used in the Carpet and Rug Industry, by States: 1919. Cards, number Woolen (number of sets)., Worsted and cotton Spindles Producing spindles , Mule... Woolen Worsted Frame Woolen —, Worsted Cotton Doubling and twisting spindles Woolen Worsted Cotton and paper Looms Carpet Rug Other Wool-combing machines Pickers Garnett machines Total. 592 463 129 233, 226 199,360 126,788 118,868 7,920 72,572 7,792 57,740 7,040 33,866 9, 238 19,652 1 4, 976 9,256 4,205 3,952 1,099 86 66 21 Con- necti- cut. 64 50 14 20,526 20,126 9, 2S2 9, 282 10,844 i6,'S44' 400 "466' 536 175 361 Massa- chu- setts. 61 33 28 62, 820 52, 436 41,504 41,504 New Jersey, 10,932 10,932 10,384 4,368 4,016 '2, 000 1,085 507 578 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 235 235 New York. 381 298 83 123,612 103/584 57,788 49,868 7,920 45,796 7,792 30,964 7,040 20, 028 4,488 12,636 2, 904 3,113 1,701 1,224 i 188 1 Penn- syl- vania. 73 69 4 22, 968 19, 914 14,914 14,914 5,000 "5"666 3,054 382 2,600 1 72 4,287 1,822 1,554 911 1 Includes 2.072 spindles for twisting paper stock, distributed chusetts, 2,000; Pennsylvania, 72. as follows: Massa- WOOL MANUFACTURES. 261 Looms used in the industry.—Table 48 presents sta- tistics concerning the number and kind of looms used in the industry in 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, and Table 49 shows the distribution of looms, by states. Table d8.—Looms Used in the Carpet and Rug Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Looms on carpets and rugs, total... i 1 s, 157 Power looms j 7,897 Hand looms !260 Ingrain: Power Hand Broad ingrain: Power Hand Venetian: Power Hand Smyrna: Power Hand Colonial or rag: Power Hand Tapestry Brussels. Tapestry velvet... Body Brussels Wilton Axminster Moquette 620 11 695 ,852 ,821 31 1,251 413 82 249 1,209 1,114 394 1,225 2,111 34 487 11 123 20 1,281 1,309 550 1,521 2,704 26 11,943 11,736 207 2,884; 26 788 18 1 964 57 186 116 2,680 636 1,018 2,562 11,692 11,002 690 4,189 82 412 42 88 3 1,131 563 (') 2,490 549 710 1,433 1 Not including looms on woven goods, other than carpets and rugs: 1919—1,099; 1914-489; 1909—328; 1904—2,161. Table 49.—Looms Used in the Carpet and Rug Industry, by States: 1919. KIND. 'United States. Con- 1 necti- cut. Massa- chu- setts. New Jer- sey. New York. Penn- syl- vania. Looms on carpe ts and rugs, total i 8,157 7,897 260 536 536 1,085 235 235 2 2,925 2,914 11 3 3,376 3,376 Hand looms .. . 836 249 Carpet looms: Ingrain 4 439 Broad ingrain Tapestry Brussels Tapestry velvet... Body Brussels Wilton... Axminster 1,078 Smyrna— Power Colonial or rag- Power Hand Rug looms: Ingrain Broad ingrain Tapestry Brussels Tapestry velvet... Body Brussels Wilton 24 982 835 347 262 33 1 45 i 160: :! 192! 671 , 227 I 279; 47; 963: Axminster j 1,033 Moquette. Smyrna- Power , Colonial or rag— Power Hand. 34; 380! 37 89! I < 45 394 24 66 22 606 2S8 55 1 55 14 766 257 35 ....... 100 15 96 751 151 6 170 6 27 160 4 41 98 94 56 170 42 33 , 9 24 1 435 117 , 12 158 69 i 42 30 1 22 5 L...... 110 180! 24 3 43 j 34 58 j 591 614! 208 1 165 i ! 61 242 | 77 89 11 | 26 I i Not including 1,099 looms on woven goods, other than carpets and rugs. 3 In addition, 188 looms were used on woven goods, other than carpets and rugs. 3 In addition, 911 looms were used on woven goods, other than carpets and rugs. * Includes 11 hand looms. FELT GOODS. Summary of materials.—This industry is essentially a wool-felt and hair-felt industry. Establishments engaged chiefly in the manufacture of cotton felts are not included in this industry. Table 50 relates to the quantity and cost of materials used in the industry during a number of successive census years. Wool used in the industry.—The quantity and cost of wool used in 1919 are shown in Table 51 with respect to the condition in which it was purchased and the equivalent total, in the grease, and scoured. Table 50. -Materials Used in the Felt-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. MATERIAL.. Total cost. $22,780,775 Wool: In condition purchased— Pounds... Cost Equivalent of above u scoured condition, pounds Animal hair, etc: Pounds Cost Cotton: Pounds* Cost Recovered wool fiber: Pounds Cast 1919 11,801,373 $9,359.160 9, 450,013 19,663,511 $1,394,810 1,442,406 $437.363 4.194,670 $1,332,935 1914 $S. 308,270 14,969, $4,030, 10, 176,716 11,540. $739, 3,117, $297; 3,502. $409, 1909 $6,967,206 12,409.826 $3,927,393 9.308,172 8,114,011 $239,244 1,375,670 $155.815 2,536,243 $261,878 1904 $o.754,026 II, 80S, 238 §3,388, 588 8,131,082 6,974,634 $373,797 1,982,621 $217,200 1,532,127 $157,031 Table 50.—Materials Used in the Felt-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. MATERIAL. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Waste and noils: I Pounds 6,640,136 4,064, 699 $1,019 687 4,874,712 j $1,220,110! 1,948,969 $452,509 Cost $4,355,908 Chemicals and dyestuiTs, cost $604,616 $5,295,983 $269,921 SI, 541, 443 $219,891 j $942,875 1 $189.750 $975; 151 All other materials, cost Table 51.—Wool Used in the Felt-Goods Industry: 1919. Pounds. Wool purchased 11,804,373 Domestic I 7,496,756 Foreign 1 4,307,617 Cost. $9,359,160 6.319,494 3.039.666 In condition purchased., Jn grease Domestic Foreign , Washed Domestic Foreign Scoured Domestic Foreign 11.804, 5,211, 2,929. 2 2S2, 870. 45S, 411; 5.722. 4,108, 1.613. 373 991 593 398 068 472 596 314 | 691 [ 623 Equivalent total !26,754,860! In grease 1 17,303,947' Domestic '11.271,897 j Foreign 6,032.0.50! Scoured 1 9,450,913 j Domestic... 6,18$,621 i Foreign 3,262.289 262 MANUFACTURES. Products.—A list of products, with quantity and value for each, is given in Table 52 for each census from 1904. Table 52.—Products of the Felt-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Total.. i S39,229,540 |i S13,692,765 Felt cloths: Pounds Square yards Value Trimming and lining: felts, felt skirts, table and piano covers: Pounds Square yards Value Polishing felts and buffing wheels: Pounds - Square yards Value Piano felts: Pounds Square yards Value Saddle felts: Pounds Value...; Endless bells: Pounds Value Boot and shoe linings: Pounds Square yards Value 1919 1914 3,397,378 i (2) 2,751,497! (3) $8,785,169 I $797,048 4,158,956! (2) 9,199,673 i 8,369,330 $3,143,678 | §1,321,337 1,132,595 2,185,465 SI, 307,123 777,558 381,388 §1,945,988 812,508 S639,234 250,000 $478,285 2,471,177 5,280,970 82,603,724 (3) (3) 2,291,662 $973,353 3,941,795 S4,164,186 (*) 3,028,286 SI, 512,783 1909 $11,852,626 (2) 3,764,468 SI, 381,854 1904 $8,948,594 3,689,610 31,830,627 (2) I («) 5,953,410 5,145,340 $1,329,686 51,188,908 (») P) 1,650,991 $575,849 3,243,034 $3,417,822 (2) 1,661,090 $514,456 (3) (s) (3) 1,770,124 81,707,216 2, 823,137 $781,450 1 In addition, in 1919, felt goods to the value of 52,385,762 and in 1914, to the value of §181,640 were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products. 2 Not reported. 3 Not reported separately. Table 52. -Products of the Felt-Goods Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Hair felting: Pounds Square yards Value All other felts, value All other products, value. 1919 6,658,787 7,222,741 $2,249,653 $15,369,261 1914 (l) 1,350,436 $635,041 $3,691,081 $2,707,425' $597,936 1909 0) 1,159,999 $531,045 $3,649,876 $552,038 1904 0) 605,214 $191,998 $2,692,894 $655,501 'Not reported. Machinery.—The kind and quantity of machinery in common use by the industry are shown, by states, in Table 53 for the year 1919. Table 53.—Machinery Used in the Felt-Goods Industry, by States: 1919. Woolen cards 1 (sets).. Spindles Mule, spinning (woolen) Doubling and twisting (woolen) Looms Broad.... Medium.. Narrow.. Wool-combing machines.. Pickers G arnett machines Total. Con- necti- cut. 440 1*33,258 I2 32,947 311 \\ 510 480 15 15 12 94 31 36 1,790 1,790 Mas- sachu-| setts. 2,000 2,000 New Jer- sey. 33 I 'All 12,678 12,603 75 7,978 7,978 174! 112 166; 112 5 I 3 1 8,812 8,676 236 136 114 10 12 12 22 1 Includes shoddy cards WOOL-FELT HATS. Materials.—Table 54 gives the quantity and cost of the principal materials used in the wool-felt hat in- dustry during 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 54. -Materials Used in the Wool-Felt Hat Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Total cost. S3,699,822 1919 Wool: * In condition purchased— , Pounds j 200,291 Cost j $212,632 Equivalent in scoured condition pounds 194,828 Wool waste and noils:; Pounds 711,747 Cost i $791,900 Wool-felt hat bodies and hats in the j rough: i Dozens ;72,213 Cost '$573,925 1914 S978,339 1909 $2, 472,263 1904 $1,369,810 606,957 $298,345 j 1,203,49S S104,127 561,639 I 989,110 Chemicals and dyestuffs, cost. All other materials, cost .; $172,320 -!$1,949,015 454,099 $213,851 13,449 $26,646 1,281,764 $661,172 21,864 $83,020 $34,501! $104,503 $404,996 j$l,219,441 1,633,525 $495,594 1,231,576 287,363 $119,407 12,089 $25,997 $63,905 $664,907 Wool used in the industry.—The quantity and cost of wool used in the manufacture of wool-felt hats, in 1919, are shown in Table 55 with respect to the condi- tion in which it was purchased and its equivalent in the grease, and scoured* 3 Includes 40 worsted spindles. Products—The products of the industry, in quantity and value, are given for a number of census years in Table 56. Table 55.—Wool Used in the Wool-Felt Hat Industry: 1919. Pounds. Wool purchased.. In grease Washed Scoured Equivalent total: In grease Scoured 200,291 10,435 Cost. $212,'632 189.859 j 385,272: 194,828: Table 56. -Products op the Wool-Felt Hat Industry: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 1904 $6,739,652 [ $1,944,48<- $4,382,411 $2,457,266 Wool-felt hats: ===== ============ 401,893 381,044 590,957 446,121 Value $5, 409, 505 $1,777,225 $3,646,787 $2,290,070 Wool-felt hat bodies and hats In the rough: Dozens.. 104,144 5,715 53,896 18,587 Value $165,469 $13,029 $309,492 $100,491 All other products, value $1,164,678 $154,230 $426,132 $66,705 i In addition, in 1919, wool-felt hats to the value of $76,404; in 1914, to the value of $305,181; and in 1909, to the value of $904,643, were made by establishments engaged primarily in other industries, WOOL MANUFACTURES. 263 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 57 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, pri- mary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the combined industry. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 58 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each branch separately, for each state that can be shown without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 57.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States. Connecticut. Georgia. Illinois. Indiana.. Cen- sus year. Kentucky. Maine. Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. New Hampshire. 1919 1914 1909 U919 21914 21909 U919 31914 1909 <1919 U914 1909 | 1919 31914 a1909 1919 1914 1909! U919 H914 11909 j U919! U914 81919: 1914! 1909 31919 31914 1909 1919 1914 i 1909 I I Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 1,016 , 196,404 979 ; 195,285 1,124 202,029 47; 53; 56; 3 3 , 7! 4! 9 9; 11 10! 11 io; 14' 66! 57 j 63! i 207 | 183 189 i 11 I 16 I 16 j 44 I 40! 39 8,132 7,3.50 7,789 595 524 660 482 341 499 948 719 776 565 675 818 9,913 7,998 8,553 58,084 59,574 59,149 812 477 554 574 448 277 9,772 9,532 9,486 Primary horse- power. Wages. Cost of : Value of mate- prod- i rials, i ucts. Expressed in thousands. 525,757 !$198,586 442,330 j 93,358 400,762 | 87,963 22,570 i 8,872 18,194 S 3,731 17,518 i 3,485 1,680 , 1,680 i 1,437 j 1,112 i 1,163' 1,342 | 1,860 j 1,519 i 1,678! 1,128! 1,773 j 2,506 I 1,502 j 1,311 i 1,900; 1,491 j 1,266 642 33,119 30,392 30,485 410 181 175 3S5 167 237 725 318 293 423 210 241 28,373 i 11,038 23,S39 4,072 21,651! 3,779 i 190,105 | 61,050 154,061 I 29,752 126,477! 27,022 719 230 235 474 229 123 9,549 4,211 3,649 5759,193 '$1,234,657 W New Jer.sev. 298,063 1 464,250 \] 322,441; 507,167 u 33,208; 10,764 12.R38 i 1,666; 355 , 443 . 1,715 '• 461 , 773 I 3,320 991; 1,056 1,949 611; 858 36,227; 10,823 , 11,121! 227,371; 89,746 I 94,797: 2,881 793; 863: 1,780; 850! 429 | 26,479 I 10,087' 11.095 53,814 17,129 19,363 2,703 598 871 2,708 '783 1,314 4,542 1,522 1,570 3,247 934 1,278 60,327 17,531 18,002 366,506 141,330 1.53,477 4,572 1,215 1,571 2,864 1,298 699 45,944 15,039 16,731 New York. Ohio. i Oregon. ; Pennsylvania. j Rhode Island- Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Tennessee. Vermont. | Virginia. West Virginia. All other states. 51919 a1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 U919 j U914 j H919! 1914 I 1909! 1919; 1914; 1909 j 31919 i *1914 i 1909: 1919 i 1914 | 1909 j 1919 i 1914 j 1909! 1919! *1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 259 266 310 Wage num- ber). Wages. 12: Hi 7; 8 i 13 power. ! 14.782: 15; 336 13,536 18,800 21.092 21; 35. 8 | 788 2,959 I 30,614 26,219! 21,221 j 44,439! 39,020 j 34,275 j 2,040 i 6,123 j 808 i 2,341! 648 I 1,670 469 | 1,628; 30,936 34,030 38,919 69,047 55,232 63, 47S 88 \ 24,393 , 58,918 SO i 22,745 I 50,206 SS I 24,924 \ 43,715 I 1,366 , 1,069! 18 i 3,031 17! 2,226 17! 2,294 630 , 431 I 542! i 542 j 276 i 599 i 1,966 2,302 2,371 9,712 8,841 7,213 1, 405 911 1,352 1.256 "672 1,327 89 i 10,453 i 21,079 69: 6,835 | 12,936 110 9,173; 18.543 Cost of j Value of mate- j prod- rials. j ucts. Expressed in thousands. §14,459 6,826; 5,339 19,100 9,842 10,015 605 1,136 754; 373 202 32,296 15,766 i 16,116 23,634 11,368; 11,538 803: 2*9 419! 3,382! 1,167 1 1,043 m' 168 ■ 176 j 512 118 222 S,S92 1 3.204: 3,654 $55,699 24,421! 21,931 $102,302 38,491 35,SS4 .56,394 100,402 2S,682 j 47,174 28,059 i 49,345 2,02* | 3,462 l 1,946 i 943! 3,386 7,233 3,357 1,702 929 140,408! 217,598 58,947; S7,50S 69,282 i 102,326 116,915 175,312 41,735 i 60, 8S9 51,025 74,600 2,232 i 4,242 923 1,547 1.127 | 1,802 10,536 279S9! 2,879 | 1,536 j 420! 567 j 1,692 s 417 | 795 1 17,426 4,635 4,497 2,693 790 999 679 1,224 33,209 i 57,933 9,643; 16.223 11,976 20,685 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 2 Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations, • Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosing individual operations. 4 Excludes statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. 6 Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to avoid disclosing individual operations. MANUFACTURES. Table 58.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR WOOL INDUSTBY AND STATE. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-| bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male, Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Capital. WOOL MANUFACTURES. United States. Connecticut3 Georgia 3 Illinois4 Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine3 Maryland Massachusetts 3 Michigan 6 Minnesota 6 New Hampshire New Jersey 7 New York Ohio* Oregon 6 Pennsylvania Rhode Island 6 Tennessee Vermont , Virginia West Virginia Wisconsinp All other states9 3 207 91 11 44 35 68 10 203,225 8,582 617 513 1,006 597 22| 10, ■ 223 61,3351 682 10,179 16,002 19,805 854 858 33,079 25,650 1,442 3,225 668 590 1,187 9,750 488! 205 18 5,152 ~230 17 18 19 16 331 7| 1,521 35| 41 2261 21I5| 421 32 17 925 5S5 31 109 20 36 56 164 3,826 ~113 3 13 24 4i l| 129 741 14 50 86 769 375 22 27 652 416 27 46 7 6 24 272 2,355 102 2 7 3 1 96j 1 901 17 16 80 143 176 12 6 361 2381 91 3l| 20 123 8,132 595 482 948 565 18 9,913 207 58,084 812 574 9,772 14,782 18,800 786 30,936 24,393 1,366 3,031 630 542 1,070 9,158 Do 226,587 De Jy Je De No P) De De Se De De De Au De No Se De De Oc De 9,132 617 499 1,005 640 Fe 140,168 Fe Oc Ja Fe Fe 18| f&) 11,5831 Fo 354' Ja 66.7451 Fe S92. Ja 599; Fe 10,7:<3 17,949 21,664) 819 35,365 29,006 1,418 3,817 Oc 6631 De 623) De 1,203 Fe Fe Fe My Mh Fe Fe Ap Ja 6,771 558| 451 838 433 18 7,374 25 39,852 682 539 8,222 4,018 15,204 730 701 24,3641 15.827 1,247 1,8191 Mh 591 Mh 412| Fe J 229,181 9,179 621 498 1,006 625 18 11,513 354| 68,793 892 600 10,736 18,188 21,892 776 855 35,560 29,2-13 1,413 3,815 662 623 1,207 10,112 127,801 6,435 373 304 481 240 7[ 7,355 268| 39,831 505 288 6,717 8,337 12,891 300 457 18,216 14,323 744 2,826 454 3701 550 5,529 92,811 2,415 237 187 505 292 10| 4,057 861 25,430 377 312! 3,915 8,939 8,891 476 392 16,054 13,095 614 982| 204 253 3,779! 175 4 4,790 151 7 4 11 721 42 1,5-13, ■ 5| ,989 5 50 3731 71 611 757 21 1 54 5391 39 679 1,068 34 17' 56 Dollars. 989,746,958 42,405,215 1,675,502 1,928,633 3,120,611 1,696,367 13,150 49,708,895 1,984,388 293,074,737 3,624,(587 2,353,331 44,724,203 93,121,497 88,979,340 3,699,111 2,459,000 157,607,810 125,863,731 2,955,816 15,135,501 2,338,595 2,243,672 4,583,505 44,449,661 I WOOLEN GOODS. United States Connecticut. Georgia Illinois Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon. Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin All other states"... 560 35 3| 4 11 59 3 111 9 H| 39} 6 25 10 5 108 26 13 12| 21 67,020 5,625 617 513 1,006 7,387 223 18,664 880 682 5,609 1,344 3,531 854 858 7,955 3,346 1,442 668 943 4, 873 258 2,229 1631 17 18| 19 274 7 6251 35 41 177 30 100 32 17 295 115 31 20 43 170 50! 3 13 24 108 5 202 14 50 44 35 34 22 27 111 44 27 7 21 531 682 1 219 17 16 60 4 38 12 6 61 62,957 De 70,374 Fe 47,872 5,351 595 482 948 6,915 207 17,568 812 574 5,317 1,271 3,348 786 808 7,398 3,144 1,366 630 849 4,588 De Je De De De Se De De De Se De No Se De De Oc Oc De 6.0061 617 499 1,005 8,168| 354 20,235 892 599 6,038 1,36' 3,999 819 909 8,631 3,785 1,418 663 955 Fe Fe Ja Fe Fe Je Fo Ja Fe Fe Ja Fe Mh Mh Mh Fe Ap Mh Fe 4,434 582 451 .838 4,693 25 12,544 682 539 4,073 1,156 2,678 730 701 5,182 1,848 1,247 591 645 72,062 6,053 621 498 1,006 8,098 354 20,242 892 600| 6,041 1,284 4,049 776 855 8,675 3,648 1,413 662 959 5,3 47,736 4,426 373 304 481 5,3881 13,959 505 288 4,308 593 2,501 300 457 5,330 2,780 744 454 470 3,816 23,274 1,505 237 187 5051 2,670 5,833 377 312 1,722 670 1,515 476 392 3,206 614 204 467] 1,507 560 ~72 4 3 9 24 241 5 "'k 8 20 218| 5 273,973,670 23,841,721 1,675,502 1,928,633 3,120,611 33,863,497 1,984,388 77,495,511 3,624,687 2,353,331 23,122,689 4,578,361 14,339,283 3,699,111 2,459,000 31,54-8,546 15,709,896 2,955,816 2,338,595 3,374,468 19,959,624 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated b v water from city mains). 2 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-bolt or transmitted power fromNeighboring power plants) - Exe udes statistics for 2 estab shments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "All other states." neignooring power plants). < Excludes statistics for 6 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations, These are included in "All other states" Same number reported throughout the year, WOOL MANUFACTURES. 265 MANUFACTURES, BY STATES AND INDUSTRIES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For con- tract work. Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. For materials. Taxes,; Federal, I p,,^ .nr, state, Principal CZdy' !materiaIs': power! local.! i Value Value of 1 added by products. !manufac- i ture- Total. Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam en- gines! (not tur- bines), j ! Inter-I I nal- l Wa- Steam ! com-1 y J tur- j bus- bines. ; tion j en- ;gines. ter pow- Rent- ed.* : Elec- | trie' ; horse-! ; power! ; gener-; ated in estab- ■ : lish- i ments report ing. WOOL MANUFACTURES. Dollars. Dollars. 127,829,110110,558,0231 1,315,662 70,217 83,652' 116,4831 50,956 1,526,244 21,619 7,539,498 180,889 180,987 933,745 1,780,574 2,386,462 144,677 57, 4,910, 4,027, 100, 583; 43, 139, 253, 1,181, Dollars, j Dollars. | Dollars. \ Dollars. Dollars. 198,586,069; 9,316,229! 1,287,215158,471,518;741,336,843 Dollars, j DoUxlts. ! Dollars. \ 17,856,476.! 1,234,657,092)475,463,773, 8,872,076 439,723 . 386,208 . 725,120 . 427,890:. 68,658 324,581 5,931 30,434 113,296 6,966 520: 12,26L 291,312 11,037,750 366,428] 5,182 228,636 17,504 2,478,808 61,049,980, 3,944,117 69,3271 718,675 2,661 87,915| 474,386 233,211! 9,549,413 1,640,504 14,458,701! 1,392,953 19,099,995; 97,8141 605,245;. 72, 1,331 1,103; 65; 85! 36,503 11,958! 111,5421 66,663 935; 754,0641 1,996! 310 i 32,295,754j 1,604,6121 123! 23,633,605 368,963^ 296; 803,015 3,382,147| 074! 54,869 35,586! 3,249,768 120,631 49,855 4801 100,552 132,849 1,620 27,031 1,5401 32,382,934 1,621,896 1,664,064 3,248,027 1,912,058 15' 12,545! 3,624,116! 35,181,864; ~ 66i; 183,125 17,573,575;220,881,121 .! 184,070' 2,807,067 183,052. 1,734,652! 2,058,452. 25,591,593 9,157,849 54,529,559; 3,889,782! 54,856,433 43,584: 1,971,447| 9,414 3,552 30.310 52; 517, 924| 825,546' 53,814,059! 20,605,579! 44,483 2,702,98* 1, 036,609: 40,780 2,707,908; 1,003,064:. 71,956' 4,542,067! 1,222,084 36,547 j 3,247,060! 1,298,455: 1,415! 34.436! 20,476 1.044,894! 60,327; 260i 24,100.502 21,859|! 1,541,205 656', 860 6,490,026|, 366,506,496 139,135,349 73,9911! 4,571,704 1,690,646 45,489!1 2,864,259 887,643! j 45,943,993 1,169,700! 102,302,296' 1,537,676! i 100,401,524 56,873':! 3,385,985! 62,171 1,858,725! 87,744; 594,087) 4,807,062,13S, 249,586! 2.158,3301. 107,592 10,332,854114,792,2201 2,122,55S 111,106! 178,922! 2,162,762! 69,633, 830,869! 10,246,469! 289,548! I 771 100,562! 7,3501 19,648 3,356,659! 217; 598,384: 175,312,358' 4,242,057, 17,425,823 1,084,118 19.464,757 46;603,037 44,007,415 1,357,665 1,410,190 77,190,46S 5S, 397,580 2,009,662 6,889,806 141,455 1,485,254: 57,197: 1,631,421; 323,451, 3,264,6101 1,360.729! 2*,3S5,050! 50,143 60,301;! 73,926; 595,415! 2,693,142 1,154.745 2,778,916 1,087,194 5,495,363 2,156,S27; 50,861,150 21,880,685;; 525,75^ 230,900,! 121,547 1,882 81,094; 90,334'' 176,943 1 22,5701] 8,545, 1,6S0ji .800 . l,112i! 675 . 1,860,! 1,400!. ""'^h 789!. 2,360 1,128;| 10!'! ! !- 2S.373! 7,9S0!! 4260! 115' , 190,105; 64,548; 70,6S9: 1,5021! 700| 1,491'I 370!! 33,119i 9,947! 8,350 30,614 16,180! 10,323! 44,439'i 18,821, 7,608! 2,040) 1,075; !. 125 7,198' 4,342 ; 880! 250 187 200; 260! 26 20 293 I 10 197 ll,40Si 8,788' 135 950! 60 30 24,244' 30,594; .... '36 766 25 410! 6.S6 5! 12,986; 1,831 561! 255, 3,295 2. 9.322 8,686 30; '935 2,341! 153! !. 69,047 j 53,090: 2.150: 58,9181 29,148. 16; 254!. 1,966 , 935 ........ 1 9,7121 2,910! 2,163|. 1,405; 630 j 1,256'1 710......... 2,985 1,445! i 16,824! 9.934 1,650! ...J 1,250' 938 461! 1.157! 12,189 ....! 4,590| 5,926 12! 75! '944 ...J 4/257! 382 13S 33"! 300 514 45! 1.194! 301 SS; 925| 4,227: 4,810 310' 224i 1,187? S 40i 9 81,240 10 15; 11 35l! 12 11,016 13 13.975' 14 17; 334} 15 21 16 4o! 17 20,330j 18 13,319! 19 ! 20 3,292! 21 300! 23 488| 24 8,651! 25 WOOLEN GOODS. 110,601,093 934,507 70,217 83,652 116,483 1,240,609 21,619 2,925,847 180,889 180,987 732,989 223,626 483,118 144,677 57,595 1,379,902 6-15,804 100,17" 43,9751 188,349 846,070 2,540,003| 144,798 5,931 30,434 113,296 244,118 5,182 589,723 69,327 87,915 146,156 101,023 92,993 97,814 72,935 323,396 155,266 65,296 16,081 62,697 115,6221 66,595,826 5,955,985 439,723 386,208 725,120 7,926,318 228,636 19,799,579 718,675 474,386 5,862,151 1,165,89: 3,241,421 605,245 754,064 8,267,436 3,559,272 803,015 469,223 664,244 4,549,228 1,198,862 68,658 i76,453 17,504 363,052 2,661 36,503 11,958 58,435 1,996 365,167| 95,521 183 771; 484,512j 16,306,713 |212,189,02S; 5,776,3Q5j! 364,896,5901146,931,257 j 172,947ji 74,876' 10,623| 1,577; 46,705 39,1661 25,791j 1 4,586 1,676,255 I 120,631 ! 49", 855 430 100,552 19,073 2,432,574 1,540 40,019 9,414 3,552 20,928 924 148,472] 19,695 111,106 771 3,390 100,562 8.661 5,531,027 184,070 1S3,052 1,187,603 147,168 687,382 43,584 62,171 1,014,534 1,281,873 178,922 141,455 217,914 1,057,430 IS, 614,892 1,621,896 1,664,064 3,248,027 25,014,080 529,515! 44.4.83! 40,7S0| 71,956 701,551 862,486 21,859 60,372,260 1,721,258 2,807,067 73,991 1,734,652| 45,4S9 IS, 176,812 519,859 2,960,281 10,499,360: 1,971,447! 1,858,725! 27,S05,192; 13,489,394; 2,162,762; 1,48-8,254! 2,237,834 13,599,546; 9o,i 313,00Sj 56,873! 87,744! 534,053 292,719 69.633 50; 143 53,813 451,982! 32,357,090: 13,212,653! 2,702,98$; 1.036", 609; 2,707,908, 1,003,064' 4,542,0671 1,222.0S4'| 42,441,583 j 16,725,952; 1,541,205; (556,860! 105,183,068 43.089'. 550 j 4,571,704, 1,69(3,646! 2,864.259; 1,034,118 31,245,162| 12,548,491 j 5,210,27o! 2,154.393! 17,546,090! 6,733,722! 3,38-5,985= 1,357,665; 3,356.659! 1,410,190' 4S,239,627| 19,900,382; 22,231.419! 4,242,057: 2,693,1421 3,99S,36S; 33,835,939! I 8,449.306: 2,009,662' 1,154,745! 1,706,724 9,784.411 ■ 14,679i 1 1,680s! i;ii2; urn- 21,941, l,260i! 50,lOO!! 1,491!: I7,379j; 2,795!j 10,06:5 2,040! 1 2,341 15,961;; 7,176!| 1,966: 1,405 I 2,457:1 13,736!! 2.155 3; 915! 1,075 ... 153 ... 11,174 40: 375i. 5.50! 035! 336; 3,749 670i; 935 .... ! 12; 630 '.' 138! 1,02^! s 45! 4,664 2,613! 114! 705; 30' 250 397 337 094! 024 3,071 '935! 938 3,429 1,254 944; 300; 298. 2,321 6,300 i !4.(583' 3,6%| 2,20: 800 ! .......: SS0 675 ;i 250! 187 1.400 !! 200 260 6,390 ........ 1 197! 10.003' 5,351 : I i I 115 !135' 950 60 21 f 609; 6,290; 30 i 10,019 12.152 7001 1 36; 766; 370, !25, 410: 6S6 7,047 !5! 8,686, 1,641; 40; 11,125, 15; 351: 2,016 4S0s 12 1,674; 13 2l! 14 40 15 2,247 16 590! 17 18 300; 19 448! 20 ,390! 21 « Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "All other states" 7 Excludes statistics for 5 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "All other states." * Excludes statistics for 3 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. These are included in "All other states." » All other states embrace: California, 5 establishments; Colorado, 1; Delaware, 2; Florida, 1; Iowa, 2; Missouri, 3; North Carolina, 5; South Carolina. 1; Texas, 1; Utah, 2; Washington, 4; and 32 establishments in certain states statistics for which can not be shown separately without disclosing individual operations. 10 All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Delaware, 1; Iowa, 2; Kentucky, 9; Missouri, 2; North Carolina, 5; Utah, 2; Vermont, 17: Washington, 3 and West Virginia, 6. 266 MANUFACTURES. Table 58.— DETAILED STATEMENT FOR WOOL PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ente, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. WORSTED GOODS. United States.. Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Wisconsin All other states 3 7 71 5 20 M> 89'; 62 3 12,'' 109,372 2,579 3,092 37,997 4,570 14,318 4,680 16,346 22,3041 244 3,242 56 57 789 49 249 109 358 470 13 69 2,048 45 21 385 42 717 67 334 372 3 1,146, 31 16 495 20 126 28 197 199 7 27 103,83C 2,44' 2,998 36,296 4,455 13,219 4,464 15,400 21,249 221 3,081 De 122,495 De De De Se De 2,752 3,415 43,873 4,718 lfi,309 No 5,1481 De 17,358| De 25,221! Au 267 Fe 67,489 Fe Ja Fe Ja Fe Fe Fe Fe Fc 2,025 2,621 23,755 4,125 2,556 3,106 12,778 13,979 157 122,587 2,752 3,415 43,245 4,r- 16,590 5,052 17,423 25,595 248 3,572 57,921 1,' 1, < 22,629 2,409 7,476 2,' 6,939 11,543 80 1,0,88 57,911 867 1,387 17,905 2,193 8,224 2,927 9,586 12,306 141 2,375 2,825 96 35 1,124 42| 364 J 16| 402| 707 i 8 31 3,930 95 26 ,587 51 526 13 496 ,039 19 78 CARPETS AND RUGS. 1 United States 75! 24,251 ! 50' 444 566 258 22,933! De 26,502 Ja 18,622 27,002 16,573! 9,739 352 338 119,196,46l| 2 Massachusetts 101 3,365 6^ 51 108 66 3,134' 9,073! Au 3,726 10,581 Fe 2,410 7,397 5,806 4,058 10,581 8,915 3,448 2,162; 6,64l! 1,552 3,897 165 179 14,435,308' 44,492,445 43,865.640 16,403,068' 3 New York 10 9,440 8,188 i 3! 134 166 64 De Ja 32 11 4 Pennsylvania 48 i 37 232 27 196 97 7,6261 De 8,813 Fe 5,535 2,235j 3,136 1,154 119 125 5 All other states4 I 3,258 ! 4; 96 31 3,100; 36 23 FELT GOODS. 1 United States «i 2 Connecticut 3i 3 Massachusetts 15 4 New Jersey 6 5 New York 10 6 Pennsylvania 4, 7 All other states6 11 5,934 3781 1,309' 331 1,557 210i 2,149 18 46 17 51. 7 103 250 5,236 De 5,744 My 4,874 5,895 4,478! 1,371 15 121 13 40 6 55 334| 1,086: 285 1,401! 1891 l,94i; Do Ja s De De Ap 374 1,143 321 1,636 219 Ja Je Ja My Ja 303 1,021 239 1,185! 164! 374 1,248 300 1,636 202 2,135 30 315' 1,090: 261, 1,210, 180 1,422! 43! 140' 38i 421 22. 707 WOOL-FELT HATS. United States.. Louisiana New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states 8. 22! 9i 597! 380i 640! 43 62 12 1,448 18 7 514 323 Au 1,923 (7) Se& Au Je 18 14 840 426 Ja (T) Ja* Ja Mh 216 197 1,635 18 14 574 345! 684! 443 232 404 516 10 7| 131 104! 264 *Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains) 2 nhieflv electric motors operated by rented (or purchased 3 All other states embrace: Delaware, 1 establishment West Virginia, 1. * All other states embrace: Connecticut, 1 establishment; New Jersey, 5; and Wisconsin, 1 cl) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). ; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 1; Kentucky, 1; Ohio, 3; Oregon, 1; South Carolina, 1; Texas, 1; Vermont, 1; and WOOL MANUFACTURES. 267 MANUFACTURES, BY STATES AND INDUSTRIES: 1919—Continued. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For con- tract work. Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Value of products. Principal materials. Value added by manufac- ture. Fuel and rent of power. Primary horsepower. Owned. Total. ; S t eam cn- ; gines I (not tur- i bines). Inter- nal- Steam com- tur- bus- bines. tion en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.1 i Rent- i ed.2 Elec-; trie horse-! power gener- ated in-: estab- lish-; ! ments report s ing.! WORSTED GOODS. Dollars, 112,898,8481 305,0S6 285,6351 , 3,920,644 200,756 1,512,538 475,842 2,420,5321 | 3,381,348;' 65,511; 330,956: Dollars. Dollars 4,941,812jl01,512, S55| 115,111 47,194 1,334,287 87,055 1,492,065 486,619 309,256 947,857 27,524 94,844 2,611,470 3,lll,43r 36,949,984 3,687,262 13,003,328 3,833,733 15,569,8S9 20,074,333 162,888 2,508,536 Dollars. 8,013,960| 1S9,975| 3,581,065 Dollars. • Dollars 587,962 36,630,5941 31,000| 1,541,957 7,958i 1,191,542 102,691 ill, 505,350 ...'...J 870,849? 111,542! 18,634: S, 964,4371 1.154,824 '273,442! 2,703,112 Dollars. Dollars. i| Dollars. Dollars.!: ;! 438,007,587 9,621,763 j 700,537,482 252,908,132, 295,533.; 123,393;' 103,074! 216 29,476' 39,374 129,050 12,346,920: 247,019, 10,167,784 343,343; 146.340,845: 4,275,698* 7,414,781' 367,784 50,484,385: 1,032,498! i 18,928,293' 17, 885,677: 237,443,077 14,698,831 95,115,024 6,334,354!! 7,37415501 86, S26.534:: 6,916; 266: 43. o^, 141! 7.518: 413,957! 14,045.741 371,562; 21, 111, 159 6,693, So*• 326,204; 2,637,6371 81,517) 520 . 994.426' 118,475.141; 35,963,1951 87,897! 9,050,978; 101,302,826! 1,829,839; 153,080,939 49.948,274 1 3.960, 105,5371 1,026,779; 20,113;; 1.496,995' 4-50,103 2,100 348.350! 13,360,006: 139.481 j! 22,302,346, 8.802,8591 j 6,794' 1,785 2,335; 125 2,175 374; 2,603 2 6,432; i; 590' 1.405! 3,437; 650^ 3 128.630■! 37.424 63,724:. 12,069 15,413 66,180 4 15; 7443! 2; 9001 8.350:. 4.300 190i. 9,000' 5 27,061 13,380! 10,283 * "d 145 3,244! 12,992 * 12.789' 5.186' 2.433;. 4,670 500 8,3411 7 38,947: 30,609! '365! "50 660: 7,263! 13,293 s 51,742: 25,399: 15.584.. 3,084 7.675 12.729; 9 528 j 425; 100 3! 40! 10 6,870 4,695' 32 S6S: 1,275; 3,222! 11 CARPETS AND RUGS. 2, 768,2221 1,981, 562!24, 216,121 399,457 311,255 926, 111 479,576 1,014,794 679,069 427, 860 481,662 3,145, 512 10,083,498 7,976,547 3,010,564 «,716; 142,850 3, 841,821 j 65,390,376; 1,727,633 j 123,253,82S 56,135,789; 38,170 22,952 5,825 85; 2,207; 7,101 j 18,012 1 81,621 2,095 29,319 313,072, 7,746,326: 275.050 4, 264. 2, 301,508! 22,765,59S! 673; 407 108,067; 1,059,571i 26,960,532' 571,637 l,200j 137,670; 7,917,920; 207,569 13,593,990 5.572,614 j 48,717,885 25',27S,880! 47,479,830 19,947,661 ,■ 13,462,123 5,336,634; 6,132 15. 281 12,446 \, 311 ■ 3,820 6,330 9,987 2,815 175 i 1,400 3,500 j 807 1,150 85! 1,000 !..... 737! 4, 64 4 1,224 496 3,395 5,651 4,755 4,211 FELT GOODS. 1,138,561 76,069 293,550 44,410 386,424 35,512 302,566 95S, 781 64, 213, 47, 225, K 393, 4,873,49o! 9,009! 42,110; 1,614,313! 22,155,136 625,639! 39,229,540; 16,44S,765j| 16,41l| 304,621 1,151,905 283,376 1, 401,655 241,194 1,484,739 ! 11,096] I 11,100 1,056; 7,650; ! 6,554 7,9531 5,710| 31,556! 194,126! 46,135! 477,573 73,161j 791,792! 1,421,122! 6,421,690! 1,071,403: 6,370,2031 1,065,505; 5,805,213 j 49,012! 21^020; 41,1761 142. 730; 28,775; 145,926; 2,528,6761 10,286,361! 1,950", 300, 10,694,583; 1,805,832! 11,963,788; 1,058,542 3.646.651 i! '837, 721 j 4,181,650 711,552:' 6,012,649! 1,09711 5,243!| 754!l 5,167jj '736!! 3,414j I 7,805 2,025 4! 2,34l! 4,236 460 25 ;340 272'" 1,695 500 756 2,292 645 2 60 47 i 2.790 1,300 2 775 300,' '600.... !100 36 1,615 200 \ 310 1,289' ; I;; 540 503; 1.618! 35! 994 WOOL-FELT HATS. 222,386 114,967| 60,061 47,3581 135,865 1,387,777 520 108,533 4,797 22,015 12,261[ 6,100 536,688 240,688 592,040 7,172 "516 3,594, 7iej 105.1061 !; r 29,781 78,047 6,739,652! 3,039,830: 2,696| 1,620 576 12,157 15 109 9,362 22,159 46,402 12,545 13,490 1,415 34,436! 20,476 10 430 26,702 12,782 4! 36,969 2,331,807; 1,119,307 1,1361 29,439; 1,597,954! 667,678! 957; 36,853; 2,748.753; l,219,5s7; 5<9\) !' ! 1 !i 4,790 10.638 1,175,531 900,837 1,492,313 365 600. 720. 554 . 400 1 10; . 4 . 171' 50 "356 6 Same number reported for one or more other months. • All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Illinois.. 1; Maine, 2; Michigan, 1; Missouri. 1; Ohio, 2: Rhode Island, 1; and Wisconsin, 2. 7 Same number reported throughout the year. * All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Colorado, 1; Connecticut, 1; Florida, 1; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 4; Massachusetts. 2; Minnesota,!; Ohio. 1; and Washington, 1. WOOL SHODDY. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry in- cludes establishments engaged primarily in recovering or reclaiming wool fiber from rags, tailors' clippings, mill waste, etc., either by a mechanical or chemical process. Summary of statistics for the manufacture of wool shoddy.—A comparative summary for the industry is presented in Table 59, covering the years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—The relative importance of the states representing this industry, for the year 1919, is shown, according to value of products, in Table 60. Persons engaged in the manufacture of wool shoddy.— Table 61 relates to the number and class of persons engaged in the wool-shoddy industry, according to sex, in 1919, 1914, and 1909. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—The number of wage earners according to sex and states is shown in Table 62, by months, for the year 1919. The total number of wage earners emplo^yed in the industry is shown, by months, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 63 shows that the number of wage earners has substantially increased during the five-year period 1914-1919 and that the number of working hours per week has decreased from 60 to 48, during this time, according to the number of wage earners employed in the industry. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 64 shows the concentration of oper- ations in a few large establishments. Of the 78 estab- lishments, 13 emplo37ed a total of 1,590 wage earners, or 62 per cent of the number employed in the industry in the United States. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The size of establishments as measured by value of prod- ucts is shown in Table 65, a large share of the total value of products for the industry—41.9 per cent-— being confined to a small number of establishments— 6.4 per cent—in 1919. Character of ownership.—The number of establish- ments, by character of ownership, with corresponding value of products, is shown for the United States and by states in Table 66. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power used in the industry will be seen by reference to Table 67. The number of horsepower is given for each kind as well as the per cent distribution. Fuel consumed.—In Table 68 is shown the kinds and amounts of fuel used in this industry in the United States in 1919 in comparison with 1914, and the consumption, by states, in 1919. Table 59.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PEK CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1910 19H 23.6 9.8 73.4 5.6 i 19.6 11.5 3-1.2 -o.s 1 . 164.6 2.4 1 Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm member?... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. Primary horsepower.. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 2 1911 1909 S3,670,392j$l, 343,171 SI, 129,614 1,017,223! 287,057i 265,548 2,653,169' 1,056,114| 864,066 14,695! l,570i 3,581 758,259 i 65,757. 54,752 16,076,3151 5,299,903 4,539,979 23,254,39S! 7,706,S43; 6,854,993 7,178,083 2,406,940 2,315.014 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 173.31 254 151.2 836.0 , 053.1 203.3| 201.7 198, 2| 1909- 1914 18.9 8.1 22.2 -.56.2 20.1 16.7 12.4 4.0 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base in less than 100. 2 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 60.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. Massachusetts — Connecticut , Ohio New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states Number of estab- lish- ments. 78 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 2,566 623 303 504 380 153 70 533 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 24.3 11.8 19.6 14,8 b.O 2.7 20.8 Rank. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $23,254 5, 515 3, 762 3,720 3,058 1,375 446 5, 379 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 23.7 16.2 16.0 13.2 5.9 1.9 23.1 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). *7,178 1,815 651 1,365 1,145 550 200 1,452 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 25.3 9.1 19.0 16.0 7.7 2,8 20.2 Rank. i All other states embrace: Illinois, 2 establishments; Maine, 3; New Jersoy, 2; Tennessee, 1; Vermont, 3; and Wisconsin, 2. (268) WOOL SHODDY. 269 Table 61.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers, Cen- sus year, 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 2,956 2,391 2,177 227 147 165 Male ! Fe- 'male. 220 i 142 154 61 55 44 37 90 43 4S 2,449 507 1,937 454 1,732; 445 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- male- 96.9 96.6 93.3 ! Cen- I sus ;Total, i year.: 17.2 81.0 J 19.0 79.6! 20.4 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. 1919 i 1914 1909 3.1 3.4 Wage earners (average number). 6.7 95.3 i 94.8! 90.8 I 98.6 1 95.7: 94.9 | 96.8! 100.0 [. 96.0 4.7; 5.2! 9.2; 1.4 I 4.3! 5.1 j 3.2 j "4:61 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age. 1919 1914 1909 163 99 1919 ! 2,566 1914 2,145 1909 1,923 1919 2,519 1914 2,141 1909 ! 1,921 Male. ! Fe- f I male. 107 SI 71 2,122 1,714 1,507 2,115 1,711! 1,505! 404! 430; 416; I 40 \ 1 i PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- i male. 56: 65.6 1 34.4 18: SI. 8 18.2 18 79.8 20.2 444; 82.7 i 17.3 431 79.9 20.1 416 i 78.4 21.6 84 .0! 79.9 78.3 | 14.9: 75.0 100.0 j 16.0 20.1 21.7 85.1 25.0 Table 62.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- P NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OP. NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. num- j mini- STATE. ber em-; Febni- \ ary. t mum ployed I during j Janu- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. ; is of I maxi- year. | ! j mum. United States: ! j 1919 2,566 2,516 S,405! 2,444 2,585 2,664 2,650 2,580 2,592 2,637 2.530 2,520 2,669 i 90.1 Males 2,122 2.054 i,956; 2,004 2,126 2,206 2; 200 2,130 2,154 2,207 2,109 2,0S9 2,230 i 87.7 Females 444 462 450' 440 459 458 450 450 438 430 421 431 439 '91.1 1914 2,145 2,143 2,224 ( 2,220 2,250 2,1SS 2,137 2,097 2,041 s, 014 2,034 2.104 2,288 : ss.o 1909 1,923 1,864 1,908 \ 1,924 1,S95 1,904 1,920 1,915 i;ss6 1,916 I", 952 1,956 2,036 j 91.6 j 303 j 294 m j 271 324 353 348 316 309 315 273 269 299 '75.1 623 I 598 5 7S I 606 634 676 644 621 60S 643 609 582 677 ■ 85.4 New York 380! 357 357 | 33$ 354 35S 372 374 404 421 402 417 405 i SO. 5 Ohio 504' 620 503 j 504 503 516 509 502 505 493 496 499 498 '94.8 Pennsylvania 153 j 15S 146 i 144 143 146 153 153 153 154 157 159 170 84.1 i i Table 63.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Cen- sus year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Cen- sus year. HEN" ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING j) HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 4S.1 48 and | 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. STATE. Total.! 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 4S. Be-: :Be-! tween; 'tween: 48 54. j 54 !60. and: 1 and j 54. j | 60. j and un- der. 54, 60. Over 60. 4&> Over 60. United States.... 1919 1914 2,566 2,145 153 (a) (2) 617 \ 275 7 l 261 516 590 498 401 731 269 393 New York 1919 1914 3S0 2S3 j 12 116 194 | 54 61 35 1919 1914 303 135 139 86 2 75 56 1 79 Ohio 1919 1914 504 I 523 j 'I 307 197 169 1 1 «■> 352 1919 1914 623 446 2 (s) 328 i 55 7 81 94 121 108 36 196 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 153 193 66 72 15 (2) 41 i i 1S3 10 il 1! i * Includes 48 and under for 1914. »Corresponding figures not available. 270 MANUFACTURES. Table 64.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 21 to 50 61 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 STATE. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. number). Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. United States 1919.. 78 04 2,50G 2,145 3 2 21 13 49 29 21 18 237 224 20 23 690 829 8 4 601 248 4 682 463 1 1 307 352 1914.. 3 Connecticut 9 303 4 5 1 8 8 2 67 295 107 1 1 84 59 237 54 I 139 169 Massachusetts 23 623 3S0 1 4 7 93 19 8 3 New York 14 1 5 17 2 3 Ohio 3 504 1 143 1 307 Pennsylvania 9 153 1 3 5 61 3 89 Table 65.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ESTAB LISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Wool shoddy 78 64 80 2,566 2,145 1,923 $23,254,398 $7,706,843 $6,854,993 $7,178,083 $2,406,940 $2,315,014 Less than $5,000 11 10 21 23 8 5 6 14 19 25 15 32 232 / 754 \ 5-43 990 8 84 514 27; 30,278 15,887 118,575 159,942 1,053,599 1,226,158 / 6,389,138; 4,182,864 \ 5,915,218 2,121,992 9.747.590 40,021 196,815 1,332,960 22,439 91,394 551,514 / 2,315,190 \ 1,696,417 2,501,129 12,867 92,761 537,430 22,953 112,618 547,497 S5,000 to $20,000 14 21 20 3 124 493 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 | 22 } 1,539 } 5,285,197 } 1,763,882 $500,000 to $1,000,000 1,279 1,631,946 $1,000,000 and over !i Wool shoddy. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 14.1 12.8 26.9 29.5 10.3 6.4 100.0 9.4 21.9 32.8 31.2 4.7 100.0 17.5 23.8 31.2 27.5 100.0 0.0 1.2 9.0 29.4 21.2 38.6 100.0 j 100.0 0.4; 3.9 j 24.0 I 1.4 6.4 25.7 66.5 100.0 0.1 0.5 4,6 27.5 25.4 41.9 100.0 0.2 2.1 15.9 54-3 27.5 0.6 2.9 19.4 100.0 0.3 1.3 7.7 32.3 23.6 34.8 100.0 0.5 3.9 22.3 73.3 100.0 1.0 4.9 23.6 Table 66.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments owned by— VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Total. Per cent of total. Total. Of establishments owned by- Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. United States 1919 26 19 36 30 29 16 15 15 2,566 1 2,145 1 1,923 , 230 281 518 2,005 1,583 1,060 331 281 345 9.0 13.1 78.1 73.8 55.1 12.9 13.1 17.9 $23,254,398 7,706,843 6,854,993 $1,922,399 1,045,922 2,130,203 $18,207,275 5,177,865 3,452,251 $3,124,724 1,483,050 1,272,539 8.3 13.6 31.1 78.3 67.2 13.4 19.2 18.6 1914 1909 36 26.9 50 4 Connecticut 5 8 3 3 11 1 303 j 623 I 380 1 153 j 70 14 81 8 i 289 513 234 4.6 13.0 2.1 95.4 82.3 61.6 67.3 55.7 3,761,820 5,514,555 3,058,292 1,374,996 444,795 37,226 090,791 26,479 i 3,724,594 4,722,055 1,493,984 1 788,875 93,347 1,0 12.5 0.9 99.0 85.6 48.8 57.4 21.0 4 3 4 2 29 138 50 4.7 36.3 32.7 101,709 1,537,829 586,121 1.9 Pennsylvania o 2 8 3 3 * 103 i 50.3 42.6 Rhode Island 1 i3i 39 44.3 J 351,448 79.0 1 Includes the group "All others." 'Includes the group "Individuals." WOOL SHODDY. 271 Table 67.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total.. Owned.... Steam * Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. HORSEPOWER. Amount. Per cent distribution, 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 153 16,694 12,440 > 12,535 9,569 6,544 6,414 130 76 2,949 7,125 6,998 127 10,748 7,498 (3) (3) 20 3,230 1,692 1,496 196 100.0 , 11,822 7,785 (») O 50 I 3,937 | 9,199 | 6,993' 2,201 1,916 1,496 420 713! 545 i 168: 57.3 30.2 33.4 0-S 0.5 17.7 42.7 41.9 0.S 738 545 193 100.0 76.1 23.9 100.0 i 86.4 60.3 C2) (s) 0,2 26.0 13.6 12.0 L6 100.0 7S.1 21.9 1909 94.3 62,1 0.4 31.8 5.7 4.3 1.3 100.0 73.8 26.2 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. * Corresponding figures not available. Table 68.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States 1919.. 1914.. Connecticut Massachusetts Anthra- j cite (tons, 2,240 pounds).! Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 6,813 9,956 157 14 45,660 41,042 6,399 10,959 Coke (tons, 2,000 j gasoline pounds).;(barrels). ! Oil.in- j eluding 535 225 125 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 4,513 65,466 New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states i. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 840 i 993 | "4*809 "1 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). ; Coke i (tons, : 2,000 'pounds). 1,950 . 14,103 2,922 250 OH, in- cluding j gasoline J (barrels).! All other states embrace: Illinois, 2 establishments; Maine, 3; New Jersey, 2; Tennessee, 1; Vermont, 3; and Wisconsin, 2. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Combined summary of materials, products, and equipment.—Comparative statistics for 1919 and 1914 are presented in Table 69 with reference to the quan- tity and cost of materials used, the quantity and value of products, and the machinery equipment common to the Avool-shoddy industry. Table 69.—MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND EQUIPMENT, WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE: 1919 AND 1914. MATERIALS. Total cost. Rags, clippings, etc.: Pounds Cost Wool and other noils and wool waste: Pounds Cost , Recovered wool fiber: Pounds Cost Wool (in condition purchased): Pounds Cost Equivalent of above in scoured condition, pounds Chemicals and dyestufls, cost All other materials, cost.. 1919 1914 Per cent of in- crease,1 1914- 1919. SI 6,076,315 $5,299,903 203.3 63,244, S68 $12,173,784 57,367,962 $3,103,864 10,2 292.2 12,361,895 $1,607,053 6.879,306 $S63,633 79.7 86.1 394,546 $13,164 1,658,432 i -76.2 $168,457 | -92.2 181,052 $164,6S6 203. S6S $S1,514 -11.2 102.0 181,052 $489,967 203,868 $103,849 -11,2 371. S $1,627,661 $978,586 66.3 Recovered wool fiber: Pounds i 58,786, i Value $20,644, ( Carbonized rags (wool extract): Pounds... -i 19,' Value ..I $S,< All other products, value. Amount received from contract work for | others on materials or goods furnished by | them EQUIPMENT. Cards, number of sets Pickers, number Garnett machines, number.. 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 In addition, in 1919, similar products to the value of $1,440,ISO;in 1914, to the value of $151,982 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other Industrie. 272 MANUFACTURES. Production of recovered wool fiber.—The total quantity in pounds of wool shoddy produced in the United States is shown in Table 70, for 1919 and 1914. A segregation of wool shoddy produced for sale and for own consumption is given according to industrial source. Table 70. -Production of Recovered Wool Fiber: 1919 and 1914. Total For sale By wool-shoddy mills By other mills For use in same establishment By establishments manufacturing primarily Woolen goods Worsted goods Felt goods Carpets aDd rugs 1919 1914 Pounds. 81,260,225 Pounds, 84, S36,759 60,881,303 44,049,410 58,786,504 2,094,799 43,156,037 893,373 20,378,922 40,787,349 17,665,485 476,460 1,394,811 S42,166 39,616,226 464,029 707,094 Scoured wool and recovered wool fiber used in wool manufactures.—Table 71 shows that, of the total pounds of new wool and recovered wool (shoddy) used in wool manufactures, 16.4 per cent was re- covered wool fiber in 1919 as compared with 18.7 per cent in 1914. Table 71.—Scoured Wool and Recovered Wool Fiber Used in Wool Manufactures: 1919 and 1914. 1919 1914 MATERIAL. Per cent of total. Per cent of total. Quantity (pounds). Quantity (pounds}. Total 353,299,316 100.0 378,652,196 100.0 Scoured wool 295,388,119 83.6 307,705,932 81.3 Recovered wool fiber 57,911,197 37,532,275 20,378,922 16.4 10,6 5.8 70,946,264 30,158,915 40,787,349 18.7 8.0 10.8 Purchased Made in establishments using GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 72 shows, for the United States, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for such states, for 1919 and 1914, as can be show^n without disclosing individual operations, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, horse- power, wages, cost of materials, and value of products. Detailed statement, by states,—Table 73 gives, in detail, the principal items of statistics for the United States as a whole and for each state, separately, that can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 72.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United State- Connecticut Massachusetts..... Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919. 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 Wage earn- ers (aver- age num- ber). 2,566 2,145 1,923 303 135 623 446 Pri- mary horse- power. 16,694 12,440 12,535 2,593 1,491 4,419 3,106 Cost of Wages* mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $2,653 1,056 2R7 66 685 240 $16,076 5,300 4,540 3.111 228 3,700 1,267 $23,254 7,707 6,855 3,762 341 5,515 1,903 New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers (aver- age num- ber). 380 283 504 523 153 193 565 Pri- mary horse- power. 3,213 1,891 1,325 1,410 872 1,307 4,272 3,235 Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $354 145 485 255 184 658 252 $1,914 768 2,355 820 825 769 4,171 1,448 $3,058 1,110 3,720 1,353 1,375 959 5,824 2,041 WOOL SHODDY. 273 Table 73.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States Connecticut Massachusetts. New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states1... PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 2,956 339 740 443 563 193 83 595 Pro- prie- tors and arm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, [super-] in- tend- ed s, and man' 64 163 Clerks, etc. Male. 107 Fe- male. 56 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 2,566 303 623 380 504 153 70 533 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. De 2,669 I Fe 2,405 My De Se Ja De De 353 Fe 677 I Fe 421 i Mh 520 j Se 170 i Ap 91 | Fe 265 578 339 493 143 64 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR ,! NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. jj Total. 2,709 711 405 498 161 91 544 16 and over. Male. 2,229 609 366 332 132 Fe- male. 438 29 65 39 166 28 1 110 Under 16. Male! Capital. Fe-I male: Salaries and wages Officials. 37 j$16,990,722 2 . 35! 2,654,641 4,731,554 1,872,358 2,618,949 1,077,203 290,298 3,715,719 $752,935 84,638 281,003 122,357 54,069 51,967 14,500 144,401 Clerks, etc. $264,2SS 12,695 58,317 21,474 127,694 15,612 120 28,376 United States Connecticut Massachusetts New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other statesJ.. expenses—continued. Salaries and Con. Wage earners. $2,653,169 286,7S1 684,722 353,695 484,668 183,585 80,161 579,557 For con- tract work. $14,695 1,805 12,702 188 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. l$54,760 5,484 13,673 1,020 12,820 3,253 18,510 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $703,499 19,040 199,737 40,065 204,091 4,352 1,521 234,693 For materials. Principal materials. $15,572,310 3,033,078 3,573,404 1,856,727 2,269,665 798,660 224,442 3,816,334 | Value Value of I added by products. ! manufac- I ture. Fuel and rent of power. $504,005 78,107 126,404 56,952 85,247 26,373 20,618 110,304 $23,254,3 3,761,820 5,514,555 3,058,292 3,720,046 1,374,996 444,795 5,379,894 $7,17S,0S3 650,635 814,747 144,613 365,134 549,963 199,735 453,256 Primary horsepower. Owned. i I Steam. Total. ; en- I i bines).) 16,694 j! 6,414 130 Inter-j nal- 1 com- bus- tion en- 76 2.593 4,419 3,213 1,325 872 544 3,728 529 !. 1,660 I. 1,670 j. 755 I. 705 !. 50 L 1,045! 130 Wa- ter pow- er.' Rent- ed.' Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. I 2,949 7,125 jj 2,201 765 905 337 172 770 1,299 1,794 1,190 570 167 322 1,783 265 145 1 All other states embrace: Illinois, 2 establishments; Maine. 3; New Jersey, 2; Tennessee, 1; Vermont, 3; and Wisconsin, 2. 5 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water mot ors (operated by water from city mains). » Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly sliaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). 111367—23 18 WOOL PULLING. Comparative summary and detailed statement.—This industry includes establishments that buy pelts and re- port their cost under11 Cost of materials/' and the value of pulled wool and skins under "Value of products," and also establishments pulling wool, on contract, from pelts owned by others and reporting as value of products only the amount received for work done. Table 74 summarizes the industry for each census year from 1899 to 1919, inclusive; and Table 75 shows detailed statistics, b}^ states. Table 74.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1919 Number of establishments 24 Persons engaged 839 Proprietors and firm members 23 Salaried employees Ill Wage earners (average number) 705 Primary horsepower 2,162 Capital. ;S8,S53,437 Salaries and wages 1,192,996 Salaries \ 283,208 Wages 909,788 Paid for contract work i 13,636 Rent and taxes , 3rno Cost of materials JH'SS?'??? Value of products 17,361,231 Value added by manufacture * ;4, Sol, 639 1914 823 i 31 | 84! 708; 2, 248 $3, 534, 203 595,506 1 143,406 i 45-2,190 i 16, 621 34,829 6,632,101 8,272,721 1,640, 620 1909 759 37 91 631 1,366 S3,247,92S 518, 511 131,596! 3S6,915 i ! 22,460! 33,241! 4,103,250 I 5,180,856 | 1,077,606 I 1904 1899 34 34 786 40 65 541 31 35 681 475 1,324 $2,534,029 820 §944,715 439,169 74,415 364,754 2S3,372 35,422 247,950 2 22,185 103,984 881,706 777,722 300 213,020 53,975 531,287 477,312 PER CENT OF INCREASE.I 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1.9 8.4 -3.4 45.3 32.1 -0.4 12.2 -7.3 43.4 -3.8 64.6 3.2 61.5 150.5 8.8 28.2 16S.2 100.3 14.9 18.1 55.0 97.5 9.0 76.8 110.1 101.2 16.9 6.1 47.1 — 18.0 -26.0 418.5 4.8 93.1 61.6 (3) (3) 109.9 59.7 (») (3) 177.4 52.2 38.6 62.9 » A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 8 Figures not strictly comparable. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 75.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United Slates Illinois New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states i... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 24 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 839 69 131 169 470 Sala- ried Pro- offi- prie- cers, tors super- and in- firm tend- mem- ents, bers. and man- agers. 23 55 5 i 6 2 | 9 6 8 10 32 Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 56 119 150 380 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 831 De 83 My 142 De 171 Minimum month. Je 613 My Ja Mh 30 ft 84 *116 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 831 132 171 445 16 and over. Male. 83 130 171 443 Fe- male.! Under 16. Male Fe- male! Capital. $8,853,437 187,822 997,948 1,638,716 6,028,951 Salaries and wages. Officials. $193,335 25,089 41,935 25,406 100,905 Clerks, etc. $89,873 2, S40 4,144 9,927 72,962 United States Illinois New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states 1... expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—Con. Wage earners. $909,788 79,225 150,440 215,714 464,409 For contract work. $13,636 13,636 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $20,941 3,780 875 10,625 5,661 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Principal materials. $159,663 $12,730,810 1,272 6,391 36,080 115,920 1,113,690 1,510,764 4,020,391 6,085,965 Fuel and rent of power. $78,782 4,501 13,997 20,471 39,810 Value of products. $17,361,231 1,314,367 '% 053,193 '15,604,276 4 '8,389,395 Value added by manu- facture. $4,551,639 196,173 528, '132 1,563,414 2,263,620 Primary horsepower. Total. 2,162 90 543 320 1,209 Owned. Steam en- gines and tur- bines. 1,320 35 535 260 490 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 150 150 Water pow- er.2 120 120 Rent- ed.* 60 449 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 160 160 * All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Indiana, 1; Maine, 2; Now York, 2; Ohio, 2; Oregon, 1; Utah, 1; Washington, 1. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains), 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power Included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). (274) WOOL SCOURING. Comparative summary and detailed statement.—The majority of woolen and worsted mills using large quan- tities of grease wool are equipped with scouring plants. Independent scouring establishments supply the market Table 76— COMPARATIVE SUMMi with the greater part of the domestic scoured wools. A comparative summary, covering 20 years, is given for the industry in Table 76; and Table 77 shows detailed statistics, by states. Y: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. PER CENT OF INCREASE.' 1919 Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital.. Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * 221 2,177 9,790 $10,049,960 3, 623,627 727,174 2,896, 453 4,603 509,497 7,228,350 13,679, 5S4 6, 451,234 1914 1909 1904 1899 24 1,194 11 * 124 1,059 7,579 $3,493,474 778,147; 161,554 616,593 9,SS9 44,389 3,176, 438 4,565,412 1 1,388,974 28 1,262! 18! 102 1,142! 6,7S2 $3,257,585 \ 700,364: 142,646 i 557,718 i 12,442 29,660 2,122,102 3,289,215 1,167,113 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1S99- 1904 S52 18 776 11; 101.6 i -5.4 48.1; 9.8 55 45 78.2! 21.6 85.5 779' 720 105.6 | -7.3 46.6 \ 8.2 3,478 i 2,900 29.2! 11.8 95.0' 19.9 SI, 1S7, 716 $1,061,123 187.7 , 7.2 174.3 11.9 475,505 410,617 365.7; 11.1 47.3 15. S 77.694 72,011 350.1 I 13.3 83.6 i 7.9 397, 811 338,606; 369. S 10.6 40.2 \ 17. 5 —53.5! -20.5 2 25, 461 214,624 1,052,909: 838,285 2 39,245 193,826 SS9,S09 695,983 1,047.8 49.7 49.7 38.8 19.0 127.6 1 199.6; 364.5 («)! (•) 39.2; (s) 20. i 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Exclusive of internal revenue. 1 Figures not strictly comparable. '"' ' 'icts les * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 77.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States California Massachusetts All other states1... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 33 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 2,407 96 1,074 1,237 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male, 70 52 I 3 9 i 6 61 I 43 Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR j NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. i 16 and over Aver- age num- ber. 1,012 1,079 Number, 15th day of— Maximum j Minimum month. I month. Au 2,553 Mil 1,65S Au 10S ! Mh 2$ De 1,195 Mh 75S Total. 2,554 90 1,195 1,269 Male. ; Fe- ] I male.; Under 16. :,369 | 185 Capital. Fe- male. 56 | 34 j. 1,161! 34 L 1,152 | 117 j. Salaries and wages. Officials. ! c^> .510,049,960 19S,402 2,679,702 7,171,856 $523,681 I 8203,493 12,9*5 212^785 i 297,911 3, 575 19,370 180,548 United States. California Massachusetts.... All other states i. expenses—continued. Salaries and] [wages—Con. Wage earners. $2,896,453 86,659 1,497,574 1,312,220 For contract work. $4,603 4,603 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. §59,839 $449,658 9,270 17,925 32,644 1,400 210,307 237,891 For materials. Principal materials. $6,789,007 94,171 838,883 5,855,953 Fuel and rent of power. $439,343 17,428 211,312 210,603 Value of products. $13,679.. 584 268,359 3.669.320 9,741,905 Value added by manu-" facture. Primary horsepower. Owned. i! Total. $6,451,234 i| 9,790 156,760 2,619,125 3,675,349 391 4,62S 4, 771 Steam en- gines and tur- bines. 5, .865 275 2,295 3,295 Inter-! nal- | com- I bus-: lion i en-; gines.; Water pow- Rent- ed.3 :! Elec- ;! trie ij horse- power \ gener- ated in ! est&b- I meats report- !j ing. 875 ! 3,050 I 116 875 j 1,458! 1,476 150 424 * All other states embrace: Delaware, 1 establishment; Illinois, 4; Kentucky, 1; New Jersey, 2; New Mexico, 1; New York, 1; Ohio, 1; Oregon, 2; Pennsylvania, 3; Wisconsin, 1. 2 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply) and water motors (operated by water from city mains). a Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (,or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants), (275) CORDAGE AND TWINE, JUTE GOODS, AND LINEN GOODS. By Arthur J. Leok. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The statistics presented in this report cover the operations of three classes of establishments, distinguished with respect to their primary products and designated as follows: (1) Cordage and twine; (2) jute goods; and (3) linen goods. A large quantity of cordage and twine, more especially binder twine, is manufactured in penal institutions; but such institutions were not required to file returns, and their operations are not included in this report except for the quantity and value of products reported by establishments that furnished materials and had the work done by such institutions on a contract basis. Importance and growth of the industry.—The progress of the industry from 1899 to 1919 is shown in Table 1, combined as one industry, with separate statistics for each branch. The cordage and twine unit is the largest of the three and in 1919 employed 66.1 per cent of the average number of wage earners, and reported 76.3 per cent of the value of products for the group. A detailed account of the items presented in this table will be found in the suc- ceeding tables. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Measured by value of products, Massachusetts was the leading state in 1919 in the manufacture of cord- age and twine, jute goods, and linen goods, as shown in Table 2. During that year the combined value of products for the three states—Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey—formed over one-half of the total output in the United States. There are states which rank higher in value of products than some that are shown in the table, but data for such states could not be presented without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. (276) Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 3 shows comparative statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 with reference to the number of persons, both male and female, engaged in the industry. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—A monthly account of the number of wage earners employed in the industry is given in Table 4 according to the principal states. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows the changes which have taken place in five years with respect to the number of hours of employment for the industry in the United States and for selected states during 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 6 gives the distribution of the number of wage earners, by states, for 1919 and comparatively for the United States for 1919 and 1914, showing a slight deflection in the total employed in the industry in 1919. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 7 reveals the fact that 81.2 per cent of the total value of products for the industry, in 1919, was manufac- tured by less than one-fourth of the total number of establishments. Figures are also shown for 1914 and 1909. Character of ownership.—The corporate form of ownership largely predominated in this industry, figures for which are shown in Table 8 for the years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The types of prime movers are shown in Table 9, with number of engines or motors and horsepower for each kind of power used in 1919. Fuel consumed, by states.—Statistics on the quan- tity of various kinds of fuel used in the industry during 1919 are shown in Table 10. CORDAGE AND TWINE, JUTE GOODS, AND LINEN GOODS. 277 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1919 Cordage and Twine, Jute Goods, and Linen Goods. Number of establishments Persons engaged . Proprietors and firm members j Salaried employees! Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Paid for contract work < Bent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 3. CORDAGE AND TWINE. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture3 JUTE GOODS. Number of establishments Persons engaged - - Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture8 LINEN GOODS. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture8 $149, 28, 22, 7, 111, 174, 63, 156 2?, 889 42 2,197 26,650 104,847 112,428 230,830 45S, 841 771,989 323,358 601,979 604,303 807,220 202,917 1914 160 28,909 57 1,529 27,323 93,937 $98,561,044 13,886', 970 2,445; 247 11,441,723 21,810 701,740 60,474,417 83,235,068 22,760,651 1909 151 26,193 72 1,255 24,866 77,091 S73,552,315 10,628,763 1,785,541 8,843,242 13,375 575,849 39,536; 892 59,121", 989 19,585,097 $100, 18, 4, 14. $41, 7, 1, 6, 1, 17, 34, 16; 120 19,232 29 1,5S1 17,622 66,643 248,987 715,562 015,501 700,061 276,617 235,378 705,282 366,476 661,194 26 7,5S7 13 436 7,135 32,135 335,845 550,301 114,015 436.256 46; 741 194,102 70S, 834 442,698 733, S64 10 2,070 1.80 1,890 6,069 527,596 964,967 329,325 635,642 172,499 190,187 998,046 S07,859 105 16,849 3S 1,042 15,769 55,377 $72,472,169 8,624,886 1,629,290 6,995,596 1,455 457.018 43,605,473 59,761,486 16,156,013 34 8,307 17 303 7,9S7 28,62S $17,279,006 3,575,314 515,304 3,060,010 19,781 164,801 12,579,840 16,513,874 3,934,034 21 3,753 2 184 3,567 9,932 $8,809, 869 1)686; 770 300,653 1,386,117 '574 79,921 4,2S9,104 6,959,70S 2,670, 604 112 15,559 61 869 14,629 47,269 $52,304,938 6'. 505,512 1,201,122 5,304,390 13,375 313, S92 29,315,402 4i; 941, .541 12,626,139 24 6,901 10 227 6,664 20,993 $13,789,951 2,701,172 375,531 2,325,641 1904 133 25,554 54 992 24,503 65,984 $54,423,531 10,075,517 1,494,732 8,5S0.785 253,944 2 455,129 44,890,546 62,939,329 18,048,7S3 1S99 141 21,644 100 641 20,903 47, 733 $41,991, 762 7,283,931 957,190 6,331,741 26,118 3 381.423 32,197, SS5 47,601,607 15,403,722 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- j 1909- 1919 ! 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 14, 41, $37,110, 6,33S; 999; 5,333, 252; * 2565 36,095, 48,017. 11,921. 102 396 Hi 614! 041! 521 1 038; S60 I 178 j 472! 513 i 747 I 139 ) 392! 204,120 6,254,918 10,795,230 4,540,312 15 3.733 1 159 3,573 8'. 829 $7,457,426 1,422,099 20i?,SSS 1,213,211 16 6,238 3 152 6,083 IS, 810 $11,019,132 2,248,027 330", 041 1,917,986 3 159,342 5,054.130 9,065,802 4,011,672 15 3,920 57,837 3,966,572 6,385", 218 2.418, $46 109 3,811 6,133 $6,293,878 i;4S9,452 164.831 1,324,621 1,522 M9,274 3,740,669 5,856,3SS 2,115,719 105 13,627 77 436 13,114 33,657 $29.275,470 4,7.80,048 666,9:56 4,113.112 3,721 a 223.604 26,632; 006 37, S49,651 11,217,645 18 4,606 12 88 4,506 8,191 $7,027,293 1,329,103 147,313 1,181,790 22.397 3 9S;004 3,015,362 5,3S3,797 2.36$, 435 IS 3.411 11 117 3,283 5,8-85 $5,688,999 1,179,780 142,941 1,036'. 839 3 59,815 2,550,517 4,36$, 159 1,817,642 i -2.5 6.0 13. 5 -5.7 ! -0.1 10.4 2. 5 18.1 ; 1 43.7 21.8 26.5 54.8 1 -2.5 9 9 1.5 17.2 11.6 21. 9 16.8 38.2 51.3 34.0 35.1 29.6 103. 3 30.7 5. 5 3S.2 123.2 37.0 19.5 56.2 99." 0 29.4 3.1 35.5 9KJ. 3 21.9 23.8 21.9 84.5 .53.0 -11.9 39.4 110.0 40.8 -6.1 32.2 177.7 16.2 8.5 17.2 14 3 -6.3 9.S — 2, Q 14.1 8.3 1.1 13.6 51.7 19.9 IS. 9 67.7 11.8 7. 8 0.1 11.4 20.3 17.2 15.2 21.9 38.:, 38.6 40.9 26. S 117.0 32.6 2.6 32.6 146.5 35.6 20.1 49.9 110. 1 3L9 -0.6 29.8 1.264. 4 45,6 22.4 14.7 105. 7 48.7 -1S.S 35.5 123.2 42.5 -1.2.7 26.9 170. 2 2S.0 5.9 6.3 -8.7 20.4 10.6 35.4 43. 9 33.5 49.3 72.7 -10.6 19.9 9,6 35.0 12. 3 36. 4 11.6 129.6 139.2 25.3 25.1 56.8 111.2 32.4 20,2 69.1 116. 2 37.2 13.8 124 0 1 110.3 31.6 21.3 62.3 624 6 -19.3 28.1 62.6 41X8 101.1 23.8 67.6 108.6 53.0 19.1 6S.4 • 325.4 -13.4 13.2 69.4 i jj -44.8 0.5 -4.S 14 9 ■*"-2;2" 15.7 45.9 -6.8 -47.0 -0. 2 -6.2 16.1 -38.9 12. 5 440 4.2 -14.6 18.1 1 18.5 10.6 16.5 13.6 i -4.5 26.2 9.5 43.9 j 26.7 15.3 18.0 14,3 i -S.4 27.8 1 ilk $ 33,2 j 17,4 -17.6 -2.3 8.1 ! 6.0 46.7 0.6 9.0 i 9.0 341 5.1 10.4 1 14 3 16.4 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are not shown where base is less than 100, or where figures are not strictly comparable. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value, of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES. RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States... Massachusetts New York New Jersey. Pennsylvania... 156 27 WAGE EARNERS. 26,650 6,850 4,791 3,034 2,763 I! 100.0 25.7 18.0 11.4 10.4 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Ill $174,807 47,151 31,151 17,442 14,362 d! 13 100.0;.... 27.0 17.8 10.0 8.2 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. g 3 !$63,203 17,561 11,969 6,220 6,101 ^3 100.0 27.8 18.9 9.8 9.7 & ca I Alabama Connecticut. Kentucky Rhode Island.. All other states WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ! ADDED BY j MANUFACTirRE. 3«)Q III i$2,231 '1,933 1,S44 645 58,045 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.4 33.2 \: 2 Vi P ii §1* iS $650 j 495 1 902 195 19,110 1.0! 0.8 1.4 0.3 30.2 278 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. per cent I PER CENT Cen- sus year. Fe- male, OF TOTAL. Cen- sus year. i Fe- j male. OF TOTAL. CLASS. Total. Male, Male, Fe- male, CLASS. Total. Male. Male. Fe- male. Cordage and Twine, Jute JUTK GOODS. ; Goods, and Linen Goods. • Total 1919 7,587 3,577 4,010 47.1 52.9 Total 1919 28, 8S9 16,112 12,777 55. 8 44.2 i 1914 8,307 4,075 j 4,232 49.1 50.9 1914 2S, 909 15,879 13,030 54.9 45.1 i 1909 6,901 3 ,186! 3,715 46.2 53.8 1909 26,193 14,291 11,902 54.6 45.4 PrnT»ri Afrkrct q r\ff\r>io !c .... i in 1 40 1 t | o _ lyiy 1914 149 14o i 1 i 99. o 98.3 0. 7 1.7 Proprietors and officials , 1919 892 870 22 97.5 2.5 1 115 113! 2 1 1914 546 535 11 98.0 2.0 1909 64 63 i 1 j 98.4 1.6 1909 442 430 12 97.3 2.7 i j Proprietors and firm members... 1919 42 40 2 95.2 4.8 Proprietors and firm members... 1919 13 13; { 1 100.0 1914 17 16 i 94.1 5.9 1914 57 .54 3 94.7 5.3 1909 10 10 1 100.0 1909 72 64 8 88.9 11.1 Salaried officers of corporations. 1919 29 28 1 i! 96,6 3 4 Salaried officers of corporations.. 1919 214 206 8 96.3 3.7 1914 38 37' 1 i 97.4 2.6 1914 176 169 7 96.0 4.0 1909 22 21! 1 95.5 4.5 1909 145 141 4 97.2 2.8 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 107 107 100.0 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 636 624 12 98.1 1.9 1914 60 60 i 100.0 1914 313 312 1 99.7 0.3 1909 32 32 100.0 1909 225 225 100.0 Clerks and other subordinate salaried 1919 300 189 ill i 63.0 37.0 Clerks and other subordinate salaried 1919 1,347 837 510 62.1 37.9 I employees. 1914 205 158 47 i 77.1 22.9 employees. 1914 1,040 747 293 71.8 28.2 1 1909 173 137 36! 79.2 20.8 1909 885 676 209 76.4 23.6 1 I 1 Wage earners (average number) 1919 7,138 3,240 3,898: 45.4 54.6 Wage earners (average number) 1919 26,650 14,405 12,245 54.1 45.9 I 1914 7,987 3,804 4,183 47.6 52.4 1914 27,323 14,597 12,726 53.4 46.6 1909 6,664 2,986 3,678 1 44,8 55.2 1909 24,866 13,185 11,681 53.0 47.0 j 16 years of age and over 1919 6,894 3,136 3,758: 45.5 54.5 16 years of age and over 1919 25,795 14,002 11,793 54.3 45.7 1 1914 7,714 3,657 4,057 I 47.4 52.6 1914 26,195 14,153 12,042 54,0 46.0 I 1909 6,281 2,765 3,516 41.0 56.0 1909 23,267 12,315 10,952 52.9 47.1 i Under 16 years of age 1919 244 104 140 j 42.6 57.4 Under 16 years of aije 1919 855 403 452 47.1 52.9 ! 1914 273 147 126 53.8 46.2 1914 1,128 444 684 39.4 60.6 1 1909 383 221 162; 57.7 42.3 1909 1,599 870 729 54.4 45.6 LINEN GOODS. CORDAGE AND TWINE. j Total 1919 2,070 998 1,072 48.2 51.8 ! 1914 3,753 1,538 2,215 41.0 59-0 Total 1919 19,232 11,537 7,695 60.0 40.0 1909 3,733 1,644 2,089 1 44.0 56.0 1914 16 8-19 10,266 6 583 60. 9 39.1 1909 15;559 9^461 6,'098 60!8 39^2 Proprietors and officials 1919 44 42 2 • 95. 5 4.5 1914 58 58 1UU. V Proprietors and officials 1919 699 680 19 97.3 2.7 1909 47 47 100.0 1914 373 364 9 97.6 2.4 1909 331 320 11 96.7 3.3 Proprietors and firm members... 1919 1914 2 2 100.0 Proprietors and firm members... 1919 29 27 2 93.1 6.9 1909 1 1 100.0 1914 38 36 2 94.7 5.3 1909 61 53 8 86.9 13.1 I Salaried officers of corporations.. 1919 11 11 100.0 1914 17 17 100.0 Salaried officers of corporations.. 1919 174 167 7 98.0 4.0 1909 15 15 100.0 1914 121 115 6 95.0 5.0 1909 108 105 3 97.2 2.8 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 33 31 2 93.9 , 6.1 1914 39 39 100.0 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 496 486 10 98.0 2.0 1909 31 31 100.0 1914 214 213 1 99.5 0.5 1 ) (2) (*) (2) (3) (2) 39,898,873 S2,991,141 13, 533,529 SI, 042, 457 13,244,198 $2, 539, 906 26,814,920 $2, 097, 319 302, 286,862 S24, 094,565 16,948, 915 SI, 637, 511 285, 337, 947 $22, 457, 054 105, 249, 677 S13,996, 522 i $59,121, 989 1919 239, 031, 893 $19,850,635 125,789, 435 $10, 719,269 (2) (2) (2) (3) Twine, other than binder—Contd. Cotton- Pounds Value Jute- Pounds Value Hemp— Pounds Value Flax- Pounds Value Other, including mixed- Pounds Value (2) (2) 64,165,218 S4,245,723 16,760,763 $3,011,613 27,749, 512 $1, 566,160 4,566,965 j $307,870 189,172,151 $14,079,671 24,380,247 $2,173, 078 161,591,308 , $11,714,557 j 3, 200, 596 $192, 036 75,816,653 $8, 934,352 Yarns for sale: Pounds.. Value.... Jute- Pounds.. Value.... Other- Pounds.. Value.... Linen thread: Pounds... Value Woven goods: Linen- Square yards Value Jute- Carpets and rugs- Square yards Value Bagging for baling cotton- Square yards Value. Other bags and bagging- Square yards Value Webbing (not over 12 in. width)— Linear yards Value All other jute wo\ en goods- Square yards Value I All other woven goods- Square yards 1 Value! All other products, value. 1914 23,43S, 440 $12,288,755 52,398,422 $10,904,168 7,988,085 $3, 864,311 84, 415 $113, 836 j 8,449,668 $3,158, 581 60,483,739 I $13,288,394 j 56,407,631! $11,587,402' I 4,076,108 i $1,700,992 \ 4,279,264 I $6,690,440 i 14, 341,720 $3, 798, 974 2, 288, 270 $1, 600, 677 75,204,744 $11,339,670 3,554,323 , $666,887 25,417,400 $1,053,170 4, 013, 586 $1,696,444 219,489 $154,990 $2, 562, 235 17,927,286 $3,472, 056 55, 282,159 $5,268,357 9,318,771 $1, 583,354 3, 953,622 $1, 051, 684 18,767, 839 $2,621, 071 75,875,322 $8,320,186 69,827,005 $7, 357,888 6,048, 317 $962, 298 5, 707, 668 $3, 409,136 10,799,628 $1,765,798 4, 862,302 $1,172, 257 131, 827, 658 $6, 440, 594 (2) (3) (2) V) $2, 505,152 1909 20, 412, 631 $3, 518, 036 35, 516, 217 $2, 557,744 8, 013,349 $1,091,291 2,967, 053 .* $830, 969 8,907, 403 $936,312 68,731, 258 $5, 434, 037 62, 512, 247 $4, 361, 550 6,219, on $1, 072, 487 6, 530, 503 $3,407, 008 10, 460, 993 SI, 574, 653 2, 206,114 $549, 221 69,311, 288 $3, 507,482 8 8 SI, 784,930 1 In addition, cordage and twine, jute goods, and linen goods to the value of $11,628,911 in 1919, $5,480,558 in 1914, and $4,472,546 in 1909, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. Of these amounts, $8,142,490 in 1919, $3,683,348 in 1914, and $3,581,917 in 1909 represent the value of the twine and cordage and rope made by cotton mills engaged chiefly in the manufacture of yarn. 2 Not reported separately. Table 13.— TOTAL PRODUCTION OF COTTON TWINE, CORDAGE AND ROPE, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. PRODUCT AND STATE. Cotton twine Alabama Connecticut Georgia r Massachusetts... New York North Carolina.. South Carolina.. All other states.. QUANTITY (POUNDS). VALUE. PRODUCT AND STATE. QUANTITY (POUNDS). VALUE. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 35,298,635 31,228,601 $18,224,000 $6,268,291 Cotton cordage and rope 18,762,942 18,812,856 $8,977,060 $3,442,057 3,722,117 2, 246,769 1,641,714 1,464,547 1,.560,352 3,537,401 3,122,482 18,003,253 1,245,323 2,272,784 5,248,751 1,616,629 650,000 3,280,892 3,470,690 13,443,532 1,843,999 1,472,559 885,774 721,074 557,177 1,705,362 1,832,320 9,205,735 269,519 530,641 2,319,467 1,284,464 2,721,463 5,281,700 1,187,327 1,347,351 4,621,170 3,221,119 1,601,895 1,62,1,233 4,672,788 826,998 2,485,554 4,383,269 907,314 543,837 1,253,871 3,367,032 536,989 461,021 1,906,096 453,127 330,872 257,094 1,131,893 150,163 317,801 801,107 Georgia 1,130,918 360,506 144,167 658,501 603,921 Massachusetts North Carolina Pennsylvania 2,670,118 CORDAGE AND TWINE, JUTE 283 GOODS, AND LINEN GOODS. GENERAL TABLES. Table 14 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909 in totals for the United States, and for 1919 and 1914 for states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the combined industry. Table 15 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each branch sepa- rately, for each state that can be shown without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 14.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1910, 1914, AND 1909. United States Alabama Connecticut Kentucky Massachusetts Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 156 160 151 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 26,650 27,323 24,866 475 460 348 316 469 506 6,850 1,541 Primary horse- power. 104,817 93,937 77,091 2,580 1,935 1,160 1,255 1,185 1,625 34,883 4,605 I Cost of! Value of Wages. I mate- j ^. ! nals- 1 ucts. Expressed in thousands. $22,772 11,442 8,843 $111,604 60,474 39,537 301 154 226 103 269 159 6,225 652 $174, SO: 83,235| 59,122 1,581 829 1,43S 506 942 611 29,590 1,795 2,231 1,135 1,933 666 1,844 47,151 3,050 j Cen- ! sus j year. Wage i Niim-: earners i ber of j (aver- | estab- j age lish- Intents.I New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... Rhode Island. i All other states. ! I j 1919 9 j 1914 6 | 1919 22 1 1914 12 1 '1919 27 | 1914 28 ■ 1919 5 j 1914 1919 57 j 1914 82 num- ber). Primary horse- power. 3,034 I 760! 4,791 i 3,804 | 2,763 , 2,678 j 125 i 134 | 7,795 I 17,124 j 1 Cost of V^fue Wages, mat*- j ^ naJs' i ucts. Expressed i thousands. 8,776 3,366 19,767 11,935 7,558 7,028 398' 23,349 61,790 $2,385 315 4,484 1,706 2,464 1,071 92 52 I 6,326 i 7,230 $11,222 2,2S1 19,185 8,247 8,261 5,057 449 179 38,936 40,969 [$17,442 2,863 31,154 11,971 14,362 6,776 645 279 58,045 55,612 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. INDUSTBT AND STATE. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. United States Cordage and twine Alabama Connecticut Kentucky Massachusetts New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states 156 Jute goods New Jersey Pennsylvania.... All otner states2. Linen goods Massachusetts All other states3. 120 4 9 4 13 6 20 5 19 J 5 35 j 1 28,889 19,232 494 395 491 2,995 2, 513 4, 434 478 2,082 140 5,210 7, 587 729 849 6,009 2,070 1,288 782 42 Sala- ried Pro- offi- prie- cers, tors super- and in- firm tend- mem- ents, bers. and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Male. 837 670 11 26 15 70 61 215 19 46 6 201 13! 136 ...I 16 8 19 5 j 101 I ..J 44 ...I 18 ...j 26 I 575 5 6 4 74 102 200 9 46 2 127 189 7 19 163 73 35 38 Fe- male. Aver- num- ber. 510 126,650 II De 27,877 336 3 11 3 104 16 96 6 14 4 79 111 6 10 95 63 16 47 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. 17,622 475 348 469 2,743 2,334 3,918 444 1,970 125 4,796 7,138 i 700 793! 5,645! 1, 890 1,219 671 Ap 25,622 De 18,303 Au Au De Mh De De De Oc De 53S 366 520 2,948 2,414 4, 324 518 2,135 148 Au No Se 7,513 773 932 De De 2, 079 1,283 Ap 17, 034 Oc Mn Ja Au Mn Mh Mh 412 330 362 2, 574 2,225 3,633 366 1,683 104 Ap 6,702 Fe 613 Ja 617 1,798 1,164 "WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 28,438 18,899 539 375 520 2,720 2,403 4,294 514 2,144 148 5,242 7,486 761 887 5,838 2,053 1,310 743 16 and over. Under 16. Male. 16,133 10,907 248 170 281 1,911 1,087 2,517 309 1,113 77 3,194 3,351 310 496 2,545 875 523 352 Fe- | male. Male 12,387 7,504 291 172 235 729 1,167 1, 738 157 982 65 1,968 3,881 421 386 3,074 1,002 614 388 438 480 male 227 $149,112,428 Capital. 41,335,845 2. 651, 034 4,546,103 34,138,708 7.627, 596 5,257,364 2,270,232 Salaries and wages. Officials. S3,521,633 Clerks, etc. $1,937,208 2,673,633 34,657 60,222 32,315 237,130 441,197 735,081 40,273 369,260 9,050 714,448 681,074 100,280 119,004 461,790 166,926 77,796 88,130 1,341,868 7,085 13,213 7,284 255,904 215,581 440,349 12,630 94, 249 3,411 292,162 432,941 20,619 28,506 383, 816 162,399 83,708 78,691 INDUSTRY AND STATE. Salaries and| wages- Continued. Wage earners. United States... ;$22, 771,989 Cordage and twine... Alabama Connecticut Kentucky ... Massachusetts -.. New Jersey New York North Carolina .. Pennsylvania Rhode Island.... All other states^ . For con- tract work. $323,3.58 14,700,061 301, 308 225,948 269, 435 2, 360, 026 1, 794, 974 3, 683,418 258,477 1, 723,360 91,714 3, 991,401 Jute goods I 6,436,286 New Jersey.. Pennsylvania All other states2.. 589,684 740,204 5,106,398 Linen goods 1,635,642 Massachusetts ;1,105,526 A11 other states 3...; 530,116 expenses—continued. Rent and taxes. $187,574 276,617 350 250," 665' 267 23, 591 2,409 46,741 46,741 Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $7, 414, 405 137,376 1,162 780 24,800 11, 820 49, 263 436 43, 860 1,985 3,270 37,667 9,107 28,560 12,531 10,000 2,531 $109,605,974 $1, 998,329 6, 098, 002 48, 835 17, 271 71, 825 2, 696, 563 538,968 812, 364 60,405 102,623 10,186 1, 738,962 1,156,435 214,335 137, 553 804,547 159, 968 136,273 23,695 For materials. Principal ^ *nfd! materials. j ™*tof power. I Value of products. |$174,807,220 88, 324,147 1, 529, 429 1, 426,142 915,388 19,227,341 j 9,610,371 17,305,474 1 1,776,403; 5,858,552 443,410! 30,231,637 I 17, 255,328 1, 393,656 2, 254, 967 13, 606,705 4, 026,499 3,231,247 795,252 1, 381,135 51,847 11,886 26,630 203, 609 178, 949 301, 024 28,658 109,739 5, 989 462,801 453, 506 39,407 37,388 376,711 163,688 97,242 66,446 133, 366, 476 2, 230, 905 1, 932, 997 1, 843, 810 28, 086, 044 14,540, 263 27,643, 710 2,386,373 9, 843, 454 644, 636 44,214,28-1 34, 442, 698 2,902, 057 4, 518,328 27, 022,313 6, 998, 046 5,177,679 1, 820,367 Value added by manu- facture. $63,202,917 43,661,194 649,629 494,969 901, 792 8, 655, 094 4,750,943 10, 037, 212 581,312 3,875,163 195, 237 13,519,843 16,733, 864 1, 468,994 2,225,973 13,038, 897 2, 807, 859 1,849,190 958,669 Total. 104,847 66,643 2,580 1,160 1,185 10, 957 6,376 16, 267 2,175 5,283 589 20,071 32,135 2,400 2, 275 27,460 6,069 3,780 2,289 Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- | bines).; Steam tur- bines. 47,489 110,842 36,553 1,375 600 5,191 4,717 5,580 1,100 4,735 195 13,060 8,420 2,375 2,140 3, 905 2, 516 2,100 416 4,292 3,667 625 6,100 6,100 450 450 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 225 *105" "i85" "l3Q 12 12 121 "m Water pow- 18,845 4,219 i, 077 ""478 26,893 414 1,050 60 240 900 13,046 13,046 1, 580 880 700 Rent- ed.c Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. i 24,377 10,206 78 42 1,893 2,328 2,119 7 845 13,076 60 85 12,931 1, 095 1,095 1 All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 3; Indiana, 1; Iowa, 1; Maine, 1: Maryland, 1; Michigan, 2; Minnesota, 1; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, 2; New Hampshire, 1; Ohio, 7; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 1; South Carolina, 2; Tennessee, 2: Texas. 1; Virginia. 1; Washington, 1; and Wisconsin, 3. 'All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Delaware, 1; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 1; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 2; Missouri, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New York, 1; North Carolina, 2; South Carolina, 2; and Virginia, 1. 3 All other states embrace: Michigan, 1 establishment; Minnesota, 2; New Hampshire, 2; and New York, 1. * Includes water wheels, turbines, and water motors. » Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly sbaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). FUR-FELT HATS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The fur-felt hat industry consists of establishments engaged in the manufacture of soft and stiff hats chiefly for men's wear. The raw material used, hatters' fur, is cut principally from the rabbit and hare, although the fur of other animals is used to a certain extent. The two natural divisions of the industry are making hat bodies (hats in the rough) and finishing hats. The larger manufacturers perform the complete operation from the fur to the finished hat while numerous smaller ones are either engaged in the making of hats in the rough or in finishing hats. Comparative summary.—A summarization of the industry as a whole is presented in Table 16 for each census year from 1899 to 1919, inclusive. Summary for the two branches of the industry.— Table 17 gives a summary of statistics, for 1919, with respect to the two branches of the industry, estab- lishments engaged exclusively in finishing hats, and those making either hat bodies or the hat complete. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—In Table 18 are shown the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, for the principal states representing the industry in 1919, ranked according to value of products. Principal cities in the industry.—Statistics for the cities which have a leading part in the industry are presented in Table 19 with respect to number of establishments and value of products for 1919 and 1914. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 20 gives the number of males and females employed in the industry in 1919, 1914, and 1909, with percentages for each according to class of work performed. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—The total average number of wage earners employed in the industry, together with the number employed on the 15th (or nearest representative day) of each month during the year 1919 is given in Table 21 by states. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 22 shows that of the several groups of wage earners, classed according to the prevailing hours of labor per week, the largest number were employed 44 or less hours per week in 1919, between 48 and 54 in 1914, and from 54 to 60 in 1909. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 23 presents statistics, by states, with respect to the size of establishments based on the average number of wage earners employed in the industry during 1919. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The size of establishments as measured by value of products in 1919, 1914, and 1909 is shown in Table 24. Character of ownership.—Table 25 presents statistics with reference to the character of ownership, or legal organization, of establishments in the industry, for the leading states, in 1919 and 1914. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power used in the industry are shown in Table 26 with the number and horsepower of each, in 1919, 1914, and 1909. Statistics on owned and rented power are shown separately. Fuel consumed.—Table 27 shows the kinds and quantity of fuel used in the industry in 1919 in comparison with 1914. Table 16.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments, Persons engaged Proprietors and Arm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower. Capital - Salaries and wages Salaries Wages — Paid for contraot work Kent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * 1919 176 20,318 148 1,660 IS, 510 20,389 $5S, 127,770 24,274,203 4,631,672 19,642,531 23,404 2,353,266 40,15$, 019 82,745,308 42,5S7,2S9 1914 224 22,932 163 1,451 21,318 20,851 $39,401,429 14,000,263 1,929,451 12,070,812 19,825 324,626 16,947,058 37,349,744 20,402,638 1909 273 27.091 '264 1,763 25; 064 19,245 $35,733,594 16,319, SSI 2,096,6S9 14,223,192 326,697 286,573 22,109,231 47,$64,630 25,755,399 1904 216 23,666 252 1,367 22; 047 16,630 $23,258,104 12,770,473 1,4SS, 236 11,282,237 159,793 5 212,905 15,975,206 36,629.353 20,654,147 1899 171 19,814 208 726 IS, $80 11,843 $16,701,308 10,063,262 943,993 9,119,264 97,943 i146,783 13,513,668 27,811,1S7 14,297,519 PEB CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 -21.4 -11.4 -9.2 14.4 -13.2 -2.2 47.5 73.4 140.1 62.7 1S.1 624.9 137.0 121.5 103.7 1909- 1914 -17.9 -15,4 -3a 3 -17.7 -119 S.3 10.3 -14.2 -8,0 -15.1 -93.9 13,3 -23.3 —22.0 -20.8 1904- 1909 26.4 14.5 4.8 29.0 13.7 15.7 53.6 27.8 40.9 26,1 104 5 3$. 4 30.7 24.7 1899- 1904 26.3 19.4 21.2 8S.3 16,8 40.4 39.3 26.9 57.7 23.7 63,1 18.2 31.7 44.5 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 8 Value of products less cost of materials. (285) 286 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.—SUMMARY FOR THE TWO BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY: 1919. Number of establishments ... Persons engaged in the industry... Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital , Total for the industry. 176 20.318 148 1,660 18,510 20,389 $58,127,770 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN— Making hat bodies or hats complete. 64 17,430 40 1,285 16,105 i 19,370 051,896,400 Finishing hats. 112 2,888 108 375 2,405 1,019 $6,231,370 Mak- ing hat bodies or hats com- plete. per cent DISTRIBU- TION. 36.4 85.8 27.0 77.4 87.0 95.0 89.3 Fin- ishing hate. 63.6 14.2 73.0 22.6 13.0 5.0 10.7 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Kent and taxes (including inter- nal revenue) Cost of materials Value of products . Value added by manufacture1 Total for the industry. $24,274,203 4,631,672 19,642,531 23,404 2,353,266 40,158,019 82,745,308 42,587,289 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN— Making hat bodies or hats complete. $20,671,369 3,840,532 16,830,837 4,476 2,140,469 30,446,116 67,336,833 36,890,717 Finishing hats. $3,602,834 791,140 2,811,694 18,928 212^ 797 9,711,903 15,408,475 5,696,572 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 18.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. PER CENT DISTRIBU- TION. Mak- ing hat bodies or hats com- plete. Fin- ishing hats. 85.2 14.8 82.9 17.1 85.7 14.3 19.1 80.9 91.0 9.0 75.8 24.2 81.4 18.6 86.6 13.4 United States Connecticut New York Peniisylvania New Jersey Missouri California Illinois All other states..... Number of estab- lish- ments. WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 18,510 4,580 4,088 5,414 3,303 323 69 36 697 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 24.7 22.1 29.2 17.8 1.7 0.4 0.2 3.8 Rank; VALUE OF PRODUCTS Amount (expressed in thousands). $82,745 23,152 19,888 17,995 16,625 1,479 558 344 2.704 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 28.0 24.0 21.7 20.1 1.8 0.7 0.4 3.3 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE, Amount (expressed in thousands). $42,587 10,948 9,097 12,077 8,390 458 159 155 1,303 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 25.7 21.4 28.4 19.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 3.0 Rank. Table 19.—PRINQIPAL CITIES IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. Philadelphia, Pa Danbury, Conn. New York, N. Y NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS* 1919 1914 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 $15,952,099 16,089,308 11,760,387 1914 $9,914,443 7,066,765 3,601,944 Newark, N. J. Orange, N. J.. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 1914 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 $9,103,649 5,573,569 1914 $3,900,954 2,822,860 Table 20.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 20,318 22,932 27,091 596 777 148 163 284 210 161 137 322 272 376 Male. 14,826 16,909 19,572 634 569 735 147 159 258 204 157 136 283 253 341 Fe- male. 6,492 6,023 7,519 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 73.0 73.7 72.2 93.2 95.5 94.6 99.3 97.5 97.7 97.1 97.5 99.3 87.9 93.0 90*7 Fe- male. 27.0 26.3 27.8 6.8 4.5 5.4 0.7 2.5 2.3 2.9 2.5 0.7 12.1 7.0 9.3 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over Cen- Fe- PER CENT OF TOTAL. sus year. Total. Male. male. Fe- male. Male. 1919 1914 1909 1,128 1,018 1,250 714 801 1,022 414 217 228 63.3 78.7 81.8 36.7 21.3 18.2 1919 1914 1909 18,510 21,318 25,064 13,478 16,539 17,815 5,032 5,779 7,249 72.8 72.9 7L1 27.2 27.1 28.9 1919 1914 1909 18,172 21,069 24,533 13,297 15,381 17,526 4,875 5,688 7,007 73.2 73.0 71.4 26.8 27.0 28.6 1919 1914 1909 338 249 531 181 158 289 157 91 242 53.6 63.5 54.4 46.4 36.6 45.6 FUR-FELT HATS. 287 Table 21.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age 1 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OP. NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent 1 1 num- i mini- STATE. ber em- I mum ployed during I Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March, j April, j May. | June. | July. August. Sep tember. Octo- Novem- ber, j ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- year. ! i 1 mum- United States: | 1 I 1 1919. 18,510 | 16,531 16,712 16,879 | 16,353! 16,928 i 17,990; 19,269 19,896 19,561 20,420! 20,634 20,947 '78.1 Males 13,478 ; 12,014 12,211 12,305 1 11,958 i 12.363! 13,221; 14,124 14.571 14,307 14,794 | 14,829 15,039 j 79.5 Females 5,032 4,517 4,501 4,574 , 4,395! 4,565; 4.769! 5,145 Si 325 5,254 5,626 i 5,805 5,908 j 74.4 1914 21,318 I 21,519 21,783 21,.581! 20,518 19,791 i 20,134 i 22,030 22,269 22,356 22,438 I 20,844 20'. 553 j 88.2 1909 25,064 j 25,987 19,394 20,391 , 20,590! 21,075 • 24,538 | 26,676 27,58-5 28/216 28,276! 28,972 29,062 ! 66.7 69 i 51 60 55 60; 63 67 , 70 69 81 S3 l 87 90 I 55.6 Connecticut 4,580 8,787 3,815 3,831 1 3,944; 4,244! 4,512! 4,799 5,105 5,131 5.234! 5,166 5,392 70.2 36 34 36 37! 37 i 36 i 36! 35 38 38 36: 35 34 j 89.5 323 342 310 302 , 301 i 280 j 310; 324 301 2% 350 j 382 37S ! 73.3 New Jersey 3,303 3,081 3,034 3,050 I 3,052 3,026 i 3,234! 3,399 3,496 3,521 3,574 j 3,588 3.581 j 84.3 4,088 3,571 3,771 3.845: 3,301; 3,583 i 3,893! 4,354 4,442 3.998 4,631 j 4,805 4', 862 ! 67.9 Pennsylvania 5,414 5,000 5,038 5", 150: 5,023 j 5,019 5,231! 5,571 5,726 5; 762 5,77S > 5,825 5,845 j So. 5 Table 22—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914, United States... California... Connecticut. Illinois Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 18,510 [21,318 25,064 4,580 5,461 36 43 IN ESTABLISHMENTS "WHERE THE PREVAIL- j ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— | 4-1 and un- der. '8 47 (») 2,237 (3) 32 (3) Be- i tweenj 44 j and; 48. 5,359 (») (») (2) 533 (*) (a) ; Be- tween; I and; i 54- j Be-' 'tween . 54 ; 60. ! and j 60. 1 -I- 3,670 2,004 3,511 112,377 2,182 i 7,985 103: 333 |3,615 ;1,560 5,163 |S, 957 13 58 239 j 1,351 1,467 j 2,SS9 16 354 ..... 220 515 236 i Cen- j J sus j Total. I vear.. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAIL- ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 , 48.* and 1 j 48. . Be- tween 48 and 1 54. Be- it ween, 54. 54 !60 and: ; 60. New York Pennsylvania. 1919 323 i! 23 l 1 173 1914 114 j 1 267 101 1919 1914 3,303 4,401 2,619 (2) 65 '700 1919 4,088 3,563 1,798 2,179 677 1914 (2) j (>) 1919 1914 5,414 6,714 193 4,548 517 (s) ; (a) 265 323 3,075 j 29 j 374 I 12 1 99! 650 j 1,951 I '284* 156 I ,722! 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 23.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. STATE. Wage earners (average, number). wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Establish- ments* Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- \ ments. 1 1 1 Establish- j ments.! Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- j ments. 1 Wage eaniers. i feO© Wago earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. United States.. 1919.. 176 224 18,510 21,318 10 53 74 140 194 25 46 326 510 26 22 897 671 24: 1,665 21 30 3,425 4,817 11 17 3,996 6,002 4 = 2/2S1 2 | 1,101 2 0 5,780 6,298 1914.. 6 25 | 1,725 California 6 41 69 4,580 36 323 2 2 2 1 6 3 5 1 2 8 1 2 16 54 7 23 0 9 1 47 324 24 Connecticut 3 1 S j 561 12 i,97i 3 1,134 i j 533 Illinois 5 5 Missouri 299 New Jersey 31 42 20 3,303 4,0S8 5,414 1 3 1 9 11 21 34 20 6 5 1 210 192 6 388 6 425 3 207 4 724 162 4 1,402 1,009 1 55.S New York 11 159 32 1 0 3 1 &S0 1 510 1 1 1,427 4,353 Pennsylvania 8 3 23 1 269 288 MANUFACTURES. Table 24.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OP PRODUCT. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. All classes Less than $5,000.... $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1910 1914 176; 224 20 | 26 I 33 j 51! 25 j 21 j 1909 273 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1919 18,510 13 65 258 2,291 3,057 12,826 1914 21,318 52 281 1,379 11,538 8,06S 1909 25,064 53 334 1,987 13,141 9,549 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 $82,745,308 59,775 285,320 1,436,169 12,285,576 17,094,928 51, 583,534 1914 $37,349,744 89,827 606,939 2,534,833 14,547,981 5,951,207 13,618,957 1909 $47,864,630 104,234 695,573 3,639,413 26,673,802 16,751, 608 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE, 1919 $42,587,289 36,681 159,348 614,374 4,982,664 7,584,954 29,209,268 1914 $20,402,686 55,025 353,841 1,095,499 10,583,426 8,314,895 1909 $25,755,399 57,340 364,553 1,899, 810 13,638,139 9,795,557 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 11.4 I 14.8 I 18.7 | 29.0 14.2 11.9! 17.4 26.3 23.2 26.8 3.6 2.7 12.8 23.1 33.3 2.2 100.0 0.1 0.4 1.4 12.4 16.5 69.3 100.0 0.2 1.3 6.5 54.1 37.8 0.2 1.3 7.9 52.4 38.1 100. 0 100.0 0.1 0.3 1.7 14.8 20.7 62.3 0.2 1.6 6.8 39.0 15.9 36.5 0.2 1.5 7.6 55.7 35.0 100.0 0.1 0.4 1.4 31.7 17.8 100.0 0.3 1.7 5.4 51.9 40.8 0.2 1.4 7.4 53.0 38.0 Table 25.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments owned by— VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Cen- sus year. 1 Total. Per cent of total. Total. Of establishments owned by- Perec jnt of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. United States 1919 1914 62 9-1 78 103 36 27 18,510 21,318 778 1,809 15,194 17,507 2,538 2,002 4.2 8.5 82.1 82.1 13.7 9.4 $82,745,308 37,349,744 $5,025,270 3,509,142 $64,012,720 30,368,386 $13,707,318 3,472,216 6.1 9.4 77.4 81.3 16.6 9.3 Connecticut 1919 9 24 8 4,580 245 3,613 722 5.3 78.9 15.8 23,152,46S 1,240,407 18,317,049 3,595,012 5.4 79.1 15.5 1914 19 33 6 5,461 538 4,437 486 9.9 81.2 8.9 9,475,778 1,063,554 7,539,623 S72, 601 11.2 79.6 9.2 New Jersey 1919 8 16 7 3,303 40 2,452 811 1.2 74.2 24.6 16,625,357 258,900 12,257,517 4,108,940 1.6 73.7 24.7 1914 14 23 4 4,401 412 3,626 363 9.4 82,4 8.2 7,969,344 480,513 6,861,258 627,573 6.0 86.1 7.9 1919 14 17 11 4,088 370 3,505 213 9.1 85.7 5.2 19,887,862 2,988,678 14,842,363 2,056,821 15.0 74.6 10.3 1914 21 12 6 3,563 344 3,165 54 9.7 88.8 1.5 6,637,380 L, 187,897 5,268,155 181,328 17.9 79.4 2.7 1919 10 4 6 5,414 51 4,585 778 0.9 84.7 14.4 17,995,301 169,508 13,958,346 3,867,447 0.9 77.6 21.5 1914 16 7 4 6,714 438 5,339 937 6.5 79.5 14.0 11,040,820 591,760 8,966,362 1,482,698 5.4 81.2 13.4 Table 26.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 807 638 483 20,389 20,851 19,245 100.0 100.0 100.0 102 99 98 1 2 1 155 147 185 175 15,381 15,251 14,251 1,000 10 120 18,119 17,936 16,845 16,653 75.4 74.8 69.9 4.9 86.9 86.0 87.5 86.5 TnrhlnAS . . 6 2 8 2 48 135 172 20 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.1 705 705 483 483 298 298 5,008 4,996 12 2,732 2,655 77 2,400 2,172 228 24,6 24.5 0.1 13.1 12.7 0.4 12.5 11.3 1.2 1,789 705 1,084 1,258 4S3 775 834 298 536 9,631 4,996 4,635 8,141 2,655 5,486 6,186 2,172 4,014 100.0 61.9 48.1 100.0 32.6 67.4 100.0 35.1 64.9 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. Table 27.—FUEL CONSUMED: 1919 AND 1914. a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. KIND OF FUEL. Anthracite coal (tons, 2,240 lbs.).. Bituminous coal (tons, 2,000 lbs.) Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.) 1919 57,297 75,038 1,130 1914 76,954 57,247 101 KIND OF FUEL. Fuel oils (barrels) Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels), Gas (1,000 cubic feet) 1919 3,915 136 26,649 1914 i Included In figures for fuel oils. FUR-FELT HATS. 289 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Summary of materials and products for the indus- try.—The quantity and cost of materials and the quantity and value of products for the fur-felt hat industry are shown for 1919,1914, and 1909, in Table 28. Table 28.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, and 1909. | PER CENT OF 1919 1914 1909 ! INCREASE .1 'l9I4- 1909- 1909- 1919 1914 1919 Materials, total cost... $40,158,019 $16,947,058 $22,109,231 137.0 -23.3 81.6 Hatters' fur: Pounds 6,205,607 5,766,904 8,645,576 7.6 -33.3 -2S.2 Cost $20,374,170 $7,108,248 $9,27S,922 1S6.6 -23.4 119.6 Fur-felt hat bodies and hats in the rough: 459,655 395,848 406,447 16.1 -2.6 13.1 Cost $6,636,707 $2,453,503 $2,575,248 170.5 -4.7 157.7 Chemicals and dyestuffs $820,577 $432,161 $843, .587 89.9 -48. 8 -2.7 All other materials $12,326,565 $6,9.53,146 $9,411,474 77.3 -26.1 31.0 Products, total value. $82,745,308 $37,349,744 $47,864,630 121. 5 -22.0 72.9 Fur-felt hats: Dozens 2,100,023 2, US, 6,34 2,989,252 —0.9 -29.1 -29.7 Value $71,069,038 $33,603,531 $43,442,466 111.5 —22.6 63.6 Fur-felt hat bodies and hats in the rough: Dozens 518,111 329,363 366,370 57.3 -10.1 41.4 Value . $7,657,114 $2,372,937 $2,703,738 222,7 -12.2 183.2 All other products, value... $3,995,566 $864,309 $1,164,872 362.3 -25. S 243. 0 Work on material for others. $23,590 $508,967 $553,554 -95. 4 -8.1 -95.7 *A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Materials and products for the industry, by states.— Table 29 shows the materials and products for each state for which statistics can be presented for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 29.—Materials and Products, by Principal States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. ! Cost or value, 1919. j 1919 1914 1909 MATERIALS. Hatters' fur.. ! Pounds. Pounds. ;Pounds. .■'$20,374,170 I 6,205,607 5,766,904 : 8,64-5,576 Connecticut !7.637,420 r 2,568,798 ; 1,731,569 New Jersey 5,290,035 I, 1,169) 623 ! 1.327,918 New York !2.949.SS7 j! 1,036,482 i 842,514! Pennsylvania , 4,291)290 !i 1,290,704 j 1,459,412 i All other states !20-5,538 2,725 I 4,641 i 3,934 \ 3,725! 620; 482! 1,334 j $8,235 !$16.625 3,70S; 7,969 4,112 j S,S25 10,790 I 19,888 3,491 j 6,637 5,406 ! 10,219 5,918! 3,889 i 5,013 j 1,402 i 879 2,552 17,995 11,041 13,023 2,704 1,631 5,034 ! 111367—23 19 290 MANUFACTURES. Table 31.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States. California Connecticut Illinois Missouri New Jersey New York Oregon Pennsylvania All other states3. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 176 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 20,318 83 5,012 55 395 3,596 4,6S6 7 5,700 784 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 532 5 165 S 20 130 Clerks, etc. Male 4 126 9 40 103 238 176 18 Fe- male. 1 112 1 9 35 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 18,510 69 4,5S0 36 323 3,303 4,088 4 5,414 693 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. De 20,947 De De Se1 No No De (2) De 90 5,392 38 382 3,588 4,862 4 5,845 Minimum month. Ap 16,353 Fe Ja Ja* My My 50 3,787 34 280 3,026 3,301 4 5,000 "WAGE EABNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 21,132 3,599 4,919 4 5,839 757 16 and over. Male. 14,985 40 4,179 21 113 2,768 3,113 4,342 409 Fe- male. 5,758 43 1,222 13 248 825 1,767 4 1,303 333 Under 16. Male. 204 84 Fe- male. 110 6 EXPENSES. Capital. Salaries and wages. Clerks, etc. Officials. $58,127,770 $2,288,891 $2,342,781 212,927 11,996,703 140,288 746,678 9,428, 583 11,267 858,072 24,158 37,298 498,096 13,971 496,934 23,995 28,247 407,921 11,001,030 6,397 22,592,591 2,002,573 595,292 559,639 179,253 85,455 769,149 42,925 Salaries and wages—] Continued. United States. California Connecticut Illinois Missouri New Jersey New York Oregon Pennsylvania All other states * Wage earners. $19,642,531 82,500 5,099,015 44,192 211,220 4,263,918 4,681,091 3,600 4,640,509 616,486 expenses—continued. Rent and taxes. I For con- tract work. For materials. Rent of factory. $23,404 $224,895 527 18,000 600 2,621 1,656 4,761 37,694 4,830 13,743 41,116 89,915 1,430 14,457 16,949 Taxes, i Federal, state, county, and" local. $2,128,371 2,459 411,092 4,142 24,286 396,218 273, 499 58 991,051 25,566 Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. $39,128,797 $1,029,222 396,511 11,900,294 187,563 1,016,271 7,997,198 10,595,646 8,549 5,694,589 1,332,176 1,942 304,472 1,674 4,376 237,968 194,750 397 223,311 60,332 $82,745,308 557,913 23,152,468 344,396 1,478,951 16,625,357 19,887,862 21,560 17,995,301 2,681,500 $42,587,2S9 159,460 10,947,702 155,159 458,304 8,390,191 9,097,466 12,614 12,077,401 1,283,992 Primary horsepower. Total. 20,389 21 5,311 40 68 4,447 3,200 2 6,367 933 Owned. Steam engines (not tur- bines). 14,251 3,475 25 3,058 2,305 4,813 575 Steam tur- bines. 1,000 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 10 Water power.4 120 120 Rent- ed 5,008 21 1,836 15 68 1,389 775 2 544 358 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 4,635 874 "93 942 2,556 170 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 2 Same number reported throughout the year. a All other states embrace: Arkansas, 1 establishment; Florida, 1; Kentucky, 1; Maine, 1; Maryland, 3; Massachusetts, 3: Michigan, 1; Nebraska, 2; New Hamp- shire, 1; Ohio, 3; Rhode Island, 2; South Dakota. 1; Washington, 1; West Virginia, 1; and Wisconsin, 1. 4 Includes water wheels, turbines, and motors (irrespective of ownership of water supply). «► Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES- GENEEAL I General character of the industry.—The statistics presented in this report are for establishments en- gaged primarily in dyeing and finishing textiles. The report covers such operations as the bleaching and dyeing of stock, yarn, and cloth without regard to the kind of fiber, whether cotton, wool, silk, etc., also the mercerizing and printing or other converting of yarn and cloth, as well as the beaming, the winding of yarns, and the spooling of thread (except the winding and warping of silk). • The majority of establishments included in this industry specialize in this kind of work and instead of owning the materials, except for chemicals and dyestuffs, they are furnished by others and the work is performed on a contract or commission basis, so that the value of products for the industry represents the amount which is charged for performing the dyeing and hmshing processes. In some instances, however, the goods dyed or finished are owned by the estab- lishments which perform these final operations and under such circumstances the cost of the fabric is included in the cost of materials, while the value of the finished cloth is included in the value of products. A considerable number of cotton, silk, and woolen mills carry on in the same establishments one or more of these subordinate processes in connection with the manufacture of textiles. Where practicable, separate returns were secured for the dyeing and finishing departments of such mills, in which case the departments were treated as separate establishments in compiling statistics for this report, and the value of products represented the cost of operating this branch of the plant. Comparative summary.—The progress of the in- dustry is shown in Table 32 for each census from 1899 to 1919, inclusive, also the percentages of increase. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 33 presents the more important statistics of the in- dustry, by states. The states shown in the table are j given their actual ranking among all st ates, the rank of 'certain states for which figures can not be presented \ being higher than that of some of those named. Persons engaged in the industry.—Statistics relating j to the number of male and female employees distrib- ! uted according to class of employment are shown in I Table 34 for 1919, 1914, and 1909, together with the j per cent that each sex forms of the total for each class. J Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—The : number of wage earners according to sex and state is I shown in Table 35 by months for the year 1919. The | total number of wage earners employed in the in- | dustry is shown by months for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 36 shows the in- crease in the number of wage earners and the shortening of the working day since 1909. Size of establishments, by average number of wage | earners.—Table 37 shows the size of establishments | as measured by the average number of wage earners j employed in the industry as a whole and for the lead- i i ng states. I Size of establishments, by value of products.—The I size of establishments based on value of products j ma3r be found by reference to Table 38, which is com- parative for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Character of ownership.—The number of establish- ments, by character of ownership, with corresponding value of products for 1919 and 1914, is shown for selected states in Table 39. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power, both owned and rented, used in the industry during 1919, 1914, and 1909 are shown in Table 40 with figures for the number and horsepower of each type. Fuel consumed.—Table 41 gives the quantity of the various kinds of fuel used in dyeing and finishing textiles, by states, for 1919 and 1914. (291) 292 MANUFACTURES. Table 32.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture a 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 PER CENT OF INCREASE, 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 628 507 426 360 298 23.9 19.0 18.3 20.8 62,588 363 6,240 . 55,985 53,273 353 4,453 48,467 47,303 318 2,939 44,046 33,071 310 2,196 35,565 31,394 300 1,318 29,776 17.5 2.8 40.1 15.5 12.6 11.0 51.5 10.0 24.2 2.6 33.8 23.8 21.3 3.3 66.6 19.4 160,430 $229,948,486 130,172 S139,193,871 107,746 $114,092,654 84,868 $88,708,576 69,238 $60,643,104 23.2 65.2 20.8 22.0 27.0 28.6 22.6 46.3 73,441,533] 16,251,555 57,189,978* 31,343,723 6,471,405 24,872,318 26,261,634 5,034,710 21,226,924 18,876,5S6 3,407,3S1 15,469,205 14,993,444 2,267,128 12,726,316 134.3 151.1 129.9 19.4 28.5 17.2 39.1 47.8 37.2 25.9 50.3 21.6 1,361,486 14,710,308 222,370 1,412,795 56,705,135 109,291,536 52,586,401 337,422 847,216 92,885 2 812,903 19,621,253 50,849,545 31,228,292 41,735 2 427,049 17,958,137 44,963,331 27,005,194 512.3 941.2 -34.1 66.8 263.3 122.6 174,742,815 323,967,683 149,224,868 35,261,301 83,556,432 48,295,131 208.2 196.4 183.8 60.8 30.8 8.9 79.7 64.3 54 7 9.3 13.1 15.6 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. a Exclusive of internal revenue. J Value of products less cost of materials. Table 33.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States, New Jersey Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Connecticut Illinois Ohio North Carolina All other states Number of estab- lishments. 132 62 133 163 67 16 11 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 55,985 14,492 12,321 6,076 7,381 9,319 1,918 403 339 414 3,322 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 25.9 22.0 10.9 13.2 16.6 3.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 5.9 Rank. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thousands). $323,968 79,305 75,262 44,694 42,475 42,258 8,350 2,219 1,514 1,243 26,648 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 24.5 23.2 13.8 13.1 13.0 2.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 8.2 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thousands). $149,225 35,083 31,052 20,515 22,760 21,331 4,900 1,124 769 501 11,190 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 Rank. 23.5 20.8 13.7 15.3 14.3 3.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 7.5 12 14 Table 34.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 62,588 53,273 47,303 2,438 1,495 1,218 363 353 318 757 421 289 1,318 718 611 Male. Fe- male. 47,531 43,654 38,581 15,057 9,619 8,722 2,354 84 1,460 I 35 1,190 I 28 353 i 10 338 i 15 308 I 10 710 412 287 1,291 710 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 75.9 81.9 81.6 96.6 97.7 97.7 97.2 95.8 96.9 93.8 97.2 98.0 98.9 97.4 Fe- male. 24.1 18.1 18.4 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.8 4.2 3.1 6.2 2.8 0.7 2,0 1.1 2.6 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number)... 16 years of age and over., Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. Male. Fe- male. 4,165 3,311 2,039 2,472 2,444 1,595 1,693 867 444 55,985 48,467 44,046 42,705 39,750 35,796 13,280 8,717 8,250 54,877 47,692 43,002 42,073 39,221 35,057 12,804 8,471 7,945 1,108 775 1,044 632 529 739 476 246 305 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- male, 59.4 73.8 I 78.2 76.3 82.0 81.3 76.7 82.2 81.5 57.0 68.3 70.8 40.6 26.2 21.8 23.7 18.0 IS. 7 23.3 17.8 18.5 43.0 31.7 29.2 DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES. 293 Table 35.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. (The month of maximum employment is Indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per ceri t num- mini- STATE. ber em-1 mum ployed during Janu- ary. Febru- ary. 'Sep- i tern be r. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- United States: year. March. April. May. June. July. August. mum. 1919 55,985 1 53,761 51,688 51,262 51,052 53,144 55,422; 57,833 58,153 57,086 58,727 61,102 62,590 Si. 6 42,705 40,676 39,006 38,835 39,061 40,779 42,617 44,376 ■ 44,472 43,351 44,824 46,606 47,857 81.1 Females 13,280 13,085 12,682 12,427 11,991 12,365 12,805! 13,457 13,681 13,735 13,903 14,496 14,733 81.4 1914 48,467 49,059 50,369 51,070 50,815 49,681 49,291 47,915 46,981 48,007 47,662 45,253 45,501 as, 6 1909 44,046 43,715 44,299 44,863 44.. 635 43,840 43,405! 43,212 \ 43,447 44,171 44,031 44,797 44,157 96.3 1,918 i,m 1,592 1,616 1,681 1,777 1,917 2,051! 2,088 2,083 2,210 2,262 2,295 62.9 403 458 478 411 418 393 380; 361 i $59 361 400 404 413 75.1 12,321 I 12,043 10,908 10,800 10,860 11,508 12,264 | 12,850 1 13,077 13,148 12,854 13,609 13,931 77.5 14,492 14,359 14,082 14,470 13,787 14,191 14,491 15,155 j 14,301 13,156 14,720 15,285 15,907 82.7 6,076 | 5,726 5,612 5,673 5,671 5,633 5,795 i 6^235 1 6,392 6,446 6,448 6,547 6,734 83.3 7,381 6,761 6,643 6,395 6,665 7,018 7,394 1 7,671: 7,944 7,623 7,782 8,314 8,362 76.5 9,319 9,138 8,680 8,214 8,429 8,825 9,149 j 9,352 9,673 9,885 9,898 10,145 10,440 78.7 1 Table 36.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Connecticut. Illinois3 Massachusetts... Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 TotaL 55,985 48,467 44,046 1,918 1,764 403 12,321 11,437 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING | HOURS OF LABOE PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. : tween! ! 44 j i and! I 48. | Be- tween 4-8 and 54. 11,168 (2) (3) S19 (2) (2) (!) 47 186 (3) (3) 18,634; 7,31' 557! 2,769! 1,102! 257 :S,559 (2) I 19 47 54. Be- j tween 54 and 60. 60. Over 1 60. 10,4S2j 6,748j 671; 146 16,186 23,695! 5,226; 34 398I2S, 172112,639 1,628 655! 233 2 !l,64S 150 102 43 877 il, 540 !l,0l3! 157 . 5,573 ;5,510 j 43 I 144! 103 34 New Jersey.. New York... Cen- sus year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOUES OF LABOR PEP. WEES WERE— TotaL | j u [\ and |i un- der. Be- i tween! i 44; and! 1919 14,492 1914 111,683 Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 j 6,076 5,514 7,381 6,389 1 I 9,319 j 7,928 j Be- tween 4S,i | 4S j and : 54. 54. Be-! tween, 54 j and i 60. j Over ! 60. 8,957 i (3) | 1,058 C3) 889 40 j (3); 992 '2,154 7 912 712 .1,635 2! 159 9,203 11,402 | 730 ;2,54S 1,212 146 (2) \ 246: 439 2,914 370 I 951 j 12 1 964 46 (8) 2,076 2,007 1,157 I 973 j 233 | 184! 166 1,301 3,097 1,641 (3) ! (2) '850 3 717 4,325 ll,424 I. 832 5,862 . 972! 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. 3 Not reported separately in 1914. Table 37.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. I Estab- I lish- 'ments, United States... 1919. 1914. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island 628 507 16 11 62 132 133 163 67 Wage earners (average number). 56,985 4S,467 1,918 403 12,321 14,492 6,076 7,381 9,319 No wage earn- ers. 3§ to H ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. it to H 106 83 292 270 178 160 2,186 2,072 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. la! 141! 106 a 4,662 3,664 24 17 111 367 620 716 209 4! 9 i 36 j 22 I 46! 10! 166 170 297 1,177 764 1,505 307 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. si 69 49 | 5,010 3,36S 209 11 I 14 j 6 16 11 I 829 964 480 1,162 S16 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. I II 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. I 68; 54; 10,264 S, 596 32 Is l i l i 12 | 16 I l\ 219 I 206' 1,770 2,301 1,040 1,132 2,206 10.330 I 7; 748 j 2,110 2,058 2,192 1,496 2,012 £ e 12,534 11,247 1,286 3,828 3,206 901 1,234 2,019 Over 1,000 wage earners. •2^ SB 10,707 11,502 3,356 4,355 1.736 294 MANUFACTURES. Table 38.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1 VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. | VALUE OF. PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 All classes 62S 507 426 55,985 48,467 44,046 $323,967,683 $109,291,536 $83,556,432 $149,224,868 $52,586,401 $48,295,131 Less than $5,000 2S 85 180 206 64 65 48 100 195 116 23 2.5 38 89 165 71 129 866 5,360 86 743 4,428 93,876 950,125 9,809,291 f 47,995,838 i\ 44,826,110 ! 220,292,443 141,421 1,212,588 10,122,651 26,594,862 15,868,560 55,351,454 109,788 1,079,228 7,663,519 66,773 671,371 5,791,815 f 25,504,606 \ 23,932,535 93,257,768 107,955 842,050 5,390,193 84,775 792,475 4,638,022 $5,000 to $20,000 414 2,935 f 10,605 !\ 10,026 31,934 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } 114 | 22,034 21,798 | 37,395,345 } 23,205,327 22,415,860 $500,000 to $1,000,000 . $1,000,000 and over 20 20,078 16,991 37,308,552 23,040,876 20,363,999 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 | 1 All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . 100. 0 j 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 4.5 9.5 8.9 0.1! 0.3 0.2; (') 0.1 0.1 C1) 0.2 0.2 $5,000 to $20,000 13.5 19.7 20.9 0.7 , 1.8 1.7; 0.3 1.1 1.3 0.4 1.6 1.6 $20,000 to $100.000 28.7 38.5 38.7 5.2 I 11.1 10.1: 3.0 9.3 9.2 3.9 10.3 9.6 $100,000 to $500,000 32.8 10.2 22.0 4.5 } 26.8 f 18.9 \ \ 17.9 1/ / 14.8 \ 13.8 24.3 14,5 } 44.8 / 17.1 \ 16.0 | 44.1 $500,000 to SI,000.000, , . 45.5 49.5 46.4 $1,000,000 and over 10.4 4.9 4.7 57.1' 41.4 38. 6 68.0 50.6 44.6 62.5 43.8 42.2 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 39.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Connecticut1.. Illinois1 Massachusetts. New Jersey— New York Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Indi- vid- uals. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Cor- pora- All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. 55,985 48,467 44,046 Indi- vid- uals. 1,918 4,276 3,166 1,918 | 403' 12,321 | 11,437 I 14,492 ', 11,683 I 6,076 j 5,514 j 7,381 i 6,389 | 9,319 j 7,928 | 224 244 313 386 297 366 824 152 2,194 Cor- pora- tions. 48,874 41,219 38,397 193 2', 972 ■ 2,483 i 2 1,918 388 11,207 10,376 13,958 10,821 5,416 4,784 All ;;indi- oth- \\ vid- ers. I, uals. 3.4 8.8 7.2 890 817 221 476 363 364 5,644 I 913 4,346 1,144 6,712 '2,455 5,721 13 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.3 4.9 6.6 11.2 14.1 1.6 27.7 Cor- pora- tions.! 87.3 85.0 87.2 All oth- ers. 100.0 96.3 91.0 90.7 06.3 92.6 86.: 76.5 68.0 72.0 72.2 9.3 6.1 5.6 3.7 7.2 7.1 1.5 4.1 6.0 6.6 12.4 17.9 26.3 0.2 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. !$323,967,683 109,291,536 83,556,432 8,350,098 2,219,109 75,261,815 22,455,086 79,305,174 27,986,512 44,693,507 16,302,576 42,475,000 15,451,576 42,257,545 16,300,783 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. $11,439,672 7,971,546 5,502,502 Corpora- tions. $268,058,455 94,193,033 72,248,551 1,268,201 347,305 1,136,132 602,055 3,866,332 1,167,860 4,001,120 1,556,282 4S6,129 3,969,996 AU others. $44,469,556 7,126,957 5,805,379 2 8,350,098. 2,147,035 61,998,544 20,149,734 76,365,621 26,576,945 37,825,987 13,850,983 30,716,416 11,273,668 32,176,248 12,309,842 8 72,074 11,995,070 1,958,047 1,803,421 807,512 3,001,188 1,283,733 7,757,461 2,621,626 9,595,168 20,945 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. 3.5 7.3 6.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.2 8.7 7.2 9.4 10.1 1.2 24. 4 82.7 86.2 86.5 100.0 96.8 82.4 S9.7 96.3 95. 0 84. 6 85.0 72.3 73. 0 76.1 75.5 All oth- ers. 13.7 6.5 6.9 15.9 8.7 2.3 2.9 6.7 7.9 IS. 3 17.0 22.7 0.1 Figures not available for 1914. Table 40.— NUMBER 2 Includes the groups "Individuals" and" AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF All others." 3 Includes the group "Individuals." PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam1 Engines * Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors., Rented Electric. Other... Electric Ren ted Generated by establishments reporting. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 5,656 2,150 2,042 1,963 79 2* 80 3,508 3,506 9,064 3, .506 5,558 1914 2,694 1,964 1,"~~ 8 730 730 4,249 730 3,519 1909 2,181 1,990 1,893 (2) (3) on 20 77 191 191 1,419 191 1,228 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 160,430 133,864 118,197 85,899 32,298 2,124 13,543 26,566 25,993 573 85788?" 25,993 59,896 130,172 122,165 111,506 8 690 8,007 7,162 845 5M)2T 7,162 43,859 1909 107,746 103,605 92,284 b) 1,207 10,114 4,141 2,665 1,476 24,011 2,665 21,346 Per cent distribution. 1919 100.0 83.4 73.7 53.5 20.1 1.3 8.4 16.6 16.2 0.4 100.0 30.3 69.7 1914 100.0 93.8 85.7 0.5 7.7 6.2 5.5 0.7 100.0 14.0 86.0 1909 100.0 96.2 85.6 1.1 9.4 3.8 2.5 1.3 100.0 11.1 88.9 1 Figures for horsepower Include for 1909 the amount reported under the hoad of" Other" owned power. • Not reported lepiratelj. DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES. Table 41.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. i COAL. United States.. Connecticut Illinois Kentucky — Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey Cen sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914! 1919! 1914 j 1919 1914 1919 I 1914! 1919 j 1914 I 1919 i 1914 I Coke An- Bltu- || (tons, thracite urinous ij 2,000 (tons, ; (tons, \\pounds). 2,240 ! 2,000 l! pounds), pounds).11 i 442,855 1,071,156 j| 13,624 Fuel oils (bar- rels). { Gaso-: 'line I and i other; 'vola- ; tile oils , (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). I !393,328 j 490,587 , 896,589 j I 31,869 6,930 0) 516,218 :! New York.. 143,953 !| COAL. Cen- sus year. : Coke Fuel An- Bitu- ; (tons, , oils thracite urinous 2,000 ' (bar- (tons, (tons, pounds), rels). 2,240 ! 2,000 | pounds). pounds).( j Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- : rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 1919 1914 43,769 46,853 2,585 20 30 i 55,096 |i 12,231 j 282! 56,849 II ;1,570 j 10,567 10,053 0) 6,032 7,566 2,648 2,330 44,023 ' 231,339 57,855 ! 234,654 279,258 I 179,487 252,024 | 85,6-83 0) 1,609 823 364 North Carolina 1919 1914; Ohio 1919 1914; 75 Pennsylvania. ;! i; il \\ Rhode Island-. 1 ... 1919! 1914 1919 1911 194 239,373 1,174 15,941 2,390 44 0) 18,328 9,583 All other states 1919; ; 1914 81,033 i 60,306 j;. 9,856 ;. 3,620 20,328 L 26,032 43,773 : 199,984 77, .869 142,182 29,447 188,649 55,906 j 198,2,51! 86,132 69,063: 1,043: 690 3,023 25,834 0) 21,026 3,239 11,000 4S0 28.034 , '252 713 ;107,739 !18,790 916 6,995 750! 5,537 (i) f 23,097 1,785 342,214 0) | S, 832 141 ! 35,225 0) j 14,364 1,112 :85,018 I (i) j; 54,078; i Included in figures for fuel oils. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 42 shows number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 43 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry for each state that can be shown without disclosing the oper- ations of individual estabhshments. Table 42.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. United States.. Num-i Wage Connecticut. Illinois. Massachusetts. New Jersey. New York. 1919 1914 1909 1919 r 1914 j 1909 1 1919' 1914! 1909 | 1919 | 1914 1909 | 1919 j 1914 I 1909' I 1919 | 1914! 1909 i 628 ; 55, 985 507 j 48,467 426 ! 44,046 16 ] 12 10 , 12 j 62 57 48 132 98 67 133 99 81 Pri- mary horse- power. '| Cost or Wages.: mate- i rials. I Value of j prod- ucts.! Expressed in thousands. 160,430 $57,190 '$174,743 130,172 24,872! 56,705 107,746 21,227; 35,261 §323,968 109.292 S3,556 1,918 1,764 1,719 403 | 268 j 172! 12,321 I 11,437 I 9,079 | l 14,492! 11,6S3! 10,129 j 6,076 | 17,150 5,514 i 13,497 5,252 j 8,750 9,427 i 2,234! 7,738 i 923 5,851 872 745 j 476 386; 39,133 I 30,932; 24,513 j 28,703! 22,876 I 19,989 I 373 149 92! 12,241 5,843 4,430 14,932! 5,926! 5,016 3,450 1,455 1,4S0 1,095 208 105 44,210 10,9S9 10,469 44.222 13,706 6,353 6,167; 24,178 2,925 I 10,452 2,321; 4,139 8,350 3,503 3,562 2,219 504 363 75,262 22,455 21,893 i 79,305 27,9S7 15,796; 44,693 16,303 9,673 North Carolina. Ohio.. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island . All other states. Cen- sus vear. 1919 j 1914 I 1909 i 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 i 1909 1919 1914 1909 g?£'eS&! Pri- (aver- | mary hsh- a^e i horse' Iments.! ^ I Power' 4: 4 6 5 6: 163 150 135 , 67 47 45 30 27 IS I Cost of Wages, j mate- ! rials. |Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. 414 194 330 339 , 382 184 7,381 6,389 6,086 9,319 7,928 7,792 3,322! 2,908 , 3,303 1,431 273 556 3,551 4,1.00 4,57S 18,140 14,685 i 13,560 28,920 i 25,539 21,179 13,230 10,056 8,384 $229; 61 i 86; 383: 191! 94 j 8,121 j 3,469 1 2,9SS! 9,357 i 3,966 3,616 | 3,153 i 1,419: 1,712; $741 i 106; 113! 744 i 444 j 243 j $1,243 203 307 1,514 706 423 19,715 I 42,475 8.456 I 15,452 5; 331! 12,059 20,927 I 8,764! 5,319 j 15,461 j 2,125 1 1,709 42,258 16,301 13,956 26,649 5,878 5,524 296 MANUFACTURES. Table 43.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. iNum- ! berofl iestab-| I lish- ments| l United States | 628 Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts— New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania — Rhode Island... All other stat es 16 11 62 132 133 6 163 67 30 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 62,5SS 2,062 497 13,389 16,062 7,316 454 367 8,290 10,507 3,644 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-1 bers, Sala- ried offi- cers, i Isuper- in- J tend- j ents, and man-1 lagers. | Clerks, etc. Male, 2,075 (2,472 48 29 379 566 349 26 14 266 305 93 48 32 322 591 524 311 510 123 Fe- male. 354 355 272 190 34S 88 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 55,985 1,918 403 12,321 14,492 6,076 414 339 7,381 9,319 3,322 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 62,590 Minimum month. Ap 51,052 Ja 1,444 Au 359 Mh 10,800 Se 13,156 Fe 5,612 Je 381 Fe 300 Mh 6,395 Mh 8,214 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 62,462 2,300 413 13,786 15,687 6,840 482 377 8,399 10,472 3,706 16 and over. Male. 47,132 Fe- male Male. 14,098 '325 218 3,117 3,435 2,135 194 61 1,557 2,131 925 Under 16. Fe- male 708 ~~56 2 153 176 10 85 142 81 524 18 2 102 176 '7 Capital. ,$229,948,486 8,626,670 1,641,958 58,279,255 47,239,046 26,434,445 1,445,362 2,108,425 29,805,844 39,960,365 14,407,116 Salaries and wages. Officials. |$10,565,608 360,630 160,077 1,822,530 3,145,522 1,449,206 51,557 37,744 1,875,048 1,294,391 368,903- Clerks, etc. $5,685,947 108,080 94,783 830,747 1,206,251 1,079,584 8,560 31,666 702,856 1,348,935 274,485 United States. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island All other states K. expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Continued. Wage earners. $57,189,978 For contract work. $1,361,486 22,722 598,713 236,842 477,192 25,791 137 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $838,575 4,401 14,244 12,930 125,875 297,966 200 5,118 234,733 105,620 37,488 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $13,871,733 564,395 56,169 4,594,062 2,363,181 1,523,739 28,217 16,494 1,268,389 2,773,589 683,498 For materials. Principal materials. $164,314,521 3,043,674 1,033,507 41,845,699 41,712,221 23,306,878 680,222 661,524 18,174,670 18,901,077 14,955,049 Fuel and rent of power. $10,428,294 406,445 61,183 2,363,839 2,509,779 871,508 61,300 82,878 1,539,901 2,025,663 505,798 Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. $323,967,683 $149,224,868 4,899,979 1,124,419 31,052,277 35,083,174 20, 515,121 501,057 769,206 22,760,429 21,330,805 11,188,401 Primary horsepower. Total. 160,430 Steam i I engines! St earn (not tur- tur- I bines. bines),i Owned. Inter- nal- eom- bus- tion en- gines. 85,899 132,298 3,279 548 13,613 [22,069 5,826 90 3,400 13,850 16,733 6,491 628 14,259 3,294 5,186 825 920 4,951 2,235 226 166 32 1,685 15 Water power, 13,543 3,8^0 2,305 50 2,710 45 2,374 2,209 Rent- ed.s 26,566 1,670 197 8,956 3,064 3,262 516 151 3,293 3,177 2,2S0 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 59,896 • 1,810 18,146 12,548 6,162 610 511 3,241 14,902 1,966 1 All other states embrace: Alabama. 1 estabhshment; California, 2; Delaware, 2; Florida, 1; Indiana^; Kentucky, 3; Maine, 1; Maryland, 3; Michigan, 1; Minnesotai 3; Missouri, 2; New Hampshire, 1; South Carolina, 3; Tennessee, 2; West Virginia, 1; and Wisconsin, 2. *Includes water wheels, turbines, and water motors (irrespective of ownership of water supply). 'Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). FLAX AND HEMP, DRESSED. General character of the industry.—^Establishments included in this classification are engaged in separat- ing the woody portion of the straw from the fiber, a combined process of decay and mechanical treatment technically known as retting, breaking, scutching, and hackling. The product of these establishments is line, or fiber, used principally in the manufacture of cordage and twine. A certain amount of tow, or waste, a natural by-product of the process of dressing, is also reported as a product. This industry is principally lo- cated in three states—Kentucky with 3 establishments, reporting $546,648 as value of products; Wisconsin, 7 establishments, reporting $425,298; and Michigan, 4 establishments, reporting $184,208. Comparative summary and detailed statement.—Table 44 presents statistics for the industry for each census from 1899 to 1919, inclusive; and Table 45 shows detailed statistics, by states. Table 44.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged - Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture3 1919 20 491 28 45 420 1,920 $2,783,958 534,964 87,591 447,373 1,146 19,081 1,70S, 670 2,369,114 (560,444 1914 16 1.58 19 23 116 832 $234,619 60,601 15,330 45,271 3,2S0 185,247 282,648 97,401 1909 1904 216 22 30' 164: 1,147; $784,771 j 92,707' 28,700 i 64,007 5,636 336,300 j 467,346 i 131,046 i 246 17 15 214 600 $238,842 69,363 9,336 59,977 1,100 *4,607 233,132 346,963 113,831 1899 $71, 52, 6, 46, 12 211 187 496 5S9 589 000 91 15S, 6~ 6S5 032 650 618 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- I 1904- 1914 | 1909 1S99- 1904 210, S! -26.9 262.1 j -29.3 130.8 1,086.6 j 782. S! 471.4! SSS.2 1 -27.5 -70.1 -34.6 -46.6 -29.3 -12,2 6.5 -23.4 j 91.2 I 228.6 I 33.7 205,8; 6.7 1 22a 9 234.1 31.9 42.4 30.4 481.7' -41.8 822.4 j —44.9 j 73S.2 -39.5 i 578.1 -25. 7! 22.3 44.3 34.7 15.1 572.6 156.1 118.7 6*. 3 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are not shown where base is less than 100. 1 Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 43.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Michigan.... Wisconsin All other states1... Num- ber of estab- lish- i ments.l PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 491 44 131 316 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 26 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- | tend-1 ents, | and man- \ agers. j Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male 24 14 Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Aver- age num- ber. 1 I 40 3 I 98 3 I 252 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Be 514 De De 53 126 Minimiim month. 350 Jv Jy Total. 538 16 and over. Under 16. Male. 493 53 137 348 .53 104 336 Capital. Fe- ,Malp Fe-; male. imalc 44 I | 1 $2,7S3,95S 77j i 147,515 32 !1 605,792 12'! 2.030,651 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. $61,001! $26,590 8,151 i 1.402 23,883 i 3,578 28,967 1 21,610 United States Michigan Wisconsin All other states 1... expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—Con. Wage earners. $447,373 31,963 101,137 314,273 Rent and taxes. For contract work. $1,146 Rent of factory. SI, 405 1,405 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $17,676 970 6, S76 9, $30 For materials. Fuel Principal and materials. rent of | power. $1,652,874; $55,796 135,213 240,468 1,277,193 1,304 5,762 48,730 Value of products. Value added by manu-* facture. $2,369,114 184.208 425,293 1,759.013 $660,444 47,691 179,063 433,690 Primary horsepower. Total. 1,920 4$ 815 1,057 Steam en- gines and tur- bines. 1,455 Owned. j Inter- Water! Rent nal- com- pow- j ed.3 bus- er.a j tion eii- ! gines. !i Elec- "ii trie horse- 11 power i; gener- ated in j estab- ! lish- jj mcnts 'report- :! ing- 80 550 L 905! 4S i; 265:! 72 j i6 1 AH other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Illinois, 1; Indiana, 1: Kentucky, 3; Minnesota, 1: North Dakota, 1; Oregon, l. * Inolu des water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). « Chief! y electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). (297) HAIRCLOTH. General character of the industry.—Establishments engaged in this industry weave haircloth principally from a cotton warp with a horsehair filling, although some haircloth is made entirely from hair. The principal use of haircloth is for upholstering purposes in covering seats and backs of furniture or as a stiffen- ing in the manufacture of clothing. Of the 18 estab- lishments reporting in 1919,14 were located in the state of Pennsylvania and reported $2,791,676 as value of products. Comparative summary and detailed statement,—Table 45 presents statistics relating to the haircloth industry for the years 1919, 1914, and 1909; and Table 47 shows detailed statistics, by states. Table 46.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average num- ber) Primary horsepower Capital 1919 511 19 67 425 1,153 82,999,150 1914 674 22 57 1,723 $2,945,244 1909 621 11 72 538 995 $2,2S0,717 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 -24.2 -28.6 -33.1 1.8 1909- 1914 8.5 73.2 29.1 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1919 $569,059 143,910 425,149 11,731 56,004 2,259,142 3,315,113 1,055,971 $388,907 98,627 290,280 2,913 35,161 1,654,006 2,395,486 741,480 1909 $323,808 71,529 252,279 3,500 32,996 1,613,581 2,230,033 616,452 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 46.3 45.9 46.5 302.7 59.3 36.6 38.4 42.4 1909- 1914 20.1 37.9 15.1 -16,8 6.6 2.5 7.4 20.3 > A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are not shown where base is less than 100. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 47.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE Sala- ried Clerks, etc. INDUSTRY. Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 16 and over. Under 16. Salaries and wages. EXPENSES. of estab- lish- j Pro- prie- 'tors offi- cers, super- STATE. Number, 15th day of— Capital. ments. Total. j and firm 'mem- ; bers. in- tend- ents, Aver- age Total. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Male Fe- male Officials. Clerks, etc. and man- num- ber. Maximum month. Minimum mouth. agers. United States 18 511 19 27 23 17 425 Oc 478 Ap 373 460 236 222 1 1 $2,999,150 899,646 144,264 P cnnsyl vania 14 403 i 14 19 IS 13 339 No i 390 Ap 292 377 200 175 1 1 2,211,732 787,41S ~ 787431 34,576 All other states2 4 108 1 5 8 5 4 86 83 36 47 21,215 9,688 United States Pennsylvania All other states 2. expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—Con. Wage earners. $425,149 365,647 59, 502 For contract work. Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. 811,731 832,083 11,731 31,3Q8 J, 375 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. 823,321 13,473 9,848 Principal materials. 82,217, 552 1,931,653 285,899 Fuel and rent of power. 841,590 33,071 S, 519 Value of products. 83,315,113 2,791,676 523,437 Value added by manu- facture. 81,055,971 826,952 299,019 Primary horsepower. Total. 1,153 S91 462 Owned. Steam en- gines and tur- bines. 620 620 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Water pow- Rent- ed.-< 327 271 56 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 2 All other states embrace: Illinois, 1 establishment; Louisiana, 1; New York, 1; Rhode Island, 1. 3 Includes water wheels, turbines, and motors (irrespective of ownership of water supply ). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). (298) MATS AND MATTING. General character of the industry.—This industry includes establishments engaged in the manufacture of doormats and floor mattings, art squares, rugs and carpets. The principal materials used are wire grass, reeds, and coir yarn (coir being the fiber prepared from the outer husk of the coconut). Comparative summary and detailed statement.—Sta- tistics are presented in Table 48 for the industry from 1899 to 1919, inclusive. In 1919 over one-half of the total value of products was reported by five establish- ments located in the state of Wisconsin, as shown in Table 49. Table 48.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1914 1900 Number of establishments . Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages. 4 Paid for contract work r. Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture3. 12; 12 12 12 9 • ; 1,173 7 977 10 1,040 18 696 13 1,248; 9 20.1; -6.1 49.4 j -44.2 93 98 85 58 42 1,073; 889 937 625 1,197 23.5: -7.3 j 49.9; -47.8 1,670 1 $7,190,675 , 1,643 So,055,114 1,433 $4,051,467 1,524 $S3S,607 1,733 $994,155 1.6 \ 42.2 < 14.7! -6.0; 383,1 i -12.1 —15,6 24.8 1 1,040,251 229,644' 810,607 , 552,070 96,823 455,247: 479,953 94,519 385,434 316,139 67.035 2497104 268,342 31,060 237,282 88,4! 137.2 j 78,1 j 15.0; 2.4 1 51.8! 41.0 i 54.7 j 17. S 115.8 5,0 18.1 I 3,303 225,977: 21,230 1 43,465; 50,127 IS,172 34,241 » 11,989 100 3 8,100 -84.4! 419.9; -57.6; 139.2 j 46.4 i 2,102,550 4.860,855 i 2; 758,275 i 1,170,214 , 1,066,566 2,431,615 1,365,049 574.16S 1,242,996 66S,82S 516,137 1,165,330 649,193 79.7 i 9.7; -8.1 | -21.9 i 85. 8 j 95.6' 104.1 1 11.2 6.7 3.0 2,235,S67 117.4; 1,065,653 158.8 i ! 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are not shown where base is less than 100. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 49.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States. Wisconsin All other states 1. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY- Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. ! 1,173 723 450 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Male, 1 Aver- Fe- age male, num- ; be.r. 16 1,073 30! 10! 15! 1 64$ 425 Number, 15th day of- Maxirnum 1 Minimum month. I month. De 1,292 ! . 893 78 j Jy 527 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR ]\ NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. ) Total. 16 and over, j Under 16. Male. 1,291 778 513 $90 498 392 ;j Capital. 384! 3 j 14 | $7,190,675 266 1 118 j 2.804,23$ 4,3S6.437 Salaries and wages Officials. j C^s> SS2,179 123.367' 70,726 24; 098! 11,453 expenses—con tinned. Salaries and wages—Con. Rent and taxes. For materials. 1 STATE. For contract work. Taxes, Federal, Fuel j Wage earners. Kent of factory. state, county, and* Principal materials. and rent of j power, j local. United Stales $810. 607 $3, 303 $5,940 $220,037 $2,051,382 $51,19$ "Wisconsin 446.913 363,694 1,500 4,440 176, S21 43,216 1,231, $47 $19,535 23.73$ All other stales » "'"3*303" 27]460 i Value of products. Value added by manu-* facture. U, $60, $55 2,$21,541 2, 039,314 1,565.956 1', 192,319 Primary horsepower. Total. 1,670 606 1,064 Owned. Steam en- gines and tur- bines. 1,255 Inter- nal- corn- bus- tion CTl- gines. Water pow- er.* 70 9$0 Rent- ed.* 331 14 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 218 137 operated by water from city mains). 'alt-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). (299) OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. By Arthur J. Leok. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—Most oilcloth and linoleum are built on a textile foundation or backing, such as unbleached cotton sheeting, drill, duck, burlap, or felt. These foundation materials are not made within this industry but are purchased, so that the process of manufacture becomes one of mixing and applying the ingredients, much of which is done by the use of special machinery. Comparative summary.—The general developments in the oilcloth and linoleum industry, during the 20 years since 1899, are summarized in Table 1. The two main divisions of the industry—"oilcloth and linoleum, floor," and "oilcloth, enameled"—are here presented both combined and separately. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 2 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909 the number of persons en- gaged in the industry distributed by class and sex, the wage earners being grouped according to age— "16 years of age and over," and "Under 16 years of age." Wage earners, by months.—Table 3 shows the fluc- tuation by months in the number of wage earners employed in the industry on the 15th of each month during the years 1919 and 1914 for the United States, and for 1919 by states. Prevailing hours of labor.—The tendency of this industry toward fewer working hours per week is evi- denced by the statistics presented in Table 4. The different schedules of time prevailing in the various states are also brought out by this table. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The size of establishments for the combined industries, as measured by the average number of wage earners, is shown in Table 5 for the United States in 1919 and 1914, and by states in 1919. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The decrease in the number of establishments having a small value of output and the increase in number hav- ing a large value is evidenced by the figures presented in Table 6. At the census of 1909 establishments ranging from "$100,000 to $1,000,000" in value of products formed one group, while in 1914 and 1919 a division of this group was made in order to permit a more detailed analysis of the subject. Character of ownership.—It is clearly shown in Table 7 that in 1919, 1914, and 1909 the corporate form of ownership predominated in the oilcloth and linoleum industry. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The various types of power used in 1919, 1914, and 1909 are shown in Table 8 for the industry as a whole and separately for the two branches, "oilcloth and linoleum, floor," and "oilcloth, enameled." Fuel consumed.—Table 9 shows an increase from 1914 to 1919 in all kinds of fuel consumed with the exception of anthracite coal and manufactured gas. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Oilcloth and Linoleum. Number of establishments Fcrsons engaged Proprietors and Arm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital.. Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cast of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 3. 1919 32 7,573 7 1,022 6,544 28,010 $60,586,645 9,902,300 2,183,334 7,718,966 15,798 2,361,313 41,509,426 68,110,081 26,600,655 1914 31 6,234 7 676 5,651 22,272 128,041,178 4,149,632 936,317 3,213,315 114,805 17,775,863 25,598,361 7,822,498 1909 31 5,557 11 345 5,201 16,125 $19,634,138 3,474,628 649,083 2,825,545 27,645 74,449 15,550,101 23,339,022 7,788,921 1901 3, 10, $13,803, 2,304, 361, 1,943, 4, 2 49, 10,050, 14,792, 4,742, 1899 27 3,409 26 153 3,230 7,561 $8,879,102 1,922,636 294,523 1,628,113 2 38,004 7, .549,672 11/102,620 3,852,948 PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 21.5 77.4 15.8 25.8 116.1 138.6 133.2 140.2 ,956.8 133.5 166.1 240.1 1909- 1914 12.2 67.0 8.7 38.1 42. S 19.4 44.3 13.7 54.2 14.3 9.7 0.4 1904- 1909 35.1 69.0 33.9 59.6 42.2 50.7 79.7 45.4 587.2 50.8 54.7 57.8 64.2 1899- 1904 20.6 41.8 20.2 33.7 55.5 19.9 22.6 19.4 29.9 33.1 29.7 23.1 i A minus sign (-) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. (300) •nna^OMii qnv hxoioiio 108 9*88 9*T9 0-9 6*9 8*8 6** 9'£ ?*6 E*SS 6*92 S*£2 f'Z 9 "I 0*001 9*T9 9-ss 0*96 T*S6 2*T6 T*96 9*26 9*05 £*99 T*?£ L-ZL O'OOT 0*001 9*£6 O'OOT 0*001 O'OOT O'OOT 0*001 0*001 O'OOT O'OOT ?*86 8? 26 901 82 8? 98 0'£ f'6 S'OT £*g 9 "2 8'I V9 9*2 8*T ?*9 T*9T 9*92 2*98 0*86 9*06 2*68 O'OOT 0*OOT S'Tfi ?*£6 2*86 9*f6 ?*£6 2*86 9*?6 6*88 ?*?£ S*?9 91 98T Zfl *9t*rc OTT 08 682 OTT 08 T62 92 8£ 922 9pBUI 9T 9T 9 8T6, 9TT"T 6T0*T 826, TSI T ?20 I 95 82T 86 ?T 88 T? OT OT ST 9 * ? 62 2,1? 09 STO'T TOS'l Ul'l 28 92 8S0> 828'? 20Tf9 9TI? s?e*? S2T*9 9ST 2T2 9T? ST 92 ST T96, £6T'T £TT*T m, 822'I 081'T ?8 99T S2T 680 T 98? T 6TS*T 28 92 , S6T? 80?> T68'9 922;? 82?? ?I? 9 T9T 982 0?9 *W>I, 606T ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?I6T 6T6I 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 6061 H6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?I6T 6T6T 6061 ?I6T 6T6T 6061 ?I6I 6T6T eite jo whoa" gi lapufl. I9A0 puB 9S« jo sjb9a" 9T (jaqnmu 9Sui9au) siaitrco gSu^V •saaAonlnia pat-repss ^rmipioqns laq^o pn« s^xeio •sjoSFcreni ptre ^napne^irpadns -snoT^iodioo jo siaonjo pap^i^s • -sjaqnrani ulitj pus sjo^eudai^ spspgjo Ptre sio^audojj ■ aaiaRTNa 'Hjcrcono 2*T T*8 2*8 8*8 9*6T 8'£2 T*8 6*2 6'9 0*8 0*8 T*9 0*22 £'92 6*88 9*0 O'OOT O'OOT O'OOT O'OOT O'OOT 0*00T 8*88 O'OOT O'OOT 8*86 0*001 O'OOT 6*96 8*96 £*I6 92tJ/o sxgqA 9i Japan. J9A0 ptre 9§^jo si^al gi -(jaqnrnn eSBiaAtr) sjatcrca axte^l ■s99j£oidtn9 pain^^s a^miipjoqns laqtjo ptre e^iaio -.reaA* sns -nao T*6. 6;o^ ?*0 8*8 9"? £*S •arenr -a.i O'OOT ?*08 2*2£ 6*96 T*£6 T*?6 0*£6 0*£6 6*86 0*8£ T*99 O'OOT O'OOT 9*66 O'OOT O'OOT O'OOT 6 "06 O'OOT O'OOT T*66 O'OOT ZST 89T 9T9 88 0* m 88 2* T9 9 8 8 T8 98 002 T8S> 9*9 f m 9 2'96 t'96 8*T6 *9i^H I OT OT 89T 29T £88 89T 2ZT £68 f9 OTT 092 8T2 882 899 ateni -a,i Lf 92 f 966 > 88? 9 T2T 9 8t0'9 m's m 9 T6T 988 809 59 U LSI 8t 29 99 OT L L OTT 28T 092 88 0? 9*T 88 Zf T9 9 8 8 28 98 002 89?'? 86£? ?9S*9 ??8*9 9?6'9 9T6'9 •ai«H If T9 98 t m 9 009'9 809 9 T02'9 T99 9 ??9"9 9?2 T9? 89£ 29 82, 88T 8? 29 99 TT L L TTT 28T T92 Z99'9 ?82'9 S£9*Z 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 6061 ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T 606T ?T6T 6T6T ■ 'SjaS^nTJin pire s^napua^uiJQdns *"snoi^BJodJOo jo &iaow° P'TO - -sjaqinani uu\j pac sio^iidojj sitiioigo vu® sioioudojj aooij'HnsrioNn cinv hjdoidiio l*5;ox sns -a90 e3« jo sitoa* 9t J9pnn j9ao ptre aSs jo wtoa" 9x ■ (jaqnmu oSeiaA^) sjouisa e3«A*v •saai'oidnra pau«iB8 o^tmipjoqns jaq^o pu« S3(J9io SJ93B1TG1II pire s^napua^iqjadns sno^BiodJoojosiaoiBO papBi^s ■sjaqraoxn nun pa« gio^audoid: qBpmo put3 sjo^audojj ••-naanoKii omv hioioiiq '6061 aKY (H6I 46I6I ^HXSIiaNI MI daOVONa SMOSUM—*5 aiavx *sx*Jiia^TJiii jo jsoo ssai s^onpoid jo onp3A b 'annaAai xsnja^m jo aAxsnpxg 5 '00T n^q? ssat ST os^Q. pa^^nro ojb sa3^anaojad .'astsejoap sa^onap (—) nSxs snurai v i 0*92 9*22 S*T2 6*69T 9*92- 8*68- 0*62- o*ni 9*82 T'8 2*0- 2*22 res i'68 ?'9 g'LS 6'0i 2'99 £*8S 9'081 £-0?2 2*?9I 6X8 9*68 6*18 9*£T2 1*86 T*£9 2*29 i"6? 8 "89 9*62 8*?9 8*28 6*0? 9'98 ?*82 S'?L S*?2 -6681 8'?S 6*9? 2'98 9*9? £'29 6 "92 9*62 9'0S- 2 9 £'02 2M9 0*81 9*T9 9 "OS I'19 f'LL 8*92 9'86 618 0'2T 8*TT 6'0t T6? 8*21 T'98 9*91 8*£8 £*28 8'? 8*?9 6 "92 ! ?*£ 6061 -*06I fl6l -6061 6'T6I T*S6 8"0£ £'££9 2'£6 2*02 8*69 2'68 0'62 9*£- 9"TT- 1*8- 80T 668 919*969*8 21? '969 lZ 920 *9s IS 2*192 2'66T 6*691 £ '199 2 8 "091 9 "961 6*89T ?*9?I 2*92 8 "22 T"82T 8 "08 6X61 -fl6I 8£8f008 ?S9f00T 29?'10? ?06'20£. 0?!'! 2T9 8? 9 999 6 9?8'896 2 90I'£OS'£ 092'898'? 8£6'T8z S^'SST'T 600f?0?f? 9?£'0£2'8 199'91 s 820'? 6T8'822 6£0'T9 868'?82 921 '969'SS 60?'I 829 ?8 2 ! ?99 ! n ?£6'809'8 £82,888'0T 892 '6££ '9 80£'82s 982 '£28 "T 686'861. ?£Ttl29'T 861'9£I £S 12?'9 8U'2 901 12 ??8'2 81 886'6T£'I . 191 008t \ 6S0'020 2 £0T'80I'0IS ! 80£'8 j 998^'8 ! 881 i ox I 8?9'8 ! 91 906'021 '2 169'929'£ 98£'?0?'9 286'02 6681 f06I I?I '919 021'802 T92'?2£ 98?'216 ft £96 £T 9£6 801 9 680'I 2T 910'899 9 188'818'91 918'9?T'01 £19'89 9?9'£2 , ?0?'608f2 896'0??, £9S'09£ 2 20£'I2£'?IS 89T'?T 922'? £82 89?'? 6T S80'2£?'T 920'966 £ £S6'829'9 ?00'98 £?6 809 ££0'988 ?20'9?6 896'8f£ £1 06?'8 822'T 602 ? , 98? I ST 09? 098 9 988'209'£1 9£8 22,098,136 1 33,306,669 26,215,979 Value ;$17,120,654 <$10,043,436 | $7,850,437 j. Inlaid linoleum— I J I i Square yards I 9,834,332 \ 8,479,202; 4,460,275 i Value 410,336,391 ' $4,725,837 ; $2,994,491 j 1914- 1919 1909- 1919 166.1 191.8 -53.9 37.1 -51.2 51.0 -34.1 108.0 -36,0 122.2 -33.7 70.5 -15.7 118.1 1919 16.0 118.7 120.5 245.2 I Floor covering (made on felt i back): ;' Square yards !30,369,522 Value.." $13,909,276: A rtiflcial leather: Pyroxylin coated tex- tiles- Square yards 3,332,085 Value $3,922,5-58 All other- Square yards 10,300,416 Value $4,821,190 (2) I3') (*) (2) PEE CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1919 1919 C3) (3) All other products, value $2,048,914 $2,308,485 $4,589,742 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. s Not reported separately. GENERAL TABLES. Table 11 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Table 12 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 11.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States. Massachusetts 1 New Jersey Wage . earners (aver- age num- ber). : Cost of mate- rials. Value of ] prod- ucts. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments ! Wages. Cen- sus Primary horse- year. power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 190S 32 31 31 6,544 5, 651 5,201 28,010 22,272 16,125 ! $7,719 3,213 1 2,S26 $41,509 17,776 15,550 $68,110 25;598 23,339 1919 1909 4 3 342 220 1,361 375 325 118 4,341 1,211 5,747 1,704 1919 1914 1909 14 10 10 2,393 2,190 2,123 9,704 8,223 7,819 2,943 1, '2S7 1,1S7 15,295 7,660 6,638 25,535 11,354 10,143 Ceii- i sus year estab- lish- ! menU (aver- age num- ber). Priinary horse- "power. j Wages. Cost of Value of mate- \ prod- rials. ut-ts. Pennsylvania 2. 1919 1914 All other states. 1919 9 1914 16 1909 IS 2,549 1,803 j 1,260: 1,658 I 2,858' 1 Not reported separately in 1914. - Not reported separately in 1909. 111367—23- -20 Expressed in thousands. 11,871: 9,554 5,074 j 4.495 j 7,931 $3,065 1,072 1,3S6 854 1,521 $11,873 4,647! $28,S06 7,165 10,000 8,022 5.469! 7,049 7,701 11,492 306 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. Oilcloth and Linoleum United States Massachusetts New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM, PLOOE. United States New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states 2 OTLCLOTH, ENAMELED. United States Massachusetts New Jersey All other states 3 INDUSTRY AND STATE. OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. United States Massachusetts... New Jersey Pennsylvania... All other states.. OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM, FLOOR. United States. New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states2.. OILCLOTH, ENAMELED. United States Massachusetts... New Jersey All other states 3 Num- ber of estab-! lish- ments| PERSONS ENGAGED LN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 7,573 375 2,739 3,010 1,443 j! Sala- Clerks, etc. ried Pro- j offi- prie- ! cers, tors jsuper- and ! in- , firm j tend- • mem-! tmts, | Mule, bers. i and j 'man- j lagers. | i I Wage earners. 7 I 254 2,419 3,016 819 1,319 375 320 624 20 95 102 37 7 168 220 113 ! Aver- Fe- } age male-! num- ! ber. 260 6,544 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. 6 342! 78 2,393 | 145 2,549 j 31 1,260 | De 7,802 Oc 411 De 2,978 De 3,030 197 71 102 24 415 143 220 52 93 68 145 12 35 Minimum month. Fe 4,674 Fe 252 So 1,763 Mh 1,767 5,414 ,| De 6,539 Mh 4,030 2,136' De 2,660 2,549 j De 3,030 729 | Ja* 1,544 Mh 1,767 7 6 25 I 10 61 19 1,130 I! De 1,323 342 |i Oc 257 I De 531! 411 318 Ja 872 Fe 252 Ja 219 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 7,789 399 2,978 2,954 1,458 2,660 2,954 849 1,326 399 318 609 16 and over. Male. 7,308 331 2,886 2,790 1,301 6,113 2,573 2,790 750 331 313 551 Fe- male. 440 54 160 157 66 160 115 Under 16. Male 29 Fe- male! 10 Capital. $60,586,645 49,803,688 21, 287, 275 21,255,523 7,200,890 10,782,957 2,691,090 2,832.477 5,258,790 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. $1,152,348 84,258 462,180 423,850 182,060 922,871 400,951 423,850 98,070 229,477 84,258 61.229 83,990 Clerks, etc. $1,030,986 30,484 313,310 467,375 219,811 856,58C 285,178 407,375 104,033 174,400 30,484 28,138 115,778 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—| Continued. Wage earners. $7,718,906 324,758 2,942,921 3,064,992 1,380,295 6,518,089 2,055,789 3,064,992 797,308 1,200,877 324,758 287,132 588,987 Rent and taxes. I For con- tract work. $15,798 7,500 8,298 8,298 7.500 7,500 Rent of fac- tory. ■88,321 321 !,000 321 8,000 8,000 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $2,352,992 41,121 1,350,049 799,659 162,163 2,123,756 1,224,144 790,059 99, 953 229,236 41,121 125,905 02, 210 For materials. Principal materials. $39,892,145 4,278,999 14,712,001 11,352,980 9,548,165 Fuel and rent of power. SI, 617,281 62,495 582,881 520,194 451,711 ! 29,020,819 12, 244,798 11,352,980 5,423,041 10,871,320 1,347,884 4, 278,999 2,467, 203 4,125,124 539,193 520,194 288,497 2G0,397 62,495 43,088 103,214 Value of products. $68,110,081 5,746,839 25,534,739 28,805,611 8,022,892 52,673,206 21,088,734 28,805,611 2,178, S01 15,436,875 5,746,839 3,846,005 5,84-1,031 Value added by manufac- ture. $26,600,655 1,405,345 10, 239,802 10,932,437 4,023,011 22,304,503 8,904,743 10,932,437 2,407,323 4,296,152 1, 405,345 1,335,119 1,555,688 Primary horsepower. Total. 28,010 1,361 9,704 11,871 5,074 23,509 8,844 11,871 2,794 4,501 1,361 860 2,280 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 13,530 540 5,640 5,180 2,170 12,655 5,4S0 5,180 1,995 540 160 175 Steam tur- bines. 1,741 1,375 366 1,666 1,300 366 75 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Rent- ed.* 12,737 821 2,689 6,323 2,904 9,186 2,064 0,323 799 3,551 821 625 2,105 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 8,733 3,308 4,820 005 8,533 3,10S 4,820 005 200 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 3 All other states embrace: Illinois, 1 establishment; Indiana, 1; Maine. 1; New York, 1; and Ohio, 2. 8 All other states embrace: Maine, 1 establishment; New York, 1; and Ohio, 1. * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). IRON AND STEEL AND THEIR PRODUCTS Page Iron and Steel—The Industrial Group 1 309 Blast Furnaces 311 Ferroalloys 324 Steel Works and Rolling Mills 327 Tin Plate and Terneplate 348 Wire 354 Cast-Iron Pipe 363 Machinery 369 Textile Machinery 375 Machine Tools . 381 Engines, Steam, Gas, and Water 387 Locomotives 397 Aircraft 398 Ammunition, Firearms, and Ordnance and Accessories 400 Ammunition - - - 402 Firearms 408 Ordnance and Accessories 413 (307) IRON AND STEEL—THE INDUSTRIAL GROUP. Relationship of the industries.—Five classes of prod- ucts— (1) pig iron, (2) ferroalloys, (3) steel, and hot- rolled iron and steel, (4) tin plate and terneplate, and (5) wire—are to a large extent closely related. Most of the black-plate mills have tin-dipping depart- ments and produce finished tin and terne plate, and some wire-rod mills turn out finished wire products. At prior censuses separate reports were received for the tin-plate departments of black-plate rolling mills and the wire-drawing departments of wire-rod mills, but at the present census this segregation was aban- doned, and reports for plants involving steel produc- tion, hot rolling, and tin dipping or wire drawing, or other fabricating operations for the production of finished products from rolled stock cover all operations of the plant, though some of the products when made in plants that did not produce the rolled stock are the subject of other industry classifications. The comparability of the general statistics with prior censuses is therefore affected, especially with respect to the tin and terne plate industry and the wire industry, because some departments of rolling mills, formerly included in the classified tin-plate and terne- plate or wire industry, because of segregated reports having been made therefor, now are included in the rolling-mill statistics. The statistics for specific products, however, repre- sent total production, irrespective of the industry classification of the producing plants. The blast-furnace industry is preserved intact. Separate reports were made for the blast-furnace depart- ment of plants making pig iron, steel, and doing hot- rolling in one industrial unit. More than 70 per cent of the pig-iron production goes into steel in the same plant. A transfer value was assigned to the pig iron which figures as product and income for the blast furnace and as raw material and expense for the steel department. The manufacture of ferroalloys has been made a specific industry which carries as subgroups the blast- furnace ferroalloys and the electric-furnace products. At previous censuses the blast-furnace ferroalloys were included in the pig-iron industry. Of the total ferroalloy product, about 30 per cent was consumed in the producing plants. Statistics for the ferroallo}7 industry are given as a separate section of this report- Less than 1 per cent of the output of tin and terne plate was manufactured by independent dipping plants not directly connected with black-plate mills. The wire industry as here represented is not con- fined to iron and steel wire. It includes all establish- ments engaged primarily in wire drawing, but steel wire is the leading product, and nearly two-thirds of the steel and iron wire is drawn in plants that roll the wire rods. The statistics for the wire industry are given in a special section of this report. Duplication within the iron and steel industry.—The duplications arising from the use of the finished prod- uct of one estabhshment as raw material of another within the same group results in the totals being of but little significance. Within the steel-works and rolling-mills industry alone there is considerable duplication. Table 1 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909 the gross value of products for the industrial group and its component industries, the value of the products consumed by establishments within the group, and the remaining balance, which balance represents produc- tion available for outside consumption and export. It also shows the average number of wage earners and the value added by manufacture, together with the per cent distribution of the several totals. Of the total value of blast-furnace products in 1919, over four-fifths was used by the steel works and rolling mills: and of the aggregate value of products for the industrial group, 31.1 per cent was consumed by estabhshments within the group in 1919, 32.5 per cent in 1914, and 33.S per cent in 1909. Blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills.— On account of interdepartmental duplications, but little significance can be attached to the combined cost of materials and value of products for the separate industries involved, but statistics of labor, power, and certain financial operations can be properly com- bined. Such statistics are presented in Table 2 for the blast-furnace and steel-work and rolling-mill industries combined, for the censuses 1S99 to 1919, inclusive. Pig-iron production in 1919 was an increase of 32.3 per cent over that of 1914, the latter being 9.3 per cent less than in 1909. The year 1914 was one of great depression in the iron and steel industry. The steel works and rolling mills consumed 72.9 per cent of the pig iron produced in 1899, 73.3 per cent in 1904, 74.4 per cent in 1909, 74.9 per cent in 1914, and 7S.3 per cent in 1919. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 3 shows for blast furnaces and steel works and rolling mills combined, by states, ranked according to value of products, the average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manu- facture, with per cent distribution. Certain states included with u All other states" ranked higher than some of those named in the table. (309) 310 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—IRON AND STEEL—DUPLICATIONS WITHIN THE INDUSTRIAL GROUP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Gross value of products: 1919 1914 1909 Aggregate. Products consumed by establishments within this indus- trial group: 1919 1914 1909 Products minus interindustry duplications: 1919 1914 1909 Wage earners, average number: 1919 1914 1909 Value added by manufacture: 1919 1914 1909 $3,921,508,874 1,386,502,522 1,509,607,980 Per cent distribution: Gross value of products- 1919 1914 1909 Products minus interindustry duplications: 1919 1914 1909 Wage earners, average number: 1919 1914 1909 Value added by manufacture: 1919 1914 1909: 1,220,006,958 449,993,647 510,538,179 2,701,501,916 936,50S,875 999,069,801 441,955 300,910 301,941 1,415,311,804 416,765,715 429.036,870 100.0 100.0 100.0 Blast furnaces. $794,466,558 317,653,983 391,429,283 655,002,125 248,630,958 297,471,122 139,464,433 69,023,025 93,958,161 41,660 29,356 38,429 173,1.80,062 53,073,923 70,791,394 20.3 22.9 25.9 Ferroalloys. $38,583,984 31,914,054 6,6fi9,930 2,344 10,4&5, 40S Steel works and rolling mills. Wire mills (not departments of steel-rolling mills). $2,828,902,376 918,664, .565 985,722,534 100.0 5.2 100.0 ! 7.4 100.0 9.4 100.0 9.4 100.0 9.8 100.0 12.7 100.0 12.2 100.0 12.7 100.0 16.5 1.0 0.2 0.5 .533,090,779 201,362,689 213,067,057 2,295,811,597 717,301,876 772,655,477 375,088 248,716 240,076 1,148,326,618 327,838,873 328,221,678 72.1 66.3 65.3 $162,151,236 81,842,012 84,486,518 Tin-plate and terneplate mills (not depart- ments of steel- plate mills). $97,404,720 68,342,962 47,969,645 85.0 76.6 77.3 84.9 82.7 79.5 81.1 78.7 76.5 162,151,236 81,841,012 84,486,518 19,741 17,600 18,084 59,337,645 25,416,518 23,943,587 4.1 5.9 5.6 6.0 8.7 8.5 4.5 5,8 6.0 4.2 6.1 5.6 97,404,720 68,342,962 47,969,645 3,122 5,238 5,352 23,982,071 10,436,401 6,080,211 2.5 4.9 3.2 3.6 7.3 4.8 0.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.5 4.4 Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY—BLAST FURNACES AND STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS COMBINED: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1919 N um ber of establishments !695 Persons engaged in the industry • 468,817 Proprietors and firm members ! 76 Salaried employees 51,993 Wage earners (average number) 416,748 Primary horsepower 5,420,349 Capital !$3,458,934,958 Salaries and wages i $824,722,293 Salaries $113,315,468 Wages < $711,406,825 Value added by manufacture3 i $1,321,506,680 Pig iron: '! Production, tons (2,240 pounds) I 30,543,167 Consumption by steel works and rolling mills, | tons - !23,921,071 Finished rolled products and forgings, tons | 25,512,847 1914 1909 1904 1899 587 307,356 67 654 303,823 95 '605 259,291 90 16,561 242,640 2,422,577 $936,327,839 $162,177,898 $20,751,392 $141,426,506 $285,641,383 668 231,871 170 9,211 222,490 1,598,073 $573,391,663 $132,559,764 $11,737,488 $120,820,276 $281,570,341 29,217 278,072 3,928,826 $1,720,652,188 $254,553,528 $43,630,504 $210,923,024 $380,912,796 25,223 278,505 3,274,400 $1,492,315,770 $220,523,364 $32,716,076 $187,807,288 $399,013,072 23,269,731 25,651,798 16,623,625 14,447,791 17,429,657 18,482,182 19,076,889 19,276,237 12,191,228 12,759,993 10,410,281 10,398,796 PEE CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 1909- 19i4 1904- 1909 1809- 1904 18.4 -10.2 8.1 -9.4 62.5 1.2 17.2 11.8 —47.1 78.0 15.8 52.3 79.8 49.9 -0.2 14.8 9.1 38.0 20.0 35.2 51.6 10.10 15.3 54.9 63.3 224.0 15.4 36.0 22.3 100.0 33.4 57.7 76.8 237.0 12.3 32.8 17.1 247.0 -4.5 39.7 1.4 32.3 -9.3 54.3 15.1 37.2 -8.6 56.5 17.1 38.0 -4.1 51.1 22.7 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where basis is less than 100. 2 Aggregate value of products less aggregate cost of materials. Table 3.—BLAST FURNACES AND STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS COMBINED—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois New York Alabama West Virginia New Jersey Wisconsin Kentucky Michigan California Missouri Delaware All other states Number of establish- ments. 695 256 128 26 37 39 30 24 19 15 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 416,748 82,818 23,730 22,306 20,111 13,335 12,047 14,298 4,441 2,367 2,556 3,476 3,142 1,009 24,778 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 44.7 19.9 5.7 5.4 4.8 3.2 2.9 3.4 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.2 5.9 Rank. VALUE OP PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thousands). $3,623,369 1,607,492 805,604 251,807 238,107 162,195 121,998 91,448 78,241 36,304 22,784 21,878 18,192 14,980 7,115 155,224 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 44.4 22.2 6.9 6.6 4.2 3.4 2.5 2.1 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 4.3 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thousands). $1,321,507 585,059 286,857 98,690 86,261 57,067 27,793 35,143 41,166 15,566 6,459 8,678 8,683 7,591 3,253 53,341 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 44,3 21.7 7.5 6.5 4.3 2.1 2.6 3.1 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.2 4.0 Rank. 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 9 16 12 11 13 20 BLAST FURNACES. GENERAL STATISTICS. Distribution of the industry.—The blast-furnace fer- roalloys are included for the present census in the fer- roalloy section of this report, and the statistics here presented are confined to the pig-iron industry exclu- sive of ferroalloys. The industry at prior censuses embraced all ferro blast-furnace products. Comparisons for 1919 with respect to prior censuses are therefore to a certain ex- tent affected by this change in classification. Comparative summary.—Table 4 summarizes the statistics for the pig-iron industry for each census from 1879 to 1919, showing percentages of increase for each census period. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 5 gives, by states, the average number of wage earn- ers, value of products, and value added by manufac- ture, ranked according to value of products, with the per cent distribution of the several items. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 6 presents the comparative statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909, for persons engaged in the industry, classified as to their occupational status, sex, and whether over or under 16 years of age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms.'1 Wage earners, by months.—In Table 7 are shown the statistics, by months, for wage earners for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for 1919 by states. The table affords a view of the seasonal movements of the labor market in the industry and in a way the industrial conditions obtaining therein. Female wage earners are negli- gible, only a few being incidentally reported. Prevailing hours of labor,—Table 8 illustrates the tendency towards shortening the hours of labor. In 1909, 96,5 per cent of the wage earners were in es- tablishments where the prevailing hours of labor were over 60 per week, and none in establishments of 54 hours or less per week. In 1914 the proportion of those working in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were over 60 per week fell to 79.1 per cent, and 5.6 per cent were in establishments with 54 hours per week or less; while in 1919, 7 per cent were in establishments with hours of 4S or less per week, and only 67 per cent in the over 60-hour class. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of large units, as shown by Table 9. In 1919 the establishments averaged 214 wage earners as compared with 183 in 1914 and 185 in 1909. In 1919 there were 51 establishments, or 26.1 per cent of the total number, that employed over 250 wage earners, the aggregate number constituting 64 per cent of all wage earners. In 1914, 33 establish- ments of this class reported 53.4 per cent of all wage earners, and in 1909, 45 establishments reported 55.3 per cent of all wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The grouping by value of products in Table 10 necessarily reflects the general increase in values, which ac- counts in the main for changes from lower to higher groups. In 1909 the average value of products per establishment was approximately $1,900,000, and in 1914, S1,9S5,000; but in 1919 it was 84,074,000. On a quantity production basis the establishments aver- aged approximately 123,000 tons of pig iron per estab- lishment in 1909; 145,200 tons in 1914; and 155,200 tons in 1919. In 1909, 41.3 per cent of the establish- ments reported products of $1,000,000 and over, with 85.S per cent of the value of all products; and in 1914, 41.3 per cent of the establishments were of the same character, with 85.9 per cent of the value of all prod- ucts. In 1919 this group carried 66.7 per cent of all establishments, 96,1 per cent of the value of all products, and produced 96.9 per cent of the pig-iron tonnage. Character of ownership.—With a few exceptions the establishments are owned by corporations. Of the 195 establishments constituting the industry in 1919, 187 were corporations, the remaining 8 being equally di- vided between individuals and lkAll others," the latter chiefly firms, these reporting but approximately 1 per cent of the products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 11 presents the power equipment statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909. This table emphasizes the in- crease in electric power. Owned power increased dur- ing the period 1914-1919, 27.7 per cent; purchased electric power 123 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 12 presents, by states, the comparative statistics of fuel consumed in the industry in 1919 and 1914 by kinds. The figures include the smelting fuels as well as those used for steam and power purposes. The table includes the statistics for charcoal used in the charcoal-iron furnaces. (3U) 312 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) — Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture6 Pig-iron production, tons (2,240 pounds) 1914 1909 195 46,956 41 5,255 41,660 160) 33,194! 15! 3,823! 29,3561 208| 43,061 48 4,584 3S,429 1904 190 37,335 26! 2,231; 35.07S 1899 223 41,046 48 1,757 39,241 1,581,432 l,222,273j 1,173,422! 773,278* 497 272 $802,416, .541 $462,281,594,8487,5S0,659jS236,145,529S143,159,232 $87,204,443 $28,895,203j $31,131,142 $21,825,41o! §20,788,520 $13,435,048 $6,114,577! $6,524,612 §2,890,897 §2,304,120 $73,769,395 $22,780,6261 ?24,606,530| §18,934,513! $18,484,400 i! $692,293 $265,108, $68,S08| S7,871 $20,936,561 §2,937,517| $2,147,148 < $984,636 $621,256,496 §264,580,060 §320,637,889*178.941,91* $794,466,55S §317,653,983 if 391,429,283,$231,822,707 $173,180,062, §53,073,923! 870,791,394 §52,880,789 30,543,167 23,269,7311 25,651,798 16,623,625 1889 1879 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1904- 1914 ! 1909 304 (2) (2) (2) 33,415 341 I 21.9 -23.1! -22.9, 15.3 -9.0 1899- 1904 1889- i 1879- 1899 | 1889 -26.6 (2) j 41.5 (2) l (2) 37.5 -16.6! 105.51 27.0, 41,695; 41.9 -23.6, 9.6j -10. 248,928i (2) !29.4 4.2! 51.7| 55.5| $129,517,485 SS9,531,362' 73.6j -5.2: 106.51 65.0| $16,226,145 S12,655,428 302.0 -7.2! 42.6| 5.0l (2) (2) . 120.0 —6.3! 125.7 25.5 (2) (2) 224.0 -7.4; 30 0! 2.4f §103,291 (2) (2) 161.0 285.0, 174. Oi -92.4! '$1,010,724 (2) (2) | 613.01 36.81 !-2.6| 5131,503,655 SI 10,098,615 558,619,742i 135.0i -17.5 79.2! 36.1 1206,756,557 S145,643,153 159,315,569 150.0| -18.8 68.8! 12. ll $75,252,902 $35,544,538 $30,695,827 226.0 -25.0! 33.9! -29.7] 14,447,791 8,845,185! 3,375,912 31.3 -9.3j 54.3| 15.1 17.4 99. 20.41 19.4 42.0| 111.7 (3) 4.4 87.8 631 15.8 162.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percent ages are omitted where base is less than 100. * Figures not available. » Figures not strictly comparable. < Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 5.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. Pennsvlvania.. Ohio. * Illinois Alabama Number of estab- lish- ments. WAGE EARNERS. New York Michigan Virginia West Virginia. Tennessee Kentucky New Jersey All other states— I ,\,r«™™ Percent ™S !distribu- number. t- 58 42 5 21 9 11 12 4 8 I 4! 3 j 18 | 41,660! 14,619 i 9,793! 2,129! 5,214; 2,210! 1,101 1,081 417 884 475 487 3,250 Rank. 100.0 35.1 23.5 5.1 12.5 5.3 2.7 2.6 1.0 2.1 1.1 1.2 7.8 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Total value. Amount (expressed in j thousands).; S794,467 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 I Rank. 311,080 I 179,234 j 64,762! 57,018! 51,602 1 13,534' 10,098 6,412 6,218 j 4,465! 3,858 I 86,186 39.6 22.4 8.1 7.1; 6.4 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 10.8 Pig iron (tons). Amount. Amount (expressed in thousands). 30,543,167 12,014,112 7,073,337 2,528,888 2,111,381 1,890,994 420,301 i 291,117! 251,751 i ! 182,033 | 163,708 j 118,418 j 3,497,127 I $173,180! Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 66,120 41,547; 13,236 12,147; 11,291 3,235 , 1,828 , 901' 1,651 854 1,111 19,259 38.2 24.0 7.7 7.0 6.5 1.9 1.1 05 0 9 0.5 0.6 11.i Rank. 10 15 13 Table 6.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. All classes 1.919 1914 1909 Proprietors and officials ;1919 1914 1909 Proprietors and firm mombers 1919 1914 1909 Salaried officers of corporations 1919 1914 Superintendents and managors 1919 1914 1909 Total. 46,956 33,194 43,061 1,382 768 1,119 41 15 48 222 193 262 1,119 .560 809 PER CENT OF TOTAL. j I Cen- 1 sus year. Fe- male. CLASS. I 1919 j 1914 1909 Total. | Male. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. 3,914 3,070 3,513 3,031 2,698 3,182 883 372 331 Wage earners (average number) j 1919 I 1914 1909 41,660 29,356 38,429 41,606 29,350 38,421 54 6 8 ! 1919 i 1914 ! 1909 41,656 29,304 38,361 41,602 29,298 38,353 54 6 8 ! 1919 4 4 i i ! 1914 52 68 52 1909 68 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 77.2 87.9 90.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 22.8 12.1 9.4 0.1 ft 0) (') * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. BLAST FURNACES. 313 Table 7.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is Indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average: number em- ployed: during; year. :; NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OP THE MONTH OS NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. United States:! 1919 41,660 Males 41,606: Females 54 1914 29,356 1909 33,429 , Alabama 5,214 Illinois 2,129 Kentucky 475 Michigan 1,101 New Jersey 487 New York 2,210 i Ohio 9,793 Pennsylvania 14,619 Tennessee 884 j Virginia 1,0*1 West Virginia , 417 Janu- ary. 51,467 51,409 5S 31,898 31, 755 Febru- ary. 47,415 47,357 55 31,869 31,369 March. . April. 44,839 44,7 79 60 32,813 34; 156 40,399 40,342 57 32, 851 S3, tfS G,435 i 2,571 I 697 1,173 j 763 j 2,558 I 12,137 I 17,554 j 1,236 I 1,748 I 4S4! 5,781! 2,382 I 472 i 1,151 j 690 j i 2,273 ■ 11,0.95! 16,624 i 1,130 I 1,604 I '332! 5,5S3 2,172 529 1,132 6SS 2,275 10,247 15,984 925 1, 508 '318 4,995 2,006 328 1,105 416 2,181 9.534 14', 048 830 1,309 303 May. ; June. 1 July. | August, j 'October.!N£!m~ ^1>^' 37,939 37,836 53 31.733 34; 537 37, .533 37,481 52 30,782 36,537 40,412 1 40,359 [ 53! 29,921 i 37,429 i 42,394 , 42,342 52 , 29,000 1 3S,1S2 42,897! 42)845! 52 , 27,757 . 41,998 83,628 \ 33,576 i 52; 26,407: 43.841! 39,022 38,971 51 23,823 45,092 , i; 41,975 i 41.925 50 23,912 46,727 > Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 4,009 1 1.806; '213 i 1,116! '408 2,301 1 9,322! 13,099 807 1,100! 253 4, 245 I', 840 1SS 1,093: 3S3 2 221 9! 465 13,134 S05 687 2-52 4,9S9 i 2,075 552; 1,123! 2,467 9,935 13,838 759 775 266 5,363 2,276 i 555 1,124 1 454. 2,345; 10.163 14; 630 79S 807 , 690 5,5-SO 2,304 559 l,a35 447 2,318 10,440 15,005 803 831 708 5,389 1,219 556 1,056 t.689 6,105 IS, 7SS 854 867 350 5,185 2,478 1 496 1,033 1 393 1 1,966; 8,881 13,764 i 767 1 869 i 426 5,014 ij 2,419 j; 575 ;( 1.071 j '393! 2,026 10,201!; 14,962 -J S94! 861 1 572 65.3 65. 3 S3.3 7L0 62.3 47.4 24.1 88. 1 46.1 62.1 50.3 72. S 61.4 39.3 35.6 Table 8.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK: 1919 AND 1914. i Cen- 1 sus : year. United States. Alabama. Illinois... Kentucky 3.. Michigan New Jersey 3.. Total. 1919 1914 1909 41,660 29,356 38,429 1919 1914 5,214 3,547 1919 1914 2,129 1, 450 1919 475 1919 1914 1,101 991 1919 487 EN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— j 44 j and j un- : der. Be- tween 44 48.1 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. ! Be-! ;tween ; 54 i I and ! 60. Over 60. 1,471 j 1,453 (3) ; (9) 11 .... 30 !2,617 <8.153 ■■27.936 SO .1.551! 13 4,474 23)227 .... .„.! 190 1,149 37,090 272 j... 263! 133 .2.445 . 1,544 682 251 2.467 2,003 1,594 70S 552 991 103 Cen- sus year. New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Tennessee Virginia West Virginia a. FN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PEE WEEK WERE— Total, i 44 and un- der. Be- Be- tween, fcween 44 4S.i 48 54. and ;and 48. 54. Be- tween 54 60. i and ! 60. Over 60. 1919 1914 2,210 1,832 1919 1914 9, 793 5{ 7S6 1919 1914 14,619 11,518 1919 1914 884 503 1919 1914 1,081 689 1919 417 (2)' (3) 1.034: (2) 124 358 154 ; 1,932 382 ;1,092 87 988 1,762 ! 6,956 , 918 i j 4,S6S 209 5 | 10,240 ...j 34S' 327 368 1,081 165 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Figures not available for 1914. Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 1914 1909....... Alabama... Illinois Kentucky.. Michigan... New Jersey. New York..... Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Virginia West Virginia. I! a: I! w! Si 195 41,660 160 29,356 208 38,429 5,214 2,129 475 1,101 487 2,210 9,793 14,619 884 1,081 417 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 1 to 5 6 t.0 20 wage earners,; wage earner?, inclusive. inclusive. II too £2 12 11 9! 1> <~ 152 143 118 21 to 50 wage earners,' inclusive. i3 « 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 15 12 26 541! 465! 9SS! 30 72; 3,424 | 3,034 4,094 i 71 | 10,902 61 < 10,016 1 74 ' 11,958 391 9 1,351 i9; 66 10' 9 12 3 102! 10 714 1 1 26 13 1,017; 5 400 1 4 191 4 307; 445! 318: 235 775 > 2,708; 31669: 126 t 308 405; 1,440 2,1211: 1.917 "348 ■ 266; 4,124! 4,789 | 10,313 17 11,842 1 3 4,479 8,157 1 1,263 9,241 \ 1 1,527 6,266; 12 10,4% 13 1,098 1 876 2 981 1; 1,348 1,253'! 335 252; 3,131 314 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS. BY VALUE OP PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. PIG TRON, TONS. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 All classes 195 160 208 41,660 29,356 38,429 $794,466,558 S317,653,983 $391,429,283 30,277,291 23,269,731 25,651,798 Less than $100,000 10 12 1 14 66 86 1 131 !/ 1,012 (\ 2,648 37,869 138 | 287 ]• '8,054 10,207 21,164 27,935 631,780 / 7,077,009 \ 23,167,325 763,590,444 562,742 14,139,158 30,052,790 272,899,293 700,718 }■ 54,735,742 335,992,823 15,908 / 206,346 \ 704,411 29,350,626 22,698 } 3,349,367 19,897,666 31,123 3,536,186 22,084,489 $100,000 to $500,000 23 32 130 $500,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 1C0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than S100,000 5.1 11.8 16.4 66.7 7.5 27.5 23.7 41.3 6.7 } 51.9 41.3 0.3! 0.5 0.7 26.6 72.7 0.1 0.2 4.5 9.4 85.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 13.8 86.1 S100,000 to 8500,000 { ilf »■« / 0.9 \ 2.9 96-1 } 14.0 85.8 / 0,7 \ 2.3 96.9 } 14.4 85.5 8500,000 to 81,000,000 §1,000,000 and over 90.9! 72.1 Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 3,451 2,345 3,093 1,581,432 1,222,273 1,173,422 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 2,447 1,874 2,640 2,568 0) 1,533,203 1,249,817 997,501 252,316 283,015 371 1,200,672 1,005,374 1,158,572 97.0 98.2 98.7 Steam 2,300 2,057 1,734 0) 1,033,033 79.0 82.2 88.0 Engines 63.1 Turbines 243 0) 0 0) 15.9 Internal-combustion engines 137 104 60 194,037 125,230 309 17.9 15.9 10.7 Water wheels, turbines and motors 10 36 12 1,261 21,601 (2) 0.1 (2) Rented 1,004 1,004 471 453 48,229 48,204 14,850 3.0 1.8 1.3 Electric - 471 453 21,601 14,850 3.0 1.8 1.3 Other i 25 (2) Electric 7,450 1,004 6,446 5,072 471 3,462 453 242,554 48,204 | 194,350 212,582 21,601 135,143 14,850 120,293 100.0 100.0 100.0 Rented 19.9 10.2 11 0 4,601 3,009 i 190,981 80.1 89.8 89.0 1 Not reported separately. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Census year. COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Charcoal (bushels). Fuel oils (barrels). Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). STATE. Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). United States 1919 1914 42,779 47,060 2,261,315 1,892,357 32, ^124,625 25,335,234 31,931,134 29,083,978 45,082 80,474 6,242 0) 1,184,953 242,218 Alabama 1919 1914 338,188 98,197 3,258,325 2,568,150 3,242,527 3,552,097 18,129 25,353 Illinois 1919 1914 48,798 66,723 2,658,635 1,941,514 77 Tn rl [nnsi 1919 1919 18,345 35,512 2,419,706 215,752 79,918 Michigan 1919 1914 500 24,960 14,701 245,387 190,204 21,382,919 18,816,032 25 3 C1) "\f TQsnnn 1919 1919 215 16,234 5,029 28,290 150,226 4,693,973 31, 406 New York 1919 1914 1,341 54,060 67,098 2,363,017 1,718,352 5,858 33 66,441 Ohio . 1919 1914 650,212 195,862 7,743,804 5,736,226 344,000 1,266 9,588 6,056 0) 72, 842 11,775 1919 1914 42,064 45,369 965,252 919,391 10,863,369 11,157,627 189,010 499,970 2,688 75 128 249,909 178,780 1919 1914 25,508 19,808 322,357 235,760 323,221 0) Vitt/-!rt ifi 1919 1914 30,831 33,122 480,601 478,026 700,006 \Va, 543,167 687,376 ,170,136 517,240 1,855,791 1,760,935 i, 104,856 1914 160 64 96 23,269,731 15,495,001 15,219,696 275,308 7,774,727 2,209,961 5,564,766 1909 57 151 25,651,798 15,858,203 15,252,736 605,467 9,793,595 3,824,153 5,969,442 1904 190 52 138 16,623,625 9,926,545 6,697,080 2,264,683 4,432,397 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.5 55,5 40.0 60.0 27.4 72.6 100.0 71,0 100.0 66.6 100.0 61.8 69.3 1.7 65.4 1.2 33. 4 69.5 2.3 38.2 29.0 9.0 10.0 9.5 23.9 14.9 23.3 1904 100.0 27.4 72.6 100.0 59.7 40.3 13.6 26.7 PER CENT OF INCREASE.^ 1914- 1919 31.3 40.0 39.1 87.9 13. S 24.5 9,7 1909- 1914 -9.3 -2.3 -0.2 -54.5 -20. 6 -42.2 1904- 1909 54.3 59.8 69.9 34.7 * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Figures not available. BLAST FURNACES. 317 Production of pig iron, by grades.—Table 18 shows for the census years 1904 to 1919 the production of pig iron, classified by grades, together with the per cent of total represented by each grade and the per cent of increase for each census period. The proportion of pig iron for steel making—basic. Bessemer, and low-phosphorus grades—has steadily increased from 70.7 per cent of the total in 1909 to 74.6 per cent in 1914, and 79.4 per cent in 1919. A considerable increase in production over 1914 is found in each grade except low phosphorus and forge or mill. Table 18.—PIG-IRON PRODUCTION, BY GRADES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] PER CENT OF TOTAL. Total Basic Bessemer Low phosphorus (below 0.4 per cent) Foundry Malleable Forge or mill White, mottled, and miscellaneous Castings made direct from blast furnaces. Ferroalloys 1910 j 30,543,167 PEE CENT OF INCREASE .1 1914 1909 1904 23,269,731 25,651,798 14,597,535 9,374,950 289,726 4,792,961 1,090,344 2S7,529 56,41S 53,704 (2) 9,465,853 7,577,792 305,738 4,325,100 730,910 488,172 32,202 14,3S4 329,580 7,741,759 10,147,052 24S.720 5,539', 410 934,211 586.685 110; 810 16,181 326,970 1919 I »U 1909 1904 %&\™?;\™& 16,623,625 \\ 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 100.0; 31.3 -9.3 j 54.3 2,553,940! 47. S S, -894,5S4 !j 30.7 192.795';! 0.9 3,675; 310: 15.7 316.964 i 3.6 601,677 9S}627 9,469; 280,259! 0.9: 0.2! 0.2 40.7 32.6 1.3 18.6 3.1 2,1 0.1 0.1 1.4 30. 2 39.5 L0 21.6 3.6 2.3 0,4 0.1 1.3 15.4 53.5 1.2 22.1 1.9 3.6 0.6: 0.1 1.6: 54.2; 23.7! —5.2 10. S I 49.2 \ —41.1; 75.2: '273.3 22,3: -25.3 22.9; -21.9; -2LS j -16. S j -70.9! -11.1! 0.8! 203.1 14.1 29.0 50.7 194.7 —2.5 12,4 70.9 16.7 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Included in report on "Ferroalloys," Production, by method of delivery or casting.—The production of pig iron, classified according to the method of delivery or casting for 1919, 1914, and 1909, with number of establishments and per cent of total for each class, is shown in Table 19, together with statistics for Pennsylvania and Ohio, the principal pig-iron states. Table 19.—Production, by Method of Delivery or Casting: 1919, 1914, and 1909. METHOD AND STATE. United States... Delivered molten... Machine cast Sand cast Chill cast Castings made direct| from furnace Pennsylvania... Delivered molten Machine cast Sand cast Chill cast Castings made direct from furnace 1 Ohio Delivered molten... Machine cast Sand cast Chill cast Castings made direct from furnace All other states.. Delivered molten... Machine cast Sand cast. Chill cast........... Castings made direct] from furnace... NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS. 200; 95 208 30,543,167(23,269,731,25,651,798 66| 40; 11 9' 161 12, 1 10211 PRODUCTION, TONS. 1919 1909 18,138,453111, 7,746,6561 6, 3,970,309 4, 634,045! 936,791112, 007,4171 5, 681,867 7, 629,272* 197,6S61 096,7971 655,56S! 685,566: 53,704: 14,384! 16,181 12,014,112; 9,743,855! 10,911,676! 8,026,694, 5, 3,071,311! 2, 727,101| 1, 173,415j 15,591; 7,073,337j 5, 4,036,452 2,078,216 677,157 274,172 7,340 11,455,718 6,075,307 2,597,1291 2,566,051 lS6,45Sj 30,773| 712,786j 5, 696,520; 2, 112,1S0| 1, 217,756: 4,613! 279,045! 5, 837,507 837,576, 907,514 274,516! 4,563; 446,971 !, 797,254 2, ,635,242! 636,639; 1, 206,0121 3,S9sj 1,246,8311 9, 723,700' 945,0361 625,073! 152,824! 33Si 293,15l! PER CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 59.4 51.31 1 25.3 25. i 13.0! 20. 2.1' 0.2! 0.1 100.0100.0! 100.0 66.8! 25.6j 6.1 1.4 0.1 loo. 0: 100.0 47.6 19.9 29. S 2.7 0.1 426,751! 3, 675,655 1, 933,048 4, 205,504 586,479! 314,185! 122,98lj 258,226! 5,873! 11,280| ,57.0! 53. 29.4i 31. 9.6; 12. 3.9j 3. a 1; 0. 1 100.01100. 53. 0! 41. 22, 7! 20. 22.4! 35. 1.6 2. 0.3 0.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Furnaces, number and capacity.—Table the number and daily capacity rating of the com- 54.0 26.0 17.5 2.5 C1) ! (l) 100.0| 100.0 01 50.0 Oi 17.3 Oj 29.8 9| 2,8 i| 0) ojioo. 0 '!: 5 38.6 3! 14.1 44.4 5j 2.8 0.1 20 gives pleted blast furnaces in active establishments at the end of the respective census years 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states and by smelting fuels. The average daily furnace capacity has increased from 261 tons in 1909 to 311 tons in 1914, and to 337 tons in 1919. The ratio of the pig-iron production for the year to the total rated daily capacity was 221 in 1919 as compared with 213 in 1914 and 253 in 1909. Table 20.—Blast Furnaces—Active Establishments: 1919, 19141 and 1909. STATE AND KIND OF FUEL. United States 411 j 352; 38S 1919 i 1914 i 1909 Coke Bituminous coal and coke.. Anthracite and coke Charcoal Alabama Coke Charcoal. ^|}315 5 j 8' 2i i 29; 332 25 31 42 36 39 i 33! 3! 3 Colorado—coke Connecticut—charcoal. Georgia Coke Charcoal . Illinois—coke.. Indiana—coke. Kentucky Cokel CharcoaL.. Maryland Coke Charcoal. Massachusetts—charcoal. Michigan Coke Charcoal. I Minnesota—coke. Missouri Coke Charcoal. New Jersey Cuke. , Anthracite and coke. 24 j 24 , 23 16 1 10 j 7 t! 3 1 6 7! 3! 5 I 1 5 1 5 5 4 4; 4 1 | 1 j 1 1 j 2 i «■» 12 | 13! 12 3 i 3 1 o 9 10 j 10 3; l\ 1 1 3: 1 2 1 i 1 2 1! 1 5 •2 ', $ 5 j 2; 5 1 \ DAILY CAPACITY—TONS (2,240 POUNDS). 1919 1914 | 1909 13S,347 j 109,411 [ 101,447 J136,334 \ 240 438 1,335 i|l07,34S | j 617 1 ! 1,446 j 97,426 2,545 1,476 10,060 I 9,860! 200 | 1,705 I 30; 8,356 8,146' 210 { 1,800 i 48 11,675 j 8 ,290 | 1.150' 1,150 10,254 4,500! 470! 470 i 1,615 1,600 15 1,530 j 755! 775 j ! 1,100 | 335 j 175! 160 | l,2O0 i 1,200! 1,815 j 1,800! 15 \ 2S! 1,565' 675 i 890 1 250 | 60! 60"! 357! 357' 8,370 8,190 ISO 1,800 48 130 70 60 7,775 3,050 710 700 10 1,415 1,400 15 1,208 321 SS7 225 208 150 58 1,440 1,290 150 318 MANUFACTURES. Table 20.—Blast Furnaces—Active Establishments: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. STATE AND KIND OF FUEL. New York—coke.. Ohio Coke Bituminous coal and coke Charcoal Pennsylvania Coke Bituminous coal and coke. Anthracite and coke Charcoal Tennessee Coke Charcoal and coke. Texas—coke Virginia Coke Charcoal. Washington—coke... West Virginia—coke. Wisconsin Coke Charcoal Number and capacity of completed furnaces.—The number and rated capacity of all completed blast fur- naces in all establishments, both active and idle, on December 31, 1919, are given, by states, in Table 21, classified according to mineral fuels and charcoal fuel. The former, designated as "coke," includes a few fur- naces using anthracite and mixed coke and coal fuels. The tonnage production of pig iron for the year was approximately 60 per cent of the total annual capacity of all furnaces as compared with 50 per cent in 1914. Table 21.—Blast Furnaces—Number and Capacity op Com- pleted Furnaces, All Establishments (Active and Idle), December 31, 1919. COMPLETED FURNACES United States: 1919 1914 Alabama Colorado Connecticut Georgia... Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon.... Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia... West Virginia Wisconsin Total. 453 451 44 6 2 4 25 16 7 5 1 12 3 1 3 4 27 79 1 165 16 1 18 Coke.i Char- coal. 421 409 1 4 26 79 1 160 14 1 17 5 ANNUAL CAPACITY—TONS (2,240 POUNDS). Total. 50,222,400 44,405,000 3,685,925 625,000 12,000 128,000 4,085,850 2,871,200 425,000 484,000 5,000 554,500 401,750 3,500 119,000 407,000 3,351,700 10,644,525 15,000 19,730,850 622,300 36,000 894,000 587,500 523,800 Coke.i 49,628,000 43,756,700 3,633, 625, 96, 4,085, 2,871, 425, 480, 265, 401, 63, 407, 3,346, 10,644, 15, 19,727, 5811 36, 869, 587, 466, Charcoal. 594,400 048,300 52,000 12,000 32,000 4,000 5,000 289,500 3,500 56,000 12,400 41,000 25,000 "57/666 1 Including anthracite and mixed coke and coal. Blast furnaces, by capacity groups.—Table 22 gives; by states, for 1919 and 1914 the number of blast fur- naces in active establishments, classified by size groups as to daily capacity, together with the aggregate daily capacity of each group. The capacity of nearly every group shows a material increase, the greatest both actual and relative, appear- ing in the group "500 tons and over." Table 22.—Blast Furnaces, by Capacity Groups: 1919 and 1914. STATE. Cen- sus year. Total. DAILY CAPACITY—TONS OF PIQ IRON (2,240 POUNDS). United States: Daily capacity. Less than 100 tons. 100 to 199 tons. 200 to 299 tons. 300 to 399 tons. 400 to 499 tons. 500 tons and over. Number of furnaces 1919 1914 138,347 109,411 2,013 1,697 8,994 7,967 15,297 13,206 19,744 19,208 34,334 34,808 57,965 32,526 1919 1914 411 352 33 36 65 56 62 57 59 59 78 79 114 65 1919 42 4 11 13 13 13 11 I 1914 36 4 8 Colorado 1919 5 6 1 4 1914 2 4 Illinois 1919 24 1 2 2 4 17 7 1914 24 5 10 1919 16 16 1914 10 10 Kentucky 1919 7 2 2 3 1914 3 2 1 Maryland 1919 5 1 4 1914 5 1 3 1 Michigan 1919 12 7 3 2 1914 13 7 4 2 1919 3 1 2 1914 1 1 Missouri 1919 3 1 2 1914 1 1 New Jersey 1919 5 2 1 2 1914 2 1 1 New York 1919 25 1 6 9 8 9 1914 21 1 6 1 5 Ohio 1919 77 2 7 11 11 12 29 20 17 12 1914 61 1 9 7 Pennsylvania 1919 149 6 18 21 21 15 15 35 34 54 40 1914 137 10 17 Tennessee 1919 10 5 3 2 1914 6 3 1 2 1919 13 1 11 1 1914 11 3 6 2 West Virginia 1919 5 1 1 1 1 I 1914 3 2 1 1919 5 3 2 1914 7 1 3 1 2 All other states1 1919 5 4 1 1914 5 5 i Connecticut, Massachusetts, Texas, and Washington. Duration of runs.—Comparative statistics for 1919 and 1914 are given in Table 23 for furnaces grouped according to size, measured by height of stacks, and according to duration of runs. In 1919 the average run was 896 days as compared with 837 days in 1914. Including furnaces engaged in the production of ferroalloys, the 1919 average duration was 874 days, this being the figure com- parable with that of 1914, when all furnaces are considered. BLAST FURNACES. 319 Table 23.—BLAST FURNACES, GROUPED BY SIZE AND DURATION OF RUNS: 1919 AND 1914. DURATION OF RUN. TOTAL.l 1919 1914 GROUPED ACCORDING TO HEIGHT. Less than 60 feet. Number of furnaces reporting runs Number of runs (last 3, when reported)2 Average length, days Furnaces classified according to time group: Less than 500 days- Number of runs Average length, days 30i.i 287 504! (504 | 874! 837 j 500 to 1,000 days- Number of runs Average length, days. 1,000 to 1,500 days- Number of runs Average length, days. 1,500 to 2,000 days- Number of runs Average length, days. 2,000 to 2,500 days- Number of runs Average length, days. 2,500 days and over- Number of runs Average length, days. 18-5 j 295' 189 I 744 131 1,207 G9 1.672 | 15 2,252 5 3,202 201 300 260 728 123 1,215 52 1,712 19 2,200 9 2,882 1919 12 333 11 314 1 540 1914 10 415 11 210 4 627 j 60 to 69 feet. 1919 I 1914 70 to 79 feet, 80 to 89 feet. 1919 20 37 786 17 255 9 , 746 j 5 f 1,164 \ 27! 59 j 72S 23 255 22 704 1914 1919 1914 128! 697 1 61 152 738 122 225 862 103 234 782 i! 1,764 j 1/79 3 1,274 3 1,75*3 1 2,025 1 3,284 59! 54 59 77 -39 36 286' 310 320 306 285 325 36 1 67 90 95 53 72 750 , 709 725 j 73S 776 748 23' 17 4S 41 55 56 1, 175 i 1,230 1,207 . 1,197 1,224 1, 222 9 i 9 23 15 34 24 1 717 | 1,690 1,611 1,691 1,691 1, 726 1 3 3 4: 9 11 | 2,124 2,237 , 2,214 2,250 2 242 2 2 2 2 4 2 756 1 2,760 3,747! 2,9S1 2,879 2 793 j ) feet and over. 1919 1914 94 192 1,057 89 203 1,041 1 Include^ 15 iron blast furnaces running on ferroalloys (1 ''less than 60 feet"; 8, 2 In some cases only l or 2 completed runs. 70 to 79 feet"; and 6, "80 to 89 feet"). The record for the maximum furnace production for a day, a week, and a month, as reported at the census of 1909, stands unbroken, viz, the production of 918 tons of pig iron by the Edgar Thompson furnace UK," March 30, 1905; 5,315 tons by the Duquesne furnace No. 1 for a week in March, 1906; and 21,272 tons by the Edgar Thompson furnace "K" in March, 1905. The maximum production for a day since 1914 was made by furnace No. 6 of the Illinois Steel Co., November 20, 1919, S22 tons; for a week by same furnace in August, 1919, 5,063 tons; and for a month by furnace "A" of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., March, 1918, 19,664 tons. The record for both the longest run and the maxi- mum output on a single lining is held by the Ensley furnace No. 3 of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., which terminated February 29, 1920, a run of 3,845 days with a production of 1,429,707 gross tons of pig iron, and this without being once banked. The average daily output was 371.8 tons. Prior thereto the record for longest run on a single hning was held by the Schoenberger furnace No. 2, 3,431 days, terminating in August, 1906, banked 11 times, and 69 days lost in banking; and for maximum production on a single lining by one of the Eliza furnaces of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., 1,353,625 tons on a run of 3,172 days terminating January 4, 1913, with one banking and a loss of 26 days, and an average daily output of 427 tons. Gas engines using blast-furnace gas.—In 1919 there were 195 gas engines with a total rating of 514,470 horsepower, using blast-furnace gas, 115 for driving blowing engines and 80 for the production of electric current. Slag pits.—There were 94 slag pits reported in 1919 serving 108 furnaces, with a production of 5,031,743 tons of granulated slag. Pig-iron casting machines.—There was reported for the industry in the way of casting equipment, 149 pig- iron casting machines, comprising 79 of the Heyl and Patterson type, 56 of the Uehling type, and 14 of other patterns. In 1914 the total number was 112 and in 1909, 104. In 1919, 7,746,656 tons of pig iron were machine cast; in 1914, 6,007,417; and in 1909, 5,096,797 tons. Materials, products, and equipment in detail, by- states.—Detail statistics for 1919 of materials, prod- ucts, and equipment, by states, are given in Table 24. 320 MANUFACTURES. Table 24.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND EQUIPMENT, BY STATES: 1919. [Ton, 2,240 pounds, except as otherwise stated.] ! United! States. 3 »200 N umber of establishments. MATERIALS. Alabama. I 55,865,997!! 5,025,183 3307,714,137 !S14,772,8621 j 1 53,696,285 4,879,129! $293,637,171 [$13,929,56l! 370,794' $3,040,2271 981,336 i $5,989,872, 163,985, $1,274,144; i 364,771I 32,114 $143,090 80,976 Total cost |S626,675,640; |$44,871,012] Iron ore: i Tons Cost Crude iron ore— D omestic— Tons Cost Foreign- Tons Cost Calcined, roasted, or treated ore— D omestic— Tons Cost Foreign- Tons Cost Manganiferous ore- Domestic— Tons Cost | $2,220',499p $527,444 Foreign— i I Tons I I Cost Pyrite cinder— "Domestic- Tons Cost Foreign- Tons Cost Scrap (not produced at furnace in 1919): Tons Cost Mill cinder, scale, slag, flue dust, etc. (not produced by furnace reporting): Tons Cost Fluxing materials: Tons (2,000 pounds) Cost Fuel for smelting Coke- Tons (2,000 pounds) Cost Coal- Tons (2,000 pounds) Cost Charcoal- Bushels Cost Illinois. £51,526,758 4,702,522 $26,160,209 4,665,261 $25,977,338! $40,022,880 4,156,579 $20,001,389 4,152,560 319,986,449 37,061 $182,4451 Indiana. Michigan. $10,298,421 793,176 $4,058,220 791,672 $4,056,159 New York. $40,311,052 3,712,658 [$17,655,357 3,674,191 $17,205,7421 37,319 $445,032 4,019 $14,940 1,148 $4,583 Ohio. $137,686,107 Pennsyl- vania. $250,349,277 12,449,590! $71,456,065' 20,935,653 $132,031,628! 12,430,650 $71,387,088 6,435 $37,657 19,866,526 [$124,205,284 162,555 $1,774,775 508,759 $3-, 377,8571 77,538] $767,861 172,069 $1,073,265 Tennessee. $4,566,316 386,007 $1,415,291 362,141 $1,255,121 4,635 $63,161 Virginia. $8,270,165 $38,773,652 567,734 $2,917,312 3,136,895 |$17,245,804 330,605 $1,651,412 155,150 $791,230 616 . $6,796 - 7,662 $52,970 2,543,550 [113,983,017 203,604 $1,202,291 247,994 $1,232,663 85,831 $499,4S7 55,401 $327,195 All other states.1 I All other materials, cost... PRODUCTS. Total value The blast-furnace industry, value Subsidiary pig-iron products (other industries) 283,023! $1,50S,471! 5,803s . $43,753i . 32,964 $172,767 200 j $426 1,504 $2,061! 12,505 $31,320 148,206 $832,5S6 18,615! $90,213! 1,057,908! 216,257 $16,564,169, $3,637,255 2,378,943! $6,709,183': 90,789 $137,590 15,599,604! 711,903 $25,722,688[ $1,237,678! $229,201,344 34,605,700 $223,250,607 8 51,739 $266,494 31,931,134 $5,684,243 I $40,764,114 $19,007,177 ! 3,216,168! $18,402,140 42,980 $739,448 152,429 $298,611 1,052,534 $1,298,231 $20,007,272 2,595,548 $20,007,272 3,242,527 $605,037) $6,078,4501 $57,018, m $801,062,345! $794,466,558!!$57,018,105| S6,595,787! $3,022,987] [$64,762,411 $64,762,411 21,687,376! 1,004,661 $523, 533,054, $22, 348,145j 8, 855,791 $262,427,358| 1,106, 720 $32, 423,680 Pig iron: 1 I Tons (gross).,.. j 30,543,16711 2,111,381 Value $785,960,412; ,$54,771,825! For consumption by company pro- 1 during— Tons . Assigned value For sale- Tons...... Value Blast-furnace gas used as fuel for steam and for gas engines, coal equivalent, tons (gross) - Blast-furnace department (tons, gross). Other departments- Tons (gross) , Assigned value Slag (granulated, slag sand, slag roofing, Saving, etc.) other products, including amount received for custom work Pig iron, classified by smelting fuel: Coke- Tons For consumption For sale Value Bituminous coal and coke: Tons Value 7, 259,875!' 4,977,003|, 2,282, 872|i $5,260,637;; $750, 585| $9, 090, 711 30,097,2201 21,686,861i 8,410, 359! $770,101,169j 35, 745j $1,385,663 883, 895| $42, 2321 (<) 2, 087,783 1,004,661 1,083,122 $53,620,013 58,916 $869,256 226,379! $286,141 922,106! $948,774i $16,101,338! 2,366,334 $16,101,338 1,448! $38,4911 31,513 $521,629 14,877 $41,643 119,503 $117,910 $5,878,4021 49,323 $147,702 1,057,350 $1,482,913 $17,855,628 245,353i 2,313,570 $1,836,257j$17,855,6281 147,792 $2,129,315 611,927 $1,841,877 3,484,609 $6,054,043! $46,670,272| 7,715,245 $46,600,139 23,103 $70,133 21,382,919 . $4,042,145 . $1,815,982 $52,533,807 $52,533,807 $163,755! $2,647,823 $13,533,739 $13,533,739 ;$51,601,999 $51,601,999 2, 528, 888 $61,734,923 2,105, 640 $49, 883,117 423,248 $11, 851,811 853, 641 (<) (<) 2,292, 562| $51, 591, 467| 420,301 $9,534,535 [$179,233,435 $179,233,4351 488,529 $7,487,192 979,680 $3,244,343 6,857,889 $12,378,781 $81,460,4561 13,335,275 $81,224,835 28,6361 $196,361 189,010] $39,260| $13,746,877 $317,675,868] $311,080,081 $6,595,787 2,288! $49,910] 68,514| $377,947 5,803 $43,753 4,311 $70,5441 515 $1,151 39,069 $186,101 132,325 $140,863 $2,341,837 322,357 $2,341,837 $432,314] $6,217,593 $6,217,593 1, 890,994 $13, 512,966;$50,212,451 7, 073, 337 |$176, 592,690 12,014,112 |$314, 253, 542 182,033 $6,150, 705! 686, 70S! <4> i 8 (<) (.*) I 873,810 I $19, 091,919 i 1, 017,184 '$31, 120,532 450, 867 0) (<) 2, 528,888 2,105,640 423,248 ($61, 734,928 2, 292, 562 $5i,"59i,"467| 198,804 198,804! $6,021,719' $33,108 $572,433 1,890,994 873,810 1, 017,184 !$50, 212, 451 5, 327,132 $126, 343,702 1, 746,205 $50,2-18,988 '133,414 $968, 302| $528, 421 $1,144, 0221 7, 037, 592 5, 327, 096 1,710,496 $175,207,027 35,745| $1, 385,663| 9,331,630 $235,317,019 2,682, 482 $78,936,523 2,666,255 2, 024,590 641,665 $1,374,812 $44,260 $2, 003, 254 11,918,501 9,331,6301 2,586,871' $311,194,581 182,033 $6,150,705 15,290 $75,241' 228,723 $336,125 $3,572,825 452,962 $3,572,825 63,874 $1,021,129 199,180 $449,939 1,032,662 $1,727,370 $16,306,137 2,042,888 $15,308,336 $1,298,118 $10,097,816 $10,097,816 7,116,678 $997,801 $2,023,273 [$48,387,572 $4S,387,572 291,117 $9, 232, 864 1, 738, 442 |$47,906,974 8 .1. $5,844! (<) 182, 0331 291,117 (<) 182,033, (<) $6,150,705! $9,232,864 1,011,581 $26,113,169 726, 861 $21, 793, 805 158,027 122,549 35, 478 $168,377 $55, 080 $257,141 1, 668,946 1,011,121 657,825 1*45,135, 414 1 All other states embrace: Colorado, 1 establishment, Connecticut, 1; Kentucky, 4; Maryland, 2; Massachusetts, 1; Minnesota, 2; Missouri, 3; New Jersey, 3; Texas, 1; Washington, 1; West Virginia, 4; and Wisconsin, 3. 1 Includes 5 establishments with $5,389,144 cost of materials, engaged primarily in the manufacture of ferroalloys, which produced 265,876 tons of pig Iron, value $6,592,23«, • Includes 25,133 gross tons of anthracite (28,171 net tons) costing $194,280 and 23,568 net tons of bituminous coal, costing $72,219. < Included In totals but amount not shown to avoid disclosure of individual operations. BLAST FURNACES. 321 Table 24.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND EQUIPMENT, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. [Ton, 2,240 pounds, except as otherwise stated.] products—continued. Pig iron, classified by smelting fuel- Continued. Anthracite coal and coke- Tons Value Charcoal- Tons Value Pig iron, classified by grades (tons): Basic For consumption For sale Bessemer For consumption For sale Low phosphorus For consumption For sale Foundry For consumption For sale Malleable For consumption For sale Forge or mill For consumption For sale White, mottled, and miscellaneous For consumption For sale Castings made direct from blast furnaces Pig iron, classified bv method of de- livery or casting: Delivered molten to steel works, etc... Machine cast Sand cast Chill cast Castings made direct from blast furnace EQUIPMENT. Furnaces in active estabhshments: Completed furnaces at end of year- Number Daily capacity, tons Active during the year- Number Daily capacity, tons Coke furnaces- Number . United States. 32, $11 14, 12, 1 Daily capacity, tons Bituminous coal and coke mixed furnaces- Number Daily capacity, tons Anthracite coal and coke mixed furnaces- Number Daily capacity, tons Charcoal furnaces- Number Daily capacity, tons Idle during tne entire year- Number Dally capacity, tons Coke furnaces- Number Daily capacity, tons Charcoal furnaces- Number Daily capacity, tons Banked, relined, or rebuilding at end j of year— j Coke— i Number j Daily capacity, tons Other fuels (charcoal, anthracite, , bituminous coal and coke)— I Number Daily capacity, tons New furnaces completed since 1914— Number (all coke) Daily capacity, tons In course of construction at end of year- Number (coke 4. charcoal 1) Daily capacity, tons Abandoned or dismantled since 1914— Number (coke) Daily capacity, tons — Pig-iron casting machines Cranulated slag pits: Number Number of blast furnaces served Gas engines using blast-furnace gas: Number Blowing blast furnaces Production of electric current Horsepower - 94,465 975, 470 315,737 498,110 597,535 690,787 906,748 374, 950 558,930 816,020 289,726 9,665 280,061 792, 961 193,034 599,927 090,344| 13,634 076,710 257,529 163,590 118,939 56,418 9,405 47,013 53,704 18,138,453 7,746,656 3,970,309 634,045 53,704 411 133,347 3S5 132,114 359 130,291 2I 140 43S 19 1,245 27 6,433 25 6,343 90 59 20,506 3 255 31 14,545 5 1,720 1,560 149 94 10S 195 115 80 513,470 Alabama.; Illinois. Indiana. \ Michigan, j Ohio. 23, SI, 151, O) | 2,095,431 0) 0) (') ! C1) , 1, 421,931: 0)! i- 0) i ■ 221, 497!. S7, 491,247 . 0)! Pennsyl- vania. 94,465 $2, 975, 470 1,146 $33,491 944,783! 834,278) 110, 505; 0) I 2,550, 1,946, 604, 3,356, 3, 288, 67, 0) 134! 03$ 096| 796; S46i 9501 1,129, 104, 1,025, 650, 445| 205| -I 197,892; 891|. 16, k (0 111,522 959,440 125,345 26,987 42 10,060| 39! 9,651 37 9,526 3 409 334 100 200 1,937,647 590,469! 24 11,675 24 11,675 24 11,675 '0); 346,6111 717,5o0; (0 j 14S,095j ....... 0) 649, 4, 645, 364, 148,0951 0) 0) 5,907 *5," 907 1,796,527!. 494,094: ISO, 060! 240,241' 16| $,290j 16; 8,2901 J S,290| 12 1,530 12j 1,530 6 2,700 1 550! I 35,000 0) 743,763 667,703 478,943 25 9,176] 21 7,676 21 7,676 9;. 775!. 4 1,500 4 l.sool 3 .1,540 6 3,130 5 10 57 23 34 171,400 10 4,025 3 1,500| 364, 122, 0) 0) 11,662j 11,662 7,340 4,036,452 2,07S, 216! 677,157 274,172 7,340 77 2S.91S 28,918 tJ 2S,77S| 1401. 6,625, 5, 725, 900, 4,094, 3, 508, 585, 153, 817, 805, 157, Tennessee.! Virginia. All other states.* (9 69,49794,467 317,654 391,429 57,018 20,066 21,236 64,762 25,862 38,300 13,534 5,450 5,824 51,602 18,4S6 26,621 Ohio Pennsylvania1. Tennessee Virginia All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments.] Wage i ™| Primary age num- ber). j horse- power. 9,793 5,786 7,295 14,619 11,518 14,521 503 1,143 1,081 689 1,320 4,629 3,040 4,560 359,224 232,179 215,739 564,455 477,588 476,680 15,978 6,580 18,150 19,855 15,210 17,320 249,984 158,189 156,072 Wages. Mate- rials. Expressed in thousands. 520,224 5,171 5,090 27,318 9,337 9,457 883 233 519 1,027 352 546 7,554 2,248 2,735 S137,686 i $179,234 60,739 | 72,969 68,425 j 83,699 244,960 115,501 142,074 4,566 j 6,218 1,682! 2,245 3,381 j 4,653 8,270 j 10,098 3,282 i 3,772 4,418! 5,389 78,797 ! 100,921 27,527 32,998 30,814 37,129 * Does not include s tatistics of 5 establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of ferroalloys which produced 265,876 tons of pig iron valued at 56,592,236 in 1919 BLAST FURNACES. 323 Table 26.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United Staes. Alabama... Illinois Kentucky.. Michigan... New Jersey... New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 195 Tennessee Virginia West Virginia All other states 1. PEESONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. ! WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAR-i j | EST EEPEESENTATTVE DAY.! Total. 46,956 5,785 2,436 513 1,203 534 2,362 11,055 16,667 966 1,160 524 3,751 Sala- ried Pro- offi- prie- cers, tors su- and perin- firm tend- mem- ents, bers. and man- agers. 41 1,341 39 155 97 20 39 16 60 311 412 29 35 29 133 Clerks, etc. Male. 3,031 Fe- male, 339 76 151 59 14 I 4 45 I 18 18 I 13 76 i 16 747 j 204 1,230! 367 42 38! 60; 271 I Wage earners. Number, 15th day of— Aver- age num- ber. Maximum month. Total. 16 and over, j Under 16. Capital. month, ii Male. ; Fe- male £e:j malemale 41,660 5,214 2,129 475 1,101 487 2,210 9,793 14,619 884 1,081 417 3,250 Ja 6,435 Ja 2,571 Ja 697 Ja 1,173 Ja 763 Ja 2,558 Ja 12,137 Ja 17,554 1,236 1,748 70S My 4,009 Oc 1,219 Je 16S No 1,033 Oc 352 Oc 1,589 Oc 6,105 Oc 12,786 Je Je 759 6S7 252 5,848 2,41S 536 1,139 | : 1 46,402 54 i 4 i 5,833 15! : EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials.] C^s' !$S02,416,541; ;$6,509, 884 $8,925,164 2,417 1 , !57.167,029 536 |! |j 7;261,031 1,137 2! '15,820,266 395 r 393; 2,271 i 2,269 I 11,211 11,203 . 15,707 :i 15,689! 5SS, 179 393,135 54,6S0 123; 442 2 I j 6,227,356 I 81,549 2 i ; l! 68,297,002 ! 358.252 8 1 11162,007,954 11,292; 048 IS '■.....< !i267,740,371 j2,561,073 1,008 i 1,004! 4 ; Il 12,135,057 1,604; 1,600; 4' ]! 12,455.938 '746 746! \ j 7,977;593 3,577 3,575 | 2 ! 1108,564,848 158,760 122,270 86,000 690,496 772,96S 386,598 25,854 89,927 41,979 228,470 1,614,880 2,911,553 58,023 55,235 72,407 667,270 expenses—continued. United States. Alabama.. Illinois Kentucky. Michigan.. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Salaries and wages- Con. Wage earners. Rent and taxes. For materials. For con- tract work. $73,769,395 Tennessee Virginia West Virginia All other states l.. 7,177,159 3,846,614 .! 565,772 1,719,3S0 .1 653,049 .1 4,019,818 . 20,223,931 .,27,318,410 j S82,634 .j 1,026,940 .] 849,587 . 5,4S6,101 Rent of fac- tory. $692,293j$384,763 4,677! 1177,013 112,954 481 |520,119 187,372 .1. 9,900 354 54,543 9,643 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Principal materials. $20,551,79S'$3S5,662,843 789,485 2,929,S94 90,455 565,518 110,875 3,135,691 3,552,S44 3,644,117 273,265 171,164 95,258 5,193,232 24,302,536 30,839,824 2,252,445 4,904,S69 1,518,493 21,999,130 88,780,004 t62,977,265 1,969,757 4,417,554 3,770,058 37,930,905 Fuel and rent of power. £235,023,653 20,568,476 20,6S6,934 1,359,177 5,393,552 1,229,118 18,311,922 48,906,103 81,982,868 2,596,559 3,852,611 1,740,431 28,995,902 Primary horsepower. i V alue Value of added by products, j manufac- ture. $794,466,55S $173, ISO, 062! 57,018,105 I 12,147,093 64.762,411 : 13,235.653 4,465,149 j 853,524 13,533,739 j 3,235,318 3,S5S,352 j 1,110,741 51,601,999 1 11,290,947 179,233,435 ! 41,547,328 j31l",080,081 j 66,119,948 6,217,593 10,097,816 6,411,939 86,185,939 1,651,277 1,827,651 901,450 19,259,132 Total. 1,581,4321 138,951 80,118 13,4S1 6,367 12,95S 146,500 359.224 564,455 15,978 19,S55 19,360 204,1S5 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 997,501 1252,316 105,401 54,670 13,106 4,805 10,960 78,055 222,164 [401,468 15,016 14,S35 11,260 62,761 Steam tur- bines. |2S3,015! 3711 129,003 10,148 375 1,125 1,970 12,047 70,494 73,442 950 4,870 8,100 39,792 Inter- ! Wa- com- i ^ bus-! ton !p°T' en- gines. j er.* 15,300 j 44,320 38,555 86,635 5 |9S,206" Rent- ed.3 48,229 1,547 437 12,078 ,28,011 2', 770 3,35S Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 194,350 9,996 35,155 979 2,403 300 5.77S 4S,2S3 10,849 1,570 1,089 S;79S 69,150 1 All other states embrace: Colorado, 1 establishment; Connecticut, 1; Indiana 3; Maryland, 2; Massachusetts, 1; Minnesota, 2; Missouri 3; Texas, 1; Washington, l; and Wisconsin, 3. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply) and wat^er motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). FERROALLOYS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—In 1914 and at prior censuses, the blast-furnace ferroalloys, spiegel- eisen, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, etc., were in- cluded in the blast-furnace industry, though reported separately, and the ferroalloys produced by electro- thermic, electrochemical, or other processes were in- cluded in the group of the chemical industry desig- nated as "chemical substances produced by the aid of electricity.'J The present report presents the statistics for ferro- alloys as a classified industry inclusive of (1) blast- furnace products; and (2) electric-furnace products. Comparative figures for previous years are not available for the industry as a whole. The general statistics will be found in Table 33. States, ranked by value of products.—The leading states, ranked by value of products for the classified industry, are Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, New York, Alabama, and Colorado, but there is a large production of ferroalloys by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products, amount- ing in the aggregate to $17,598,259, which production is included in the statistics for products as given in Table 32, and the distribution of these products, by states, would materially affect the rank of some of the states. Persons engaged in the industry.—There were 2,750 persons engaged in the industry in 1919, comprising 2,344 wage earners, 8 proprietors, 49 salaried officers of corporations, 110 superintendents and managers, and 239 clerks or other subordinate salaried employees. The females reported include 64 clerks and 9 wage earners over 16 years of age. Wage earners, by months.—Table 27 shows, by months and by states, the number of wage earners employed on representative days, and the per cent the number reported for the minimum month is of the maximum month. Prevailing hours of labor.—Figures are not available to show the changes since the last census in the pre- vailing hours of labor for the establishments involved. The industry calls for continuous furnace operations, and Table 28 indicates that the majority of the wage earners are found in the higher groups. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 29 gives the average number of wage earners employed in the industry, classified according to number per establishment. There were 7 establish- ments, or 23.3 per cent of the total number, that em- ployed over 100 wage earners per establishment, aggre- gating 66.6 per cent of all wage earners for the industry. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The industry is one of relatively large units, as shown by Table 30. Only 3 establishments in 1919 reported products less than $100,000 per establishment, these representing but a fraction of 1 per cent of the wage earners and of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Of the 30 establishments constituting the classified industry, 27 are corpora- tions, and 3 are owned by individuals or firms. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The power equipment reported for the industry ag- gregates 37,087 horsepower. While rented electric power formed only 12.3 per cent of the total primary power, a large proportion of the owned power was transformed into electric power, representing 59.8 per cent of the total owned power. The details of power equipment are given in Table 33. Fuel consumed.—Table 31 gives the statistics, by states, of the quantities of the different kinds of fuel consumed, including smelting fuel as well as fuel consumed for power purposes. Table 27.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [Mouth of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number em- ployed during year. United States 2,344 Male 1 2,335 Female I 9 Colorado !59 Pennsylvania I 1,500 Tennessee !150 All other states I C35 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. April. May. 2,267 2,258 9 2,096 2,087 9 55~ 1,392 138 682 48~ 1,459 104 485 June. 2,066 2,056 10 60 1,391 142 i 483 | July. I August. 1,879 1,870 9 1,971 1,962 9 46! 54 1,8/(9! 1,362 171 I 180 SIS | 375 Septem- ber. 2,103 2,095 49 153 408 Octo- ber. 2,415 2,406 9 47 1,504 162 712 Novem- ber. 1,572 !, 563 64 ,586 156 767 Decem- ber. 2,756 2,747 74 1,602 161 919 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 64.1 64.0 80,0 52.3 78.7 67.8 31.9 (324) FERROALLOYS. 325 Table 28 .—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK FOR STATES: 1919. United States. Colorado IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. Be-! tween 48 , and 54.: I Be- tween 54 < and 60. 224 28 Over 60. 845 ! 1.108 Pennsylvania 1,500 Tennessee !150 All other states j 635 NT ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Be- Be- tween: tween '43 54. 54 60. and' and ! .54. 60. Over 60. 41 26 712 721 150 20' 75 170 | 133 1 237 Table 29.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States. Colorado Pennsylvania Tennessee All other states Estab- lish- ments. 30 Wage earners (average number). 2,344 59 1,500 150 635 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. Estab-! w !Estab- lish- i wa^e 1 lish- ^nts , earners.; 1 I *2t ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 vage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. Over 250 wage earners. Wage lEgab- Wage ^ Wage earners.: ments earners. mmt^ j earners. , Estab- w me4. e*mers* Estab- xtrQrra JSJL earners, men ts. 45S | 1,102 15' 42 i 56 165 32: 8S! 375 2 . 233! 1 103 i. 1 122 I. 1,102 Table 30.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes Less than $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over.. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. i 30 Average number; Value of of wage 1 products, earners. 2,344 11 452 445 1,436 Value added by manufac- ture. 70,383 3,770,588 3,891,467 30,851,546 $38,583,984 j $10,485,408 27,530 1,242,944 1,312,185 7,902,749 VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes Less than $100,000 $100,000 to §500,000... $500,000 to $1.000,000.. $1,000,000 and over... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Average number of wage- earners. Value oi products. Value added by manufac- ture. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 46.7 19.3 9.S 11.9 20.0; 19.0 10.1 1 12.5 23.2 61.3 79.9 75.7 Table 31.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. COAL. Gaso- line and Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Anthra- Bitumi- cite1 nous (tons, (tons, 2,240 2,000 other volatile oils STATE. (bar- pounds) pounds). rels). 2,005! 83,651 United States 815,322 1,060 350 4,499 Colorado 284 1,060 60S Pennsylvania.. Tennessee All other states Anthra-j Bitumi- cite * i nous (tons, I (tons, 2,240! 2,000 pounds)! pounds). 901 51,267 820 j 31,324 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 691.797 41,955 80,962 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 933 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 253 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 4,499 i Includes some semi anthracite. SPECIAL Materials and products,—Table 32 gives the de- tailed statistics for the principal materials and the products, for the census of 1919. The production of blast-furnace ferroalloys in 1919 aggregated 324,273 tons as compared with 329,580 tons in 1914, a decrease of 1.6 per cent. In 1909 the STATISTICS. | production of blast-furnace ferroalloys was 326,970 | tons, and in 1904, 280,259 tons. The production for 1919 includes 84,010 tons of spiegeleisen, 182,966 tons ; of ferromanganese, 53,516 tons of ferrosilicon, and I 3,781 tons of ferrophosphorus and other ferroalloys, j 326 MANUFACTURES. Table 32.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS: 1919. MATERIALS. Total cost. The ferroalloys industry Other industries producing ferroalloys as subsidiary products Ores.. Domestic Foreign... Manganese or manganiforous. Chrome All other Fluxes Fuel for smelting Coke Other Electric power purchased: All other materials including fuel for power.. Tons (2,000 pounds). 886,227 621,865 264,362 512,580 59,115 314,532 310,909 715,731 Kilowatt hours. 187,750,817 Cost. $38,172,204 28,098,576 10,073,628 22,947,159 9,885,281 13,061,878 17,153,567 2,123,508 3,670,084 655,875 5,281,108 4,740,285 540,82:3 983,328 8,304, 734 Tons (2,000 pounds). Total value The classified industry Ferroalloys, subsidiary products of other industries.. Blast-furnace establishments Electric-furnace establishments Ferroalloys - Ferromanganese j Spiegeleisen I Ferrosilicon t Ferrophosphorous Other ferroalloys (ferrochrome, molybdenum, ti- | tanium, tungsten, vanadium, etc) j Sand cast I Machine cast j Chill cast' Delivered in molten condition All other products Tons. 385,806 185,616 84,010 86,022 4,757 25,401 148,875 131,419 105,299! 213 i Value. §56,182,243 38,583,984 17,598,259 38,484,505 17,697,738 49,326,769 25,670,127 3,675,689 4,821,711 516,231 14,643,011 6,855,474 GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states,—Table 33 presents, by states, the detailed statistics for the industry for 1919. The 30 establishments include 14 making blast-fur- nace products and 16 electric-furnace products: the blast-furnace ferroalloy establishments being distrib- uted, by states, as follows—Colorado, 1; New Jersey, 1; Ohio, 2; Pennsylvania, 7; Tennessee, 2; and Vir- ginia, 1. Table 33.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of es- tab- lish- mentsl United States Colorado Pennsylvania Tennessee All other states1... 30 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 2,750 87 1,679 175 809 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, su- perin-l tend-1 ents, and man- agers. [Clerks, etc. Male.! 175 Fe- male! 7 106 64 Aver- age num- ber. 2,344 59 1,500 150 635 Wage earners. Number,15th day of—I Maximum month. Minimum month. Ja 2 « | Jy 1,879 Ja 88 Ja 1,714 Au 180 Jy 46 Jy 1,349 My 104 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15 OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. 3,204 74 1,715 174 1,241 Male. Fe male 3,192 j 10 73 1,707 174 1,238 Under 16. Male! Fe- male! Capital. $42,364,729 729,399 28,079,783 695,042 12,960,505 Salaries and wages. Offi- cials. $732,084 37,931 274,707 40,194 379,252 Clerks, etc. $489,030 13,749 326,915 11,472 136,894 United States.. Colorado. Pennsylvania Tennessee , All other states, i. expenses—con tinued. Salaries and wages— Continued. For |contractj work. Wage earners. $3,571,487 95,829 2, 5.53,609 113, 663 808,386 $47,338 5,140 42,"i98" Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $13,377 240~ 6,900 897 5,340 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $873,052 For materials. Principal materials. $22,039,508 237,576 19,360,571 311,918 2,129,443 Fuel and rent of power. $6,059,068 Value of products. $38,583,984 529,562 31,419,460 1,297,837 5,337,125 Value added by manufac- ture. [$10,485,408 217,340 7,858,567 564,219 1,845, 282 Primary horsepower. Total. 37,087 Owned. Steam engines (not tur- bines). 32,235 25,385 2,000 4,850 Steanij tur- bines, 185 Inter- na 1- com- bus- tion en- gines. Rent- ed (elec- tric.) 4,579 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 19,456 18,774 21 661 i All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; California, 2; District of Columbia, 1; Iowa, 1; Maryland, l;^Now Jersey,'1; New York, 3;10hio, 2; Virginia, 1; and Washington, 1. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. GENEEAL S General character of the industry.—Under this j heading is included all establishments engaged prima- \ rily in the conversion of iron into steel, and the hot- j rolling of iron and steel. Besides the 500 establish- j ments falling within the classified industry, 7 estab- j lishments engaged primarily in other lines of manu- j facture produced steel or did hot-rolling as subsidiary; lines. These are included in the following industries:! Foundry and machine shop products, 3; steam-railroad j cars, 2; electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies, j 1; and iron and steel forgings, 1. Data for these; establishments are not included in the general statistics j of this report, but the value of the steel castings and j rolled steel products manufactured in 1919 was J $7,143,128, of which $1,861,964 was for consumption I by the producing establishment and $5,281,164 was for sale. In many establishments manufacture or fabrication was carried on beyond the primary stage, and the statistics include the manufacture and fabri- j cation of products of rolling mills when the operations j are in direct connection with the rolling mill. This! includes, for example, the tin-dipping department of a j black-plate rolling mill, the wire-drawing department j of a wire-rod mill, and the pipe-and-tube department j of a skelp mill when parts of one plant. The finished j products, however, are considered in connection with j the statistics for the respective industries to which j they relate and the statistics for tin plate and terne- j plate and for wire, in the sections of this report per- j taining to these products, cover total production, j whether made in independent plants or in depart- j ments of rolling mills.! Summary and comparison with earlier censuses.— j Table 34 summarizes the more important data rela- I tive to the industry for the censuses 1879 to 1919, in- j elusive, and gives the percentages of increase or de- crease for the census periods. Classes of establishments.—The establishments are divided into three classes: (1) Those equipped with steel furnaces and hot rolls (steel works and rolling mills), represented by 145 establishments, with prod- ucts valued at $1,865,305,000; (2) those equipped with steel furnaces only (steel works), 112 establishments and $151,861,147 in value of products; and (3) those equipped with hot rolls only (rolling mills), 243 estab- lishments and $811.736,249 in value of products. The first group includes most of the larger establishments. All steel plants which are operated in conjunction with blast furnaces have rolling departments. Statis- tics for these groups are given in Table 35 for 1919, 1914, and 1909, for the United States, and Pennsyl- vania and Ohio, and for Illinois and New York for 1919, these being the four states which ranked highest . Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 36 gives, by states, ranked according to value of prod- ucts, the average number of wage earners, value of prod- ucts, and value added by manufacture, together with the relative rank held and the per cent of the total reported for each state under each classification. Colorado and Minnesota, included among "All other states,'' ranked fourteenth and sixteenth, respectively, on the basis of value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—Personnel sta- tistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 are presented in Table 37. Except in office work, where they form 23.6 per cent of the total, females constitute less than 1 per cent, and less than one-half of one-tenth of 1 per cent of the wage earners were under 16 years of age. In 1914 wage earners under 16 constituted three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number and in 1909 one-half of 1 per cent. Wage earners, by months.—Statistics of the number of wage earners, by months, for the United States, 1919, 1914, and 1909, and by states for 1919, are given in Table 38. The variation between minimum and maximum months in 1919 was somewhat greater than in 1914 and 1909, the percentages being 66.2, 77.4, and 75.S, respectively, seemingly an indication of an in- crease in labor turnover and less stability of the labor situation in the industry. The states showing the greatest variation are Delaware and Kentucky, and the least variation New Jersey and Alabama. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 39 distributes the wage earners according to the prevailing hours of labor per week, comparative figures being shown for the United States for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and by states for 1919 and 1914, or for 1919 when 1914 figures are not available. In 1919, 31.8 per cent were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less; in 1914, 8 per cent; and in 1909, 7.6 per cent. The group u44 and under" carried 15 per cent of all wage earners in 1919. On the other hand, in 1909, 68.6 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 60 or more per week compared with 55.5 in 1914 and 42.1 in 1919 (327) 328 MANUFACTURES. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The movement towards the absorption of smaller establishments into greater aggregations of capital and facilities is shown by the classification according to wage-earner groups, presented in Table 40. Of a total increase, 1914 to 1919, of 73 estab- lishments in the industry, 65 employed over 250 wage earners each, and while there was an increase in the number of wage earners in these establishments of 128,986, there was an actual decrease of 2,614 in the number employed in the smaller groups. In 1914 the average number of wage earners per establishment was 582, and in 1919, 750. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 41 groups the establishments according to value of products for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Two-thirds of the establishments and over 95 per cent of the wage earners, value of products, and value added by manu- facture were reported in the group with products of u $1,000,000 and over." The average value of products per establishment was $5,658,000 in 1919; $2,151,000 in 1914; and $2,210,000 in 1909, the increase for 1919 with respect to 1914 being largely due to high prices. Character of ownership.—In Table 42 the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, and value of products is shown, classified by character of ownership, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Corporation ownership is growing, both absolutely and relatively, the number being 481 compared with only 19 of all other classes. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Comparative power statistics for the last three census years are given in Table 43. Of the total horsepower, electric power, either rented or generated by the establishments using it, constituted 62 per cent in 1919, 44.6 per cent in 1914, and 34.1 per cent in 1909. The rapidly increasing use of rented or purchased electric power is disclosed, the percentage the same bears to the total primary power having increased from 2.8 per cent in 1909 to 6.7 per cent in 1914, and to 18.2 per cent in 1919. Fuel consumed.—Table 44 presents, by states, com- parative statistics of the quantities and kinds of fuel used for all purposes in the industry. The figures for gas include natural and manufactured gas. Table 34.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879 Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries arid wages. Salaries Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture&. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 600 427 446 415 445 421, 861 274,162 52 260,762 47 221,956 64 14,330 207,562 190,825 122 7,454 183,249 35 46,738 375,088 25,394 248,716 20,639 240,076 3, 820,917 $2,656,518,417 2,706,553 §1,258,370,594 2,100,978 $1,004,735,111 1,649.299 $700,182,310 1,100, 801 $430,232,431 737,517,850 99,880,420 637,637,430 225,658,325 37,515,927 188,142,398 189,392,222 26,191,464 163,200,758 140,352,488 17,860,495 122,491,993 111,769,244 9,433,368 102,335,876 2,963,415 88,102,211 1,680,575,758 2,828,902,376 1,148,326,618 251,082 6,063,587 590,825,692 918,664,565 327,838,873 94,237 3,657,314 657,500,856 985,722,534 328,221,678 115,563 * 2,616,090 441,204,432 673,965,026 232,760,594 547,216 * 2,058,847 390.895,277 597,211,716 206,316,439 1889 1879 415 451 (8) (3 (a) (2) (2) (3) 99,103 137,766 535,430 $276,224,301 (s) $120,373,603 79,510,047 (*) (a) 42,796,082 8 217,174,230 333,044,366 115,870,136 132,651,408 207^242,116 74,590,708 PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1919 1914 1909 1904 17.1 -4.3 -7.5 -6.7 53.9 5.1 17.5 16.3 -32.7 10.6 -26.6 -47.5 84.0 23.0 44.0 92.2 50.8 3.6 15.7 13.3 I 41.2 28.8 27.4 49.8 111.1 25.2 43.5 62.7 226.8 19.1 34.9 25.6 166.3 43.2 46.6 89.3 238.9 15.3 33.2 19.7 1,080.3 166.4 -18.5 -78.9 1,353.0 f> 65.8 27.1 184.4 -10.1 49.0 12.9 207.9 -6.8 46.3 12.9 250.3 -0.1 41.0 12.8 ! 1889- 1899 1879- 1889 7.2 -8.0 33.0 (*) 105.6 55.8 129.5 85.8 40.6 80.0 79.3 63.7 60.7 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. • Comparable figures not available. • Percentage omitted because figures are not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Valuo of products less cost of materials. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 329 Table 35.—CLASSES OF ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States: Number of establishments.. Census year. Value of products. Pennsylvania: Number of establishments., Value of products . Ohio: Number of establishments.. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Value of products. Illinois: Number of establishments.. Value of products New York: Number of establishments.. Value of products All other states: Number of establishments.. Value of products. Total. 500 427 446 $2,828,902,376 918,664,565 985,722,534 1919 1914 1909 198 178 189 1919 1914 1909 SI, 296,412,070 448,106,324 500,343,995 1919 1914 1909 86 70 75 « 1919 1914 1909 $626,370,025 205,023,391 197,780,043 1919 1919 32 $173,344,650 1919 1919 30 $100,592,636 1919 1914 1909 154 179 182 1919 1914 1909 $632,182,995 285,534,850 287,598,496 ! I PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Steel works and i rolling mills combined. Steel works only. Rolling mills only. 1 1 Steel works and rolling mills. Steel i works \ only, j Rolling mills only. 145' 112 243 £18 258 29.0 26.4 20.0 22.4 22.5 22.2 48,6 51.1 57.8 1 113 i ! 89 | 96 99 ! $1,865,304,980 \ ! 593,874,694 | 607,036,138 , $151, 861,147 39,783,006 45,876,568 $811,736,249 . 285,006,865 332,809,828; 65.9 64.7 61.6 5.4 4.3 4.7 28.7 31.0 33.8 1 j ! 56 36 27 33 106 !j 28,3 94 1! 32.0 112 j 23.3 18.2 53.5 52,8 59.2 57; 15,2 17.5 44; $871,036,483 • 310,292,397 329,652,618 j $51,675,317 10,516,470 20,786,673 $373,700,270 1 127,297,457 , 149,904,704 i 67.2 69.2 65.9 4.0 2.4 28.8 28.4 30.0 4.2 24 j 16 i 13 | IS 14 13 46 i 27.9 22.9 17.3 18.6 53.5 57.1 65. S 40 2a o 49 17.3 $402,707,332 j 122,970;&50 100,239,521; $19,668,044 6,096,171 5,117,556 $203,994,649 75,956,370 92,422,966 1 64.3 60.0 50.7 3.1 2.9 2,6 32,6 37.1 46.7 10 | 9 13 31.3 71.7 '28,1 13.1 40.6 15.2 $124,235,803 | $22,795,126 $26,313,721 13 I 5 12 43.3 77.6 16.7 10.4 40.0 12.0 $78,059,822 j $10,411,562 ; $12,121,252 42 40 I 46 55 53 ! 66 ; 84 ! 97 i 27.3 22.4 17.6 ! 29.9 30.7 29.1 42.8 46.9 53.$ 32; $389,265,540! 160,611,447; 177,143,999 $47,311,098 23,170,365 19,972,339 ! $195,606,357 | 81,753,038 j 90,482,158 61.6 60.5 i 61,6 ! 7.5 S 8,7 | 6.9 30.9 30.8 31.5 I Table 36.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OP PRODUCTS: 1919. i Number j ofestab- ! lish- | ments. United Slates.. Pennsylvania Ohio..* Indiana Illinois New York West Virginia New Jersey Alabama. Massachusetts Wisconsin Maryland Kentucky California Missouri Connecticut Michigan Delaware All other states 500 198 86 23 32 30 20 16 9 11 12 WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Average number. 375, OSS Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 171,715 73,025; 22,362 20,177 | 17,901 I 11,630 | 13,811! 8,121 i 3,684! 3,929 I 4,944 1,892 i 3,476; 2,647 i 2,468 I 1,455 1,009 10,842 i 45. S 19.5 5,9 5.4 4.8 3.1 3.7 2.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 2.9 i I ■;! Amount ;Per cent Rank. |: (expressed in ! distribu- thousands).! tion. Rank. $2,828,902; 100.0! 1,296,412! 6-26,370 ) 199,273 f 173.345 I 100;593; S5,036! 74,382 I 64,980! 30,970 j 28,393; 19, S84 j IS, 319; 18,192 i 12,537; 9.583' 8,345 7,115 | 55,173 I 45.8 22,1 7.1 6.1 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.3 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.0 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thousands). SI, 148,327 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 518,939 245,310 S6,079 73.025 45s776 34.242 40,055 15,646 11,733 14,047 x 4,864 5,605 8,683 6,876 5,341! 5,443 3,253 23,410 45.2 21.4 7.5 6.3 4.0 3.0 3.5 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0,5 0.5 0,3 2.0 Rank. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 10 17 14 11 12 16 15 19 330 MANUFACTURES. Table 37.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 421,861 274,162 260,762 9,706 4,527 4,2S6 35 52 47 1,150 766 779 8,521 3, 709 3,460 Male. Fe- male. 409,581 270,720 257,962 9,673 4,517 4,278 12,280 3,442 2,800 29 45 43 1,145 764 779 8,499 3,708 3,456 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 97.1 98.7 9S.9 86.5 91.5 99.7 100.0 99.7 100.0 99.9 Fe- male. 2.9 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 17.1 13.5 8.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried em pi oy ees. Wage earners ( average number). 16 years of ago and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus 3fear. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 37,067 20,919 16,400 375,088 248,716 240,076 374,916 247,991 238,937 172 725 1,139 Male. 28,304 18,466 14,613 371,604 247,737 239,071 371,444 247,048 237,996 160 689 1,075 Fe- male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. 8, 763 2,453 1,787 3, 484 979 1,005 3,472 943 941 12 36 64 Male. 76.4 88,3 89.1 99.1 99.6 99.6 99.1 99.6 99.6 93.6 95.0 94.4 Fe- male. 23.6 11.7 10.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.4 6.4 5.0 5.6 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 38.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.) Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent num- mini- STATE. ber em- mum ployed during Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. Is of maxi- United States: year. mum. 1919 375,OSS 441,560 416,541 392,803 367,514 354,721 360,5S4 3S3,212 387,965 377,275 292,469 343,312 383,100 66.2 Males 371,604 437, 472 412,696 389,192 364,164 351,398 357,286 379,815 384,516 373,960 289,468 339,822 379, 469 66.2 Females 3,484 4,088 3,845 3,611 3,350 3,3*23 3,298 3,397 3,449 3,315 3,011 3,490 3,631 73.7 1914 248,716 257,651 262,418 271,531 270,941 254,443 254,827 252,680 247,953 249,635 233,338 210,279 218,896 77.4 1909 240,076 216,349 215,650 215,076 217,307 218,424 235,533 234,151 242,077 258,925 269, 255 274,525 283, 629 75.8 8,121 8,595 8,400 8,249 8,555 8,021 7,720 8,067 8,144 7,845 7, 745 8,052 8,059 89.8 3,476 3,566 3,450 3, 430 3,317 3, 439 3,309 3,376 3,538 3,431 3,746 3,548 3,562 88.3 2, 468 2, 824 2,583 2,555 2,403 2,187 2,265 2,315 2,182 2,381 2,503 2,706 2,712 77.3 1,009 1,746 1,478 1,025 725 768 664 834 fe 835 975 1,075 993 1,090 32.3 20.177 25,039 25,795 23,613 21,561 20,059 18,510 18,669 19,452 20,302 13,330 18,274 17,520 51.7 22,362 26,083 24,363 23,943 21, 464 21,195 21,891 23,281 22,022 22,020 16,6S9 21,987 23,403 64.0 1,892 2,633 2,539 2,335 2,040 2,100 2,099 1,362 863 862 1,038 2,171 2, 662 32.4 4,944 5,584 5,725 5,253 4,283 4,021 4,236 4,786 4,813 4,893 5,225 5,206 5,243 70.2 3,684 3,825 3,599 3,385 3,221 3,390 3, 407 3,673 3,786 3,940 3,991 3,962 4,029 79.9 1,455 1,628 1,578 1,342 1,305 1,110 1,214 1,467 1, 494 1,526 1,649 1,675 1,472 66.3 2,647 3,250 3,253 3,213 2,531 2, 459 2, 447 2, 227 2,605 2,581 2,536 2,176 2,486 66.0 13,Sll 14,473 14,316 14,153 13,645 13,4.92 13,658 13,351 13,427 13,638 13,888 13,884 13,8Q7 92.2 17,901 22,502 18,291 17,897 17,722 16,710 17,217 IS, 291 18,696 18,499 IS, 391 16,287 19,309 59.5 Ohio 73,025 85,394 80,123 75,342 69,910 70, 438 72,505 80,007 81,136 80,241 41,747 60,712 78,745 48.9 Pennsylvania 171,715 202, 630 190,815 177,543 166,937 159,332 163,373 174,004 176,471 169, 885 145,252 160,270 174,068 71.7 West Virginia 11,630 12,794 12,824 12,603 12,549 11,043 11,579 12,084 12,871 13,210 7,920 8,884 11,199 60.0 Wisconsin 3, 929 4,794 4,274 4,286 3,634 3, SSI 3,391 3,590 3,701 3,797 3,541 4,308 4,448 70.7 STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING' MILLS. 331 Table 39.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States: 1919 1914 1909 Alabama: 1919 California: 1919.... 1914 Connecticut: 1919 Delaware: 1919 1914 Illinois: 1919 1914 Indiana: 1919 1914 Kentucky: 1919 1914 Maryland: 1919 Massachusetts: 1919 1914 Total. 375,088 248,716 240,076) 56,099 (») 8,121 3,476| 1,244 2,46S| 1,009| 818; 20,177i 15,408| 22,362 11,1061 1,892^ 1,987| 3,6841 2,8S9i IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un der. 826| (a) (3) 501 Be- tween! 44 and 48. 8,522! (a) 4041 (s) ; (3) 4,0551 (a) I (J) 3,8%! 34 9| 417, (a) I (2) 48.1 Be- tween 48 and 54. 360 337 12,248; 19,0$4j 4,094 603! ,136| 340| 151 178 130 295 242 578 2,003 641 151 1^3,704 125,565) 23,982 203 450 444 Be- I |tween' 54 and ■ 60.' 61 71,876 82,232 45,996 77,820 29,022:82,130 4781 639 161 1,962 257 1,542 977 4 917 270 239 2,730 94 1,234 1,584 603 158 417 368 4,091 Over 60. 75,825 60,279 82,565 2,285 798' 9,329 2,656j 8,547 3,1411 8,445 4,509 260; 301! 230 392 2,376 2,194 Michigan: 1919 1 1,455; 1914 1 718 Missouri: 1919 2,647! 1914 l,237j New Jersev: 1919..." 13,811 1914 4,639| New York: 1919 1 17,901 1914 ( 10,7&8| Ohio: 1919 73,025 1914 46,397 Pennsylvania: 1919 171,715 1914 131,955 West Virginia: 1919 ll,630j 1914 5,34S| Wisconsin: 1919 3,929 1914 2,029| Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween! : 44 and I 48. (a) 8,343 (a) 30,427 (>) ! 4,997 (a) (a) (?) 6,978i Be- tween! 48.1 48 and 54. 364 1,319 339! (a) S.05S 3', 3433 25,290 6,521 2,276] 2.123 72|. (3) 325 121| 655, 259! 962! 1,842 331 173 1,204 2,013 5,256 51. j Be- tween! 54 and 60. 684! 79 82 457 3.329 '579| 2,201 1,796 567 2,961 3,2071 ll,902;i4,545| 1,269". 5l| 433j 171 962 150 639 9,380 1,067 3,845 2,843 16,690 8,094 |29,62SJ Over 60. 81 1,151 j 4,094 5,976 24,170 20,551 39, 429j 26,94S 34,721| 240 1,539 740 5351 2.253 . '925 13,993 9,475 131,500 '37,318 1,309 937 L021 1 Includes 4S and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. Table 40.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 1914 Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin.... Estab- lish- ments 500 427 Wage earners (average number). 375,088 248,716 8,121 3,476 2,468 1,009 20,177 22,362 1,892 4,944 3,6S4 1,455 j 2,647! 13,811; 17,901 73,025' 171,715 11,630 3,929 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments.! 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. Wage Estab- Wage earn- iish- earn- ers. Iments. ers. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive, 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. Estab-' Wage Estab-! Ws._. | Estab-! Wnp<1 ;Estab-j i i lish- earn- lish- llsh-; ™f® ! Iish- j j ments. ers. ments.l earners< ments.l eamers- ments, earners- 13 16 170; 196 I 32 30 1,133 1,119 45 ] 46; 3,666 3,629 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. 97 i 92: 16,763 15,414 103: 94 i 38,269 33,921 Estab- lish- ments, 102 87 40 68 40 r 11 4 29! 30 i 50; 1 34 2; 69 1 1 3S j 1 30! 2 j 77! 4 167 i 11 345! 1 39; 3 117 i 147 I 80 272 82 3 1 19 316 400 196 1,351 155 73 494 196 123 445 1,641 1,137 426 31! 4 I 4 i 417 364 132 182 1,394 2,480 I 5,073 675; 683 3 750 1,214 1 S I 3 I 1 1 1 2; 3! 1 3 5 I S! 444 i 3,085 1,255! 260 2S3 704 971 375 943 I 1,999 1 6,125! 17; 671 1.646 i 251! Wage earners Estab-! lish- ments. Wage earners. 982 2.026 893 3 j 5,895 Tj""i;237 5 3,439 5 i 11,690 7 2 5.093 1,206 646 5 j 14,794 1 1 j 1! 3,896 2,376 i i 3 2,140 2,200 2,017 .... i 4 3 7 10,140 11,999 27 35 5 2 20,075 24.670 3,74S 1,617 18! 43,951 122,536 5,367 1,188 4-S 1 3' l| 332 MANUFACTURES. Table 41.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes. Less than $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE.1 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 500 427 446 375,088 248,716 $2,828,902,376 $918,664,565 $985,722,534 $1,148,326,618 $327,838,873 7 9 34 15 44 40 58 1,227 82,829 964,125 / 25,599,733 \ 47,864,830 2,754,390,859 79,697 1,898,617 38,923,246 45,953,978 831,809,027 195,454 2,6-13,474 30,962 460,464 / 12,879,881 \ 23,723,404 1,111,231,907 37,827 972,646 15 83 65 330 288 131 63 } 201 186 / 6,289 \ 11,092 357,379 } 39,352 } 86,119, 267 } 38,099,401 190 208,079 896,764,339 288,728,999 All classes. Less than $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500.000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 1.4 3.0 16.6 13.0 66.0 100.0 I 100.0 2.1 8.0 30.6 14.8 44.5 3.3 45.1 41.7 100.0 i 100.0 1.7 3.0 95.2 (2) 0.5 15.8 83.7 100.0 0.9 1.7 97.4 0.2 4.2 5.0 90.5 (a) 0.3 8.7 91.0 100.0 8 l.i 2,1 96.8 100.0 (2) 0.3 11.6 88.1 1 Figures for 1909 not available. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 42.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- PER CENT OF TOTAL. Cen- PER CENT OF TOTAL. sus year. Total. Corporations. All others.1 sus year. Total. \ Corporations. All others. Cor- pora- tions. All others. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Number of astablish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 500 427 446 481 407 424 19 20 22 96.2 95.3 95.1 3.8 4.7 4.9 Value of products 1919 1914 1909 §2,828,902,376 i 918,664,565 \ 985,722,534 $2,820,937,996 914,199,638 980,546,617 $7,964,380 4,464,927 5,175,917 99.7 99.5 99.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 Average number of wage earners. 1919 1914 1909 375,OSS 248,716 240,076 373,442 246,020 237,684 1,646 2,696 2,392 99.6 98.9 99.0 0.4 1.1 1.0 1 Includes 10 establishments owned by individuals in 1919 and 8 each in 1914 and in 1909; balance chiefly firms. Table 43.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 27,645 11,227 8,244 3,820,917 2,706,553 2,100,978 100.0 100.0 100.0 Turbines 5,592 5,418 4,739 679 141 33 5,328 5,121 2 5,121 6,033 5,865 2 5,865 3,123,070 2,856,556 2,245,846 610,710 257,473 9,041 2,521,392 2,435,319 2 2,435,319 2,042,066 1,956,846 * 1,956,846 81.7 74.7 58.7 16.0 6.8 0.2 93.2 90.0 90.0 97.2 93.1 93.1 Internal-combustion engines 123 84 118 50 73,752 12,321 79,391 5,829 2.7 3.8 0.3 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 0.5 22,053 22,053 5,899 5,899 2,211 2,211 697,847 695,097 2,750 185,161 182,204 2,957 58,912 58,797 115 18.2 18.2 6.8 6.7 0.1 2. a 2.8 Other (0 (*) Generated by establishments reporting 85,480 22,053 63,427 45,896 5,899 39,997 27,769 2,211 25,558 2,350,596 695,097 1,655,499 1,207,715 182,204 1,025,511 716,609 58,797 657,812 100.0 29.6 70.4 100.0 15.1 84.9 100.0 8.2 91.8 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. 2 Includes turbines. *Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 333 Table 44.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States: 1919. 1914. Alabama: 1919. California: 1919. 1914. Connecticut: 1919. Delaware: 1919. 1914. Illinois: 1919. 1914. Indiana: 1919. 1914. Kentucky: 1919. 1914. Maryland: 1919. Massachusetts: 1919. 1914. Anthra-; Bitumi- cite1 . nous (tons, (tons, 2,240! 2,000 pounds).' pounds). Coke (tons, 2,000 ! pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). i I i Gaso- i ( line! lolle!(W- iv I 1,022 4,505 528 1,800 2,173 86,481 31,471 9,854 (s) 181,394 12,852 i 296! 72,585 I 10,869 j 380,299 j 208,762! 290 (*) 848 (*) 115,294,674 |12,067,011 ■68,025,366 |63,406,100 2,168,761 2,803,410 17,923 4,977 '1,249,904 j 1,391,827 i Includes some semianthracite. 2 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials.—Table 45 gives the statistics for the principal materials used in the industry for the census years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, distributed in the main as between those produced by the con- suming establishment and purchased materials. The former carry assigned values. The cost of all rolled forms not specifically listed is included in the item "All other materials." Detailed statistics, by states, will be found in Table 65. The figures in Table 45 show an increase of 39.8 per cent in pig-iron consumption for the period 1914- 1919, with a decrease of 8.6 per cent for the period 1909-1914 and an increase of 56.4 per cent for 1904- 1909. The expense for fuel and rent of power constituted 9.3 per cent of the total cost for materials in 1919 and 1914. 334 MANUFACTURES. Table 45.—Materials: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] Total cost. Iron and steel, for furnaces and hot rolls: Pig iron, including ferro- alloys- Tons Cost Pis iron— Produced by consumer— | Tons Assigned cost Purchased— Tons Cost Spiegeleisen and ferro- manganese— Produced bv consumer- Tons Cost Purchased— Tons Cost Other ferroalloys- Produced by consumer- Tons Cost Purchased— Tons Cost Scrap iron or steel, including j old rails not intended for rerolling— Total consumption, tons I Produced by consumer in other works- Tons Assigned cost Purchased— Tons Cost Made and consumed in | same works, tons.. Rails for rerolling— Tons Cost Steel, crude and semifinished j (ingots, blooms, billets, i slabs, and sheet and tin- plate bars)— Produced by consumer in other works- Tons Assigned cost Purchased— Tons Cost.... Iron ore- Tons Domestic Foreign Cost Crude- Tons Cost Manganlforous— Tons Cost Chrome- Tons C03t Iron and steel, rolled forms for further manufacture: Iron muck and scrap bar— Total consumption, tons- Produced by consumer in | other works- Tons Assigned cost Purchased— Tons Cost Made and consumed In | same works, tons Iron and steel skelp— Total consumption, tons... Produced by consumer in | other works- Tons Assigned cost Purchased— Tons Cost Made and consumed in j same works, tons Iron and steel wire rods- Total consumption, tons.. Produced by consumer In other works- Tons Assigned cost .. Purchased— Tons Cost Made and consumed in same works, tons.. 1 Figures not available. 2 Included withgpiegelelsen and ferromanganese. * Included with steel, crude and semifinished, etc. 1919 1914 1909 1904 $1,680,575,758 §590,825,692 $657,500,856 $441,204,432 24,362,942 $655,002,125 17,429,657 $248,630,958 19,076,889 $297.471,122 12,191,228 $172,101,436 21,170,136 §496,313,109 15,111,458 $201,965,395 15,108,244 $224,474,026 2,749,822 $S5,204,226 2,016,634 S30,166,377 3,604,060 $58,189,714 C1) 123,353 $13,772,841 108,238 S3,849,738 144,492 §3,776,798 (l) C1) 223,742 §27,706,590 193.327 $12,649,448 220.093 $11,030', 584 0) (l) 7,215 SI, 292,822 (2) (2) (2) (2) 0) 0) 88,674 530,712,537 (*) (2) 0) (2) (2) 16,369,210 10,656,187 9,929,710 1,480,260 S28,154,391 899,113 311,384,960 773,843 $10,629,317 5,124,277 ■$67,601,248 5,545,822 $116,978,660 4,171,767 §47,996,567 4,029,774 $62,093,514 9,343,128 5,5-85,307 5,126,093 (l) 165,459 §4,154,381 & (8) (3) (3) 4,401,127 $173,067,624 2,882,069 $57,587,159 3,080,672 $62,694,558 1 4,920.177 fSllO.268,828 4,545,100 $194,994,191 3,576,330 §74,590,904 3,427,577 $82,981,077 1,051,791 1,044,907 6,884 $8,480,622 999,472 969,617 29,855 $4,252,201 835,33S 823,306 12,032 14,292,963 649,995 546,262 3,733 $2,396,792 1,014,989 §7,185,658 (l) 0) ) 29 35 631.435! 504,025 $30,955,967 $25,297,079 56,275' (») $2,736,396 575,1601 $28,219,571' 2,084,286! 1,557,690 $64,514,728^ $46,780,202 580.688! $18,415;604:!. 1,503,6001. 1,401,573; 102,027 $46,099,124 j IS! 341,043; 337,223 $10,429,681 $12,760,010 C3) (») 68,557; $2,540,022j 25,867| $960.492 . 42,6901 $1,579,5301. 86,601 $2,462,076 (») ""(») 5 Figures not available. < Plates "16 gauge and thicker" and sheets " 17 gaugi * Includes for 1919. 1,566 tons of axles other than c bile, carriage, etc.), valued at $317,774; and for 19L4, 1 436 102,348! 83,585 271- $3,831,344, $2,875,829 and thinner." iar and locomotive (automo- 160 tons valued at $90,069. 336 MANUFACTURES- table 47.—Products: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued, j Table 47.—Products: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. I. Rolled, forged, and other classified steel and iron products—Continued. A.—Finished rolled products and forgings—Continued. Armor plate, gun forg- ings, and ordnance- Number of establish- ments Tons Value. Car and locomotive wheels, rolled or forged- Tons Value ,— All other rolled products- Tons , Value. All forged or other iron and steel products, not otherwise enu- merated— Tons Value B.—Semifinished rolled prod- ucts (for sale or for trans- fer to other works of same company)— Tons Value Blooms, billets, and slabs, steel- Tons Value For sale- Tons Value For consumption in other works of producer- Tons Assigned value Rolled blooms, billets, and slabs, for forging pur- Tons Value Hammered charcoal bloomy billets, and slabs- Tons Value Sheet and tin-plate bars— Tons Value , For sale- Tons Value For consumption in other works of producer- Tons Value Muck and scrap bar- Tons Value For sale- Tons Value For consumption in other works of producer- Tons Value; Made and consumed in same works, tons. Blooms, billets, and slabs, steel Hammered charcoal blooms, billets, and slabs Rolled Dlooms a ad billots, (or forging purposes... Sheet ana tin plate bars... Muck and scrap bar C—Unrolled steel (for sale or transfer to other works of same company) Tons. Value... Ingots— Tons Value For sale- Tons Value..... 1 1919 1914 1909 1904 13 6 5 4 101,130 $55,699,658 38,669 $19,947,893 26,S45 110,649,079 24,433 $10,549,620 117,763 $17,044,728 0) 0) 787,475 $75,636,987 619,674 $37,125,670 566,627 $39, 570,061 377,665 $16,743,727 309,965 $38,558,0B1 411,402 $19, 165,900 365,986 $18,740,241 27-1,061 $15,6S4,967 9,205,930 $,389,596,293 6,408,030 $130,674,909 6,799,436 $153,493,360 4,974,511 $113,552,102 6,024,044 $249,394,083 3,991,873 $80,638,672 4,887,796 $108,514,747 4,823,585 $109,611,104 2,039,349 $90,124,414 1,414,619 $29,706,572 1,841,819 $43,021,988 (l) 0) 3,984,695 $159,269,069 2,577,254 $50,932,100 3,045,977 $65,492,759 C1) 186,533 $10,669,833 65,939 $1,695,637 84,383 $2,247,133 (l) 0) 17,785 $920,704 8 0) 0) O) (l) 2,864,578 $117,855,738 2,241,735 $45,372,785 1,652,761 $37,745,269 2,555,741 $104,597,932 2,088,769 $42,308,755 1,625,408 $37,105,869 308,837 $13,257,806 152,966 $3,064,030 27,353 $639,400 172,990 $10,755,935 108,483 $2,967,815 174,496 $4,986,211 150,926 $3,940,998 62,039 $4,146,609 89,379 $2,379,056 154,431 $4,289,909 110,951 $6,609,326 19,104 $588,759 20,065 $696,242 0) 19,344,166 '33,692 13,102,896 35,794 I 11,375,625 1 0) 124,321 1,289,851 733,504 68,856 723,35C ) 958,64C 76,614 441,63' ) 1,191,82t * 0) 1,433,17( . $107,959,20 ) 632,575 I $46,117,16( 2 647,60 5 $42,456,17^ L 483,729 1 $24,685,446 713,02 $33,315,19 1 63,37 1 $1,383,46 L 142,74 3 $3,593,72 3 196,404 3 $3,985,310 219,01 $15,848,341 3 29,42 3 $737,38 1 30,44 2 $1,513,44 5 0) i Figures not available. »Included above with blooms, billets, and slabs. I. Rolled, forged, and other classified steel and iron products—Continued. C—Unrolled steel—Con. Ingots—Continued. For consumption in other works of producer- Tons Assigned value Direct steel castings- Tons Value II. Scrap iron or steel: For sale- Tons Value., For consumption in other works of producer- Tons Assigned value Made and consumed in same works, tons III. All other steel or iron products, not rolled, in- cluding value added to iron and steel rolling- mill products by further manufacture 1919 494,014 $17,466,849 720,143 $134,644,005 1,340,790] $24,487,435 1914 33,950 $646,086] 569,201 $44,733,698! 983,216! $11,660,297 IV. All products other than steel or iron Custom work and repairing 773, S551 462,94S $12,926,837! $4,674,546 9,343,128 5,595,122 $345,902,346! $85,238,964 $22,265,923: $15,103,136! $6,307,289 i $1,709,584, 1909 112,301 $2,080,281 504,8561 $38,862,448 840,118 $12,632,772 398,436 $5,530,852 5,126,093 $86, .534,3691 $10,356,978 $1,324,852 1904 (') 0) 287,325 $20,600,136 877,177 §11,079,831 0) $01,977, 2S1 j|$15,G19,66S 1 Figures not available. Finished rolled products and forgings.—Comparative statistics, by states, of the production of finished rolled products and forgings for the census years 1904 to 1919, inclusive, are given in Table 48. Table 48.—Finished Rolled Products and Forgings—Pro- duction, Ranked by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. |Ton, 2,240 pounds.] United States Pennsylvania.. Ohio. Indiana Illinois New York 1919 125,512,847" Alabama Maryland "West Virginia.. Massachusetts. Wisconsin New Jersey. California... Kentucky.. Missouri Delaware Connecticut Michigan All other states. 12,143,217 4,984,114 2,657,267 1,650,308 936,785 089,109 198,872 685,529 187,636 0) 180,472 144,490 80,290 89,057 64,148 47,161 2,077 772,315 1914 18,482,182 9,374,588 3,449,352 1,566,951 1,451,584 624,773 392,969 0) 437,651 129,162 107,173 119,807 60,221 94,830 (a) 673,121 1909 19,270,237 1904 12,759,993 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 9,903,162 3,097,426 965,174 2,086,120 798,225 ,37, 150,613 260,226 137,679 50,931 127,8511 (») 6,923,608 1,659,272 407,156 1,301,870 533,726 1,793 143,320 189,269 149,724 30,466 143,566! (») 989,223 100.0)100.0 1919i 1914 1909| 1904 47.6 19.5 10.4 6.5 3.7 2.7 0.8 2.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 <*> . 3.0 lOO.OjlOO.O 50.7 18.7 8.5 7.9 3.4 2.1 2.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 3.6 51.4; 54.3 16. l! 13.0 5. Oj 3.2 10.8] 10.2 4.1! 4.2 2.3; 2.3 0.8 1. 1 1.3| 1.5 0.7 0.3| 0.7 1.2 0.2 1.1 1 Included in "All other states." 'Figures not available. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Number of establishments.—The number of estab- lishments reporting the various classes of products is given in Table 49, distributed by states, in com- parison with the same information for 1914. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 33? Table 49.—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS MANUFACTURING SPECIFIED PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. Total numberl of estab- lish- ments. Alabama... California... Colorado Connecticut Delaware... United States | 500j 427\ W District of Columbia I 1 Georgia... 1 Illinois I 32 Indiana j 23 Iowa i 2 Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota... Missouri New Jersey., New York... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Ralls. 15 Re- rolled or re-, newedj rails. 6 8 Rail Ifasten- 24| 28 ..! 1 1 l. 1 1 ii 1; 11 ..!... II Stnic-| tural 33! 35 Mer- chant bars, etc. Bars for rein- forced con- crete. 117 34 291 2| l! II 3! 1| 3! 21 41 2 1 3I 5 1 1! i 'l Wire rods. Plates and sheets. 49 33; 135! 99 Black plates for tin- ning. Skelp, flue, and. pipe. 32 32! 38 39 2 2 1 . 7! 1 li 2 ...j. 1 1!. Hi 1L 6; 4i 10 11, 8j 1:... . li 1. Hoops, bands, and cotton ties Axles n\ 7 Armor; plate,: Nail gun !Muck and forg- tack ing3, plate, and ord- nance. and: scrap , bar. | Steel. Steel in- gots. Steel cast- ings. 2 1|. Ci © :Oi O 11 13 6' 75 96 257 211 161 113 145 129 li 1 3; 2:...'...1. ..' 1! l 11. 1 1 3 1 i i; i i 3 6 5 7 2! 1 1 1 1 1 . 10 2... 3; 21 2; 1 li 1 . 1 **6" 35 1 s' 10 1 1 1...!.... ■ I ■ ;: 9 7 2... 1 11 1, 1! 1 24^ 16 ... 2 3 2 S S 5 6 2 V- 2 1 . 8 8, 18 13 10! 8! li. 3 2 2 2 1 1 .... 40 30; 26; 161 9 4; 7 4 6 9; 4 42 47 1 It. 93 8& li 1 1 . 1 63! 56] 2; l| 1 >■ 7 7! 7: 4 3 1 1 ... 1;- 1 ... 1 2 ... . 1|. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...J 3 ...J 5 4 10 11; 1L. 1;.. 4 3; 1L... 1 46 2 11 Disposition of products.—In Table 50 are presented j of the products fixes their disposition either for con- for 1919 the tonnage and value of the finished rolled sumption, or for sale, in their entirety, but the average and forged products of the industry, classified by kinds ! of the total shows that approximately two-thirds were and whether produced for consumption or for sale, made for sale and one-third for consumption by the with percentages of distribution. The nature of some ! producer in further manufacture. Table 50.—DISPOSITION OF FINISHED ROLLED PRODUCTS AND FORGINGS: 1919. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] All flnishod rolled products and forgings Rails Rerolled or renewed rails., Rail fastenings Structural shapes Bars for reinforced concrete , Merchant bars Spike and chain rods, bolt and nut rods, horseshoe bars, etc Wire rods - Plates and sheets Black plates or sheets for tinning....... Skelp... Hoops, bands, and cotton ties Nail and tack plate Axles Car and locomotive wheels, rolled or forged Armor plate, gun forgings, and ordnance, Allother TOTAL (SHOWN EN TABLE 47). FOR CONSUMPTION IN WORKS WHERE PRODUCED. FOR TRANSFER TO OTHER WORKS OF SAME COMPANY. Tonnage. Tonnage. I Tonnage. Tonnage. 25,512,847 Value. I Amount. 51,859,457,051 2,088,838 95,637 462,691 2,526,461 301,453 4,484,997 232,920 2,645,483 6,720,191 1,0S4,175 2.589,064 832,212 34,579 97,813 117,763 101,130 1,097,440 92,849,481 4,738,883 27,595,921 151,970,064 18,428,795 360,560,457 15,333,748 149,188,566 523,621,423 94,456,189 151,557,342 69,865,330 2,548,485 9,752,973 17,044,728 55,699,658 114,245,008 i cent of value- ! class i i total.! ! Per Amount.;^' | total. I i 5,961,262 j 23.4 j $398,320,773 j 2,207,838 j 8.6 6,687 I 0.3! 290,884 I 12,087 i 0.6 6,768 77,178 166 1.5 3.1 0.1 242,836 4,196,996 11,919 297,918 6.6 2S, 259,261 210,775 1,359,244 1,253,642 90.5 51.4 18.7 13,442,131 69,425,324 96,939,735 521,211 1,665,999 45,169 13,939 48.1 64.3 5.4 40.3 45,261,963 97,727,501 3,625,006 672,417 502,566 45.8 38,224,805 57,8S5 j 12.5 71,029 2.S 320 0.1 96,629 j 2.2 Assigned value. Amount. ; cent of j class j total. $149,229,387! 17,343,747 i 68.0 |$1,311,906,886 Value. 732,438 i 10,508 550,936 208,574 555,857 | 543,794! 36,649 i 2,050 j 68 j 45 j "eMoi'j" 4.5 j 20.8! 3.1 j 51.3; 21.0 | 4.4 | 5.9! ! 0.1 | .(!LL '5.6 Y 2,077,004 1 3,851,048 22,977 i 8,407,752 j 724,461 j 27,989,573 17,991,126 48,271,835 31,900,9S1 2,477,935 98,902 6,810 6,292 **4,"670," 253 2,070,064 95,637 99.1 100.0 86.0 94.1 99. S 91,826,159 • 4,738,883 398,038 2,378,254 25,276,081 143,922,020 300,967 18,393,899 4,090,450 91.2 323,893,444 11,637 735,303 5,257,975 5.0 27.8 78.2 1,167,156 51,773,669 408,690,562 7,107 379,271 750,394 18,590 0.6 14.7 90.2 53.8 922,391 21,928,860 63,762,389 1,777,166 97,745 99.9 9,746,163 117,718 101,130 533,467 100.0 100.0 48.6 17,038,436 55,699,658 71,349,950 111367—23- -22 1 Loss than one*t©iith oi 1 per cent. 338 MANUFACTURES. Production and disposal of semifinished rolled prod- ucts and unrolled steel.—The production of semifin- ished iron and steel products and of unrolled steel in 1919 has been classified as shown in Table 51. Table 51 .—DISPOSITION OF SEMIFINISHED PRODUCTS: 1919. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] Partly finished rolled products. Blooms, billets, and slabs, steel Rolled blooms and billets for forging purposes.. Hammered charcoal blooms, billets, and slabs.. Sheet and tin-plate bars.. Muck and scrap bar Unrolled steel. Ingots Direct castings. Total (tons). 30,791,409 25,368,210 310,854 51,477 4,154,429 906,499 33,994, G5S 33,274,515 720,143 For con- sumption in works where produced (tons). 21,525,539 19,344,166 124,321 33,692 1,289,851 733,509 32,599,066 32,561,488 37,578 FOR SALE OR TRANSFER TO OTHER WORKS. Total (shown in Table 47). Tons. Value, 9,265,930 $389,596,293 6,024,044 186,533 17,785 2,8(34,578 172,990 1,395,592 713,027 i 682,565 249,394,083 10,669,833 920,704 117,855,738 10,755,935 162,322,502 33,315,197 i 129,007,305 For transfer to other works of same company. Tons. Assigned value. 4,420,767 I $179,902,384 4,845,163 For sale. Tons. Value. $209,693,909 3,984,695 i 7,873 i 8,411 308,837! 110,951! 159,269,669 389,706 375,877 13,257,800 6,609,326 507,369; 19,548,123 2,039,349 178,660 9,374 2,555,741 02,039 888,223 90,124,414 10,280,127 544,827 104,597,932 4,146,609 142,774,379 494,014; 13,355 17,466,849 2,081,274 219,013 669,210 15,848,348 126,926,031 i Exclusive of 37,578 tons, valued at $5,636,700, consumed in works where produced, which are included in Table 47. Summary as to distribution of products.—Table 52 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909 comparative statistics of the various principal products of steel works and rolling mills. Duplication due to the same article appearing as product in one case and material in another of the same or affiliated plants has been eliminated in this table, but this can not be avoided in cases where semifinished rolled products are pro- duced by independent concerns for use in further manufacture. Table 52.—SUMMARY AS TO DISPOSITION OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.) Total. Finished rolled products and forgings Semifinished rolled products Steel ingots and castings Manufactures from rolling-mill products Scrap iron and steel Castings, other than direct steel Products, other than steel and iron and custom work and re- pairing. Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total (tons). 25,512,847 18,482,182 19,276,237 9,265,930 6,408,030 6,799,436 33,994,658 23,383,474 23,473,718 11,457,773 7,041,286 6,364,647 3 240,037 116,536 128,670 For consumption in works where produced (tons). 5,961,262 4,146,493 4,045,272 132,599,066 22,758,495 22,883,167 FOB TRANSFER TO OTHER WORKS OF SAME COMPANY. Tons. 2,207,838 1,755,432 1,206,415 4,420,767 2,749,324 3,093,395 507,369 33,950 112,301 9,343,128 6,595,122 5,126,093 773,855 462,948 398,436 Assigned value. $361,606,731 122,314,580 121,474,742 IN FORM AND CONDITION FOR SALE. Tons. Value. Amount. $2,467,295,645 796,349,985 864,247,792 149,229,387 62,277,390 47,035,208 179,902,384 54,584,889 66,828,401 19,548,123 646,086 2,080,281 12,926,837 4,674,546 5,530,852 17,343,747 12,580,257 14,024,550 4,845,163 3,658,706 3,706,041 888,223 591,029 478,250 1,340,790 983,216 840,118 240,037 116,536 128,670 1,311,906,886 434,616,767 491,997,011 209,693,909 76,090,020 86,664,959 142,774,379 44,945.290 36,213,639 733,001,128 206,909,945 213,537,183 24,487,435 11,660,297 12,632,772 16,858,696 5,314,946 5,520,399 28,573,212 16,812,720 17,681,830 Per cent of total. 100.0 100.0 100. C 53.2 54. e 56.9 8.5 9.6 10.0 5.8 5.6 4.2 29.7 26.0 24.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.1 2.1 2.1 * Includes castings used by the companies producing and in other tables credited to products with value: 37,578 tons, estimated value, $5,636,700. 3 Does not include tonnage of cast-iron pipe and fittings valued at $304,462 which is included in total value. * Included with products "in form and condition for sale." Remanufactures from rolling-mill products.—Sta- tistics of the principal articles fabricated in rolling mills in 1919, 1914, and 1909 from rolled products are given in Table 53, with the output of the same commodity as reported by establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture. With respect to the latter products it should be said that figures for quantity production are not available, the establishments reporting only the total value of products, which includes to a greater or less extent products other than the specific one mentioned. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 339 Table 53.—PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES FROM ROLLING-MILL PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Spikes, bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers, etc.: Made in rolling mills- Railroad spikes, bolts, and nuts- Number of establish- ments ■ Kegs (200 pounds) Value Bolts, nuts, rivets, wash- ers, etc. (except rail- road)— Number of establish- ments Kegs (200 pounds) Value N ot made in rolling mills- Bolts, nuts, rivets, wash- ers, etc.— Number of establish- ments Value of products Nails and spikes (not wire): M ade in rolling mills- Cut nails and spikes— Number of establish- ments Kegs (100 pounds) Value Wire nails and spikes, made in rolling mills . and wire-drawing mills— Kegs (100 pounds) Value Wire brads, tacks, and staples, made in roll- ing mills and wire- drawing mills- Pounds Value Not made in rolling mills (nails and spikes)— Number of establish- ments Chief product- Cut nails, value Wire nails, value Other, including tacks, value Pipes and tubes (not includ- ing cast pipe): Made in rolling mills- Wrought welded— Boiler tubes- Number of establish- ments Tons Value Casing, tubing, drain, and line pipe for production and transportation of oil and gas, and for other drilled wells- Number of establish- ments Tons Value Other black pipe- Number of establish- ments Tons Value Other galvanized pipe- Number of establish- ments Tons Value 1919 18 l,230,&34j 510,148,232: 26! 1,532,400| $19,589,295j 1914 1909 43 3,457,710 $13,883,773 35 4,471,985 $20,538,858 102| 108 $89,743,8S2j $23,403,405! $24,4S4,907| 10! 1.21 263,896} 740,436; 1,009,319 $1,334,16Sj $l,469,7S0j $2,218,207 12,429,1951 $49,291,686 73,682,935! $3,160,8911 $2,056,136 $6,135,160 $9.392,04S 69,550 $11,907,924 lOj 922,016 $93,767,381! 12! 772,1141 $70,499,7261 10 211,34S $23,175,064 12,886,634! $23,368,633! 66,670,000! $1,324,9481 $1,735,9791 $1,334,432! i $4,128,1891 13,926,861 $27,575,774 56,250,000 $1,324,170 $8,191,820 PER CEtfT OP INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 -20.1! 114.0 -22.7 -32. 4 283.0: -64.4! -9. t -26.6 -33.7 10.5! 138.6! 144.0 -12.1 13| 15] 1,130,652! 1,314,771 $55,461,650! $65,471,573 1919 1914 Pipes and tubes—Continued- Made in rolling mills—Con. Wrought welded—Con. Seamless, hot-finished or cold-'drawn- Number of establish- ments Tons Value All other- Tons Value Not made in rolling mills- Number of estallish- ments Value of products Horse and mule shoes: Made in rolling mills- Number of establish- ments Kegs (200 pounds) Value Not made in rolling mills- Number of establish- ments Value of products Made in rolling mills- Cars, value Machinery, value Switches, frogs, and cross- ings- Tons Value Springs: Made in rolling mills- Car— Number of establish- ments Tons Value Other springs, value Not made in rolling mills- Number of establish- ments Value of products Steel and iron wire and man- ufactures thereof (see Wire). Tin-plate and terneplate dip- ping departments of roll- ing mills (see Tin plate and terneplate), value Sheets, black or common, corrugated, crimped, pol- ished or glanced, made in rolling mills: Number of establishments.. Tons Value Galvanized plates or sheets, made in rolling mills: Number of establishments.. Tons Value „ Hoops and bands, galvanized, made in rolling mills: Number of establishments.. Tons Value Structural shapes, fabricated, and pressed, stamped or shaped, made in rolling mills: Number of establishments.. Tons Value 1909 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1919 j 1914 9! 5 165,934 64.765! $43,774f410j $5,821,467! 23,967) 17,345) $2,351,291 j $-834,209 ! 50: So' $81,869,115: $37,655,229, I u\ 11 724,539 1.015.230! $8,420,052; $7,122,462' 20; $3,367,001; SI, 755,993 4|. 54,273!! $5,650,739! I !' 17,561! $9S6,699i 28 $30, $86,270' $3,507,47S! ! $3.964,646 28,163 $6,029,213 5 17,681 $2,970,737 $175,34S 112 $51,479,535* ! $191,997,2171 $7,342,690, 11,889 SS72,863! 84' $11,594,992; $67,353,214 11 996,3S3! S7,202.897:! 19!: $1,014,576;! $7,720,178 6| 6,191 $374,924 $82,920,648! 15! 223.915! (3) $28,948,958'.. 54< $9,005? 362| $71,624,024! (?) 23! 26 555,192 . 971,1S9! $66,793,334 $42,862,394; 44,798! (8) $3,999,822! 431,658! $25,912,0561 156. 0 652.0 3*. 2; 182,0, 19.3 3.0 -1.2 -15.5 117.0| 21.9 -2&6^ 18.2; 1.9 -1.1 88. 5 76.0 220.1; -4.9 59.1 mo; 92.0 133.0 344. Oj 1S5.0! 2S.8 -6.0 (s) 368,300! $31,340,452k I8) -42.8! 55. Si 125.0 65.4 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Included in tin-plate and terneplate industry as separate establishments. * Not reported separately. 340 MANUFACTURES. STEEL PRODUCTION. Summary.—A summary of steel production for the last four censuses, by kind and by type of furnace or process, is given in Table 54, with the percentages of increase and distribution. The production of steel slag in 1919 is estimated at 2,826,000 tons; this on the basis of 10 per cent of steel production for basic O-H steel furnaces, 8 per cent for acid O-H steel, and 2.5 per cent for Bessemer steel. Table 54.—STEEL PRODUCTION, BY KINDS: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. {Ton, 2,240 pounds.] Totals. Open-hearth Basic Acid Bessemer Crucible Electric or electrically refined. Ingots Open-hearth Basic . Acid Bessemer Crucible Electric or electrically refined.. Castings. Open-hearth Basic Acid Bessemer Crucible , Electric or electrically refined.. 1919 19U 1909 1904 PER CENT OF INCREASE.! PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 1914-1919 1909-1914 1904-1909 1919 1914 t909 1904 34,026,979 23,403,957 23,523,199 13,670,592 45.4 -0.5 72.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26,726,036 25,709,536 1,016,500 6,946,939 64,245 289,759 17,081,375 16,234,626 846,749 6,219,304 81,685 21,593 14,228,377 13,221,093 1,007,284 9,180,133 100,263 14,426 5,820,397 5,064,592 755,805 7,768,915 80,059 1,221 56.5 58.4 20.0 11.7 -21.4 1,242.0 20.1 22.7 -15.9 -32.3 -18.5 49.7 144.0 161.0 33.3 18.2 25.2 1,081.5 78.5 75.5 3.0 20.4 0.2 0.9 73.0 69.4 3.6 26.6 0.3 0.1 60.5 56.2 4.3 39.0 0.4 0.1 42.6 37.0 5.5 56.8 0.6 (3) 33,289,939 22,815,266 22,973,964 13,379,083 45.9 -0.7 71.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26,099,319 25,444,169 1 655,150 6,901,315 j 63,028 1 226,277 16,551,427 15,933,420 618,007 6,175,867 72,765 15,207 13,725,783 12,952,840 772,943 9,145,668 90,242 12,271 5,548,396 4,974,921 573,475 7,754,488 76,199 57.7 59.7 6.0 11.7 -13.4 1,380.0 20.6 23.0 -20.0 -32.4 -19.4 23.9 147.0 160.0 34.8 17.9 18.4 78.4 76.4 2.0 20.7 0.2 0.7 72.4 69.8 2.7 27.1 } 0.4 59.7 56.4 3.4 39.8 41.5 37.2 4.3 58.0 0.4 0.6 737,040 588,691 549,235 291,509 25.2 7.2 88.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 t 626,717 | 265,367 ! 361,350 j 45,624 ! 1,217 63,482 529,948 301,206 228,742 43,437 8,920 6,386 502,594 268,253 234,341 34,465 10,021 2,155 272,001 89,671 182,330 14,427 3,860 1,221 18.3 -11.9 58.0 5.0 -86.4 894.0 5.4 12.3 -2.4 26.0 -11.0 196.3 84.8 199, 0 85.0 36.0 49.0 6.2 0.2 8.6 90.0 51.2 38.8 7.4 1.5 1.1 91.5 48.8 42.7 6.3 1.8 0.4 93.3 30.8 62.5 4.9 1.3 0.4 2S..:5 139.0 160.0 76,5 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. J Includes steel produced by establishments not classified as "steel works and rolling mills" as follows: 1919—32,321 tons, including open-hearth, 30.815 (basic 14 731, acid 16,084), and electric or electrically refined 1,506; 1914—20.483 tons, including open-hearth 18,090 (basic 1,527, acid 16,563), Bessemer 499, and crucible 1,894; 1909—49 481 tons, including open-hearth 36,099 (basic 10,674, acid 25,425), Bessemer 6 066, crucible and miscellaneous, 7,316; 1904—4,184 tons, including open-hearth (basic) 2.440. Bessemer 774, crucible and miscellaneous, 970. 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Production, by states.—Table 55 presents the figures for steel production, by states, distributed for 1919 and 1914 by kind—open-hearth, Bessemer, and all other steels. Table 55.—STEEL PRODUCTION, BY KIND AND BY STATES: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] Total- California .. Delaware... Illinois Indiana Kentucky.. Massachuestts.. Michigan....... New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin All other states 1919 34,026,979 139,866 104,837 2,612,201 3,133,640 268,687 185,587 24,754 204,150 1,196,881 8,175,993 15,308,086 331,407 32,821 2,308,066 1914 23,403,957 (l) 1,770,753 1,662,839 (l) (l) 6,245 140,495 745,441 5,451,508 11.851,400 (l) 18,604 1,758,672 1909 23,523,199 h 2,671,087 779,778 0) 10,450 95,851 1,115,250 4,713,869 12,208,608 C1) 21,888 1,908,418 13,670,592 1,555,198 81,589 0) (l) 2,500 68,288 474,258 2,529,997 7,733,640 0) 9,215 1,215,907 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 1919 100.0 0.4 0.3 7.7 9,2 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.6 3.5 24,0 44.9 1.0 0.1 1914 100.0 7.6 7.1 0.6 3.2 23.3 50.6 0.1 7.5 1909 100.0 11.4 3.3 (a) 0.4 4.8 20.0 61.9 0.1 8.1 1904 11.4 0.6 (a) 0.5 3.5 18.5 68.6 0.1 8.9 OPEN-HEARTH STEEL. 1919 26,728,036 135,415 101,573 1,661,073 3,121,344 223,782 183,746 12,089 183,168 1,074,444 5,078,637 12,598,507 94,678 15,986 2,241,594 1914 17,081,375 391,3 ,336 1,662,441 0) ^1 2,819 127,285 603,642 2,591,062 9,754,523 C1) 12,435 1,435,832 BESSEMER STEEL. 1919 6,946,939 3,264 901,010 9,261 44,905 3,337 3,962 58,769 3,039,293 2,583,392 236,729 6,776 66,881 1914 6,219,304 TP 867,804 ........... C1) 1,645 7,414 119,998 2,860,129 2,039,274 4,302 318,738 CRUCIBLE, ELECTRIC, AND MISCELLANEOUS. 1919 1914 103,278 60,121 3,035 1,481 9,328 17,020 63,668 58,063 126,187 11,059 9,591 11,613 1,781 5,796 21,801 317 57,603 1,867 2,102 * Included with "All other states." * Lass than one-tenth of 1 per cent. * Includes, in the order of production in 1919, Alabama, Colorado, Maryland, Minnesota, Connecticut, Washington, Georgia, Rhode Island, Missouri, Utah, District of Columbia, Iowa, Oregon, and Virginia; and in 1914,1909, and 1904, also Kentucky, Massachusetts, West Virginia, California, and Delaware. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 341 Disposal of output,—The disposition made of the steel product; whether sold to unaffiliated concerns, or used in the establishment producing it, or in other works of the same company, is given in Table 56 for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 56.—Steel Production, for Consumption and For Sale: 1919, 1914, and 1909. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] Kind. Total. Open-hearth.. Basic. Bessemer.. Crucible. Electric, or electric- ally refined. Cen- sus year. Total. 1919 I 34,026,979 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 23,403,957 23,523,199 26,726,036 17,081.375 14,228,377 25,709,536 16,234,626 13,221,093 1,016,500 846,749 1,007,284 6,946,939 6,219,304 9,180,133 64,245 81,685 100,263 289,759 21,593 14,426 FOR CONSUMPTION BY PEODUCING COMPANY. Total, for consump- tion. 33,129, 598 22,803,890 23,033,040 25,951,030 16,540,828 13,781,534 25,291,989 15,908,628 12,977,845 I 659,341! 632,200 I 803,689! In works where produced. j For For ! transfer! sale, i to other! ; works; j of same! company 25,627,493 16,508,741 13, 709,101 24,984,654 15,876,624 12,908,030 642,839 632,117 801,071 6,891,706 !j 6,703,560 6,175,855 11 6,174,094 9,148,539 ' 9,108,813 62,908! 72,034 88,890 223,654 15,173 14,077; 62,473 71,932 88,748 222,228 j 15,173 . 14,077 I. 323,837 i 32,087 72,433 I I 307,335 I 32,004 I 69,815 j 16,502 83 2,618 1S8,146 1,761 39,726 435 102 142 1,426 ! ,R. * Includes in 1919, 32,576,219 tons of ingots and 39,535 tons of castings, the latter distributed as follows: Basic O-H 22,795 tons; acid O-H. 15,808 tons; Bessemer, 615 tons; and electric or electrically refined, 317 tons; and in 1914, 22,751.830 tons of ingots and 18,110 tons of castings, the latter distributed as follows: Basic O-H, 716 tons; acid O-H, 16,560 tons; and crucible, 834 tons. » Includes in 1919, 219,013 tons of ingots and 678,368 tons of castings, the latter dis- tributed as follows: Basic O-H, 240,644 tons; acid O-H, 329,071 tons; Bessemer, 45,004 tons; Crucible, 1,217 tons; and electric or electrically refined, 62,432 tons; and in 1914, 29,486 tons of ingots and 570,581 tons of castings, the latter distributed as follows: Basic O-H, 300,490 tons, acid O-H, 212,182 tons; Bessemer, 43,437 tons; Crucible, 8,086 tons: and electric and all other, 6,386 tons. Duplex steel.—The production of duplex steel, that is steel semifinished in Bessemer converters and finished in open-hearth or electric furnaces was re- ported in 1919 by 9 establishments, distributed as follows—Illinois, 1; Indiana, 2; Maryland, 1; New York, 1; and Pennsylvania, 4. The total production amounted to 2,078,841 tons in 1919, compared with 401,621 tons in 1914, and 522,682 tons in 1909. Alloy steel.—Statistics of the production of the alloy steels in 1919, 1914, and 1909, are given in Table 57. The production is distributed by method of production or type of furnace, by method of casting whether into ingots for rolling or direct castings, and by kind of alloy. Of the total production of alloy steel, approximately one-third was used in the manufacture of structural shapes, 30 per cent for merchant bars, and 6 per cent each for rails, armor plate, and ordnance. i 32,615,754 j 513,844 :'897,381 * 22,769,940 \ 33,950 j 2 600,067 22,920,739 112,301 490,159 774,706 540, .547 446,843 417,547 325,998 243,248 357,159 214,549 203,595 55,233 43,449 31,594 1,337 9,651 11,373 66,105 6.420 '349 Table 57.—Alloy Steel: 1919, 1914, and 1909. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] Number of establishments, j 1919 82 Production, tons [1,242,878 1914 57 36 305,956; 158,216 Open-hearth 993,0151 Basic !844,852 Acid !148,163 ( Bessemer !30,618 Crucible and elec tric i 219,245 Ingots 1,203,609 Castings 39,269 By kind of alloy: Nickel-chrome 224,280; Nickel 158,951 Chrome-vanadium 126,407 Chrome 121,9831 Vanadium.... 118,338! Titanium 52,152! Copper 31,0901 Silicon 29,436i. Tungsten 27,318! Silicon-manganese 9,730; Chrome-tungsten- \ vanadium 2,735j Chrome-tungsten 758! Nickel-chrome-vana- dium Chrome-nickel-tita- nium Miscellaneous Unclassified: 1284,1001100,335 230,4081 86,242 33,692! 14,093 9,1461 45,324 32, 710} 12,557 294,128; 151,300 11,828; 6,916 PEE CENT OF INCEEA3E.1 1914-'1909- PEP. CENT DISTRIBUTION. 43.9 305.2 58,3 1919 1914 1909 : .4i: 100.0] 100.0! 100.0 276.0; 266.7| 339.81 234. 8| 57a 2\ 309.2! 232.0| 163.2,1 79.9 167.2'; 6& 0 139.0,1 11.9 -79.&j 2.5 160.5;! 17.6! 10 86,3; 63.4 75.3| 54.5 11.01 8.9 3.0 94.4! 96. Si 71.0 3.2 102,562! 26,929 , 69?955( 37,607! 0,280 4,406'1 23,258i 11,2*39 j' 2, .565! 8,039 4. 8,477; 40, 477 j 2,759;.. 1, 119.0 127. Oi 262.0! 424.0! 511.0! 515.0: 027.0!. 281.0! 18.0 S6.0? 12. S! 111.0 I 10.2! 106.0! 9.8 —6S.lij 9.5i -79.1,1 28.7 4,204! 1,697 2,240; (2): 55a 6j 334.0'. 4.2' 2.5; 2.4,!. 5:1 6.1! 95.6 3.9| 4.4 33.6! 17.0 22.9! 23. 8 3.01 2. 8 7.6] 7.1 O.sj 5.1 2.81 25.6 °*9! 1.4! 0. 7 1.0 2,334| 17.2i. 1,-546: 600 1 -51.0 14,123'' 9,280 157. 7; 52.1; 0.2! 0.8! (l) (3) ! 0.51 0.4 5.9 ! 1,106' (2) 80,393 2-33117Q1 259,307j 61,314 J1''*1 •;! !0.4: (') ■ !\20.9| 20.li/11- 4 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease, 5 Figures not available. 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Steel-making- equipment and capacity of steel furnaces.—Table 58 shows, by states, the daily capacity in tons, of steel on double turn, of the active plants H 1919, together with the production tonnage for the year and the furnace distribution, by states, of capacity and production. Table 58.—Steel Furnace Capacity and Production, by States: 1919. [Ton, pounds.] Daily capacity, tons of steel. Steel production.! tons.1 i Capac- ity. PES CENT DISTEIBUTION. United States i 193,115 34,026,979 Pennsylvania Ohio Illinois .... Indiana New York.. Maryland Alabama.. Colorado Kentucky West Virginia Minnesota New Jersey California Delaware Massachusetts Wisconsin Connecticut Georgia Washington Missouri Michigan Utah Rhode Island District of Columbia. All other states 80,325 39,946 16,38-7 14,021 11,467 9,213 5,026 3,167 3,070 2,035 1,524 1,147 1,128 1,045 965 410 432 340 321; 312! 301; 167 I 151; 120 95: 15,308,086 8T175; 993 2,612,204 3,133,640 1,196, SSI (a) (2) b) 268,657 331,407 (3) 204,150 139,866 104,837 185,587 32,821 (s) (*> 24,754 (3)' (3) (") * 2,308,066 Pro- duc- tion. 100.0! 100.0 1 Not including steel produced in estabUshments not included in the classified industry with a da^y capacity of 2,157 tons. 3 Included under "All other states " to avoid disclosure of Individual operations. 3 Includes the product of the states noted above, these states reporting in the aggregate steel furnaces with a total daiij capacity of 20,868 tons of steel. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 342 MANUFACTURES. On a basis of 300 working days, double turn, the annual capacity of all establishments was approxi- mately 58,000,000 tons, an increase of 30 per cent over 1914, and the production in 1919 amounted to approximately 60 per cent of capacity compared with 53 per cent in 1914 and 72 per cent in 1909. Mixers.—Table 59 shows the number and capacity of the metal mixers as reported for the steel plants at the censuses of 1919 and 1914, distributed by states. Table 59,—Metal Mixers: 1919 and 1914. 1919 1914 Num- ber. Capacity (tons). Num- ber. Capacity, (tons). Total 86 38,605 69 20,885 Alabama 3 1,250 3,350 3,200 2,630 2,525 5,590 IS, 360 250 (1)9 » year. "o STATE. 03 • II 03 • 11 It S a | Num tablis ° O Num tablis o 0 a Num tablis <3 & « o ca r £> 6 3 3 % ft 00 CD ft United States.... 1919 207 1,252 135,922 136 1.039 126,971 94 213 8,951 1914 140 864 93,650 99 706 85,471 66 158 8,179 1909 129 706 62,161 82 553 55,392 70 153 6,769 1904 110 489 34,398 64 341 26,932 65 148 7,466 1919 83~ 582 60,839 51 460 54,850 49 122 5,989 1914 66 488 51,071 45 383 45,689 38 105 5,382 Ohio 1919 32 222 24,569 24 209 24,080 9 13 489 1914 20 112 13,087 16 104 12,561 5 8 526 1919 10 93 12,495 4 73 11,862 7 20 633 1914 6 62 8,570 2 54 8,200 4 8 370 New York 1919 11 57 8,498 7 47 8,062 4 10 436 1914 8 33 3,712 4 25 3,392 4 8 320 Illinois 1919 13 91 8,165 13 9 91 8,165 1914 10 60 6,608 56 6,345 3 4 263 1919 2 13 5,593 2 13 5,593 1914 2 8 1,825 2 8 1,825 Alabama 1919 2 16 3,496 2 16 3,496 1914 2 15 3,195 2 15 3,195 Kentucky 1919 2 14 2,470 2 14 2,470 1914 1 6 625 1 5 500 1 1 125 Colorado 1919 1 15 1,500 1 15 1.500 1914 1 16 1,500 1 15 1,500 Table 60*—Steel Furnaces—Open-Hearth, by Kinds and by States: 1919 and 1914—Continued. Minnesota.. California.. Delaware New Jersey Massachusetts West Virginia Connecticut Georgia Missouri Rhode Island Michigan District of Columbia— Wisconsin All other states1 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 o a MS 1,483 1,103 300 973 109 945 752 927 570 405 285 388 250 345 185 456 306 150 100 175 40 120 50 115 510 712 <1a J 9 S 8g pi 1,073 300 960 495 491 400 297 320 245 368 250 340 185 456 306 150 100 120 50 20 4 30 13 109 450 261 527 273 85 40 175 95 510 1 Comprises Iowa, Utah, and Washington. Table 61 •—Steel Furnaces—Open-Hearth, by Size: 1919, 1914, and 1909. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] 1919 1914 1909 SIZE GROUP. Capacity per heat or melt (tons). Capacity per heat or melt (tons). Capacity per heat or melt (tons). Num- ber. Num- ber. Num- ber. Total 1,341 69,367 864 44,616 706 30,574 576 224 130 132 170 79 30 13,857 11,313 7,935 9,600 14,230 7,900 4,532 346 189 127 92 57 38 15 _ 8,673 9,673 7,695 6,750 4,725 3,800 3,300 367 137 105 51 44 9,676 80 to 99 tons 6,926 6,365 3,790 3,567 100 tons Over 100 tons1 2 250 1 Includes for 1919,11 furnaces, 101-109 tons; 3,110 tons; 3,110 tons; and 3, 200 tons. Converters.—Table 62 presents the statistics for the converters, by states and by type—Bessemer, Tropenas, or other—for the United States for the four census years 1904-1919, inclusive, and by states for 1919 and 1914. Of these converters, 31 with a daily capacity of 2,080 tons, were used for the manufacture of duplex steel in 1919, and 12 converters of 12,600 tons daily capacity in 1914. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 343 Table 62.—Steel Furnaces—Converters, by Kinds and by States; 1919 and 1914. (Ton, 2,240 pounds.] United States Pennsylvania.. Ohio Illinois Maryland New York Colorado West Virginia.. Alabama Kentucky Wisconsin All other states.. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 10 55,931 53,106 49,005 43,123 j 19,101 | 19,834 j 15,291 i 14,572 j 8,090! 7,067 | 3,500 I 2,100! i 2,558 | 2,830 I I 1,669 | 2,000 J 1,630 1 1,490 1,500! 2,200; 600! 600 j 142 i 111 1,850 302 6 . Is 55,024 52,480 48,377 42,675 TROPE- NAS. OTHER KINDS. I 6 • c2 18,888 j 19,730 I 15,060' 14,460 8,000 7,000 3,500 2,100 2,500 2,780 1,667 2,000 1,630 1,490 1,500 2,200 600 600 3! 1,619 120 503 34 404 354 21 1 272 348 19' 280 95 18: 353 81 3 132 34 2 i 70 147 11! 84 82 4! 30 83 3! 7 67 2 \ 3 1 I 2 47 35 10 ! 129 13 ; 137 » Comprises for 1919: Michigan. 5; 3 each for Delaware, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Washington; 2 each for California, Indiana, Iowa, and New Jersey; and 1 each for Connecticut, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia; and in 1914: Delaware, 3; 2 each for Michigan and New Jersey; and 1 each for California. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Oregon. Crucible furnaces.—Table 63 presents the statistics for crucible-furnace equipment, by states, for 1919 and 1914, with aggregate figures for the last four censuses. Table 63.—Steel Furnaces—Crucible, by States: 1919 and 1914. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] I i I ! j : j Daily Num.- I i eapac- rvnco of j Number *t,1tt,v-_' ity, year 'e3ttb" of fur" ; ofToS ton*s ol year' lish- | naces. , 01 P0€S- : steel. 1.13.U- ; ments. icy, ; tons of ; steel, double turn. Massachusetts. All other states * 1914 1919 1914 I 1909 | 1904! 37 62 67 44 120! 241' 278; 160; 2,751 i 3,916' 4,074 i 2,723 ( 706 886 886 717 1919 I 20 59; 1,836: 490 1914 | 26 97 2,358! 5 79 1919 | 8 26' 532! 139 1914! 6 24: 508 i 127 1919 j 2 19 1 239 1 45 1914 j 6 19; 346 j 87 1919 1 2! 60 i 15 1914 1 2 8 i 96 j 21 1919 1 1 4! 8 '< 10 1914 1 3 17 j 68 s 1919 ■ 3 6 1 44 5 1914 | 4 io; 82 10 1919! 1 31 24 1 1914 j 2 5 j 56 12 1919 1 1 8! 1 1914 j 1 1' s; 1 1914! 1 12 60; 394 41 1 All other states comprise: Delaware, Minnesota, Ohio, Tennessee, and V. i- consin. Electric furnaces.—Table 64 in like manner pre- sents the statistics for the electric furnaces installed in steel plants, by states, for 1919 and 1914. Table 64.—STEEL FURNACES—ELECTRIC, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Pennsylvania. Illinois Ohio New York Wisconsin Maryland Michigan Census year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 Number of fur- naces. i 215 «15 4 Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn. 45 I 4 i 19 i i! 21 1 22 2; 2,713 438 285 655 124 455 100 25 309 32 1S3 5 120 126 25 Indiana I 1919 California... Minnesota.. All other states. Num- Daily capacity, tons of of estab- lish- ments. Number j of fur- | naces. Census year. steel, double turn. 1919 3 ! 93 1914 2 i 2 38 1919 4 5 76 1919 3 70 1914 1 i 1 3 1919 1 I 3 51 1919 2 3 38 1914 1 I 1 S3 1919 1 i 5 30 1919 2 ! 11 31 1919 1 ! 4 29 I 1919 1 ! 2 16 1919 1 4 16 1919 1 ! 2 6 5 1919 15 '32 * 1914 1 \ 1 3 1 Includes 99 Herault furnaces, 1,942 tons; 14 Snyder, 213 tons; 4 Moore, 79 tans; 3 Ludkun, 75 tons; 2 Pittsburgh, 50 tans; 1 each Gronwald-Dixon, Industrial, Booth- Hall. Gruener-Escholle, Rcnnerfelt, Girod, Webbj and Greene, with a total capacity of 13S tons; and 82 electric furnaces of 206 tons, in establishments not classified as "steel works and rolling mills." 2 Includes 10 Herault furnaces, 422 tons; 3 Stassano, 9 tons; 1 Girod, 2 tons; and 1 Snyder, 5 tons. » All other states comprise: Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, and Utab. * District of Columbia. Materials, products, and equipment, in detail, by states.—Detailed statistics for states are presented in Table 65 for 1919 with respect to materials and prod- ucts. The detailed statistics for steel production, for remanufactures or fabrications, and for equipment, have been given in prior tables. 344 MANUFACTURES. Table 65.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS—DETAILED STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1919. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] KIND AND STATE. MATERIALS. Total cost. QUANTITY (TONS). Total. Alabama... California Connecticut Delaware- ... Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia... Wisconsin All other states Iron and steel for furnaces and hot rolls. Pig iron California Connecticut Delaware- Illinois Indiana Kentucky Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin All other states Ferro and other alloys: Splegeleisen and ferromanganese-.. California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Michigan New Jersey— New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin- All other states Other ferro and nonferro alloys- California Connecticut Delaware- Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Michigan New Jersey New York ■ Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states Total consumption, in- cluding scrrap made In the same works: Scrap (including old rails not Intended Tor rerout- ing. 16,369,210 Alabama 256,414 California- 256,230 Connecticut 51,181 Delaware- 62,476 Illinois 1,033,328 Indiana 1,641,660 Produced by con- sumer (In other works). Pur- chased. [$1,680,575,758 Tons. Kentuck- Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York. Ohio 3,377i 868 Pennsylvania 7,725,568 West Virginia 107,138 Wisconsin 32,666 All) ther states...., 556,375 143,488 150,156 148,892 17,576 45,604 166,726 595,874 23,919,95S 12,79S 23,745 50,606 2,287,638 2,109,215 164,847 63,748 62,405 89,193 900,198 5,734,072 10,325,070 284,851 8,711 1,752,861 347,095| 5391 451 1,037! 24,245 25,629' 1,9051 550| 4,551 18.460| 81,241 15ri,7l6 2,088 829 28,854 1,576 147 217| 7,037 10,002 627 496 1,836 3,281 19,686 44,015 1,453 627 4, 7,026,082 105,464 217,333 36,958 28,551 511,1601 554,561' 98,999 27,481 117,436 15,352 36,847 119,139 170,861 1,365,875 3,223,528 65,357 26,850 304,330 21,170,136j 0)" 2,090,153 2,057,837 0) (') 5,171,5191 9,136,962] (') 1,668,953 123,353 0) - 66,215 10,449 (0 (0 (l) 4,490 1,480,260 C1)' 91,870 455,114 863,333 (0 18,9331 ,749,822 12.79S 50,606 197,485 51,378 63,748 62,405 89,193 (') 612,553 , 1S8,10S| (') 8,711 *3,908 223,742 539 451 1,037 (') <*> ■ 1,905 550) 4,551 (') 90,501 2,088 829 18,405 1,576 147 217 O (]) 627 496| 0) 3,281 <*> 1 39,525 1,453! 627j 4 5,5-15,822 0) 217,333 636,958 28,551 419,290 0) 08,..., 27,48l| (1> , 15,352 36,847 119,139 170,861 910,761 [2,360,195 0) 26,850' 285,397" Cost. 49,334,475 9,508,535 4,241,854 3,861,615 100,319,478 113,194,279 12,713,691 15,020,437 19,236,489 2,901,S03 5,660,622 34,326,805 54,816,314 381,059,673 777,472,690 50,794,481 14,345,964 31,766,553 581,517,335 574,580 749,323 1,484,487 55,419,583 46,466,463 5,232,031 2,320,259 2,119,175 3,716,113 20,393,617 137,971,046 259,320,858 7,453,903 395,691 37,900,206 41,479,431 98,601 31,271 205,818 3,294,723 2,932,089 278,465 123,437 636,157 1,652,942 10,312,996 18,023,539 319,720 137,809 3,431,864 331,731 14,469 12,220 2,076,635 1,263,590 61,140 75,197 879,598 3,345,620 8,104,599 14,808,325 213,851 44,164 769,220 145,133,051 1,863,200 4,833,322 671,399 560,717 10,387,892 10,148,850 2,100,050 588,253 2,537,573 441,816 926,735 3,023,938 4,769,356 25,982,418 68,166,998 1,307,214 664,080 6,156,240 KIND AND STATE. m aterials—continued. Iron and steel for furnaces and hot ro Us—Continued. Rails for rerolling Pennsylvania All other states Steel, crude and semifinished, not produced in works where consumed (ingots, blooms, billets, slabs, and sheet, and tin-plate bars) Alabama Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio.. Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states quantity (tons). Total. 165,459 72,432 93,027 J- m muck and scrap bat. New York Ohio..... Pennsylvania All other states Koiled jotvv for further manufacture. Total consumption, in- cluding that rolled in the same works: Tons. Skelp 2,425,845 Pennsylvania 1,298,852 All other states 1,126,993 Wire rods 1,375,949; Ore. Crude iron ore Domestic- Foreign California Illinois Indiana New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states Manganiferous ore (domestic, 17,685; foreign^ 24) Chrome and other ores Domestic... Foreign California Indiana All other states 8,946, 364, 1S3; 654, 13, 36, 76, 2,777, 3,824, 582, 433, 235,003 17,164 20,0931 172,884 24, S62| 759,846 644,495| 115,351 21,3221 1,014, 1,009 5; 1, 74, 131, 24) 147, 567, 4, Other materials. Copper ingots, billets, blooms, bars, and scrap , Ohio All other states Zinc (spelter and retreated zinc). Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia All other statos. All other materials Total value.. Alabama , California , Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... West Virginia... Wisconsin All other staLes. 17,709 19,093 17,50S 1,585 221 2,046 I6,S26 45,0 "2 1,130 43,942 80,380 35,312 15.389 3,526 26,1.53 Produced I by con- sumer (in other works). 4,401,127 0) 218,984 8 0) 1,580,035 1,926,442 130,520 248,756 106,800 106,143 657 165,459 72,432 93,027 4,545,100 0 V- ■ 435,329 1,197,082 1,897,821' 452,021 184,609 12-8,203 17,164 20,093 66,741 24,205 322,082 225,546 96,536| 5, 794 Pur- chased. 437,764 418,949 18,815 15,528 1,014.989 1,985 74,502 131,880 24,885 147,753 567,238 4,142 62,604 17,709 19,093 221 2,046| 16,826 45,072 1,130 43,942 80,380 35,312 15,389 3.526 26, l -rv< Cost. $4,154,381 1,856,410 2,297,971 368,061,815 13,383,929 6,539,899 26,896,938 845,510 2,732,147 4,028,195 114,353,375 157,391,269 23,025,492 18,865,061 14,175,954 1,316,533 1,247,649 10,446,106 1,165,666 46,611,395 40,536,075 6,075,320 1,948,322 7,185,65* 21,021 471,181 768,680 197,867 1,031,435 4,264,107 34,581 396,786 234,619 1,060,345 $2,828,302,375 8,700 144,720 906,925 13,907,021 197,766 13,709,255 12,283,608 6,314,312 2,494,604 582,837 2,891,855 410,817,464 Value. 64, 18, ?; 173, 199, 18, 19, 30, 8, 12. 1(0 626, ,296, 85, 28, 980,154 191,989 583,036 115,083 344,650 273,518 318,690 884,164 969,601 344,643 537,067 382,205 592,636 370,025 412,070 036,489 393,331 173,035 1 Included in total. STEEL WORKS AND ROLLING MILLS. 345 Table 65.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS—DETAILED STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] KIND AND STATE. products—continued. I. Rolled, forged, and other classified steel and iron products Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky • Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio, Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin All other states A. Finished rolled products and forging, total Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York.. Ohio - Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states Rails: Open-hearth steel, total Pennsylvania All other states • Bessemer, total Rerolled or renewed rails, total Rail joints and fastenings, tie-plates, fishplates, etc., total Pennsylvania All other states ■ Structural shapes, total (3" or over, leg or web) heavy (Less than 3"t leg or web) light Pennsylvania All other states QUANTITY (TONS). Total. 211,947 175,035 183,525 50,697 72,591| 610,46l! 076,015' 261,170 259,223 212,169! 20,327! 117,530 208,727! 075,969| 956,138? 135,5371 829,1731 214,204 753,456 25,512,8471 23,114,711 697,2951 144,507 1,867,787 2,342,797 689,109! 144,490i 47,161 [ 64,148 1,650,308 2,657,287 80,290 198,872 187,636 2,077 89,057 180,472 936,785 4,984,114 12,143,217 685,529 772,315 For sale. 0) 989,618 4,676,179 10,537,811 227,896 214,204 593,790 For con- sump- tion. 13,097,236! 477,740; 39,018 o5 Cl) 742,674 733,218 O) 86,351 4,279,959! 5,597,726; 601,2771 17,343,747 546,710 105,472 C1) 1,314,204 2,095,756 0) 0) I 86,275 193,555; , 812,477; 493,74Sl 05 $2,417, 54, 14> 7, 6, 167, 192, IS, 15, 13, 5, 31, 92, 554, 1,114, 62, 19, 48, 372,231 si 88,487 169, -m Value. 012,546 305,462 464,044 133,473 593,980 028,544 301,897 866,019 950,237 597,136 356,637 113,366 952,787 243,134 496,299 064,273 , 143,716 196,599 206,943 , 859,457,051 35,370,832 9,962,420 6,372,218 4,978,770 102,834,806 169,171,348 7,028,670 12,488,762 11,061,012 304,809 5,802,049 2-5,736,214 80,057,749 373,347,364 909,599,168 53,779,687 51,561,173 82,644,646 IS, 845,228 63,799,418 10,204; S35 4,738,883 27,595,921 8,233,201 19,362,720 151,970,064 436,233i 18,150! 9,243j 130,619! 0)! 22,316 0) (l) 9,840 C1) 106,383.147 45,586;917 326,764,260 16,385,391 30,174,553 7,698,959 36,425,335 SS, 869.972 126,46-3,404 20,746,640 264,205,393 30,174,553 16,54i; 428 75,719,716 103,812,403 37,957,293 22,780,268 8,853,625 11,163,882 2,762,761 39,778,599 11.030,282 11,487,119 17,261,198 33,796,197 1,634,718 9,315,105 1,825,701 949,210 11,947.572 S,123,891 14,715,799 2,763,291 2,764,361 2,289,850 6,898,297 3, 712,990 2,414,380 1,298,616 KIND AND STATE. peoducts—continued. Iron and steel rods, total Illinois New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states Wire rods ready to be drawn or rolled into wire, total Illinois Pennsylvania All other states Cold-rolled, cold-drawn, cold-ham- mered, or polished, total Pennsylvania All other states - Rolled wire rods in coils or bars of crucible or electric steel, total... Bolt and nut rods, etc., total New York - Pennsylvania All other states Spike, chain and horseshoe nail rods, total. Pennsylvania All other st ates Plates (No. 12 and thicker,not coated): Crucible plate steel, total Pennsylvania All other states. Saw plates, total Pennsylvania All other states Boiler or other plate, total California Indiana Ohio Pennsylvania All other states Sheets (No. 13 and thinner) black or common: Plain, total Indiana Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states Black for turning, total Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states QUANTITY (TONS). Total. 2,878, 358, 113, 135, 385, 1,282, 602, 2,484, 319, 1,048, 1,116, 145, 111, 34. For sale. For con- sump- tion. 5S2,273jl,902f 155i 15,358! 162,445! 11,864; 87,746! 62,835;) 70,475' 30.094 39; 481 68,434 2,167ji 66,267!! 8,568: 4,669!! 3 899 «- - - i I 4,349'996■■'3 - 729*603j"620"393i 30,984! I 30,984 465,366n (*) I (1) 584,003' 579,222; 4,781 2,599,517 : 2,172,310! 670,126! (i) i Skclpj total. Ohio. Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states Cotton ties, total Hoops, bands, and strips: Hoop, band or scroll, black, total... Pennsylvania All other states Steel in strips, flat wire (not ex- ceeding 5 in width or No. 15 wire gauge), lotal Pennsylvania All other states Other strips Nail and tack plate, total A.xlcs, rolled or forged: Car and locomotive, total Pennsylvania All other states All other, automobile, carriage, etc., total Car and locomotive wheels, rolled or forged, total Pennsylvania All other states Armor plate and ordnance (gun forcings, shells, projectiles, etc.). total/. Pennsylvania A11 other states All other rolled steel or iron, total Illinois Indiana New York Ohio •• Pennsylvania All other states •Ul forged or other iron and steel roll- ing-mill products, not otherwise enumerated, total Connecticut Ohio. • Pennsylvania All other states 2,293,1931; 1, 218,330! l,091,593i! 724,191M 101,221 157,85S 1,084,175! 190,094j 497,0691 253,343 143,669 2,589,064' 1,281,747] * 993,9261 188.130! 125;2611 42,681 427,207 0) i Value. $164,522,314 17,492,833 9,247,298 8,922,391 20,396,811 75,514,122 32,948,859 126,738,142 15,153,290 .54,876,918 56,707,934 17,682,981 10,990,134 6,692,847 4,767,443 12,449,618 1,206,664 6,578,012 4,664,942 2.884,130 1,239,7613 1,644,370 4,951,617 427,433 4,524.179 3,661', 366 1,997,453 1,563,913 287,411,042 1,528,751 32,665,230 35,083,045 169,714,788 45,419,228 454,734! 649,192! (*) i 55,584 i C1)! 7,107;1, i1) i 1,096! C1) j O) 379,271:2 176,014:i; 166,387 8 838,459: 0) \\ 442,401 i 595,920| 326,987; 26S;933! 87,002: 24,322!: 62.6S0j, 106", 609|; 14,337|! 96,247i! 72,4<>Sj 23,779 1,506* 117,763 108,997i 8, 766i 45.637: <>5 I; 077,068; j (i5;; 495,973! ill 209,793 105,733', 827,539:; 53.772! (*'): (l); 87,804, 33,230 0) IS, 805 101 6s; 32, 787, 62, 15, 10, 19, 237,916 I1) 15,253 0)! 14,752 148,616- 0) 549,559. (l) !i .......... 4,953, 513,719 O) \ 309,965 295, 551; 14,414 1 2,770 2,7:0; 1,106s 1,106 257,939:! 0) v!»! 48,150;; (1) ! (1) j, 227,697,398 20,801,245 105,023,855 75,432,503 10,357,761 16,082,034 94,456,189 16,713,092 43,418,357 21,965,666 12,359.074 151,557; 342 74,905,772 59,130,392 10,043,185 7,477,993 3,509,492 46,902,829 25,115,678 21,787,151 8.767,817 2,596,287 6,171,530 10,685,192 1,181,535 9,435,199 7,061,415 2,373,784 17,044,728 15,565.085 1,479,643 55,699,65S 44;401,072 11,298,586 75,6S6,987 5,770,707 2,044,568 924,489 2,220,435 62,290,241 2,436,547 38,555,021 953,841 1,137,804 8,570,805 J Included In total. 346 MANUFACTURES. Table 65.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS—DETAILED STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. [Ton, 2,240 pounds.] KrND AND STATE. products—continued. C.—Unrolled steel: Ingots, total Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania All other states Direct steel castings, total. California Illinois Indiana Michigan New jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states B .—Semifinished rolled products, total Illinois Indiana. Kentucky.. rOTk. New Yorl Ohio Pennsylvania All other states Blooms, billets and slabs, steel, total Illinois Indiana Kentucky New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states Rolled blooms and billets for forging, total Illinois Ohio - Pennsylvania All other states QUANTITY (TONS), Total. 713, 181, 92, 243. 195, 720, 19, 79, 45, 18; 16, 31, 127, 270, 112, 265,930 699,657 373,2281 159,138 102,893 751,460 478,636 700,918 368,210 727,160 033,352 134,975 855,4581 s411,119 ,491,537 1,714,609 310,854 31,771 0) 110,007 0) For sale. For con- sump- tion. Made and] [consumed in same works. 19,344,166 1,316,527 1,744,885 44,875 811,702 3,963,356 9,312,280 2,150,541 124,321 C1) 78,921 0) Value. 133, 3 io; 10, 134, 3, I4, 8, 5, 5, 5, 22, 47, 315,197 371,449 049,795 102,572 791,381 644,005 391,891 081,129 392,932 046,375 566, 046 420,280 343,371 144,627 257,354 For sale or transfer to other establishmen ts. Ton- 9,265,930 699,657 373,228 159,138 102,893 3,751,460 3,478,636 700,918 6,024,044 410,633 288,467 90,100 43,756] 12,447,763! 2,179,2571 1 564,068j 186,533; 31,771 45,5081 31,086j 78,168 Value. $389,596,193 30,739,160 14,737,617 8,010,839 4,856,693 155,755,769 147,217,906 28,278,309 249,394,083 19,008,642 11,334,324 4,457,484 2,129,893 100,017,956 90,991,534 21,454,250 10, 669,833 1,574,157 2,709,730 1,775,867 4,610,073 KIND AND STATE. Hammered charcoal blooms, billets, and slabs, total Pennsylvania All other states Sheet and tin-plate bars, total Ohio Pennsylvania All other states Muck and scrap bar, total Illinois Indiana New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states II. Scrap iron or steel, total. Alabama California Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin All other stales Total Tons. 51,477 41,057 10,420 4,154,429 1,695,065 1,556,620 902,744 906,499 34,775 135,054 37,075 25,769 66,958 452,881 153,9871 11,457,773 (1) , 38,897 0) 62-8,134 1,186,526 0) (l) 0) 8,757 0) 443,829 2,535,468 5,599,265 121,795 Made and consumed in same works. Tons 33,692 31,342 2,350 1,289,851 436,876 457,498| 395,477 733,509 34,775 135,054 37,075 25,769 66,958 293,425 140,453 9,343,128 C1) 38,897 0) 522,168 1,087,099 44,489 0) Ja 202,630 Se 13.210 Ja 4,794 Je Je A11 Je Oc Oc Se My Ap My No Jv Oc Oc 7,720; 3,309 , 2,182 I .564 , 13,330 j 16,689 I 23,719 7,983; 3,452' 2,713; 1,209 \ 21,706 1 7,976 3,429; 2,624 1,209; 21,576 23,668 2; 725 5,360 i!ll0 |! i',454 !l 1*450 52 ij 2,727 4,021 !j 5,443 3,221 j| 3,996 2,176 I 13,351' 13.391 41.747! 2,4.84 13,894 19,148 82,678 2,374 13,473 18,85-8 81,667 Oc 145.252 > 1179.308 Oc 7,920 ij 12,694 My 3,381 !| 4,203 11,809 1177,975 ! 12,550 1 4, 192 i 11,804 83 161 4 91 411 2*2 1,010 1,225 144 3 5 Under 16. Fe- male! 1: 10 , j; Salaries and wages. Capital, h Officials. Clerks, etc. Dollars, 2,656,518,417 6 2 I 17; 101 8 I 1 66,600,582 13,700,484 9,532,207 13,454,780 156,775,176 184,292,931 16,315,962 41,734,21S 21,374,408 10,081,631 15,113,018 I 97.510.778 145', 784,654 511,271.910 Dollars. • Dollars. 43,564,408 156,316,012 2,332,793 284,161 458,401 , 605,496! 311,943 I 390,627 161,785 1,311,324 ' 2,515,915 2,790,293 2.175,879 6,504,759 i 9,988,611 /. 1,184,263,482 ,19,478,800 [27,390.578 63/207,124 |i 1,470" 026,: 1,233, 426 . 27,205,644 I j 705,496 1 4S3, ZA 9 1 78,299,42$ \\ 1.292,167 1,087,581 United States. Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio. Pennsylvania... West Virginia... Wisconsin All other states 1 Dollars, 1637,637,430 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Continued. Wage earners. For contract work. Dollars. (2,963,415 9,331,613 '6,358,704 3,097,900 1,526,849 34,963,671 41,293,699 2,681,861 5,429,730 5,757,624 2,471,088 3,044,616 17,085,061 28,837,249 137,281,312 298,725,202 19,993,057 4,328,771 15,429,363 Renl and taxes. For materials. Rent of fac- tory. Dollars. 1305,434 6,332 311 1,600 650 50,000 325,319 6,582 2,201,860 5,690 12,306 S,660 356.221 15S,992 10,000 2,201 17,194 Taxes, i. Federal, j state,! county, I and local, j Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 87,796,777 12,000 "1,715 ii,"$33" 31,015 2', 500 11,345 17,383 12,000 I Dollars. | Dollars. 1,523,610,896 ',156,961,862 Primary horsepower. Value of products. Value added by manu-* fact lire. Total. Steam engines (includ- ing tur- bines). Dollars. ,828,902,376 Dollars. 1. 1,14S,326,61S i!3,820,917 Inter- nal- eom- bus- tion. en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.2 856,556 | 257,473 '9,041 635,267 25i; 548 266,254 179,469 11,730,259 13,826,978 269,330 154,201 752,879 641,542 1,90-8,744 2,067,984 3,159,2,31 17, .895,874 124,622,479 3,543.424 4,420,118 1,471,196 43,259,090 8,145,662 3,456,2S1 3,265,129 89,840,859 99,222,769 Hi 681,483 13,546,905 17,232,481 2.393,307 5,101,207 30,404,200 47,413,047 352,138,966 708.556,395 47,539,942 13.023,176 27,349,997 6,075,3S5 1,362', 873: 785,573 jl 596,486 I 10,478,619 j 13,971,510 1,032,208 1,473,532 2', 004,008 i 508,496 559,415 3,922,605 7,403,267 28,920,707 64,980,154 18,191,989 9,583,036 7,115,083 173.314.650 I 199,273,518: 18.S18.690! 19,SS4',154 j 30,969,601! 8,344,643' 12,537,067 74,382,205 100,592,636 626,370,025 15,645,679 j 8,683,454 il 5,341,1.82! 3.253,468 |! 73,025,172 ij 86.079,239 ij 5,604', 999 i! 4,863,717 1 11,733.112! 5,442,840 j 6,876,445 40.055,400 45', 776,322 245,310,352 6S, 906,295 !11,296,412,070 j 518,939,350 3.224,539 |j 85/036,489 34', 242,008 I', 322,788 ' 28'. 393,331 14,047,367 4.416,556 j 55,173,035 23,406.482 150,030 22.S3S 14,890 13,442 242,227 278. .832 41,539 47,426 31,609 9,142 7,426 81,600 242,352 865,036 1,521,731 80.231 27; 433 143.133 87,480! 35 3.381! 12;704! 12,967; 190,407 ! 2-1,025 115,6-11 113,910: 33.300! 1.8,630 26,000; 20,995 I 667' 425 2,710 I I 4,600! I 2,826 62,445 125,282 672,822 1,327,903 I 67.592 16.125 81,572 Elec- tric (rent- ed).' Elec- , trie horse- ; power gener- 1 ated in es- tablish- . ments > report- 1 ing. 597,847 ;!l,655,499 62.515 19,457 2,186 475 27 795 18,845 ""4," 724 6,557 132,335 49,281 61,252 8,239!! ''96!' 9.5ZZ 6,432 20 i 510 j 18,625 6,870; 373 '109.827 20,651 i 1171,563 46,860 630 670 70 1146, SOS 1,333 j 10,676 10,633 17,135 16.330 I 3$, 096 4.451 105,678 7,285 405 6,730 22' 913 7,743 285,988 899,922 41,366 6,910 42,395 1 All other states embrace: Colorado. 1 establishment; District of Columbia,1; Georgia, 1; Iowa, 2; Maine,1; Minnesota, 2; Oregon,1; Rhode Island, 3; Tennessee, 1; Texas, 1: Utah, 1; Virginia, 2; and Washington, 3. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). *Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). TIN PLATE AND TERNEPLATR GENEEAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry involves the rolling of the black plates and coating with tin or terne mixture, terne mixture being an alloy of tin and lead, the proportion of tin varying from 20 to 25 per cent. The manufacture of the black plates is a rolling-mill operation and most of the coating is done in dipping departments of the mills that roll the plates. At prior censuses, segregated reports were received for the dipping departments of the black- plate rolling mills and these were included along with the reports from the independent tin-plate estab- lishments, and collectively they constituted the tin-plate and terneplate classified industry. At the present census no attempt was made to secure a segregated report for the dipping department of a rolling mill, and the general statistics for the industry here presented refer to the independent mills only and are, therefore, not fully comparable with those for previous censuses. The statistics for specific materials and products, however, are comprehensive for the industry and cover materials and products, irrespec- tive of whether the establishment is a department of a rolling mill and included in the statistics for steel works and rolling mills, or an independent establish- ment. The present census, however, includes 8 establishments engaged in recoating tinned ware, with products classed as custom work, valued at $57,536. Comparative summary.—Table 68 summarizes the general statistics for the industry for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive, with percentages of increase for the earlier census periods. The percentages of increase are omitted for the period 1914-1919 because of the limitation of the scope of the 1919 census. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 69 gives the general statistics, by states, ranked according to value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 70 presents the comparative statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 for persons engaged in the industry, classified as to their occupational status, sex, and whether over or under 16 years of age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explana- tion of terms.11 Wage earners, by months.—Table 71 gives the sta- tistics of wage earners, by months, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Females constituted 13.1 per cent of the total number in 1919. The table affords a view of the fluctuations during the year. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 72 illustrates the tendency towards shortening the hours of labor. In 1909, 13.6 per cent were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less; in 1914 this proportion increased to 41.8 per cent, and in 1919 to 84.6 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909 33.3 per cent of the wage earners were in establish- ments where the prevailing hours of labor were in excess of 54 per week, but in 1914 only 7.3 per cent were in establishments of this class, and in 1919 the proportion was reduced still further to 4.8 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners (Table 73).—In 1919 the establishments averaged 130 wage earners per establishment, and in 1914, 169; with 35.8 per cent of all wage earners in establishments averaging over 250 wage earners in 1919 and 45.4 per cent in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—A clas- sification based upon value of products is necessarily affected by the high values in 1919. Moreover, the change in the scope of the industry affects compari- sons with the census of 1914 and prior years. The establishments averaged SI,547,000 in value of prod- ucts at the census of 1909, $2,205,000 at the census of 1914, and $4,058,000 at the census of 1919. For 1909, 18 of the 31 establishments reported products in excess of $1,000,000, aggregating $42,171,000, or 87.9 per cent of all products for the industry; at the census of 1914, there were 23 similar establishments, with 96.1 per cent of all products; and at the census of 1919, 15, with 99.5 per cent. Character of ownership.—With a few exceptions, the establishments are owned by corporations. Of the 24 establishments in 1919, 16 were corporations with 99.9 per cent of the value of products, and employing 98.9 per cent of the wage earners. The remaining establishments, 8 in number, include 7 individuals and 1 firm, and include the redipping or re-tinning plants. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 74 presents the power equipment statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 75 presents the statistics for fuel consumption. (348) TIN PLATE AND TERNEPLATE. 349 Table 68.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments. 1919 1 Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. Primary horsepower.. Capital Salaries and wages.. Salaries . Wages Paid for contract work Bent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture4 23 3,686 9 555 3,122 18,697 $34,315,066 6,928,403 1,171,986 5,756,417 297 1,863,352 73,422,649 97,404,720 23,982,071 1914 31 5,733 4 491 5,238 9,355 $26,847,389 4,683,117 758,670 3,924,447 1909 1904 31 j 5,846 i 4 j 490 5,352 I 8,154 i $10,994,813 | 3,934,794! 619,920 i 3,314,874 36 5,132 1 284 4,847 8,990 $10,813,239 2,692,624 309,554 2,383,070 141,787 57,906,561 68,342,962 10,436,401 54,620 41,889,434 47,969,645 6,080,211 PES CENT OF INCREASE.* 1899 57! 333 3,671 3,515 $8,650,047 2,181,240 291,323 1,889,917 •30,882 31,375,714 35,283,360 3,907,646 •33,271 26,728,150 31,892,011 5,163,861 I 1909- 1904- 1899- ! 1914 1909 1904 i ! i ~L9 13.9 27.7 i 72.5 -1.7 ! -Zl 10.4 32.0 ! 14.7 -9,3 155.8 ; 144.2 1.7 62.6 i 19.0 46.2 23.4 j 22.4 100,3 6.3 j 18.0 39.1 . 26.1 L59.6 76.9 -9.9 38.2 33.5 17.0 42.5 36.0 10.6 71.6 55.6 -24.3 1 Figures not comparable with prior years, which include dipping departments of rolling mills as well as mills operating independently, hence per cent of increase, 1914-1919, is omitted. * A minus sign (—) denotes decreas e. * Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 69.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. ! WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. j VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Num- STATE. : berof 'estab- ; lish- ments. i Per cent distri- bution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Percent !R - i distribution Kam^ Amount j -d„^^„+ 1 Average number. Rant. Rank. ; i I 3,122 ! ; 24 100.0 $97,405 100.0 $23,982 j 100.0 Pennsylvania... Ohio All other states. 2,005 263 854 '! 64.2 8.4 27.4 58,816 I 9,197! 29,392 I 60.4; 9.4 1 30.2 . 14,061 | 2,523 i 7,398 I 58.6 10.5 30.9 Table 70.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers,. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 5,733 5,846 92 24 20 33S 64 74 Male. 3,067 5,039 5,275 181 92 9S 24 20 163 64 74 Fe- male. 619 694 571 175 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 83.2 87.9 90.2 50.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 48-2 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 16.8 12,1 9.8 51.8 Cen- ! sus year. Clerks and other subordinate salaried j 1919 employees. j 1914 | 1909 Wage earners (average number) j 1919 | 1909 16 years of age and over !1919 I 1914 I 1909 Under 16 years of age. ..J 1919 i 1914 | 1909 Total. 208 403 396 3,122 5,238 5.352 3,118 5,219 5,322 4 19 30 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe-! I male. ; Male. 173 35| 73 i S3.2 81.9 SO. 8 16.8 18.1 19,2 330! 320; 76 | 2,713 | 4,617 j 4,857 | 409! 621 j 495 86.9 88.1 90.8 13.1 11.9 9.3 2,709 I 4,598 i 4,827 409 | 621 1 495 i 88.8 88-1 90.7 13.2 11.9 9.3 4 19 30 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 350 MANUFACTURES. Table 71.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of ma-rimnm employment is indicated by bold-faoed figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. em- ployed during year. STATE. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: 1919 3,122 2,713 409 5,238 5,352 3,487 3,041 446 5,222 4,924 3, 880 3,370 3,641 3,166 475 5,686 5,215 2,810 2,445 365 5,702 5,568 2,606 2,285 321 5,591 5,621 2,367 2,105 262 5,580 5,775 3,442 3,001 441 5,448 4J71 3,607 3,119 488 4,943 5,079 3,008 2,588 420 5,427 5,215 2,471 2,114 357 5,526 5,494 2,859 2,479 380 4,300 5,692 3, 286 2,843 61.0 62.5 53.7 72.9 82.6 Females 510 5,277 5,187 443 1914 4, m 1909 5,686 Ohio 263 2,005 363 2,196 392 2,454 385 2,334 202 1,851 312 1,492 288 1,550 352 2,134 440 206 1,902 25 1,683 45 1,965 146 2,244 5.7 60.8 Pennsylvania 2, 255 Table 72.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Cen- STATE. sus Total. year. United States 1919 3,122 1914 5,238 1909 5,352 Ohio 1919 263 1914 953 Cen- sus Total. year. 1919 2,005 1914 2,368 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAIL- ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. 44 and un- der. 48.1 54. 60. 2,640 9 7 323 2,657 2,841 134 378 1,503 16 6 250 (*) (2) 2,190 729 279 13 6 (2) (2) 498 361 88 Pennsylvania. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAIL- ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. | Be- I tweeni 44 and 48. 1,584 (2) (2) 48.1 Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween! 54 and 60. 323 1,722 60. 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 73.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. lto5 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 Over 500 STATE. Wage earners (average number). wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, Inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Estab-j Wage lish- ! earn- ments. j ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments . Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments . Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- Wage earn- ers. 1 ments. United States..1919.. 24 31 3,122 6,238 1 5 13 2 21 23 1 1 44 45 4 306 490 8 14 1,621 2,301 3 1,117 1,860 1914.. 3 6 6 1 519 Ohio 3 11 263 2,005 1 1 13~ 8 j T 1 G4~ 86 1 4 lie" P ennsy 1 vania 2 4 1 ! 790 3 1,117 Table 74.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 176 163 32 18,697 9,355 8,154 100.0 100.0 100.0 31 30 25 5 1 30 27 29 27 17,437 17,429 5,213 5,213 8 7,599 7,116 8,137 7,937 93.3 93.3 27.9 27.8 (") 81.2 76.1 99.8 97.3 Engines • - - .......... 3 2 3 483 1,756 200 17 5,2 18.8 2.5 0.2 145 133 1,260 6.7 581 145 436 292 133 159 102 3 90 8,943 1,260 7,683 3,948 1,756 2,192 1,147 17 1,130 100.0 14.1 86.9 100.0 44.5 55.5 100.0 1.5 98.6 * Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. TIN PLATE AND TERNEPLATE. 351 Table 75.—FUEL CONSUMED: 1919. United States.. 1919. 1914. Ohio. (tou 2,240 pounds). nous (ton, 2,000 pounds). 68,728 125,742 100 j 5,340 Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds) Fuel oils (barrels). 7 1 3,558 214 , 25,000 Gaso- I line j and! other I vola-! tile oils (bar-: rels). j Gas (1,000 cubic feet). i Included in figures for fuel oils. COAL. I \\ Coke | :;Anthra-| wtn_: -! (ton, > Fuel oils 20 114,963 ! Pennsylvania 22 (i) !1,017,336 i West Virginia !; All other states: 1,800: 42,167 9,465 11,756 3,558 7 I. Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 20 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 101,269 11,173 721 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials and products.—The detailed statistics for materials and products include the dipping depart- ments of black-plate mills, as well as the independent establishments that constitute the classified industry, and the material and product figures are comparable with those for prior censuses. Table 76 gives these statistics for 1919,1914, and 1909. The cost of black plate constituted about 75 per cent, and the cost of coating metals about 20 per cent of the cost of materials in 1919. The corresponding percentages in 1919 were 69 and 23, respectively. The output of all tin and terne plate shows an average unit value of 6.92 cents per pound in 1919 as compared with 3.23 cents in 1914, and 3.48 cents in 1909. The increase in unit value, 1914 to 1919, is in keeping with the increase in material costs, black plates averaging 3.71 cents per pound in 1919, as compared with 1.89 cents in 1914; pig tin, 58 cents in 1919 and 39 cents in 1914; and pig lead, 5.12 cents in 1919 and 4.14 cents in 1914. The 8 establishments included in the industry for 1919 engaged in redipping or recoating reported con- sumption of 29,376 pounds of pig tin, costing §7,660, and products to the value of S57,536, this amount being included under the item "All other products, including plates redipped, tin dross, scruff, scrap, etc." Table 76.—Materials and Products: 1919, 1914, and 1909. ! 1919 1914 1909 i MATERIALS. Total cost 1 $130,273,696 $57,906,561 $41,889,434 Tin and terne plate industry, cost, j $73,422,649 Tin and terne dipping depart- j • $57,906,-561 $41,889,434 ments of black-plate mills: Black j plates and coating materials,cost.| $56,851,047 Black plates, steel:1 | Pounds !2,630,798,873 2,107, 7S7,5S9 $39, S03,655 1,321,071,691 $28, 9S1,151 Cast §99, ?30,197 Produced by the establish- ment reporting— Pounds 2,593,351,524 2,0S-1,536,669 - $39,335,112 1,291,048,109 $2S, 245,234 Cost $98,433,207 Purchased— J Pounds 37,4-17,349 23,250,920 $468, 543 30,023,582 $735,917 Cost 1 $1,296,990 Table 76.—Materials and Products: 1919. 1914, and 1909- Continued. 1 In 1919, all steel: 1914 includes 6,208,969 pounds of iron plates, valued at $206,533; and 1909, 8,726,538 pounds, $96,914. 1 1919 1914 1 1909 materials—continued. i | I Coating metals: Pig tin- j 1 Pounds 43,028,872 1 36,542,881 | 28,586,267 Cost $25,350,062 j $14, 167,237; $8,490,794 Pig lead- 1,074.225 j 2,269,160 2, 70S, 496 Cost $55; 0-54 $94,024 , $117,656 Terne mixture ( purchased)— ' Pounds 7,288,245 6,618,211' 9.632,996 Cost $1,439,556: $783,546 Si)061,587 Total tin and lead, including contents of terne mixture purchased, pounds 51,991,342 45,430,252 40,927,759 Tin 45,271.634 38,049,636 31,077,651 Lead.. 6,719; 708 7,380,616 9, S50,108 Plates for redipping: Pounds 348,565 (*) Cost $24,049 (3) (a) Fuel and rent of power, cost $-364,189 $309,924 $289,675 PRODUCTS. $3,310,559 $2,74S, 175 $2,948,571 Total value $180,325,368 $68,342,962 $47,969,645 Tin and terneplate industry i97,4O4,?20 Dipping departments of black } $68,342,962 $47,96-9,645 plate mills i 82,920,648 > Tin plate and terneplate:3 Pounds. 2, 549,224,664 * 2,053,966,144 1,315,313,3 32 Value $175,776,283 < $66,270,345 $45,815,146 Tin plate, steel- Pounds - 2,373,253,628 1,901.331,895 1,123.968,875 Value $164,958,677 $60,253,024 $38,259,8S5 Coke plate- Pounds j 2,336,703,947 1,855,892,526 V} '$161,874,693 $58", 450,853 Charcoal plate- 1 Pounds ! 36,549,681 45,439,369 (*) $3,083,979 $1,807,171 (*) Terneplate, including long j terne, steel- 1 165,971.036 Pounds 152,634,249 191, 344 ,257 1 $10, SI 7,606 $6,012,321 $7,555,261 All other products, including plates redipped, tin dross, scruff, i 1 ! $4,549,085 $2,072,617 $2,154,499 * Figures not available. »In addition, 2 establishments in 1919, 1 in 1914, and 3 in 1909, engaged pri- marily in other lines of manufacture, made some tin plate and terneplate. < Includes 6,144,890 pounds of iron plate, valued at $35S,82S; balance, steel. Production, exports, imports, and consumption.— Table 77 gives comparative statistics of the produc- tion, exports, and imports of tin and terne plate for each census year since 1899, together with the figures for quantity retained for consumption. During the period covered by the table imports have fallen from 131,600,000 pounds to almost a vanishing point. 352 MANUFACTURES. Table 77.— PRODUCTION, EXPORTS, IMPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Retained for consumption, pounds — Of domestic origin, pounds Of foreign origin, pounds Per cent of total- Domestic Foreign Domestic production, pounds Exports of domestic, pounds Retained for consumption, pounds Imports, pounds Reexports, pounds Retained for consumption, pounds 1919 1914 2,106,977,600 2,106,520,213 457,387 99. 98 0.02 2,564,647,807 458,127,594 2,106,520,213 541,912 84,525 457,3S7 1,954,948,295 1,920,576,896 34,371,399 98,2 l.S 2,053,966,144 133,389,248 1,920,576,896 34,521,171 149,772 34,371,399 1909 1,462,387,579 1,322,209, S98 140,177,681 90.4 9.6 1,343,103,266 20,893,36S 1,322,209,898 140,208,441 30,760 140,177,681 1904 1,173,329,667 1,015,249,355 158,080,312 86.5 13.5 1,032,940,706 17,691,351 1,015,249,355 158,260,762 180, 450 158,080,312 1899 981,297,455 849,705,880 131,591,575 86.6 13.4 850,004,495 298,615 849,705,880 131,970,441 378,866 131,591,575 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 7.8 9.7 -98.7 33.7 45.3 -75.5 24.6 30.2 -11.3 19.6 19.5 20.1 24.9 I 52.9 243.5 538.0 7.8 1 45.3 30.0 18.1 30.2 21.5 5,824.5 19.5 -98.4 | -75.4 -43.6! 387.0 -98.7 | -75.5 -11.4 -83.0 -11.3 19.9 -52.4 21.1 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Equipment and capacity.—Table 78 shows the dip- ping equipment as reported for the census years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. On the basis of 300 working days, the production of plate was approximately equal to two-thirds of full capacity in 1919, compared with 88 per cent in 1914 and 77 per cent in 1909. Table 78.—EQUIPMENT AND CAPACITY: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. UNITED STATES. Number of dipping sets at end of year1 Usually employed on tin plate Usually employed on terne- plate Number of building tin or terne sets at end of year Daily capacity, single turn, pounds 1 Tin plate Terneplate 1919 1914 1909 1904 916 693 573 619 868 615 455 499 48 78 118 120 60 (*) (2) 6,332,288 5,820,948 511,340 3,868,000 3,454,000 414,000 2,840,000 2,076,000 764,000 3,454,000 2,887,000 567,000 united states—continued. Number of establishments oper- ating on:« Single turn Double turn Triple turn Daily capacity as operated whether on single, double, or triple turn, pounds 1919 18,658,000 1914 1909 10,726,000 1904 7,016,000 (J) (») i Includes that of subsidiary establishments. 1 Figures not available. 8 Does not include 8 establishments engaged in retinning only. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 79 gives the comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 80 is a de- tailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 79.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. STATE. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish, ments. Wage earners (average num- ber). Pri- mary horse- power. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. STATE. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average num- ber). Pri- mary horse- power. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Expressed in thousands. Expressed in thousands. United States. 1919 1914 1909 24 31 31 3,122 5,238 5,352 18,697 9,355 8,154 $5,756 3,924 3,315 $73,423 57,907 41,889 $97,405 68,343 47,970 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 1909 11 13 17 2,005 2,368 2,346 16,459 4,259 1,565 $3,652 1,785 1,339 $44,754 31,934 22,898 $58,816 36,796 25,234 Ohio 1919 1914 1909 3 7 4 263 953 676 232 1,330 1,849 518 659 449 6,673 9,443 7,155 9,197 10,826 7,889 1919 1914 1909 10 11 10 854 1,917 2,330 2,006 3,766 4,740 1,586 1,480 1,527 21,996 16,530 11,836 29,392 20,721 14,847 TIN PLATE AND TERNEPLATE. 353 Table 80.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Ohio Pennsylvania All other states1... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 315 2,342 1,029 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents and man- agers. 347 1 19 4 269 4 59 Clerks, etc. Male. Wage earners. Fe- male. 173 24 i 64! S5! 27 Aver- n um- ber. 3,122 263 2,005 854 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Fe 3,i Au 440 Fe 2,454 Minimum month. Je 2,367 Oc My 25 1,492 WAGE EARNERS, DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 16 and over, i Under 16. 3,567 416 2,259 Male. Fe- male. Male; 485 | Fe-, male! !! Salaries and wag; Capital. | Officials. 'Clerks 5 !-.-.- ! $34,315,066 j| $613,072 : $553,911 354 I 1,957! 766 I 62 297 I 126 2.620,016 20,418,077 11,276,973 60,4S2 46,911 357,184 34S, 06* 195,406 163.935 United States Ohio Pennsylvania All other states1... expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Con. Wage earners. $5,756,417 518,321 3,651,974 1,586,122 For con- tract work. $297 297 Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. $5,425 3,600 430 1,395 Taxes, i Federal, \ state, I county,! and local, j I Principal materials. $1,857,927! $73,053,460 228,797 i 6,657,974 1,030,974 | 44,488,214 598,156 | 21,912,272 Fuel and rent of power. $364,189 15,145 266,221 82,823 voit« «f Value added $97,404,720 $23,982,071 Ij 18,697 Primary horsepower. Total. 9,196,593 58,815,616 29,392,511 2,523,474 14,061,181 7,397,416 232 16,459 2,006 Steam engines i Inter-< ; nal- Water ! com- I wheels i bus- : and ! tion i mo- j en- | tors, i gines. i 17,429 | S 230 16,448 8 751; Elec- tric (rent- ed) .s 1,260 3 1,255 Electric horse- power gener- ated in es- tablish- ments report- ing. , 683 153 6,536 944 1 All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Indiana, 2; Minnesota, 1; New York, 1; West Virginia, 4; and Wisconsin, 1. a Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). 111367—23 23 WIRE. GENERAL General character of the industry.—The statistics for the wire industry as here presented comprise: (1) Independent wire-drawing mills, the same consti- tuting the classified industry; (2) the wire-drawing departments of steel works and rolling mills, the gen- eral statistics for which are included in the report for the rolling mills; and (3) wire-drawing departments of .establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture, especially brass and copper rolling mills, which are included in the industry to which their chief products relate. Statistics relating to capital, labor, and other general items can not be segregated for the wire departments of rolling mills, that is for establishments of the second and third classes, and hence are not included in the general statistics for the industry; but the special sta- tistics for materials and products are comprehensive for the industry, and cover same, irrespective of whether the establishment is a department of a rolling mill or an independent wire-drawing mill. The unit of quantity used is the short ton of 2,000 pounds. The industry as a whole.—Table 81 is a summary of the three classes of wire-drawing mills for 1919, 1914, and 1909, showing the number of estab- lishments and value of products, with per cent of increase for the intervening census periods. There were 108 wire-drawing establishments in 1919 com- pared with 99 in 1914 and 93 in 1909. Classified ac- cording to metals there were in 1919, 74 establishments that drew iron and steel wire; 30, copper wire; 22, brass; 7, nickel silver; 5, bronze; 2 each, aluminum, copper clad, nickel or nickel alloy, and phosphor bronze; and 1 each, German silver, monel metal, resist- ance compound, and zinc-copper. Comparative summary.—Table 82 is a summary of the general statistics for the classified industry for the censuses of 1919, 1914, and 1909. * Figures for pre- vious census years do not give a correct view of the growth of the industry, and are therefore omitted. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 83 gives the general statistics, by states, ranked accord- ing to value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 84 pre- sents the comparative statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909, classified by occupational status, sex, and age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners is an estimate obtained by the method de- scribed in the "Explanation of terms.M Wage earners, by months.—In Table 85 are shown the wage earners in the industry in 1919, 1914, and 1909; and for 1919, by states, and by months. In certain states, notably Ohio, Illinois, and New York, there were marked variations in number of wage earners as between the minimum and maximum months. Prevailing hours of labor.--Comparative statistics of wage earners, classified according to prevailing hours of labor per week, are given in Table 86. In 1909, 57.4 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or more, but with the movement towards shortening the hours of labor, this proportion in 1914 dropped to 43.4 per cent and in 1919 to 29.4 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909 no wage earners were reported for establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less, but in 1914, 3.8 per cent were so reported, and in i 1919, 4.7 per cent. j Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—In 1919 the average number of wage earn- ers per establishment was 299 and in 1914, 326. The i industry, as shown in Table 87, is of relatively large j units, and in 1919 there were 28 establishments that j employed over 250 wage earners per establishment, i the wage earners representing 88 per cent of all for j the industry; in 1914, 22 establishments, with 84.5 per cent of all wage earners, were of this character. Size of establishments, by value of products.— Statistics for establishments, ranked by value of prod- ucts, are given in Table 88. The average value of products per establishment in 1909 was approxi- mately $1,509,000 and in 1914 SI,516,000, with an increase to $2,457,000 in 1919, largely due to advance in values. One-half of the establishments in 1919 reported products in excess of $1,000,000, the aggre- gate value for these establishments constituting 93.7 per cent of the total value of products for the industry. Character of ownership.—Of the 66 establishments engaged in the wire-drawing industry in 1919, 58 were owned by corporations, 4 by individuals, and 4 were of the "All others" class, chiefly firms. The "Corporations" group reported 98.7 per cent of the wage earners and 99.2 per cent of the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 89 gives the statistics for power used in the industry in 1919, 1914, and 1909. Rented or pur- chased electric power is an important factor, and forms nearly one-half of the primary power reported for the industry. In addition, the establishments generate electric power to a very considerable extent, and of the total power, 72.5 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, this including purchased electric power and that generated by the establishment. In 1914 the proportion of primary power utilized in the form of electric energy was 47 per cent, and in 1909, 26 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Fuel statistics are presented in Table 90. Gas includes both natural and manu- factured gas. (354) WIRE. 355 Table 81.—THE INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Total. Wire and manufactures of wire (1) Wire mills (2) Wire departments of iron and steel rolling mills (3) Brass and copper rolling mills and other concerns . All other products NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. VALUE OP PRODUCTS. 1919 108 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 $392,601,073 $172,600,546 j $180,083,522 56 j 23 1 14 "ii 384,919,118 157,513,595 j 204,184,076! 23,221,444 j 7,681,955 I 166,999, SSS 78,150,4S7 73,062,790 15,786,611 5,600,658 173,349,614 79,249,869 77,470, S14 16,628,931 6,733,908 PER CENT 07 INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 127.5: 130,5! 101.6 179. 5 47.1 37.2 -4.2 -3.7 -1.4 -5.7 —5.1 -16. S Table 82.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS. PER CENT OP! 1 INCREASE.1 i 1919 1914 1909 1914- 1909- | 1919 ! 1914 66 22,236 13 2,482 54 56 19,945 15 1,846 !; !""ii"6 "-lo Proprietors and firm members 19,740 18 2,122 Salaried employees j 17.0 15.0 Wage earners (average num- 19,741 119,451 $102,016,777 17,600 83,940 $64,013,668 18,084 71,959 $60,157,073 t 12.21 -2.7 42,31 16.6 59.4i 6,4 Primary horsepower ! i WERE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS. 1919 1909 j PER CENT OF ! INCREASE.^ 1914- 1909- 1919 j1914 Salaries and wages. 4,384. 2] | §34,744,073: $13,999,007! $12,515,070; 14$. 2! Salaries ~ j 5,454,406 2,97S,27S| 2,199,348! 83.1 Wages I 29,289,667 11,020,729 10,315,722; 165. S| Paid for contract work j 774,123: 17,410! 6,510] Rent and taxes ■ 3,598,531; 745,484; 241,658 Cost of materials 1 102,813,591| 56, 424,494! 60/642,931 Value of products I 162,151,2361 81,841,012! 84,486,518) Value added by manufacture2.. | 59,337,645| 25,416,51Si 23,943,58" 1L9 35.4 6.S 167.4 382.4 203.5 82.2: -6.8 98. l! -3.1 133.51 6,1 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. 2 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 83.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. VI WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. i VALUE ADDED j BY MANUFAC- ! TURE. rj-j j WAGE EARNERS.: VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- ; TURE. c c= w © j Numbei establishn: Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. Rank. | Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. I STATE. 2 £ Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. STATE. Average number. Rank. Rank. vn o Average number. | Rank. Rank. | Rank. United States.. 66 19,741 100.0 $162,151 100.0 !$59,33S 100.0 ■ New Jersev 7 1,923 i 2,203 1 1,378 i 6,259 9.7 5 1 $19,878 12.2 3 ! $5,179 1 8.7 1 5 ; Pennsylvania 11 11.2 4 ] 19,596 9,083 12.1 4 ! 5,379; 9.1 i 6 Illinois 10 9 2,775 5,203 14.1 2 29,855 24,552 18,4 15.1 1 : 11,408 ; 12,679 19.2 2 i Connecticut 7 7.0 7 5.6 8 ! 4,430 7.5 j 7 M assachusetts 22.4 1 2 21.4 1 All other states 22 33.6 i 59,187 36.6 ; 20,213 j 34.1 ... ! i 1 . L Table 84.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations.., Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 22,236 19,740 19,945 612 445 399 13 IS 15 122 76 7S 477 351 Male. 20,631 18,682 18,904 | Fe- male. 1,605 1,058 1,041 605 43S 395 12 14 IS 119 74 77 474 350 305 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 92.8 94.6 94.8 98,9 98.4 99.0 92,3 77.8 86.7 97.5 97.4 98.7 99.4 99.7 99.7 Fe- male. 7.2 5.4 5.2 1.1 1.6 1.0 7.7 22,2 13.3 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years and over Under 16 years of age Cen- j sus ;Total, year, j 1919 1,883 1914 1,695 1909! 1,462 1919 I 1914 I 1909' 1919 I 1914 I 1909; 1919 i 1914 1909 19,741 17,600 1S.0S4 19,670 17,590 17,992 71 10 92 Male. 1,295 1,352 1,240 18,731 16,892 17,269 18,682 16,884 17,190 49 8 79 Fe- male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. SSS 343 222 1,010 70S 815 98$ 706 802 M^m£e. 68.2 31.2 79.8 I 20.2 84.8 | 15.2 94. 8 , 96.0! 95.5 | 5.2 4.0 4.5 95.0 i 96.0 95.5 i 69.0! 80.0' 85.9! 5.0 4.0 4.5 31.0 20.0 14.1 356 MANUFACTURES. Table 85.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age j NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent num-; mini- STATE. ber em- mum ployed during; Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- year, j mum. United States; > 1919 19,741 21,043 20, 868 19,993 19,038 18,98S 18,656 19,838 21,016 21,282 17, SS6 18,796 20,039 81.5 Males 18,731: 19,864 19, 592 18,905 18,152 18,135 17,845 18,935 19,997 20,281 16,356 17,759 18.951 80.6 1,010 i 1,179 1,276 1,088 886 853 811 903 1,019 1,001 979 1,037 1,088 63.6 1914 17,600! 18, 483 18,733 18, 816 IS 363 17, 864 17, 575 17,200 17,006 17,329 17,207 16,369 16,255 86.4 1909 18,084 j 17,763 18,147 17,604 17,131 17,432 17,862 17,864 17,673 18,206 18, 580 19,091 19,641 87.2 1,378; 1, 53T 1, 593 1,244 ~" f,066~ 1,095 1,139 1,454 1, 492 1,513 1,468 1,558 1,393 66.3 2,775 3,198 3,129 3,072 2,947 2,883 2,980 3,102 3,309 3,129 1,468 1,887 2,216 44.4 5,203 1 5, 201 5,105 5,0S9 4,970 4,935 4,910 4,960 5,050 5,238 5,372 5,701 5,905 83.1 1,923! 2,024 1,902 1,846 1,773 1,717 1,776 1,891 1,984 2,033 2,066 2,007 2,057 83.1 2,203! 2,208 2,105 2,109 2,011 2,041 2,194 2,372 2,469 2,464 8,005 2,179 2,299 81.2 Table 86.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914, Cen- sus year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS HOURS OF LABOR WHERE THE PER WEEK PREVAILING WERE— Cen- sus year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 43 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. STATE. Total. Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. 44 and un- der. 48.^ 54. 60. Over 60. 44 and un- der. 48.i 54. 60. Over 60. United States. 1919 19,741 98 53 76S 1,725 2,318 8,978" 4,561 3,447 6,824 10,232 2,354 Massachusetts 1919 5,203 493 4,710 870 1914 17,600 (2) (2) 609 4,396 76 333 817 1911 2,899 2,029 1909 18,084 (2) (») 1 7,626 149 1919 1914 1,923 5,821 53 66 4,396 784 1,020 1,299 1919 1,378 435 5 938 126 1914 7S6 3S2 404 Pennsylvania 1919 2,203 90 14 52 35 316 622 960 14 771 Illinois 1919 2,775 296 15 216 1,388 816 860 1914 1,248 (*) (2) 14 563 1914 2,763 (2) (2) 655 1,038 254 1 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Figures not available. Table 87.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts.. New Jersey Pennsylvania.. . TOTAL. CD 2 $ CD 3 S Si Si .S3 So 1 0 W «? 66 19,741 54 17,600 1,378 10 2,775 9 5,203 7 1,923 11 2,203 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, Inclusive. Over 1,000 Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Establish- ments. wage earners, inclusive. Establish- ments. wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Establish ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. Si . CD J2 Wage earners. 1! 11 H w 1 5 4 14 9 5 109 71 3 7 102 274 12 3 825 249 8 13 1,355 2,124 15 14 5,301 5,094 10 7,155 2,936 3 3 4,880 8 73~ 166 5 6,844 1 1 5 1 21 1 733 1,537 274 298 627 1 1 1 2 1 546 765 711 1,393 960 1 15 26 2 2 2 1 2 292 376 114 383 4 1 1 1 2 1 45 117 191 1 1 2 2 3,771 3 42 3 WIRE. 857 Table 88.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... NUMBER OF! ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF VALUE OF PRODUCTS. !! VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. lj VALUE OF PRODUCT. WAGE EARNERS. j 1919 1914 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 I 1909 19,741 | 17,600 18,084 'I i $84,488,518' $59,337,645 $25,416,518 j $23,943,537 66 54 56 \ $162,151,236 ! $81,841,012 Less than $5,000 } .: 3 4 j| 12 , 17 12 >l! 60,528: 29,983 36,337! 22,935 10,760! 15,759 259,017 I 188,221 213,741 I 91,282 | 14,775,545 || o's3S 139 } 3>957>119' 5,102,294 69,415,619 ;| 54^931^126 21,234,898; 18,734,252 $5,000 to $20,000 5 !l 68! 161 10S $20,000 to $100,000 7 1 9 12 j 12 424,879 477.697 f 3,060,822: 4,367,664 \ 6,666, &32 6,502,043 151,938,375 70,463.625 $100,000 to $500.000 } 30 !{ 94? } a-2* 4'659 17 , 18,098 14,199 13,305 $,500,000 to $1,000,000 9 1 9 33 21 $1,000,000 and over PEP. CENT DISTRIBUTION, 7.6 10.6 18.2 13.6 50.0 5.5 16.7 22.2 16.7 38.9 100.0 7.1 8.9 53.6 30.4 100.0 j 100.0! 100.0 i loo.o; 100.0 i 100.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 i (l) \ 0) j 0) 0.3 0.9 0.6 j 0.3 0.6'; 0.3 18,3 25.8 it 4.1 5.3 \ S.O / 17.5 91.7 j 80.7 73.6 ! 93.7 86.1 82.2 100.0 100.0 0) 0) 0.3 2.3 4.8 92.6 0.8 15.6 83.6 100.0 0.1 0.4 21.3 78,2 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 89.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS USED IN WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS: 1919, 1914. AND 1909. 1 NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Primary powor, total. Owned Steam 1 Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting. 1919 147 129 101 23 8 10 2,29S 2,148 150 3,329 2,148 1,181 1914 1909 } (2) 255 218 664 664 1,636 664 972 443 315 268 (a) 12S 128 1,019 12S 891 Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 j 1909 1919 1914 1909 119,451 83,940 71,959 j 100.0 , 100.0 100.0 64,271 67,437 68,923 61,666 63,015 &3,516 J 36.021 \ f 53.8! 80.3 | 95.7 51.6 I 75.1 88.1 30.1 1 \ 25,645 } (3> | 21.5' I 1,966 3,429" 3,256 639 993 2,151 1. 7! 4.1 i 4.5 0. 5! 1. 2 i 3.0 55,180 16,503 3.036 , 55,030 16,463 3; 031 150 40; 5 46.2 | 19.7! 4.2 46.1: 19.6! 4.2 loo.o 1 loo.o !' loo.o o.i j 0) j (') 86,646 39,458 j 18,824 55,030 16,463! 3.031 ; 31,616 22,995 i 15,793 63. 5! 41. 7: 16. 1 3$. 5 i 5-8,3 1 83.9 i i I! 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of ''Other" owned power. 3 Not reported separately in 1914 and 1909. » Less than ono-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 90.—FUEL CONSUMED, FOR WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS: 1919. United States..1919 1914. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Anthra- cite 1 (ton, 2,240 pounds).) 12,573 30,067 528 1,944 2,429 Bitumi- nous (ton. 2,000 pounds). 726,940 523,603 29,943 153,3S4 96,647 Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). 18,547 14,329 622 1,675 174 Fuel oils (barrels). ! Gaso- i line! i and , other { i volatile' : oils I (bar-; ! rels). 172,693 88,979 i 3.589 | (3); Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 419,310 415,873 I 11,125 4,072 82,970 472 I 2,644 2,634 4,244 6,0S9 ! Anthra-! Bitumi- cite1 nous (ton, I (ton, ; 2,240 j 2,000 pounds).! pounds). New Jersey 2,350 1 193,189 New York 229 | 17,000 Ohio i | 126,065 Pennsylvania 155 j 49,282 Wisconsin 2,251! 2,532 All other states 1 2,687 j 58,898 Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 2t005 33,956 | 262 270 4 1,936 2.360! 9,082 15,636 * 125 1,398 '. 1,385 22,574! 82 Gas (1.000 cubic feet). 2,934 389 308.444 92,949 1,627 i Includes some semianthracite. * Included in figures for fuel oils. 358 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials.—Table 91 gives statistics for 1919 and 1914 segregated as between the wire mills, so-called, which are the establishments constituting the classi- fied industry, and the wire departments of rolling mills and other concerns, including the wire-drawing estab- lishments affiliated with wire-rod rolling mills, the general statistics for which are contained in the reports for the rolling-mill establishments. Table 91.—MATERIALS: 1919 AND 1914. [Ton, 2,000 pounds .1 Total cost. Wire rods, cost Steel- Tons Cost Produced by consumer- Tons Assigned cost Purchased— Tons Cost By kinds of steel— Bessemer— Tons Cost Open-hearth— Basic- Tons Cost Acid— Tons Cost Crucible and other- Tons Cost.. Iron- Tons Cost Copper- Tons Cost Brass— Tons Cost Zinc- Tons Cost Other metal, cost3 1919 Wire, plain or coated, not produced in mill reporting: Tons Cost - Fuel and rent of power, cost. All other materials, cost $198, .580,306 2,641,684 $122,574,516 2/211,400 $99,829,357 430,2S4 $22,745,159 1,142,829 $49,452,733 1,360,034 $62,527,596 117,172 $8,033,523 21,649 $2,560,664 1,767 $174,983 192,274 $62,135,179 25,751 $9,200,433 1,326 $237,299 $4,257,896 76,377 $10,665,029 1914 $104,621,056 2, 495,201 • $59,161,732 2,030,735 $46,356,401 464,466 $12, 805,331 948,552 $21,046,599 1,483,968 $36,150,876 56,527 $1,651,223 6,154 $313,034 2,579 $121,651 141,214 $39,653,902 19,513 $4,758,406 (2) $925,365 36,889 $1,994,839 WTRE MILLS (WIRE RODS PURCHASED). WIRE DEPARTMENTS OF ROLLING MILLS AND OTHER CONCERNS. 1919 $102,813,591 $78,805,136 9.86,233 $48,052,550 561,754 $25,678,407 424,479 $22,374,143 613,995 $27,990,681 305,197 $14,349,563 45,794 $3,211,310 21,247 $2,500,996 101 $18,042 82,928 $29,451,576 1,824 $674,612 $608,356 i 29,966 I $3,021,469' $4,235,523 1 $16,751,463 1914 1919 -I- $56,424,494 j. 1914 $43,374,7a3 \ $119,775,170 1,655,451 $74,521,966 847,883 I $21,609,338 I 395,694 I $9,091,973 I I 452,189 j $12,517,365 539,379 $12,081,408 279,260 $8,368,034 23,235 $860,643 6,009 $299,253 2,579 $121,651 73,545 $20,214,926! 1,950 $695,107 j (2) (2) $733,741! 9,474 . $.537,759 $1,813,172 $10,698,800 1,649,646 $74,150,950 5,805 $371,016 528,834 | $21,462,052 j 1,054,837 $48,178,033 71,378 $4,822,213 402 $59,668 1,666 $156,941 109,346 $32,683,603 23,927 $8,525,821 1,326 $237,299 $3,649,540 46,411 $7,643,560 $61,246,293 1,647,318 $37,552,394 1,635,041 $37,264,428 12,277 $287,966 409,173 $8,965,191 1,204,708 $27,782,842 33,292 $790,580 145 $13,781 PER CENT OF INCREASE,1 1914-1919. Total. 67,669 $19,438,976 17,5&3 $4,063,299 $191,624 27,415 $1,457,080 89.8 5.9 107.0 8.9 115.0 -7.4 77.6 20.5 135.0 -8.3 73.0 107.0 386.0 252.0 7iao -31.5 43.8 36.2 56.7 32.0 93.4 360.0 107. ( 435.0 Wire mills. 82.2 81.7 16.3 122.0 43.0 182. 0 -6.1 78,7 13.8 132.0 9.3 71.5 97.1 273.0 254.0 736.0 -96.1 -85.2 12,8 45.7 -6.5 -2.9 Wire depart- ments. -17.1 216.3 462.0 134.0 56.6 95.6 0.5 98.4 0.9 99.0 -52. 7 * 28.8 29.2 139.0 -12.4 73.4 114.0 510.0 177.0 333.0 61.6 68.1 36.2 110.0 69.3 425.0 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 5 Figures not available. 3 Includes bronze, phosphor bronze, monel metal, copper-clad steel, silver and nickel alloys. Products.—The statistics pertaining to products for all classes of establishments are presented in Table 92, segregated as above described for materials. The table carries comparative figures for total wire pro- duction, classified as to metal and whether produced for consumption or for sale. The table also carries percentages of increase for the census period 1914-1919 with respect to total production, and also for the two classses of establishments. WIRE. 359 Table 92.—PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. [Ton, 2,000 pounds,] Wire drawn, total tons WIRE MILLS (W.E RODS PURCHASED). WIRE DEPARTMENTS OF ROLLING MILLS AND OTHER CONCERNS. PER CENT OP INCREASE,* 1914-1919. 1919 1914 2,724,442 j 2,597,407 Steel and iron wire: Total production For sale (plain or bare). For consumption Copper wire: Total production For sale (plain or bare). For consumption Brass wire: Total production... Other metal: Total production. 2,508,890! 592,434 1,916,456! 184,569 j 146,991 j 37,578 i 23.625: 7,358! 2,435,530 459,909: 1,975,621; 138,924; 84,921; •54,003 , 19,491 , 3,462' 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 1.001,879 89$, 523; 1,722,563 1,698,884 4.9 '_. . 920,91* 244,959 675.959 821,569 206,575 i 614,994 1,-557,972 347,475 1,240,497 1,613,961 253,334 1,360,627 3. 0 * 28. 8 -3. 0 78,510 j <->0,827 \ 17,6.83 j 1.794! 657 | 72,401 .54,210 18,191! 4,553 i 106,059 86,164 19, 895 21,831 6,701 66,523 30.711 35, sv: 32. 9 73. 1 -30.4 PRODUCTS. ! j Total value $392,601,073 , $172,600,546 | $162,151.236 I SSI, 841,012 , $230,449,837 1 $90,759,534 Wire and manufactures of wire §384,919, 118 | $166,999,888! $157,513,598 | $78, 1.50. 487 $227. 405,520 | $88, 849,401 Steel and iron— Tons Value Plain wire- Tons Value Galvanized wire- Tons Value Other coated wire: Tons Value Wire nails and spikes- Kegs (100 pounds) Value Wire brads and tacks- Pounds Value Wire staples- Pounds Value Barbed wire- Tons Value Wire rope, cable, and strand— Tons Value Woven-wire fence and poultry net- ting— Tons Value. Other woven-wire products- Tons Value Cold-rolled flat wire- Tons Value Washers— Tons Value Other fabricated iron and steel wire products- Tons Value Copper- Bare wire- Tons Value Insulated wire and cable'— Tons Value Wovcn-wiro products- Tons Value Other fabricated copper-wire prod- i ucts— Tons Value Brass wire— Pounds Value Other metals- Bronze (including phosphor bronze and monel) wire- Pounds Value Nickel, nickel silver, etc, wire- Pounds Value Other (includes copper-clad steel) wire- Pounds Value Fabricated wire products- Pounds. Value Finished products, other than wire., .value.. Sulphate of iron: Tons Value - All other produots, value Amount received for custom work and re- pairing, value 2,554,385 $264,777,927; 592,434 $58, 756,4.50 343,005 i) $32,383,503 jl 49,925 'I $5,257,688 !] i 12,429,195 I $49,291,686 i I 5,461,597 $415,821 68,221,338 $2, 745,070 341,127 $30,895,619 103,010 $29,825,513; 312,146 j $30,526,961 j 26,614 j $4,274,177 j 45,908 j $9,751,609! 433 I $46,152 j 81,482. | $10,607,678 146,991 $56,647,507 72,607 $44/165,418 206 $223, 596 790 $593,077 47,249,835 $11,542,020 1,342,706 $624,520 1,752,952 $1,457,588 10,671,138 $3,876,060 948,858 $711,405 $3,058,042 36,747 $669,871 $3,717,944 $236,098 2,465,3-83 1 $116,215, -503 1 459,909: $22,316,778; 374.478 $15,949,531 12,886,634 $23,368,633 66,670,000 $1,324,948 343,693 $13,764,367 52,735 $7,973,537 411,460 $19,795,812 22,721 $2,822,689 122,720 $8,899,208 *4,921 $26,206,024 48,386 $15,709,244 2.130 $1,013,282 39.614, 500 $6,366,342 6,929,398 $1,489,493 $2,581,000 $2,692,302 $327,356 943 $106,625] 244, $28,494, 172, $15, 812, 20, $2,719, 3,677, $15,062, 3,998, $248, 16,084, $617, 82, $7,305; 693 i 257 j 959 | 089 j 95$ j' 146! i 598! 707 j 122 I 373! 138 jl 664 | S45 !| 027 jj 056 381 55,632 $12,187, 216 97,064 $10,320,876 13,417 $2,184,9S7 30,208 $6,401,609 $7,655 32,877 $5,263,527 60,827 $20,873,030 32,687 $21,825,439 140 $143,596 3,588,721 $1,040,427 , 163, $93, 649, $714, 501, $197, 242 820 000 163 938 S66 $2,171,718 i 23, $416, $1,813, 835,928 $48,809,661 206,575: $12,921,557 156,016 < I $7,123,026 1 3.209,925 $6,048,598 j 18.376,000 $386,271 69,232 $2,823,668 j 43,217 i $6,881,138 J 128,379 j $6,763,469 8,614 $915,490! 54,211 , $4,946,444 54,210 $16,177,678 32,410 $10,855,232 $291,380 4.361,14S $850,017 5,344, $1,166, $236,09S I $2,088, jj $1,439,465 j $162,470! 1,610,692 , $158,152,670 j 347,475 I $30,262,361 170,047 1 $16,571,357 I 29,327 !( $2,537,981 !J 8,752,073 j $34,229,313 I 1,463,459 jl $167,157 jl 52.136,493 || $2,128,043 259,071 $23,590,238 47,378 $17,638,297 215,082 $20,206,035 13,197 $2,089; 190 15,700 $3,350,000 406 $33,497 48,605 $5,344,151 86,164 $29,774,477 39,920 $22,639,979 66 $80,000 790 $593,077 43,661,114 $10,501,593 1,179,464 $530,700 1.103,952 $743,425 10,169,200 $3,678,194 948,858 $711,405 $886,324 13,241 $253,529 $1,904,464 1,629,455 1 $67,405.842 253,334 $9. 395,221 218,462 $8, 826, .505 9, fi76,709 $17,320,035 48.294,000 $93S; 677 274,461 $10,940,699 9. 518 $1,092; 399 283,081 $13,032,343 14,107 $1,907,199 68,509 $3,952,764 30,711 $10,028,346 15,976 $4,854,012 1,631 $721,902 35.253,352. $5,516,325 Wire 12.1 18.6 9.9 -l.fi 37.2 59.4 180. 6 -44. 4 1.5-84, $322. $492, $1,252, $164, 668 974 410 837 127.4; 98.1 1.53.9 130.5! 101.6 156.3 3.6 ;i 12.9 -1.2 127.8 ■: 118.5 134. 6 28.8 i!. 18.6 37.2 163.3; 120. 5 222.1 4.9: 24.1 —8.7 136.0 !, 160. 2 116. 5 -3-5' 14.6 -9.6 110.9 [: 149.0 97.6 10.5' 9.3 11.0 138.6; 124. 1 144.5 -0.7 1 18.5 -5.6 124.5!! 1.58.7 115.6 95.3 i 28.7! 397. S 274.1 ;| 77.1 .1,514.6 -24.1:! -24.4 , -24.0 54.2;: 52.6: 55.0 1 i7.i; 55.8 , -6.5 51.4 j: 138.9' 9.5 ■'; j I 4.2 ;| 16. 4 —5, 5 129.3 \\ 136.0 120.9 73,1 - 12.2 1S6.6 116.2 || 66,1 196.9 50.1 ij 0.9 149.9 183.1:! 101. 1 3R6.4 -53.2!! -71.9 -47.5 -19.4!! - 50. 7 -6.8 19,3 l; -17.7 23. R 81.3 i; 22, 4 90,4 8S6 ;l 112.4 < 347. 8 18.5 63.0! -27.9 i — 75. 4 j 745. 7 -13.8 j 1,653.6 i 4.0 j 80. ( 54.9 I 72,! j 45.3 i -100. < 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. •Insulated wire and cable made by all establishments, $128,682,339; 1914, value $69,505,513; 1909; $51,624,737. includin the electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies industry in 1919 , 224,000 net tons, value 360 MANUFACTURES. Number of establishments.—Table 93 shows the num- ber of establishments reporting the various specified products, distributed by states, for 1919 and 1914. Equipment.—Statistics of equipment installed in the wire-drawing plants, 1919 and 1914, are pre- sented in Table 94. Table 93.—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTING SPECIFIED PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Total number of estab- lish- ments. United States flOS Wire mills 66 Wire depart- j ments of roll- ing mills and other concerns. Alabama Colorado.... Connecticut. Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Massachusetts.. Michigan Missouri Montana New Jersey. New York,. Ohio Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Wisconsin 42 45 1 j.... 1 I.... 11 j 10 12 ; 11 Wire mills. Depart- ments of rolling mills and other con- cerns. 42 STEEL AND IRON. Wire. Coated wire. Wire nails and spikes. Wire brads, tacks, and staples. Barbed wire. Wire rope and strand. Wovon- wire fence and poultry netting. and fab- ricated wire Other woven Wire. Insu- lated wire. W ov- en- wire Other fabri- cated wire prod- ucts. Brass. Other metal. products prod- ucts. os os OS OS OS os OS <* OS -* OS OS OS OS Ok OS OS OS OS OS OS os OS OS OS os OS OS OS OS OS OS 5s OS OS OS S3 OS OS OS OS o* OS 74 49 69 45 43 24 40 22 35 17 37 18 24 8 24 8 27 11 27 10 16 9 12 8 27 12 26 11 33 18 41 23 30 16 28 17 14 7 9 6 3 3 3 l 4 2 22 8 28 10 24 9 13 5 2 25 24 19 18 18 19 16 16 16 17 7 4 15 15 15 18 15 11 7 3 1 l 2 14 18 15 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 3 3 .... 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 "8* 6 4 2 1 2 10 10 12 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 9 8 "Y 7 8 6 6 7 7 2 1 8 8 7 7 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 4 3 1 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 9* 9 4 .... 2 2 3 4 4 7 3 3 1 1 l 2 2 2 1 1 ... j 1 1 ■ 2 2 1 1 1 1 i i ....j.... 1 l 7 6 1 3 1 1 2 2 4 5 3 5 2 2 1 4 5 4 3 4 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 7 3 1 2 1 4 5 4 2 9 10 7 6 5 6 3 3 4 4 .2 1 2 5 5 16 15 9 10 8 7 8 7 8 8 2 2 7 7 7 8 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 OTHER METALS AND ALLOTS. Table 94.—EQUIPMENT: 1919 AND 1914. [Ton, 2,000 pounds.] WIRE MILLS. 1919 1914 Per cent of in- crease.1 1919 19U WIRE DEPARTMENTS OF ROLLING MILLS AND OTHER CONCERNS. 1919 1914 Wire-drawing blocks: Number Rod Redrawing Fine wire Annual capacity, tons Wire-nail machines: Number Annual capacity, kegs (100 pounds) Larbed-wire machines: Number Annual capacity, tons Woven-wire fence machines: Number Annual capacity, tons Poultry-netting machines: N umber 1 Annual capacity, tons Stands cold-rolling machines: Number Annual capacity, tons 62,689 10,530 10,202 41,957 4,169,467 5,383 22,019,170 1,589 855,997 457 677,195 164 41,893 687 184,215 51,181 7,503 9,067 34r 611 3,852,000 5,212 23,904,000 (3) 583 732,000 22.5 40.3 12.5 21.2 8.2 3.3 -7.8 -21.6 -7.5 8 8 26,920 3,165 6,651 17,104 1,508,043 1,652 7,451,450 478 252,448 100 154,652 84 25,847 380 59,915 33,242 3,005 6,565 23,672 1,249,000 1,318 5,965,000 (*) (3) 161 190,000 8 8 35,769 7,365 3,551 24,853 2,661,424 3,731 14,597,720 1,091 603,549 357 522,643 80 13,046 307 124,300 17,939 4,498 2,502 10,939 2,603,000 3,894 17,939,000 h 422 512,000 8 8 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Figures not available. WIRE. 361 Equipment, by states.—Table 95 presents statistics for equipment, according to character of the machines. Table 95.—EQUIPMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Pennsylvania Illinois Ohio , New Jersey Massachusetts.. Alabama Indiana Colorado New York All other states Wire- drawing blocks- annual capacity, tons. 4,169,467 ,443,529 715,733 624,500 257,413 253,830 215,000 184,000 180,000 137,880 157,582 WIRE-NAIL MACHINES. Number. 5,383 1,759 615 1,618 31 68 316 333 250 267 126 Annual capacity, kegs (100 pounds). 22,049,170 9,205,846 3,115,824 4,450,000 30,000 140,000 1,840,000 1,500,000 1,200,000 450,000 117,500 BARBED-WIRE MACHINES. Number. Annual capacity, tons. 1,569 j 740 i 313 1 152 j 129 122 69 24 20 855,997 389,268 157,429 98,800 j WOVEN-WTEE FENCE | MACHINES. I POTJLTEY-NETTING MACHINES. Num- ber. 457 Annual capacity, tons. 677,195 Num- ber. 222 95 28 68,000 49,500 75,000 15,000 3,000 267,449! 191,677 53,000! 98,000 I 40,700 25,000 | 1,369 Annual capacity, tons. 67; 9 j 5 j 53 i 22 | 41,893 1,500 27,049 3,000 3,000 2,500 4,844 STAKD3 COLD-ROLL- ING MACHINES. Annual Number, capacity, tons. 687 169 216 275 184,215 12,150 900 120,300 21,315 29,350 200 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 96 shows the comparative statistics for the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the censu? years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 97 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 96.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1 i! Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Pri- mary horse- power. Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. ! Num-: Wage p... 1 ber 'earners Pri- mary horse- power. WTages, Cost of \ Value mat e- | of prod- rials, i ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Expressed in thousands. !year'l lish- j num- , |ments.; ber). Expressed in thousands. ! ; i! United States 1919 1914 1909 66 54 56 19,741 17,600 18,084 119,451 83,940 71,959 $29,290 11,021 10,316 $102,814 56,424 60,543 $162,151 81,841 84,487 Massachusetts i 1919 1 9 j 5,203 24,799 15,142 10,498 $7,353 2,005 2,218 $11,874 j $24,552 4,656 \ S,3S9 5,538 | 9,580 j 1 1914 8 j 2,899 ! 1909 1 10 i 3,718 362 MANUFACTURES. Table 97.—DETAILED STATEMENT OF WIRE MILLS USING PURCHASED RODS: 1919. United States. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts— New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states 1. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PEBSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTET. Total. 22,236 1,555 3,282 5,715 2,180 2,471 7,033 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, |super-| in- tend- ents, and man- agers, 599 47 133 89 39 76 215 Clerks, etc. Male. 1,295 93 275 239 167 136 385 Fe- male. 588 34 99 180 51 55 169 Aver- num- ber. 19,741 1,378 2,775 5,203 1,923 2,203 6,259 Wage earners. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Se 21,282 Fe Au De Oc Au 1,593 3,309 5,905 2,066 2,469 Minimum month. Oc 17,335 Ap Oc Je My Oc 1,056 1,468 4,910 1,717 2,005 WAGE EABNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAEEST BEFRESENTATTYE DAT. Total. 21,600 1,397 3,109 5,905 2,057 2,302 6,830 16 and over. Male. 20,486 1,246 3,005 5,525 1,989 2,283 6,438 Fe- male. 1,037 147 104 325 65 15 381 Under 16. Male 54 Fe- male] 23 Capital. |$102,016,777 8,136,575 15,477,020 22,027,351 7,972,875 15,376,302 33,026,654 Salaries and wages. Officials. $2,464,056 227,997 505,313 409,217 247,105 282,044 792,380 Clerks, etc. $2,990,350 202,785 631,450 737,190 299,555 287,441 831,929 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Con. Wage earners. United States, Connecticut , Illinois Massachusetts...... New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states i.... $29,289,667 2,063,474 4,605,270 7,353,067 2,851,843 3,850,399 8,565,614 Rent and taxes. For con- tract work. Rent of factory. $774,423 $64,543 3,129 "4," 386' 3,243 3,600 46,222 1,073 766,908! 10,405 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Principal materials. $3,531,988 I 598,578,068 206,518 853,442 469,923 311,948 573,862 1,116,295 4,346,532 17,763,910 10,774,689 14,149,600 13,865,972 37,677,365 Fuel and rent of power. $4,235,523 256,141 682,995 1,098,930 549,574 350,433 1,297,450 Value of products. $162,151,236 9,083,050 29,855,393 24,552,410 19,878,316 19,595,888 59,186,179 Value added by manufac- ture. |S59,337,645 4,480,377 11,408,488 12,678,791 5,179,142 5,379,453 20,211,364 Primary horsepower. Total. 119,451 6,354 19,554 24,799 13,332 25,761 29,651 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 36,021 2,876 13,060 7,577 1,955 2,873 7,680 Steam tur- bines. 25,645 Intftr- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 1,786 130 Wa- ter pow- er.* 639 150 100 200 189 Rent- 55,180 1,603 4,474 14,812 7,291 8,881 18,119 Elec- tric horse- power . gener- jated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 31,616 4,944 4,484 6,327 2.735 9,176 3,950 1 All other states embrace: Indiana, 2 establishments; Michigan, 1; Missouri, 1: New York, 8; Ohio, 5; Rhode Island, 2; and Wisconsin, 3. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). CAST-IRON PIPE. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—Establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of cast-iron pipe were first segregated as an industry at the census of 1909. Prior thereto they were included with those for foundry and machine-shop products, which in- cluded iron foundries not specially provided for. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the gen- eral statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Statistics are presented in Table 2 for the chief factors: Number of establishments; number of wage earners: value of products; and value added by manufacture, for all states for which the statistics can be reported. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 12. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 show the labor movement in accord- ance with the industrial conditions existing through- out the year. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows that of the total number of wage earners employed only 3.1 per cent were in establishments where the prevailing hours per week were 48 or fewer in 1909, and 1.4 per cent in 1914. In 1919 this ratio was 12.4 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909, 76 per cent were in the "60 hours per week5' group, and in 1914, 64 per cent, whereas in 1919 this group represented but 21.4 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 6 shows the industry to be one of relatively large units. Only six establishments with 180 wage earners are found in the groups employing 50 wage earners or less in 1919 and nine establishments with 179 wage earners in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The average value of products per establishment for all classes in 1919 was approximately SS50,000, as com- pared with 8450,000 in 1914 and $700,000 in 1909. The increase from 1914 to 1919 was due primarily to enhanced values, and as a result, Table 7, being based upon value of products, shows heavy gains in the higher groups. Character of ownership.—The industry is almost entirely under corporate ownership. Of the 59 es- tablishments, 56 are owned by corporations, and they reported 98.4 per cent of the value of all products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table S gives the total horsepower reported for the industry. Of the total primary power. 60 per cent was purchased electric power in 1919, as compared with 31.7 per cent in 1914 and 14.9 in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 9 shows the consumption of fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for gas include both manufactured and natural gas. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914 1909 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 59 52 13,290 12,884 3.7 3,2 8 7 725 649 58.3 11.7 12,557 25,864 $26,981,070 12,228 IS,737 $23,110; 318 0.5 11.1 2.7 58.9 38.0 16.7 Number of establishments.., Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower. 1919 59 13,777 4 1,148 12,625 28,741 Capital $42,863,026 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufac- ture3 1919 136,610 431,212 705,398 37,795 267,255 3&^,552 235,101 1914 $8,112,385 1,036.409 7,075,976 2,672 167,226 16,930,141 26,659, a&o 24,848,549 9,729,224 1909 $7,427,175 '924,837 6,502,338 8,210 120,900 18,884,342 29,153,723 10,269,381 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1919 I 1914 111. 134.6 10 7. 8 1314. 5 657.8 49.9 88,4 155. 4 2 I 9.2 12.1 8.8 -67. 5 38.3 -10.3 -8.6 -5.3 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. J Value of products less cost of materials. (363) 364 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number of estab- lish- ments. "WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. STATE. Average number. Per cent distribu- tion. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). Per cent distribu- tion. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. Rank. Rank. 59 12,625 100.0 $50,235 100.0 $24,849 100.0 Alabama 21 5,285 2,035 1,707 312 3,286 41.9 16.1 13.5 2.5 26.0 1 2 18,784 9,030 8,710 1,342 37.4 18.0 17.3 2.7 24.6 1 2 3 7 9,323 4,293 4,556 758 5,919 37.6 17.3 18.4 3.0 23.8 1 New Jersey 8 7 5 3 2 7 Pennsylvania 3 7 New York , All other states 18 12,369 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CLASS. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members- Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Cen- i sus | Total, year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 13,777 13,290 12,884 427 1S8 192 78 61 315 102 124 Male. 13,545 13,190 12,832 423 187 192 105 78 61 314 101 124 Fe- male, 232 100 52 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 98.3 99.2 99.1 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.2 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.0 100.0 Fe- male. 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 2.8 0.3 1.0 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 725 5-15 464 12,625 12,557 12,228 12,588 12,507 12,155 37 50 73 Male. 549 459 424 12,573 12,544 12,216 12,536 12,494 12,143 37 50 73 Fe- male.! 176 86 40 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 75.7 84.2 91.4 99.6 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 24.3 15.8 8.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 Table 4— WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimiim employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. em- ployed during year. STATE. January. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: 1919 12,625 12,573 62 10,615 10,569 46 11,816 9,924 9,883 41 9,758 9,718 35 13,193 10,529 10,494 S6 12,701 11,268 11,227 41 11,482 11,434 48 12,849 13,006 12,960 46 13,221 13,781 13,723 58 13,427 14,625 14,570 15,478 15,407 71 15,454 15,385 69 11,336 15,685 15,506 79 62.6 62.7 44.3 83.3 Females 55 1914 12,557 12,572 12,613 13,211 12,555 11,190 5,285 2,035 312 1,707 3,286 3,830 1,908 300 1,620 2,957 .5,557 1,657 326 1,429 2,961 3,719 1,602 317 1,454 2,661 4,189 1,842 303 1,492 2,703 4,539 1,914 316 1,705 2,794 4,598 2,030 261 1,692 2,901 5,777 2,069 277 1,720 3,163 6,010 2,221 309 1,769 3,472 6,496 2,197 314 1,861 3,757 6,900 2,330 312 1,950 3,986 6,863 2,278 356 1,923 4,034 6,948 2,372 5l7T 67.5 73.3 73.3 65.8 363 1,869 4,043 CAST-IRON PIPE. 365 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Alabama— New Jersey. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 12,625 12,557 12,228 5,285 3,696 2,035 3,421 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Be- ! Be- 48 tween '■ tween and 48 ; 54. ! 54 60. under. and! ! and 54.; j 60. Cen- sus year. il,564 171 378 440 i 4,709 3,208 2,704 , 1,303 ! 3,026 ! 8,057 | 1,425 j 1,131 9,294 11,032 | !1,580 1,456 ' 1,217 113! I 795 802 ! 1,986 242! 548 100 741 504 1,875 j 1,446 New York 2... Pennsylvania. 1919 1919 1914 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. ! Be- 48 :tween | and - 48 ' 54. under.[ and j ; 54. i Be- ! tween; j 54 60. and I 60. j 312 1,707 1,835 130 j 138; 673! 101! 43: 546 358 194 ; 1,540 i Includes 293 of group "44 and under." 3 Figures for 1914 not available Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. 1 j Cen- sus year. J 1919 1914 United States Alabama New Jersey New York i j 1919 Pennsylvania '1919 '!1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— © © c3 cJ 12,625 12,557 5,2S5 3,696 2,035 3,421 312 1,707 1,835 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 soitoMOO j OT6rl000 wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage wage earners, earners, inclusive. inclusive. 1 Establish- 1 | merits. Wage earners.; Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. 3s ^ ll Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. 1 In S i \ 4 i 2,255 j 1 1 1,147 6 3,9S0 j 2 15! 4 165 14 j 961 12 i 9S4 20 18 3,310 14! 4,772 2,589 14 j 4,825 2 8 3 39 4 132 .. 5 i 341 3 237 S 8 1,291 j 6! 1,990 1,149 3 , 9SS 1 516 1 j 1,147 1 4 2 i 31 1 35 2 1,252 j | i 559 2 1 770 516 i 3'! 1,206 1 j 561! 2 | 145 3 3 1 j 100 1 2; 1,599 2 j 86 3 j 226 :! 244 2; 667 231 2! S62 2 j 123 2 193 2 2 1 \ 673 i j i i 1! 549 1 1 Figures lor 1914 not available. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 $29,153,723 1919 1914 1909 1 All classes 59! 59 52 12,625 12,557 12,228 $50,235,101 $28,659, 365 $24, 848, 549 $9,729,224 $10,269,331 Less than $100,000. 3 23 15 18 U4 i Ul 66 1550 } 7,190 4,817 1304 4,815 7,109 180,264 / 6,927,931 \ 10,368,067 32, 758, 839 1829,449 6,351,931 7,675,640 11,802,345 1540,922 } 10,641,104 17,971,697 91,401 f 3,82$, 542 \ 5,4S0,965 15,447,641 1398,656 } 5,684,793 3,645,775 1246,769 3,920,565 6,102,047 $100,000 to $500,000 fo} » / 1,975 \ 2,813 7,771 $500,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over 8 | 13 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 |j 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.9 | ioao 100.0 Less than $100,000 5.1 39.0 25.4 30.5 23.7 45.7 17.0 13.6 21.2 | 53.8 25.0 I 0.5 / 15.6 \ 22.3 61.5 4.4 } 57.2 2.5 39.4 58.1 i 0.4 / 13.8 \ 20.6 j 65.2 3,1 23.8 28. S 44.3 0.4 4.1 2.4 38,2 59.4 $100,000 to $500,000 } 36.5 61.6 / 15,4 \ 22.1 62.1 } 5S.4 37.5 $500,000 to $1.000,000 ! 3S.4 i Includes the groups "Less than $5,000" and " $5,000 to $20,000." 366 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 1,040 589 354 28,741 25,864 18,737 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 92 90 86 4 1 1 145 135 162 150 11,501 11,297 10,547 750 4 17,666 15,966 15,950 14,385 40.0 39.3 36.7 2.6 68.3 61.7 85.1 76.8 Steam Engines (x) 0) 8 Turbines C1) h Internal-combustion engines 8 2 11 1 1,500 200 1,505 60 (2) 5.8 0.8 8.0 0.3 948 444 192 200 17,240 8,198 2,787 0.7 60.0 31.7 14.9 Electric 2,106 948 1,158 1,616 444 1,172 1,189 192 997 35,493 17,240 18,253 28,518 8,198 20,320 19,333 2,787 16,546 100.0 48.6 51.4 100.0 28.7 71.3 100.0 14.4 85.6 Rented Generated by establishments reporting 1 Not reported separately. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 9.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. 1 1 COAL. Cen- sus year. Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). STATE. i Anthracite J (tons, 2,240 1 pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). i j United States 1919 1914 27,374 45,663 96,387 99,991 256,781 248,305 419 2,036 658 5,386 163,833 Alabama » 1919 1914 28,520 25,382 132,314 88,684 (l) 175 1,067 (l) New Jersey - 1919 1914 16,751 30,094 21,067 17,539 32,255 46,146 10 692 50 151,013 New York 1919 106 1,096 3,601 8 70 126 Pennsylvania - 1919 1914 9,799 15,416 15,618 16,424 31,769 38,294 51 270 1,335 908 All other states 1919 1914 718 153 30,086 40,646 56,842 75,181 350 7 412 3,876 11,912 C1) 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. CAST-IRON PIPE. 367 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Certain additional information concerning the quantity and value of products for the industry is collected by means of supplemental schedules, data for which are presented in Table 10. Products—comparative statistics, by states.—Table 10 presents detailed statistics of products for 1919 and 1914. The table shows distribution by states so far as the figures can be shown without disclosing individual operations. There is a considerable production of cast-iron pipe by establishments falling under other industry classifications, which has been included. With respect to 1914, this subsidiary production is in- cluded in the totals, but figures are not available to permit a distribution by states. In 1919 there were 59 establishments in the classified industry, and 7 establishments in other industries reporting cast-iron pipe products. Of these, 18 estab- lishments manufactured bell-and-spigot pipe, 15 flanged pipe, 3 culvert pipe, 22 gas and water pipe fittings, and 40 reported the manufacture of soil and plumb- ers' pipe and fittings. The tonnage production of cast-iron pipe and fittings was 702,554 tons in 1919 as compared with 1,120,721 tons in 1914, a decrease of 37.3 per cent; but in value these products increased from $25,979,192 in 1914 to $48,514,581 in 1919, an increase of 86.7 per cent. The figures show an average ton value of $69 for 1919 as compared with $23.20 for 1914. Considering the different kinds of pipe products, there was a decrease of 54.7 per cent for the period 1914-1919 in tonnage of bell-and-spigot pipe, with an increase of 15.5 per cent in value; a decrease of 9.9 per cent in the tonnage of flanged pipe, with an increase of 143 per cent in value; a decrease of 48.5 per cent in culvert pipe, with an increase of 39.6 per cent in value; and a slight increase in tonnage of pipe fittings, namely, 1.8 per cent, with an increase of 212 per cent in value. Soil and plumbers' pipe, and fittings increased 20.3 per cent in tonnage and 230 per cent in value. The figures show fairly uniform increases in unit values for the various classes, namely, bell-and-spigot pipe $20 per ton in 1914, to $51 in 1919; flanged pipe, $27 in 1914, S72 in 1919; soil and plumbers' pipe and fittings, $29 in 1914, and $80 in 1919. Table 10.—Products- -COMPARATIVE STATISTICS, BY STATES .* 1919 and 1914. 1919 Q.uan-! ! tity j i (tons, l 2,000 I pounds).j Value. , | Quan- ji tity j (tons, ■! 2,000 ;! pounds). Total j £51,902,763 i Cast-iron pipe industry Subsidiary cast-iron pipe products, other industries , Cast-iron pipe and fittings . j 50,235,101; i 1,667,662 j 702, .554 | 48, 514,5S1 j 1,120,721 Gas and water pipe and fittings J 447,881 Alabama j 149,761 New Jersev '80,694 New York :2,069 Pennsylvania !69,834 Other states j 145,523 Bell-and-spigot pipe |2 375,203 Alabama 1 123,433 New Jersev 6S, 652 Pennsvlvania 67,236' Other states 115, SS2 i Flanged pipe 2 23,791 Alabama 7,916 New Jersev 4,855 Other states 11,020 25,657 Culvert pipe Pipe fittings Alabama New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... Other states 23,124,128 || 1909,069 8,895,383! 186,415 4,919,620 i! 215,481 254,352 || 876 5,102,831; 191,179 8,951,942 j! 286,487 19,257,663 !j i 828,905 6,124,643 i' 170,515 3,464,419 i 193,454 3,519; 357; 180,994 6,149,244 262,343 1,714,260 127,289 545,394; 8,051 370,028 i 8,918 798,828' 5,011 344,062: i 11,011 Value. $28,102,607 26,659,365 1,443,242 25,979,192 Soil and plumbers' pipe and fit- tings Alabama New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Other states All other castings . Other products— 2 43,230 , 17,944 6,993 2.069 2,465 13, 759 2 254,673 122,827 34,543 IS, OSS 46,062 33,153 16,401 I 6, SOS,153! 2,189,297 I I'.076,849 i '254,352: 1,563,908! 1,71*, 747 20,390,453 j 9,335,677 J 3,420,445 > 1,518,978 | 3,680,711 2,433,642 I 1,614,465 i 1,773", 717 j 141,864 4,869 10.970 '876 8,614 14,871 1211,652 77,996 48,434 10,896 17; 425 30,S14 13,5S1 119,805,484 4,469,284 4,659,296 43,835 3,977,619 5,855,720 116,669,533 3,945,013 3,828,131 3,521,563 4,831,983 1 706,531 176,635 236,590 140,596 1 246,527 12,182.893 263,935 583,076 43,835 420,967 797,928 16,173,708 2,161,644 1,649,271 321,525 501,823 885,933 681,737 1,441,678 »Includes production not distributed bv states, 1914: Gas and water pipe and fittings 2S, 631 tons, $769,730 Bell-and-spigot pipe 21,599 tons, 542,843 Flanged pipe 5,309 tons, 152,660 Culvert pipe and fittings 1,723 tons, 74,227 Soil and plumbers' pipe and fittings 26,087 tons, 673,512 2 Number of establishments, 1919: B ell-and-spigot pipe IS Flanged pipe 15 Culvert pipe 3 Pipe fittings 22 Soil and plumbers' pipe and fittings 40 368 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Table 11 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, a com- parative summary, by states, for number of establish- ments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products. Table 12 presents, for 1919, the detailed statistics for the industry for such states as can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 11.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States.. Alabama. New Jersey. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish-: [ments 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 12,625 12,557 12,228 5,285 3,696 2,878 2,035 3,421 3,275 Pri- mary horse- power. 28,741 25,864 18,737 10,754 6,130 4,632 3,714 4,785 4,035 Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $14,705 7,076 6,502 5,776 2,054 1,393 2,655 1,991 1.951 $25,387 16,930 18,884 9,461 3,907 3,706 4,737 4,784 5,355 $50,235 26,659 29,154 18,784 6,754 6,097 9,030 7,353 8,003 New York.. Pennsylvama.. All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish. ments I Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 312 213 464 1,707 1,835 1,435 3,286 3,392 4,176 Pri- mary horse- power. 767 293 1,052 3,892 4,062 2,531 9,614 10,594 6,487 Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $373 124 268 2,148 1,029 711 3,753 1,878 2,179 $585 186 687 4,154 3,295 2,423 6,450 4,758 6,713 $1,342 370 990 8,710 4,551 3,534 12,369 7,631 10,530 Table 12.—DETAILED STATEMENT BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. EXPENSES. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- Clerks, etc. Wage earners. 16 and over. Under 16. Salaries and wages. STATE. Total. in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Male. Fe- male. Aver- age Number, 15th day of— Total. Male. Fe- male. Male. Capital. Officials. Clerks, etc. num- ber. Maximum month. Minimum month. United States 59 13,777 4 423 549 176 12,625 De 15,585 Mh 9,753 15,651 15,542 72 37 $42,863,026 $1,385,596 $1,045,616 Alabama 21 8 5 7 5,767 2,248 350 1,859 3,553 1 147 97 14 55 265 84 14 87 99 69 32 8 10 57 5,285 2,035 312 1, 707 3,286 De 6,948 De 2,372 No 356 Oc 1,950 Fe 3,551 Mh 1,602 Je 261 Fe 1,429 6,948 2,372 353 1,931 4,047 6,914 2,368 352 1,896 4,012 34 3 1 12,365,071 8,637,290 1,145,231 499,709 238,403 73,002 191,280 383,202 477,142 171,945 28,003 120,028 248,498 New Jersey 1 New York 2 Pennsylvania 18 16 17 19 11,008,421 9,707,013 All other states 1 18 1 110 United States. Alabama New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states 1 expenses—continued. (Salaries and' wages—Con. Wage earners. [$14,705,398 ~5, 776,258 2,655,154 372,939 2,148,481 3,752,566 For contract | work |$37,795 5,413 32,382 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory.' 4,404 2,998 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $1,246,473 For materials. Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. $22,744,779 $2,641,773 8,381,774 4,259,465 j 531,321 | 3,837,182 i 5,735,037! 1,079,183 477,688 53,310 316, 810 714,782 Value of products. |$50,235,101 18,784,305 9,029,796 1,342,422 8,709,771 12,368,807 Value added by manufac- ture. $24,848,549 9,323,348 4,292,643 757,791 4,555,779 5,918,988 Primary horsepower. Total. 28,741 (nottur-| bines) Owned. Steam 10,547 3,545 2,447 210 1,585 2,760 Steam] tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- Water| pow- er. 200 200 Rent- ed (elec- tric). 17,240 7,209 517 557 2,307 6,650 Elec- tric horse- Ipower gener- ated in [estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. 18,253 1 All other states embrace: Ohio, 6 establishments; Virginia, 3; Maryland, 2; and 1 each in California, Georgia, Indiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oregon, and Tennessee. MACHINERY. GENERAL! Scope of the industry.—In this report are presented statistics relating to the manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and textile machinery. Prior to the census of 1914 the classes of machinery under what is generally known as "factory machin- ery" had for the most part been included with foundry and machine-shop products, and with a few exceptions separate statistics for the various classes of machinery have not been shown in detail. Statistics were col- lected at some of the earlier censuses for certain classes of machinery, but the returns were not com- plete and figures are not comparable. In 1914 statistics were shown for engines and ma- chinery combined, but in the current census there is a separate bulletin covering the manufacture of en- gines. Since 1914 separate classes have also been established for machine tools and textile machinery. The statistics for machinery include those for al- establishments reporting the more important andl clearly defined classes of machinery for 1919. Only the reports for establishments making the complete ma- chines either as a primary or subsidiary product were considered in compiling the statistics for the various classes of machinery. Comparative statistics—principal classes of machin- ery.—Table 1 presents data showing the number of establishments engaged in manufacturing each speci- fied class of machinery and the value of product of each class in 1919 and 1914. The data include the products of all establishments engaged chiefly in the manufac- ture of the specified product, as well as most of those made as subsidiaries of other industries. A large increase is shown in the value of products in 1919 over that of 1914. This increase, however, was due largely to the general rise of prices following the World War, and does not therefore fair!)- measure the growth of the industry for the period. Principal classes of machinery, by states.—Table 2 gives, for 1919, the total value of products for the more important classes of machinery and similar data fox all states for which figures can be presented without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Adding and calculating machines were reported chiefly from Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, New York, and Missouri, ranking in the order named, each state re- porting over $1,000,000 in products. The manufacture of ah' compressors was confined chiefly to the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois. New Y^ork ranked first and Ohio third, but figures for these states can not be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. 111367—23 24 I Pennsylvania and Illinois ranked second and fourth, respectively, and, together, produced one-third of the total value of products. Ammunition machinery was reported largely from states where the greater part of the output was pro- duced by one or two establishments, and therefore can not be shown separately. Bakers' machinery was manufactured chiefly in the states of Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, ; and Michigan. Ohio, the leading state, alone pro- duced over 35 per cent of the total output. Figures for blowers and fans can be shown sepa- ; rately for only two states—Indiana and New Y^ork. : Massachusetts was the leading state and Michigan second. Bottling machinery was manufactured to a con- siderable extent in states where one or two establish- ; ments reported a preponderance of the total output. Separate figures can not be shown for this reason for Ohio, the leading state, nor for Iowa, which also re- ; ported a large proportion of the output. The production of brick, pottery, and other clay- working machinery was confined chiefly to the states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and New Yrork. Ohio ranked first in this industry, with a total pro- duction of SI,772,241, or 55.6 per cent of the total output. Ohio produced nearly all of the cash registers and parts, but the figures can not be shown separately without disclosing the operations of individual estab- lishments. Michigan ranked second, j Concrete mixers were manufactured chiefly in ! Wisconsin, where more than two-fifths of the total ; value of products were made. Michigan and Ohio ; ranked second and third, respectively. Six states reported the manufacture of condensers, ; but separate figures can be shown for only three states. Pennsylvania ranked first. New Jersey second, j and New Y^ork third. ! The manufacture of cotton gins was largely cen- I tralized in the Southern states. The states of Ala- bama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas had a combined valuation of SS.9 per cent of the total value of products for this industry. Georgia ranked first, with Alabama a close second, these two states combined producing nearly one-half of the total output. Confectioners' machinery was manufactured chiefly in Massachusetts, Indiana, New York, and Ohio, which ranked first, second, third, and fourth, respec- tively in the value of products. (369) 370 MANUFACTURES. In the manufacture of cranes, Ohio was the leading state in the value of the output, with Michigan ranking second and Pennsylvania third. Dairy machinery (including cream separators and other dairymen's supplies) was manufactured chiefly in New York, this state producing over 43 per cent of the total value of products for the industry. Wiscon- sin ranked second and Illinois, which is included in "All other states/' third. Other states producing a consid- erable percentage of the output were: Pennsylvania, Missouri, Minnesota, Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana. Dredging machinery was reported as manufactured in comparatively few states, and figures for the states reporting can not be shown separately. Elevators and elevator machinery were manufac- tured chiefly in the states of Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, Minnesota, Wiscon- sin, and Massachusetts, ranking in the order named, each state reporting over 11,000,000 in products. These states combined produced an output of over $63,000,000, or approximately 90 per cent of the total value of products. In the manufacture of electric elevators, New York was the leading state, with Illinois and Pennsylvania ranking second and third, respectively. Elevators, other than electric, were manufactured chiefly in Illinois, New York, Pennsyl- vania, and Ohio. Excavating machinery was reported as manufac- tured in comparatively few states, and figures for only four states can be shown separately. Ohio and Illinois, which ranked first and second, respectively, produced more than one-half of the total value of products. The manufacture of firearms and ordnance machin- ery was confined entirely to six states, whose total output amounted to $2,283,859. Figures can not be shown separately for any of the states reporting. Flour-mill and gristmill machinery manufacturing was centered in Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Figures for Indiana, the leading state, can not be shown separately without disclosing individual operations. Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Ohio ranked second, third, and fourth, respectively. These four states combined represented more than one-half of the total value of products for the industry. Comparatively few states reported the manufacture of glass-making machinery. Figures for only two states—Pennsylvania and Indiana—can be shown separately. A large proportion of the total value of products was in Ohio, which can not be shown. The manufacture of hydraulic rams was reported by six states, none of which can be shown. Pennsylvania was the leading state and Illinois second. Laundry machinery, both hand and power, was centralized in Illinois, where approximately one-half of the total value of products were made. New York and Ohio ranked second and third, respectively. Ten states reported the manufacture of lawn mowers, but figures for only two states—Indiana, and Pennsyl- vania—can be shown separately. These two states ranked first and second, respectively, and New York third. Leather-working machinery (other than shoe) was reported chiefly from Massachusetts, where machinery amounting to 49.4 per cent of the total value of products for the industry was manufactured. Dela- ware and New York ranked next in order. The manufacture of metal-working machinery, other than machine tools, was distributed chiefly among the states of New York, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut, each of these states reporting over $6,000,000 in products, their combined totals representing more than three-fourths of the entire output. Meters, gas and water, were manufactured chiefly in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio, these five states producing more than two-thirds of the total value of products. Three states—Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jer- sey—were reported as the largest manufacturers of mining machinery (exclusive of oil-well machinery), these states combined producing more than 50 per cent of the entire output. The figures for New Jersey can not be shown separately without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. New York ranked first, Illinois second, and New Jersey third in the manufacture of motion-picture ma- chinery. Separate figures for states can not be shown. The manufacture of oil-well machinery was cen- tered chiefly in the petroleum-producing states of Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Cali- fornia. Ohio and Tennessee manufactured a con- siderable proportion of this class of machinery, but separate figures for these states can not be shown. In the manufacture of oil-mill machinery (cotton- seed and other) Ohio was the leading state, Kansas, which is included under "All other states," ranked second and Georgia third. Ore crushers were manufactured chiefly in Massa- chusetts, Ohio, and Illinois, but the figures can not be shown separately without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Massachusetts was the leading state in the manu- facture of paper and pulp mill and other machinery used in the paper industry. New York was second and Ohio third. The manufacture of photo-engraving machinery was confined entirely to four states, the figures for which can not be shown. Illinois was the leading state and New York second. MACHINERY. 371 Printing presses were manufactured chiefly in Illi- nois, New York, Connecticut, Ohio, and New Jersey, ranking in the order named, each state reporting over $1,000,000 in products. New York was the leading state in the manufacture of typesetting machines, reporting approximately 80 per cent of the output of this class of printing machinery. In the manufacture of pumps and pumping ma- chinery New Jersey ranked first, Massachusetts second, New York third, and Pennsylvania fourth. These four states combined contributed more than one-half of the total value of products. Pennsylvania was the leading state in the manufac- ture of refrigerating machinery (including ice-making machinery), this state alone producing over 37 per cent of the total value of products. Wisconsin, for which separate data can not be shown, ranked second, and Ohio third. Reports from Illinois indicate that state to be far in the lead in the manufacture of road-making ma- chines, the value of its products being over §£,000,000. Ohio was next in rank and New York third. Rubber-working machinery- was manufactured chiefly in Ohio, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, these states ranking first, second, third, and fifth, respectively. Separate figures can not be shown for Michigan, which was fourth in rank. Sand-blast machines were reported as manufac- tured in comparatively few states, and figures can be shown for only one state. Maryland ranked first and Ohio second. A large proportion of the machinery for sewing ma- chines and parts was centered in New Jersey, but in or- der to avoid disclosure of individual operations separate figures can not be shown for this state. Illinois was second in rank, with a production of over So,000,000. Shoe machinery was manufactured in only a few states. Massachusetts, which held first place, and Missouri, which ranked second, together reported over nine-tenths of the total value of products. Separate figures for the manufacture of slot-vending machines can be shown for only two states—Illinois and Ohio. Illinois ranked first, New York second, and Ohio third. Only four states reported the manufacturing of steam shovels, and figures for only one state—Ohio— can be shown separately. In the manufacture of mechanical stokers Pennsyl- vania was the leading state, with a product valued at more than 50 per cent of the total output. Sugar-mill machinery was manufactured to a con- siderable extent in states in which one or two estab- lishments reported a preponderance of the total out- put. Separate figures can not be shown for this reason for Missouri, the leading state. New York, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania ranked second, third, and fourth, respectively. Tar and oil spreading machines can not be reported separately without disclosure of individual operations. Typewriters were manufactured chiefly in Con- necticut and New York, which ranked first and second, respectively, in value of products. These two states together had over three-fourths of the total output. Vacuum cleaners can not be shown separately for any of the states. New Jersey and Indiana ranked first and second, respectively, in the value of products. In the manufacture of washing machines, Illinois i led all other states. Pennsylvania ranked second and New York third. These three states together pro- duced approximately 67 per cent of the total output. Figures for well-drilling machinery can be shown for only three states. Ohio is the leading state, Pennsylvania second, and Iowa third. Windmills were reported as manufactured chiefly in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, which ranked first, second, and third, respectively. Illinois reported 47.4 per cent of the entire value of products. Eight states reported the manufacture of wire-draw- ing machiner}T, but separate figures for only one state I —Connecticut—can be shown. This state produced I 50.4 per cent of the total output. ■ Oregon was the leading state in the manufacture j of sawmill machinery, reporting over 20 per cent of the ! total value of products for this class. Wisconsin was | second in rank; Washington, third; and Tennessee, i fourth. Wisconsin ranked first in the manufacture ! of planing-mill machinery, but separate figures for | this state can not be shown. Pennsylvania and New | York ranked second and third, respectively. The states of Ohio, New York, and Illinois, together pro- duced more than one-half of the total value of products of woodworking machinery, other than sawmill and planing-mill machinery. Included in "All other products'' are those classes of machinery and machine parts for which manufac- turers did not report separately or in detail. Castings, custom work and repairing, and contract work are also listed under this heading. The total value of all products in this group amounted to $21,139,508. 372 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS—PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF MACHINERY: 1919 AND 1914. Adding and calculating machines1 Air compressors Ammunition machinery 2. Bakers' machinery Blowers and fans2... Bottling machinery. Brick, pottery, and other clay-working machinery.. Cash registers and parte of1 Concrete mixers Census year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Condensers2. Cotton gins.. Confectioners' machinery 2 Cranes: Electric Hydraulic and steam. All other Dairy machinery1 Dredging machinery *.,.. Elevators and elevator machinery: Electric All other Excavating machinery. Firearms and ordnance machinery». Flour-mill and gristmill machinery . Glass-making machinery Hydraulic rams2 Laundry machinery: Power machines.. All other Lawn mowers Leather-working machinery, other than shoe Metal-working machinery, other than machine tools. Meters, gas and water1 Mining machinery Motion-picture machinery1 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 140 78 157 213 10 106 101 10 211 277 11 40 133 153 Value. $53,993,200 14,734,455 18,650,074 5,158,121 570,138 9,358,609 2,554,703 12,141,346 10,468,479 1,358,625 3,186,505 2,438,861 31,574,453 15,935,069 10,450,344 2,956,058 24,216,404 10,175,936 4,901,680 9,341,394 27,324,864 (8) 13,972,133 (8) 11,237,025 4,194,457 34,278,793 12,998,374 1,824,025 29,607,380 (8) 40,579,919 17,228,101 7,284,333 * 2,968,965 2,283,859 19,980,816 5,017,761 3,316,139 1,090,726 3,596,963 10, 800,948 6,135,321 3,090,340 1,429,958 3,777,233 2,848,119 4,691,431 1,066,939 57,541,482 17,419,526 27,764,884 11,638,074 51,243,489 13,253,634 3,605,591 Oil-well machinery Oil-mill machinery, cottonseed and other. Ore crushers2 Paper and pulp mill machinery: Paper mill Pulp mill Other machinery used in the paper industry. Photo-engraving machinery2 Printing machinery: Typesetting machines 5 All other ° Pumps and pumping machinery1 Refrigerating machinery: lee making Other refrigerating Road-making machines Rubber-working machinery. Sand-blast machines2 Sewing machines and parts1. Shoe machinery. Slot-vending machines2 Steam shovels Stokers, mechanical3... Sugar-mill machinery*. Typewriters1 Vacuum cleaners: Electric All other. Washing machines8 Well-drilling machinery, other than oil well2 Windmills 1 Wire-drawing machinery2. Woodworking machinery: Sawmill Planing mill. All other Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Census year. 1919 89 1914 127 1919 26 1914 20 1919 22 1919 53 1914 1919 16 1914 1919 109 1914 139 1919 6 1919 58 1914 88 1919 9 1914 10 1919 102 1914 56 1919 222 1914 298 1919 48 1914 1919 46 1914 73 1919 58 1914 31 1919 71 1914 14 1919 15 1919 40 1914 48 1919 61 1914 72 1919 26 1919 8 1914 1919 13 1919 56 1914 42 1919 39 1914 53 1919 3 1914 1919 10 1914 39 1919 115 1919 30 1919 32 1914 50 1919 20 1919 89 1914 182 1919 34 1914 1919 146 1914 196 1 Includes value of all products of establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of the machines specified. 2 Figures not available for 1914. 1 Not reported separately. < Dredges and steam shovels, reported under "Excavating machinery," 1914. 6 Includes linotype and other for 1914. « Printing and bookbinding machinery (other than printing presses). t The amount reported includes, presumably, only machinery specially designed for sugar mills and not otherwise available, and does not include large amounts of sugar-mill equipment, such as boilers, tanks, kettles, etc. MACHINERY. 373 Table 2.—PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF MACHINERY, BY STATES: 1919. CLASS AND STATE. Adding and calculating machines.. Ohio Missouri All other states Air compressors Pennsylvania.... Illinois All other states.. Ammunition machinery.. Bakers' machinery. Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania... New Y ork Michigan All other states. Blowers and fans... Indiana New York All other states. Bottling machinery.. Wisconsin New York Illinois All other states.. Brick, pottery, and other clay-working machinery Ohio. Illinois Indiana Michigan New York All other states Cash registers and parts of. Michigan All other states Concrete mixers Wisconsin Michigan Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania... Indiana All other states. Condensers New Jersey New York Michigan All other states. Value of products. CLASS AND STATE. Cotton gins Georgia Alabama All other states. Confectioners' machinery. New York Ohio Connecticut. Pennsylvania All other states Cranes Electric Ohio Michigan Pennsylvania All other states... Steam and hydraulic. Ohio AUother states... All other cranes...... Ohio Pennsylvania Illinois All other states... Dairv machinery-.. New York Wisconsin Pennsylvania... Missouri Minnesota Ohio Michigan .. Indiana All other states. Dredging machinery., $53,993,200 I 2,399,134 j 1,156,664 j 50,437,502 I 18,650,074 j 5,229,202 836,727 12,584,145 | 570,138 9,358,609 3,353,945 1,954,311 1,331,880 969,438 471,883 1,277,152 12,141,346 1,781,295 845,860 9,514,191 10,468,479 1,133,069 620,335 451,068 8,264,007 3,186,505 1,772,241 173,184 131,698 115,306 41,431 952,645 31,574,453 923,94S 30,650,505 10,450,344 4,642,360 I, 018,823 765,5S2 600,853 507,713 29,525 2,88574SS 24,216,404 3,951,685 2,699,008 904,179 16,661,532 10,175,936 2,436,326 2,268,669 5,470,941 9,341,394 1.261,9S0 837,354 M 25,278 * 14,082 7,202,700 52,534,022 27,324,S64 17,062,240 2,186,841 1,347,212 6,728,571 13,972,133 7,526,891 6,445,242 II, 237,025 6,496,914 408,997 408,588 3,922,526 34,278,793 14,705,315 4,359,774 2,073,216 811,854 705,154 587,518 547,499 480,001 9,918,462 1,824,025 Elevators and elevator machinery. Electric New York Illinois Pennsylvania New Jersey Ohio Minnesota Massachusetts Michigan California All other states All other Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania Minnesota New York Wisconsin Massachusetts Michigan All other states Excavating machinery. Ohio Illinois Minnesota California All other states Firearms and ordnance machinery. Flour-mill and gristmill machinery. Illinois Pennsylvania Ohio... New York Kansas Missouri North Carolina CaUfornia Nebraska. All other states Glass-making machinery.. Pennsylvania Indiana AU other states Hydraulic rams. Laundry machinery — Power Illinois Massachusetts.. AH other states. Other New York Ohio All other states. Lawn mowers Indiana Pennsylvania... All other states. Leather-working machinery, other than shoe Massachusetts Delaware New York Wisconsin Pennsylvania All other states Value of products. Metal-working machinery, other than machine tools New York Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania Connecticut New Jersey California Indiana Wisconsin Maryland All other states Meters, gas and water. New York Pennsylvania Illinois New Jersey Ohio. All other states — $70,187,299 29,607,380 7,900,864 6,439,300 5,292,787 5.279,647 i;139,899 1,026,153 936,141 246,668 108,087 1,237,834 40,579,919 8,642,341 6,915,589 5,122,951 4,022,122 3,708,753 3,587,651 534,660 15,747 8,030,105 7,284,333 2, ,5-51,346 1,719,952 633,113 149,800 2,230,122 2,233, 859 19,980,816 2,907, 75S 2,745,080 2,332,783 1,576,693 669,791 621,603 442,829 1S9.609 135,661 S, 359,009 3,316,139 1,083,555 12S, 603 2,103,981 3,596,963 13,891,2S3 10,800,948 5, 834,261 184,78S 4,781,899 3,090,340 1,531,916 411, 552 - 1,146,872 3,777,233 1,371,276 707,061 1,69$, $96 4,691,431 2,318,139 83$, $48 550, 729 395,766 216,579 371,370 57,541,482 10,770,544 10,192,199 9,445,316 9,4.13,411 6,993,973 2,911,832 650,472 376, $17 340,792 104,933 6,341,193 27,764,884 6,468,607 5,731, Sit 2,963,647 2,102,071 1,934,405 8,564,343 CLASS AND STATE. Value of products. Mining machinery, exclusive of oil-well machinery Ohio Pennsylvania Colorado Illinois. Missouri California Indiana Tennessee New York All other states Motion-picture machinery. Oil-well machinery. Pennsylvania. .. Oklahoma Texas Kansas CaUfornia Louisiana Illinois All other states. Oil-mill machinery, cottonseed and other Ohio Georgia Massachusetts All other states Ore crushers Colorado.. All other states. Paper and pulp mill machinery.. Paper mill Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania All other states Pulp-mill New York Massachusetts All other states Other machinery used in the paper industry New York Massachusetts Ohio Illinois Connecticut Missouri California Michigan All other states Photo-engraving machinery. Frinting machinery Presses Illinois Now York Connecticut Ohio New Jersey Massachusetts All other states Typesetting machines Other New York Illinois Pennsylvania New Jersey Connecticut Ohio All other states Pumps and pumping machinery New Jersey Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania —. — Illinois CaUfornia Ohio Indiana Michigan Iowa Missouri Texas All other s tates 374 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF MACHINERY, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. CLASS AND STATE. P. crrigeratmg machinery— Ice making Pennsylvania Ohio Missouri Illinois California All other states O ther refrigerating Illinois All other states Koad-making machines Illinois Ohio New York Minnesota All other states Rubber-working machinery Ohio New Jersey Connecticut Pennsylvania Illinois Massachusetts New York All other states Sand-blast machines Ohio All other states Sewing machines and parts. Illinois New York All other states Shoe machi nery Massachusetts Missouri New York All other states Slot-vending machines Illinois Ohio All other states Value of products. §30,667,050 15,664,736 3,846,857 2,365,136 996,311 570,573 307,091 7,578,768 15,002,314 1,530,888 13,471,426 15,777,652 6,256,329 2,698,002 1,900,509 1,487,909 3,431,903 17,001,919 5,898,439 3,437,085 3,179,072 1,075,625 568, 845 456, 557 111,030 2,275,266 1,319,903 270,171 1,049,732 43,694,919 7,166,783 1,104,345 35,423,791 16,260,941 12,825,311 1,968,041 266,233 1,198,356 1,646,231 640,643 246,516 759,072 CLASS AND STATE. Steam shovels Ohio All other states Stokers, mechanical Pennsylvania All other states Sugar-mill machinery New York Louisiana Pennsylvania Colorado Illinois All other states Typewriters Connecticut New York New Jersey All other states Vacuum cleaners, electric and other Ohio All other states Washing machines Illinois Pennsylvania New York Ohio Missouri Michigan Indiana Wisconsin All other states Well-drilling machinery Ohio Iowa Texas Allother states Windmills Illinois Indiana Wisconsin All other states Value of products. S12,453,763 5,048,759 7,405,001 4,280,236 2,890,052 1,390,184 14,847,346 2,702,184 2,188,716 1,287,090 235,568 22,267 8,411,521 43,313,319 16,961,254 15,760,668 938,661 9,652,736 2,240,723 i 510,521 1,730,202 42,895,929 14,657,190 3,940,551 3,239,147 2,988,510 2,900,058 964,732 880,967 615,737 12,709,037 2,566,668 1,407,775 239,417 49,736 869,740 9,933,085 4,715,045 1,556,315 895,495 2,766,230 CLASS AND STATE. Wire-drawing machinery Connecticut All other states Woodworking machinery. Sawmill Oregon Wisconsin Washington Tennessee Ohio Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Indiana Pennsylvania— Maine Massachusetts... All other states.. Planing mill Pennsylvania— New \ ork All other states.. Other Ohio New York Illinois Massachusetts... Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Pennsylvania— Indiana All other states.. All other products TEXTILE MACHINERY. GENERAL General character of the industry.—This report presents statistics for the manufacture of textile ma- chinery in the United States in 1919. Prior to this census separate statistics were not shown for this in- dustry, the figures being included with those for foun- dry and machine shops. The textile machinery manufactured by establish- ments here considered may be subdivided into four principal classes: (1) Machinery for working raw stock, and all subsequent machinery used in textile mills in preparing yarn for weaving, knitting, etc.; (2) fabric machinery; (3) machinery for converting and finishing yarn and fabric; and (4) extra parts and attachments. Statistics for the four classes com- bined are Herein presented, one of the tables giving separate figures for each group as well. A considerable proportion of the total output of textile machinery is produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other prod- ucts. The value of such manufactures—§3,611,676— however, is not included in the total value of prod- ucts shown for the textile-machinery industry. Summary for the industry.—Table 3 summarizes the statistics of the textile-machinery manufacturing in- dustry for 1919. The data include the total product of establishments engaged chiefly in the manufacture of textile machinery, but exclude those made as sub- sidiary products of other industries. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 4 presents the more important statistics of the in- dustry, by states, the states being ranked according to value of products reported for 1919. The textile-machinery industry is confined to 23 states, all being located east of the Mississippi River. The industry is largely centralized in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, the combined valuation of these sections being 97.6 per cent of the total value of products for the industry in 1919. The industry in the Southern states is represented by 41 establishments, located in North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Mary- land, and Virginia. Massachusetts is the leading slate in the industry. The value of its product is more than one-half of the total value of textile machinery manufactured in the United States, and the number of wage earners em- ployed in the industry in the state represents 54.7 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania are second and third, re- spectively, in importance, the former contributing 12.2 STATISTICS. j per cent of the value of products and 11.9 per cent of I the wage earners, while the latter state contributed ll.S ! per cent and 11.6 per cent, respectively, of these two ; items. i Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 5 shows, for j 1919, the number of persons engaged in the industry, | distributed by sex, and the average number of wage | earners, distributed by age also. The sex and age I classification of the average number of wage earners | in this table is an estimate obtained by the method ! described in the "Explanation of terms." The number of males engaged in the industry in 1919 was greatly in excess of the number of females, the proportion which the two sexes formed of the total being 91.5 per cent and 8.5 per cent, respectively. Of the total average number of wage earners em- ! ployed in 1919, 93.7 per cent were males and 6.3 per cent females. Wage earners, by months.—Table 6 gives the total average number of wage earners employed in the textile-machinery industry together with the number employed on the loth (or nearest, representative day) of each month during the year 1919 for each state for which figures can be shown separately, together with the percentages in each state which the minimum number forms of the maximum re- ported for any month. The states shown in the table vary considerably in the season of greatest activity. In Massachusetts, where more than one-half of the total number of wage earners in the textile-machinery industry are em- ployed, October was the month of greatest and April the month of least employment. Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania employed the greatest num- ber in December and the least in January. Prevailing hours of labor.—In Table 7 the average number of wage earners reported for 1919 for the industry has been classified according to the number of hours of labor per week prevailing in the establish- ments in which they were employed. More than three-fourths of the wage earners employed in the textile-machinery industry in 1919 were in establish- ments operating 54 hours or fewer per week, 42.4 per cent of the total being employed in establishments where the prevailing hours were between 4S and 54 per week. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 8 shows the size of establishments in 1919 as measured by the number of wage earners employed. (375) 376 MANUFACTURES. Of the 432 establishments engaged in the industry, 20 employed no wage earners. These were small plants in which the work was done by proprietors and firm members. The small establishments (those employing from 1 to 50 wage earners) greatly pre- dominate, this class constituting 73.8 per cent of the total number of establishments reporting, while only 4,199, or 13.2 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, were employed therein. The classes "251 to 500,'' "501 to 1,000," and "Over 1,000," comprising 23 establishments, employed 20,070 wage earners, or 63.1 per cent of the total average number, illustrating the tendency of the industry to become concentrated in a few large establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Of the 432 establishments reported for 1919, as shown in Table 9, 26, or 6 per cent, reported products valued at $1,000,- 000 or over. While such establishments represented a small proportion of the total number, they reported more than three-fifths of the total value of products. On the other hand, the small establishments—that is, those having products valued at less than $20,000— constituted 27.8 per cent of the total number of estab- lishments, but the value of their products represented only nine-tenths of 1 per cent of the total. The great bulk of manufactures was reported by plants having products valued at $100,000 or over, such establish- ments reporting 92.8 per cent of the total value. Character of ownership.—Table 10 presents statistics concerning the character of ownership, or legal organi- zation, of the establishments in the industry for 1919. The table indicates the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 46.8 per cent of the total number of establishments for the industry in 1919, employed 90.8 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 91.3 per cent of the total value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 11 shows, for 1919, the number and total horse- power of engines or motors employed in generating power (including electric motors operated by pur- chased current). It also shows separately the number and horsepower of electric motors operated b}r current generated in the establishments reporting. The total primary horsepower reported for the industry amounted to 41,997 horsepower. Steam power constituted 48.2 per cent of the total; 23,704 horsepower, or 56.4 per cent of the total primary horsepower, was owned by establishments reporting. Fuel consumed.—Table 12 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919, and also gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel for this industry. Bituminous coal was the principal fuel used in the industry in 1919, 91,551 tons being reported, of which the establishments in Massachusetts consumed a fraction less than two-thirds. Massachusetts was also the principal consumer of coke and gas, while 55.8 per cent of the oil was used in Ehode Island. Pennsylvania was the largest consumer of anthracite coal, reporting 24.9 per cent of the total amount of this kind of coal used by the industry in 1919. Table 3.—SUMMARY: 1919. Number or amount. Number of establishmen Is ;432 Persons engaged 36,126 Proprietors and firm members 354 Salaried employees 3,949 Wage earners (average number) 31,823 Primary horsepower 41,997 Capital i $129,797,903 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value addod by manufacture 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 4.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number or amount. S44,627,499 8,09S, 770 36, 528,729 178,686 6,502,215 45,636,628 122,089,264 76,452,636 5?! a : WAGE EARNERS. 51 STATE. 1 <& C, d H "— of0 Per cei istribut Rank & |!l Connecticut 23 ; 669 2.1 8 North Carolina 14 305 1.0 9 14 i 243 0.8 10 South Carolina 6 I 134 0.4 11 Georgia 9 1 94 0.3 13 4 i 16 0.1 19 Alabama 4 i 17 0.1 18 All other states.... 11 232 0.7 United States Massachusetts... Rhode Island.... Pennsylvania.... New Hampshire. Maine New Jersey New York.., p O JO 432 116 60 64 11 10 56 30 WAGE EARNERS. w>5 8-2 31,823 17,413 3,776 3,705 1,109 1,732 1,672 706 ^2 100.0 54.7 11.9 11.6 3.5 6.4 5.3 2.2 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. all $122,059 65,901 14,842 14,355 6, 223 6,135 5,003 2,933 3 100.0 54.0 12.2 11.8 5.1 5.0 4.1 2.4 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE. S76,453 42,424 9,168 8,604 3, 753 3,518 3,172 1,858 100.0 55. 5 12.0 11.3 4.9 4.6 4.2 2.4 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. ill $2,876 1,159 722 615 378 88 67 792 2.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.6 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE. $1,792 588 456 331 188 38 16 647 n 2.3 0,8 0.6 0.4 0.2 (l) 0) 0.7 i Leas than one-tenth of 1 per cent. TEXTILE MACHINERY. 377 Table 5.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers I Total. Male. Fe- male. PES CEHT OF TOTAL, j 1 Male. Fe-: male, j 36,126 33,066 3,060 91.5 8.5 j 1,584 1,525 59 j 96.3 3.7! 354 390 840 327 27 li 92,4 370 I 20 1 94.9 828! 12 |! 98.6 7.6; 5.1 1.4, Total. ; Male. Under 16 years of age. 424; PER CENT OF TOTAL. j Fe- !!_ 'male. !| 364 Male. Clerks and other subordinate salaried em- i ployees-... | 2,719 [' 1,714 ; 1,005 Wage earners (average number) ;31,823 !' 29,827" , 1,996; 16 years of age and over !31,399 , 29,463 1, 60 I Fe- ; male. 63.0 93.7 93.8 85.8 37.0 6.3 6.2 14.2 Table 6.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OK NEAREST RE PRESENT ATTVE DAY. Per cent em- 1 j mini- STATE. ployed 1 j | mum during' year.; Janu- ary- Febru- ary. Septem- ber, Octo- ber. | Novem- ber. Decem- ber. ; is of 'maxi- March. April. May. June. July. Aueust.; 1 i mum. United States 31,823 j 30,296 29,630 29,138 28, m 29,503 30,706 32,456 32,904; 33,981 34,361 ! 34,577 35,426 81.6 29,827 | 28,209 27,676 27,173 26'967 27,552 28,759 30,495 30,933 i 32,020 32,338 1 32,473 33,329 80.9 1,996 j 2,087 1,954 1,965 1,931 1,951 1,947 1,961 1,971 L961 2,023 '2,104 2,097 I 91.8 17 8 8 8 19 20 21 20 20 | 20 20 ! 20 20 i 38,1 Connecticut 669 645 641 688 696 703 675 695 697! 692 55S I 638 700 79.4 94 96 94 93 93 94 94 94 94 i 94 94 94 94 96.9 1,732 1,605 1,638 1,607 1,658 1,675 1,721 1,715 1,769 i 1,778 1,812 '1,902 1,904 'S4.3 17,413 16,740 16,181 15,737 15,S99 15,780 16,705 17,739 18,226 | 19,082 19,297 i 18,816 19,253 , 79 S 1.109 1,040 1,047 1,007 1,069 1,031 1,041 1,116 1,164 i 1,152 1,165 1,228 1,248 '80.7 1,672 1,596 1,583 1,648 1,704 1,746 1,7S5 1,879 1,486! 1.185 1,559 i 1,707 1,886 78.7 706 636 637 656 647 651 668 691 738 ■ '753 767 802 826 77.0 305 305 304 307 300 2SS 300 303 298 i 301 308 j 318 318 93.7 3,705 s,m 3,303 3,359 3,388 3,505 3,565 3,719 3,842 j 3,961 3,926 ! 4,229 4,387 74.7 Rhode Island 3.776 3,695 3,528 3,384 StS16 3,403 3,536 3,867 3,953 1 4,032 4,195 4,236 4,167 78.3 South Carolina. 134 16 243 144 17 222 149 138 14 232 131 14 133 IS 237 132 18 241 120 15 129 j 16 264 j 125 14 134 18 244 ! 134 19 139 IS 255 80.5 63.2 84.1 17 227 232 255 260 ! 247 1 i Table 7.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. Total. United States !31,823 Alabama 17 Connecticut !669 Georgia ;94 Maine j 1,732 Massachusetts j 17,413 New Hampshire 1,109 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVATL- ING HOURS OF LABOR TER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 775 Be- tween 44 and 48. 48. | Be- s tween : 48 { and ! 54. .|1,445 J6,236 .;1,013 13,483 64 7,399 54. i Be- tween 1 54 and 60. 1,608 ,4,692 8 i 17 6 98 j 73 223 ] 510 [3,224 22 | 62 60. 31 12 Total. New Jersev 1,672 New York. 706 North Carolina 305 Pennsylvania 3.705 Rhode Island 3,776 South Carolina 134 Tennessee 16 Vermont 243 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE TRET AIL- ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— I Be-! tween Be- tween 48 and 54. ! Be- tween . 44 and un- der. 44 48. 54. ; 54 and 60. and i 48. ! 60. 593 74 118 796 38 ! 53 134 51; 85 222 158 29 27 89 , 137 79 8 565 i,335 283 ! 651 863 25 71; 360 2,S54 208 258 19 70 45 i 6 15 168 51 4 6 9 378 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. Wage earners (average number). No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. a wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. STATE. CD I Establish- j ments. Wage earners, j 3 w CO . Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. © 52 3,444 Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. C3 to 3 c w cs a? 1oS W United States 432 31, 823 20 108 292 141 1,556 70 2,351 39 2,749 31 4,805 10 7 5,234 6 11,392 Alabama 4 23 9 10 116 17 669 94 1,732 17, 413 2 11 3 2 6 6 1 32 14 67 63 7 Connecticut. 2 1 2 1 1 3 29 27 1 7 2 1 71 30 1 64 1 440 2 13 160 916 1 116 2,240 i 1,442 9,950 91 356 16 503 14 3 995 3 1 2,362 661 5 11 1,109 1,672 706 305 3, 705 1 2 4 38 228 122 2 9 5 5 15 62 332 156 188 568 1 57 326 169 2 3 2 289 456 246 North Carolina 56 30 14 64 4 4 17 6 4 48 13 10 18 11 4 47 206 4 2 1 3 60 171 1 282 Pennsylvania 2 3 16 39 18 7 2 1,2^32 256 2 3 783 944 1 736 1, 475 Rhode Island 60 6 4 3, 776 134 16 243 8 3 2 1 26 7 25 1 1 249 16 6 8 1 220 45 9 1 606 66 2 South Carolina Tennessee 1 10 1 Vermont 14 10 104 2 53 1 85 Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. VALUE OF PBODUCT. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to$100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000and over.. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. VALUE OF PRODUCT. Average number of wage earners. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. 432 31,823 122,089,264 76,452,636 Per cent distribution 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40 80 166 100 20 26 31 287 2,161 5,562 3,371 20,411 103,972 1,003,552 7,675,721 22,360,635 14,301,083 76,644,301 70,538 603,682 4,295,606 13,403,294 8,578,622 49,500, 894 9.3 18.5 38.4 23.1 4.6 6.0 0.1 0.9 6.8 17.5 10.6 64.1 0.1 0.8 6.3 18.3 11.7 62.8 0.1 0.8 5.6 17.5 11.2 64,7 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,000,000 Table 10.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments owned by— VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Total. Per cent of total. Total. Of establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. An- oth- er s. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. United States 154 202 76 31,823 1,696 28,895 1,232 5.3 90.8 3.9 $122,089,264 $6,197,967 $111,446,119 $4,445,178 5.1 91.3 3.6 Alabama 3 8 6 4 39 1 17 669 94 1,732 17,413 i 17 23 35 i 15 487 100.0 3.4 37.2 0.9 2.8 66,911 2,875,689 • 377,589 6,134,677 65,901,370 i 66,911 143,188 144,545 i 67,627 1,799,735 100.0 5.0 38.3 1.1 2.7 Connecticut 8 3 4 62 7 621 59 1,717 16,678 25 92.8 62.8 99.1 95.8 3.7 2,609,017 233,044 6,067,050 62,977,828 123,484 90.7 61.7 93.9 95.6 4.3 Georgia . Maine 2 15 "f,123,807* Massachusetts 248 1.4 1.7 New Hampshire 2 26 Jl 20 14 9 31 2 10 5 3 15 1,109 1,672 706 305 3, 705 483 81 1,054 922 499 288 2 55 267 126 2 17 225 2,8.9 11.5 95. 0 55.1 70.7 94.4 90.4 5.0 16.0 17.8 5.6 6.1 6,222,552 5.002,932 2,933,308 1,159,277 14,354,753 1,396,373 252,961 6,068,741 2,840,733 2,209,609 1,021,771 12,904,514 a 153,811 765,826 470,738 27.9 S.6 97.5 56.8 75.3 88.1 89.9 2.5 15.3 16.0 11.9 North Carolina 2 3 137,506 872,359 Peansvlvania 18 132 278 3,348 3.6 7.4 577,880 1,172,263 4.0 7.9 6.1 Rhode Island 23 2 2 5 32 2 2 5 2 3,776 134 16 243 3,3.85 3 134 113 89.6 100.0 100.0 3.0 14,842,179 614,758 88,112 722,180 13,297,607 3 614,758 '88,112 318,455 372,309 85.6 100.0 100.0 2.5 South Carolina Tennessee 3 16 3 6 56 101 86 23.0 41.6 35.4 180,702 223,023 25. 0 44.1 30.9 1 Includes the group "All others." 2 Includes the group "Individuals." »Includes the groups "Individuals" and "All others." TEXTILE MACHINERY. 379 Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919. Num- ber of engines or motors. HOESEPOWER- { Per ; cent Amount, distri- , bu- ! tion. Primary power, total j 2,104 j; Owned j 230 |; Steam i 139 j Engines j 134! Turbines !5 I1 Internal-combustion engines j 50 i j Water wheels and turbines j 41 | j 41,997; 100.0 23,704 20,247' 17,75.5 , 2,492 S62 i 2,595 56-4 48.2 42.3 5.9 2.1 6.2 HORSEPOWER. Num- : ber of ij 'engines;; I or W ! motors. ! Per cent Amount, distri- bu- tion. Primarv power—Continued.; Rented ;1,874; IS,293 43.6 Electric !1,874 , 18,040 43.0 Other 2.53 (K6 Electric '2.630 27,338 100.0 "Rented."."....*.'."..* , 1,874; 18,040 66.0 Generated by establishments reporting /58 ;| 9.298 34.0 I! Alabama Connecticut Georgia Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire.. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919. :! Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds) United States j 14,015 247 10 2,142 2,780 40 Bitu- j minous j (tons,! 2,000 j pounds)! Coke! (tons, i 2,000! pounds)! Fuel oils (bar- rels). 91,551 12 1,326 36 1,918 61,183 2,297 2,025 17.247 1,498 14,678 1,833 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- tels). 693 [ Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 52,310 215 211! 25,,023 5; 334 |j Vermont l- Anthra- Bitu-; ! cite minous; ! (tons. ; (tons, i ; 2,240 2,000 ; pounds)1 pounds) Coke 1 (tons,: 2.000 i pounds). New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee 2,312 , 2.3513 i 111! .564' '283 250 248 !i 102 3*487" 11,164! 3,161; 2,305 , 8,816'! 4; 235 j 800; 10 no; 150 || 50; Fuel oils (bar- rels). I Gaso- ! line j and I other j volatile j oils : (bar- rels). I 832! 24,092 j '200' 287 113 5 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Gas (1,000 cubic feet ■•). 5.106 i;i85 222 9,896 5.239 Special statistics relating to products.—Table 13 summarizes the statistics, for 1919, relative to the differ- ent kinds or groups of textile machinery and parts and attachments for which separate totals were compiled. Table 13.—TEXTILE MACHINERY AND PARTS, BY STATES: 1919. STATE AND KIND. Total value 1. State totals: Massachusetts— Rhode Island Pennsylvania New Hampshire. Maine New Jersey New York Connecticut North Carolina... Vermont South Carolina... All other states... Machinery for working raw stock and subsequent machin- ery used in textile mills in preparing yarn for weaving, knitting, etc Spinning and throwing machines- Massachusetts All other states Carding machines- Massachusetts All other states Winders and warp spooling machines- Massachusetts All other states Roving machines and slubbing frames- All states Twisting or doubling frames- Massachusetts All other states Picker machines- Massachusetts All other states All other preliminary machinery— Masaehusetts All other states Number. Value. STATE AND KIND. Fabric machinery.. Massachusetts.. Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. $122,089,264 65,901,370 14,842.179 14,354,753 6,222,552 6,134,677 5,002,932 2,933,SOS 2,875,689 1,159,277 722, ISO 614, 75S 1,325,5S9 Fabric machinery—Continued. New York New Jersey- All other states Machinery for converting and finishing yarn and fabrics. Rhode Island ... Massachusetts Pennsylvania New Jersey New York All other states 40,582 J 35,529,666 3,741 3,209 6,465,628 j 3,147,805: 13, 754 1,456 7,176,675 440,756!; 1,475 8,215 1,240,440 !j 4,562,326 ij 2,359 4,509,269 i 770 1,618,300 i 241,643 352 817 118 976,366 i 172,259! •3,286 1,030 4,012.945 965; 214 0) 29,865,051 17,081,912 4,464,188 3,225,356 Extra parts, attachments, and accessories for textile machin- ery Massachusetts Pennsvlvania . Rhode* Island New Jersey New Hampshire Maine North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Vermont New York All other states Other textile machinery, including repairs Massachusetts Pennsylvania New York Rhode Island Connecticut New Jersey N orth Carolina All other states Number. 22.562 '527 16,91S 1,969 565 142 2,441 Other machinery not pertaining to textiles. Massachusetts Pennsylvania Rhode* Island All other states All other products, all states. Value. SI, 372,581 96t500 3,624,516 7,623,797 2,147.293 2,158,989 1.748.669 '855; 884 96,629 616,333 34,788,177 17,373,189 4,334,764 3, 277,523 3,086,246 2,691,169 959; 429 596,143 712,974 565,0.54 456,361 219, ,537 515,7SS 10,262,910 4,607,163 1,143,989 1,011,391 882,3,86 530,993 262,386 168,017 1,656,585 1,331,677 824,176 185,516 177,647 144,338 2,6S7, i In addition, textile machinery and parts to the value of $34611t676 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other Industrie*. 1 Figures not available. 380 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—The principal data secured by the census inquiry concerning the manu- facture of textile machinery are presented in detail for the industry as a whole and for each state for which figures can be shown in Table 14. Table 14.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. United States Alabama Connecticut Georgia Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire... New Jersey New York. North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Vermont All other states 2... 432 4 23 9 10 116 11 56 30 14 64 Total. 36,126 23 763 122 1,871 19,37S 1,194 1,901 872 366 4,318 4,575 156 24 278 285 Pro- prie- tors, and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers , |super-| in- ftend- ents, and man- agers, 354 11,230 37 16 59 490 27! 83; 56 j 28' 158 228 V 10 25 i Clerks, etc. Male Fe- male. 1,714 1,005 |31,823 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 5 1 34 861 18 73 45 16 291 351 4 5 38 543 34 21 44 7 104 187 3 2 3 6 17 669 94 1,732 17,413 1,109 1,672 706 305 3,705 3,776 134 16 243 232 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 35,426 Je 21 My 703 Ja 96 De 1,904 Oc 19,297 De De De Dei De 1,248 1,886 826 318 4,387 No 4,236 Fe 149 No 19 Au 264 Minimum month. Ap 28, S Ja* 8 Oc 558 Mh i 93 Ja 1,605 Ap 15,399 Mh 1,007 Se 1,485 Ja 636 My1 298 Ja 3,276 Ap 3,316 Jy 120 My 12 Ja 222 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 35,598 16 and over. 20 697 96 1,904 19,254 1,247 1,888 825 318 4,369 4,344 138 18 267 213 Male. [33,097 15 609 85 1, 850 17,914 1,138 1,532 786 307 4,252 4,019 113 18 260 199 Fe- male.! 2,029 5 78 11 54 1,058 108 291 39 7 85 252 20 Under 16. Male Fe- male! 409 I 63 30 Capital. $129,797,903 22,149 2,771, 501 156,919 3,914,700 76, 759,604 5,131,758 4,532,953 2,056,641 677,157 16,744,426 15,005,963 672,254 47,291 483,049 821,538 Salaries and wages. Officials. $5,027,595 177,336 27,190 218,631 2,209,299 149,910 282,216 256,364 71,858 764,614 753,605 17,555 5,230 23,474 70,313 Clerks, etc. $3,071,175 14,729 3,623 100,920 1,545,893 81,551 113,797 94,493 30,187 496,141 545,236 19,325 765 6,652 17,863 United States Alabama Connecticut Georgia Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire— New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Vermont All other states2.... expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—Con. Wage earners. For contract work. $36,528,729 $178,686 10,306 668,683 92,552 2,033,078 20,712,227 1,164,246 1,569,560 941,879 245,443 4,367,609 4,189,640 101,461 15,296 185,0.55 231,694 81,603 18,264 69,974 1,864 6,956 ""*25" Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $308,482 840 7,422 1,985 7,314 66,712 405 65,288 24,939 4,578 77,602 44,952 985 720 "4,"760' Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $6,193,733 288 229,355 8,087 145,952 3,655,976 634,738 99,270 24,117 30,305 617,273 694,840 7,543 518 19,830 25,641 For materials. Principal materials. $44,094,714 Fuel and rent of power. $1,541,914 50,259 1,062,590 186,751 2,551,024 22,633,109 2,422,224 1,760,087 1,042,703 559,437 5,551,390 5,457,235 274,659 47,920 259,052 236,274 679 21,471 2,406 65,163 844,263 47,168 70,920 32,266 11,416 199,176 217,340 8,773 1,873 7,147 11,853 Value of products. $122,089,264 66,911 2,875,689 377,589 6,134,677 65,901,370 6,222,552 5,002,932 2,933,308 1,159,277 14,354,753 14,842,179 614,758 88,112 722,180 792,977 Value added by manufac- ture. I$76, 452,636 15,973 1,791,628 188,432 3,518,490 42,423,998 3,753,160 3,171,925 1, S58,339 588,424 8,604,187 9,167,604 331,326 38,319 455,981 544,850 Primary horsepower. Total. 41,997 19 819 78 3,324 22,402 1,313 1,715 754 504 4,855 4,751 287 29 786 361 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 350 50 265 12,134 526 591 210 2,355 840 24 310 100 Steam tur- bines. Inter-| nal- com- bus- tion en- [gines 2,492 1,072 1,250 150 20 862 2,595 118,293 224 5 304 Rent- Waterj cd.« pow- er.8 155 203 1,816 164 45 40 'i<34" 19 295 2S 1,784 6,972 623 855 741 294 2,196 3,686 223 29 292 256 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 9,298 25 5 6,134 3 103 2,358 275 50 45 1 Same number reported for ono or more other months. 3 All other states embrace: Delaware, 1 establishment; Illinois, 1; Indiana, 2; Iowa, 1; Kentucky, 2; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 1; Virginia, 1; and Wisconsin', 1. 'Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-bolt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). MACHINE TOOLS. GENERAL Sr. General character of the industry.—This report pre-; sents statistics of the manufacture of machine tools in the United States in 1919. Prior to this census,' separate statistics have not been shown for this in- dustry, the figures being included with those for the foundry and machine-shop and other industries, there-; fore comparative figures are not available. Summary for 1919.—Table 15 summarizes the sta- tistics for the census of 1919. States, ranked by value of products.—Ohio was the ■ leading state in the manufacture of machine tools. This state, as shown in Table 16, reported 26.1 per cent of j the total number of wage earners and 29.4 per cent of the total value of products. Massachusetts, second in importance, contributed 12.2 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively, of these two items. Rhode Island, third in importance, contributed 13.5 per cent and 10.5 per cent; and Connecticut, ranking fourth, con- tributed 10.3 per cent and 8.7 per cent, respectively,; of these two items. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Vermont, Wisconsin, New Jersey, New York, Indiana, , Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, and Maine follow in j the order listed. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification \ by sex for 1919 is shown separately in Table 17. The j age classification of the average number of wage [ earners in this table is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures by states will be found in Table 26. Wage earners, by months.—In addition to the mini- i ber of wage earners employed by months, similar data j are given in Table IS for males and females separately as well as the total average number for each state for j which statistics can be presented, together with the! percentage which the minimum number forms of the j maximum. \ Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 19 shows that 39.1; per cent of the employees were reported working from i 48 to 54 hours per week and 31 per cent working 48 | hours and less. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Analysis of Table 20 discloses the sig- nificant fact that 62 establishments, or 15.4 per cent of the total number for the industry, were shown in classes having fewer than 6 wage earners, while only 157, or about three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number of wage earners, were employed therein, evidencing the predominance of the small establish- ments based upon the average number of wage earners. On the other hand, the classes "501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" wage earners, comprising 27 establish- ments, employed 27,239 wage earners, or 51.3 per cent of the total average number, illustrating the extent of manufacturing operations in a few large establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The statistics in Table 21 strikingly illustrate the predomi- nance of large establishments measured by value of products. The group "SI,000,000 and over" reports 52 establishments, or 12.9 per cent of the total number for the industry, with a value of products of $146,- 142,213, or 68.8 per cent of the total value. On the other hand, the establishments in groups under $1,- 000,000 report 351, or 87.1 per cent of the total num- ber, and S66,257,945 in value of products, or 31.2 per cent of total value. Character of ownership.—Table 22 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 79.4 per cent of the total num- ber of establishments for the industry, employed 94.3 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 94.5 per cent of the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 23 shows primary horsepower owned and rented. Rented power predominates with a total of 70,176 horsepower, or 69.9 per cent of total horsepower. Fuel consumed.—Table 24 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry and also gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel. Of the total for the three chief kinds of fuel used in connection with this industry, Ohio reported 31.1 per cent of the bituminous coal and 41.4 per cent of the fuel oils, and Michigan reported 30.7 per cent of the gas. Anthracite coal is naturally consumed in the Eastern states, and three states— Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—com- bined, reported S4.4 per cent of this kind of coal used by the industry in 1919. (3S1) 382 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—SUMMARY: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Number or amount. 403 61,762 132 8, 519 53,111 100,433 $231,039,843 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 16.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number or amount. $84,216,825 18,037,856 66,178,969 1,469,844 18,315,255 59,034,308 212,400,158 153,365,850 United States. Ohio Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Pennsylvania Illinois Michigan Vermont Wisconsin 11 403 102 46 13 33 32 23 31 6 24 WAGE EARNERS. SI 53,111 3 100 26.1 12.2 13.5 10.3 6.9 6.2 6.0 3.8 4.4 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. III O £ 03 rt <£> K> n d $212,400 62,554 23,443 22,301 18,435 16,797 15,008 12,656 9,610 9,415 100 29.4 11.0 10.5 8.7 7.9 7.1 6.0 4.5 4.4 VALUE ADDED BY i MANUFACTURE, i ! Amount (expressed i thousands] Per cent distributioi Rank. $153,366 100 45,077 16,534 18,607 13,512 12,029 29.4 10.8 12.1 8.8 7.8 1 3 2 4 5 10,253 8,684 6,683 6,816 6.7 5.7 4.4 4.4 6 7 9 8 New Jersey New York Indiana Kentucky Minnesota Missouri Maine.. All other states Is WAGE EARNERS. 1,678 1,590 1,223 249 163 121 3.2 3.0 2.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0) 1.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY i MANUFACTURE. $6,768 5,028 4,259 1,022 827 435 16 3,826 3.2 2.4 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.2 (l) 1.8 o 141 2 14 29 46 Cor- pora- 50,100 15,472 2,345 1,080 5,634 3,055 1,664 1,510 13,270 3,548 7,169 2,024 2,312 All oth- ers. 2,361 i 148 509 51 539 i 123 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 28.4 "5.Y 4.4 0.8 1.8 0.3 140 I Cor- pora- tions, 94.3 100.0 71.6 87.9 87.1 95.6 99.2 95.0 95.8 100.0 100.0 98.3 All oth- ers. 4.4 12.1 7.9 3.2 3.9 3.4 1*212,400,158 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. 18,435,449 15,008,096 4,259,463 23,442,547 Of establishmen ts owned by- Individ- uals. 12,082,478 $200,730,860 33,512,501 i,'i50,"3i6' 12,656,492 ij a 410,419 6,767,671 I' 3 51,029 5,027,880 j! 91,504 62,554,169 jj 178,059 16,797,040 22,301,290 9,609,745 9,414,820 Corpora- tions. $9,586,820 » 18,435,449 11,495,595 3,538,946 20,452,575 12,246,073 6,716,642 4,812,397 60,188,897 16,277,662 i 22,301,290 9,609,745 9,069,044 All others. i 720,517 1,839,662 123,979 2,187,213 1519,378 i 345,776 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 23.4 "4.9' 3.2 0.8 1.8 0.3 Cor- pora- tions 94.5 All oth- ers. 100.0 76.6 83.1 87.2 96.8 99.2 95.7 96.2 I 96.9 i 100.0 100.0; 96.3; 16.9 7.8 ! 2.5 1 3.£ 3.1 1 Includes the group "Individuals." Table 23.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF a Includes the group "All others." TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919. HORSEPOWER. HORSEPOWER. Num- ber of Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. Num- ber of Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. POWER. engines or POWER. engines or Amount. Amount, motors. motors. 7,971 100,433 100.0 Primary power—Continued. Rented 7,751 7,751 70,176 70,037 139 69.9 69.7 0.1 Owned 220 149 132 17 55 16 30,257 26,975 20,325 6,650 2,249 1,033 30.1 26.9 20.2 6.6 2.2 1.0 Electric. .. Engines Other Electric 11,408 7,751 3,657 98,817 70,037 28,780 100.0 70.9 29.1 Rented Water wheels and turbines Generated by establishments reporting.. Table 24.— FUEL CONSUMED, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States Connecticut Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Michigan Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 17,513 644 14 6 1,683 | 7I Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 196,071 19,758 18,043 4,917 17,452 9,491 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 28,871 3,297 1,921 865 1,515 Fuel oils (barrels) | 55,681 8,191 30 867 7,590 4,244 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 9,462 757 28 145 i, 050 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 335,130 9,902 54,249 840 19,119 102,948 New Jersey... New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Vermont Wisconsin Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 1,887 603 269 11,209 299 556 329 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 10,585 3,393 61,004 14,389 13,155 2,774 16,697 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). Fuel oils (barrels) 1,855 1,025 52 310 125 2,955 23,059 734 3,322 2,235 358 9,360 6,495 148 1,542 1,065 2,181 276 98 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of products.—Machine tools for the establishments here considered are subdivided, as shown in Table 25, into 18 principal classes: (1) Lathes, (2) milling, (3) grinding, (4) drilling, (5) screw, (6) boring, (7) planers, (8) presses, (9) gear-cutting, (10) hammers, (11) shapers, (12) pipe, (13) shears, (14) broaching, (15) bending, (16) port- able tools, (17) all other machine tools, and (18) all other products. In 1919 the total value of such manu- factures was $212,400,158. MACHINE TOOLS. 385 Table 25.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919. STATE AND KIND. Total value. Ohio Massachusetts... Rhode Island... Connecticut Pennsylvania... Illinois Michigan Vermont Wisconsin New Jersey New York Indiana Kentucky All other states.. Ohio. Pennsylvania... Massachusetts... New York Illinois Kentucky All other states.. Turret lathes Indiana Massachusetts... All other states.. Bench and other lathes . Massachusetts Illinois New York Connecticut All other states Milling machines: Plain Ohio "Wisconsin New York Connecticut All other states.. Universal Wisconsin Ohio All other states.. Vertical.... Automatic. All other... Grinding machines: Plain Massachusetts... Pennsylvania.... Ohio Connecticut Wisconsin. All other states.. Universal Massachusetts... Ohio All other states.. All otlier , Massachusetts... Connecticut Ohio Illinois All other states.. Drilling machines: Radial Ohio All other stales.. Multiple spindle Ohio All other states.. Number. Value. $212,400,158 554,169 442,547 301,290 43.5,449 797,040 008,096 656,492 609,745 414.820 767,671 027, 8S0 259,463 022,499 102,997 Lathes: Engine lathes !17,188 6,775 74 1,411 2,008 1,GS0 647 5,193 4,657 861 205 3,591 7,186 2,224 1,199 963 280 2,520 Sensitive Massachusetts... All other states.. 4,635 lf926 924 646 274 865 3,163 914 1,155 1,094 1,304 822 1,556 8,359 4,425 1,029 993 533 150 1,229 1,792 771 241 780 2,735 560 228 <349 163 1,435 2,732 2,416 316 1,440 65 1,375 5,993 1,9S5 4,008 23,239,849 12,604,232 1,739,737 1,670,023 1,393,223 431,286 367, S94 5,033, 454 10,140.582 1,470; 910 556,887 8,112,785 4,094,346 903,247 781,103 444,36-8 96,622 1,869,006 6,171,040 2,629,301 1", 536,666 479,937 176,986 1,348,150 5,5S0,044 1.710,317 1,860,215 2,009,512 2,755,943 1.232,048 2,787,290 12,011.923 6.234; 103 21381,570 925,229 382,846 166,484 1,921,691 2,066,166 520,307 354,843 1,191,016 1,725,2,52 404,990 310,378 237,676 119,6S7 652,521 5,702,134 4', 635,136 1,066,995 1,998,594 210,482 1,7SS,112 1,974,917 1, 045,573 929,344 STATE AND KIND. ; Number. Value. Drilling machines—Continued. Upright Illinois All other states Screw machines: Automatic Hand Ohio All other states Boring machines: Horizontal Ohio Pennsylvania. Massachusetts... All other states.. Vertical Ohio Pennsylvania... Allother states.. Planers Ohio Massachusetts... Pennsylvania.., All other states.. Presses- Punching Ohio All other states.. All other New Jersev Ohio '. Illinois All other states.. Gear-cutting machines.. Hammers, pneumatic and other.. Ohio New York... All other states Shapers Ohio Michigan Pennsylvania... All other states.. Pipe machines Ohio All other states.. Shears Broaching machines., Bending machines... Portable tools Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania... Connecticut All other states.. 6,477 3,804 2,673 3,181 3,046 2,365 681 826 343 126 97 260 607 24-8 258 101 1.482 '869 151 20 442 32,168 31.457 '711 3,618 559 370 240 2,449 2,6SS 38,535 7,348 "363 30,824 4,515 1,875 217 13 2,410 4,118 1,048 3,070 1,367 549 153 All other machine tools.. Massachusetts. Ohio Rhode Island Connecticut Michigan Pennsylvania. Illinois Wisconsin New Jersey New York Indiana , All other states All ether products. $1,754,463 891,188 863,275 6,465,636 3,159,410 2,642,132 517,278 4,437,937 1,448,449 1,340,532 445,864 1,203,092 4,329,654 2,410,446 1,136,029 783,179 8,128,655 4,154,315 584,661 600,987 2,788,692 5,400,044 4,530,299 869,745 956,855 135,480 158,865 28,770 633,740 5,845,565 4,951,974 807,977 256,2.29 3,SS7,76S 4,230,695 1,662,301 308;S56 81,947 2,177,591 2,481,441 585,572 1,895,869 1,566,467 1,395,300 941,739 10,907,928 2', SSL. 729 2,650; 146 185,965 58,604 5,131,484 31,313,335 6,34a, 693 6,232,137 5,109,905 4,340,245 2,523,745 1,081,883 1,258,778 1,375/260 719,271 6S2s7i& 590,683 1,052,019 32,652,932 111367—23 25 386 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states,—Table 26 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole. Table 26.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab-| lish- rnontsl United States Connecticut Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York . Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin. All other states2... 33 28 15 7 3 46 31 5 5 14 29 102 32 13 6 24 10 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 61,762 6,311 3,841 1,464 292 7,709 3,6&5 224 155 2,186 1,863 16,112 4,400 7,776 2,313 2,760 663 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 132 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 2,3.33 208 145 114 16 274 137 10 18 113 106 663 163 142 39 158 27 Clerks, etc. Ma 366 278 78 469 212 25 13 255 % 1,038 358 160 165 152 24 Fe- male. 263 139 38 473 135 23 3 136 59 527 191 303 85 92 13 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 53,111 5,472 3,273 1,228 249 5 6,471 3,196 163 121 1,678 1,590 13,855 3,671 7,169 2,024 2,352 594 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 5S,640 Ja De De De (l) De No De De 5,926 3,751 1,362 302 5 7,297 3,436 198 149 1,850 1,886 De 15,305 Ja 4,005 De De De De No 8,092 2,205 2,722 Minimum month. My 49,515 Ap Je Mb Ja 0) Je Je Je 5,087 2,713 1,136 209 5 5,858 3,030 102 104 Je 1,531 Mh 1,384 My 12,911 Se 3,033 Fe Ap 6,352 1,897 1,886 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 10 and over. Total. Male. 58,776 5,943 3,764 1,360 302 5 7,370 3,385 197 149 1,844 1,881 15,333 3,612 8,099 2,213 2,703 616 56,618 5,702 3,624 1,355 297 5 7,011 3,177 197 149 1,844 1,871 15,064 3,544 7,422 2,112 2,628 616 Fe- male. 2,035 181 138 3 5 326 202 7 260 65 675 100 73 Under 10. Male 121 Fe- male! Capital. $231,039,843 20,380,557 14,323,537 4,315,557 633,454 15,697 32,446,551 14,438,803 778,024 461,177 7,343,687 7,351,076 56,626,865 21,869,376 25,036,802 11,041,881 10,865,674 3,111,125 Salaries and wages. Officials. $9,491,952 $3,545,904 926,324 650,595 478,508 62,892 925,899 663,481 25,325 61,708 349,188 398,641 2,511,242 717,680 536,253 290,747 711,431 182,038 Clerks, etc. 669,478 646,123 136,472 19,729 995,451 547,780 32,383 16,453 586,792 201,312 2,028,768 936,704 661,396 479,571 499,472 88,020 Salaries and wages—Con. United States... Connecticut Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Massachusetts M ichigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey— New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin All other states 3 expenses—continued. Wage earners. $66,178,969 SI,469,844 7,247,888 4,410,243 1,383,825 272,222 4,786 7,610,041 4,408,088 182,168 148,677 1,519,552 1,825,120 17,071,620 5,141,121 8,702,410 2,550,347 2,836,033 864,828 For contract work. $476,353 8,917 6,693 21,854 8,487 50 101,642 25,476 55,054 140 4,309 20,665 406,294 492,633 17,243 5,590 182,924 111,873 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $17,838,902 13,125 19,046 18,123 840 300 98,717 32,501 6,720 7,764 3,742 109,566 119,528 24,257 5,284 2,400 12,255 2,185 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $56,048,334 1,040,390 593,090 206,788 37,267 1,072,132 619,855 13,116 4,044 936,220 306,956 6,294,723 1,967,759 1,723,094 1,434,642 1,044,683 544,045 For materials. Principal materials. $2,985,974 4,548,245 4,582,312 1,303,22S 303,250 5,368 6,532,701 3,789,355 207,584 184,075 2,345,341 1,231,764 16,731,367 4,516,253 3,368,170 2,817,119 2,456,188 1,126,014 Fuel and rent of power. 374,721 173,097 71,107 11,595 293 376,062 182,818 13,618 6,609 75,241 73,181 745,468 251,782 325,796 110,016 142,270 52,300 Value of products. !$212,400,158 23,442,547 12,656,492 827,184 434,999 6,767,671 5,027,880 62,554,169 16,797,040 22,301,290 9,609,745 9,414,820 3,825,259 Value added by manufac- ture. $153,365,S50 4,347,089 3,722,935 45,077,334 12,029,005 18,607,324 6,682,610 6,816,362 2,646,945 Primary horsepower. Total. 100,433 8,903 5,767 2,272 381 18 12,676 5,905 334 211 3,984 3,925 25,255 8,536 7,201 4,325 1,742 Steam ] | engines (not tur- , bines). Owned. 20,325 1,262 1,965 150 2,165 400 1,365 300 4,649 3,619 550 300 2,950 650 Steam tur- bines. 6,050 200 2,200 1,635 1,530 1,050 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines, Water] pow- 320 25 24 915 802 1,033 110 16 450 267 Rent- ed.* 70,176 7,271 3,774 2,112 321 18 10,303 5,185 334 211 394 3,581 18,056 4,115 0,918 3,401 1,087 1,092 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 23,780 35 1,690 150 7S0 4,122 10 9,309 7,846 4,380 458 1 Same number reported throughout the year. 2 All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Delaware, I; Iowa, 1; Kansas, 1; Maryland, 1; Now Hampshire, 3; Washington, 1. a Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). ENGINES/STEAM, GAS, AND WATER. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The engines man- ufactured by establishments here considered may be subdivided into four classes: (1) Steam engines, (2) internal-combustion engines, (3) traction engines, not locomotive, and (4) water wheels, motors, turbines, etc. In many establishments, however, minor or sub- sidiary products are manufactured which can not properly be assigned to any of these groups, the value of which is necessarily included in the total value of the products of the factory reporting. In 1919 the total value of these subsidiary or minor products was $126,910,209, such products including engine parts, automobiles and trailers, agricultural implements, electrical machinery, general machinery, pumps, con- densers, and other miscellaneous items. Engines were also made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products to the value of $115,259,101 in 1919, and $39,421,230 in 1914. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for 1919 and 1914; prior to 1914 separate statistics were not obtained for this industry. With the exception of the number of establishments, and proprietors and firm members, a large increase is shown in every item. The increases, however, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the in- dustry for the period. A truer index of the condi- tions is found in the increase in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addi- tion of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." "Contract work," or work performed by employees other than those in the plant reporting, has little significance, since it represents merely the methods of manufacture used by establishments, which vary from year to year. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Michi- gan, as shown by Table 2, was in 1919 the leading state in the manufacture of engines. This state reported IS.4 per cent of the total number of wage earners, and 21.9 per cent of the total value of products. Wisconsin, second in importance, contributed 22.9 per cent and 19.6 per cent, respectively, of these two items. Although en- gines were manufactured in 33 different states, the industry has become centralized in Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and New York, named in the order of their rank by value of products. Com- bined, the 6 states produced 78.2 per cent of the total value of products for the industry in 1919, and em- ployed 78.7 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classifica- tion, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 was obtained in the same manner as the dis- tribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate ob- tained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures in detail will be found in Table 16. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 show the regularity of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the existing indus- trial conditions during the census years reported. In 1919 the number employed in the industry month by month ranged from a maximum of 90,102 in January to a minimum of 70,193 in May, the minimum number being equivalent to 77.9 per cent of the maximum. This table presents the number of males and females separately for the United States for 1919, and combined figures for the United States for 1914 and for the principal states for 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 10.3 per cent were reported as emplo3Ted fewer than 54 hours per week, as against 67.3 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 9.9 per cent of the total wage earners, as compared with 2.3 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Anatysis of Table 6 discloses the significant fact that 66 establishments, or 17.S per cent of the total number for the industry, employed less than 6 wage earners each, while only 185, or one-fifth of 1 per cent of the total number of wage earners, were em- ployed therein, evidencing the predominance of the small establishments based upon the average number of wage earners. On the other hand, the classes "'501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" wage earners, com- prising 39 establishments, employed 53,064 wage earn- ers, or 68.4 per cent of the total average number, illus- trating the extent of manufacturing operations in a few large estabhshments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the census of 1914 establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000,"° and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of es- tablishments and value of products have been com- piled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 7, (3S7) 388 MANUFACTURES. therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture, in 1914. The statistics in the table show the degree of concentration of pro- duction in large establishments. In 1919 the groups "$500,000 to $1,000,000" and "$1,000,000 and over" included 123 establishments, or 33.2 per cent of the total number for the industry; employed 70,374 wage earners, or 90.6 per cent of the total average number; and reported products to the value of $434,346,867, or 93.4 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 8 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 82.7 per cent of the total num- ber of establishments for the industry in 1919; em- ployed 98.8 per cent of the total average number of wage earners; and reported 99 per cent of the total value of products. During the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the average number of wage earners em- ployed by corporations increased by 48,952, or 176.4 per cent, and the value of products by $392,561,748, or 579.2 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 126,974 horsepower, or 201.4 per cent. Owned power showed an increase of 46,784 horsepower, or 117.2 per cent, and rented power increased 80,190 horsepower, or 346.5 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914, and also gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel for manufac- turing purposes. Table 1 .—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital.. 1919 370 96,286 93 18,576 77,617 190,021 $454,124,733 1914 446 36,303 197 6,449 29,657 63,047 8131,080,145 Per cent of increase,1 1914-1919. -17.0 165. 2 -52.8 18-8.0 161.7 201.4 246.4 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 2 1919 $136,347,494 30,912,039 105,435,455 936,389 21,599,073 217,550,771 464,774,735 247,223,964 1914 S2S, 586,083 7,165,346 21,420,737 145,921 969,916 31,460,227 72,121,112 40,660,885 Per cent of increase,1 1914-1919. 377.0 331.4 392. 2 541.7 2,126.9 591. 5 544. 4 508,0 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 2 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States Michigan Wisconsin Pennsylvania... Illinois Ohio New York , Now Jersey "AS WAGE EARNERS. 03,5 33 77, 617 14,258 1.7, 782 9, 711 8,645 6, 218 4,528 2,392 £1 * 18.4 , 22.9 i 12.5 1 11.1! 8.0 j 5.8! 3.1! VALUE OF PRODUCTS. R £ 3 §464,775 !100.0 OF? 101, 989 90,9.53 52, 574 45,741 42, 851 29,822 19,387 21.9 19. 6 11.3 9.8 9.2 6.4 4.2 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 3247,224 1100. 0' si 44,939 45, 886 33,738 22,097 22, 507 19,720 13,971 18.2! 18.6 13. 6 8.9 9.1 8.0 5.7 Iowa Indiana Minnesota California Connecticut Missouri Washington All other states.. WAGE EARNERS. bX) §5 2,739 2,853 1,529 2,231 1,764 782 546 1/639" 3.5 3.7 2.0 2:9 2.3 1.0 0.7 2.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. $17,611 14,473 12,946 12, 687 7,309 4,166 2, 527 9,739 3.8 3.1 2.8 2.7 1.6 0,9 0.5 2.1 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. o tp a <&2 $8,716 6,784 8,366 7,041 4,015 2,665 1,402 5,377 a-2 S"5 3.5 2.7 3. 4 2.8 1.6 1.1 0.6 2.2 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 19.14 1919 1914 Total. 96,286 36,303 3,885 1,406 93 197 3,193 731 Male. 90,210 34,144 3,844 1,401 86 196 591 475 3,167 730 Fe- male. 6,076 2,159 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 93.7 94.1 98.9 99.6 92.5 99.5 98.7 99.4 Fe- male. 6.3 5.9 1.1 0.4 7.5 0.5 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.1 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 14,784 6,240 77,617 29.657 77.509 29,622 108 35 Male. 10,593 3,149 75,773 29,594 75,674 29,559 99 35 Fe- male. 4,191 2 091 1,844 63, 1,835 63: PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 71.7 60.1 97.6 99.8 97.6 99.8 91.7 100.0 Fe- male. 28.3 39.9 2. 1 0.2 2.4 0.2 8.3 •hhjlvav am 'svo 'wvais 'saNioNa 688 '*I6I JOJ Jopun puu s* sapnpui r S£ 8 '09 J3AQ 662 If \ SSI 9SS 19 sos I 6S 961 , 6*1 919 n OS £9£ ZIS S£ ss 691 m z 00**5 •09 01* 1 £69 oo*£s f-09 ses es 6S9 m 99£ 961 81* zos's 9U 'S 65 ess §09 9£8'I 061'I 816 618 912 GOO'S S99*S *58 65 OIT 910 I 68 6S5 8* 9^1 SI Z*5' I ZI6 COO 500'l OIS s 915 SZS'l 961 161 051 Ell zis, 091 1 Gil ZS£ 8S . 989*1 TSS tl Z6 810** ZOS 80S 01 , £S8 £ 161 S9S 16 ISS '* £IS 950 'Z 001 ZOS'l 6SI'?! 6*6'91 '09 puE fc S9S*8 699*9 9Z0 I 01* '91 •*5 •f5 8SI 61 891 SOS'S 99? *s9 OIS'S 69£ £18 £99 688 SS6^I 66S ZZ i"8f .(0 590'* S0£ (s) (t) 9S1 (t) 619 '* '8* pin?** *S6 ZS5 80S ££9 lOS'l ISS 0S8 (0 ozi'i (t) 086 (s) US 'l 6SS 6 *j9pun ** —3H3A1 TmTTAl JO SHJlOH ©KTCIYAaaa 3H1 aaaHii siNajcBsnarxsa NI 010 9 SSZ 'LI IS 9*5 sss's IIZ *6 S96 'Z SIS '9 ££6 'l SSS** ZZ9, S68 S Z0£ SSZ 805 6S9 '1 ZS* '* S5S'*1 Z6I 'l 681 'Z Tie't £5S*S 098*1 9*0*8 5Z0*I *oz *T £18 I8S 'S Z59 6S 119 *ZZ f!6l 6161 *I6I 6161 *I6I 6161 *16I 6161 T T6T 6161 *I6T 6161 *I6I 6161 *I6I 6161 *I6l 6161 1161 6161 1161 6161 H61 6161 *I6I 6161 *I6I 6161 *I6I 6161 rnsnoosyA. uo^aiqs^AV t^atJApCsntrej orqo 3[JOA A\d& £0SI9f M9£[ pnossiH tt)osoumpi UBSiqoipf 'TJAVOI t3nt3Tptq sionnu ■■—inorjoounoQi • • - xjixijojt^o ST1ST18Q I TI6T aXV 6T6T ^SavLYXS I'OZ. rs£ 0"5S I*5S 5 '6* F9S 9'ZL 0 19 L'Z9 TZ? fa £6i f'ZL £S9 £69 02 S6£ US'01 Llf 9 0S2'£ I 9^'l 606 tSJ'l 9t£ '91 ; 616'S j 688 'S ! ?IS'l £5S'l £*£S 9'15 9'SI \ f 61 l6I I 08t ! Otl '01 | £IS'9 S£5'8 mli £161 0S£ 1 9tl'51 58*'S 9SS'S Z6?'S *09'T ttL 'I 189*61 ! £99 , 089 '6 ! SOS'9 i 05? I sss I 9£S SI8 | 189 911 Z£6 SIS Lt9 169 , m'LZ, ■ 699 89 i 9*6'9S ; 6S6'l I SSS'l! 091'l j 09?£6Z j ST* '91 1 S60 (9L i 6ft'IS CfZ'SL S5S'9£ •nmm j j jo sr J -nraoaa: I -toqaok trmni i: j -luiui ;I J9«I •J9q 9S5''l S99 99S'6 18S'9 m'z £6S'l 9SS 0S£'T 508'51 619'1 098 615 '8 009'1 ?S9'S 6?£ '91 199 A£S'6 199'9 f£f'£ 998'I 518 OS*'l £1S '51 6St 'I fOL'Z 190'8 t59 'I £19'S 95S '51 STZ 668 '6 6S9 '9 ST9'£ SLL 6S?'l £I*'>1 £00 '8 0S913 991*1 S59 '1 ZS?'S 9S9'n 0S9 8S8 '6 SS6 '5 OSi m 'i 9IS '81 990'8 TU *Z 5<-6 'L esz't 81* 'S OSS'51 989 686 '8 S19'9 *05'* 919 'I fSL L99 'I ZSL '01 080 '8 8*9 *S 288 '8 68Z '1 998 6 *S0 'SS 1S9 'I 061 '£1 IIS 'H 010 '08 909'I 09Z 'U 99Z'£L *II '0£ UQ 'l 9Z1 'XL 6*1'Si 988*08 619*1 888*89 S5**0Z 8*9 '18 089'I 299*89 m '01 'ASK *£* 'LI 085 SI* '6 696 '5 06* '5 656'S *0Z 60£ 'I 09f'0[ 591 '8 L9L 'Z 55* '8 S£S'I m'z 8*1 '81 58* 5SS'6 5ZI*9 I 885'9 S8*'* ! U9 ; 868'I ; 59Z '81 j 9£S'£ Z66'S i 5S8*6 j zse'i I Z69*I IU*SI SSS 061 '01 1*0 '9 618*9 *S0'S 9Z9 *£S'*I 889'£1 068'8 I 600*8 I 885*6 ! 811 'S i 051 *S £80'SS 8*8 18 069't! sie'i 86S '8Z I *SI '18 886I 9Z0'£S •iudy •qojBK 5-8S'08 ISO'S 151 '88 S8S '58 ■Am -ruqaj[ 'iyq aL\iiviK3S3HJaa xsauvan ao hinok shx ao ayci hx5I no azAouJO aaaKnN 9S8'6I S95 195 '01 158 '9 888 '9 ZSO'S 869 051 *I I69'9T 890'£ 89S*8 IS8'6 9£T*S SU'2 881'08 !| Z59'6S 9S6'Z j! **8*I ZZT'Z8!: 2LL 9L 201'06 I! ZI9'ZZ SSZ 'LI 9*5 TU *6 8IS '9 SS5 '* S6£'S ssz, 6S5 'l S5S'*I 68Z*S 85-S'S 5*9*8 *9Z*l I£S*S 3nunp -rao 2dq -nmn -joav UTSUOOST^ * BTireAfiSUUOcI Tinossxi^ --^bsouxiipi UT33iqDTJ\[ 'GittOI tflltJTpUl sioirmi • • "TJTUJOTTTBO *I6I — S9I^K 6161 [•semSg oftD)} &<\ %\idm£.o\$md miiuiiutmjo ;sq^ pne S9in3g pao^j-pioq ^q p^Borpm si oyeqs qo^sa joj ^natn^oidino rarunrxBtn jo q^nora oqj,] •6161 ^saxYxs aaxoaias noa 'shxmor 'snauraYa srovM—'? arlavx 390 MANUFACTURES. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United Stales 1919.. 1911.. California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Washington - Wisconsin 370 446 ~~22~ 16 25 16 17 35 14 10 15 31 44 34 13 36 CD 77,617 29,657 2, 231 1, 764 8, 645 2, 853 2, 739 14, 258 1, 529 782 2, 392 4, 528 6, 218 9,711 546 17,782 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. •32 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. -9 o 62 120 to S 185 340 18 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 74 107 879 1,350 51 12 47 75 38 46 27 35 28 108 59 66 62 61 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ■2 a I8 1, 828 2,853 114 146 154 215 140 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 215 176 36 197 3,617 3,492 66 130 233 301 63 483 241 141 169 74 553 357 314 261 I3 £1 10, 212 7,648 863 572 617 376 496 1,315 138 277 238 1,659 742 773 128 985 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 7, 832 4,299 426 321 366 854 273 320 278 461 1, 560 1,439 1, 534 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. rO Pi 16,990 2, 815 701 898 1,524 604 1,710 700 702 1,570 2,113 645 Over 1,000 wage earners. ^2 -9 pi 4 6,061 1 1,170 5 3,957 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 370 446 | 77,617 29,657 $464,774,735 $72,121,112 $247,223,964 $40,660,aS5 Less than $5,000 22 37 88 100 46 77 tT j 21 157 1,277 1 5,788 ; 6,776 j 63,598 89 590 3,063 58,542 460,083 4,468,157 j 25,441,0.86 \ 33,155,061 401,191,806 183,305 1,148,3S6 6,888,195 25,236,846 11,836,296 26,82S,0S4 38,237 259,204 2,447,079 13,237,168 18,519,019 212,723,227 121,335 681,3.50 3,875,498 $5,000 to $20,000: 101 135 109 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $.500.000 | 14,751 } 21,185,717 $.500,000 to SI .000,000 18 $1,000,000 and over 12 11,164 14,796,9S5 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 5.9 10.0 23. 8 27.0 12.4 20.8 15.9 22.6 30.3 24.4 4.0 2.7 0) 0.3 2.0 10.3 0) 0.3 0.2 9.7 35.5 16.6 37.7 (x) 0.3 1.7 $5,000 to $20,000' 0.2 1.6 7.5 8.7 SI. 9 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 5.4 7.5 86.0 $20,000 to $100,000 9 5 §100,000 to $500,000 } 49.7 '37.6 / 5.5 \ 7.1 | 52.1 36.4 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 86.3 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. ESTABLISHMENTS, OWNED BY— j NUMBER OF | AVERAGE NUMBER In establishments owned by— OF WAGE EARNERS. ! VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Cen- sus year. Total. Per cent of total. Total. Of establishments owned by- Per cent Of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. An; Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. oth-i ers. j ! oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. United States 1919 47 306 17: 77,617 665 76,693 27,741 259 0.9 98. 8 0.3 §464,774,735 72,121,112 $3,262,902 2,061,126 $460,334,108 07,772,360 $1,177,725 2,287,626 0.7 2.9 99.0 94.0 0.3 3.2 1914 94 305 47; 29,657 914 1,002 3.1 93.5 3.4 1919 5 15 2! 2,231 i 26 2,205 i 1.2 98.8 12,687,250 2,709,907 1172,^15 i 43,251 12,514,735 2,666,656 1,4 1.6 98.6 98.4 1914 3 30 i! 813 U3 800 1 L6 98.4 1919 2 12 2 1 1,764 181 1,683 j 4.6 95.4 7,309,474 2,551,767 i 486,966 6,822,508 1,968,705 6,7 22.8 93.3 77.1 1914 4 13 1 | 1,075 1217 858 20.2 79.8 1583,062 Illinois 1919 2 22 i! 8,645 8,583 a 62 99.3 0.7 45,741,267 3,948,730 45,572,299 3,799,726 »168,968 139,452 99.6 96.2 0.4 1914 3 22 1,860 7 1,774 79 0.4 95.4 4.2 9,552 0.2 3.5 1919 3 12 1 | 2,853 1,311 133 2,820 1,267 L2 98.8 96, Q 14,472,788 2,808,386 i 68,728 14,404,060 2,743,512 0.5 2.3 99.5 97.7 1914 5 14 2| l 44 3.4 ,,,,, i 64,874 i Includes the gioup "All others." ?Includes the group "Individuals." ENGINES, STEAM, GAS, AND WATER. 391 Table 8.-CHARACTER OP OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. Iowa Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey— New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Washington... Wisconsin Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 I 1914! 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 number op establishments! OWNED BY- Indi- vid- uals.j Cor- i All pora-' oth- tionsJ ers. 15 i 12 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 2,739 1,197 14,2-58 4,427 1,529 508 7S2 307 2,392 .77 j 4,528! 1,973 j 6,218! 2,962 j 9,711 I 5,222 546! 21 j 17,782 i 6,010; 74 3119 3 21 152 3 347 168 10; 139! 8 33 | Cor- pora- tions. 12,739' 1,131 14,251' 4,261 i 1,529 17S2 307 2,318 558 4,507 1,775 5,871 2,68S 9,662 5,063 513 12 * 17,782 5,575 All oth- ers. Indi-! Cor- j; vid- j pora- ': uals.i tions. :i i 131 3.1 17.6 ! 0.5 7.7 5.6 5.7 39 0.1 20 j 2.7 100.0 94.5 -4.Y 100.0 96.2 m 100.0 95.7 3.0 100.0 100. 0 96.9 82.4 99.5 90.0 2.3 94.4 90.7 3.6 99.5 97.0 0.4 0.4 94.0 All oth-1 ers.! Total. ! 6.0 416 23.8; 176.2 j 100.0 I 92. S! 423 0.2 117,610,778 j 3,585,946 | I 101,989,440 i 12,369,172: 12,046,297 j 1,950,239; 4,166,336 i 1,171,929 I 19,357,212 1,756,278 ) 29,822,256: 4,598,902 42, S50,677 6,861,351 52,574,026 11,391,872 2,527,275 84,991 90,953,496 13,063,336 Of establishments owned by- i Per cent of total. Individ- uals, 74,470 383,024 »297,770 883,418 333,494 '1,998,551 413,948 52,050 243,205 8 127,473 33,865 24,860 Corpora- tions. i$17,610,778 3,436,477 101,9.55,580 All others.: $126,577 130,860 12,074,084! 220,618 » 12,946,297 j 1,911,822 14,166,336 1,171,929 j 19,004,1SS i 1,458,508 29,738,868 4,173,597 40,852,126 6,052,461 52,407,206 11,119,227 2,399,802 91,S11 "394*942" 114,770 29,440 s 90,9-53,496 12.157,8S4 < 46,128 ""880"592* Indi- vid- uals. 2.0 17.0 Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. 100.0 1 95.8! 100.0 97.6 100.0 98.0 100.0 100.0 98.0 83.0 0.3 I 99.7 4.7 6.0 5,0 45,7 0,3 95.3 8S.2 99.7 97.6 95.0 100.0 93,1 3,5 (3) 1. 2.0 5.8 0.2 0.3 54,3 1 Includes the group "Individuals. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent 3 Includes the group "All others." * Includes the group "Corporations." * Includes the groups "Individuals" and "All others." Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. Primary power, total. Owned . Steam Engines , Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors.. NUMBER OF EN- GINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. 1919 10,477 469 247 19S 49 216 1914! 2, 495| 516 183 (l) C1) 316! i7i Amount. 1919 1914 190,021 63,047! 100.0 Per cent distribu- tion. 1919 1914 86,690j39, 906 70,5S2:25,3S3j 42,7371 27,845 15,773 335 0) 13,835! 6SSj 45.6 37.1 22.5 14.6 8.3 0.21 100.0 63.3 40.3 21.9 1.1 Primary power—Continued. Rented Electric Other NUMBER OF EN- GINES OR MOTORS. 1919 1914! .,10,008,1,979 .'^OOSjl^1 Electric , Rented Generated by establishments reporting. .jl7,496k, 472 .ilO.OOSil, 979 .1 7,488 2,493 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 1914 103,331 ;23,141 103,315!22}200i 161 94l| 213,727 103,315| 110,412 158.780! |22;200| 36,5S0j Per cent distribu- tion. 191911914 54.4, 36.7 54.3; 35.2 0.1! 1.5 100.0100.2 48.3! 37.0 51.7i 62,8 1 Not reported separately. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919. Anthra-I cite (tons 2,240 lbs.). United States.. 1919.. 1914.. California.... Connecticut. Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan 6,399 2-8,547 377 Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 658,919 239,359 38 5,292 66,740 9,493 15,09.8 74,910 Coke (tons, 2.000 lbs.). 94,940 42:341 485 1,050 11,388 1,365 7,630 10,625 Fuel oils (barrels). 264,655 63,796 Gaso- line and! other volatile! oils (bar- rels) 24,770 7; 747 33,035 Hi 619 12,396 62,752 65,106 (l) 741 199 12,111 1,736 3,861 15,475 G as (1,000 cubic feet). S07,064 2 022,742 2,236 244 1-13,515 11,367 2,960 40,78S Minnesota.. Missouri New Jersey. New York.. Ohio Pennsylvania... Washington. - - Wisconsin Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 102 ,252 ,270 339 !,427 50 98 Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 6,690 2,074 IS,707 23,871 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). (7 I 34,40* 211.736 346 183,169 1,639 1,380 321 5,425 6,778 6,834 230 38,215 Fuel oils (barrels).i Gaso- line and other , volatile! oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 [cubic feet). 2,284 605 1,197 1,445 2,725 1,646 13 19,131 1,475 6,350 S,S29 17,696 282,852 186,292 8,672 83,861 1 Iuchided in lisrures for fuel oiJs. 392 MANUFACTURES- SPECIAL STATISTICS. Certain additional detailed information concerning the quantity and value of products for the industry is collected by means of supplemental schedules. In the foregoing tables statistics are presented for only those establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of engines. There is, however, a considerable production of engines by establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture. The general statistics for these subsidiary products are included with the statistics of the industry reporting them. In order to present in detail the number, type, and horse- power of the engines built in these establishments, the data in the following tables of production include the subsidiary engine products of establishments classed under other industries. Classes of engines, grouped according to horsepower capacity.—Table 11 shows in comparative form for 1919 and 1914 the various types of engines manufactured, divided into horsepower groupings. Of the total value of products in 1919, $453,123,627, or 78.1 per cent, was the value of completed engines. Of the total number of engines built, 37.4 per cent were stationary and portable internal-combustion engines, 26.7 per cent automobile engines, and 25.7 per cent traction engines. That there was a tendency to build larger units is shown by the fact that in 1914 the average horsepower per engine was slightly less than 16, but in 1919 the average rose to nearly 29 horse- power per engine. Table 11.—NUMBER OF EACH CLASS OF ENGINES, GROUPED ACCORDING TO INDICATED HORSEPOWER CAPACITY, AND TOTAL HORSEPOWER AND VALUE: 1919 AND 1914. CLASS. Cen- sus year. Total number of NUMBER, BY INDICATED HORSEPOWER CAPACITY. 100 to 499. 500 to 999. 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 and over. Total indicated horsepower Value. engines. Under 10. 10 to 49. 50 to 99. to 1,999. to 4,999. to 9,999. rating. Products: Aggregate 1919 1914 S36,206 418,526 324,456 293, 259 4.88,340 111,156 9,439 10,877 11,034 2,576 503 359 1,786 95 331 104 158 39 159 61 23,948,454 6,553,956 5580,033,836 111,542,342 Manufactured by establishments engaged primarily in the engine industry. 1919 1914 742,566 346,394 290, 264 253,610 435,399 83,513 8,294 7,220 6,034 1,724 436 200 1,692 51 260 40 88 16 99 20 19,340, 501 4, 258,297 464,774,735 72,121,112 Manufactured by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. 1919 1914 93,640 72,132 34,192 39,649 52,941 27,643 1,145 5,000 S52 67 159 94 44 71 64 70 23 60 41 4,607,953 2, 295,659 115,259,101 39,421,230 Steam engines: 3,657 Stationary and portable (not turbine or automobile)... 1919 1914 12,373 12,404 1,921 2,449 7,053 5,335 2,447 2, 961 809 1,426 91 191 19 13 2 29 2 780,930 805,682 14,491,373 11,821,964 29 1919 1914 2,419 i 1,307 149 125 857 288 619 624 389 48 54 22 45 19 54 16 29 65 43 1,083,971 1,312,718 10,073,324 8,662,174 280 Marine (not turbines) 1919 1914 679 953 3 59 63 145 21 273 18 191 2 8 73 1,203,530 73,679 27,951,268 1,299,971 Marine turbines 3 1919 2,142 447 10 770 362 182 368 40 194 84 43 1,438 109 93 7 3,993,205 46,101,653 0 ther steam ongines3 j 1919 1,814 498 76 11 182,701 3,335,089 Internal-combustion engines: Automobile. - 1919 1914 223,340 71,745 4,840 4,004 217,631 64,706 830 3,035 39 6,381,625 1,916,293 60,988,532 11,622,961 Aviation 2 1919 6,747 9 6,73S 1,716,245 33,814,333 M arine 1919 1914 31,530 44,157 22,559 35,952 7,717 7,657 556 417 612 112 82 17 3 2 1 500, 243 339,638 20,578,132 7,570,245 Stationary and portable (not automobile, aviation, or marine). 1919 1914 312, 916 250, 722 271,172 22H, 9b7 39, 772 20, 424 1,050 925 885 369 28 24 1 11 3 2 5 1,748,638 1,144,991 55,941,323 25,606,905 Other internal-combustion engines 1919 1914 14,758 2, 849 14,273 2,700 343 18 23 124 119 7 163,110 28,300 3,045,552 513,623 Traction, not locomotives 1919 1914 214,958 15,150 8,343 181 203,082 12, 200 3,092 2,739 441 5,556,480 424,264 172,667,089 17,651,216 29 1 1919 1914 12,530 19, 239 419 18, 434 11,326 166 541 356 167 181 33 51 19 6 17 8 10 11 18 637,776 508,391 4,135,959 3,633,008 Other engines and parts „ , 1919 1914 I 6 52,294,174 9,453,054 Other foundry and machine-shop products 1919 1914 ! 50,596,481 0,121,982 All other products ., . 1919 1914 24,019,554 7, 285, 239 i Includes 11 marine steam turbines of 121,000 horsepower. 2 Figures not available for 1914. ENGINES, STEAM, GAS, AND WATER. 393 Summary, by states.—Table 12 summarizes by states, j ranked by their importance as shown by value of! products, the total number, horsepower, and value of | the various types of engines manufactured. The data j are divided into four groups—steam, internal-combus- tion, traction, and water-driven. In 1919 internal- j combustion engines was the leading group, forming i 38.5 per cent of the total value and 70.5 per cent of the total number of engines built. Traction engines followed with 38.1 per cent and 25.7 per cent of these items. Steam engines claimed 22.5 per cent of the total value and 2.3 per cent of the total number, while water-driven units formed only nine-tenths of 1 per cent of value and 1.5 per cent of number. Table 12.— NUMBER, HORSEPOWER, AND VALUE OF EACH CLASS OF ENGINES, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. CLASS AND STATE. United States i 836,206 Total for the industry | 742,566 Subsidiary products from other industries i 93,640 Steam engines 19,427 Pennsylvania... Ohio.." Wisconsin Indiana New Jersey New York Michigan California Washington Illinois All other states.. 9,545 1,244 2,066 88 900 929 1,795 110 64 732 1,954 Internal-combustion engines j 589,291 Michigan Wisconsin Pennsylvania New York Illinois Ohio Indiana Iowa New Jersey Connecticut California Missouri Minnesota.. 197,829 176,633 29,351 9, 490 48,546 12,986 50,013 27,367 1,481 5,820 1,773 9,754 4,232 All other states j 14,016 Traction engines (not locomotives) | 214,958 Wisconsin Michigan Illinois Ohio Minnesota Iowa Indiana California All other states.. Water wheels, motors, turbines, etc | 12,530 Pennsvlvania... Ohio..' All other states.. 442 11,217 871 1914 418,526 346,394 72,132 14,664 5,440 412 664 264 705 1,459 2,214 34 60 655 2,757 369,473 96,509 99,120 11,984 9,382 35,034 14,900 17,864 50,207 296 6,829 1, 772 7.913 3,743 13,920 15,150 HORSEPOWER (RATED OR INDICATED), 1919 1914 23,948,454 ; 6,553,956 19,340,-501 ' 4,2.55,297 4,607,953 j 2,295,659 244,337 | 2,192,079 2,330,255 403,188 1,222,940 194,050 233,596 763,187 148,694 16$, 225 90,650 34,266 1,655,2S6 932. 84', 202 19, 43, 592, 33, 2, 5, 35, 239, 10,509,861 3,429,222 6,544,380 1,607,859 ■807,516 534,289 483, 255 332.604 472,570 121,044 184,965 116,792 72,224 58', 177 34,621 139,565 5,556,480 1,602,0S1 443,995 179,517 181,763 204, 487 202,284 191,8133 158,017 5,019 79, 749 34,340 41,596 28,163 76, 408 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Horsepower. Value. 1919 1914 1919 2 $4.33,123,627 * $88,382,087 v 100.0 341,608,825 1 53.160,306 111,514,802 j 35,221, 161 101,952,707 21,784,109 44, 287,051 12, 759, 736 11.889,907 6,287,768 5,634,776 3,982,885 3.976,451 % 939,878 2,125,67S 970,793 7,097, 784 174,367,872 62,378.949 26,324', 601 18,146,744 15,990,967 8,946, 770 7,52-8, 724 6,470', 371 6,111.358 5,340,895 5,303,75S 3,793,416 3,467,091 948,068 3,616,160 424,264 r 172,667,089 3,178 2,061 1,378 1,261 5,052 226 850 360 784 19,239 397 17,694 1,148 1,487, 1,694. 9137; 748, 164, 285, 115, 53, 101, 637,776 249,265 167,151 221,360 133, 45, 33, 63, 84, 5, 17, 18, 23, 084:, 871 225,330 554,193 351,101 388,184 984,315 694,675 289,568 094, 852 60S, 391 4,135,959 262,170 I 2,244,718 118,163; 713,834 128,058 j| 1,177,407 11,243,023 8.813,350 3,437,403 3.812,800 3', 030,634 3,224,263 2.130.008 3; 245,322' 194.402 2,013,168 i 1,288,553 927.979 - 547,131 1,405,698 i 17,651,216 j 3,787,207! 2,550,379' 2,048,826 2,114,953! 3,094,307 257.983! 1,625', 432 1,148,694 i 1,023,435 3,633,008 j 138,912 832,029 662,067 80.8 19.2 9,632,015! 1,199,169' 2.155,133! 172,429 1.152,957: 3,288,753 ■ 457,272 j 56,142; 123,269; 328,935' 3,218,035 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914-1919. 1914 i 1919 I 1914 ! I 100.0 1 100.0 ' 100.0 Horse- power. 265.4 Value. 65.0! 35.0! 60.1 1 39.9 3-54.2 100.7 542.R. 216. 6 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 230.5: 368.0 32.2 42.5 43.4 44,2 150.0 359. 8 5.6 3.9 12.5 5. 5 374.9! 964.0 16.9 9.3 11.7 9.9 503.0 1 451.7 2.7 0.9 6.2 0.8 906.5; 3,546.6 3.2 2.0 5. 5 5. 3! 433.7 1 388. 7 10. 5 27.0 3.9 15.1; 28.8 i 21.1 2.1 1.5 3.9 2.1! 344.5 j 769.6 2,3 0.1 2.9 0.3 j 5,524.3 1 5,136. 5 1.3 0.2 2.1 0.6 1 1,689.7! 1,624.4 a 5 1.6 1.0 1.5! —3. 5 j 195.1 22.8 10.9 7.0 14. 8 | 591.1 J 120.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 j 206.5 | 284. S 52.7 46.7 35. 8 24.8 i 246.1 | 454. 8 15.3 13. 0 15.1 19.5 i 262.1! 198.7 7. 7 5. 2 10.4 7.6; 349. S; 427. 9 5.1 5. 3 9.2 8.4 | 193.9: 319. 4 4.6 6.0 5.1 6.7 1 136.3; 195.2 3.2 5.9 4.3 7.1 j 64.4! 133. 5 4.5 5.6 3.7 4.7! 147.1 j 203. 8 1.2 4.6 3.5 - 9! -23.4 ] 88.3 1. s 0.1 3.1 o!51 3,585.3! 2,647.3 1.1 2.3 3.0 4.4 j 46.4 j 163.5 0.7 1.0 2. 2 2.S! 110.3! 194. 4 0.6 1.2 2.0 2.01 39.9! 273.6 0.3 0.8 0.5 1.2 22. 9 j 73.3 1.3 2.2 2.1 3.1 82! 7! 157.3 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 1,209.7; 878.2 26.8 31.3 27. 8 21.5 1,018.0 I 1,169. 7 30.5 ia$ 24.5 14,4 3,598.9! 1,555.6 16.3 7.9 20.0 1L6 2,615.0 > 1,586.5 13.5 14.9 8.9 12, 0 1,085,9! 625.8 3.0 19. 8 6.0 17.5 95.3 j 235.7 5.1 1.2 4.0 1.5 5,286. 2 i 2,607.3 2.1 4.0 3.9 9.2 576.4 | 311.9 1.0 4.4 3.1 6.5 185.4 i 360.5 1.8 5, 6 1.8 5. 8 324.6 j 202.4 | 25.4 | 100.0 mo 100.0 100.0 13.8 39.1 51.6 54. 3 5S. 9 -4.9 4.9 26.2 23 . 2 17.3 22. 9 41.5 — 14.2 34.7 X,2 28.5 18." 2 72.9 77.8 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. s In addition, establishments engaged in the industry reported engine parts and other products valued at §126,910,209 in 1919 and $23,156,609 in 1914. Steam engines.—Table 13 shows in comparative form the number, horsepower, and value, for 1919 and 1914, of the several kinds of steam engines manufactured. Wherever possible, each class is shown by states, which are ranked in the order of their importance as shown by value of products. In 1919 marine engines predominated in value of all steam engines, marine turbines claiming 45.2 per cent and marine engines (not turbines) 27.4 per cent of the total. Stationary and portable engines and stationary turbines formed 14.2 and 9.9 per cent, respectivel}r. 394 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—SEGREGATION OF TYPES OF STEAM ENGINES, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. CLASS AND STATE. Stationary and portable (not turbine or auto- mobile) Pennsylvania Ohio Michigan Wisconsin Illinois New Jersey New York Allother states Marine (not turbines) Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Michigan: 1919 Num- ber of en- gines. 12,373 6,110 987 1,469 1,514 731 147 3.54 1,061 679 134 81 149 67 Indi- cated horse- power. 780,930 357,412 89,053 37,867 72,070 28,546 9,230 8,681 178,071 1,203,530 312,050 98,430 122,150 71,650 Value. $14,491,373 6,430,142 2,720,693 1,699,444 847,815 685,848 382,696 314,064 1,410,671 27,951,268 9,931,000 3,529,718 2,991,258 1,690,821 Num- ber of en- gines. 12,404 4,976 394 J, 987 583 628 444 1,060 2,332 953 0) 31 0) 227 1914 Indi- cated horse- power. 805,682 319,467 84,037 22,765 79,765 31,370 19,892 81,682 166,704 73,679 (l) 5,664 (l) 10,686 Value. $11,821,964 4,150,461 1,189,327 326,780 1,578,617 288,545 637,909 1,158,623 2,491,702 1,299,971 310,743 (l) 130,492 CLASS AND STATE. Marine (not turbines)- Continued. Washington New York New Jersey Allother states Stationary turbines: All states Marine turbines . New Jersey All other states. Other steam engines: All states 1919 Num- ber of Indi- cated horse- power. Value. en- gines. 35 50 19 144 69,400 179,470 SI,532,220 941,906 493,291 6,841,054 29,750 320,630 1,083,971 10,073,324 2,142 1,841 3,993,205 2,080,535 104,050 1,808,620 28,924,051 14,149,962 38 263 1,814 182,701 3,335,089 1914 Num- ber of en- gines. 0) 130 114 451 !1,307 Indi- cated horse- power. 0) 18,060 3,856 35,413 Value. C1) $240,360 159,397 458,979 8,662,174 i Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. * Includes 11 marine steam turbines of 121,000 horsepower. Internal - combustion engines. — Statistics regard- ing the various types of internal-combustion engines are shown in Table 14. An effort was made to secure data on the various kinds of fuel used, such as gas, gasoline, kerosene, etc., but reliable figures on this subject can not be shown on account of the paucity of the replies to this inquiry. Automobile engines formed the leading class, constituting 35 per cent of the total value; stationary and portable followed closely, with 32.1 per cent. Aviation engines, for which separate statistics were obtained for the first time at this census, reported 19.4 per cent; and marine engines, which consisted chiefly of motor-boat'engines and the small detachable engines built for the propul- sion of rowboats, formed 11.8 per cent, the balance being unspecified engines. Table 14.—SEGREGATION OF TYPES OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES,BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. CLASS AND STATE, Stationary and portable (not automobile, aviation, or marine) Wisconsin Pennsylvania Iowa Michigan New York Ohio Indiana Illinois Missouri California Minnesota New Jersey Washington Connecticut All other states Automobile Michigan Wisconsin Illinois Pennsylvania Indiana New York All other states 1919 Num- ber of en- gines. 312,916| 119,844 12.706 27,350 51,032 778 5.480 45,459 27,232 9,680 949 209 112 24 75 11,986 1223,340 133,719 37,819 21,130 15,392 4 "~ 6', 1391 4,652 Indi- cated horse- power. Value. 1,748,638, 474,875! 242,387 120,993 179,172 72,778 116,377 310,907 84,627 51,409 27,964 7,894 1,610 526 630 56,489 6,381,625 4,047,7071 1,087,204| 396,201 401,125 161,006 195,555 92,827 $55,941,3231 14,752,241 7,704,127 6,109,871 4,840,024 4,837,000 4,801,541 4,107,952 2,491,490 2,365,209 1,3G5,900 185,424 88,799 29,110 25,737 2,236,898 160,988,532 35,093,951 1 8,788,341 6,393,2881 5,043,156 2,337,763' 2,175,029 1,157,004 1914 Num- ber of en- gines. 250,722 83,017 9,474 49,842 31,079 2,715 9,324 11,416 26,806 7,875 953 3,653 133 96 148 14,191 71,745 49,723 3,123 5,279 1,918 5,070 4, J 85 2,447 Indi- cated horse- power. 1,144,991 310,7001 124,989 145,642 117,193' 37,479 108,502 46,982 108,317 41,075 16.247 25,771 1,2281 1,195 1,667' 59,004 1,916,293 1,386,951 96,720 88,492 45,234 131,740 86,515 80,641 Value. 125,606,905 7,236,506 2,932,098 2,769,589 I, 983,831 2,055,207 2,480,394 820,140 2,149,170 911,979 536,326 506,432 26,546 28,400 46,759 1,123,528 II, 622,961 7.800,724 '703,617 661,203 323,413 1,105,727 405,080 623,197 CLASS AND STATE. Marine Connecticut New York Michigan Wisconsin California New Jersey Missouri Minnesota Pennsylvania Washington Ohio Illinois Indiana All other states Aviation New York All other states Other internal-combustion engines Wisconsin All other states 1919 Num- ber of en- gines. 31,.530 5,635 1,966 8,377 11,597 698 550 74 621 141 346 504 184 65 772 6,747 607 6,140 14,758 7,373 7,385 Indi- cated horse- power. 500,243 111,095 90,656 95,241 28,828 28,580 35,995 6,768 9,462 4,395 6,093 5,860 2,427 656 74,187 1,716,2-15 175,-300 1, M0,945 163,110 16,952 146,158 Value. $20,578,132 5,089,231 3,950,305 2,640,974 1,969,093 1,8S0,171 1,709,724 1,101,882 353,221 278,874 226,206 209,2191 61,992 24,656 1,082,584] I 33,814,333 5,028,633 28,785,700 1914 3,045,552 814,926 2,230,626 2,849 2,849 Indi- cated horse- power. 339,638 77,192 48,569 97,937 31,575 17,010 3,731 (lS 1,192 9,294 859 26,177 5,966 871 19,265 (?) 28,300 28,300 Value. 57,570,245 1,956,139 1,029,863 1,458,468 825,946 739,027 164,9S1 (l) 28,199 181,892 31,615 534,747 153,331 15,370 450,661 <*> (2) C3 513,623 (r) 513,623 1 Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. J Figures not available for 1914. ENGINES, STEAM, GAS, AND WATER. 395 GENERAL TABLES. Table 15 gives, for 1919 and 1914, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the engine industry. Table 16 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments.! Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. I Cost of Value of Wages, i mate- prod- I rials. ucts. Expressed in thousands. Cen- , sus i year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary] horse- power. Wages, Cost of ;Value of mate- i prod- rials, j ucts. Expressed in thousands. United States U California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan Minnesota 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919! 1914 j 370 77,617 446 29,657 190,021 63,047 |$105,435 21,421 $217,551 31,460 2,231 813 1,764 1,075 8,645 1,860 2,853 1,311 2,739 1,197 14,258 4,427 1,529 508 10,526 1,721 4,882 I 1,783 j 16,152 j 2,891 I 3,853' 2,050 7,799 1,881 30,488 9,062 2,235 1,603 3,275 733 2,104 809 11,756 1,412 3,596 782 3,646 925 21,363 3,387 334 $464,775 72,121 5,646 1,429 3,294 1,029 23,644 1,842 7,689 1,291 8,894 1,320 5.7,051 5,962 4,580 65S 12,687 2,710 7,309 2,552 45,741 3,949 14,473 2,808 17,611 3,586 101,989 12,369 12,946 1,950 Missouri '1919 : 1914 New Jersey j 1919 J 1914 New York 1919 : 1914 Ohio 1 1919 i 1914 I Pennsvlvania 1919 i 1914 Washington ;1919 ! 19 L4 Wisconsin i 1919 I 1914 All other states , 1919 I 1914 15 i 14 I 31 48 44 47 34 56 13 36 40: 42 49 782 307 2,392 677 4,528 1,973 6,218 2,962 9,711 5,222 546 21 17,782 6,010 1,639 1,294 1,934 j 1,119 7,812' 2,772! 17,196 j 5,132 | 12,961: 9,617! 30,179 j 12,375 I 1,519 | 50 \ 39,168 i 7,596 3,317 1 3,395 j $947 231 3,592 514 6,624 1,3S4 8,033 1,9S3 12,933 3,521 774 22 22,716 4,517 2,168 867 $1,501 590! 5,416 | 682! 10.102 1>39 20,344 j 2,837 | 18,836 I 4,728 | 1,125 | '32 j 45,067 5,875 4,362 | 1,276 | ?4,166 1,172 19,387 1,756 29,822 4,599 42,851 6,861 52,574 11,392 2,527 85 90,953 13,063 9,739 3,269 396 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR ENGINES, STEAM, GAS, AND WATER, BY STATES: 1910. United States California Colorado Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states3 Num- ber of | estab-j lish- ments 370 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 96,2S6 2,664 12 2,090 10,335 3,547 3,4S2 254 16,050 I 2,377 1,042 4,932 5,677 7,554 12,358 32 639 121,497 1 1,744 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 13,792 10,593 4,191 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Malo. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 77,617 105 3 115 526 111 208 15 492 118 107 155 312 265 318 2 47 772 121 234 3 124 803 302 9 777 576 85 2,310 496 782 1,512 3 31 1,971 106 85 81 355 109 231 43 519 153 66 71 336 2S0 798 9 969 S6 2,231 6 1,764 8,645 2,853 2,739 186 14,258 1.529 782 2,392 4,528 6,218 9,711 27 546 17,782 1,420 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Ja 90,102 Minimum month. My 70,193 Ja Mh Ja Ja Ja 2,715 8 2,136 9, 821 3, 268 Mh 3,536 Mh 219 Ja 16,691 Mh 1,893 No 913 5,057 6,819 Ja Fe Au 6,667 De 10,571 Se 31 Jy 712 De 20,693 Oc Ta i Oc Jy Jy 1,691 5 1,547 7,785 2,530 Au 1,489 No 151 Ap 10,460 De 1,154 Mh 671 No 1,287 Je 3,372 My 5,673 My 8,989 Fe 24 Fe 233 Je 14,626 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENT ATT VE DAY. Total. 85,053 2,659 6 1,575 8,784 3,088 2,929 189 16,32,8 1,623 937 2,622 6,053 6,341 10,625 27 552 19,321 1,394 16 and over. Male. 83,063' 2,625 6 1.524 8,603 | 2,970 I 2,905 i 181 15,736 i 1,618 , 937 I 2,609 . 0,012 6,301 10,423 I 27 I 551 il8,662 1,373 Fe- male. 32 48 ISO 118 587 5 11 38 40 188 578 17 Under 16. Male! Fe- male! Capital. Dollars. |454,124,733 13,267,811 145,932 8,990,784 47,823,565 16,892,903 13,427,407 792,212 62,506, 869 21,952,666 4,419, 235 24,962,440 33,011,539 37,221,036 58,544,641 242,707 2,609,331 98,079, 203 9,234,452 EXPENSES, Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Dollars. Dollars. 12,895,475 18,016,564 619,784 3,645 412,493 1,255,311 279,933 578,385 34,095 1,870,965 346,530 338,265 817,298 1,024,768 1,012,009 1,262,931 5,096 175,562 2,425,532 432,873 394,252 3,900 265,015 1,966,567 606,654 511,213 32,502 2,039, 218 994,926 130,536 1,640,197 845,985 1,377,454 3,620,299 3,370 63,817 3,245,331 269,328 Salaries land wages —Con. United Stales, California Colorado Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states.*' expenses—continued. For |con tract j work. Wage earners. Dollars, 105,435,4551 Dollars, 936,389 3,274,637 6,314 2,104,2S1 11,755,850 3,595,827 3,645,977 188,655 |21,362,743 1,907,95(3 947,143 3,592,362 6,623,685 8,032,002 12,933,325 28,985 774,258 122,716,483 1,944,372 Dollars, 277,061 301,625 536 15,115 234 3,925 500 |318,729 35,029 28,262 86,014 1,246 14,256 5,000 17,342 108,576 Rent and taxes. Rent of| factory. 21,920 360 13,117 22,695 4,031 16,823 3,448 43,014 9,411 6,369 9,334 47,294 31,053 3,987 13,228 19,941 11,036 Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. 21,322,012 Dollars. [211,550,910 589,993 630 193,785 1,056,644 233,290 451,623 5,866 5,103,583 331,288 311,059 1, 211,733 929,457 1,960,944 4,02S, 108 1,890 49,852 4,527,420 334,847 For materials. Principal materials. 5,525,159 10,576 3,194,692 22,959,101 7,555,313 8,601,234 426,132 56,214,185 4,481,878 1,457,737 5,255,907 9,773,876 19,988,093 17,931,400 33,968 1,095,500 43,281,260 3,770,899 Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 5,993,861' 120,676 350 99,203 685,0.54 133,331 293,204 19,813 836,508 97,907 43,165 159,076 328,219 355,688 904,359 .2,020 29,966 l,7&o,924 98,738 Value of products. Dollars. 1464,774,735 12,687,250 26,525 7,309,474 45,741,267 14,472,788 17,610,778 1,022,135 101,989,440 12,946,297 4,166,336 19,387,212 29, S22, 2S6 42,850,677 52,574,026 99,904 2,527,275 90,953,496 8,587,569 Value added by manufac- ture. Dollars. 247,223,964 7,041,415 15,599 4,015,579 22,097,112 6,784,144 8,716,280 576,190 44,938,747 8,366,512 2,665,434 13,971,629 19,720,191 22,506,896 33,738,267 63,916 1,401,809 45,886,312 4,717,932 Primary horsepower. Total. 190,021 10,526 32 4,882 16,152 3, 853 7,799 239 30,488 2,235 1,934 7,812 17,196 12,961 30,179 97 1,519 39,168 2,949 Steam engincsj St earn (not tur- bines). 42,737 Owned. 27,845 50 3,465 553 3,350 50 150 2,083 1,130 4,455 2,913 21,568 879 tur- bines. 15,773 400 200 1,944 870 81 15,100 9,200 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 129 1,670 727 1,740 52 57 79 16 1,524 62 1,642 2,762 2,565 69 2,426 253 Water! pow 335 50 135 Rent- ed.< 103,331 10,397 32 2,762 11,710 1,560 5,662 182 27,009 2,169 260 3,723 13,398 5,663 9,601 28 1,519 5,974 1,682 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 110,412 5,867 1,587 1,394 878 20 8,026 2,225 3,079 4,409 8,954 25,340 48,161 472 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 3 All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Arkansas, 1; Delawaro, 1; Florida, 1; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 1; Maine, 3; Maryland, 3; Massachusetts, 4; Nebraska, 2; New Hampshire 2; North Dakota, 1; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 3; South Carolina, 1; South Dakota, 1; Tonnessee, 1; Vermont, 1; Virginia, 1. 8 Includes water whoels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of wafer supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 4 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiofly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). LOCOMOTIVES. General character of the industry.—The statistics for the industry represent the establishments devoted exclusively to the manufacture of locomotives or those in which locomotives constituted the predominating product. In many establishments, however, minor or subsidiary products are manufactured, the value of which is necessarily included in the total value of the products of the factory reporting. In 1919 the total value of these products was $23,967,199, including locomotive and engine parts, steam and gas stationary engines, other foundry and machine-shop products, and rep ah1 work. This classification includes the manufacture of steam locomotives of all varieties, both standard and narrow gauge. Some electric locomotives are also made by plants covered in this classification, but the majority are made by those in the electrical machinery and electric railway car industries. The manufacture of tractors for farm and road use is not included, but is shown in connection with "Engines, steam, gas, and water" in Table 11. Comparative summary.—Table 17 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1904, with percentages of increase for each five-year period. With few excep- tions, increases are noted at each succeeding census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." Detailed statement.—Table 18 gives, for 1919 and for 1914, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole. Table 17.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number;. Primary horsepower. Capital' Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work ,... Kent and taxes , Cost of materials lmi Value of products Value added by manufacture 3 1919 1914 1909 1904 PEP. CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914-1919 ; 1909-1914 1904-1909 17 2-8,742 1 2,026 26,715 1S7 $138,275,823; 43,576,957 i 4,778,316! 38,798,641 I 19 \ 19,047 j 1,656 17,391 50.373 $86,413,199; 13,-S62.134 2,776,759 11,035,375: 16 16,945 2,029 14,909 35,102 $52,059,567 11,211,385 2,297,119 8,914,266 5,425,737 72,375', 950 156.269,730 $3/893, 780 417,425 1 23,546,118 43,374,141 , 19, 828,023 193,315 15,059,9S3 31,5S2.302 16,522; 319 25,979 9 50.9 12.4; 34.8 1,164 22, 3 53.6 -18.4 16.6 74.3 -39.9 24,806: 29,806' §38,421,048: 92,9 60.0 43.5: 06.0 i 17. S 35. 5 17,4-55,274' 214. 4 72.1 250.0 23.6 20.9 24.4 | -35.8 37.1 -43.5 1,675,289 15,782,985 999' s 152.644: 27,702,930 59,552; 092 i: 31,849,162 i 1.199.8 '207.4 260.3 323.1 iio.9 i 26.6 —45.6 -47.0 —48.1 56.3' 37.3 j 20.0 1 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 18.—DETAILED STATEMENT: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments1. 1919 Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers, superintendents, and managers Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees Male Female Wage earners- Average number Number. 15th day of the month- Maximum month and number Minimum month and number Wage earners Dec. 15, or nearest representative day 16 years of age and over Male....' Female Under 16 years af age Male Female Capital.. Jan Dec 28,742 1 325 1,701 1,449 252 26,715 35,659 19, S37 19,877 19'. 836 19,734 102 41 41 $138,275.1 1914 Jan Nov 10 19,047 525 1,131 1,035 96 17,391 22,364 12,535 16.548 16,547 16,539 8 1 1 $86,413,199 Salaries and wages. Officials Clerks, etc Wage earners.. Rent and taxes Rent of factory Taxes (including Federal, state, countv, and local) '; Cost of materials Principal materials Fuel and rent of power. Value of products Value added by manufacture. Primary horsepower. Locomotives, steam Number Value 1919 1914 $43,576,957 SI'. 675,164 S3! 103'. 152 $13,862,134 $.1,453', 255 $1,323,504 $38,798,641 $i 1,085,375 $5,425,737 $554 $417,425 $600 $5,425,183 1416.825 $23,546,118 §72.375,950 §69,268.472 $3,107,478 §22.355,523 $1,190,590 $156,269,730 $83,893,780 $43,374,141 $19,828,023 97,187 50,373 3,411 $139,226,420 (3) $39,043,359 1 Comprises in 1919: Arkansas, 1 establishment; Georgia, 1; Iowa, 1; New Jersey, 1; New York, 2; Ohio, 2; Pennsylvania, 8; Virginia, 1. In 1914: Georgia, 2; Iowa, 1: New Hampshire, I; Now Jersey, 2; New York. 3; Ohio, 1; Pennsylvania, 8; Virginia, 1. J Includes in 1919,108 steam locomotives valued at $5,825,096, manufactured by steam-railroad repair shops, and 54 valued at $2,508,674. produced as subsidiary products by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. In addition to steam locomotives there were 251 electric locomotives of all types reported, the value* for which can not be given without disclosure of the operations of individual establishments. 8 No figures available. (397) AIRCRAFT. General character of the industry.—Establishments included in this classification manufacture mono- planes, biplanes, and triplanes (both airplanes and seaplanes), and free and captive balloons. Figures for this industry, which has been developed during the past two decades, were not shown separately prior to 1914. The data for any establishments that were in operation at the census of 1909 were included with those for "motorcycles, bicycles, and parts." This classification covers only the establishments that pro- duce the complete machine. Statistics for the manufacture of airplane tires, en- gines, and other equipment, when made by establish- ments not manufacturing the complete machine, are included in other classifications, such as "rubber tires, tubes, and rubber goods, not elsewhere specified," "engines, steam, gas, and water," etc. Comparative summary.—The growth in this industry since 1914 is evidenced in Table 19. While a certain proportion of the increases from 1914 to 1919, in sala- ries and wages, cost of materials, and value of prod- ucts, is due to a general rise of prices and wages fol- lowing the World War, a truer index of the conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. Table 19.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital. Per cent of increase/ 1914-1919. 1919 1914 31 16 Salaries and wages Salaries 4,202 14 645 3,543 222 9 45 168 1,792.8 Wages Paid for contract work.. 2,008.9 Rent and taxes Cost of materials 12,512 $17,753,875 195 $401,301 6,316.4 4,324.1 Value of products 1919 ,907,430 000,690 906,740 13,645 687,700 126,965 372,643 245,678 1914 8196,261 61,434 134,827 12,428 25,886 133,969 789,872 655,933 Per cent of increase,1 1914-1919. 3,419.5 3,156.6 3,539.3 9.8 2,556.6 5,221.1 1,719.6 1,004.6 i Percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. Special statistics.—Table 20 shows for 1919 the number and value of airplanes and seaplanes built and under construction, and value of engines, aircraft parts, subsidiary products, and amount received for repair work. The number of establishments reported 2 Value of products less cost of materials. for this industry in 1914 was 16; the production of airplanes, seaplanes, and parts for that year was valued at $481,022; the receipts for repair work amounted to $209,481; and the value of "All other products" was reported as $99,369. Table 20.-DETAILED STATISTICS OF NUMBER AND VALUE: 1919. Number. Value. Number. Total. Airplanes... Seaplanes... $14,372,643 432 230 3,466,452 4,580,016 Under construction Engines Parts All other products, including repair work . 341 (398) AIRCRAFT. 399 Detailed statement.—Table 21 presents, for 1919 and individual establishments. The greater part of this 1914, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, production was the completing of contracts made for Only New York state can be shown separately with- the construction of airplanes for use in the World out the possibility of disclosing the operations of War. Table 21.—DETAILED STATEMENT: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments1.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers, superintendents, and managers. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees.. Male....... Female Wage earners- Average number Number, 15th day of the month- Maximum month and number Minimum month and number Wage earners Dec. 15, or nearest representative day.. 16 years of age and over Male...., Female Under 16 years of age Male. Female 1919 Jan. Oct. 1914 31 16 4,202 222 14 9 153 21 492 24 312 16 ISO S 3,543 168 5,493 Nov. 211 2,799 June 144 3,474 211 3,468 209 3,256 208 212 1 6 2 6 2 Capital Salaries and wages Officials. Clerks, etc...... Wage earners Contract work Rent and taxes - Rent of factory. ■ - Taxes (including Federal, state, county, and local)... • Cost of materials Principal materials. - - Fuel and rent of power. - - Value of products * Value added by manufacture Primary horsepower 1919 1914 $17,753,875 $401,301 $6,907,430 $196,261 $41,149 $213,2S5 $825,357 $1,175,333 $4,606,740 $134, bZ7 $13,645 $12,428 $6S7,700 $64,805 $25, a^6 $13,850 $622,895 $12,036 $7,126,965 $6,858,271 $268,694 $133,939 $130,258 $3,681 $14,372,643 $7,245,678 $7S9,872 $655,933 12,512 195 1 Comprises in 1919: California, 2 establishments; Connecticut, 1; Illinois, 1; Indiana, 1; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 2; Missouri, 2; Nebraska, 1; New Jersey, 1; New York, 10; Ohio, 4; Pennsylvania, 1; Rhode Island, 1; Washington, 1; West Virginia, 1. In 1914: California, 3; Connecticut, 1; Illinois, 2; Iowa, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 1; New York, 3; Ohio, 1; Rhode Island, 1; Washington, 1. AMMUNITION, FIREARMS, AND ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES. Scope and relationship of the industries.—The statis- tics presented in this report relate to the classes of establishments that produce as manufactured prod- ucts (1) ammunition, (2) firearms, and (3) ordnance and accessories. Each is treated by the Census Bureau as a separate industry, but they are to a certain extent interrelated, and the statistics are here presented as a group, in conjunction with those for the govern- mental establishments manufacturing these products. During the World War many establishments in other lines of manufacture produced large quantities of am- munition and related war material. Such establish- ments were classified according to the products of chief value in 1919, ammunition, firearms, ordnance, or other industry, as the case might be. If an establishment was engaged primarily in the manufacture of products pertaining to another industry, but incidentally pro- duced ammunition, firearms, or ordnance, the sub- sidiary products were included as by-products in the special statistics relating to the section of this report to which they appertain, although other data regarding the establishment were included in the general statis- tics for the industry to which the establishment be- longed. The census of 1919 was the first to employ a special schedule for these industries. At prior censuses the estabhshments reported, with respect to products, total values only. Detailed statistics for the group—Governmental and commercial establishments.—Table 1 presents the gen- eral statistics for the commercial in conjunction with the corresponding governmental estabhshments. The industrial group as a whole employed 73,309 wage earners in 1919, this being the average number for the (400) year, of which 62 per cent were in commercial and 38 per cent in governmental establishments. A compari- son of the magnitude of operations, based upon value of products, credits the commercial establishments with 67.6 per cent and the governmental plants with 32.4 per cent. The figures for products, as given in this table, do not include the products of commercial establishments in other lines of manufacture. Products, governmental and commercial establish- ments.—Table 2 presents the statistics for products, by commodity groups, for all classes of establishments. This includes for the commercial establishments a large production reported by plants outside of the respective classified industries. The products re- ported for the commercial establishments necessarily include the value of some products other than ammu- nition, firearms, or ordnance, these amounting to $24,866,094. Deducting this amount from the total reported for commercial estabhshments and also from the grand total, it gives figures which can be taken as a j measure of the relative importance of the respective I product groups, and on this basis the production of ordnance and accessories constituted 45.1 per cent of the total for all estabhshments, ammunition 40.2 per cent, and firearms 14.7 per cent; the proportions for commercial establishments being ammunition 48.2 per cent, ordnance and accessories 40.3 per cent, and firearms 11.5 per cent; and for governmental estab- lishments, ordnance and accessories 58.7 per cent, firearms 23.6 per cent, and ammunition 17.7 per cent. Of the total value of the output, commercial estab- lishments reported 88.5 per cent of the ammunition, 57.9 per cent of the firearms, and 65.9 per cent of the ordnance and accessories. AMMUNITION, FIREARMS, AND ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES. 401 Table 1.—DETAILED STATISTICS FOR THE GROUP—GOVERNMENTAL AND COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919. Number of establishments * Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers, superintendents, and managers Clerks, etc.. Male Female Wage earners— Average number Number loth day of month- Maximum month Number Minimum month Number Wage earners Dec. 15 or nearest representative day 16 and over- Male Female Under 16— Male Female Capital • — - Salaries and wages: , Salaries- Officials- CleTks, etc Total. 85,027 22 2,496 9,200 5,119 4,081 73,309 January. 112,479 September. 62,137 74,322 65,221 8,889 164 4S $583,856,039 112,151,182 9,404,001 10,016,923 92,730,268 Govern- mental. 11 31,422 CommerciaL 751 2,793 1,439 1,354 27,878 Januarv. 32,845 September. 26,100 27,186 26,378 786 22 94 53,605 22 1,745 6,407 3,680 2,727 45,431 Januarv. 79,6)34 August. 35,942 47,136 38,843 8,103 142 4-8 $351,980,451 i $231,875,588 45,869,626 I 66,281,556 1,917,025 3,700,172 40,252,429 7,486,976 6,316,751 52,477,829 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Principal materials Fuel and rent of power Value of products Value added by mamifacture2 Power: Primary horsepower Owned. Steam ■ Engines... ■ Turbines Internal-combustion engines. Water wheels and turbines.. Rented electric Electric, generated in establish- ments reporting. Fuel consumed: Coal- Anthracite, tons (2,240 pounds) Bituminous, tons (2.000 pounds) Coke, tons (2,000 pounds) Fuel oils, barrels Gasoline and other volatile oils, bar- rels Gas, 1,000 cubic feet Total. Govern- mental. I iCommerclaL $2,076,685 $12,238,015 $110,917,577 $105,981,550 $4,936,027 $277,829,909 $166,912,443 166,564 82,933 74,416 21,409 53,007 5,508 6,009 83,631 106,335 75,035! 435,932! 8,855 i 323,635! 11,334! 3,114,898 i $1,928,679! $8,090! $38,609,533 j $37,163,090 $1,446,443 I $90,114,688 $148,006 $12,227,925 $72,308,044 $68,818,460 $3,489,584 $187,715,221 $51,505,266 I $115,407,177 60,617 38,350 32,760 6.904 25,856 80! 5,510 I 22,267 | 74,747 j 13,002 139,970 1,872 116,438 6,581 27,594 105,947 44,583 41,656 14,505 27,151 2,428 499 61,364 31,58S 62,033 295,962 6r983 207,197 4,753 3,087,304 1 Distributed by states as follows: Governmental,!!—California, 1; District of Columbia, 1; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 1; Massachusetts 2; New York, 2; Pennsylvania, 1; Rhode Island, 1; and Virginia, 1. Commercial, 94—California, 3; Colorado, 1; Connecticut, 16; Illinois, 2; Indiana, 3; Maryland, 2; Massachusetts, 15; Michigan, 4; Minnesota, 2; New Jersey, 8; Ne York. 14; Ohio, 6; Pennsylvania, 14; Rhode Island, 1; and Wisconsin, 3. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.— PRODUCTS-GOVERNMENTAL AND GOMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919. 1 ; Govern- ! mental. Total. j Govern- mental. PRODUCT. Total. CommerciaL PRODUCT. Commercial. Total value . . . ». >. $368,973,514 i "$90,114,688 S278,85S,S26 Ammunition $18S,366,040' $15,908,131 50,477,201 | 21,264,751 155,264,179 1, 52,941,756 24,866,094 \\ $122,457,859 i Firearms 29,212,450 102,822,423 24,866,094 The classified industries. 277,829,909 91,143,605 90,114,68S 187,715,221 91,143,605 Ordnance and accessories Subsidiary products, ammunition, fire- arms, and ordnance, of establishments outside of the industrial group All other products P 111367—23- -26 AMMUNITION. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report not only covers the commercial manufacture of all kinds of ammunition in the strict sense, both for small arms and for artillery, but for convenience includes navy depth charges and torpedoes; safety and miners' squibs; common fuses and fuses for shells; bombs; hand, rifle, and signal grenades; detonators and detonating caps; gas shells; bomb lances; and railroad torpedoes. The ammunition industry, in census usage, does not include the manufacture of dynamite and other ex- plosives for agricultural use, nor that of torpedoes, or "cartridges" used in oil wells. Neither does it cover establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of rockets, colored fire, and similar products, which are classified under "Fireworks." Detailed statistics of products were first reported at the present census. Prior thereto there was no special schedule, and the establishments reported only the total value of products, though the steel mills manu- facturing ordnance reported tonnage and value of same. Statistics for establishments operated by the Fed- eral Government are not here included, but are given in the introductory section for the combined indus- tries, ammunition, firearms, and ordnance. Comparative summary.—Table 3 summarizes the sta- tistics for the censuses from 1879 to 1919, inclusive, with percentages of increase. Earlier censuses reported for the ammunition industry the number of establish- ments, number of wage earners, and value of products, as follows: In 1869, 17 establishments, 657 wage ear- ners, and products valued at $2,484,720; in 1859, 16 establishments, 400 wage earners, and $601,840 in value of products; and in 1849, 7 establishments, 85 wage earners, and $1,018,550 in value of products. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 4 shows the more important statistics, by states, ranked according to value of products. The state of Maryland, which ranked second in the industry, and Illinois, which ranked fifth according to the value of products, are included with "All other states/' as the statistics for these states can not be reported separately. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 5 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months—The statistics presented in Table 6 are intended to show the steadiness of em- ployment, or the reverse, in accordance with the indus- trial conditions which obtained in 1919. The industry gave employment to a relatively large number of female wage earners, and the figures therefore are given for the leading states. Of the total number employed in the industry, 31.5 per cent were females. Massachusetts shows the highest proportion, namely, 63.4 per cent of the total number for the state, fol- lowed by Connecticut with 30.5 per cent, Pennsyl- vania 28.7 per cent, New York 20.8 per cent, and New Jersey 18.9 per cent. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor, per week.—Table 7 shows a marked shortening of the working day since 1914. In that year only 1.7 per cent of the wage earners were included in the group "48 and under," as against 47.3 per cent in 1919. On the other hand, in 1914 the "60" and "Between 54 and 60" groups constituted 79.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as against 5 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of large units, as shown in Table 8. In 1919, 18 establishments with 97.1 per cent of the total number of wage earners were in the groups employing over 100 wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The increase in the ammunition industry, due to the World War, together with the inflation of values, has resulted in a marked shift from lower to higher groups as shown in Table 9. In 1914 the average value of products per establishment was $963,765, and in 1919, $2,096,148. Character of ownership.—In 1919, of the 42 establish- ments, 38 were owned by corporations and 4 were under partnership or other form of ownership. In 1914, of the 32 establishments in the industry, 24 were corporations, 3 were owned by individuals, and 5 were in the group "All other." Table 10 shows the value of products of establishments under corporate ownership in 1919 was $87,895,531, or 99.8 per cent of the total value of products for all establishments, and inl914, $30,535,656, or 99 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The total horsepower reported in 1919, as compared with that of 1914, shows an increase of 27,774, or 244.7 per cent. Electric power is the chief factor as shown in Table 11. In 1919 purchased electric power constituted 44.9 per cent of the total primary power as compared with 8.1 per cent in 1914, and, moreover, a large proportion of the owned power was employed in electric generation and so used. Fuel consumed.—Table 12 presents the statistics for fuel consumed in the industry, by kinds, for 1919 and 1914 and by states for 1919. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas. (402) AMMUNITION. 403 Table 3.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture *. 1919 42 27,471 10 4,645 22,816 39,128 |$94,558,643 31,194,843 7,607,151 23,587,692 146,531 6,999,154 38,101,602 88,038,223 49,936,621 32 12,715 16 1,206 11,493 11,354 |$37,454,175 8,333,656 1,582,670 6,750,986 847 232,439 16,276,575 30,840,472 14,563,897 1909 39 (l) (2) (2) 8,713 10,317 j$26,344,000 (2) (2) 4,508,597 (2) 15,451,929 26,053,065 10,601,136 1904 1899 32 7,799 7,410 5,056 |$12,117,000 4,623,912 591,602 4,032,310 21,001 3 2,942,030 10,600,929 19,930,821 9,329,892 33 5,435 204 5,231 2,980 $6,719,000 2,931,522 370,568 2,560,954 (*) 7,436),748 13,027,635 5,590,887 1889 35 (2) (2) 2,158 (2) (-*) (2) (*) $969,951 V) (2) 2,759,782 6,538,959 3,779,177 1879 (2) (2) 1,066 (2) (2) (3) (2) $361,778 C2) (*) 1,223,452 1,904,966 681,514 1914- 1919 116.1 285.2 98.5 244.6 152.5 274.3 380.7 249.4 0) 0) 134.1 185.5 242.9 PEE CENT OF INCREASE. 1909- 1914 31.9 10.1 42.2 49.7 5.3 18.4 37.4 1904- 1899-i 1889- 1S79- 1909 ! 1904 j 1899 1889 17.6 104.1 117.4 12.1 45.8 30.7 13.6 43.5 90.7 41.7 69.7 1 S0.3 J 57.7 59.6 57.1 142. 4 102. 4 42.5 53.0 66.9 164-0 169. 5 99.2 47.9 168.1 125.6 243.3 454.5 1 Percentages are omitted where base is less than 100 or where comparable figures can not be given. 2 Figures not available. « Exclusive of internal revenue. « Value of products less cost of materials. Table 4.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. Connecticut Massachusetts... 11 WAGE EARNERS. 12,489 2,449 si! 54.7 I 1 10.7 I 3 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. $88,028 39,987 5,961 S3 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. O as P kg a -s^ o eg $49,937 100.0 24,063 i 4,794 | 48.2 9.6 2 d so New Jersey Pennsylvania.. California , All other states. WAGE EARNERS. I8- 979 5,932 P 4.3 2.9 1.3 26.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. §11 IIS $3,946 3.394 1,767 32,973 S3 4.5 3.9 2.0 37.5 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE. 41 fto $2,002 1,363 753 16,962 4.0 6 2.7 ! 9 L5 10 33.9 i Table 5.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and lirm members Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 27,471 12,715 1,120 267 103 38 1,007 213 Male. 18,594 0) 1,105 261 0) 101 0) 997 C1.) Fe- male. 8,877 0) i}) 0) PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 70.0 Fe- male. 32.3 98.7! 1.3 97.8! 2.2 30.0 98. 1 j 1.9 99.0! 1.0 i Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (averagenumber) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 Total. 3,535 955 22,816 11,493 22,674 142 Male 1.854 701 15,635 Fe- male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 1,681 254 52.4 73.4 7,181 i 68,5 (}) |l....... 7,126 | 68.6 55 I! 61.3 Fe- male. 47.6 26.6 31. 5 31. 4 38.7 1 Figures not available. 404 MANUFACTURES. Table 6.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.) num- ber em- ployed during Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. STATE. year. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: 1919 22,816 15,635 7,181 11,493 46,771 31,553 15,218 33,327 21,844 11.4S3 10,768 25,965 17,622 8,343 10,934 20,436 13,717 6,719 10,886 19,113 13,283 5,830 10,814 18,869 13,325 5,544 10,936 18,768 13,396 5,372 10,820 17,285 12,032 5,253 10,002 17,121 11,894 6,227 11,366 17,713 12,250 5,463 12,565 18,795 13,032 5,763 13,422 19,629 13,672 5,957 14,577 36.6 37.7 34.3 68.6 Males Females 1914 10,826 California 298 12,489 2,449 979 669 307 15,816 9,111 2,134 2,919 325 13,695 4,398 1,880 805 308 13,516 2,316 1,748 2S3 12,555 1,905 995 523 UO 11,912 1,665 625 405 266 11,670 1,617 624 285 11,518 1,463 622 339 299 10,869 1,406 623 353 290 11,048 1,441 623 380 308 11,557 1,418 625 422 332 12,531 1,628 624 434 333 13,181 1,325 625 428 72.1 68.7 14.5 29.1 11.1 Per ct. av. is ofstate. 30.5 63.4 18.9 28.7 Connecticut Massachusetts Pennsylvania 697 m Stales showing large proportion of females. 3,810 1,553 185 192 4,554 5,744 540 266 4,420 2,830 476 234 4,583 4,154 1,190 90 182 3,697 1,049 82 143 3,486 1,023 82 3,343 934 83 128 3,194 897 84 147 3,237 915 80 186 3,417 918 81 217 3,747 848 80 233 3,888 840 82 240 1,448 460 218 no Table 7.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. i IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. Be- tween 44 and Be- tween 48 and Be- tween 54and STATE. Total. Be- tween 44 and Be- tween 48 and Be- tween 54 and 44 and under. 48.1 54. 60. 44 and under. 48.1 54. 60. 48. 54. 60. 48. 54. 60. United States ..1919.. 22,816 11,493 1,027 (') 3,975 (*) 5,785 195 9,023 287 1,868 1,879 935 8,613 203 519 Massachusetts 2,449 979 669 2,304 123 292 110 35 1914.. 856 8 182 187 California 298 12,489 163 135 Connecticut 3,975 8,045 469 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909, a Corresponding figures not available. Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. Wage earners (average number). ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. lto5 wage earners, inclusive. 6to20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 601 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 Establishments. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners. STATE. Wage 1 earners. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Establish ments. Wage earners. United States.... 1919.. 42 32 22,816 11,493 1 1 2 3 9 8 8 5 77 61 9 5 289 164 4 281 396 8 7 1,262 1,105 3 1 1,084 491 2 2 1,530 1,193 5 2 18,284 8,075 1914.. 6 California 3 3 6 5 298 12,489 2,449 979 069 1 28 2 270 Connecticut i 469 2 1 12,020 2,304 Massachusetts - 2 15 2 57 1 73 New Jersey 1 1 5 4 2 2 359 406 2 615 Pennsylvania 10 1 2 23 1 28 3 208 AMMUNITION. 405 Table 9.—SIZE OP ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OP PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBEE OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PEODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BT MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 42;' 32 22,816 11,493 $33,038,223 $30,840,472 $49,936,621 $14,563,897 $5,000 to $20,000 4 1 16 9 7 8 10 11 1 5 10! 4 17 215 290 1,691 20,603 141 32,462 478,406 / 1,514,204 \ 8,201,957 77,811,194 152,981 391,377 3,017,148 3,042,442 24,336,524 19,673 1 33,470 223,611 160,5S5 $100,000 to $500,000 } 1,939 9,268 245 3,i?;IS} 44,956,061 1 11,932,553 PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes. $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000-... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... i 100.0 100.0 , 9.5 18.8 21.4 21.9 1 19.1 31.2 26.2 15.6 23.8 12.5 100.0 i 0.1 j 0.9 I 1.3 \\ 7.4 !/ 90.3! 0.4' 2.1 | 16.9 |{ 80.6 j 100.0 (3) 0.6 1.7 9.3 88.4 100.0! 0.2 1.3 9.8 9.9 78.9 100.0 I C2) as I 90.0 j 100.0 0.2 1.1 16.7 82.0 iIncludes the group " Less than $5,000." 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 10.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 3914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments.) Average number of wage earners. 22,816 11,493 138 22,698 11,244 118 111 j Value Value of i added by products. I manufac- ; ture. I $88,038,223 ! $49,936,621 30,840,472! 14,563,897 126,56S 87,895,531 30,535,656 142,692 178,248 i 68,621 49,860,584 14,3S7,903 76,037 107,373 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Per cent distribution; Individual Corporation All other Can bS^f Average, j Value ^! number! Value of added by Jrl j ef%?~ of wage j products. 'manufac- 7 lme?ts.earners*! !ture' 1919' ! 1914! 9,4 1.2 | 0.4 0.5 1919; 90.5 \ 99,5' 99.8 99-8 1914 75.0 97.8 j 99,0 98.8 1919' 9.5 0.5 j 0.2 0.2 1914 15.6 1.0! 0.6 0.7 Table-11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. Primary power, total Owned Steam Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels and turbines.. NUMBER OF EN- GINES OR MOTORS. Amount. HORSEPOWER. Per cent dis- tribution. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1,858 238 39,128 11,354 100.0 ! 100.0 94 80 59 21 11 3 83 62 21,542 19,160 10,436 7,149 (l) (l) 55.1! 91.9 49.0 i 63.0 (1J (l) 17 4 6,990 12,170 17.9 2,241 141 3,135 152 3L1! 5.7 27.6 0.4 | 1.3 Rented, electric Electric Rented Generated by establishments re- porting NUMBER OF EN- GINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Amount. Per cent dis- tribution. 1919 1914 1919 1914 j 1919 ■ 1914 1,764 155 I 17,586! 91S i 44.9 I [3,641 1,764 893 ;l 33,559 ! 12,698 i 100.0 100.0 155 j; 17, 586; 918 j 52.4 j 7.2 1,877 j 738 I 15,973 j 11,780; 47.6 i 92.8 i Figures not available. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States 1919. 1914, California.... Connecticut. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 23,112 12,946 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 154,863 87,972 84,5S8 Coke (tons, 2,000 j pounds). 3,146 2,957 1,500 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 137,378 11,203 6,653 117,877 Gaso- line and i other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 2,475 0) 22 2,000 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 79,424 20,193 21,000 Massachusetts.. New Jersey Pennsylvania... All ottier states. i Anthra- | cite I (tons, I 2,240 i pounds). 6,100 218 443 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 6,673 14,989 i;526 47,087 Gaso Coke j Fuel Gas (tons, oils I ?Sf j (1,000 2,000 ; (bar- jtiT?Si-l cubic pounds).! rels). feet). I j rels).; 267 L 1,379 j 842 4,914 7,092 102 351 45 678 51,992 5,709 i Included in figures for fuel oils. 406 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products, detailed statistics.—Table 13 presents the statistics for products in 1919 for the 42 commer- cial establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of ammunition and also for ammunition pro- duced as a subsidiary product by establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture. This and the following table cover the total produc- tion of ammunition by all establishments, whether as a primary or a subsidiary product. Many of them manufacture firearms, ordnance, and other products that fall under other industrial classifications. This variety arises in part from the fact that many of the establishments now producing ammunition were engaged before the war in the manufacture of firearms, ordnance, and articles of a nonmilitary nature, and hence the establishments being classified according to the product of chief value, include a considerable pro- duction of firearms, ordnance products, and products not affiliated with ammunition. In like manner there was a large production of ammunition b}T establish- ments assigned to the firearms, ordnance, and other industries, among which are steel works and rolling mills, manufactures of brass, bronze, and copper products, electrical machinery, etc. Of the total out- put of the ammunition industry in 1919 as defined by the Bureau of the Census, 13.4 per cent consisted of firearms and ordnance, which are accounted for in the sections on firearms and ordnance and accessories, in the same manner as the ammunition manufactured by establishments in these industries is here included in order to assemble the statistics for all ammunition. The table includes some products which are not ammunition strictly speaking, though somewhat allied thereto, for instance, railroad torpedoes. A number of establishments engaged normally in other lines of manufacture were diverted to the war industries, and especially to the production of ammu- nition, and had not returned to their normal base in 1919. More than 70 per cent of the artillery ammu- nition that was manufactured in 1919 was produced by establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture, and of the item "shot and shell, other than for small arms/' amounting to $46,287,326 in- cluded under artillery "Ammunition," 81.1 per cent were manufactured as subsidiary products by estab- lishments outside of the industry. Products, by geographic divisions.—Table 14 shows the distribution of the production of ammunition, by geographic divisions, so far as it can be given without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. The table shows a marked concentration of the indus- try, especially in New England. Table 13.—PRODUCTS, DETAILED STATISTICS: 1919. Total value. The ammunition industry, all products Subsidiary ammunition products of other industries. Ammunition and allied products1 Artillery ammunition 2 Ammunition for small arms Paper shells Loaded. Unloaded Not specified - Metal shells, loaded and unloaded — Cartridges Revolver Rifle Not specified Value. $143,677, 869 88,038,223 55,639,646 122, 53, 39, 16, 9, 4, 2, lfi! 7, 7, 1, 457, 859 416,393 550,789 935,149 979,455 809,196 146,498 717,371 426,999 228,6^2 233,174 965, .173 Ammunition and allied products—Continued. Percussion caps Primers Shot (8,&36 tons,value$1,364,630; for balance, $1,396,669, quantit y not reported) Wads '. Blasting and detonating caps Detonating fuses Safety fuses Other fuses and naval torpedoes Railroad torpedoes Contract settlements Miscellaneous allied products, not classified Firearms, products of ammunition establishments Ordnance, products of ammunition establishmen ts All other products, other than ammunition or allied products Value. $676,081 403,165 2,761,299 630,725 2,630,365 3,839,517 3,322,195 9,648,531 4,288,422 3,354,382 2,407,265 6,604,803 5,228,152 9,387,055 1 Not including products of 5 governmental establishments, $15,908,181. 3 Includes shot and shell other than for small arms $46,287,326, of which quantity was reported for $6,322,485, viz, 12,569 tons; for balance, quantity not reported. Table 14.—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919. PRODUCT AND DIVISION. Ammunition and allied products. Ammunition for artillery Now England (Connecticut, 3; Massachusetts. 4; other, 2) Middle Atlantic (Pennsylvania, 12; other, 3) East North Central (Indiana, 4; Ohio, 4; other, 2)., Other divisions Rifle cartridges New England Other divisions Revolver cartridges New England Other divisions Num- ber of estab- ish- raehts. Value. $122,457, &59 53,410,393 11,159,690 19,339,969 3 181,237 19,735,497 7,233,174 6,704,444 528,730 7, 228,652 6,390,034 838,618 PBODUCT AND DIVISION. A mraunition and allied product**-—Continued. Paper shells, unloaded (New England, 3; other, 1)... Blasting and detonating caps (North Atlantic, 3; other, 2) - Railroad torpedoes Now England Middle Atlantic (Pennsylvania, 4; other, 1) Primers (New England, 3; other, 2) Mscellaneous, distrbuted 1 New England (Massachusetts, 6; Connecticut, 3). Middle Atlantic (Pennsylvania, 6; other, 2) East North-Centrdl Other divisions Miscellaneous, not distributed Num- ber of estab- lish- ments, 29 Value. $4,809,196 2,630,365 4,288,422 3,501,757 786,665 403,165 21,725,217 7,901,580 10,748,071 2,104,959 970,607 20,723,275 * Includes chiefly detonating, safety, and other fuses, naval torpedoes, and contract settlements. AMMUNITION. 407 GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 15 presents for 1919 the statistics in detail for the industry as a whole and for each state that can be shown without the dis- closure of individual operations. Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States California Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states i... Num-| berof! estab- lish- ments! PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 27,471 343 15,385 2,663 1.280 444 904 6,452 Pro- prie- tors and firm j tend- ried offi- cers, super- mem- bers. ents, and man- agers. 10 1,110 17 595 30 54 32 13S 244 Clerks, etc. Male. 1,854 (1,681 Fe- male.' 19 1,103 73 142 80 71 366 1,198 111 105 68 19 171 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 22,816 298 12, 489 2,449 979 264 Number, 15th day of- Maximum' Minimum month. | month. Ja46,771 j Sel7,121 De 333 I My 240 Ja 15,816 1 Au 10,869 Ja 9,111 j No 1,323 Ja 2,134 Ja 1,771 Ja 2,919 Jv Se Je 622 85 323 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 16 and over. Total. Male. 1 Fe- | male 22,709 296 j 13,181 i 1,778 i 1,056! 1,724 | 1,033 I 3,641 | 150 j 146 9,243 13,851 7e; 942! 1,551 . 771! 2,909 ■ 971 110 173 262 724 Under 16 Male Fe- 50: 37 30 | 10 Capital. 1594,558, 643 3,072,442 44,189.578 7,128,069 6,898,164 2,874,797 6,105.657 24.289,936 Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. $4,277,331 ]$3,329,820 57,291 2,169,609 125,780 198.796 160,780 305.449 ( 1,259.626 30, 1,716, 197, 288. 84, 120; 891, 803 189 207 176 [Salaries and] wages—Con. United States. California Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states * expenses—continued. Wage earners. $23,587,692 223,946 12,253,790 2,403,567 969,031 358,426 618,030 6,760,902 For contract work. $146,531 22,517 124,014 Rent and taxes. Rent of fac- tory. $9,545 738 6,012 2,795 Taxes Federal, state, county, and local. S6,989,609 193,990 2.091,563 1,092,037 202,333 362,4S6 225,843 2, $08,247 For materials. Principal materials. §36,548,160 995,260 073,855 050,372 852,302 462,132 964,498 149,681 Fuel and rent of power. $1,553,442 18,940 859,866 117,036 92,320 37,059 65,816 362,405 Value of products. Value added by manu- facture. i$3S,03S,223 $49,936,621 1,767,321 39,996,945 5,961,390 3,946.431 1,903,610 3,393,738 31,06S,7SS 753,121 24,063,224 4.793,982 2,001,749 1,404,419 1,363,424 15,556,702 Primary horsepower. Total. 39,12S 626 21,542 2,694 3,843 1,580 2,600 6,243 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines)-! Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- 1 gines.; 12,170 20 3,530 ' 10,170 50 700 900 2,000 1,790 j I Wa- ; ter ipow-l i'er.a' 2,241 141 31 2,085 i 96 125! 45 Rent- ed.* j Elec- j trie i horse- I power ! gener- , ated in ! estab- j merits 'report- i ing. 17,586;! 15,973 575 5,661 I! 12,552 2,644! 1,143 1.260 55 6S0 !l 2.600 |l- 4,2S3 ■ jj 2,1% 1 All other states embrace: Colorado, 1 establishment: Illinois, 1; Indiana, 2; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 1; Minnesota, 2: Ohio, 3: and Rhode Island, 1. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-helt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). FIREARMS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The following report on the firearms industry covers the commercial manufacture of portable firearms—that is, those that can be fired from the shoulder—together with their parts and accessories, bayonets and scabbards. Ma- chine guns, properly speaking, being mounted, find their place in the report on ordnance. Statistics for establishments operated by the Federal Government are not included in this report but are given in the introductory section for the combined industries—ammunition, firearms, and ord- nance. Prior to the present census, detailed statistics of products were not reported; there was no special schedule and the establishments reported only the total value of products. Comparative summary.—Table 16 summarizes the statistics for the censuses from 1879 to 1919, inclu- sive, with percentages of increase. The general statistics for the industry at earlier censuses are as follows: In 1869 the industry was represented by 46 establishments, with 3,297 wage earners (aver- age number) and products valued at $5,582,258; in 1859 by 242 establishments, with 2,065 wage earners and products valued at $2,368,931; and in 1849 by 317 establishments, 1,547 wage earners, and prod- ucts valued at $1,173,014. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Statistics by states can only be presented for Connec- ticut, New York, and Massachusetts. Table 17 shows these states ranked in the order named with respect to value of products, wage earners, and value added by manufacture. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 18 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms/7 Figures for states will be found in Table 27. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics presented in Table 19 are intended to show the steadiness of emplo3mient, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during 1919. Of the total average number of wage earners employed in the industry, 9.9 per cent were females. New York with 553 females shows the highest ratio, 13.7 per cent. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week.—The statistics in Table 20 show in a marked degree the reduction in the prevailing hours of labor in 1919 as compared with 1914. In 1914 practically all of the wage earners were em- ployed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 54 or more per week, whereas in 1919 the wage earners employed "54" hours per week and more constituted but 17 per cent of the total number, and 79.2 per cent were employed in establishments where the hours were "48" per week or less. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry- is one of large units. In 1919, 13 establishments employed over 100 wage earners each, and represented 96.5 per cent of the total number employed in all establishments. Table 21 shows that the group "Over 1,000 wage earners" carries the largest number of wage earners, the number employed representing 54.4 per cent of all wage earners in 1919, compared with 34.3 per cent in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products,—The natural increase in the firearms industry, due to the World War, together with the inflation of values, has resulted in a marked shift to the group of establish- ments with products valued at "$1,000,000 and over" in 1919 as compared with 1914 as presented in Table 22. In 1919 the average value of products per establishment was $1,160,822 as compared with $363,- 578 in 1914. Character of ownership.—Table 23 shows that the industry is mainly in the hands of corporations. In 1919, 4 individual establishments with 44 wage earners reported products valued at $78,618, or three- tenths of 1 per cent of the value of all products for the industry, and 3 firms with 714 wage earners reported products to the value of $1,662,283, or 5.5 percent of the value of all products for the industr}^, the balance being corporations. In 1914 there were 8 individual establishments with 665 wage earners and products valued at $1,184,920, and 3 establishments owned by firms with 5S0 wage earners and products valued at $1,013,180. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The total horsepower presented in Table 24 for 1919 as compared with that for 1914 shows an increase of 18,693, or 250.1 per cent. Electric power is an im- portant factor, and in 1919 purchased electric power constituted 45.1 per cent of the total primary power, and in 1914, 54 per cent. A large proportion of the owned power is employed in electric generation. Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 25 shows the total quantities of the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry as a whole, and the distribution of same, by states, (408) FIREARMS. 409 Table 16.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments. Persons engaged. Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees ...... Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture.. 1919 1914 26 / 29 12,534 i 7,518 9 | 16 1,238 i 438 11,287 j 7,064 26,167 | 7,474 1*51,917,782 !$] 5,610,809 15,427,678 ; 5,776,500 2; 094,183 1 709,447 13,333,495 I 5,067,053 1,388,410 i 109, 733 7,613,784 I 2,669,618 30,181,370 ;10,543,753 22,567,586 7,874,135 1909 27 6,436 15 419 6,002 7,523 1513,033,000 4,447,322 528,670 3,918,652 79,124 1,568,734 8,058,499 6,489,765 1904 1899 1889 30 | 32 j 6,563! 339! 6,224 I 16,352 | 4,490- §10,376,264 j$6.916,231 4,710! 228 | 4,482! 4,231,190 508,340 3,722,850 43,494 131,085,183 1,738,012 8,275,560 6,537,54& 34 (2) 2,660 (*) (3) (*) <*) 2,542,366 $1,575,931 2,785,572: 243,206- PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1879 39!! (2) 4,862 (5) (3) (*) (fl) S2,700,281 Firearms' 'i 29»212-450 Revolvers and pistols j - • • ■ • - - - j 12,560,901 Revolvers !; T'XX'St Pistols,automatic ;139,5/*; l.«^»«J Pistols. other than automatic ;.... ^...... o. Wo, .5M Quantity reported '-^l „ Quantity not reported *> Kind not specified !g, 6r4,514 Rifles i *' Miliiwy iid "automatic.".'.!!!!!!!.!!... jJ 154,738; 2,832,0S5 Km^::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::>m^ s;iS?;Sg ! Number. 33,811 ! Firearms—Continued. Carbines j Shotguns! Repeating 83,423 Double barreled Single barreled Kind not specified Other firearms (combination shotguns and rifles, shoul- der and dart whale guns, special guns for target prac- tice), accessories, bayonets, and scabbards and parts... Ordnance, products of firearms esteblishments. Ammunition, products of firearms establishments Contract work AH other products 90,158 244.142 14.000 Value. $578,345 6,173', 989 2. 466. $51 1.803.284 1.497.85* 406,000 2,004,852 7,401,272 77.081 3^5,521 22$. 362 1 Not including products of 3 governmental establishments, $21,264,751. > Includes estimated number (t,01Z) for rifles valued at $17,220. • Includes estimated number (4,006) for rifles valued at $30,046. 412 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLE. Table 27 presents for 1919 the statistics in detail for the industry as a whole and for each state for which figures can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 27.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States. Connecticut Massachusetts. New York All other states1... Num- ber of estab- lish- | ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 12,634 4,952 2,440 4,663 479 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, I super- 1 in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 195 74 13 84 24 Clerks, etc. Male. 577 176 78 313 10 Fe- male. 138 95 216 17 Wage earners. Averr age num- ber. 11,287 4,561 2,253 4,049 424 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Ja 13,428 Minimum month. Jyl0,194 "WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRE- SENTATIVE DAY. Uh- derl6. EXPENSES. Total, 16 and over. Capital. Salaries and wages. | Male. Fe- male. Male. Officials. Clerks, etc. 11,497 10,390 1,058 49 $51,917,782 $856,026 $1,238,157 4,212 2,463 4,423 399 3,834 2,323 3,891 342 377 95 T 45 3 30,174,424 5,294,048 15,731,559 717,751 374,661 95,542 453,093 234,363 533,456 17,245 529 57 337,701 48,222 Salaries and wages—Con. expenses—continued. STATE. Rent and taxes. Taxes, Federal, For materials. Wage earners. Rent of factory. state, county, and Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. local. $13,333,495 $17,896 $1,370,514 $6,757,191 $856,593, 6,050,283 2,599,197 4,524,422 159,593 7,017 520 6,382 3,977 787,604 372,572 204,311 6,027 3,854,139 961,022 443,249 105,185 295,220 12,939 All other states1 1,736,522 205,508 Value of products. $30,181*370 15,928,706: 5,644,510 8,181,429 426,725 Value added by manufac- ture. $22,567,586 11,631,318 4,578,303 6,149,687 208,278 Primary horsepower. Total. 26,167 15,632, 2,121 8,146 268 Owned. Steaml en- gines (not tur- bines). 846 ~~76 570 15Q 50 Steam tur- bines. 600 Wa- ter pow- ers 118 Rented (elec- tric). 11,813 2,766 1,551 7,278 218 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 1 AH other states embrace: Illinois. 1 establishment; Michigan, 1; New Jersey, 1: and Pennsylvania, 2. »Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES. GENEEAI S General character of the industry.—The following | report pertains to the commercial establishments: engaged in the manufacture of "Ordnance and acces- sories/' and with respect to products includes all ord- nance and ordnance stores in the military sense, except \ those covered by the other sections of this report— j "Firearms/' or small arms, and "Ammunition." At the census of 1914 only two establishments were engaged primarily in the manufacture of ordnance and accessories, and they were included in the group j designated as "All other industries," which included the few industries for which separate statistics could not be published. Likewise at the census of 1909 the industry was represented by but one establishment; consequently comparative figures are not available for prior years. The term ordnance is not used in the broad military sense to include infantry and cavalry equipment and shot and shell for cannon, which latter are here classed under "Ammunition/' but comprises only artillery, or mounted guns, gun mounts, carriages, caissons, limbers, and mounted machine guns, with accessories. Light portable machine guns are listed as automatic rifles in the statistics relating to firearms. With "accessories" are included miscellaneous manu- factures which were so reported that they can not be easily separated, among which are artillery and car axles and spindles, cases and ball-bearing parts, gun- fire control, air compressors, coolers, periscopes, sights, lifting jacks, and electrical dials. Projectiles, bushings, and caps for projectiles will be found under "Ammunition/' and there is possibly an unknown quantity of armor plate included with the gun forgings reported by steel works and rolling mills. Comparative summary.—xls above stated, com- parable figures with respect to previous censuses can not be given, and the full statistics for 1919 will be found in Table 36. At the censuses of 1904, 1899, and 1889 the industry was designated as ordnance and ordnance stores and included supplies now classified under "Ammunition." Principal states, ranked by value of products.—In Table 28 the states are ranked according to value of products, and the rank shown for average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture. The states of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin, included with "All other states," rank second, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, respectively. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 29 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms/' Figures for states will be found in Table 36. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics presented in Table 30 are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing in 1919. The number of females employed is relatively small, the average number for the year constituting but 2.7 per cent of the total number. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week.—Table 31 shows the prevalence of the short working day jn this industry. The majority of the wage earners, 71.3 per cent of the total, were employed in establishments in which the prevailing hours of labor were 48 per week, and 11.4 per cent were in establishments where the hours were 44 per week or less. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 32 shows that the industry is one of large units, the average for all establishments being 436 wage earners, and 5 establishments, each em- ploying over 500 wage earners, account for 61.5 per cent of the total number. Size of establishments, by value of products,—Of the 26 establishments, 14 had products each in excess of SI,000,000. These employed 9,647 wage earners, or 85.2 per cent of the total number, and reported products valued at §63,439,134, or 91.3 per cent of the total for the industry, and value added by manufac- ture to the amount of $39,172,259, or 91.3 per cent of the total for the industry. Only 6 establishments reported products, valued at less than $500,000, these having 357 wage earners, $1,099,632 in value of products, and $848,272 in value added by manufac- ture, and 6 had products of $500,000 but less than $1,000,000, these having 1,324 wage earners, products valued at $4,956,S62 and value added by manufacture $2,882,439. Character of ownership.—With one exception the in- dustry is in the hands of "Corporations/' this one estab- lishment representing but a fraction of 1 per cent of the wage earners employed and the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 33 shows that electric power is an important factor in the manufacture of ordnance and accessories, and that purchased electric power constituted 78.6 per cent of the total primary power. In addition, a large proportion of the owned power was employed in gener- ating electric power and is so utilized. Fuel consumed.—Table 34 shows the quantities and different kinds of fuel used in the industry and the distribution of the same, by states. The gas reported is chiefly natural gas. (413) 414 MANUFACTURES. Table 28.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number of establishments. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANU- FACTURE. Number of establishments. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANU- FACTURE. "WAGE EARNERS. |;1 Rank. | WAGE EARNERS. STATE. Average number. Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. STATE. Average number. Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. ■a M fl i M M d a o3 « c3 tf United States 26 11,328 100.0 $69,496 100.0 $42,903 100.0 Connecticut 4 1,443 8,080 12.7 71.4 3 $11,697 39,452 16.8 56.8 3 $6,361 24,623 14.8 57.4 3 All other states 18 Massachusetts.. .„ 4 1,805 15.9 2 18,347 26.4 1 11,919 27.8 l Table 29.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919. PER CENT OF TOTAL. f PER CENT OF TOTAL. CLASS. Total. Male. male. Fe- male. CLASS. Total. Male. Fe- male. Fe- male. Male. Male. 13,600 12,711 889 93.5 6.5 Clerks and other subordinate salaried em- ployees 1,829 11,328 1,249 11,022 580 306 68,3 97.3 31.7 2.7 443 440 3 99.3 0.7 Proprietors and firm members 3 3 "Wage earners (average number) Salaried officers of corporations 90 350 90 347 11,326 2 11,020 2 306 97.3 2.7 Superintendents and managers 3 99.1 0.9 Under 16 years of age 1 Figures not available. Table 30.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] num- ber em- ployed during Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. STATE. year. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States 11,328 11,022 306 19,435 18,504 931 15,331 14,836 495 15,038 14,568 470 13,200 12,883 317 11,730 11,461 269 10,022 9,816 206 Sf353 8,209 144 7,974 7,837 137 7,990 7,875 U6 8,174 8,055 119 9,159 9,009 150 9,530 9,211 319 41.0 42.4 12.4 1,443 1,805 1,486 3,937 1,596 3,393 2,665 2,736 2,753 1,777 2,268 1,516 1,487 90S 856 1,401 626 1,392 659 1,317 768 935 992 1,075 1,161 22.7 22.9 1,279 Table 31.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. Be- tween 48 and Be- tween 54 and 44 and under. 48. Over 60. 54. 60. 11,328 1,295 8,077 970 814 172 1,443 1,805 496 764 1,309 679 ORDNANCE AND ACCESSORIES. 415 Table 32.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— Wage earners (average number). 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 m?Jf° Over 1,000 earners, * bC inclusive. | eamers' Establishments. wage earners, inclusive. wage wage earners, earners, inclusive. j inclusive. 8TATK. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. ■ . Wage earners. Wago earners. Wago earners. © g Wage earners. Wage earners. ! ! 11 1: 4 j 276 United States 26 11,328 j! 2 81 8 1,326 j 7! 2,680 4 j 2,954 1 4,011 Connecticut 4 4 1,443 1,805 2 35$ 1 1 405 3 1,256 1 1 680 549 1 t 1 Table 33.— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919. HORSEPOWER. Number of POWER. engines or Per motors. cent distri- Amount. bution. Primary power, total . 1,875 40,652 100.0 Owned . 37 8,6S7 21.4 Steam 31 8,300 20.4 Engines 28 6,669 16.4 3 1,631 4.0 Internal-combustion engines. 5 187 0.5 Water wheels and turbines 1 200 0.5 Number of jj! engines or j i Per j HORSEPOWER. POWER. m°t0rS- r Amount. \ «£. j, | button. Rented, electric 1,838 'j 31,965! 78.6 Electric. 2,403!! 38,550! 100.0 1,838 i; 31,965 j 82.9 565;, 6,585 j 17.1 Rented Generated by establishments reporting II! Table 34.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. COAL. Gaso- line COAL. Gaso- line Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds) and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). ! and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). J STATE. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 Bitu- minous Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds) Fuel oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). STATE. i 2,000 pounds). (tons, pounds). i pounds). United States 36,747 66,684 3,837 58,368 96S 2,978,491 j New York.... 18,161 2,996 2,740 65 19,795 $20 1,327 ! Ohio 1,862 | 1,932; 33,598! i04 l's73 Connecticut 137 12,930 13,366 533 5,937 2,077 357 4,240 ! Wisconsin 35 Massachusetts « 40 451 i All other states 18,409 48 29,739 472 2,971,351 SPECIAL STATISTICS. The foregoing tables relating to ordnance and accessories give the general statistics for the 26 establishments assigned to this industry. There is, however, a very large production by establishments in other lines of manufacture for which the gen- eral statistics are included in the reports for the ammunition and firearms industries, for steel works and rolling mills, and likewise in certain of the gen- eral industries designated as foundry and machine- shop products, steel and electric railway cars, and agricultural implements. Table 35 gives the total production of ordnance and accessories by all estab- lishments, whether manufactured as a primary or as a subsidiary product. There is included among accessories certain miscellaneous articles, such as periscopes, which were not segregated in the reports. There was a large production of gun forgings reported by steel plants which probably to a considerable extent is duplicated in the finished ordnance products reported by other establishments. Of the finished guns here reported, approximately 60 per cent of the machine guns were produced by estabhsliments engaged primarily in the manufacture of firearms and over one-half of the gun mounts and the like were products of establishments outside of the ordnance industry as here classified. An ordnance production of $5,343,327 was reported by establishments included in the machine-shop industry, and a still larger amount came from establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of steel and electric railway cars. These are all included in the item designated as ''subsidiary products, ordnance and accessories, of other in- dustries.'' Products, detailed statistics.—The statistics of pro- duction are given in Table 35 with as much detail as is possible without disclosure of individual operations. 416 Manufactures. Table 35.—PRODUCTS, DETAILED STATISTICS: 1910. Total value. Ordnance and accessories, the industry Subsidiary products, ordnance and accessories, of other industries Ordnance and accessories1 Guns— Machine guns 2... Naval guns (number 910) Field guns8 Other guns Gun mounts— Naval and steel gun mounts Machine and antiaircraft mounts and sights . Gun mounts, kind not specified, and sights.. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Value. $130,588,482 69,495,625 61,092,854 102,322,423 15,577,764 4,568,901 706,827 634,704 6,472,751 3,788,837 7,877,876 and Ordnance and accessories—Continued. Carriages, caissons and limbers, not specified Accessories and miscellaneous— Spares for— Machine guns Caissons, limbers, and wagons, axles spindles Gunfire control ■ Sights, lifting jacks, elevator dials, etc— Other, incluofng cases, bomb projectors, air oom- pressors, coolers, periscopes, etc Gun forgings (steel works) Ordnance not specified (steel works).. . Ammunition, products of ordnance establishments Contract work All other products, not ordnance or accessories Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1 Not including products of 3 governmental establishments, $52,941,756. 2 Includes 46,542 machine guns, value $14,365,715 (unit value $309); number not reported for $1,212,049. 8 Includes 1,522 field guns, value $541,427 (unit value $356); number not reported for $165,600. GENERAL TABLE. Value. $10,200,212 7,228,417 6,461,368 2,443,311 1,808,630 7,029,302 21,185,931 '6,337,592 13,410,903 2,709,117 12,146,039 Table 36 presents for 1919 the statistics in detail for the states for which figures can be shown without disclosure of individual operations. Table 36.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Connecticut Massachusetts All other states1 Num- ber of I estab- lish- ments. 26 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 13,600 1,680 2,60-4 9,316 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, |super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Olerks, etc. 440 128 232 Male. 1,249 92 421 736 Fe- male. 580 65 250 265 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 11,328 11443 1,805 8,080 Number, 15th day of— Maximum j month, Ja 19,435 Ap 2,753 Ja 3,937 MinimiiTn month. Au 7,974 Au Je 625 902 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 12,930 1,161 2,080 9,689 16 and over. Male. 12,120 1,084 1,984 9,052 Fe male. '77 95 636 Un- der 16 male. Capital. $85,399,163 15,988,439 22,690,853 46,719,871 Salaries and wages. Officials. $2,353,619 436,803 517,672 1,399,641 Clerks, etc. ($1,748,774 218,500 598,051 332,223 United States - expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Continued. Connecticut.............. Massachusetts All other states1 Wage earners. $15,566,642 1,860,934 2,789,639 10,906,069 For con- tract work. $1,475 1,475 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $110,402 36,661 73,741 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $3,739,959 251,485 1,387,376 2,101,098 For materials. Principal materials. $25,513,109 5,209,038 6,261,244 14,042,827 Fuel and rent of power. Value of products. $1,079,549 136,513 167,046 78% 990 $69,495,628 11,696,554 18,346,958 39,452,116 Value added ,by manufac- ture. $42,<902,970 6,361,003 11,918,068 24,623,299 Primary horsepower. Total. |40,652 5,073 7/900 127,679 Owned. Steam en- i gineS (not 'tur- bines.): 1,625 1 100 3,944 Steam tur- bines. 1,631 625 1,006 In- ter? nal- com- bus- tion en- glues. Wa- ter pow- er.8 Rent- ed (elec- tric). 31,965 3,173 6,175 22,617 Elec- tric horse- power {gener- ated Ines- tab- lish- ments report- ing. 6,585 1,342 3,718 i All other states embrace: Indiana, i establishment; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 2; New Jersey, 2; New York, 4; Ohio,'3; Pennsylvania,^ and Wisconsin, 3. »Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership Of water supply). LUMBER AND ITS REMANUFACTURES Page Forest Products 419 The Lumber Industry 420 Pulp-wood Consumption and Wood-pulp Production 477 Forest Products Consumed in the Manufacture of Dyestuffs and Extracts and in Tanning and Wood Distillation 485 111367°—23 27 (417) FOREST PRODUCTS. By A. H. O. Rolxe. UTTRODUCTION. This report presents statistics for the principal manufacturing industries using crude forest products as materials. The statistics are divided into four chapters and comprise the following: (1) The lumber industry; (2) Pulp-wood consumption and wood-pulp production; (3) Forest products consumed in the manufacture of dyestuffs and extracts, and in tanning and wood distillation; and (4) Turpentine and rosin. General statistics covering capital invested, persons engaged, cost of materials, and value of products, as well as special statistics of materials and kind and quantity of products are given for the lumber industry group and for turpentine and rosin. For the other industries, however, only special data pertaining principally to materials are shown, general statistics being presented in the report for the group in which the particular industry falls when classified according to the principal product. In order that the magnitude of the forest products industries may be more readily visualized, a summary has been prepared showing the value of products of establishments in the lumber industry group and in turpentine and rosin, also the cost of forest products used as materials in other specified industries. INDUSTET, Amount. Lumber and timber products1 $1,393,033,897 500,438,258 177; 818,454 53,051,294 87,386,083 12,133,799 12.027,687 9; 559,046 Lumber, planing mill products Boxes, wooden packing Turpentine and rosin Pulpwood Djesturls and extracts .cost, of wood, bark, etc.. .cost of wood... bark, etc.. Tanning materials Wood distillation 1 Including custom sawmills. The value of forest products produced on farms was collected in connection with the census of agriculture. Although this report covers manufacturing industries only, these data are particularly interesting. The fol- lowing statement shows the value of forest products produced on farms in the United States for 1919 and 1909: ITEM. 1919 1909 Farms reporting forest products 2.409.853 37.9 Per cent of all farms Value of all forest products $195,306,283 92,524,205 102,782,078 Value of products sold Value of products used on farms ; 176,605, 782 It is safe to assume that a considerable part of the forest products sold on farms was used as materials in the manufacturing industries covered in these statistics. (419) THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The plan adopted at the Thirteenth Census for presenting statistics for the lumber industry has been followed generally in this report. Four classes of establishments are in- cluded: (1) Lumber and timber products, which in- cludes logging camps, cooperage stock mills, veneer mills, merchant sawmills, and dependent planing mills, that is, planing mills operated in conjunction with sawmills; (2) lumber, planing-mill products, which covers planing mills not connected with saw- mills, or independent planing mills; (3) boxes, wooden packing; and (4) custom sawmills. Establishments manufacturing products from ma- terials which they owned and large establishments doing contract logging or sawing were classed as merchant, while small establishments engaged pri- marily in sawing lumber from logs furnished by others were classed as custom. Data for custom sawmills are included in Table 1, and in Tables 15 to 72, inclusive, except Table 17. Detailed statistics for custom sawmills are shown in Table 75. Summary.—Statistics for 1919 for the different branches of the lumber industry, which are included in this report, are presented in Table 1. The lumber and timber products branch is by far the most im- portant and furnished about two-thirds of the total value of the products of the entire industry. This branch, however, includes not only logging and sawing but also dependent planing mills and other remanufactures when operated in conjunction with sawmills. The independent planing mills and box factories are included because they are closely con- nected with the lumber and timber products branch, planing-mill work and box making being frequently carried on in connection with the manufacture of lumber. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 2 gives comparative statistics for the industry for each census since 1879 and the percentages of increase or decrease for the six census periods. The statistics are not strictly comparable for the reasons that prior to 1914 window and door screens were included with planing-mill products, also it is probable that for 1879 capital invested in timber lands and standing timber was included in the capital reported as in- vested in manufacturing establishments. In addi- tion to the instructions for securing data relating to capital as quoted in the "Explanation of terms/7 the schedule used for collecting data for lumber and timber products specifically called for capital in- vested in land, buildings, machinery, and tools, in logging and timber plants including live stock, booms, chains, canals and chutes, logging railways and equipment, pull boats, etc. Capital invested in timberlands or standing timber, however, was called for only under other specified inquiries, and since 1879 capital so invested has been reported separately and excluded from these statistics. The large increases shown for 1919 for salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due to the sharp advance in wages and in the cost of commodities during and following the World War, consequently these figures can not properly be used to measure the growth of the industry. In fact, the production of lumber shows a decrease from 1914 to 1919. The average number of wage earners employed and the primary horsepower are perhaps the truest indexes of the development in this industry. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." States, ranked by value of products.—In Table 3 is shown the rank of the lumber-manufacturing states in 1919. The figures presented include the three branches of the lumber industry and cover merchant establishments only. Considering the industry as a whole, Michigan was the leading state in the census years 1879, 1889, and 1899, New York in 1904, and Washington in 1909, 1914, and 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 4 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909 the number of persons engaged in the various branches of the industry distributed by classes and sex, the average number of wage earners also being shown separately for persons 16 years of age and over and persons under 16 years of of age. The age classification of the average num- ber of wage earners is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms.'' The classification by sex for 1919 was reported sepa- rately, except for lumber and timber products. For that industry for 1919 and for all industries for 1914 and 1909 the classification by sex was obtained by the same method as described in the "Explanation of terms" for the distribution by age- Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 5 show the steadiness of ernployrnent- or the reverse, during the several census years, and reflect the industrial conditions as they affect labor. The lumber industry in many sections of the United States is seasonal, the logging and transporting of the logs to the mills or railroads or to rivers or streams (420) THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 421 for the drive to the mills being done during the winter months, and the mills being operated more generally during the spring, summer, and fall. In other sec- tions the logging operations, as well as the sawing, are carried on the entire year without any appreciable difference in the activities. The extent to which climatic and other conditions affected the activity in this industry in the various states is brought out by the statistics. Wage earners in logging camps and mills.—The seasonal conditions mentioned in the preceding para- graph pertain particularly to the logging and sawmill industry, hence separate statistics for wage earners are presented in Table 6. Prevailing hours of labor.—Figures presented in Table 7 indicate a tendency toward the shortening of the working day of the wage earner. In the lumber and timber products industry in the Western states wage earners in important plants usually work in 8-hour shifts, while the 10-hour shift is more com- mon in the Eastern and Southern states. Many of the wage earners, particularly in the smaller or less important estabhshments, work irregular hours, and the classification of employees as shown in this table is of questionable value. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The statistics presented in Table 8 show that the number of establishments employing no wage earners predominate in this industry, and in many of the states the number of small establishments | increased from 1914 to 1919. The main reasons for such increase may be the increased prices of the prod- ucts and also the shutting down of large establish- ments on account of diminution of the timber supply. The increased prices probably induced small opera- tors to engage in the industry when larger plants were forced to shut down for lack of a sufficient sup- ply of raw material. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The statistics given in Table 9 show the tendency of the industry to become concentrated in large establish- ments, or the reverse. Character of ownership.—Table 10 shows the num- ber of wage earners employed in estabhshments oper- ated by individuals, corporations, and others. While the greatest number of estabhshments are operated | by individuals, corporate form of ownership is by far the most important, which is clearly indicated by the statistics presented in this table. Kumber and horsepower of types of prime movers (Table 11).—The power accounted for in these sta- tistics does not include locomotives or traction en- gines, but represents the power employed in the manu- facturing plants. Hoisting engines and other power reported as employed in logging is included, but all power used in logging, apparently, was not reported. Fuel consumed.—The principal fuel used in this industry was mill waste, the quantity of which was not reported. The quantity and kind of other fuel used is shown in Table 12. Table 1.—SUMMARY FOR THE LUMBER INDUSTRY, INCLUDING CUSTOM SAWMILLS: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries - Wages Paid for contract work Bent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 8 Aggregate. 37,964 702,555 43,804 45,232 613,519 3,053.572 $1,836,026; 964 713,359,673 93,129, £62 620,259,811 39,290,629 54-, 753,015 873,908,924 2,071,290,609 1,197,381,685 M.ERCIIANT ESTABLISHMENTS. All branches. 32,568 692,166 36,627 45,193 610,346 2,922,6.56 SI, 8285,772,648 711,326,048 93,119.246 6.18,206; $02 39,282,883 54.680,328 873;172,375 2,065', 728,125 1.192,555.750 Lumber and timber products.1 26,119 538,788 31,348 26,495 4SO;945 2,35$,937 SI, 357; 991; 571 545,347,364 55", 928.2?3 489,419,091 37,546,478 39', 763,736 470,960,488 1,387.471,413 916.510,925 Lumber, planing-mill products (not including plan- ing mills con- nected with sawmills). Boxes, wooden packing (except cigar boxes). 5. 309 106.481 4; 430 15,095 86.956 419,671 §361,848,070 120,512,866 28, .536,340 91,976,526 1,102,507 9,898.402 299,265,652 500.438,258 201.1?2,606 1,140 46, 897 849 3,603 42,445 144,Q4S S10S, 932,998 45.465.81S 8.654;633 36,811,185 633. S9S 5,018; 190 102,946', 235 177,818.454 74,872,219 1 Includes logging camps and mills manufacturing lumber, cooperage stock, shingles, lath, and veneers; also planing mills operated in conjunction with sawmills. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. 422 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, MERCHANT ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, ANI> 1879. 1919 1914 1909 1899 1889 1879 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 1889- 1899 1879- 1889 All Branches. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower.. Capital! Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * lumber and timber products. Number of establishments 32,568 692,166 36,627 45,193 610,346 2,922,656 SI, 828, 772,648 711,326,048 93,119,246 618,206, 802 39,282,883 54,630,328 S73,172,375 2,065,728,125 1,192,555,750 34,244 694,303 38,966 40,789 614,548 40,671 784,989 48,825 41,145 695,019 2,734,014 SI, 250,072,727 373,987,476 53,855,617 320,131,859 33,764,310 17,222,716 519,018,961 1,109,549,618| 590,530,657 2,840,082 $1,176,675,407 366,166,903 47,427,696 318,739,207 (2) (2) 508,117,579 1,156,128,747 648,011,168 25,153 593,342 30, 738 30,038 532,566 1,886,624 $733,707,720 277,571,851 31, 737,491 245,834,360 36,358,489 a 8,147,425 360,324,949 8S4,267,009 523,942,060 28,133| (2) (2) 20,940 508,766 1,658,594 1541, 594,955 207,109,909 18,714,931 188,394,9781 364,963,841 760,992,360 396,028,519 26,913[ (3) (2) 28,248 536,937 1,165,875 $531,046,097 1S3,906,841 18,809,851 165,096,990 9,647,464 4,446,488 322,712,203 647,093,674 324,381,471 28,851 (2) (2) $224,840,197 8 49,093,887 8 199,256,320 319,720,635 120,464,315 -4.9 -0.3 -6.0 10. -0.7 6.9 46.3 90.2 72.9 93.1 16.3 217.5 68.2 86.2 101.9 -15. -11.6 -20.2 -0. -11.6 -3.7 6.2 2.1 13.6 0.4 -10.0 32.3 58.8 37.0 30.5 50.5 60.4 31.9 49.4 29.7 43.4 4.7 13.7 35.5 34.0 69.6 30.5 -25.9 -5.2 42-3 2.0 12.6 -0.5 14.1 2.1 -4. 0| -8.9 41.0 30.7 23.7 -1.3 16.2 32.3 13.1 17.6 22.1 62.0 102.4 169.3 Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * LUMBER, PLANING-MILL PRODUCTS. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture •».. BOXES, WOODEN PACKING. Number of establishments 26,119 538,788 31,348 26,495 480,945 2,358,937 357,991,571 545,347,364 55,928,273 489,419,091 37, 546,478 39,763,736 470,960,488 1,387,471,413 916, 510,925 5,309 106,481 4,430 15,095 86,956 419,671 $361,848,079 120,512,866 28,536,340 91,976, 526 1,102,507 9,898,402 299,265,652 500,438,258 201,172,606 Persons engaged. Proprietors and firm members..! Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 4 1,140 46, 897 849 3,603 42,445 144,048 $108,932,998 45,465,818 8,654,633 36,811,185 633,898 5,018,190 102,916,235 177,818,454 74,872, 219 27,229 536,116 32,840 23,490 479, 786 2,192,392 S916,574, 231 272,034,082 32,057,520 239,976,562 31,790,233 12,302,490 281,951,873 715,310,333 433,358,460 5,841 115,969 5,131 14,624 96,214 414,817 $266,804,640 79,944,771 17,995, .541 61,949,230 1,643,966 3,816,545 184,227,441 307,672,478 123,445,037 1,174 42,218 995 2,675 38,548 126, .805 $66,693,856 22,008,623 3,802,556 18,206,067 330, 111 1,103,681 52,839,647 86,566,807 33,727, 160 33,090 613,601 41,489 24,934 547,178 2,316,634 $863,870,850 268,409,862 29,543,056 238,866,806 (2) (2) 265,559,595 753,3S8,368 487,828,773 6,402 132,511 6,247 13,872 112,392 410,950 $257,748,437 79, .589,663 15,053,254 64,536,409 19,121 447,093 24,049 18,481 404,563 1,490,816 $517,018,890 202, 814,741 19,865,092 182,949,649 34,956,938 3 5,454,537 183,708,296 579,777,310 396,069,014 23,043 14,225 413,257 1,375,139 $400,707,092 (2) (*) 147,951,; (2) 242,617,767 555,042,605 312,424,838 196,079,522 327,397,891 131,318,369 1,179 38,877 1,089 2,339 35,449 112,498 $65,056,120 IS, 167,378 2,831,386 15,335,992 (2) (2) 46,478,462 75,342,488 28,864,026 5,009 113,037 5,618 9,745 97,674 309,857 $177,145,734 60,673,837 9,960,230 50, 713,607 1,195,842 a 2,138,261, 143,137,662 247,441,956 104,304, 294 1,023 33,2121 1,071' 1,812 30,329 685,951 $39, 543,096 14,083,273 1,912,169 12,171,104. 205,709 3 554,627 33,478,991 57,047,7431 23,568,752 4,198 5,677 73,510| 228,731 $118,948,5561 32,621,704 22,607| (2) (2) 20,367 444,008 960,865 $397,756,201 128,459,636 11,200,209 117,259,427 9,647,464 4,446,488 203,540,866 437,898,942 234,358,076 3,670| (2) (2) 6,965 79,923 178,094 $120,271,440 48, 970,080 6, 748,224 42,221,856 25,758| (2) 148,290 821,928 1*181,465,392| 31, 893,098 146,312,937 233,608,886 87,295,949 2,491 37,187 (2) $38,070,593 14,431,654 99,568,501 167,786,122 68,217,621 2 h 1,038 21,999 54,724 $21,939,307 (2) 7,821,388| (2) (2) 22,777,573 38,163,633 15,386,060 8 104,926,834 183,681,552 78,754,718 45,268,462 73,424,681 28,156,219 636 8 916 13,006 & 26, 916 $13,018,456 6,477,125 861,418 5,615,707 14,244,503 25,513,180 11,268,077 $5,304,212] (*) 2,769,135| 7,674,921 12,687,0681 5,012,147 -4.1 0.5 -4.5 12. 0.21 7. 48,2! 100.5 74 5 103.9 18.1 223.2 67.0 94.0 111.5 -9.1 -8.2 -13.7 3.2 -9.6 1.2 35.6 50.7 58.6 4a 5 -32.9 159.4 62.4 62.7 63.0 -2.9 11.1 -14.7 34.7 10.1 13.6 63.3 106.6 127.6 102.2 92.0 354.7 94. 105.41 122.0 -17.7 -12.6 -20.8 -5.8 -12.3 -5.4 6.1 1.4 8.5 0.5 73.1 37.21 72.5| 34. 35.3 55.4 67.1 32.3 48.7 30.6] -17.0 29.9 -2.1 8.4 29.0 -30.2 -6.9 43.1 0.7 199.4 16.9 119.2 23.7 267.7 6.2 -5.1 -11.2 -8.8 -12.5 -17.9 5.4 -14.4 0.9 3.5 0.4 19.5 -4.0 44.6 29.9 23.2 27.8 17.2 11.2 42.3 15.1 32.6 45.5 31.2 51.1 27.3 -24.3 4.5 19.3 19.2 26.8 33.3 14.4 39.1 87.4 16a 5 71.7 32.9 35.5 4a 9 -18.5 -ao 2S.4 -1.1 114.9 2i5.*9 55.5 -22.7 192.6 -6.0 -6.0 -6.0 -0.4 8.6 -ae 14.4 a7 12.7 21.1 21.1 34.3 18.7 37.0 32.3 25.9 15.2 17.1 1.7 29.1 16.9 30.9 39.2 29.0 48.1 26.0 43.8 47.5 52.9 14.7 -5.1 -S.7 -13.4 4a 3 13 L 8 1.50.2 179.7 74.6 37.9 57.1 80.2 13.3 69.1 103.3 6a 5 68.4 39.3 13.7 14.9 16.8 38. 32. lj 22.5 47.0 49.5 53.2 59.9 49.6 36.5 85.6 101.1 124.8 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. 2 Figures not available. 8 Exclusive of internal revenue. 4 Value of products less cost of materials. 6 Total horsepower. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 423 Table 3.—STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of I estab- lish- ments United States Washington Louisiana California Oregon Mississippi Arkansas Michigan Wisconsin New York North Carolina... Pennsylvania Alabama Texas Illinois Virginia Ohio Tennessee Minnesota Florida West Virginia Georgia Maine Indiana Kentucky Missouri." 32,568 1,232 579 566 706 1,504 1,562 618 605 1,526 2,957 1,935 1,774 606 495 2,110 990 1,570 366 552 773 1,656 712 736 1,045 697 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 610,346 100.0 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 56,018 44,526 24,829 24,578 37,435 31,884 21,660 28,822 16,721 25,847 16,295 27,097 20,239 11,287 20,533 9, 504 16.314 15; 485 23,350 13, 665 16,841 11, 492 7, 360 9,9S0 10,005 9.2 7.3 4.1 4.0 6.1 5.2 3.5 4.7 2.7 4.2 2.7 4.4 3.3 1.8 3.4 1.6 2.7 2.5 3.8 2.2 2.8 1.9 1.2 1.6 J24 1.6 ,23 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). '$2,065,728 234,825 130,460 99,052 95,264 94,501 91,852 88,891 88,883 82,508 69, 554 67,713 61,317 61,105 59, 775 56,393 53,397 52,788 52, 580 50, 409 46,314 43,051 36, 389 35, 043 33,836 33,655 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 11.4 6.3 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 81,192,556 100.0 Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 141,722! 87,565 i 54,540 I 57,740 i 64,051 j 59,403 46, 44.2 1 49.800! 38, 432! 44,543 j 36,174 41,288 38, 535 25,759 32,165 22,496 30,015 26,691 32,633 29, 383 24,679 21,261 16,242 17, 837 17,759 j 11.9 7.3 4.6 4.8 5.4 5.0 3.9 4.2 3.2 3.7 3.0 3.5 3.2 2.2 2.7 1.9 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.5 Num-j ber of! estab-j lish- meots. Massachusetts Idaho South Carolina... New Hampshire.. New Jersey Maryland Iowa Vermont Montana 1 Connecticut... Oklahoma 2.._. Colorado Kansas2 Rhode Island.. New Mexico... Nebraska Arizona South Dakota. Delaware Utah - Wyoming District of Colum- bia All other* 465 213 670 393 368 497 144 457 183 292 201 181 59 63 5*3 39 26 73 90 113 WAGE EARNERS. Per Aver- cent age dis- num- tri- ber. bu- tion. 7,059 8, 431 12, 732 7,131 4,105 4,995 3,549 3, 948 3,869 1,773 2, 493 1,294 799 706 1,286 526 1,039 820 701 366 361 244 352 1.2 !29 1.4 j26 2.1 20 1.2 !28 0.7 |31 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. (3) ,47 Amount pressed in thou- sands). $33,409 30,785 26,694 24,210 22,002 IS, 636 17,893 13,142 12,197 10,143 8, 054 4,197 3,933 2,977 2,971 2,749 2, 679 2,632 1,716 1,338 1,229 860 1,728 Per cent dis- tri- \^ bu- | a tion.! $ 1.6 ;2f» 1. 5 |27 1.3 128 1.2 129 1.1 <30 0.9 kl 0.9 132 0. 6 133 0.6 34 0.5 35 0.4 36 0.2 37 0.2 38 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ai 0.1 0.1 (3) 0.1 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). Per' cent dis-! tri-' bu-; tion. $15,698 I 21,877 i 17,326 | 12,556 I 8,595; 8,932; 8.300 7', 227 8,210 4,693 5,140 2.688 1J, 666 1, 490 2,213 1,228 1,-835 1,626 985 857 1,002 478 779 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.7 30 32 0.6 ;34 0.7 33 0.4 |36 0.4 35 0.2 37 0.1 !40 0.1 |42 a 2 ;3S 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (3) 0.1 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 2 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 8 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. * Includes establishments distributed as follows: Kansas. 2; Montana, 1; Nevada. 4: North Dakota, 10; Oklahoma, 2: and Utah, 2. Table 4.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subor- dinate salaried em- ployees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 ALL BRANCHES. Total. 692,166 694,303 784,989 58, 824 56,96S| 68,165 36,621 38,966 48,825 8,419 6,890 6,616 13,778 ii, ir 12,7241 22,996 22,787 21,805 610,346 614,548 695,019 608,606 611,128 689,086 1,740 3,420 5,933 Male. 673,750 685,7211 777,0301 57,892 56,294 67,486 36,029 38, 427 4S,249 8,165 6,765 6,523 13,698 11,102 12,714 16,395 18,780 18,088 599.463 610i64' 691,4561 597.860 607,447| 685,746 1,603 3,200 5,710 Fe- male. IS, 416 S,5S2 7,959 932 674 679 598 539 576 254 125 93 80 10 10 6,601 4,007 3,717 10,8831 3,901 3,563 10,716 3,681 3,310 13' 2201 223 Per cent of total. 97. 98.81 99. 0 98.4 98. 8| 99. 0 98.4 9a 6 98. 8 2.7 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 97.0 3. 0 98.2! 1. 98. 6| 1. 4| 99.4 99.9| 99. 9 71. 82.41 8a. o oa: 99. 41 99.5 9a 2 99. 4 99. 92.1 93.6 96.2 0.6! 0.1! a 1; 2a 7i 17.6 17.0 0.6 a 1.8 0.6 0. 7.91 6.4 3.81 LUMBER AND TIMP.ER PRODUCTS. Per cent of total. Total. 538,788 536,116 613, ooi 44,714| 43.57 53; 9501 31,348 32,840 41,489 4,406 3,438 3,574 8.960; 7,295 8,88. 13,129 12,757, 12,473 480,945! 479,786i 547,178 4,80,268 478,079] 543,951 677 1,707 3,227 Male. Fe- |- niale.l 530,557! 8,231 533,281! 2,835 610,126! 3, 475 44,154! 5601 43,1461 42' 53,4SS 46: 30,931! 32,466! 41,070! i 4,288| 3,391! 3,536j 8,935' 7,289, 8, as. 417 374 419! us! 4: 3S| 9,860 11,21 10,949| 476,543 478,920 515,689 475.915 477,301 542,51 6281 1,619! 3,142 3,269! 1,542! 1,524 4,402 866! 1,489 4,353| 1,404] 98.5 99.5 99.4 9$. 99. 0| 99. 9a 7 9a 9 99.0 97.3 9a 6 98.9 99. 99. 91 99.9 75.1 87.9 87.8 99.1 99. S| 99. 99.1 99.81 99. 9 2. S 94. 8 97.4 LUMBER, FLANTNG-MILL PRODUCTS, Per cent of total. 1.5 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.4| 1.1 0. 3! 0. II 0.1 24.9 12.1 12.': 0. 9 a 2' a 3 0.9| 0.2 0.3! 106,4811 115,969 132,oil 11,225 11,124 11,974 4,430 5,131 6,247 101,359 112,948 129,945 10. 933j 10,936| 11,801 4,279! 5,001 6,124 3,152| I 3,051 2,89S,i 2,840 2,563 j 2,518 3,643 3,095 3,164 8,300 8,631 8,145JI 86,956 96,214 112.39: 86,515 95.69: 111,310| 441 1,082 3,603 3,092 3,159 5,611] 6,539| 6,291 84,81, 95,4731 111,853 84,393 94,976 110, SOf 42*: 497 1,047 Fe- male. 5,122 3,021 2.566 29: 1SSI 173 151| 1 123! 101 58! 451 2,689 2,092 1,8541 2,141 741 539 ,122 716 504 19 35 95. 2; 97.4 9S.1I 97. 4} 98.3! 9a e! 96.6| 9' 9ao 96.8 9a 0 9a 2 4. S| 2.6 1.91 1. 1.4| BOXES. WOODEN PACKING. Per cent of total. Total 46. S3" 42, 2181 38,S7~! 2,885 2,271 i; 241 3.4 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.8 9a 9 1. II 99.9| 0.1| 99. 8^ a 2 32.4 24. 2' 22! sl 97. 5 99. 2 99. 3 99.51 95.7 95. 2 96. 8| 0.8] 0.;' 2. 5 0.7 0.5 4.3| 4. 3.21 849 995 1,089 861 554 479 1,175 j 1. l,399j 1,187 42,445' 38.54Sj 35,4491 41.$23j 37,357 33,825 622! 1.191 1.624 Male. 41,834 39,492 36,959 2,805! 2.2ir 2,197 819 957 1.055 826 534 •169 1,160 '72l' 673! Fe-: male, j 5,063 2.726 1,918 S9.2| 10.8 93. 5 6.5 95. lj 4. 9 97.2 2. S 97.4 2.6 98. 0 2,0 30; 96.5; 3.5 38; 96.2! as 34 96.9 3.1 35; 20; 10 95.9; 4.1 96,4^ 3.6 97.9i 2,1 i5| 9a 1: 99.9j ...j 100.0 924: 643! 59.Oj 1,026! 3731 73.3 848! 339j 71.4i L3 0.1 41.0 26.7 2a6 35, K& 4,340 89. S 10.2 36. 254j 2, 294; 94.0 6.0 33,914! 1,535! 95.7j 4.3 35,170! 32.393 4,271 89. SI 10.2 2,1.87 94. l! 5, 9 Ii 432j 95.Sj 4.2 000; 69| 1.0841 107 1,521 103] aa9i iLl 91.0 9.0 93.7 6.3 424 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS AND BY STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of niinimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- number employed on 15th day OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per age cent num- mini- STATE. ber em- mum ployed during Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April May. June. July. August. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- United States. year. mum. All branches: 1919 610,346 544,060 543,875 560,996 560,264 575,464 584,646 603,757 632,385 661,150 682,567 684,537 690,451 78.8 599,463 533, m 533,243 550,304 549,477 564,592 573,735 592,861 621,627 650,250 671,420 673,517 679,394 78.5 10,883 10,924 10,038 10,692 10,787 10,S72 10,911 10,896 10,758 10,900 11,147 11,020 11,057 95. 4 1914 614,548 617,S75 625,354 640,796 639,768 647,227 641,764 634,585 622,276 603,516 589,005 565,795 546,615 84.5 1909 695,019 6!fi, 239 661,690 685,1:33 681,354 6.86,657 687,597 680,509 692,669 714,963 732,796 739,160 728,481 87.8 Lumber and timber products: 1919 480,945 427.802 428,806 444,868 440,965 450,884 454,835 469,977 494,725 523,450 543,075 .543,298 548,655 78.0 476,543 423,406 424,410 440,470 436,565 4-16,483 450,433 465,575 490,322 519,046 538,669 538,890 544,247 77.8 4,402 4,396 4,396 4,398 4,400 4,401 4,402 4,402 4,403 4,404 4,406 4,408 4,408 99.7 1914 479,786 488,367 494,736 507,229 502,607 507,876 500,581 493,776 482,532 465,920 455,178 436,895 421,735 83.0 Lumber, planino-mill products: 1919: 86,956 74,409 74,362 75,377 78,617 83,346 87,636 91,450 93,768 94,483 96,074 97,035 96,915 76.6 Male 84,815 72,308 72,463 73,439 76,588 81,224 85,507 89,167 91,591 92,265 93,702 94,760 94,706 76.3 2,141 2,101 1,899 1,938 2,029 2,122 2,129 2,283 2,177 2,218 2,312 2,275 2,209 82.1 1914 96,214 91,452 92,207 93,717 96,844 99,049 100,863 101,228 101,147 99,079 96,680 92,916 89,386 88.3 Boxes, wooden packing: 1919 42,445 41,849 40,707 40,751 40,682 41,234 42,175 42,330 43,892 43,217 43,418 44,204 44,881 90.6 38,105 37,422 36,370 36,395 36,324 36,885 37,795 38,119 39,714 38,939 38,989 39,867 40,441 89.8 Female 4,340 4,427 4,337 4,356 4,358 4,349 4,380 4,211 4,178 4,278 4,429 4,337 4,440 94.1 1914 38,548 38,056 3S.411 39,850 40,317 40,302 40,320 39,581 38,597 38,517 37,147 35,984 35,494 88.0 states. Alabama 27,097 24,681 23,934 24,715 24,806 23, 753 24,216 25,380 26,720 29,722 31,483 31,876 33,878 70.1 Arizona 1,039 799 659 621 813 1,185 1,211 1,260 1,291 1,200 1,220 1,157 1,052 48.1 Arkansas 31,884 27,794 27,346 27,114 27,395 29,002 29,447 32,085 35,826 37,827 36,891 35,584 36,097 71.7 24,829 17,711 17,673 18,954 23,385 26,671 27,658 29,292 28,784 28,449 28,370 27,358 23,643 60.3 1,294 1,008 969 851 915 1,140 1,507 1,600 1,568 1,558 1,589 1,461 1,362 53.2 Connecticut 1,773 1,752 1,493 1,714 1,788 1,662 1,751 1,632 1,677 1,901 1,938 1,907 2,061 72.4 701 711 766 85S 736 639 593 622 627 578 665 743 874 66.1 District of Columbia 244 227 234 238 238 247 245 263 254 252 241 239 250 86.3 Florida 23,350 21,457 21, 102 21,700 21,966 22,411 22,426 24,244 24,797 24,394 25,614 25,036 25,053 82.4 16,841 15,100 13,695 14,772 14,903 14,587 15,703 16,562 15,939 18,334 19,985 20,224 22,288 61.4 8,431 6,336 6,611 6,770 7,992 8,648 9,195 9,128 9,334 9,987 9,296 9,124 8,751 63.4 11,287 10,615 10,418 10,391 10,270 10,997 11,509 10,150 12,080 11,884 12,243 12,412 12,476 81.4 Indiana 7,360 6,239 6,401 6,662 6,8S3 6,998 7,176 7,197 7,392 8,009 8,331 8,502 8,530 73.1 Iowa 3,549 2,776 3,010 3,082 3,215 3,364 3,660 3,811 3,867 3,906 3,952 3,988 3,957 69.6 Kansas1 799 696 685 713 754 774 815 837 835 862 894 888 835 76.6 Kentucky 9,980 8,680 8,789 9,163 9,083 8,742 8,799 9,436 10,075 11,265 11,899 11,995 11,834 72.4 44,526 39,810 40,534 41,239 42,485 44,477 43,676 46,400 48,478 46,932 46,606 46,838 46,837 82.1 11,492 12,642 11,982 11,235 9,909 10,859 10,584 10,079 10,208 11,114 12,525 13,503 13,264 73.4 4,995 4,789 4,707 4,854 4,878 4,876 4,781 4,840 4,731 4,681 5,239 5,610 5,954 78.6 Massachusetts 7,059 7,007 6,893 6,949 6,847 6,680 6,527 6,795 6,984 7,169 7,467 7,603 7,787 83.8 Michigan 21,660 21,910 22,182 21,275 19,951 20,133 20,444 21,263 21,581 22,049 22,233 22,812 24,087 82.8 15,485 17,553 18,061 17,430 14,051 12,497 13,576 13,692 13,247 14,482 15,825 16,764 18,642 67.0 Mississippi 37,435 33,981 32,872 33,582 32,797 34,066 34,542 37,025 40,311 42,390 42,729 41,934 42,991 76.3 Missouri 10,005 8,602 8,418 8,766 8,959 9,306 9,390 10,100 10,515 11,065 11,498 11,687 11,754 71.6 3,869 3,619 3,809 3,578 3,279 3,770 4,101 3,823 3,847 3,984 4,196 4,263 4,159 76.9 Nebraska 526 470 473 463 486 497 523 549 581 559 566 592 553 78,2 New Hampshire 7,131 8,237 7,862 7,765 6,371 6,562 6,392 5,148 5,942 6,879 7,908 8,547 7,959 60.2 New Jersey 4,105 3,833 3,804 3,896 4,023 4,040 3,993 4,081 4,148 4,222 4,333 4,454 4,433 85.4 New Mexico 1,286 m 1,149 1,185 1,035 1,213 1,359 1,425 1,426 1,361 1,393 1,493 1,449 63.2 16,721 14,878 15,028 15,167 15,341 16,139 16,708 16,636 17,132 17,547 18,232 18,895 18,949 7a 5 North Carolina 25,847 25,743 23,965 26,142 24,249 20,992 20,336 20,492 21,698 27,727 31,622 31,708 35,490 57.3 Ohio 9,504 8.520 8,521 8,702 8,956 9,192 9,765 9,599 9,694 9,893 10,276 10,367 10,563 80.7 Oklahoma1 2,493 2,277 2,292 2,346 2,381 2,370 2,166 2,409 2,604 2,594 2,747 2,805 2,925 74.1 24,578 17,m 17,857 20,050 23,199 25,898 26,717 28,120 29,834 28,703 28,256 26,858 22,290 57.5 Pennsylvania 16,295 15,249 15,216 15,022 14,979 15,334 15,719 15,928 16,783 17,234 17,722 18,120 18,234 82.1 Rhode Island 706 657 590 651 670 697 713 675 706 754 762 792 805 73.3 South Carolina .... 12,732 11,757 11,946 11,096 9,-822 9,731 10,007 12,202 13,326 15,242 15,225 15,804 16,626 58.5 South Dakota 820 759 751 787 683 732 747 752 815 919 938 948 1,009 67.7 Tennessee 1.6,314 13,171 13,045 14,488 13,781 14,902 14,884 15,844 17,117 18,707 19,376 20,046 20,407 63.9 Texas 20,239 17,8/(2 17,885 18,572 18,345 19,499 19,351 20,852 21,659 21,624 22,096 22,136 23,007 77.6 Utah1 366 263 250 297 298 324 331 464 463 486 404 380 432 51.4 Vermont 3,948 4,244 4,365 4,209 3,969 4,054 3,878 3,249 3,339 3,566 3,888 4,192 4,423 73.5 Virginia - 20,533 17,418 17,399 19,516 18,944 18,855 18,379 18.924 19,444 22,383 24,699 24,478 25,957 67.0 Washington 56,018 40,388 44,151 49,350 53,774 56,674 57,586 57,677 62,799 64,756 64,975 62,999 57,087 62.2 West Virginia 13,665 12,033 11,973 13,002 13,249 13,341 13,598 13,9.88 14,457 14,442 14,591 14,436 14,870 80.5 28,822 31,236 31,560 30,470 26,610 26,313 27,278 26,344 26,548 26,659 28,830 30,202 33,814 77.8 Wyoming 361 312 338 361 34:1 334 359 396 392 376 371 362 387 78.8 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 2 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure of indivudial operations. sso 'its ite'sts IIS'S9S S5S'SIS Oil 'ISS 556'51?S I9ST6S 091 '108 995'638 111' 188 610 'ISS 198*188 181 Slt*l 6St*6I I9t, Otl tl 9S8'l SSI '61 6It 096*81 861 llS'l 9SS*8I 858 19t tl 8SS 100*6 S50'6I 6St 1S9 tl SIS 551*01 ISl *6l 199 056 'SI tis'ti SSS *tl tSl '51 90S' 'it 081 'SI tit ISO'XT 106'tS 119 860*61 E9S 161 *6 851 'SS 119 tS9*0S ISt 119'01 9SI'OS IS9 S6I*SS 611 865'tS SOI 960'lt tSl '96 089 SIS 'SS 119 tss'it 15t its*II ess it tos SST Sit Sit 588 995*9 680'SI 888 61S 068 6SS S56'9 9St'SI t6S 5St S9t't 181*9 SOS *ST t5S 098 tss SS9'l SSI*tT SSS 69S ISS *t 655'l TOS'tl 6tS SIS 591 "'5 LSI *8 116*81 6SS 96S 016't 806'6 589*tl 96c Sit tot Sit S6S QSS'Zl SSS tSS't 501 '01 STS'tl SSS Sit tit 'SI sss'si I9t'tl tsi'i 910*1 Oli't Ott'l SS9TI 881 *S sso's sot's sss't 169 *t 656'8 885'tS OSS't Oil, 6t6 S 191't 010' 8 181'I tss'i ISS '9S 918't 551 9SS'S Stl'l 911 'IS SSI't 151 6ot'8 OOt'I S66'S I0S SSS'8 ISt I tos'i 8SS*6S SSI 't 191 8t9'8 115'I StS'l SSl'SS 6tS*9 911 SSS't 1S9 I 661 "SS 9ft '9 851 188 *t Itl'l 1S9 'SS 108'9 SSI 068 T 8S6'I 9tS*8 tOS'SS 6IS't SSI £6**8 186 *S tot ess't on ssi 866'tS 96S't 0S£*5S seo'is ISS 'ss SSS '5 068 '8 618*1 911 'I 850 'I 015't teo't est't S66'8 916'! 6SI'I 9St'l 810'5 ess's 5SS'9 98S '6 S60'I ItO'l 1S6'9 085'1 S9l'6 6t0'l 916 StS 1 055 '1 fS0"6 196 856 StS '9 tt6 SS6 618*9 SS6 "S S86 166 9SS ''9 959 'S 580*1 SSS'l OIS'9 168 'S 690'T tSS't 501 '9 851'I 850*5 ISl'8 9tl '1 SSI 'I SI!'5 586 'S I6l'I tll'l sse's t98't 611 's tsi'i 811 'l TtS "9 oss's 611 't 656 'S 151 'OS 069*61 8 , 98S I ISt '8 010'OS S6S'I 05 r 8 688*61 f01*I I9S'8 186 '61 SSS*I OIS '8 t6S 'OS ISS 'i t!9'8 tS5'IS S9ST tSi'S CSt*8S 868'I 966't 9S0 'SS S9S 'SS it i 'ts Tte'ss tto I ite's iss *t 6t9 *t SSS I tSS't tis 9S0'S ess'i 8 8 t 9 tio's t SIO 8 01 SSS'S t Sit '8 lt9 *S 161*6 sis's 110'8 05-6 *S 185 'S 898 *S 159 *S sts 190'SI 889'S S69 tSS SOS'S tS8'8I 596 'S 081 815 109 SS9 S65 *Z S6S'01 601'8 9CS S15 91S t69 968 565 689'S OOS'tl 809'8 ITS 019 119 ISS 'Z 6IT '11 SOS'S 106 TU 99S SSI 16t zn 111 SIS sis'si set's 06t*8 801 '8 sto'ot 9it*e 115 *S 899'0I lit *8 095'8 sst's sts'si tse'oi sss's m 49i COO'OS SSI'S iti's llt'S SSt's ste's 618*8 tot '01 OSI 'I SIT'8 816'01 m 'I 6t9 *S ITS'II 6MT eti'i 881'8 Otl 'tl 611*1 SIS'tl 08S 859*8 198"51 »fS0% ttt'9I 6SS*I 008 'f tSS '51 SSI *I StS '51 SSS'l t9S'I est* i SSI'S S6S SI ISt't 066 >I tTS'SI 9t9'8 lie's lir *t set't 9S6 *S 98 So SIS *s 95 I5S *9 85 660 '5 St SSS'5 St 61 810*1 IS OSS'l S8 t9 09 tSS '9 OfS '9 866*1 86S*S iss's StS'6 S96'9 008 US '6 016'9 808 t!9 f6 S91 'l 5S8 958*6 108'1 6S8 SOS '01 6t6 '1 S88 610 '01 80S'! 918 658 *S 998 0S6 01 tOS'6 SSS SISTt ISS'01 668 t68 959 'IT tC9*II COf S9t sto'n ois'n OIS *0I OSt *II 915*SI St 9S6 *t II S8 tI9 *S 18 959 'S 68 t5 tst 616'I 811 586*1 SSI 6S0"S II Wo IT 89 tos 'I oso's sit's S9S'l teo's 656't 909*8S 168 1 ISO'S I StS't 659 *tS 81t'l St5 'S ess's IIS H Slt'5 I9S*I8 151 'S HI'S 510 '8 SGI '81 510 "9 101 'tS lit '8 059 *St III'9 S9S '58 lo t '01 SIS'9 1ST '58 918*11 SSI 'IT SSS "9 858 TS ttt'll SSS *S1 tss'zs SIS 'II I6t '5 958 *6S sss'is iso'se St? *se 5S6 SI 6 IS '5 SS9 'tl S89*S 965'8[ S9S '9 US '9 set'it iit'si ett'si 8S ts 18 08 IS IS LI 9t St 18 IT 0? 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Table 10.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. state s—continued Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi , Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma... Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 U919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1*1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 11919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— Indi- vid- uals. 253 248 1,093 1,014 104 75 204 263 334 467 60 59 38 38 613 826 186 162 409 5S1 299 309 263 340 246 315 174 213 809 738 352 563 102 90 22 25 223 346 192 216 31 32 82S 1,010 1,927 1,782 447 604 129 211 256| 197 1,171| 1,465 37 32 Cor- pora- tions. 155 136 163 140 202 226 220 205 155 130 287 262 134 130 128 118 228 256 112 133 201 1791 143 153 106 107 3601 371 278 277 281 2781 241 1621 258 212 All othersl 144 123 400 434 89 105 182] 231 277 339 169 235 117 113 74 108 144 163 494 379 202 227 338 382 752 893 262 287 209 165 506 626 10 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 23,350 18,35S| 16, ,841 IS, 196 8,431 6,032 11,287 14,734 763 9,9S0 13,127 44,526 44,413 11,492 14,906 4,995 6,016 7, 8,043 21,660 28,058 15,485 20,719 37,435 29,640 10,005 9,097 3 2)965| 526 493| 7,131 7,264 4,105 4,872 1,286 642 16,721 21,037 25,847 34,374 9,504 11,711 2,4931 2,6511 24,578 13,888 16,295 21,1.53 706 772 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. Of estabhshments owned by- Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All others. §.§ Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. tr.2 <£ o a O -PS O 2,603 2,597 17,796 13,384 2,951 2,377 ll.i 14.1 76.2 72.9 12.6 12.9 $50,409,154 21,456,898 $5,485,057 2,828,165 $38,142,863 16,021,578 $6,781,234 2,607,155 4,279 5,172 9,110 9,475 3,452 3,549 25.4 28.4 54.1 52.1 20.5 19.5 43,051,050 22,114,995 9,833,570 5,256,806 24,0.84,555 12,464,162 9,132,925 4,394,027 468 245 7,559 5,004 404 783 5.6 4.1 89.7 83.0 4.8 13.0 30,784,851 13,352,572 1,327,620 460,814 28,176,265 11,031,402 1,280,966 1,860,356 96S 1,406 9,787 12,500 532 825 8.6 9.5 86.7 84. S 4.7 59,775,441 41,503,020 4,737,668 3,734,364 52,148,837 35,901,346 2,888,936 1,867,310 5.6 1,349 2,029 4,698 3,844 1,313 1,745 18.3 26.6 63.8 50.5 17.8 22.9 35,042,583 20,995,187 5-, 075,958 4,292,817 24,746,698 13,107,400 5,219,927 3,594,970 179 162 3,195 2,913 175 227 5.0 4.9 90.0 88.2 4.9 6.9 17,893,148 11,426,588 517,049 375,060 16,699,061 10,411,591 •677,038 639,937 142 116 564 491 93 156 17.8 15.2 70.6 64.4 11.6 20.4 3,932,677 2,433,028 740,403 355,300 2,686,664 1,666,486 505,610 411,242 1,878 3,642 6,694 7,394 1,408 2,091 18.8 27.7 67.1 56.3 14.1 15.9 33,836,475 20,073,643 5,729,091 3,731,645 24,191,403 13,771,892 3,915,981 2,570,106 1,752 1,699 40,442 40,621 2,332 2,093 3.9 3.8 90 8 91.5 5.2 4.7 130,459,772 66,646,338 4,421,219 1,982,510 * 120,139,862 61,891,664 5,898,691 2,772,164 2,489 4,324 7,452 7,764 1,551 2,818 21.7 29.0 64.8 52.1 13.5 18.9 36,388,864 26,282,290 7,118,987 6,366,185 24,546,590 16,241,298 4,723,287 3,674,807 1,123 1,490 2,957 3,099 915 1,427 22.5 24.8 59.2 51.5 18.3 23.7 18,636,487 11,723,163 3,174,914 2,083,786 12,188,423 7,188,343 3,273,1.50 2,451,034 1,649 2,361 4,397 4,290 1,013 1,392 23.4 29.4 62.3 53.3 14.4 17.3 33,408, 778 22,740,455 6,102,954 5,392,392 21,822,681 13,045,748 5,483,143 4,302,315 2,417 3,217 15,409 21,500 3,834 3,341 11.2 11.5 71.1 76.6 17.7 11.9 88,890,645 57,222,073 10,615,701 6,307,934 66,051,355 44,179,804 12,223,589 6,734,335 1,135 1,366 13,310 17,945 1,040 1,408 7.3 86.0 86.6 6.7 52,579,620 4,3,664,686 3,018,561 2,6S0,392 45,252,428 39,129,076 4,308,631 1, a55,218 6.6 6.8 6,580 5,475 25,114 20,6,50 5,741 3,515 17.6 18.5 67.1 69.7 15.3 11.9 94,500,553 38, 537,743 16,977,890 6,016,804 62,966,305 27,871,491 14,556,358 4,649,448 1,010 1,663 7,680 6,359 1,315 1,075 10.1 18.3 76.8 69.9 13.1 11.8 33,655,305 18,165,706 2,834,256 2,60-1,560 27,349,446 13,736,287 3,471,603 1,824,859 690 394 2,903 2,346 276 225 17.8 13.3 75.0 79.1 7.1 7.6 12,196,981 6,720,881 1,660,066 520,701 9,805,010 5,837,222 731,905 362,958 123 3 403 363 23.4 3 76.6 73.6 2,749,074 641,307 287,717 3 2,107,767 1,173,017 108 22 21.9 4.5 1,502,824 42,090 1,548 2,481 4,195 3,545 1,3,88 1,238 21.7 34.2 58.8 48.8 19.5 17.0 24,209,530 16,519,056 4,643,655 4,997,763 15,055,538 8,937,785 4,510,337 2,583,508 708 1,276 3,003 3,157 394 439 17.2 26.2 73.2 64,8 9.6 9.0 22,002,444 12,432,684 2,740,988 2,542,212 17,297,642 8,896,014 1,963,814 994,358 103 172 1,156 409 27 61 8.0 26.8 89.9 63.7 2.1 2,971,101 1,643,291 157,511 153,657 2,751,924 1,184,480 61,666 305,154 9.5 2,727 4,259 11,864 13,322 2,130 3,456 16.3 20.2 71.0 63.3 12.7 16.4 82. 508,191 58,794,013 11,863,736 10,117,713 61,353,152 38,988,213 9,291,303 9,688,087 8,114 9,675 13,577 19,04Q 4,156 5,650 31.4 28.1 52.5 55.4 16.1 16.4 09,554,024 39,631,573 21,170,739 9,692,984 36,536,650 23,361,089 11,846,635 6,577,500 2,021 3,154 5,839 6,410 1,644 2,147 21.3 26.9 61.4 54.7 17.3 18.3 53,396,914 31,291,810 9,266,887 6,417,796 36, 758,485 19,151,415 7,371,542 5,722,599 279 1,034 2,098 1,295 116 11.2 39.0 84.2 48.8 4.7 12.1 8,053,721 4,113,522 952,908 968,830 6,625,121 2,398,690 475,692 746,002 322 1,387 744 21,729 12,306 1,462 5.0 5.4 88.4 88.6 5.9 6.0 95,264,297 30,915,526 4,677,009 1,226,045 85,426,027 28,009,632 5,161,261 1,679,849 838 4,932 7,636 7,858 8,229 3,505 5,288 30.3 36.1 48.2 38.9 21.5 25.0 67,712,658 49,498,584 17,522,753 14,711,883 37,113,622 22,388,906 13,076,283 12,397,795 230 287 383 411 93 74 32.6 37.2 54.2 53.2 13.2 9.6 2,976,669 2,081,280 873,299 713,020 1,721,122 1,178,741 382,248 189,519 Individ- uals . Corpora- tions. All others. 10.9 13.2 75.7 74.7 13.5 12.2 22.8 55. 9 56.4 21.2 19.9 23.8 4.3 3.4 91.5 82.6 4.2 13.9 7.9 9.0 87.2 86.5 4.8 4.5 14.5 20.4 70.6 62.4 14.9 17.1 2.9 3.3 93.3 91.1 3.8 5.6 18.8 14.6 68. 3 68.5 12.9 16.9 16.9 18.6 71.5 68.6 11.6 12.8 3.4 3.0 92.1 92.9 4.5 4.2 19.6 24.2 67.5 61.8 13.0 14.0 17.0 17.8 65.4 61.3 17.6 20.9 18.3 23.7 66.3 57.4 16.4 18.9 11.9 11.0 74.3 77.2 13.8 11.8 5.7 6.1 86.1 89.6 8.2 4.2 18.0 15.6 66.6 72.3 15.4 12.1 8.4 14.3 81.3 75.6 10.3 10.0 13.6 7.7 80.4 86.9 6.0 5.4 23.3 19.1 3 76.7 78.1 2.8 19.2 30.3 62.2 54.1 18.6 15.6 12.5 20.4 78.6 71.6 8.9 8.0 5.3 9.3 92.6 72.1 2.1 18.6 14.4 17.2 74.4 66.3 11.3 16.5 30.4 2-1.5 52.5 17.0 16.6 58.9 17.4 20.5 68.8 61.2 13.8 18.3 11.8 23.6 S2.3 58.3 5.9 18.1 4.9 4.0 89.7 90.6 5.4 5.4 25.9 29.7 54.8 45.2 19.3 25.0 29.3 34.3 57.8 56.6 12.8 9.1 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individua 2 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment to avoid disclosure ofindividual 8 Includes the group "All others." operations, operations. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 431 Table 10.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Cen-. sus year. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Of establishments owned by— | Per cent of total. Total. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. Total. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All others Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. states—continued. others. 0 O South Carolina 1919 384 115 171 12,732 2,016 9,065 1,651 15. 8 71.2 13.0 $26,693,955 §3,910,176 $18,843,522 §3,940.2-57 14.6 70.6 14 8 1914 514 81 198 11,308 2,951 6,776 1,581 26. 1 59.9 14. Oj 11,657,800 2,755,621 7,275,0S1 1,627,098 23.6 62.4 14.0 South Dakota 1919 34 23 16 820 87 702 31 10. 6 85.6 3. 8 2,632,113| 300,362 2,201,831 129,920 11.4 83.7 4.9 1914 32 11 8 281 76 174 31 27. 0 61.9 1L 0 860,143; 154,846 611,360 93,937. 18.0 71.1 10.9 1919 864 214 492 16,314 2.942 9,745 3,627 18. 0 59.7 22 2 52,787,992' 8,277,143 33,481,106 11,029,743i 15.7 63.4 20.9 1914 1,195 198 575 18,0-84 5,115 8,871 4,098 28. 3 49.1 22.7 30,692,333, 6,146,929 18,490,954 6; 054, 450 2J3.0 60.2 19.7 Texas 1919 282 150 174 20,239 2,472 15,786 1,981 12. 2 78.0 9.8 61,104, SS2! 7,154,121 48,710,528 5,240,233! 11.7 79.7 8.6 1914 279 140 157 19,906 1,661 16,298 1,947 8. 81.9 9.8 28,607,6261 2,3*6,836 23,424,616 2,796,174! 8.3 81.9 9.8 i Utah 11919 45 18 50 366 72 233 61 19. 7 63.7 16.7 1,337,573 254,222 890,223 193,123| 19.0 66.6 14.4 1914 58 30 41 748 99 593 56 13. 2 79.3 7.5 1, .502,582j 174,182 1,232,471 95,929; 11.6 82.0 6.4 | 1919 283 68 106 3,948 1,331 1,881 736 33. 7 47. 6 18.6 '13.142,3S0| 4,656,558 6,387,587 2,068,235' 35.7 48.6 15,7 1914 347 53 109 4,09S 1,698 1,423 977 41. 4 34.7 23. S 1 8,711,247; 2,992,007 3,972,515 1,746,725 34,3 45.6 20.1 Virginia 1919 1,397 203 510 20, .533 5,378 12,545 2,610 26. 2 61.1 12.7 56,393,588 12,417,284 37,398,166 6,57S, 138' 22.0 66.3 11.7 1914 1,508 163 545 26,305 9,664 12,382 4,259 36. 7 47.1 16.2 | 32,443,213 9,150,801 18,497,004 4,795,40Sj 28.2 57.0 14.8 Washington 1919 367 557 308 56,018 3,136 .50,047 2,835 5. 6 89.3 5.1 234,825,057' 11,902,107 212,410,457 10,512,493i 5.1 90.5 4.5 1914 253 514 166 38, 072 1,703 34,764 1,607 4. 5 91.3 4.2 S3,514,788 3,643,330 76,673,114 3,198,344j 44 91.8 3.8 West Virginia 1919 410 152 211 13,665 1,311 10,439 1.915 9. 6 70.4 14.0 46,314,007 4,037, S46 37,235,343 5.040.818 8. 7 80.4 10.9 1914 601 152 242 17, 417 2,318 13,136 1,963 13. 3 75.4 11.3 28,994,240; 3,569,287 21,515,216 3,909, ?37 12.3 74.2 13.5 Wisconsin 1919 241 263 101 2.8 822 1,247 26,45$ 1,117 4. 3 91.8 3.9 SS,S82,&S3! 3,561,354 81,504,322 3.817,207i 4 0 91.7 4.3 1914 23$ 257 140 32)282 1,502 28.689 2,091 4. 7 88.9 6. 5 55,362,511; 2,530,331 49,363,311 3, 46$, 869| 4 6 89.2 6.3 Wyoming 1919 48 17 18 361 81 260 20 22. 4 72. 0 5. 5 1,228,694 262,914 891,459 74,3211 21.4 72.6 6.0 1914 47 9 13 364 63 284 17 17. 3 78.0 4.7 717,684 113,481 575,184 29,019 15.8 80.1 4.0 All other states 1919 6 13 6 2 352 9 2 343 4. 2 97.4 1, 727,924! 153,16$ 2 1, 574,7,56 8.9 *91.1 1914 5 245 30 215 1» 87.8 725,202j 121,291 603,911 16.7 S3 3 1 1 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments to avoid disclosure of individual operations, s Includes the group "All others." Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 65,978 57,741 56,665 2,922,656 2,734,014 2,840,082 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 41,294 44,260 51,484 2.630.766 2,577,948 2,767,454 91X0 94.3 97.4 Steam 37,166 36,430 736 2.578 1,550 39,453 45,S77 2,515,777 2,346.407 169,370 45,414 69,575 2,438,697 2,587,487 86.1 80.3 5.8 1.6 2.4 89.2 (') (l> 91.1 Engines 0) 0) (l) I1) Turbines 0) 2,030 3,577 C1) 45,188 94,063 0) 38,628 140, .503 836 Internal-combustion engines 2,523 2,284 1.7 3.4 L4 4 9 Water wheels, turbines, and motors Other (?) Rented 24,684 24,684 13,481 13,481 5,181 5,181 291,890 285,232 6', 658 156,066 146,919 9; 147 72,628 62,200 10,428 10.0 9.8 5.7 5. 4 0. 3 2.6 2.2 Electric Other 0.2 0. 4 Rented 37,797 24,684 13,113 21,669 13.481 8,188 8,815 5,1S1 3,634 530, ,852 285,232 245,620 302,156 146,919 130,707 62,200 68.507 100.0 53.7 46.3 100. 0 48. 6 51.4 100.0 47.6 52.4 Generated by establishments reporting 155,237 1 Not reported separately. VLess than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 432 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. All branches Lumber and timber prod- ucts. Lumber, planing-mill prod- ucts. Boxes, wooden packing states. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois. Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 An- thra- cite (tons 2,240 lbs.). 59,524 76, 700, 19,536 24,586 35,730 44,552 4,258 7,562 6,818 4,427 14 15 205 1,678 1, 779 26 496 7, 702 "*3o6' 746 1, 631 52 366 1,550 3,767 438 533 49 403 1,398 1,180 767 1,322 Bi- tumi- nous (tons 2,000 lbs.). 2,259, 786 1,407,017 1,615,90S 885, 537 586,9^9 457,943 56,S99 63,537 33,755 27,627 1,650 76,045 75,742 38 46 1,665 5,579 5,418 6,989 354 305 575 930 5,190 2,625 18,133 15,839 11,441 799 42,657 53,076 38,804 55,570 16,884 15,083 2,038 3,611 508 44,690 72,837 102,463 2,404 1,887 3,630 16,S88 13,177 19,722 89,200 112,132 Coke (tons 2,000 lbs.). 29,629| V 6,221 1,966 23,2941 2,971 1141 52 1,853 2,500 170 20,348 120 22 Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gaso-I line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 853,076 72,079 507,138 (0 805,0S1 454,092 44,669 48,539 3,326 4,507 52,546 C1) 18,5721 C1) 961 0) 60 1,397 19,748 22,341 400 694 157,467 138,938 373 4,610 1,379 535 572 6,386 133 6 469 1,347 388 180 133 1,840 54 10 25 388 50 416 8 2,979 49,471 9,001 30 128 1,386 314 22 141 209 85 85 1,181 4 269 2,122 944 (l) 1,897 (l) 3,0751 0) 87 0) 608 0) 0) 71 (l) 650 C1) 3,707 0) 419 0) 797 (l) 1, 106 (l) 61 0) 100 (l) 512 C1) 15,352 (l) 1,497 0) 468 (l) 1,309 0) 1,157 C1) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 406,462 SO, 096 20,347 91,975 363,963 350,275 22,152 37,846 30 11,631 15,898 9,641 765 80 240 328 400 1,131 348 "22 837 2,115 1,725 5,672 1,935 15,114 5,416 18,542 4,254 25,221 3,160 3,442 2,264 1,642 1,522 3,233 states—continued Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma • Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All other states 3 Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 An- thra- cite (tons 2,240 lbs.). 1,543 361 760 9 30 343 95 4,518 7,284 13,480 j20,143 1,440 3,225 394 1,551 2 554 14,416 17,050 291 201 675 45 788 880 133 116 581 27 67 70 1,796 1,654 1,515 Bi- tumi- nous (tons 2,000 lbs.). 14,727 19,556 67,171 57,513 31,522 34,568 7,069 3,362 2,155 2,601 837 1,262 9,961 16,400 6,911 684 125,191 67,532 66,442 213,488 65,755 14,235 7,838 2,745 119,962 99,348 1,142 1,035 66,862 15,002 102 31 677,879 42,726 23,445 27,562 1,645 2, 757 62,719 67,423 71,729 30,514 101,318 123,325 90,225 68,192 68 60 393 1,008 Coke (tons 2,000 lbs.). 1,032 60 1,061 105 166 33-9 1,559 657 110 65 124 131 58 173 360 85 282 "480' 50 353 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 37 716 268 685 2,299 3, 581 5,172 940 Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 220 3,348 356 1,908 256 2,074 153 349 177,136 53,587 387 2,885 4 56 281 69 4,800 176 3 329 56,204 35,372 211 647 2,190 754 348,262 203,784 28! 642 I 281 1,531 8,455 0) 1,697 (*) 0) 95 0) 242 0) 2,314 0) 2,462 0) 34 0) 12,749 (l) |2.,694 0) 1,095 48,462 355 49,220 6,532 49 29,341 42,976 3 74 32 33 34 35 North Carolina 1,240,142 102 144,412 17,468 Ohio 1 Oklahoma 144,412 2,574,597 1,795,492 480,514 52,906 664 166,056 591 18,968 36 37 38 39 Pennsylvania 1,531 30 812 41 630,471 11,030 271,752 3,022 573,001 42,970 170,351 1,637 225,155 100 4-4,213 2,799 South Dakota 621,679 42,970 544,475 42,970 27,482 40 Tennessee 1,858 792,132 95,979 1,330,734 40,221 12,519 6,924 2,097 41 42 43 44 Utah.. .450 82 499 2,249 1,379,774 11,917 218,479 1,098,038 1,332,832 11,847 124,763 695,112 909 6,668 31,554 28,744 30,344 10,742 2,001 58,059 1,004 23 Virginia 6-16,834 6,897 45 46 47 48 Washington 798 736 492 54 4,961,220 763,103 1,116,338 8,674 4,960,926 163,109 594,125 8,674 3,876,631 217,839 286,854 10-1,582 439,757 63,214 2,832 125,959 229,145 50,414 10,646 915 63,870 West Virginia 5,196 14,733 Wyoming. 2,335 3,752 THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 455 Table 56.— ACTIVE SAWMILLS REPORTING, AND REPORTED PRODUCTION OF EACH KIND OF LUMBER, AND OF LATH AND SHINGLES, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. LUMBER SAWED (M FEET B. M.)—Continued. softwoods—con tinued. HARDWOODS. Lodge- pole pine. |: ■ Cedar. White fir. Sugar pirle. Balsam fir. Total. j Oak. Maple. Red gum. | Chestnut. Birch. Beech. i i 1 United States 332,234 223,422 133,658 68,030 16,281 7,144,946 2,70S, 280 857,489 1 851,431 . 545,696: 375,079 358,955 2 3 4 5 Alabama 1,409 ! 140,873 61,189 2,753 | 39,349 2,217 175 j 362 Arizona ! Arkansas 3S0 20,406 679,102 410 300,523 410 8,698 238,327 167; 295 California 108,374 76 129,155 6 7 8 9 Colorado 12,879 Connecticut 30 3 71,538 6,119 12,233 80,630 18,727 4,787 1,232 3,054 41 224 400 44,644 139 1,761 | 475 Delaware 719 4,294 15,510 Florida i 10 Georgia 34,537 2,413 8 235 11 12 13 14 15 Idaho 26,165 527 233 65,404 416 306 61,866 281,991 18,131 2,840 Illinois 34, mi 109,583 4,096 34 3,758 3,906 33 306 i ft 435 95 301 233 156 142 813 57,107 Indiana Iowa 579 Kansas | 16 17 18 19 20 Kentucky 2,513 480,468 385,325 39,952 56,574 45,130 282,963 85,105 4.138 31,427 6,099 6,998; 31,692 24,850 | 1,247 37,459 6,740 5,388 1,121 1,355 Louisiana 3 i Maine 7,445 1 72 30,512 5,572 1,886 2,795 589 14,287 30,222 21,533 150 2,916 Maryland 2,547 Massachusetts 11 21 22 23 24 25 Michigan 4,014 1,105 1,826 10,584 526,675 62,343 392,449 234,145 860 16,239 8,518 132,804 150,031 321,409 1,868 5,479 8,934 15 63,533 9,986 49,125 Mississippi 455 189 576 352 168,226 31,105 1T1 1,020 31 26 27 28 29 30 Nebraska 1,056 2 5,859 505 New Jersey 5,010 15,990 39,548 23,649 4,780 13,887 9,562 280 325 2,678 7,397 12,229 27 8,953 252 New Mexico 1,115 31 32 33 34 35 New York 497 4,136 2,616 196,860 294,719 279,567 23,991 2,806 24,051 136,129 133,107 56,884 11,977 34,787 20 1,160 5 14,863 69,507 11,840 29,719 2,169 634 38,463 1,590 37,907 150 North Carolina 21.507 3,480 640 Ohio.. 32,763 22,731 4,503 19,750 36 Pennsylvania 81 123 1,044 175 358,719 8,008 48,678 145,421 2,357 11,321 48,610 390 1,416 2,263 85,777 5,080 10,541 112 39,247 37 Rhode Island 38 39 40 South Carolina 1 21,917 5 ! Tennessee 14,708 1 i 621,781 349,725 | 6,974 28,605; 1,579 80,025 11,924 39,511 1,069 43 14,290 60 41 12 43 44 Texas | 46,942 70 Utah 943 1,326 Vermont 368 891 4,415 93,716 402,926 5,668 I 33,289 9AO 7fl7 7.nsa 1,726 26,394 6,677 14,572 3,894 Virginia 45 46 47 48 Wasliington 205,393 S5 1,129 17,979 1 294 599,994 522,213 83 West Virginia •>?Q SQ1 3,087 | 118,087 8,414 174,873 30,073 8,003 365 1.901 1,307 25,578; 177.125 i 1 456 MANUFACTURES. Table 56.—ACTIVE SAWMILLS REPORTING, AND REPORTED PRODUCTION OF EACH KIND OF LUMBER AND OF LATH AND SHINGLES, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 United States. Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California.. Colorado Connecticut. Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho... Illinois.. Indiana. Iowa— 15 I Kansas.. Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri... Montana... Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. Now Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. Ohio....: Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina.. South Dakota... Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia.. Washington..., West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wyoming LUMBER SAWED (M FEET B. M.)—Continued. hardwoods—continued. Yellow poplar. 328, 538 20,998 228 1,033 33 655 18,575 1,109 8,669 50,462 3,630 85 4,081 6,689 171 2 363 375 25,298 .12,269 25 7,478 4,381 53,492 44,205 63,827 Elm. 194,417 852 18,742 213 58 324 4,762 20,833 2,065 17 1,619 5,188 84 48 22 30,745 5,831 7,778 10,236 115 407 118 5,710 184 12,405 617 1,214 1 134 10,755 291 1,342 246 219 51,242 Bass- wood. 183,562 40 100 82 44 4,265 788 4,671 1,164 7 131 33,532 5,113 449 28 575 10,983 5,071 7,363 1 5,681 4,353 6,660 7,591 15,296 69,545 Hickory. 170,013 4,452 42,288 807 1,402 1,138 Ash. 154,931 2,332 23,642 1,457 3,656 2,832 11,594 277 18,928 6,206 499 10 429 1 11,265 3,031 707 697 5,561 4,650 35 83 28,235 951 2,422 11,635 10 1,708 14,619 231 2 4,870 19,826 738 21 481 6,611 889 10,258 3,484 319 175 5,106 1,718 8,332 309 375 3,798 28 2,355 14,008 1,008 2,805 1,039 19 4,052 14,046 Cotton- wood. 144,155 203 26,426 1,370 368 306 1,565 1,372 4,797 200 934 8,421 655 130 4,313 30,135 37,094 11,130 860 230 35 120 307 674 1,761 1,265 50 6,552 246 70 903 17 180 126 1,197 Tupelo. 143,730 4,975 9,056 300 1,388 2,485 554 856 781 87,634 65 6,522 3,962 11,469 83 52 6,893 3,310 1,649 639 1,048 Walnut. 39,218 202 54 Syca- more. 28,114 3,690 6,416 5,074 2,580 2,033 2 8,508 158 492 124 5,097 22 278 5 2,746 51 703 792 2 660 8,767 37 397 1,474 4,589 1 7 2,199 268 387 60 910 1,173 12 36 1,355 244 182 22 2,247 237 850 All other. 61,308 142 1,872 12 153 500 462 1,800 81 8,762 14,836 6 13 957 509 1 3,955 150 8 105 9,380 2,072 628 138 3,524 37 4,489 536 71 1,146 12 4,355 592 LATH (thou- sands). 1,724,078 42,502 13,402 72,827 53,042 1,927 325 552 76,402 19,718 69,150 10 155 15 3,288 199,018 104,223 1,280 595 51,469 115,741 96,204 1,724 21,362 1,237 6,656 6,016 12,549 3,537 19,079 1,612 9,905 122,848 14,287 6,656 1,534 8,997 35,916 147 1,089 27,073 339,058 22,005 138,936 10 SHIN- GLES (thou- sands). ,192,704 62,241 176 98,937 191,831 500 770 128,286 114,806 22,657 420 2,662 300,784 188,576 3,282 760 144,173 4,451 34,002 9,541 253 3,386 9,440 4,936 92,139 100 50 630,066 8,027 685 11,932 100 6,574 13,581 531 8,343 1,637 7,095,122 120 96,928 THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 457 WOOD CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE i OF VENEERS. In the early history of the industry, veneers were! manufactured from the best grades of cabinet woods j and used for covering or veneering inferior woods, the species generally used being those that possessed a pleasing grain and took a good finish. The tendency in the industry in more recent years, however, has been to produce veneers from the more common \ woods and to extend their use to cover a much wider j field. Veneers are known as rotary cut, sliced, or: sawed, according to the process by which they are! made. The process chosen is determined largely by the kind of wood and the particular purpose for which the veneer is to be used. The schedule used in collecting these statistics for 1919 called for the average cost of wood delivered at the mill per thousand feet log scale, in addition to the quantity consumed. The average cost was generally reported, but in a few instances it has been necessary to supply an average cost derived from other reports. Comparative consumption of wood, by states (Table 57).—The veneer industry is widely distributed in the United States. In 1919 and 1909 reports were received from 34 states and in 1911 from 33 states, all of the principal timber sections in the United States being represented in the statistics. The data relate to 362 establishments in 1919, 522 in 1911, and 637 in 1909. Table 57.—Quantity of Wood Consumed in the Manufacture of Veneers, by States: 1919, 1911, and 1909. STATE. QUANTITY OF WOOD (M FEET). PER CENT DISTRI- 1 BUTION. 1919 1911 1909 1919 1911 1909 United States 576,581 444, SS6 435,981 100.0 100.0 100.0 77,096 39,073 26,116 13.4 8.8 6.0 50,502 30,059 31,737 8.8 6.8 7.3 43,936 20,664 33,293 7.6 4,6 7.6 Alabama 42,342 15,438 14,565 7.3 3.5 3.3 39,061 17,339 7,563 6.8 3.9 1.7 33,895 23,425 30,574 6.7 5.3 7.0 38,571 23,578 24,218 6.7 5.3 5.6 North Carolina 30,423 24,061 19,9S4 5.3 5.4 4.6 24,367 29,336 35,646 4.2 6.6 8.2 24,254 28,525 31,472 4.2 6.4 7.2 22,971 29,194 19,356 4.0 6.6 4.4 18,103 25,806 27,365 3.1 5.8 6.3 14, S63 5,890 6,950 2.6 1.3 1.6 14,329 7,533 5,419 2.5 1.7 1.2 12,647 32,677 33,455 2.2 7.3 7.7 11,562 5,000 3,637 2,0 1.1 0.8 11,407 4,726 3,164 2.0 1.1 0.7 South Carolina 11,151 2,874 2,944 1.9 0,6 0.7 8,764 9,581 3,291 1.5 2.2 0.8 7,521 18,959 21,609 1.3 4.3 5.0 6,042 13,374 10,985 1.0 3.0 2.5 Texas . 5,174 4,573 6,710 0.9 1.0 L5 5,103 12,632 S,796 0.9 2.8 2.0 4,971 6,575 8,013 0.9 1.3 l.S West Virginia 3,478 5,558 4,404 0.6 1.2 1.0 New Jersey ". . . 1,197 S03 1.046 0.2 0.2 0.2 1,002 2,607 3,691 0.2 0.6 0.9 6,849 5,966 9,948 1,2 1.3 2.3 i Includes California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Hampshire (or 1919; California, Delaware, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minne- sota, and New Hampshire for 1911; and California, Delaware, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma for 1909, While the number of establishments shows a de- crease for both of the periods covered, the quantity of wood used increased 2 per cent from 1909 to 1911, and 29.6 per cent from 1911 to 1919. The quantity of wood consumed in 1919 was greater than that for any other year for which records are available. The center of production has shifted according to the available supply of timber, as for most other industries depending upon forest products. In 1909 Illinois was the leading state in the use of wood in the manufacture of veneers, while Arkansas led in 1911 and 1919. The principal reason for the promi- nence of Arkansas in this industry is no doubt its large supply of suitable timber, particularly red gum. In 1919 this wood contributed 82.2 per cent of the total quantity of wood used in the industry in the state. Comparative consumption, by kinds of wood (Table 58).—In 1919, 37 different kinds of wood were reported as used in the manufacture of veneers. Table 58.—Quantity of Wood Consumed in the Manufacture of Veneers, by Kjnds of Wood: 1919, 1911, and 1909. QITjLNTTTY of wood i PER CENT DISTRI- KIND OF WOOD. (M FEET), 1 E UTION. 1919 1911 1909; 1919 1911 1909 Domestic: 576.581 444, SS6 435.981 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Red gum 193,641 136,542 129,930; 34.5 30.7 29.8 Yellow pine 67,071 35,400 4S, 143; 11.6 $.0 11.0 Birch 54.079 24.20$ 24,643 j 9.4 5.4 5.7 Cottonwood 36,739 34,911 30, $42! 6.4 7.S 7.1 Tupelo 34,175 20,976 18,476 5.9 4.7 4.2 32.6o3 2-5, S35 28, $26; 5. 7 5.S 6.6 White oak 30,6-54 41.742 2S', 742 5.3 9.4 6.6 Maple 15,723 29,762 35,444 2.7 6.7 8.1 Walnut 14,06i0 4'. 121 2,400 2.4 0.9 0.6 Spruce 11,355 9", 108 4. Ill 2.0 2.0 0.9 Basswood 11,134 11.602 13.715 j 1.9 2.6 3.1 Douglas fir 10,604 6,262 1,111 1 LS 1.4 0.3 Elm 9,57S 18,34^1 16, 254 \ 1.7 4,1 3.7 Beech.. 3,922 12,023 9,950 0.7 2.7 2.3 Ash 3,254 2,491 2.703! 0.6 0.6 0.6 Red oak 3,161 9,297 6,661 0.5 2.1 1.5 Cypress... 1,924 202 0.3 C1) Sycamore 1,802 2,316 4,404 0.3 0.5 1.0 Western pine 1 659 Hemlock '916 4,603 207 0,2 1.0 (V) Magnolia - 268 252 0.1 0.1 All other *783 3,652 4,415 0.1 0.8 1.0 Imported: Mahogany 27,628 4,790 16,057 4.S 1.1 3.7 Spanish cedar 4,771 5,34S 5,140 0.S 1.2 1.2 All other a _ s 27 1,557 3.353 0) 0.4 O.S 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Includes butternut, hackberry, redwood, wahoo, white pine, holly, cherry, willow, chestnut, Port Orford cedar, black gum, and sugar pine. 3 Includes Circassian walnut and English oak. Of the 37 kinds of wood reported, 1 imported wood and 12 native woods each contributed more than 10,000,000 feet to the total. Red gum is used in the manufacture of veneers where inexpensive material is demanded, as well as for high-grade stock. It takes a fine finish and has a pleasing grain. For such years as data are available tins wood has occu- pied first place, and yellow pine, maple, cottonwood, 458 MANUFACTURES. and white oak have vied for second place when ranked according to the quantity consumed. In 1919 red gum, yellow pine, and birch contributed 55.5 per cent of the total for the United States. Consumption and cost, by kinds of wood (Table 59).— In 1909 the total cost of wood consumed in the manu- facture of veneers was $8,977,516. Compared with the cost for 1909, the cost for 1919 increased $16,126,648, or 179.6 per cent, the greatest increases being for imported woods. The average cost per thousand feet increased 126.2 per cent for mahogany and 61.2 per cent for Spanish cedar, while for walnut, the highest- priced native wood, the average cost increased 74.2 per cent, and for white oak, 71.7 per cent. The cost of wood was not reported for the year 1911. Table 59.—Quantity and Cost of Wood Consumed in the Manufacture of Veneers, by Kinds of Wood: 1919. KIND OF WOOD. Total.. Domestic: Red gum Yellow pine. Birch Cottonwood. Tupelo Yellow poplar. White oak Maple Walnut Spruce , Basswood.. Douglas fir. Elm Beech Ash Red oak... Cypress... Sycamore. Western pine.. Hemlock Magnolia All other i Imported: Mahogany Spanish cedar. All other« Quantity of wood (M feet). COST. Average per M feet. Total. 576,581 $25,104,164 . $43.54 198,641 67,071 54,079 36,739 34,175 4,616,727 1,268,695 2,577,924 854,356 616,784 23.24 18. 92 47.67 23.25 18.05 32,653 30,654 15,723 14,060 . 11,355 1,570,233 2,447,719 48.09 79.85 38. 55 120.83 25.87 606,057 1,698,837 293,760 11,134 10,604 9,578 3,922 530,082 311,538 305,194 114,348 47. 61 29. 38 31.86 29.16 3,254 3,161 1,924 1,802 114,228 146,577 77,013 49,863 35.10 46.37 40.03 27. 67 1,659 916 268 783 26,380 32,122 2,754 28,967 15.90 35. 07 10.28 36.99 27,628 4,771 27 6,092,375 708,931 12,700 220. 51 148. 59 470.37 1 Includes butternut, hackberry, redwood, wahoo, white pine, holly, cherry, willow chestnut, Port 'Orford cedar, black gum, and sugar pine. 2 Includes Circassian walnut and English oak. Consumption of wood, by method of manufacture (Table 60).—The rotary-cut method, by which a log or bolt mounted on a heavy lathe is turned against a stationary knife, is employed to a greater extent than any other in the manufacture of veneers. In 1919, 83.2 per cent of the wood consumed in the industry was cut by this method, which was used in all of the states re- porting. The quantity of materials used for rotary- cut veneers formed the greater part of the total quantity cut into veneers for all states except Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, and New York. In Arkansas, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, and Vir- ginia this was the only method reported. In 1909, 89.7 per cent of the total quantity of wood consumed in the manufacture of veneers was rotary cut; in 1908, 85.2 per cent; and in 1907, 83.7 per cent. In 1919 the quantity consumed by the slicing method of maniifacturing veneers formed 11.7 per cent of the total quantity used in the industry. This method is somewhat similar to the rotary cut, except that the materials are usually in the form of flitches, which are placed in the veneer machine vertically and forced downward against a stationary knife. Slicing is less wasteful than either sawing or rotary cutting, there being no saw kerf or core. In Alabama and New York more than one-half of the wood consumed in the manufacture of veneers was sliced. This method was also employed to a great ex- tent in Illinois, Indiana, and Tennessee. Nearly three- fourths of the mahogany and more than one-half of the Spanish cedar and native walnut were sliced. Sawed veneers are most desirable for certain uses, and more than two-fifths of the white-oak veneers were manufactured by sawing in 1919. This was the only native wood that showed a large percentage of sawed veneers, but a considerable part of the Spanish cedar and Circassian walnut was also cut by this process. Table 60.—Quantity of Wood Consumed in the Manufacture of Veneers, by States and by Methods: 1919. United States. Arkansas... Wisconsin.. Florida Alabama.... Mississippi. Tennessee New York North Carolina.. Illinois Indiana. Kentucky... Missouri Georgia Washington. Michigan Maine Louisiana South Carolina.. Oregon Virginia Ohio Texas Maryland. Vermont.. West Virginia... Now Jersey Pennsylvania... All other states1 QUANTITY OF WOOD (M FEET). Total. 576,581 77,096 50,502 43,936 42,342 39,061 38, S95 38,571 30,423 24,367 24,254 22,971 18,103 14,863 14,329 12,647 11,562 11,407 11,151 8,764 7,521 6,042 5,174 5,103 4,971 3,478 1,197 1,002 6,849 Rotary cut. 479,556 77,096 47,804 40,531 19,338 38,783 31,879 15,672 29,427 10,954 10,431 20,069 17,882 14,764 14,304 12,539 11,539 11,249 11,151 8,764 7,521 3,144 5,174 3,998 4,971 3,106 841 780 5,845 Sliced. 67,278 2,698 *2i,'540 4,416 21,857 353 7,177 3,532 1,821 221 1,656 *i,"i05' 178 "*io" Sawed. 29> 747 3,405 1,464 278 2,600 1,042 643 6,236 10,291 1,081 25 90 15 158 1,242 194 356 212 319 i Includes California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Hampshire. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 459 PBODTJCTION OF TIGHT AND SLACK COOPEKAGE STOCK. The terms "tight cooperage stock" and "slack cooperage stock" are applied by the trade to staves, heading, and hoops used by coopers in the manu- facture or assembling of hogsheads, barrels, kegs, kits, and firkins. Tight cooperage stock pertains to containers for liquids and slack cooperage stock to containers for solids. This report presents statistics covering the pro- duction of tight staves and heading and slack staves, heading, and hoops in the United States during the year 1919, and comparative data for other specified years.1 There were 449 establishments in 26 states that reported the manufacture of tight cooperage stock in 1919, while 745 establishments in 33 states reported the manufacture of slack cooperage stock. Fre- quently an establishment manufacturing staves also reported heading; but, as a rule, staves, heading, and hoops were not produced by the same concern. TIGHT COOPERAGE STOCK. Comparative production of tight staves and heading (Tables 61 and 65).—The total output of the tight- cooperage stock industry for 1919 shows an increase of 67,424,000 staves and 3,562,906 sets of heading over the production reported to the Forest Service in 1918, a decrease of 3,373,000 staves and 6,036,078 sets of heading compared with the quantities reported to the Bureau of the Census for 1911, and a decrease of 25,406,000 staves and an increase of 3,582,976 sets of heading when compared with the quantities re- ported for 1909. Statistics for tight cooperage stock contain data for staves and heading only. Metal hoops are gen- erally used by the manufacturers of tight containers, while the wooden hoops are, as a rule, used for slack containers. The stock used in the manufacture of containers for whiskey, wine, beer, and ale is of high grade white oak:. The production of this stock has decreased since the prohibition law went into effect, curtailing the domestic demand. On the other hand, oil and tierce, half barrel and keg, and other stock for non- alcoholic containers show considerable increases dur- ing the two decades covered b}^ these statistics. White oak is the principal wood used for the best grade of tight stock, and no substitute quite as valu- able has been found. Chiefly on account of the de- 1 Similar statistics were compiled by the Forest. Service for 1905; by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Forest Service for the years 1906 to 1911, inclusive; and by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Associated Cooperage Industries of America ior 1918. pletion of the supply of oak timber of late years, the use of Douglas fir, spruce, pine, gum, basswood. etc., for tight barrel and kes: stock has increased. Tight staves produced, by classes and by states (Table 62).—Sawed staves are by far the most important numerically of the four classes, forming 98.6 per cent of the total production. Each of the other classes reported less than 1 per cent of the total; but as the best grade of selected white oak is used in the manu- facture of such staves, they are of much greater average value per unit. The total quantity of tight staves reported for 1919 shows an increase of 23.5 per cent over the produc- tion of 1918, but a decrease of 0.9 per cent when compared with 1911 and of 6.7 per cent when com- pared with 1909. The greatest annual production of tight staves for which records are available was in 1907. The total for that year was 385,232,000 staves, comprising 325,653,000 sawed, 12,737,000 hewed, 25,082,000 bucked and split, and 21,760,000 beer and ale. In 1907, 9 states reported hewed and bucked and split staves and 12 states beer and ale stock. A com- parison of these data with the figures presented in Table 62 shows a falling off in the manufacture of tight staves. Texas led in the production of hewed staves in 1919, Mississippi in 1918, and Louisiana in 1911 and 1909. Mississippi reported the greatest production of bucked and split staves in 1919, and Arkansas in 191S, 1911, and 1909. In the production of beer and ale staves, Arkansas led in 1919, 1918, and 1911, and Kentucky in 1909. Sawed tight staves produced, by classes and by states (Table 63).—Twenty-six states reported production of sawed tight staves in 1919, 20 in 1918, 27 in 1911, and 31 in 1909. Of the 26 states in 1919, Arkansas alone reported 31.1 per cent of the total production. This state led in the production of all classes of sawed tight staves in 1918 and in most of them in 1919. In 1919, Oregon, however, reported the largest produc- tion of half barrel and keg staves and "All other/' and Tennessee the largest production of lead staves. Sawed tight staves produced, by kinds of wood and by classes (Table 64).—White and red oak were the two principal species of wood used in the manufacture of sawed tight staves in both 1918 and 1919. The use of Douglas fir increased greatly in 1919, this wood con- tributing 14.3 per cent of the total for that rear as against 9 per cent in 1918. In 1919, white oak was used exclusively for bourbon staves, but red oak, Douglas fir, and gum were used extensively in the production of oil and tierce and half barrel and keg staves. Nearly one-half of the pork staves were ash. 460 MANUFACTURES. Tight heading produced, by classes and by states (Table 66).—Arkansas has led in the production of tight heading for all years for which information is available, contributing 45.6 per cent of the total quantity in 1919. Tennessee ranked second in 1919 and fourth in 1918, producing 14.7 per cent and 11.5 per cent, respectively, of the total output in the United States for those years. In 19IS Louisiana ranked second and Mississippi third. Tight heading produced, by kinds of wood and by classes (Table 67).—White oak is the principal wood used in the manufacture of tight heading. This wood furnished 37.5 per cent of the total tight heading m 1919 and 40.9 per cent in 1918. Red oak ranked sec- ond in importance, contributing 24.1 per cent in 1919 and 26.4 per cent in 1918. Douglas fir, which was first mentioned in the annual statistics for 1910, con- tributed 9.5 per cent of the total output in 1919 and 4.9 per cent in 1918. This wood was used principally for half barrel and keg and oil and tierce heading. SLACK COOPERAGE STOCK. Comparative production of slack staves, heading, and hoops (Table 68).—A comparison of the output of slack cooperage stock in 1919 with that in 1918 shows an increase of 111,353,000 staves and 26,630,000 sets of heading, but a decrease of 191,912,000 hoops. All three classes show decreases when compared with the figures for 1911 and 1909. The banner year for slack staves and heading for which data are available was 1909; while the output for wooden hoops was greatest in 1907, the number reported for that year being 490,570,000 pieces. Many woods can be used for slack stock which would not be valuable for any other purpose; consequently, considerable timber, not suitable for lumber or tight stock, is utilized by this branch of the industry. In the production of slack staves, red gum has been the leading species since 1907, with pine ranking sec- ond. In 1906, elm held first place, furnishing 248,118,000 staves, while only 61,100,000 elm staves were produced in 1919. In the case of slack heading, pine has held first place for all years for which records are available, furnish- ing 48.5 per cent of the total output in 1919; while beech held the second place in 1909, red gum ranked second for the last three years shown in Table 68. In 1919, larch, or tamarack, for the first time, was reported in quantities sufficient to show separately. The de- crease in tupelo staves and heading in 1919 as com- pared with previous years may be partially due to the inclusion of the cut from this wood with that of red gum. Figures for 1919 show a marked decrease in the output of wooden hoops. This decrease was largely due to conditions affecting timber supply during that year. Elm, because of its tensile qualities, is the wood chiefly used in the manufacture of hoops, but weather conditions adversely affecting logging opera- tions and competition in other lines made it difficult for hoop manufacturers to secure elm timber. Slack staves produced, by kinds of wood and by states (Table 69).—Arkansas was the leading state in the production of slack staves in 1919, reporting 24.2 per cent of the total. Four other states—Virginia, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Alabama—each reported more than 50,000,000 staves; and their total output, together with that of Alabama, equaled 703,441,000 staves, or 62.7 per cent of the total for the United States. Statistics for previous years show that Penn- sylvania was the leading state in 1906 and 1907; Arkansas in 1908, 1911, and 1918; Michigan in 1909; and Missouri in 1910. Of the 27 kinds of wood used in the manufacture of slack staves in 1919, red gum furnished 32 per cent and was reported from 11 states; pine furnished 29.2 per cent and was reported from 18 states. Although white oak was reported from 22 states, it furnished only 3.5 per cent of the total. Douglas fir is becoming more important in the manufacture of both tight and slack staves, and an increased production from this kind of wood may be looked for in the future. Slack heading produced, by kinds of wood and by states (Table 70).—The same kinds of wood are largely used in the manufacture of slack staves and heading, practically the same states reporting the two classes of products. The order of their prominence, however, has been somewhat different. In 1906 Virginia led in the production of slack heading; Michigan in 1907 to 1909, inclusive; Arkansas in 1911; and Alabama in 1918 and 1919. Alabama, Michigan, and Georgia reported 38,536,000 sets of slack heading, or 44.1 per cent of the total in 1919. Quantity of hoops produced, by kinds of wood and by states (Table 71).—Although 21 states reported the manufacture of hoops in 1919, Arkansas, Missis- sippi, Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, and Mis- souri furnished more than 92 per cent of the total output. These states have been among the leaders in the production of hoops for many years. Ohio led from 1905 to 1918, furnishing as much as 34.6 per cent of the total in 1907. Arkansas ranked first in 1919, contributing 17.9 per cent of the total. This state held fifth place in 1909 and second in 1918. Mississippi ranked seventh in 1906, third in 1918, and second in 1919. EXPOBTS. The exports of staves and heading are shown in Table 72 for the calendar years 1909 to 1919, inclusive. The value of staves and heading exported during 1919 was greater than for any previous year. The quantity of staves exported in 1913, however, exceeded the quantity for 1919 by nearly 10,000,000 pieces. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 461 During 1919 the exports to Canada were 26,841,432 staves, valued at $710,570, an average value of $26.47 per thousand; to the United Kingdom 13,775,149 staves, valued at $2,450,085, an average value of $177.94 per thousand; and to France 10,458,388 staves, valued at $3,859,664, an average value of $369.06 per thousand. The exportation to Portugal was 2,337,262 staves and to Netherlands 828,662 Portugal—8665.55 per thousand—was the highest for any foreign country. The class of staves exported is not shown in the statistics. From the average values per thousand it may be inferred, however, that a considerable quan- tity of staves exported to Canada were slack stock and that the bulk of those exported to Europe were high-grade tight staves. staves. The average value of staves exported to Table 61.—QUANTITY OF TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED, BY CLASSES: 1919, 1918, 1911, AND 1909. Aggregate. Sawed, total TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). 1919 1918 1911 353,825 34S, 812 Oil and tierce 1 208,776 Half barrel and keg !68,786 Spirit and wine !20,211 Cut-ofls I 9,557 Pork I 10,246 Bourbon | 5,040 All other :26,1% Hewed, total.. 3,269 Pipe French claret.. All other 75 3,143 51 2S6,401 280, 171 191,602 28,159 15,690 11,145 9,366 950 23, 259 4,295 2,236 1,766 293 140, 519 20,030 36,318 (l) 11,629 24,398 79,278 7,187 3SS; 5,228 1.571! 1909 357,198 | 379, 231 312,172 j 341, 259 158,457 19,356 38,&33 14.239 13', 457 11,991 84,826 825 5,320 176 Bucked and split, total-. West Indian Spirit and wine. Bourbon All other Beer and ale, total. Beer, barrel Beer, half barrel Beer, quarter barrel. Beer, sixth barrel.. -■ Beer, eighth barrel Ale, hogshead All other TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). 1919 j 1918 1911 1909 1,193 295 210 688 551 2S0 85 60 51 1, 391 741 176 85 3S9 544 188 124 82 150 20,020 2,3*1 3,076 9,860 4,703 17, 819 1,679 5,599 7,336 256 2,651 177 121 15,104 2, 517 1,949 8,332 2,306 16, 547 1,560 6,217 5,399 1,056 2, 053 145 112 1 Included in the figures for i{ All other." Table 62.—QUANTITY OF TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED, BY CLASSES AND BY STATES: 1919. United States Alabama Arkansas California Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). Total. 353,825 16,183 109,467 15,026 1,23S 4,368 21,972 15,693 23, 791 15,497 Sawed. 34S, S12 15, 108, 15, 1, 4, 21, M> 23, 15, Hewed. 3.269 653 331 1,071 12 Bucked and split. Beer and ale. 1,193 I 551 290 I 295 130 TIGHT STATES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). New Hampshire. North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia... Wisconsin. All other states1. K . j Bucked j Beer Mewed- | and split, and ale. 1,197 Table 63. 1 Includes Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Vermont. -QUANTITY OF SAWED TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED, BY CLASSES AND BY STATES: 1919. United States. Alabama Arkansas California Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire. North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia— Wisconsin All other states1. SAWED TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). Total. 318,S12 15,530 10S,551 15,026 1,233 4,368 21,842 14', 622 23,033 15,407 19,359 2' 764 2,825 39,132 38,840 2,801 7,087 3,448 6,128 4,395 2;232 !! Oil and i! tierce. Half barrel and keg. Spirit and wine. Pork. Cut-offs. Bourbon. Lead. All other. |i ! 208,776 6-8,7S6 20,211 10,246 9.557 5,040 728 25,468 11,985 75,826 1,37S 1,540 11,692 12,347 485 9,362 436 518 2,696 728 377 4,443 1,710 50 250 2-50 2.572 137 1.227 1 6 3'. 909 153 306 19.843 12,299 130 239 1,570 60 60S 707 188 234 586 21,174 6,831 993 5,6-80 162 S32 234 1,275 371 100 j 48 405 7,816 2,'eii" 10,043 1,500 15 135 875 1,750 200 9,400 1,162 8,582 20,800 350 1 23,150 2,329 6,929 1,364 4,346 5,581 1,945 1,037 1,300 30" 65 63 40 1,825 185 34 5,943 1.718 25 25 30 400 I 2,277 485 "SOO 119 330 498 j 1 Includes Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Vermont. 462 MANUFACTURES. Table 64.—QUANTITY OF SAWED TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY CLASSES: 1919. SAWED TIGHT STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). CLASS. Total. "White oak. Red oak. Douglas fir. Gum. Pine. Ash. Spruce. Birch. Bass- wood. Chest- nut oak. Maple. All other.* United States 348,812 130,298 86,216 49,945 37,763 19(aS6 7,408 7,284 3,320 2,600 1,790 1,404 1,398 Oil and tierce 20S,776 68,786 20,211 9,557 87,606 11,534 16,408 4,921 76,739 5,809 1,050 2,153 10,820 26,7S8 1,825 27,906 6,966 1,226 840 1,718 1,692 151 918 Half barrel and keg 10,050 6,399 436 400 Spirit and wine 330 162 133 Cut-offs 153 69 33 4,982 2,000 49 - 115 Pork 10,246 5,040 728 25,468 2,022 5,040 707 2,060 410 1,078 1,500 185 Bourbon Lead 21 34 Ail other 9,434 2,669 7,836 327 449 1,272 200 49 1,138 i Includes hemlock, beech, chestnut, cedar, and cypress. Table 65.—QUANTITY OF TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED, BY CLASSES: 1919, 1918, 1911, AND 1909. Aggregate Sawed, total Oil and tierce Half barrel and keg Spirit and wine Pork Bourbon All other TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED (SETS). 1919 24,274,177 24,265,547 13,033,826 6,842, 439 1,214,910 500,121 107,170 2,567,081 1918 20,711,271 20,063,254 13,972,160 3,574,863 692,527 469,031 1,354,673 1911 30,310,255 28,316,552 11,408,664 4,866,100 3,250,891 309,759 4,487,159 3,993,979 1909 20,691,201 19,735,693 9,172, 1,680, 2,207, 393, 1,289, 4,992, Beer and ale, total. Barrel Quarter barrel. Half barrel All other TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED (SETS). 1, 630 8,630 1918 648,017 646,430 1,168 419 1911 1,993,703 311,033 752,192 624,390 306,088 1909 955,508 91,050 0) 342,735 521,723 i Included with "All other." Table 66-—QUANTITY OF TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED ^BY CLASSES AND BY STATES: 1919. STATE. TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED (SETS). Total. Oil and tierce. Half barrel and keg. Spirit and wine. Cut-oils. Pork. Bourbon. All other sawed. Beer and ale. United States 24,274,177 13,033,826 6,842,439 1,214,910 1,046,675 500,121 107,170 1,520,406 8,630 Arkansas 72,800 11,064, 731 1,164,115 595,-506 166,666 37,800 5,800,572 240,498 565,980 4,160,301 851,857 25,000 541,333 17,100 29,526 100,000 10,000 15,000 343,237 47,160 89,000 115,288 7,500 California 66,666 Louisiana 2,034,021 344,000 6,000 1,312,425 30,040 1,412,679 505,000 100,642 4,800 10,900 Maine 344,000 6,000 60,498 Mississippi 1,054,455 40 150,000 30,000 25,000 11,875 10,597 Missouri New Hampshire 1,527,038 117,000 1,567,000 3,578,041 142,915 1,005,000 522,038 North Carolina 117,000 420,000 3,067,796 123,766 Oregon 917,000 181,278 20,000 55,708 10,519 210,000 39,915 Tennessee 215,174 18,170 Texas 8,630 Vermont... 62,408 7,069 220,318 5,069 43,419 2,000 62,408 Washington 15,500 246,584 13,005 15,500 18,498 161,135 2,759 78,086 150,000 Table 67.—QUANTITY OF TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY CLASSES: 1919. CLASS. TIGHT HEADING PRODUCED (SETS). Total. White oak. Red oak. Gum. Douglas fir. Pine. Spruce. Ash. Maple. Birch. All other.* United States 24,274,177 9,105,577 5,840,447 3,378, 792 2,296,339 1,881,966 698,171 58(3,969 278,700 153,086 54,130 Oil and tierce 13,033,826 1,214,910 107,170 6, 842, 439 5,524,701 942,475 107,170 4,922,734 70,000 1,538,632 684,5S6 161,135 4,928 49,128 24,200 203,700 78,086 27,331 Spirit and wine 17,1C0 Bourbon Half barrel and keg 2,315,081 818,838 1,840,160 1,170,699 67,160 611,163 68,000 334,553 18,498 Pork '. 500,121 1,046,675 1,520,406 8,630 81,408 29, StK) 96,312 8,630 17,000 11,875 Cut-offs 1,005,000 872,C38 All other sawed.., 212,759 69,908 111,088 75,000 75,000 8,301 Beer and ale 1 Includes hemlock, 19,331 sets; basswood, 18,498 sets; dogwood, 8,301 sets; and chestnut, 8,000 sets. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 463 Table 68.—QUANTITY OF SLACK STAVES, HEADING, AND HOOPS PRODUCED, BY KINDS OF WOOD: 1919, 1918, 1911, AND 1909. KIND OF WOOD. Total. Red gum. Pine Elm Ash Maple Oak Beech Chestnut., Birch Spruce Douglas fir... Cottonwood . Larch, or tamarack. Tupelo Allother SLACK STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS), 1,121,324 358,405 327,875 61,100 53,058 50,446 38,920 36,460 36,303 35,691 29,683 23,822 17,511 14,505 9,206 28,339 1918 1.009,971 1,323,968 1909 2,029,548 495, 389 109,349 83,188 8-3,022 22,457 15,951 47,228 13,075 31,758 3,224 13,931 28,714 28,751 33,934 338,582 229,220 92,614 66,716 66,647 50,043 121,727 71,273 57,929 70,189 (0 37,382 37,501 89,145 416,570 306,621 245,172 71,705 133,255 66,675 268,237 93,290 78,897 72,219 0) 22,500 188,147 SLACK HEADING ™T>VCET> (THOUSAND jj pR0DUCED (TH0USANDS). 1919 1918 1911 87,381! 60,751 13,003 | 42,401 1,872! 2.318' 7.319 | 1,986 I 4,942 J 3,490! 2,508 | 841! 12,6-56 26,735 199 1,947 2,493 620 5,930 360 2,485 538 461 1,005 1,031 5,670 2,184 3,138 106,4i07 1909 1919 191S 1911 140,234 j| 140,772 332,684! 353,215 12,55S 25,513 2,492 7,302 10,794 5,578 11,915 1,177 4,940 3,647 C1) 2,535 3,891 14,065 16,700 38,926 6,535 5,245 13,663 1,963 19,269 876 4,328 1,861 C1) 3,296 20,830 133,983 4,000 0) 0) C1) ?> 0) C1) C1) 2,789 330,353 54 333,297 C1) 2,277 19,918 i 1909 339,477 CO 36,316 i Included with "All other." Table 69.—QUANTITY OF SLACK STAVES PRODUCED, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY STATES: 1919. United States. Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Illinois Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri. New Hampshire New York^ North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin All other states * SLACK STAVES PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). Total. 1,121,324 67,298 271,060 19,356 5,645 10,000 23,607 39,103 22,391 20', 400 27,862 16,109 37,595 101,355 18,896 41,483 40,620 5,135 13,850 70,493 7,522 30,732 193,235 6,6,83 5,861 25,033 Red gum. Chest- j -0- h nut. Birch- Douglas fir. Cotton- wood. Larch, or tam- arack. All others Pine. Elm. Ash. Maple. Oak. Beech. 36,303 | 35,691 i Spruce. Tupelo. 358,405 327,875 61,100 53,058 50,446 38,920 36,460 29,683 23,822 17,511 14,505 9,206 28,339 300 186,243 64,746 2 2,252 513 1!! j 19,356 5,553 35,1S1 36,578 802 912 . . . i S i! 1 4,891 626 5,312 92 1,800 7,000 10,275 1,000 j i 1 200 3,144 2,995 15,187 16,574 3,051 2,140 33 600 684 1,206 250 300 2,891 1,465 4,957 1,000 294 1,150 20 1,997 457 2,846 22,306 2,250 &5 2,307 6,313 4,472 141 9,050 856 1,603 150 534 IS 1,008 7,605 6,900 37 1.112 34,505 71,521 1,320 1,589 1,234 10,1S2 491 12,516 1,589 45 1,459 6,031 1,400 15 3,415 '400 153 ! 862 IS, 21S 183 159 3 IS, 419 6,129 203 i 20 16,225 20 20 20 192 23,96S 8,962 150 1,620 20 1.787 '64 3,023 1,570 2 3,126 100 10,660 7,668 8 7,522 1,784 300 2.5 15,395 23,945 12,094 13,592 235 11,561 5,459 2, .501 100 1,601 5,071 2,856 4,804 501 1,865 43 83 7,493 2,279 7S6 300 408 165,932 92 100 1,089 970 300 107 1,639 262 ""266" 18,152 680 100 2,224 50 51 776 52 2,615 4,113 13,162 60 1.107 1 Includes hemlock, basswood, sycamore, hackberry, yellow poplar, .cypress, walnut, redwood, cedar, butternut, willow, hickory, and balsam fir. 8 Includes California, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Now Jersey, Texas, Vermont, and Washington. 464 MANUFACTURES. Table 70.—QUANTITY OF SLACK HEADING PRODUCED, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY STATES: 1919. SLACK HEADING PRODUCED (THOUSAND SETS). STATE. Total. Pine. Red gum. Maple. Beech. Birch. Bass- wood. Spruce. Ash. Oak. Elm. Tupelo. Douglas fir. All other.1 United States 87,381 42,401 13,003 7,319 4,942 3,490 3,078 2,508 2,318 1,986 1,872 1,031 841 2,592 Alabama 23,963 3^719 6i 309 '976 1, 559 22,217 100 6,304 1,613 2,638 133 220 Arkansas 544 190 18 9 5 Georgia Kentucky 861 626 4 85 26 412 Louisiana 161 360 Maine 2,749 1,560 8,264 2,415 4,360 846 1,404 130 175 73 17 4,674 200 21 52 1,494 244 62 1,087 20 3 1,318 100 11 133 25 249 461 Massachusetts Michigan 295 1,061 4 44 507 29 227 302 227 Minnesota Missouri 3,853 New Hampshire 2,637 2,493 4,837 1,160 2,612 106 2,652 2 826 1 22 126 New York 44 1,876 478 643 71 17 29 56 97 North Carolina 309 Ohio 6 500 538 3 116 Oregon 864 2,848 160 701 16 Pennsylvania 16 903 856 1,368 487 16 16 16 16 41 South Carolina 903 1,352 Tennessee 823 32 113 40 29 277 10 28 Virginia 4,854 1,485 4,936 3,138 3,827 4 441 2 1,400 153 3 9 424 76 189 366 Allother states3 944 226 515 124 10 905 2 1,546 82 1,012 4S6 59 305 93 990 96 124 1 Includes chestnut, cottonwood, hemlock, sycamore, yellow poplar, cypress, redwood, tamarack, willow, cherry, and balsam fir. 8 Includes California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Tex*"' Table 71.—Quantity of Hoops Produced, by Kinds op Wood and by States: 1919. HOOPS PRODUCED (THOUSANDS). STATE. Total. Elm. AH other. United States 140,772 133,983 6,789 Arkansas T 25,167 14,347 11,226 23,853 11,138 23,593 20,223 11,225 24,606 14,347 11,226 23,853 11,138 '23,593 20,199 5,021 561 Indiana Michigan Mississippi Missouri. Ohio.. Tennessee 24 6,204 All other states 1 1 Includes Alabama, Florida, Illinois. Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Minne- sota, New Hampshire, New. York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Texas, Vermont, and Washington Table 72.—Exports of Staves and Heading: 1909-1919. [Compiled from "Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States.' Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce.] YEAR. STAVES. Average value per thousand. HEADING. Quantity. Total value. Value. 1919 81,657,792 53,373,526 60,005,602 58,058.719 61,325,917 54,048,147 91,369,115 73,909,719 66,097,987 58,651,374 47,554,889 $13,160,377 3,605,332 3,688,684 3,565,142 3,339,026 3,835,176 7,231,934 6,144,896 6,005,915 5,297,466 4,478,532 $161.16 67.55 61.47 61.41 65.06 70.96 79.15 83.14 90.86 90.32 94.18 $591,021 563,564 294,248 239,846 367,489 246,504 325,643 340,867 421,325 291,292 155,572 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative statistics, by states.—The number of establishments, average number of wage earners, pri- mary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products, as reported for 1919, 1914, and 1909 for the three branches of the lumber industry combined; are shown in Table 73. Detailed statement, by states.—The principal gen- eral statistics secured by the census inquiry for 1919 for the lumber industry are presented by states in Table 74. The table gives statistics for the industry as a whole and for each of the three branches sep- arately. Custom sawmills.—Table 75 presents detailed statis- tics for custom sawmills, by states. oe- •snopBiodo [cuptAiptri jo ejnsopsip pioxv 0} ^uomqsqqEisg T -iQJ sonst^s sspnpxg ?, 'stroi^Hjado imipiAipuj jo tuiisofosip picus 04 s}tfOTTiqsnqt?}S0 s JOJ sopsj^;s sapnpxg; T 086 SSi'l ISi 169 dSS'I 696 'IS S98'99 SSS'SS s?:'ss 966 *SS MS l9f 991 '68 9TS"£S SSS'fSS oo>: 'eg Sf f 08 868 *9S see's it: 's ii6 sos'i sss'i IOS'SS 809 *8S 90119 m 'os S69 'os ssi'ss 9f6 098 S89 *S m '81 899'II 1-69 '9S 106'l ISO'S 116 *S *9f'19 665- '6* Sli '19 OOS'OS 916 '08 t9S'96 6Sf'f €11 'f *90 '$ m '*S S6S'IS m 'es sss'ss 189 '68 res "69 OSS 'Si 961 '89 sos'ss S9l'S *f 9 '1 lie's ii5 'si 88*'si soo'ss *SS*'9T 619 '91 OIS 'f S ISO'S m 'i 6*1 'S *SS '9 OSi '9 161"SI I9S 'tz mi 'st 999'se £62. 'St sss'ss 109 'f6 898'of {-99 'gf OSS 'ss s:s ffs Sf6 SCI SSI S9f sr. SSO '68 91$ '§ ES9 '6 186 '91 fiiS '98 i9f '88 801 '£6 S6S *fil S98'8T sss '*s iei '* 996 '8 916 '9 98* 199 IS* fOO'lT TSS'lT OIS 'SS If9 'si 168*fI e:: 'ss 6f8 COf 900'I TS6 *S 89$'8 898'6 *90'l sso't ISf'l ne'is 600 'f S 68S '18 STf 'SI iss'fi fSS'iS IS* *I 9S9'l K6'S S16 '61 SOS 'II 106 '08 *S9 *SI OSS'91 110 '9S 901 'if si* 'se 910'f* S19 T6f SSI 010 '8 fiS'i lOf 'ST SSS '1 iff 'S f99 'IT 9SS 'I 9f8 ISS'T 998'i 9S*S'S ise's f 19 '01 IS8 '8 968 'SI IOS'ft 998 fl OSf 'OS 998'OS OS'S 'ZZ m 'ss HS 9TS 01s 690 '91 9fS '91 96S '93 S89 '8 so: '6 f!8'91 ISS'tS 188 '6S 819 'SS S96'6 IS9'6 ISI 'II 810 'S 960'S 998 '8 90S SS9 99* S09'II 81S '01 168'OS 996'9 0S1 '9 69S 'SI 108 its ess 518 '> IST'f ISS'OT 18* SSf 891 899'SI fSS 'II lf6 '91 Sil '01 Sf6'6 LZf'*S 69S'l 60S'I 8f9'5 101'9 096 '9 IfO'OI 101 '6 999 'SI ISO 'So TOT 4ST 989 'SI ill 'il fli 618, 191 I 189'S I9S 'S 519 % fS6'8 SfS'S 6f6'9 9S€ 699 ssi's OIS'S 086 f 168 £9 6i9 'f 60**8 SS9 'SI f If 'SI ISf 'SS 816 '01 OS! 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'SS is: "is 186 'If 996 '88 Stl'fS SS6 'S SSS'g fSl'f 180'SS f 89 '81 sss':s sss'ss 881'88 ISS'fi 09S 'S S98'S SSI'8 OOf '6f 199'6f 906'19 sss's S80'8 SI6 '8 SIf 'SIT f66 '16 SSl'9S SIS "96 fZS *TOT 811 '811 168 'SI 661 'SI SS9'0I 99S'69 099" 09 6fS '99 SI'S 'SIT 988'Of I If&'SST S9f '181 OfS 'HI 818 '66 988'f 601 '8 8Tf 'f 091 '91 S8f 'it 008'91 869'ft 8iS 'Sf 18f '18 Sf8 'I 919 'I 6fS 'S 188 > I SIS 'OS OSS'il 909 of LZS 'Sf 99f '68 Sli '6f I 118 'SSI ISS'681 OSS '19 ISf '69 116 'if •sj^nop jo spiresTToq} m passaidxa 6fS 198 S9^: SfO 998 198 860 'f8 SSS'SS SSS'S? 8f9'8T ilf':i 999 '81 6f i '8f SiO '88 810 '99 iSS '88 SOS '9S 889 'OS 061'f S60'f Sf6'8 ISf Sf! 998 SIS'SS 906'61 ees'oc m'zz fSO '81 fI8 '91 ISf ISS OSS f09'fl SOS'II S81 'ST Sfl Sli 901 81S'9S SSI'IS 96S '91 990 '91 SSS'SI SIS 'fs 911 '8 J Sf 8 IS9'S fSS 86f'S IOS -poid! -3^cn jo ant6-'V J° *£a0 II SS IS 89 99 8S OSO'l S89 909 910'I S66 811 89S 'I 886 S8S 'I 119 *S 9IS 'S OIl'S 86S 60S ISf fOI 6SI 811 661 919 909 ii6'l S9o'l 019 'l 89 19 Si I9S 861 019 19 S9 89 199'S SSS'S 986 I Sli fS9 901 99f 'ST III'IT fOS'6 I00'>8 fl8'^8 IfS'SS Tif "IS 180'TS ISI '91 9if 'l Sf9 982'I 198 'f SIS 'f 901'f f9f'8 Sf9 06f 9SS 901'8 996'S 69S 8 SS9 '81 160 '6 900 '01 168'88 Of 9 '6S 98 f '18 fOi 'OS 611 'OS 9Sf'SI -tuna 068 I 691 'I 066 ffS'S SS6 'S 196 S 89S'S £91 'I 9SS 'I 91 09 99 9Tf 818 S98 819 868 S'f 9f 68 6061 flGI 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6101 a")6I fI6I 6161 6061 fI6l 6161 6061 fI6l 6161 6061 fl6I t6I6T 6061 HOI 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6T 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 16161 6061 H6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fl6I 6161 6061 H6I 6161 6061 fI6T 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 1IY SnrmoAA\. tqsuoosi^ - urnrSjT \ 4HOHU9A q^il stfxox •aassoiraax 9SI I 6061 f9I; f161 881 is6I6I 860 I 8f6 169 if9'l 96S'I fOS'l 9SS 8ff 998 jo j^q 6061 fl6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6I6T 6061 fI6I 6161 •JBDA sns - - ©;o^a "q^nog •*tot{Oibo q;"OS -"pxreisi epoqa —BTTTBAilsiniad; tioSqjo BTnoq^pfo opqo • *mrpiojBO qyo^ ^iox *oorx8K JAGR •ajrqsdxti^H Aiax •jjnossTj;^ -jddissnssTj^ HS 19 SSS'iS les'ss 950 'SS If i 'SS 60f*88 fST'ST SSi'II 989'SI 951 '9S S8S'9S 6SS'9S S8S 'S9 IW'99 09f'081 ISS 'IS fiO'OS 98S''8S ffZ'2 6Sf'S 886'8 699'SI 9Sf 'II S6S'iI 9Sl'8S 966'OS 8fO 98 S96'ff 809'if- 9LL'QS 689'01 6SS'SI 981'08 S89'fS SII'SS iso'et 898 'OS SSf-'TS 60f'09 609 Ift m sie'x 8S8 9U I m'L 116'9 ffl'OI 981^ 68f'S 161'f OOO'Sf SI9'S9 S90'66 0f9'0f fts'st S98'I6 61*' I f89'l 619'S S90'9S fIS'fS ITS 19 _fO'6S f 19 'SS |6f f 'Sf m 'si |S90 81 TU'il 109'9 990'9 f0l'6 086'01 619'SI SSI'SI 991'8S ,911'IS |96S 'of 9Sf '01 IK)'01 666'SI SiO'S 918 I 19S'S Ifl'i |8Ii'9 869'6 Isss'si IOdS'II OOS'SI tos'is 106'SS 910 f8 StS'S 801'9 $06'S SOS'S .SIS'6 |S1S SI 68S'9 9S6'i 911 'IT fSS f6T S8S |9f8 181 |8I6'8 6f i 8 I9t'S 968'I 686, 609 I 698'81 SIS SS SIS'ft 008 'f I 190 81 |6ft'S8 188 S*9 ffS 9fl'6 |00t'6 6S0 OS S6S '91 |S86'fI if! 'IS ,180 'S 800'9 |S89 '1 19f'S |SS9 'S if 6'8 801 'i Sf S 'i 8f6'0T 880'OS 8f9'8S fSS'l-t |SS8'f Z99'f 181'8 0f9 09f jSii [998 'S ,101 S |6^I 'S S6f> TOO f |9I9'9 on'e S99'6 6tS'SI sse'e SI6 f 981 'II Isos'i .Of 19 |S89'SI 199'i 910'8 jlSt SI 681 S9I S6S 088 S9S lif 106'I m 1 196 I S9f'I 116 919'I TS9 'ST ,160'il [set'ss ,090'81 [010 f I 181'SS [689 9SS 9fS'l 69S'! 1S9'S0I l9IS'i ifSS'16 |S66'0S |fSi 9IT SfS Si 8if 9t 199 98 OfS 'SS 618'ill 9*6'SOI 868 'iS8 819'108 m '009 8SS'S91 018'9Ti 6SI'99T'I OSS'601'l! SS1'S90I "Btqinnioo -;sici •* eiBAiBiocC "OpBJOlOQ ■-ejniojniJO sns -tioo "BTmsq^iY saqon^jq \\\ •saxvxs aaxiNQ 29* •606T a\TV '6T6I :S3XVXS AS 'AHYPJKflS aAIXVaVdHOQ— • SI aia^I, 466 MANUFACTURES. Table 74.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. 16 and over. Under 16. Num- ber of estab- lish- Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- STATE. Number, 15th day of— Capital. ments. Total. in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Aver- age Total. Fe- male. Fe- male. Fe- male. Male. Male. Male. num- ber. Maximum month. Minimum month. ALL BRANCHES. United States... Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia- Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts...... Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico.. New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All other states8 32,568 1,774 26 1,562 566 181 292 90 9 552 1,656 213 495 736 144 59 1,045 579 712 497 465 618 366 1,504 697 183 39 393 368 56 1, m 2,957 990 201Í 706 1,935 63' 6701 73 1,570 606 113 457 2,110 1,232 773 605 83 21 692,166 30,928 l,12l' 35,8261 27,410 1,621 2,353 845 279 25,11 19,92S| 9,141 13,189 9,135 4,362 935 12,094 47,775 13,017 6,026 8,191 24,223 16,860 41,344 11,809 4,340 630 7,911 4,948 1,426 20,673 31,081 12,049] 2,941 26,843 20,473 842 . 14,200 945 19,672 22,428 579 4,684 24,299 60,088 15,313 31,363 4751 434 36,627 2,330 23 1,854 468 178 306 100 5 56S 2,034 227 '408 770 122 60 1,243 4301 772 553 415| 60' 366 1,926 812 214 26| 4301 352 47 1,601 3,629 1,040 218 766 2,401 58 780 66 2,019 562 175 532 2,562 1,119 475 84| 11 22,197 982 29 ,097 715 82 124 271 19 161 653 565 195 28 432 1,195 366 251 360) 821 3S8j 1,061 481 88 38 186 234 48 1,107 1,094 720 123 624 912 38 428 24 704 670 21 123 647 1,508 453 963 20 31 16,395 400 19 782 1,017 55| 81 12 8 416 325 260 575 262 350 35 298 1,229 254 Í71 175 709 474 695 382 148 22 90 147 40 814 371 493 82 650 553 24 194 24 480 771 17 47i 405 1,057 190 749 7 36 6,601 119 11 209 381 12 69 5 3f 85) 65 178 146 13 141 3951 133 56| 182 426 147 227 129 21 181 74 110 5 430 140 292 25 225 312 11 1551 186 34 152 122 354 3 4 610,346 27,0971 1,039 31,884 24,829 1,294 1,773 701 244! 23,350! 16,841 8,431 11,287 7,360 3,549 799 44,525 11,49', 4,995 7,059 21,660 15,485 37,435 10,005 3,r~" 526] 7,131 4,1051 1,2S61 16,721 25,847 9,504 2,493, 24,578 16,295 706 12,732 820 16,314 20,239 3,948 20,533 56,018 13,665 28,822 361 352 De 690,451 De 33,878 Au 1,291 Se 37,827 Jy 29,292 Jy 1,600 De De Í7 2,061 874 263 Oc 25,614 De 22,288 Se 9,987 De 12,475 De 8,530 No 3,988 Oc S94 No 11,995 Au 48,478 No 13,503 De 5,954 De 7,787 De 24,087 De 18,642 De 42,991 De 11,754 No 4,263 No 592 No 8,547 No 4,454 No 1,493 De 18,949 De 35,490 De 10,563 De 2,925 Au 29,834 De 18,234 De 805 De 16,626 De 1,009 De 20,407 De 23,007 Se 486 De 4,423 De 25,957 Oc 64,975 De 14.870 De 33,814 Jy 396 Se 523 Fe 543,875 My 23,753 Mh 621 Mh 27,114 Fe 17,673 Mh 851 Fe 1,493 Se 578 Ja 227 Fe 21,102 Fe 13,695 6,336 10,150 6,239 2,776 685 Ja 8,680 Ja 39,810 Ap 9,909 Se 4,681 Je 6,527 Ap 19,951 My 12,497 Ap 32,797 Fe 8,418 Ap 3,279 Mh 463 Jy 5,148 Fe 3,804 Ja 944 Ja 14,878 Je 20,336 Ja 8,520 Je 2,166 Ja 17,154 Ap 14,979 Fe 590 My 9,731 Ap 683 Fe 13,045 Ja 17,842 Fe 250 Jy 3,249 Fe 17,399 Ja 40,388 Fe 11,973 My 26,313 Ja 312 Ja ISO 770,539 36,447 1,119 41,434 28,490 1,759 2,366 995 258 26,608 25,101 9,767| 12,783 9,136 4,032 852 11,259 50,506 15,684 6,755 8,128 25,744 21,2091 47,714] 12,663 5,193 581 9,574 4,605, 1,798 20,675| 39,806 11,634 3,146 29,113 20,205, 854! 18,425 1,0711 23,160 24,285 ! 741 5,441 30,366 66,228 16,413 35,361 537, 518 756,545 12,025 36,183 1,114 40,953 27,686 1,723 2,353 9S8 253 26,089 24,726 11,960 8,742 3,855 804 10,920 50,138 15,477 6,4701 7,599| 24,921' 20,9401 47,2$8| 12,203 5,174 579 9,375 4,449 1,7&5 20,358 39,542 11,431 3,142 28,465 19,904 842 18,342 1,064 22,568 24,024 728 5,270 29,686 65,379 16,317 34,016 537 515 206 5| 441 750 34 9 4 4 468 322 87 747 305 147 318 197 241 403 733 207 318 346 18 156 192 1 623 209 58 530 230 143 598 825 72 1,145 1,816 153 34 50 2 . 4 . 3 . 1 . 51 . 50 12. 74 82 29 40 50 . 44 . 102 90 . 61 105 1 . 13 . 27 4 . 54 105 11 . 3 . 24 90 12 . 25 . 1 . 58 31 . 28. 75 20 24. 161 2. "24 ... 9 9 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). a Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). *2 'Will P11^ -6 '^motrspfo -QJ ftno:?re 1S29 f18 'isz'u 281 'e 906'19 '816'8 '821 '98 ;811 'SIX 289'OX i6l>' '99 |X«;'82T 'SIS '66 ssxt> OOS' '91 ISf'18 |6t2'2 022 'II 99f'68 198 '681 116 'it 162 'SIX !6II'SS its'f2 ;Zt6 '89 tIIX'X9X 889 'Tf 'o26 'Z 989'TI '£99*tt 982 '2t 268'it ;916 f8i 822'91 ■ St9 ises's iSEZ'ST 886 'i 118'601 89t'98I ■609'C t2i'9IX JlOf '9t8 '2; 99-9 'ZZS oHoSi^^T'l 899 '811 [960 '200 'I 898 'OOS '6t izn'sss'ec ezs'xci'Tti its'S9T'z:s 1062 '122 '1 |82i '99S in 'tee 'ss 996'tlO'OS |2S0'929'I 088'928'II i6t6'6St 'I iee-t'eii^ !0S0'Oti '19 ,081'Oti '9 1260'96t '22 !269'2t9'tt ;ei2 tsrss jiOS '212 '2 %9 '969 '8 jitS '99*9 '21 j28t'S22'I ;698 '0X2 '8 ;290i69i'lX :9t9'090't9 ■SSt'069'92 6SS'ltt'9t Ls9 '169 '91 Ii9'S£6'8 ii9ri92'l2 i9T9't99'i8 ;200'i88'il itO'999£X :tl^'008'8 !i0f2t2'9X |91S '691 '9-2 jOtS '918' 12 jtSi '819't2 1991'889 '28 'STX'Sit i860'986 jZOS'269't ;69T'S89''2 I699'6£9'f9 !896'20t'69 .0i6't8S'T !6ri'i82'Xt f26f12i'I V69'S22'I SS^'SSS '88 100 'fIS'9* ^90 '928 'tS2 889 '868 '99 08S'2tl'8I 819'188'I 288 'W)I'19 266'181 '29 STI'289'2 9^96'869'92 699'916'2 89-9'211'19 £62 't92 '9^ 121 'S9'0 '8 tI6'96S'89 tSO'tSS^ T6T '809 '28 TOT'116'2 m'200'22 » |OSS '602 't2 |tiO '6t£ '2 XS6 '961'21 90S'999'88 ■SSS :009 't6 029"619'29 |st9'068'88 811'80t '88 1SJ-'9S9'8T t9S'S88'9S |21i '69t '081 191^988'88 19'ZS6'8 S8tl'868'il ess'eto'ss Ttt'911'69 TSS'^i'Oe loso'iso'st tSl'60t'09 |688'098 |899'9Ii'l 9t9'8tl'0I SSO '161 'f 6t9' X9t) '66 £98'lS8'l6 608'619 '2 f9S'9TS'T9 |20t'98 2rS'S t-98'699 898'OSfi K)l'ifS'x| |062'XIS ste 'st iss'n 968f6tS 8t6'608 109 'S2 166'fS2 ,98 'TS |O90'SS9 |098 '181 i9t)'66 [90S'90S [SSI cI2t lotl'916 811'1-8 IIS'182 618 "9-9 986 '9-2 tZ0'i9 SSt'!t2 816'90^ 208 '912 919 '189 tS9 '982 280'98 619 'Oil 19-8'861 !o2S'8t '1ST iOIt'298 986'90t 89t)'S9X 690'261 219'16 SS6'2I tK)'9 981'HI 816'12 819'0X1 2*6 '2St t29'lf 120'812 i92l'8Zi'9<)0'2,jt09'St6'e] 1 -amnoa j 'SJLVQpa m 2i6 990'122 191 '82t '88 [200 '099 '91 t29 '999'16 .196'916'82 |sti'69S 9 tI8'99t SI2'0S2'22 860'8<)t'22 089'116 fso'esx '6 eos'sst'i |6il 'X98 'OS |i26 '2tl '98 f89 'tT8 '2 9X8'1-68'08 61S '689 't2 8i£ f69X'St 121't2i see '9ii 'si Im'sss'n |9S9't6t'I 869 '616 fe 99i'8t9'9I tSO'StO'OS OSS '819 '92 |OtS'118* It .09'92t'il tSi'119'6 szx'no'si 66i'l0l'2t ,82'221'91 018'222 '2 [9Ii't8t'6 [991'itt '81 ISS '809 '88 S9^''9t£'8 it2 '081'81 9SV819'£I 818'698 [919't2i 8S8'9t$'S 966'08*'I .08 '108 '8t [196 '910 '28 ,9TS '208 88i'SSi'61 XLL'QZZ'm ISS'61 1X6'1 SDi'OSt S I8t'9I0'l I9S£m'S [S20'£iS lit '112 |0t2'0I 820'269'I 999'886 HO'Ot It8'968 Ii*'6t m'sss 0i8'lt9'2 89T '292 22T''lOi |8II'2S6 |0S8'02I'I 181 '68 101 'ess Sii'ttS |012'i9 181 '862 811'881 lOOi 'tSS '2 2tt 'f9I '2 (211 '112'2 2t9'l6S [Oit '883 t9S'SS9 1289'itS'£ |8iO'S6t j936'tS te88'9i2 [199 '6ti 189 '892 'I |89i '126 019'08S tee'166 022'8 ,t09'8 619 '691 Ites'ee ieO'969'l 606'099'2 289'et t89'!i8 e9i'9 699'8 set'tt 188'12 9S8'II8 260'88 898'T-S Il'S'2 |6tt'i9 108'99 699'9 [008'98 868 '82 |622 '182 |2tl 'tSl tSO'OT eit'esi 986'86 set'us 969 'T itO'81 [908 't2 [981 '1 988 '1 918 '911 |696'S9 \ZLL '89 TS^'96 £96 '981 S£i'X6 StI 'ill 919 '09 Sit'IS 608'91 ,t68'22 [80S'19 [218'SOt 129'£ 820'£9 2SS'9tI Oti'II Ott 912 '2S 20t'2I SOO tsz 996'18 96t'l ,66'6£ jssi'sis'os |902'£9t'l !S0't2 190'660'T ISO'l^S'l SS2f969'l 600'208'I 866'£6S it9'tl tI8'029 6tl'tr9'l 961'66 99t 499't 206't-I [89t'0St'l m '0 98 [281 '912 890 '9tS 009'99£fi £86 '262 'l 182'918 [021 26 £90'2tS'l jOSS'81 [902 'OTt 2tS'lS9 £80'919 '2 821 '60I'I OSS'lSt'2 m'm 868'£02 889'922 '2 906'1S9'2 906 929'I 861. tO'Zl S06'eSt 2S£'1SI 29£'262'l 820 'set 298'S£S 000 2 292 221 999f2SI 022 'its 298'S8t'2 61t'S 1009 068 T |06S '898 999'699 9-81'963'92 IS9'S£S'9I sie^'ss 091'121'£1 826 't98 '8 901-'99t 100 '168'02 198 '802 '21 lOSO'SSS SS8'98S'0T 2It'SS£ S2Sf£t6'9l .Stt'lgf'tC |S8S 2tS'2 198f0t0'0l rSS'020'22 |8£t'£££ f£X ItS'£91'I 9SS'tX9't t69'8t6'9 jS6£ '899 ,981'086't loet'eot's iS26'0St428 i£SS'8£6'2I jS00'£f£'T2 2IS'£S9'£ I08'9t6'6 868'S1-6'0I 1913 'tSS 'tt l£i '081 '8 SSS '>££ |0£6 'StI '8 9K> '919 '9 |920'6I8'2T S2S'S8£'XT |98£'lS9'2I S62'£2t'8X S98'S62 801 '9£t £St'£96'T 0^fSI9'l tge^st^s e02'£8£'82 891 'm' i 0*2 '266 '02 ■sjviica 888 '282 'eejsOS '903 '8t9j£S2 'StI 'Oe'oOO 'l£6 '29 •swnoa £89 98 699'£ soe'oes'i IS9'£S9 |882 f£tl'2 X£S'60£ I2t'S0I 89£'61 868'9SIfI SSS'8££ tlO'19 8T8 f9t8 9T-S '0* ISS'818'l 812 '291 201 '8t8 699 '099 ;626'02S'l 09£ '89 [8t6'2IS 112 '661 OSS 'Ot 912't£2 28S'899 tOO'282'I 889'690'I S02'92t'i 00£'90t 6£S'8'08 928 'est £02'III'2 9£8'IS9' [896 '89 jOte '6T£ [988'ISS .£l'680'l 610 'iSt 66S'009 9t8'9S9 669'tl 9'99'SI t9S'lSI 8£2'8£ 99l'l8£'l 680'918'X 190*2t T90'tI9 829 £S 9£t '£8 S6t'S£8 f2 2St'09l'l 29t'£8t'S 681't89'l 09£ '£08 6t6'lS 066 'tS£ 'I Ott'280'2 IlO'tS |222 'S2T 'I 809'681 !SSk2 'S28 '2 WT'iet '2 £tt'£l8 9£0 *8££ 'I 66S '861 '2 [0£S '222 '8 [091 'Oil lOt'SOS 81-t '£IS 006 16 £2Sf862 9El''l0t'X 8S0'9"8£'2 ess^ssi'i 9£2 '699 '2 826 '960 'X S£9't6£ 909-'0X0'X 066 '9f£ '8 lsn'ot2'i |SU'86 929'S09 |S92'99S'l t9I'681'Z tso'tss |2I0'8£t'l 82T't££'l £89'tS 9t3'l£ eie'sis 190'0*1 96T'928'2 |620'928'8 ,t6*'26 99* '080 2 -moo -snq -jni 'SBUiq HOT} •(soinq -U3 •&3XTT5 •pau.vvQ Aq pappB 's.vonpojd jo yrtj^A •J9M0CI jo ^UOJ pn-e pri j IbcItouijj pUB •A'aunoo '31T3.)S 'l^iapaj •AjoaoBj JO ^U9^ •SOXTT} pUB %Ud}J '5fJ0AV :>DBJ1:U00 JOj[ ■S-Oi5"BA\ 1)1113 SOiaT5IB<5 •6161 ••saxvxs ah 'AHXsnaNi Haaimi I9f 468 MANUFACTURES. Table 74.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors ^and "firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male.! Fe- male. LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS. United States Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California. Colorado... Connecticut. Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana... Iowa* Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. Ohio 39 Texas. Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee Utah Vermont.... Virginia Washington. West Virginia... Wisconsin Wyoming All other states6. 26,119 1,685 IS 1,506 195 136 75 469! 1,512 194 163 486 32 931 511 627 393 244| 380. 244 1,435 557 153 4 327 164 47 849 2,762 514 145 625 l,334j 23 610 45, 1,450 457, 409 1,931 1,130' 372, 58 538,788 29,344 1,039 34,154 18,150 1,059 94S 530 22,532 15,921 8,964 1, 5,170 260 9,340 45,107 11,066 2,402 1,913 16,139 13,384 39,131 6.363 4,107 9 5,527 1,197 1,367 6,894 27,403 4,039 2,224 24,876 9,928 97 12,973 7481 15,699| 19,041 316 3,619 19,131 57,115 13,690 23,264 410 249 31,348 2,235 17 1,796 169 152 214 94 503 1,903 210 1S7 594 31 1,159 396 694 474 260 410 261 1,854 725 182 4 377 40 1,023 3,465 653 174 701 1,778 26 729 44 1,929 430 148 473 2,431 1,055 775 318 64 13,366 874 23 1,011 338 4S 22 8 547 439 1.53 78 227 13 233 1,05S 50 49| 363 182 937 191 75 106 25 44 194 805 149 61 524] 211 328 12 480 502 1 86 386 1,368 313 539 17 16 354 17 734 493 29 359 170 252 45 107 10 156 1,109 206 25 12 317 278 641 1331 141 37 15 40 133 33 570 161 155 13 343 606 1 25 261 963 90 422 4 33 3,269 103 10| 184 1931 7 2 65 34 58 23 69 3 76 350 92 9 10 126 61 187 31 16 31 10 3 50 107 48 197 75 48 100 144 15 93 336 85 190 3 1 480,945 25,77S 972 30,429 16,957 823 420 21,058 13,375 8,291 1,616 4,173 203 7,716 42,194 9,794 1,844 1,582 14,923 12,602 35,512 5,283 3,693 5 4,976 958 1,240 5,494 22,728 3,135 1,947 22,884 7,703 71 11,713 673 12,847 17,359 166 3,020 15,960 53,393 12,427 21,795 322 197 D e548,655 De 32,439 Au 1,205 Se 36,289 Jy 20,957 Jy 1,098 De 858 De 573 Oc 23,193 De 18,554 Se 9,822 De 2,199 De 4,995 Se 234 No 9,625 Au 46,041 No 11,423 De 2,714 Mh 1,837 Fe 16,575 Fe 15,810 De 40,842 De 6,862 No 4,071 No 12 No 6,174 De 1,122 No 1,441 De 6,309 De 32,184 De 3,543 De 2,309 Au 27,697 De 8,807 Mh 100 De 15,564 De 855 De 16,590 De 20,023 Jy< 260 De 3,468 De 21,081 Oc 61,910 De 13,499 De 26,195 Jy 351 Au 367 My 22,461 Mil 568 Mh 25,798 Ja 11,023 Mh 439 Jy 495 Je 317 Fe 18,872 Fe 10,694 Ja 6,237 Ap 1,240 Ja 3,541 Au 179 Je 6,402 Ja 37,502 Jy 8,278 Au 1,450 Jy 1,332 Je 13,649 My 9,753 Ap 31,042 Ja 4,119 Ap 3,128 Ja3 0 Jy 3,091 Ja Ja Je Ja Je Ja J7 Jy My Ap Fe Ja Fe 875 907 4,969 17,228 2,850 1,566 15,787 6,997 34 8,717 529 9,967 15,285 95 Jy 2,295 Fe 13,165 Ja 38,318 Fe 10,880 Jy 18,827 Ja 285 Ja 49 626,472 34,929 1,047 39,757 19,445 1,237 1,158 691 24,092 21,390 9,629 2,457 5,494 258 8,892 47,606 13,665 3,360 1,998 18,170 17,877 45,533 7,715 5,000 20 7,110 1,241 1,742 7,884 36,419 4,129 2,504 27,264 10,807 144 17,405 914 19,27S 21,135 489 4,459 25,364 63,223 15,035 27,701 485 320 620,267 34,711 1,042 39,315 18,942 1,212 1,152 688 23,762 21,219 9,534 2,315 5,417 257 8,688 47,487 13,548 3,335 1,979 17,927 17,713 45,204 7,638 7,088 1,149 1,729 7,843 36,289 4,109| 2,501 26,780 10,752 144 17,337 910 19,113 21,078 476 4,359 25,215 62,541 14,967 26,994 485 320 163 5 471 24 284 120 141 65| 1 178 91 112 3 2211 152 463i 40 44 4f 122 37 72 100 669 58 608 12 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants), a None reported for one or more other months. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 469 LUMBER INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. EXPENSES. Salaries and wapes. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and* local. For materia' Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. Value of products. LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS. Dollars. Dollars. j3S, 021,883:17,906,3901 1,770,0S2 80.5S3 3,034,449 1,256,958 79,015 3S,552 17,366 1.453,993 858,600 511,584 351,572 594,100 90.564 720,499 3,300,248 753,199 135,620 103,683 1,037,905 607,612 2,507,943 527,378 258,890 231,993 68,313 101,310 511,017 1,612,940 348,603 160,097 2,109,393 401,672 817 882,547 67,700 1,418,178 1,3-39,426 4,462 144,038 835,124 5,063,467 853,628 1,716,841 32,5251 27,397 Dollars. 489,419,091; 540,780) 38,901 1,219,227 993,470 38,830 13,136 5,300 545,375 252,872 438,814 Dollars [37,546,478] 19,968,429 1,158,052 27,491,844' 22, .848,743 1,053,332 715,814 303,725 16,720,690 9,978,715 11,634,408 94,819 1,673,356 293,813 3,770,456 31,115 254,201 319,273! 6,29S,613j 1,963,383 42,768,0S2 348,721 53,415 20,105 589,560 525,751 1,133,671 240,3401 258,520 70,989 37,879 6S,51S 192,779 440,259 111,336 66,263 1,161,198 238,209 263 284,870 39,823 543,527 911,335 3,862 49,500 415,650 1,967,092 492,347 814,933 5,745 30,822 9,474,557 1,481,229 1,645,633 14.593,524 9; 86$, 133 30,995,202 4,027,149 4,666,716 3,922 5,002,588 940,638 1,122,887 5,251,319 19,644,461 3,048,798 1,937,871 32,437,677 7,381,036 77,086 9,637,362 702,047 9,781,185 17,900,512 180,259 2,684,157 13,412,6951 14,023,0431 19,659,221 492,5531 224,503 Dollars. 1,478,2181 1,856,932 3,449 2,482,637 506,979 141,335 119,458 573,607 406,723 1,292,752 32,711 425,17S 11,973 1,526,506 2,642,419 1,813,417 184,203 223,603 2,332,752 1,104, 7SS 2,486,895 655,681 409,76Si 1,535,622| 42,903 375,481 1,077,019j 1,730,270 182,341 215,739 836,284 1,366,302 2,902 450,130 99,196 1,547,049 592,707 13,850 397,615 1,240,646 1,693,738 1, SIS, 014 1,070,817 24,0871 Dollars. 38,285,51«! 66,251 1,000 71,695 58,608 1,507 2,950' 126,605 23,948 4,511 32,4891 20,7951 2,393 24,313 40,482 81,883 13,554 7,876 19,886 35,779 46,092 20,807 3,415 22 6,014 3,779 390 53,847 85,066 16; 224 1.857 147,374[ 14,807 1,000 19,445 2,167 39,984 34,721' 592 3,274 46,855 250,038 18,800 19,691' 1,060! 4,372 839.264 41,125 2,437,748 1,278, .546 16,013: 21,437 2,728 886', 747 2S9", 128 923,137 219,241 284,487) 11,211 358,9&3 7,159,788 449,170 37,965 164,699 1,432,794 1,921,398 2,457,696 289,142 292,646 61 247,192] 42,491 36,644 259,310 618,510 99,077 1S7,654 2,476,077 165,997 1,047 351,699 19,998 733,388 1,509,291 1,820 159,055 424,179 5,664,991 968,442 2,482,715 6,788 13,899 Dollars, 462,781,70S! Dollars. jS, 178,780 Dollars. 1,387,471,413 Dollars. (I 916, 510,925;'2, 358,937 15,700,781 590,916| 26,927,359 10,211,565 672,393 585,671 466,068 13,467,076 8,622,200 8,323,199 2,918,281 8,077.674 444, .854 9.642.244 36; 348,505 10,408,543 1,628,501 2,067,244! 15,471,880) 17,037,8731 I 26,060,00$; 4,854,433j 3,153,597 3,370l 6,080,002! 840,119; 625,240) 7,295,495: 15,533,512; 5,115,7211 1,243,547 31,432,701 7,688.143 73,358 5,890,691 550,102! 14,052,127 15,419,114 56.691 2,939,335 10,439,370 83,873,101 8,239,908 21.024,5% 140,949 543,651 258,224 37,406 405,264 327,525 6,165 9,920 285 66.182 78', 694 154,-828 .53,003 137,196 11,524 158,73' 754,406 60,913 9,974 58,314 221,676 132,725 385.514 70; 7iXi 53,181 34,695 30,373 28', 208 171,496 355.431 79; 982 68,227 701,942 155,189 100 204,774 14,875 210,959 271,555 84 34,324 225,586 |1,433,670 312,051 367,300 920 24,683 55,139,3621 2,315,00S! 84,008,3091 47,310,762! 2,450,731 2,266,555j 1,091,240! 42,598.491 26; 836,279! 30,087,627 6,330,180 17,775, 935 970', 684 23,283,636| 120,716,43o| 28,515,271 4,623,527 5, 732.924| 46,043,855' 37,321,051' 87,508,229' 14,025,865 10,991,632 11,037' 14,992,066 2,487,712 2,778,436 IS, 414.95' 54,928,222 12,031,472 4,903,853 85,347,711 25,030,803 242,325! 21,762,36S| 1,818,741 38,495,831 47,884,281 387.270| 8,36i;641 35,3SS;S75| 220,512,3591 34,419,523 57,221,434 1,024,9191 1.081.989 30,180,357, 1,6S6,6S6! 56,675.686, 36,771,672s 1,772,173] 1,670,964!' 624,887; 29,065,233' 18,135,385: 21,609,600| 3,358,896' 9,561,065: 514.306 13,482;655! 83,613,524, IS, 045,815 2,985,052 3,607,366 30,350,299 20,150,453 61,062,707 9,100,732 7,7S4,S54 7,667 8,877,369, 1,617,220! 2,124,988- 10,947.966, 39,039,279 6,835,769 3,592,079 53,213,06$ 17,187,471 16$, S67| 15.666,903! 1.253'. 764' 24,232; 745; 32,193.612 330.4951 5,387; 982; 24,723,919! 135,205,5$Sj 25,867,564 35,829,53$ $83,050 513,655 110.611 3; 363 130,6.86 68,842 6,027 5,713 2, .554 67,683 59,548 47,162 '8.311 27; 9.84 1.461 35,862 153,445 59.811 li; 595 14,154 79.449 36,478 132,508 23.502 16,067 149 27,784 5,954 4,003 46,990 112, &S3 20,809 S, 829' 163,737 44,012 1,263 48,001' 2,842 61,093 76,025 2,043! 30,589: 64,501! 420,518 40,596, 70,967: 1,602, 1,13l! 2,028,433! 152,365 102,550 3,175 121,808 52,658 5,530 4,0851 2,514 62,9891 55 72T 32'. 960| 28,22$ 62,447! 87.464 195.606 1 5,2?* 188) 7,211 11,102| 106 40 2,460 2,616 10,977 SOI 849j 1,112 15! 1.23$ 570; 96 48' 676 784.) 1 245 530 348 185! 537 533, l,206i 540; ,274 247; 1.422 2 2$7; 3 9,137i 4 16,587, 5 6 17 38,553 62,556! 1.2991 '622 < Same number reported for one or more other months. * Includes estabUsiiinents distributed as follows: Kansas, 2; and Nevada.3. 470 MANUFACTURES. Table 74. -DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE Num- ber of estab- lish- ments, PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, loth day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male Fe- male LUMBER, PLANING-MILL PRODUCTS. United States... Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming All other states * 5,309 82 8 50 325| 41 63| 131 16 269 222 97 55 106 51 56 65 146 192 94 65 mi 30 1 168 9 515 168 378 56 61 538 27 54 28 109 130 33 35 145 121 167 25 11 106,481 1,272| 82 1,431 7,386| 1,342 61 279 1,472 3,176 152 6,320 2,901 3,934 556 2,209 1,279 918 1,493 2,728 I 6,434 2,689 1,341' 3,435 233 I 510 602! 2,416! 59 10,505 2,654 5.862 717 1,305 8,927' 470 1,053 197 3,178 2,205 263 445 2,476 2,244 1,419 5,226 65 71 6 56 271 24 79 4 5 51 125 '16 176i 158 76 57 84 24 58 50 107 153 78 72 73 32 19 34 129 7 412 149 288 44 51 565 22 49 22 82 120 27 47 123 60 102 121 20! 6,795 74 290 27 96 4 19 94 414 293| 171 24 175 87 40 109 177 3.80 165 92 188 13 33 15 165 4 744 223 472 62 76 590 12 188 123 20 17 170 115 130 288 3 6 5,611 ==T2\ 2 47 450 23 72 1 8, 42 146 8 408 126 336 27 130 86 25 117 111 372 180 46 206 7 19 15 99 64 390 49 68 365 21 37 11 124 149 16 21 108 81 97 278 3 21 16 1 21 160 4 58 1 3 18 28 3 175 86 140 12 56 32 15 38 273 78 29 73 5 17 14 73 2 318 21 217 16 26 216 11 16 5 47 34 11 36 42. 36 117 86,956 1,028 67 1,233 6,215 411 1,037 51 244 1,267 2,688 119 5,147 2,238 3,211 436 1,764 1,050 780 1,179 2,245 5,256 2,188 1,102 2,895 176 422 524 1,950 46 8,455 2,197 4,495 546 1,084 7,191 388 865 147 2,737 1,779 200 349 2,039 1,946 1,054 4,422 39 54 No 97,035 No Au De De No 1,231 86 1,425 7,121 466 De 1,161 No 59 Jy 263 No 1,462 De 2,889 Au 155 No 5,786 No 2,522 No 3,633 Oc 482 So Oc No No De 1,943 1,168 909 1,270 2,614 De 5,953 De 2,590 De 1,213 No 3,115 Au a 213 No De No De De 475 631 2,147 56 9,659 De 2,360 De 5,021 Se 665 Au 1,311 No 7,984 Se Au Je De Oc De l/o No De No Oc3 Se 437 914 159 3,059 2,030 252 386 2,269 2,349 1,162 4,907 51 64 Fe 74,362 Fe Fe Fe 829 51 977 5,262 346 Fe My Ja 26 227 Ap 1,085 Fe 2,300 Ja Fe Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Mh Ja Fe Ja Ja Ja Ja Mh Mh Ap Fe Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja 84 4,216 1,777 2,451 388 1,433 911 566 1,050 1,960 4,251 1,556 970 2,512 129 363 451 1,665 37 7,096 2,061 3,736 394 794 Mh 6,275 Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ja Ja Ja Fe Fe Ja Fe Fe 328 792 127 2,379 1,524 153 288 1,736 1,445 941 3,838 26 44 97,740 1,232 72 1,444 7,175 465 1,164 57 258 1,431 2,849 112 5,663 2,526 3,639 465 1,871 1,139 80G 1,283 2,613| 5,833 2,578 1,245 3,114 1931 455 629 2,151 56 9,753 2,379 5,497 642 1,229 7,836 435 856 157 3,075 1,958 252 373 2,272 2,332 1,167 4,898 52 95,098 1,214 72 1,419 7,059 464 1,158 57 253 1,427 2,: 108 5,518 2,427 3,471 4601 1,823 1,131 7771 1,219 2,576| 5,454 2,537 1,238 2,972 191 453 621 2,119 56 9,664 2,374 5,439 641 1,157 7,657 424 853 154 2,709 1,948 252 373 2,253 2,229 1,150 4,630 52 59 2,163 20 104 1 66 144 5 332 20 2 86 2 2 4 27 1 56 1 70| 144 2 2 349 4 16 103 3 213 459| 20[ 3 777 3 . 49'. 33 . 23, 3; 7'. iS. 29'. I 47 21 5| 51; 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 2 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 471 LUMBER INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and" local. Principal materials. Fuel and! rent of power. Value of products. Value; added by! manufae- | ture.! Total. Primary horsepower. Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in; estab- lish- ments report-j ing. LUMBER, PLANING-MILL PRODUCTS. Dollars, IS, 317,4411 233,003 11,911 258,075 819,007 50,327 262,866 10,500 34,587 210, 835 489,069 16,570 1,250, 892 625,690 485,783 49,818 433,018 235,270 112,849 355,731 447,493 1,334,351 399,412 231,433 477,962 34,637 76,622 90,760 535,9-17 8,850 2,103,249 439,079 1,093,057 157,350 228,898 1,578,299 104,190 214,114 16, 311 511, 5931 294,90S| 27,487 49,069 475,410 331,498 251,434 806,219 4,950 17,058 Dollars 10,218,8991 69,331 3,160 90,974 693,074 31,500 136,928 1,765 14,699 70,538 223,379 11,725 751,90S 227,176 683,990 41,543 183, 436 102,643 39,122 193,011 230,679 782,287 514,549 78,758 323,072 15,696 34,217 40,049 175,567 242 1,110,880 8S,363 650,105 95,955 127,074 639,6=44 33,271 58,903 21, 251 202,019 247,494 15,906 44,051 194,617 151,551 187,517 579,918 1,82-4 3,540 Dollars, 91,976,5261 859,976 88,116 1,090,271 7,935,119 512,066 1,208,623 41,368 295,365 1,096,494 2,210,342 133,235 6,035,929 2,176,988 2, 789,381 447,772 1,517,591 963,171 760,664 1,121,020 2,708,767 5,821,510 2,413,479 811,333 2,841,490 263,420 546, .849 481, 662 2,160,981 44,454 9, 849,335 1,715,246 5,213,136 604,664 1,389,375 8,034,355 433,394 633,860 180,973 2,019, 502 1, S63,06Sj 286,14' 265,3771 1,933,039| 2,442,734 1,186, SOS 4,420,192 77,102 50,783 Dollars, 1,102,5071 33,668 6,225| 22,721 6001 2,S04 2,000 245 91,305 26,344 8,727 74 798 400 14,485 1,342 18,461 30,443 141,616 4,335 29,192 25,661 437 18,550 46,944 soo 201,009 35,480 58,9S5 43 17,270 59,297 12,000 5,326 97,100 24,492 797 37S 26,259 2,500 6,673 26,721 Dollars. 2,14S,320| 13,446 496 9,850 138,434 8,130 44,990 440 11,140 16,032 26,810 2,725 225,1S9 27,182 18,031 12,489 10,102 12,866 28,304 38,561 117,920 54,293 24,139 6,677 105,592 4,420 4,455 8,740 68,883 1,205 498,100 13,642 135,003 8,227 30,91S 205,411 20,867 15, 270 3,392 22,233 27,20S 1,749 20, 799 22,958 49,183 7,777 20,097 2,6091 1,336 Dollars. Dollars 7,750,082 294,539,870| 30,560 2, 557 110,335 309,995 17,108 146, 851 91, 8,2201 74,611 178,352 4,400 529, 032 325,940 263,565 18, .560 112, 397 66,644 52,10S 164,004 213,30S 719,063 197,323 93,280 172,523 6,091 43, 507 36,9291 201,090 3,093; 596,971 247,03S 435,391 74,509| 85,977 635,193, 21,412) 42,986 20,016 186,092 153,616 8,420 23,697 299,298 239,629 99,S20 473,701 1,129 2,826 3,847,288 211,899 4,620,034 27,894,366 734,021 4,469,873 94,564 369,313 3,090,569 8,361,302 331,692 20, 393,105 8,648,012 8,646,970 1,226,730 5,175, S17 3,373, 4411 2,072,918| 4,356,631 7,078,198 23,643,702 6, 414,926 3,473, 739 6,675,61S 766, 001 1,191,457 1,246, 712 6,082,752 98, SSI 27, 751, 28S| 7,088,812 19,990,630 1, 570, 987 3,226,034 18,622,481 795,035 3,051,129 427,428 7,456,332 5,220,173 409,623 1,850, 292 7,582,69S 5,976,182 7,628,551 11,09S, 1241 SO, 10 123,4321 Dollars. 4,725,782] 13,86: 4,118; 23, 251 321, 823! 19,076i 101, S61 5,319! 12,958; 26,621 110,657| 5,657i 2S6,3711 196,340^ 138, 826 27,390j 9S,709! 27,552; 35,617| 59,567 135,603: 365,706' 113,231 14,6771 119,366' 13,843 20,6S7j 7,793' 176,432 5,965! 604,316; 50,1811 361, 513' 30,830! 52,252; 472, Oil! ! 26,3171 22,896' 13,626, 75,529 69,009 14,447 5,190 61,120 84,145 65, US 216,397 4,622 7,380 Dollars. 500,438,258^ 201,172,606 5,702,022 364,301 7,064,791 42,832,201 1,572,132 7,478,358 183,624 860,389 5,270,931 14,029,180 555,343 34,588,576 14,102,002 16,387, 832 2,107,070 8,855,944 5,570,041 3,329, 713 7,509,347 12,625,323 37,869,230 11,804,330 5,933,133 12,317,666 I) 205,349 2,181.836 2,136, 905 10,758, 566 192,665 49, 440, 846 11,439,0S2 32,428, 847 3,149,868 5.804,349 35,124,8136 1,712,328! 4,559,924 813,3' 12,370,082 9,792,439 950,303 2,846,673 11,773,016 10,931,701 10,909.224 20,546,990 203,775 251,773 Dollars. 1, 840, 867 148,284 2,421, 506 14,616,012 819,035 2,906,624 83,741 47S, US 2,153, 741 5,557,221 217,994 13,909,099! 5,257.650( 7,602; 036* S52,950; 3,581,4is| 2,169, 048 1,221,17S 3,093,149 5,411, 522 13,859, 822! 5,276,173; 2,444, 717. 5, 522,682 425,505j 969,692; SS2,400 4,499.382 87,819 21,085,242 4,300,089 12,076, 704 1,548,051 2,526,063 16,030,374 890,976 1,485,899 372,318 4, 838,221 4, 503,25" 526,233| 991, 291 4,129,198 4, 871,374 3,215,555 9,232,469 119,046 120,961 419,671 5,313 246 4,358 34,246 1, 734 6,279 301 643 5,155 12,500 557 23,741 14,202 9,604 1,975 7,31' 4,006 4,826 6,203 U, 515 27,070 8,968 6; 003 10,081 1,153 1,728 2,139 9,345 410 41,516 11,S95 28,302 1,853 5,901 36,290! 1,69sl 3,346] 890 11,404! 5,821 2,141 2,167; 9,506! U,7S7j 6,803; 151957 333' 443 222,953 4,500! 3,289 13.184 '681 3,242| 145; 340 3,705! 9,445| 12,006! 15,283 IS 590 40 65 315!.... 12,755! 1,4401 4 672! 60 5,643! 900] 3S5!.... 3,255 .... 2,821; 401 2,560 3,270! 6,925; 15| 14,96Si 1,7521 5,S§7! 5,205; 260j 5,753! 134.... 4S5| 1,715 4,733j 165 23,525] 9,78 10,268 470 2,643 16,348 880 2,220 7,245 2,674 725! 887 300 200 65 1,495 "**126 315 100 10 1,660! 6,658' 4,110! 2,112! 3,223 11,360! o6 251 35 177 227 1271 20! 25| 107 273 4,633 45 70 164,796| 4S; 467! 60! 150! 54S 216 .874 20,200 1,013 2,840 136 278 1,343 2,612 242 9,001 S,S53 64! 1 2,997| 170; !1,420' 51l! 40-' 3,511 122;.... ' 1,023! 5l! 253 1,9621 2301 1 84. 305; 237 1 10,113! 163: 50 3,168! 20 !518: 250! I 4,003! 17; I 1,0021 48!. 23| 544 42:. 2,000j 110 3,389; 81!. 1,195' 102! 299| 6; 3,337; 203|l 1,51S! 13,5S6j i 2,501 "1 56! 108 408 4 43 249 1,264 412 31 37 75 718 79 258 276 278 1,653 14,410 1,302 3,118 15,222 798 LOQOf 834 3,706 2,639! 2,048! 206 2,524 5,526 2,034 3,656 302 406 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. * Includes establishments distributed as follows: Nevada, 1; and North Dakota, 10. 4:72 MANUFACTURES. Table 74.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED EN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. BOXES, WOODEN PACKING. United States. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois , Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Bhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other * 1,140 46,897 849 2,036 924 643 42,445 De 44,881 Ap 40,682 7 312 1 16 4 291 Jy 338 De 226 6 241 2 12 1 4 222 Ses 241 Jv 204 46 1,874 28 87 74 28 1,657 Au 1,887 Fe 1,369 4 73 2 7 3 1 60 My 68 Se 54 12 63 13 6 2 42 Mb. 50 Je 35 7 254 2 15 5 2 230 Ap 254 Se 194 20 1,113 14 57 15 2 1,025 Ap 1,136 Au 856 13 831 6 35 '9 3 778 No 872 Ja 700 3 25 1 2 1 21 Jy 34 My 10 63 4,920 45 161 122 68 4,524 Ja 5,024 Jy 2,965 28 1,064 18 45 29 23 949 Se 1,079 Mh 846 15 168 15 11 4 3 135 Ja 143 Jy 127 4 379 3 4 8 1 363 No 414 Fe 296 8 545 24 12 9 500 Au 516 Fe3 484 17 1,389 10 50 34 13 1,282 De 1,705 Oc 812 29 1,033 20 46 23 26 918 De 1,198 My 724 39 2,131 29 92 29 9 1,972 Jy 2,157 Se 1,862 75 3,550 48 134 52 84 3,232 De 3,496 My 3,048 46 1,650 44 78 20 27 1,481 Au 1,670 Mh 1,285 28 787 27 41 16 8 695 Au 773 Ja 621 4 872 32 8 11 821 De 936 Mh 651 29 2,011 14 102 43 25 1,827 Ja 1,971 Je 1,717 6 111 3 5 3 1 99 Au 113 Fe 87 33 1,782 19 65 38 29 1,631 De 1,833 Jy 1,541 36 1,335 34 44 33 27 1,197 Fe 1,233 Je 1,153 162 3,274 166 169 105 62 2,772 No 3,010 988 Se 2,585 27 1,024 15 66 9 12 922 Jy Mh 871 98 2,148 99 99 49 27 1,874 De 1,999 Ap 1,746 20 662 14 24 12 2 610 Au 826 Fe 437 63 1,618 58 111 27 21 1,401 De 1,573 My 1,227 13 275 10 10 3 5 247 De 275 Mh 219 6 174 2 14 2 2 154 Jy 192 Mh 104 11 795 8 36 13 8 730 Jy 824 Ap 623 19 1,182 12 45 16 8 1,101 Au 1,189 Ja 995 13 620 12 20 1 8 579 Fe 632 Au 529 34 2,692 8 91 36 23 2,534 Oc 2,713 Au 2,253 598 16 729 4 25 13 8 679 Au 781 Fe 9 204 6 10 3 1 184 Au 218 Fe 152 66 2,873 36 136 49 47 2,605 Au 2,961 Ap 2,304 5 114 1 9 1 2 101 Jy 127 Oc 74 46,327 286 233 1,870 57 44 247 1,085 862 26 4,663 1,116 135 387 496 1,761 1,213 2,112 3,517 1,741' 754 936 1,834 106 1,835 1,213 1,( 2,008 620 1,562 275 164 S07 1,192 2,730 673 211 2,762] 139 41,180 258 219 1,685 47 43 243 900 701 26 4,127 127 344 409 1,520 1,152 1,916 3,044 1,540 690 846 1,593 106 1,666 1,181 2,851 879 1,883 528 1,495 274 152 746 998 538 2,218 609 200 2,392 136 4,582 2S 13 175 4 181 159 174 2 43 71 5S 185 395 180 35 90 209 168 13 140 74 122 90 25 12 59 189 71 482 53 11 3241 2 30 72 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. LUMBER INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Principal materials. Fuel and; rent of power. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. Primary norsejjower. Owned. Total. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.1 Rent- ed.-* BOXES, WOODEN PACKING. Dollars 6,631,6851 27,3S0 33,505 250,231 10,719 16,901 43,380 109,295 125,343 5,900 586,700 136,475 29,179 48,900 86,626 210,472 144,457 303,324 545,752 197,020 131,515 45,677 396,096 15,278 194,690 204,141 608,304 141,5S0 336,416 92,855 345,314 34,59*3 28,561 102,669 120,656 114,643 323,655 92,487 25,390 352,435 13,16S Dollars, 2,022,9481 3,940 4,1 94,612 2,948 I, 300 6,600 20,433 24,348 480 242,454 60,847 4,135 17,420 28,667 45,181 64,483 61,953 155,916 54,356 29,383 19,575 104,920 6,133 88,173 99,497 217,270 32,037 86,661 30,309 62,133 7,012 3,040 28,007 28,069 II, 870 99,104 28,595 7,817 136,057 2,325 Dollars. 36,811,1851 163,835 205,088 1,648,502 50,442 43,050 131,615 610,111 492,679 17,880 4,639,741' 667,602 105,388 326,781 314,567 792,798 708,172 1,344,552 3,183,412 1,331,974 691,745 624,388 1,540,851 108,027 1,464,444 1,512,937 2,676,824 661,1271 1,778,927| 600,391 1,531,934 242,932 115,631 468,164 627,427 405,394 1,775,426 747,571 163,780 2,216,772 78,304 Dollars, 633,898] 11,520 10,731 72,677 1,001 410,824 5,229 33,108 7,512 6,435 2,873 14,959 750 3,727 7,440 4,864 3,615 35,104 1,529 Dollars. 840,6681 300 411 56,963 2,765 4,276 4,215 6,265 3S5 145,664 13,331 2,400 3,320 3,000 7,167 6,956 39,658 61,161 21,702 8,854 1,200 50,417 2,659 10,051 5,385 265,4SS 22S 38,246 5,850 17,011 7,026 1,585 3,590 5,520 785 18,279 12,135 1,260 4,705 455 Dollars. Dollars. J Dollars. 4,177,522 101,905,1931,041,042| 7,710 12,826 106,490 413 1,291 4,961 36,036 63,090 226 520,408 139,140 2,112 36,365 21,698 115,200 82,586 86,501 513,635 65,855 45,721 3,724 322,108 13,70: 260,651 140,126 264.549 66,570 166,954 79,816 82,054 26,912 1,156 14,186 29,121 94,665 153,546 60,241 8,219 524,349 2,609 207,719j 468,564 5,695,376; 74,542 281,314 163,.884 1,120,781 1,196,745 90,3621 10,297;194 1,722,080 342,892 996,0S0 904,226 2,379,853 2,535,667 3,632,652 8,250,165 2,695,958! 2,161,031 509,287 4,11S, 714 299,829 4,261,950 6,252,467 8,112,995 1,967,255 5,287,965 2,084,192 4,540,555 586,970 191,264 954,634 1,580,928 1,080,118 5,894,889 1,706,241 681,543 6,300,441 245,871 9361 4,427 61,325 2,732 2,405 440 4,' 2,718 2,573 67,611 18,874 7,448' 16,430 19,740 11,399 14,049 16,4911 91,667 50,134 29,346 6,782 57,422 5,249 22,831 24,706 140,328 16,141 65,011! 27,156 60,850 4,940 7,321 23,455 9,332 5,831 24,584 29,8S9 3,694 75,667 4,3391 Dollars. | 177,818,454] Dollars. 74,372,219! 475,180 778,767 8,908,686 174,225 398,633 440,794 2,539,732! 2,185,591 141,881 18,856,685 3,164,646 534,632 1,825,607 1,696,895 4,173,296 4,543,880 6,503,613 15,050,531 4,977,560 3,454,239 1,059.191 7,31i;774 556,201 7,080,559 8,756,166 14,652,358 3,186,720 8,936,595 4,112,237 7,556,989 1,022,016 371.663 1,922,079 3,428,162 1,934,066 9,231,691 3,380,991 985,26!) 11,114,459 394,162 144,048 266,525 305,776] 3,151,985;! 96,951' 114,914; 276,4701 1,414,182 j 986,128' 48,946! S,491,8S0j 1,423,692! 184.292; 813,097; 772,929 1,782,0441 1,994,164 2,854,470j 6,678,699 2,231,468 1,263,862 543,122) 3,135,638 251,123 2,795,778 2,478,993 6,399,065; 1,203,324 3,583,619 2,000,889 2,955,584 430,106 173,078 943,990 1,837,902 848, IT 3,312,224! 1,644,86-' 300,023j 4,738,351 143,952 800 419! 6,229' °"22 243, 53sj 2,390 1,928 173! 10,234 2,481 621 945' 1,404! 3,660| 4,305| 6.549: 12; 4501 6.772 2,525 1,340 5,S$2 372 7,514; l,50lj 11,372 3,663 6,738 3,540 5,826 957 558] 1,770] 5,682 1,362 7,744, 4,060) 1,042 7,967 270 95,021 775 178 1,965 70 538 2,344 1,760 7,432 1,732 425 850 615 3,275 3,395 5,615 10,005 4,871 1,556 1,340 3,249 125 5,474 792 6,439 2,307 3,712 820 4,168 810 455 1,395 1,671 515 5,941 1,6701 550] 6,159 • 281 4,999 1,903 1,000 250j 250 85 100 50 2,000 49 1,000 140 2,495] 27 15 493 10 377 250 39,630 25' lOli 4,244 222; 170, 513 539| 16j 820 40 44! 142 j 163: 1,785 716 192: SO 739! 303i S4o! 664: 1,604 1. .804 '969: 2.628 '247 1,474| 678 3.620 l!346 2,634 2,715 1,383 97 103 375 2,007 374 1,720 1,355 242 1,583 242 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. * Includes establishments distributed as follows- Montana, 1; Oklahoma, 2; and Utah, 2, 474 MANUFACTURES. Table 75—CUSTOM SAWMILLS—STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. THE Pro- Wage prie- Sala- earn- tors ried ers Total. and em- (aver- firm ploy- ago mem- ees. num- bers. ber). 10,389 7,177 39 3,173 12,836 5,702 44 7,090 591 437 154 227 14S 79 7 5 2 77 61 16 20 6 14 26 15 11 803 569 6 228 16 14 2 164 125 1 38 403 277 1 125 91 64 27 7 6 1 765 479 3 283 12 10 2 214 112 102 222 147 75 45 34 11 199 128 71 385 262 1 122 155 97 58 517 388 129 15 10 5 59 40 19 23 17 6 603 48.9 4 110 1,030 664 11 355 47S 337 141 11 8 3 485 339 146 9 6 3 429 275 8 146 897 613 284 16 13 3 5 4 1 157 95 62 696 511 2 183 172 128 44 346 234 2 110 12 10 2 United States: 1919 1909 Alabama Arkansas Colorado Connecticut.. Delaware— Florida. Idaho.. Illinois... Indiana.. Iowa Kansas Kentucky.. Louisiana— Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana New Hampshire.. New Jersey , New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania... Khode Island... South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Another states2-. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 5,396 4,133 317 106 3 53 6 12 339 7 98 227 53 4 362 131 27 103 189 72 285 7 36 13 407 464 262 7 277 6 1% 437 9 3 85 400 101 185 5 Primary horse- power. 130,916 93,2S0 8,860 3,111 101 1,385 165 270 7,759 292 1,841 5,293 1,465 118 7,011 106 4,595 2,353 1,002 2,576 5,054 2,187 5,648 269 1,640 268 12,129 10,765 5,898 218 6,096 230 4,685 8,511 400 78 3,621 6,665 1,813 6,197 241 Capital. $7,254,316 5,655,145 $10,616 8,900 326,515 129,754 7,400 6S,717 5,450 25,535 486,714 16,080 127,332 333,795 91,313 4,795 351,640 7,625 256,673 142,579 53,705 148,240 250,253 88,495 343,57S 19,400 67,909 37,001 687,749 618,522 325,159 13,868 407,209 9,935 229,767 450,801 13,280 1,900 221,393 435,850 85,511 353,074 9,800 Sala- ries. $2,053,009 1,687,252 383 150 540 312 3,505 3,370 675 341 Wages. 83,556 45,510 2,100 13,266 10,540 5,496 131,062 2,224 26,485 82,371 19,120 625 169,109 966 77,216 51,725 9,906 44,986 92,658 31,243 88,938 4,254 15,560 4,979 83,202 245,080 107,626 2,454 101,437 2,890 81,524 157,815 1,678 482 45,121 105,859 26,251 75,627 2,068 Paid for con- tract work. $7,746 0) 300 15 475 60 120 410 250 300 175 1,496 553 275 22 200 156 617 "147 Kent and taxes. $72,687 0) 4,495 1,278 48 739 12S 199 3,596 185 1,106 3,700 493 42 2,970 130 4,164 786 1,665 2,514 991 3,206 141 796 469 7,629 5,780 3,292 91 3,538 83 1,786 4,328 129 25 2,523 3,891 678 4,047 46 Cost of mate- rials. $736,549 97,574 36,537 13,695 285 6,683 525 1,514 34,455 388 18,042 13,411 6,412 196 126,977 144 16,386 12,278 1,502 8,665 13,230 13,729 28,659 485 2,564 1,078 43,342 85,922 31,668 910 40,668 646 31,783 40,797 489 142 12,219 28,608 5,131 56,078 306 Value of products. $5,562,484 4,515,881 247,557 121,059 4,125 53,971 20,231 13,607 319,467 5,971 82,296 230,549 58,450 2,510 531,117 5,015 161,564 130,586 26,699 94,317 214,223 80,191 278,210 10,792 30,818 14,881 290,016 585,418 290,022 9,833 295,127 5,557 216,824 377,889 4,225 1,114 105,026 305,336 82,551 249,787 5,553 i Figures not available. a Includes establishments distributed as follows: Nebraska, 1; Oregon, 1; Washington, 1; and Wyoming, 2. FOREST PRODUCTS. 475 ALASKA. The preceding statistics for the lumber industry do not include figures for Alaska. Detailed statistics, however, for the lumber and timber products branch of this industry are shown in the following tables. A wooden-box factory was reported, but figures pertaining thereto are omitted in order to avoid dis- closure of individual operations. Importance and growth of the industry.—Lumbering was second in importance in this territory in 1919, the principal manufacturing industry being the can- ning and preserving of fish. In Table 76 are shown comparable statistics for lumber and timber products for five censuses. Statistics prior to 1889 are not available. Table 76.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1909, 1904, 1899, AND 1889. Number of estaDlishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. SaLaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsenower Capital'. ." Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 3 273 27 24 222 2,019 $S65,460 373,71S 46,426 327,292 15,524 11,672 311,439 950,256 63*, SI 7 1900 178 28 19 131 1,391 $658,458 144,2S4 36,0S3 10$, 291 1,757 2, m 168,504 400,272 231,76S 1904 1899 6 i 1SJ59 335 $205,238 79,S70 8,000 71, S70 1,603 77,914 24% 350 167,46ft f-) S150,24-5 63,209 7,250 55,959 67,490 154,666 $7,176 (2) C-) $105,727 22,173 3,548 18,625 (2) (2) 30,19S 58,410 28,242 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1909- 1919 53. 4 -3! 6 2-6.3 69.5 45.1 31.4 159.0 2,8. 7 202.5 783.6 i 313. 8 84, 8 137. 4! 175.6 I 1904- 1909 1S99- 1904 18S9- 1899 266.7 I -40.0 . 147,2 • r-) 1 (*) 460.0' (s) 1 375.0 j -69.2 j 62.5 107.9: -19.2 \ . 315.2 j \ (=) 220,8; 36.6 42.1 80.6 i 26.4 i 185.1 351.0! 10.3; 104-3 50.6; 28.4 j 20 D. 4 76.0 < (a) i 116.2; 15.4 I 123. i 63.1 i 58.6 l'-4.6 38.4 \ 92.1 20^. 7 i A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. - Figures not available. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Wage earners, by months.—Table 77 shows the number of wage earners employed during each month in 1919. The largest number of wage earners in this industry was employed during the summer months, the climatic conditions necessitating the curtailment of operations during the winter. Table 77.—Wage Earners, by Months: 1919. January.. February March April May June 59 133 1S1 310 312 302 I July | 278 August i 291 September j 2?3 October i 285 November j 161 December Size of establishments, by value of products.—The size of establishments, classified by value of products for 1919, are shown in Table 78. Comparable figures for previous censuses are not available. Table 78.—Size of Establishments, by Value of Products: 1919. Number of establish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes 22 222 $950,256 $63S> 817 Less than $5,000 6 20,155 95,586 153,23-5 681,280 14,075 76,227 101,916 446, 596 $5,000 to $20,000 S 3 4 $20,000 to $100,000 50 133 $100,000 and over 476 MANUFACTURES. Character of ownership.—Table 79 shows the im- portance of establishments operated by corporations. Table 79.—Character of Ownership: 1919. Number of establish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. OWNERSHIP. Lumber industry 22 222 $950,2,56 $638,817 Individual 6 7 9 10 143 69 37,870 569, 245 343,141 29,631 349.088 260,098 All other Stumpage value.—The average stumpage value reported for Alaska in 1919 was $1.73 per thousand feet b. m.; as compared with 50 cents per thousand for 1904, and 97 cents per thousand for 1899. Production of lumber and shingles.—Table 80 shows the production of lumber and shingles for 1919, 1904, and 1899. Table 80.—Production op Lumber and Shingles: 1919, 1904, and 1899. PRODUCT. 1919 1904 1899 Lumber: Total,.. M feet b. m.. 121,673 7,974 6,571 Spruce M feet b. m.. 21,1S2 7,933 6,056 Hemlock M feet b. m.. 491 15 Other ...M feet b. m.. 41 500 fthinplp.s thousands.. 926 Detailed statement.—Comparable general statistics are presented in Table 81 for 1919 and 1909. Table 81.—Detailed Statement: 1919 and 1909. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers, superintendents and managers.... Clerks, male Wage earners (average number) Number employed 15th day of maximum month Number employed 15th day of minimum month 1 Wage earners Dec. 15, or nearest representative day 16 years and ovei Male Female Capital Salaries Officials Clerks, etc Wages Paid for contract work Rent of factory Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local Cost of materials Fuel and rent of power Value of products Value added by manufacture Primary horsepower Owned Steam engines (not turbines) Internal-combustion engines Water power 2 Rented8 Electric horsepower generated in establishments re- porting 1919 22 22 273 27 16 8 178 28 17 2 222 131 May 312 July 264 Jan, 59 Jan. 15 339 337 2 239 239 $865,460 $46,426 $34,797 $11,629 $658,458 $36, 083 $33,683 $2,400 $108,201 $L,757 $1,885 $936 $165,219 $3,285 $400,272 $231,768 $327,292 $15,524 $60 $11,612 $308,220 $3,219 $950,256 $638,817 2,019 1,979 1,715 204 60 40 1,391 m )n (i\ 17 0) 1 Includes the cut of 1 custom mill. 1 Figures not available. 2 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). «Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (of purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION AND WOOD-PULP PRODUCTION. EKTTBODTJCTION. In this report are presented statistics of the con- sumption of wood in the manufacture of wood pulp and the production of wood pulp in the United States during the year 1919 and comparative data for other years.1 The pulp and paper industry was particularly active in 1919 on account of the extraordinary demand and the nigh prices commanded for all grades of paper during the last half of the year. While the cost of all materials increased, the scarcit}7 and high cost of labor, and the inadequate transpor- tation facilities greatly affected the production of pulp wood. Some mills were undoubtedly forced to draw on their reserve stock of wood to meet the require- ments for wood pulp. The data are shown in 14 tables. Tables 1 to 9, inclusive, show the consumption of pulp wood by kinds of wood, and the production of wood pulp by processes, and by states. Tables 10 to 14, inclusive, give quantities and values of imports and exports of pulp wood, wood pulp, and paper, as such data are essential for the proper presentation of statistics for the industry. PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION. Comparative consumption of pulp wood (Table 1).— Apparently no great changes in the kinds of wood consumed in this industry have taken place in the past few years, but considerable fluctuations are shown in the quantities reported for some of the species. The consumption of hemlock, domestic poplar, balsam fir, and some of the less important woods decreased in 1919, compared with 1918. However, these decreases were more than offset by increases in other species of wood, notably domestic spruce, imported spruce and poplar, and yellow pine, resulting in a total increase of 227,038 cords of 128 cubic feet, or 4.3 per cent, over the total consumption in 1918. The items shown for jack pine in 1918 include data for miscellaneous woods not reported separately and locally designated as jack pines but probably include some red gum and various species of yellow pine such as scrub, pitch, and shortleaf among other kinds. For 1919 these woods were distributed and shown 1 Similar statistics were published by the Forest Service for 1905; by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Forest Ser- vice for 1906 to 1911, inclusive; by the Bureau of the Census for 1914; and by the Forest Service in cooperation witn the News Print Service Bureau for 1916 to 1918, inclusive. under their proper classification as nearly as could be ascertained. Cost and consumption of pulp wood (Table 2).—The quantity of pulp wood used shows a large increase for the two decades. Of greater significance, however, is the cost of such wood, the average per cord having increased more than three times during the twenty years, from §4.95 per cord in 1899 to $15.95 per cord in 1919. Number and location of establishments (Table 3).— Maine, New York, and Wisconsin reported 64 per cent of the number of establishments and 58 per cent of the total quantity of wood consumed in the 25 states oper- ating pulp mills in 1919. A great many woods are being manufactured into pulp, and no doubt the use of woods at present not considered especially suitable will increase from time to time because of the depletion of the supply of the more desirable species. During 1919 spruce, hem- lock, poplar, balsam fir, and yellow pine contributed 88.4 per cent of the total for the United States. Processes of manufacture (Table 4).—The greater part of the wood consumed in this industry in 1919 was utilized in the manufacture of sulphite pulp, 52.3 per cent being converted by this process; 28 per cent was utilized in the production of ground wood pulp; 14.6 per cent in soda pulp; and 5 per cent in sulphate pulp. The softwoods or conifers, except yellow pine, were used largely in the manufacture of mechanical, sul- phite, and sulphate pulp, while the so-called hardwoods were reduced primarily by the soda process. Most of the yellow pine, unlike other conifers, was used in mak- ing soda pulp. Gum, Douglas fir, willow, and syca- more are the only woods which are shown as being converted into pulp by the soda process exclusively. Condition in which purchased, by states (Table 5).— New York and New Hampshire reported the highest average cost per cord of pulp wood, with Maine and Massachusetts showing but slightly lower averages. The high average cost shown for these states was doubtless due, primarily, to the fact that a large por- tion of the wood used in each was spruce and poplar, which are two of the most valuable woods utilized in the industry, and also to the large percentage of peeled and rossed w^ood reported. The average value per cord differed considerably, according to the condi- tion in which purchased, the extra labor being, as a rule, reflected in the cost of peeled and rossed wood. In 1919, 47 per cent of the wood was purchased rough, 46.3 per cent peeled, and 6.7 per cent rossed. (477) 478 MANUFACTURES. The condition of the wood used in various mills dif- fered somewhat according to location. In New Eng- land and the Eastern states generally, a large part of the wood was purchased peeled or rossed, while in the lake states—Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin— more than 93 per cent of the wood was purchased rough. Rough wood formed 78.8 per cent of the total con- sumption in the Pacific coast states. Condition in which purchased, by kinds of wood (Table 6).—The greater percentage of domestic spruce, hemlock, balsam fir, larch or tamarack, jack pine, and white fir was purchased rough; while imported spruce, domestic and imported poplar, yellow pine, yellow poplar, and other less important species were generally peeled. Spruce and balsam fir contributed most of the rossed wood, and only comparatively small quan- tities of other species were reported as purchased in that condition. WOOD-PULP PRODUCTION. Consumption of wood and production of wood pulp (Table 7).—Except for the steadily mounting cost of wood it is not apparent that any startling change has taken place in this industry. The number of establish- ments reporting has remained fairly constant and the growth in the industry confined largely to the increased output of each plant rather than to the increased number of mills. The three leading states for all the years shown have been Maine, New York, and Wisconsin, mentioned in the order of their importance for the past three years. In 1909 New York led with Maine in second place and Wisconsin third. These three states consumed 58.2 per cent of the total quantity of pulp wood in 1919, 59 per cent in 1918, 57.9 per cent in 1917, and 60 per cent in 1909. Production of wood pulp, by processes (Table 8).— The form of Table 8 has been changed from the style adopted by the Forest Service for previous years to avoid disclosing the operations of individual estabhshments. The figures compiled by the Forest Service for 1917 and 1918 did not show separate data for screenings. Otherwise, it is believed the statistics are fairly comparable for these years. Of the mechanical pulp produced, 18.5 per cent was reported steamed, as compared with 10 per cent in 1918 and 13 per cent in 1917. Bleached sulphite pulp decreased 9 per cent since 1918, but increased 12.8 per cent and 32.3 per cent, respectively, since 1917 and 1914. The table shows that by far the greater per cent of sulphite and sulphate pulp was unbleached, but that more than 90 per cent of the soda pulp was bleached. Comparative production of wood pulp (Table 9).— The total production of wood pulp was greater in 1919 than that reported for any other year for which records are available. The increase from 1918 was 204,091 short tons, or 6.2 per cent. The production, by processes, however, has fluctuated to such an extent that the output for each class has been exceeded in some previous year. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The data shown in Tables 10 to 14, inclusive, were compiled from "The Monthly Summary of Imports and Exports of the United States" published by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and are included in this bulletin for ready reference. The published figures of quantities of imports and exports were given in long tons for wood pulp and in pounds for paper. For convenience in making com- parisons, these data have been reduced to short tons in this bulletin. Not all of the imported woods are shown separately in the tables giving the consumption of pulp wood. Separate figures are given for only two kinds—im- ported spruce and imported poplar. Table 10 in- cludes data for other imported woods. The statistics of pulp-wood consumption pertain to the quantity used during the particular year and may include some imported stock of prior years. Consequently the figures for imports and imported woods used are not comparable. The foreign trade in pulp wood, wood pulp, and paper was brisk during 1919. This was particularly noticeable for paper, the figures for importations and exportations setting new high records. The imports of pulp wood and wood pulp, while not exceeding those of previous years, maintained a high level. The exports of wood pulp exceeded those shown for any previous year by a small margin. PULP WOOD AND WOOD PULP. 479 Table 1.—PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION, BY KINDS OF WOOD, WITH PER CENT DISTRIBUTION: 1919, 1918, 1917, AND 1909. KIND OF WOOD. Total. PULP WOOD CONSUMED (CORDS). PEP. CENT DISTEIBUTION. 5,477,832 J 1918 5,250,794 Spruce: Domestic. Imported. Hemlock Poplar; Domestic. Imported. Balsam fir Yellow pine Yellow poplar Jack pine Larch, or tamarack., White fir.... Gum Cottonwood. Basswood... White pine Beech, Dirch, maple, and chestnut. All other species Slabs 2,313,419 873,795 795,154 180,160 156,220 288,814 234,463 72,605 51,581 44,042 31,138 30,355 20,830 9,799 7,566 183,426 7,384 175,081 2,204,143 666,164 836,406 210,849 78,354 368,117 133,774 61,247 152,124 52,031 35,119 47,145 IS,685 12,110 10,183 202,930 6,810 154,603 11917 1909 5,480,075 4,001,607 2,38-5,966 681,450 775,003 313,955 92,298 382,036 142,094 41,155 75,382 58,732 33,181 32,513 32,993 3,807 3,562 183,317 8,649 233,982 1,653,249 768,332 559,657 302,876 25,622 95,366 i 90,885; (2) (3) ij (<) 1919 i 1918 i 1917 ! 1909 36,898 (<) (<) (<) 182,569 248,977 42.2 16. § 14.5 3.3 2.9 5.3 4.3 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 3.3 0.1 3.2 100.0 42.0 12.7 15.9 4.0 1.5 7.0 2.5 1.2 2.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.2 3.9 0.1 2.9 43.5 12.4 14.1 5.7 1.7 7.6 2.6 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 3.3 0.2 4.3 100.0 41.3 19.2 14.0 7.6 0.6 2.4 2.3 0.9 "6."9 4.6 6.2 1 Forest Service figures. 2 Included in "Domestic poplar" previous to 1916. 3 Included in "Yellow pine." < Included in "All other species/' Table 2.—QUANTITY AND COST OF PULP WOOD CONSUMED ANNUALLY FOR SPECIFIED YEARS: 1899-1919. 1919.. 1918.. 1917., 1916. 1914. 1911. 1910. Consumption (cords). 5,477,832 5,250,794 5,480,075 5,228,558 4,470,763 4,328,052 4,094,306 COST (F. O. P>. MILL). Total. SS7,3S6,0S3 73,167,118 60,815,057 i 45,785,682 39,408,453 Average per cord. $15.95 13.93 11.10 8.76 S.81 1909.. 1908.. 1907.. 1906.. 1905.. 1899.. Consumption (cords). 4,001,607 3,346; 953 3,962,660 3,661,176 3,192,123 1,986,310 COST (F. O. B. MILL). Total. $34,477,540 23,047,473 32,360,276 26,411,887 17,735,665 9,837,516 Average per cord. $8.62 8.38 8.17 7.21 5.56 4.95 * Not including cost of slabs and other mill waste in Louisiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and \ irginia. Table 3.— PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of PULP WOOD CONSUMED (COKDS). STATE. estab- lish- ments. Spruce. Poi >lar. 1 Total. : Hemlock. Balsam fir. Yellow pine. Yellow poplar. Domestic, j Imported. Domestic. Imported. United States 258 5,477,832 2,313,419} 873,795 1 795,154 j 180,160 !! 158,220| 28S,S14 234,463 72,605 Maine 34 84 47 14 10 1,279,852! 893,376 349,976 244,710 44,S29 183,235 141,164 i 10,129 510,996 I 55,722 37,660 | 417,868 76,824! 8,737 79,570; 1,172 113,812 32,178 2,643 18,439 66 59,124 71,475 41,939 16,532 79,772 10,000 92,347 New York 1,055,145 i 854,185 j 423,822 375,597 8 Wisconsin Pennsylvania 27,194 2 86,840 New Hampshire Michigan 12 6 4 9 I 207,234 | j 203.862 i 139,365 | 111,679 I 64,393 203,862 17,293 i 42,047 1,555 38,120 Minnesota Washington 38,085 102,200 ! 66,598 Vermont . 4,305 | 477 » 18,211 131 153 4,413 West Virginia... . ... 5 4 6 23 83,590 51,981 171,765 519,755 46,567 35,830 31,700 74,656 2,700 1,183 Massachusetts 5,983 4,205 272 5,691 California and Oregon 1 119,517 All other states1 | 54,676 7,131 144,915 71,422 *Includes establishments distributed as follows: Delaware,l; District of Columbia, 1; G-eorgia,2; Louisiana, 3; Maryland,2; Mississippi, 1; North Carolina, 3; Ohio,3; South Carolina, 1; Tennessee, 1; Texas, 1; and Virginia, 4. 480 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.—PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY STATES: 1919—Continued. pulp wood consumed (cords)—continued. STATE. Larch, or tama- rack. Beech, birch, maple, and chestnut. Slabs and other mill waste. Jack pine. White fir. Cotton- wood. Bass- wood. White pine. All other. Gum. United States 51,581 44,042 31,138 30,355 20,830 9,799 7,566 183,426 7,3S4 175,081 i 734 4,629 1,771 51 fi 13,757 4,046 New York _ 1 13,113 38,376 27,174 1 114 1 5,868 Pennsylvania 22,931 j 3,893 69,183 54,952 19,205 New Hampshire 1 1 13,205 16,868 860! 235 12,658 Washington _ l i2,737 15,246 i 6,699 Vermont 1 "* West Virginia 412 14,517 California and Oregon IS,401 164 1,983 All other states1 1 7,424 5,420 4,436 100,251 685 48,739 1 Includes establishments distributed as follows: Delaware, 1; District of Columbia,l; Georgia, 2; Louisiana, 3; Maryland, 2; Mississippi, 1; North Carolina, 3; Ohio, 3; South Carolina, 1; Tennessee, 1; Texas, 1; and Virginia, 4. Table 4.—PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION, BY KINDS OF WOOD AND BY PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE: 1919. KIND OF WOOD. Total.. Spruce: Domestic. Imported. Hemlock Poplar: Domestic. Imported. Balsam fir Yellow pine , Yellow poplar Jack pine Larch, or tamarack. PULP WOOD CONSUMED (CORDS). Total. 5,477,832 !, 313,419 873,795 795,154 180,160 158,220 288,814 224,463 72,605 61,581 44,042 Reduced by- Mechanical process. Sulphite process. 1,536,447 2,S66,603 1,040,090 327,082 71,215 10,781 620 35,487 4,863 1,183 23,737 153 1,237,019 540,547 697,017 3,087 402 210,692 2,979 10,301 Soda process. 802,186 Sulphate process. 272,596 1,646 2,659 4,221 166,203 157,198 1,100 134,491 71,422 34,764 3,507 22,701 89 41,535 92,130 27,844 33,588 KIND OF WOOD. White fir.... Gum Cottonwood. Basswood... White pine Beech, birch, maple, and chestnut. , All other species i Slabs PULP WOOD CONSUMED (CORDS). Total. 31,138 30,355 20,830 9,799 7,566 183,426 7,384 175,081 Reduced by- Mechanical process. Sulphite process. Soda process. Sulphate process. 9,950 21,188 30,355 20,666 9,201 164 479 119 2,807 6 3,893 860 235 183,191 7,384 8,656 7,836 143,011 15,578 1 Includes Douglas fir, willow, and sycamore. Table 5.—PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION—QUANTITY AND AVERAGE COST PER CORD OF WOOD CONSUMED, BY CONDITION PURCHASED AND BY STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ROUGH. PEELED. ROSSED. STATE. Average cost per Average cost per Average cost per Average cost per Quantity (cords). cord (f. o. b. mill). Quantity (cords). cord (f. o. b. mill). Quantity (cords). cord (f. o. b. Quantity (cords). cord (f. o. b. mill). mill). United States 5,477,832 $15.95 2,575,937 $12.95 2,536,168 $18.09 365,727 $22.19 1,279,852 1,055,145 854,185 423,822 375,597 19.37 19.43 11.99 16.22 19.43 438,862 176,368 809,804 110,641 61,685 18.04 16.10 12.12 12.00 15.06 682,855 698,335 44,381 296,014 313,837 19.37 19.31 12.27 17.20 20.64 158,135 180,442 21.14 New York 23.36 Wisconsin 17,267 75 17.40 23.00 Michigan 207,234 203,862 139,365 111,679 12.48 11.86 10.00 16.07 171,372 203,862 117,420 65,918 12.39 11.86 10.42 13.70 35,862 11.86 Minnesota Washington 21,945 41,562 7.84 16.31 4,199 25.12 West Virginia 83,590 51,981 171,765 519,755 11.62 19.33 9.62 11.48 40,140 10,463 127,806 241,696 9.50 15.77 9.70 8.59 43,450 35,909 43,959 278,059 13.59 19.16 12.52 14.21 5,609 26.81 California and Oregon All other states1 i Includes Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. PULP WOOD AND WOOD PULP. 481 Table 6.—PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION—QUANTITY AND AVERAGE COST PER CORD, BY CONDITION PURCHASED AND BY KINDS OF WOOD: 1919. KIND OF WOOD. Total. Spruce: Domestic. Imported., Hemlock Poplar: Domestic Imported., Balsam fir Yellow pine Yellow poplar Jack pine Larch, or tamarack. White fir Gum Cottonwood Basswood White pine Beech, Dirch, maple, and chestnut. All other species * Slabs Quantity (cords). Average cost per cord (f. o. b. mill). 2,313,419 873, 795 795,154 180,160 '158,220 288,814 234, 4(33 72,605 51, 581 44,042 31,138 30,355 20,830 9,799 7,566 183, 426 7,384 175,081 $15.95 17.20 20.85 11.02 17. .84 18. 02 15.65 11.71 15.02 9.88 9.78 9. 49 18.20 8.42 16.13 14.64 12.11 7.28 9.66 Quantity (cords). 2, 575,937 1,265, 579 137,690 616,076 25,657 148,110 87,576 1,183 50,934 43,395 23, 578 164 250 1,894 80,874 Average cost per cord (f- o. b. mill). S12.95 15.05 19.00 10.45 11.76 7.19 9.50 9.80 10.08 11. IS 8.00 8. S3 8.66 BOSSED. Quantity (cords). , cost per cord (f. o.b. mill). Quantity (cords). i Average j cost per cord(f. o. b. i rmll). 2,536,168 i $13.09 976,040 459.345! 176; 899 i I 154,490 | 153,202 j 128,947 j 146,837 I 71,422 I '647 j 647 | 7,560' 30, 355 20,666 9,5-19 5,672 99, 352 7, 384 82,104 19.51 20.40 14.12 17.58 18.16 20.02 14.49 15.11 14.00 14.00 8.79 18.20 9.39 16. 28 16.00 14.76 7.2S 12.04 365,727 71,800! 276,760 I 2,179 13 IS' 11,757 3,200 i $22.19 22.25 22.14 16.22 15.23 26.44 24.09 1 Includes Douglas fir. willow, and sycamore. Table 7.—PULP-WOOD CONSUMPTION—NUMBER OF MILLS REPORTING, QUANTITY AND COST OF WOOD CONSUMED AND QUANTITY OF WOOD PULP PRODUCED, BY STATES: 1919, 1918, 1917, AND 1909. 1 Num- ber of mills report- ing. WO( 5D CONSUMED. STATE. Year. Quantity (cords). Cost(f. o.b. mill). Average per cord. Total. i United States 1919 25S 5,477,S32 $15. 95 $87,386,083 191S 250 5,250,794 13. 93 73,167,118 1917 246 5,480,075 11.10 60,815,057 1909 253 4,001,607 8.62 34,477,540 Maine 1919 34 1,279,852 19.37 24,795,623 19 IS 33 1,234,969 15.57 19,226,644 1917 33 1,309,239 11.31 14,813,387 1909 37 903,962 9.15 S,267,95S New York 1919 84 1,055,145 19.43 20.498,405 1918 75 1,003,742 17.89 17;954,934 1917 79 1,056,556 14.45 15,270,142 1909 90 921,882 10.45 9,630,575 1919 47 854,185 11.99 10,242,909 1918 46 ; 860,857 9.93 S,551,564 1917 43 805,490 8.79 7,083,173 1909 37 576,019 7.46 4,294,229 1919 14 423,822 16. 22 6,873,612 1918 14 383,699 15. 48 5,941,382; 1917 14 415,776 11.23 4.669,165 1909 15 295,038 7. 25 2; 139,08-7 1 New Hampshire 1919 10 375,597 19. 43 7,297,625 1918 11 345,272 18. 10 6.248,764 1917 11 416, .553 13. 7 8 5,738,8S3 1909 11 349,997 9.36 3,276,620 Michigan 1919 12 207,231 12.4S 2,586,808 1918 12 203,516 10. 57 2,150,354 1917 11 187,117 9. 30 1,740.580 1909 S 132,S46 6.29 835,S61 Wood pulp produced (tons). 3,517,952 3,313,861 3,-500,939 2,491,406 WOOD CONSUMED. Year ; Num- ! ber 1 of '\ mills j report- Minnesota ;1919: 1918: 1917; 1909 916,764 ?1 Washington... 872,779 ^ 898,798 603,852 ji 811,953 Vermont. 749,176 ji 798,616 ji 686,323 II 506,549 ! West Virginia. 473,890: 456,129 I 324,509 215,686 195,451! 215,060 135,525 j 232.134! 229^774: 257,645 , 212,599! 106,194 101,036 96,623 64,369 Massachusetts. California and Oregon j All other states. 1919 19 IS 1917 U909 J 1919 j 1918 ! 1917 ! 1909 .! 1919 ! 1918 i 1917 1909 1919 191S 1917 1909 1919 1918 1917 *1909 U919 n91S > 1917 * 1909 Cost a 0. b. mill). Wood pulp produced Q uantity (cords)'. "(tons). Average per cord. Total.: 203,862 182,002 21X5,026 47,373 $11.86 11.79 11.31 7.02 $2,416,847 1 2,145.170 2.319,833 '332,548 129,560 121,444 140,353 37,295 139,365 108,187 99,585 10.00 9.02 7.09 1,393,636 975,605 706,313 83,575 68,618 93,576 111,679 99.687 15.07 15.47 12.33 10. IS 1,652,864 i 1,542,652 1 1.351,825 1 '722, 777 j 85,945 83,548 94,975 59,356 109; 616 70,977 83.590 109,SS5 119,918 109,166 11.62 11.22 8.61 971,376 1,233,252! 1,032,045 i 39,195 48,261 54,813 48,797 5.43 582,985 j 51,981 45.754 55;897 45,899 19.33 17. 53 12.58 8.80 1.004,840 32,611 30,674 30;802 25,804 '792;263 j 703,369! 403,778! 171,765 131,587 162,709 104,021 9.62 8.90 6.03 7.66 1,652,462! 123,990 100,036 120,237 S3,692 1,171,073 i 981,357: 797,267 '■ 519,755 541.637 536,593 444,427 11.48 9.66 8.21 7.19 5,969.076! 5,233,461 4.404.985! 3,193,855 233,791 239.174 243,312 209,285 1 Not reported separat ely in 1909. s Data for California included with All other states." Figures shown are for Oregon only. »Includes Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana. Maryland, Mississippi,"North Carolina, Ohio, South. Carolina, Tennessee. Texas and Virginia * Includes California, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Washington.' 111 3(17°—23 31 482 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—PRODUCTION OF STEAMED, NOT STEAMED, BLEACHED, AND UNBLEACHED WOOD PULP IN THE UNITED STATES, BY PROCESSES: 1919, 1918, 1917, 1914, AND 1909. PROCESS. WOOD PULP PRODUCED (TONS). 1919 1918 1917 1914 1909 Total 3,517,952 3,313,861 3,509,939 2,893,150 2,495,523 Mechanical 1,518,829 1,364,504 1,535,953 1,293,661 1,179,266 Steamed 1,237,194 2S1,635 1,228,274 136,230 1,336,268 199,685 8 8 Sulphite 1,419,829 1,456,633 1,451,757 1,151,327 1,017,631 Unbleached 910,091 509,738 896,657 559,976 999,909 451,848 765,978 385,319 8 Bleached Soda 411,693 350,362 437,430 347,928 298,626 Unbleached 27,008 384,085 29,499 320,863 34,509 402,921 8 Bleached (>) Sulphates Unbleached Bleached... Screenings Mechanical. Chemical... WOOD PULP PRODUCED (TONS). 1919 120,378 92,375 28,003 47,223 12,220 35,003 1918 142,362 124,177 18,185 0) 1917 84,799 14,801 0) 1914 52,641 8 47,593 11,769 35,824 1909 0) 8 0) 1 Not reported. Table 9.—PRODUCTION OF WOOD PULP, BY PROCESSES, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS: 1899-1919. 1919 1918 1917. 1916 1914 1911 WOOD PULP PRODUCED (TONS). Total. 13,517,952 3,313,861 3,509,939 3,435,001 2 2,893,150 2,686,134 Mechanical. 1,518,829 1,364,504 1,535,953 1,508,139 1,293,661 (3) Sulphite. 1,419,829 1,456,633 1,451,757 1,466,402 1,161,327 (8) Soda. 411,693 350,362 437,430 387,021 347,928 (3) Sul- phate. 120,378 142,362 84,799 73,439 52, Ml (3) WOOD PULP PRODUCED (TONS). 1910. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1904. 1899. Sul- phate. Total. Mechanical. Sulphite. Soda. 2,533,976 2,495,523 2,118,947 2,547,879 1,921,768 1,179,525 (3) (3) 1,017,631 (3) 298,626 (3) 1 179,266 (3) (3) 8 (3) 8 968,976 586,374 756,022 416,037 (3) 196,770 177,114 1 Includes screenings, mechanical 12,220 tons, and chemical, not shown by process, 35,003 tons. 2 Includes screenings, mechanical 11,769 tons, and chemical, not shown by process, 35,824 tons. > Not reported separately. Table 10.—IMPORTS OF PULP WOOD: 1910-1919. CALENDAR YEAR. TOTAL. ROUGH. PEELED. ROSSED. Quantity (eords). Average Quantity (cords). Per cent of total. Average Quantity (cords). Per cent of total. Average Quantity (cords). Per cent of total. Average value per cord. Value. value per cord. value per cord. value per cord. Total (10 years) 10,311,898 $77,666,479 $7.53 2,127,761 20.6 $6.81 6,266,052 60.8 $7.37 1,918,085 18.6 $8.84 1918 1,047,299 1,370,027 1,031,934 1,097,577 975,974 10,458,753 13,362,566 8,563,458 7,202,570 6,278,948 9.99 9.75 8.30 6.56 6.43 241,420 276,644 206,081 190,921 258,620 23.1 20.2 20.0 17.4 26.5 9.59 9.11 7.29 5.93 5.82 698,785 964,804 673,235 742,337 544,139 66.7 70.4 65.2 67.6 55.8 9.70 9.63 8.07 6.43 6.28 107,094 128,579 152,618 164,319 173,215 10.2 9.4 14.8 15.0 17.7 12.75 12.04 10,73 7.90 7.83 1917 1916 1915 1914 999,649 1,034,885 933,565 889,257 931,731 6,773,198 7,007,350 6,227,346 5,682,716 6,109,574 6.78 6.77 6.67 6.39 6.56 198,414 195,906 139,002 191,062 229,691 19.8 18.9 14.9 21.5 24.7 6.04 5.66 6.03 5.44 5.83 599,299 581,756 528,900 473,116 459,681 60.0 56.2 56.7 63.2 49.3 6.40 6.47 6.06 5.98 6.28 201,936 257,223 265,663 225,079 242,359 20.2 249 28.4 25.3 26.0 8.61 8.30 8.23 8.06 7.77 1913 1912 1911 1910 PULP WOOD AND WOOD PULP. 48;: Table 11.—IMPORTS OF WOOD PULP: 1909-1919. CALENDAR YEAR. Total (11 years) 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 CHE3UCAL, UNBLEACHED. "I;" Uaclassined. Sulphite. Average value per ton. Sulphate. Quantity j (short tons).! Value. j Quantity (short tons).; Value. Quantity i (short tons). Value. 6,338,231 j $243,653,407 1 $38.44 |l 1,941,128 j $63,590,773: 913,931! $65,066,376 433,511; $30,199,194 636,017 I 578,209! 677,841 | 683,765 I 568,379 675,565! i 541,455 j 510,150 | 5*32,425 506, 775 367,650 I 37,048,381 31,477,175 41,979,330 26,985,693 16,907,026 20,411,225 15,935,517 14,903,218 14,394,253 13,296,500 10,315,089 5S.25 ji. 54.44 !'. 61.93:;. 39.47 j; 29.75 i! 30.21 i; 29.43 ij 27.59 i! 25.59!? 26.24 !j 28.06 | 1 135,044 321, 700 330,270 296,255 277,201 213,241 205, 745 161,672 ! 15,255,297 \ 10,954,182 j. 11,180,232 |. 9,676.380 !. 8,477,766 I. 6,482, 360 i. 6,374,762 L 5,189, 794! 239,952 253.451 24S; 173 2 172,352 17,979,170 j 16,973,540 1 19,291.410 2 10,822', 256 145.911 IIS, 761 i 107,933! 2 60,906 \ 9,084.537 7/971', 067 9,993,170 s 3,150,420 ! CHEMICAL. BLEACHED. MECHANICALLY GROUND. CALENDAR YEAR. Unclassified. Sulphite. Sulphate. \ Value, Quantity j v^ (short tons).: x aLue' Quantity (short tons). Value t Quantity v ame- i (short tons). (short tons). 610,740 j $27,708,513 $11,745,679! 15,141 Value. Total (11 years) 119,599 $1,192,478 j 2,304,180 I $44,150,394- 1919 42,755 16,757 41,037 a 19,050 4,472,593 1,512, 742 4,508,368 * 1,251,976 5,145 3,759 1,625 3 4,612 394. 765 j 202,253 299', 790 185,478 195.014! 279,073 2 302,909 | 262,517 1 174.056 5,117,316 4, 720,036 7,991,368- 4,696,801 2,588,846 3,246,933 1918 j 1917 i 1916 i 29,254 72,623 128,038 i 1,506,034 3,363,998 5,984,060 1915 1914 i 217,256 1913 77,311 77,146 86,502 76,847 62, 989 3,588,356 3,374,071 3,689,945 3,343,422 2,858,627 _ !167 SS9 2,670,781 3,051,381 4,221,948 3,578,316 2,266,66S 1912 i i 185,804 1911 i 2fi9 fail 1910 1 ! 1 224,184 1909 i j !142,989 i Jan. 1 to June 30 only. J July 1 to Bee, 31. Table 12.—EXPORTS OF WOOD PULP: 1909-1919. Quantity (short tons). VALUE. Quantity (short tons). VALUE. CALENDAR YEAR. CALENDAR YEAR, Average per ton. Total. Average per ton. Total. 12,337! 19,776 1 i 14,ISO j i 9,494! 18,361; 18,953 Total (11 years) 234,9SS $59.83 $14,059,366 1914 $39.27 37.34 38,27 40.73 41.17 41.19 $484,477 738,451 542,949 386,711 344,251 368,738 1913 1919 40,057 22,324 39,180 40,023 20,294 76.10 77.67 88.55 53.01 40.41 3,048,491 1,733,872 3,469,547 2,121,745 820,134 1912 1918 1911 1917 1910 1916 1909 1915 • 1 Quantity shown in pounds, reduced in this table to the nearest snort tons 484 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—IMPORTS OF PAPER: 1909-1919. CALENDAR YEAR Total value. NEWSPRINT PAPER. ALL OTHER PRINTING PAPER. WRAPPING PAPER. ALL OTHER PAPER. Quantity (short tons). Quantity (short tons). Quantity (short tons). Value. Value. Value. Value. Total (11 years) 1316,285,293 3,378,070 $171,720,345 15,936 $2,045,310 44,899 $5,452,284 $137,067,354 1919. 53,602,174 42,753,780 41,734,084 28,189,998 24,465,694 27,604,771 627,734 596,270 559,113 468,230 368,409 315,475 43,674,294 35,023,161 30,929,628 18,527,748 14,138,651 12,189,792 79 91 206 630 1,198 2,876 58,119 42,633 67,931 119,802 161,703 261,616 2,401 3,971 3,331 3,552 11,104 20,540 406,570 541,866 456,752 280,952 626,661 1,156,591 9,463,191 7,146,120 1918 1917.... 10,279,773 9,261,496 9,538,679 1916..... 1915 1914 13,996,772 1913 24,359,827 18,723,877 18,112,859 18,588,886 18,149,343 219,844 85,593 55,830 56,661 8,549,062 3,262,778 2,096,105 2,182,241 8 1,146,885 3,379 2,799 3,688 1990 371,328 292,242 534,250 i 135,686 735,857 846,500 400,535 14,703,580 14,322,357 15,081,969 16,270,959 17,002,458 1912 1911 1910 1909 3 24,911 1 July 1 to Dec. 31. 3 Newsprint paper and other printing paper. Table 14.— EXPORTS OF PAPER: 1909-1919. CALENDAR YEAR. Total value. NEWSPRINT PAPER. ALL OTHER PRINTING PAPER. WRAPPING PAPER. ALL OTHER PAPER. Quantity (short tons). Quantity (short tons). Quantity (short tons). Value. Value. Value. Value. Total (11 years) 8351,338,580 714,838 S46,659,558 341,526 $51,113,836 171,770 $22,540,324 $231,024,862 1919 86,983,063 54,170,134 46,393,655 39,576,879 22,264,371 20,113,942 110,268 96,739 93,866 76,736 55,161 60,789 10,091,951 7,978,296 7,586,374 4,126,617 2,707,626 2,983,344 76,691 49,610 47,274 62,073 22,329 15,130 16,169,055 8,710,940 8,179,868 8,069,812 2,169,067 1,568,960 37,453 29,950 26,243 41,837 18,496 7,408 6,664,462 54,057,595 32,652,042 26,640,174 23,355,062 15,720,291 15,038,637 1918 4,828,856 3,987,239 4,025,388 1,667,387 522,951 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 21,174,217 21,166,566 18,702,151 17,960,809 2 2,832,793 43,301 55,568 48,921 2,105,984 2,690,225 2,357,455 14,059 13,452 13,215 27,693 1,617,255 1,440,992 1,278,796 1,909,061 6,861 13,517 560,535 1283,506 16,890,413 16,751,843 15,065,900 14,852,855 1912 1911 1910 1 24,749 1 1,198,893 1909 2 48,740 2 2,832,793 i July 1 to Dec. 31. * Newsprint paper and all other printing paper. FOREST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS AND IN TANNING AND WOOD DISTILLATION. INTRODUCTION. This report presents statistics for 1919 of the quan- tity and cost of wood and other forest products con- sumed in the manufacture of dyestuffs and extracts, and in wood distillation; also of the quantity and cost of vegetable tanning materials consumed in the United States during that year. Comparable statistics for other specified years are shown except for the manu- facture of dyestuffs and extracts. Figures showing the consumption of forest products in that industry for previous years are not available, as detailed data pertaining thereto have not been collected heretofore by the Census Bureau. WOOD AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS USED FOR — Cost. I DvestiiiTs and extracts j $12,133.799 Tannine materials i 12,027,6x7 Wood distillation !9,559,046 The relative importance of these industries in the use of crude forest products is shown in the preced- ing statement, which gives the cost at the place of consumption of the various materials used during 1919. These industries do not make a very great drain on the forest resources of the United States. The wood used in distillation in a large measure comes from slashings, mill waste, and timber not suitable for lum- ber. Various barks are used to a great extent for tan- ning materials, and considerable quantities of forest- grown products used in the industry are imported, as are also large quantities of those used for dyestuffs and extracts. The statistics of capital, employees, wages, and other items for these industries are shown in census reports under separate classifications. Those for wood distillation and for dyestuffs and extracts are pre- sented in connection with the chemical group, while such data for the tanning industry are included with those for the leather group. FOREST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. This report shows the quantity and value of crude forest products consumed in the manufacture of dye- stuffs and extracts in 1919 as reported by 53 estab- lishments in the United States. Data pertaining to a number of other establishments engaged in the manufacture of natural dyestuffs and extracts from partially manufactured forest products or vegetable materials are not included. The cost of all materials consumed, as well as other general and special statis- tics for the industry, are included in the report for the chemical group. The schedule used for collecting these data called for the quantities of raw materials in cords, tons, or poimds. The quantities reported in pounds were converted into tons of 2,000 poimds, but those which were reported in cords were left to stand as shown, on the assumption that the ton and cord represent substantially the same quantity for such materials. The materials reported in cords were chestnut and Osage orange woods. Some of the crude forest products reported were used in the manufacture of both dyestuffs and tanning extracts, and it is impracticable to make a separation of the materials used in the two branches of the industry. Consumption of raw forest products, by kinds (Table 1).—Chestnut wood is by far the most impor- tant native material used in the manufacture of tanning extracts. The native chestnut-oak and hem- lock barks are also important materials used for tanning extracts, while black-oak bark is used for both dye- i stuffs and tanning. Logwood and fustic, imported | principally from Mexico, Central America, and the j West Indies, are the most important woods used for coloring. Osage orange is a native tree growing principally in southern Arkansas, Oklahoma, and northern Texas and is used to some extent in the manufacture of dyestuffs. Sumac is used for both dyestuffs and tanning ma- terials, while Brazilwoods and archil are used for dye- stuffs. Quebracho woods, spruce rossings, tanbark- oak and wattle barks are used in the manufacture of tanning extracts, as are also divi-divi, gallmits, gambier, and myrobalans. With the exception of (485) 486 MANUFACTURES. Osage orange, spruce, and tanbark oak, all of the materials included under "Other" were imported. Table 1.—Principal Raw Forest Products Consumed in the Manufacture op Natural Dyestuffs and Extracts: 1919. Total I 950,275 Chestnut, wood Chestnut-oak bark.. Logwood Hemlock bark Black-oak bark Quantity (tons). Sumac leaves.. Fustic wood... Brazilwoods-.. Other i 754,972 61,1-55 53, 851 25, 594 10, 353 5,504 5,134 3,175 30, 537 Total. $12,133, 799 7,040, 603 916, 391 1, 833, 684 627,964 134,117 330, 671 215, 227 137, 360 S97, 782 Average per ton. $12.77 9. 33 14. 98 31.05 24. 5-1 12.95 60. 08 41.92 43.26 29. 40 1 Includes Osage orange, and quebracho woods, and spruce rossings, tanbark- oakand wattle barks, and archil, divi-divi, gallnuts, gambier, and myrobalans. Consumption of raw forest products, by states (Table 2).—Virginia led in the consumption of chestnut-oak bark, reporting 76.8 per cent of the total for the United States. This state also reported 38 per cent of the chestnut wood and 13.8 per cent of the logwood con- sumed in 1919 in this industry. Tennessee reported 40.9 per cent of the total quantity of chestnut wood consumed in the manufacture of tanning extracts in the United States, and 23.7 per cent of the hemlock bark. Chestnut wood was the only raw materia] reported in considerable quantity in North Carolina. Pennsylvania led in the consumption of hemlock and black-oak barks, logwood, fustic, and Brazilwoods. The principal materials consumed in West Virginia were chestnut wood, spruce rossings, and chestnut-oak and hemlock barks. New Jersey was prominent in the consumption of logwood, fustic, Brazilwoods, and gambier, and New York in that of logwood, quebracho, and sumac. The principal materials reported for Massachusetts were Brazilwoods, myrobalans, divi- divi, sumac, and gambier. Table 2.—Quantity and Cost of Principal Raw Forest Prod- ucts Consumed in the Manufacture of Natural Dyestuffs and Extracts, by States: 1919. Quantity (tons). STATE. Cost. United States 950,275 $12,133,799 Virginia 350,681 321,631 122,379 76,175 41,483 3,724,024 3,129,645 1,227,219 1,922,434 602,590 Tennessee North Carolina Pennsvlvania West Virginia New Jersey 12,984 12,623 404 11,915 478,201 758,000 24,130 267,556 New York Massachusetts All other states i 1 Includes California, Illinois, Maryland, and Michigan. FOEEST PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN TANNING. The principal materials used in tanning are ob- tained from certain barks, woods, fruits, nuts, etc., which contain an astringent known as tannin. While tannin is found in greater or less quantities in the great majority of the plant species, comparatively few of them have been utilized for tanning purposes. The principal native barks and woods used in 1919 were hemlock and oak barks and chestnut wood. Of the imported tanning materials used, quebracho, myro- balans, divi-divi, sumac, mangrove, and gambier are the most important, although several other kinds are being used in increasing quantities. While the New England states have been prominent in this industry from its earliest period, the center of activity has shifted southward and westward in accordance with the availability of the supply of raw materials. The tanneries using bark or wood were usually located near the source of supply of these materials, owing to the cost of transportation involved. The tendency of late years, however, has been for the tanners to huy a large part of the tanning materials in the form of extracts, and consequently the remoteness of the source of tanbark and wood is not so important as the marketing facilities for the finished product. In 1919 there were 4S6 establishments in the United States using vegetable tanning materials. Of this number, 72 used bark; wood, and other raw vegetable materials exclusively; 188 used extracts exclusively; and 226 used both raw materials and extracts. In 1909 the number of establishments was reported as 592, of which 117 used raw vegetable materials ex- clusively; 138, extracts exclusively; and 337, both raw materials and extracts. The greater number of establishments in 1909 is due largely to the difference in reporting at the two cen- suses. The number shown for 1909 represents tan- neries, while the number of "establishments" was reported in 1919. An estabhshment may in some cases represent several plants. Reports were received from 31 states in 1919, in comparison with 33 states in 1909 and 1907. Comparative consumption of vegetable tanning materials (Table 3).—The consumption of tanbark, wood, and other raw vegetable materials in tanning has been decreasing for several years. In 1907 the total quantity of such materials used was 1,214,401 tons, and the quantity consumed in 1909 compared with that for 1907 showed a decrease of 11.2 per cent. The decrease in the quantity for the ten-year period from 1909 to 1919 was 43.5 per cent. This decrease was chiefly in the use of hemlock bark. From 1906 to 1909, inclusive, the quantity of hem- lock bark used was more than double that of oak bark, but in 1919 the quantity of oak bark used was only 8 per cent less than the total quantity of hemlock bark. Hemlock has held first place and oak second place for all years for which figures are available, but at the TANNING. 487 present rate of decrease in the use of hemlock bark and the tendency of oak to hold its own, it seems altogether likely that oak bark will soon take the lead In 1919 the cost of oak bark—not including oak and chestnut mixed costing S649?011—exceeded that of hemlock by $37,482. The use of chestnut wood in 1919 showed an increase of 13,999 tons as compared with the consumption for 1909. The average cost per ton of tanbark, wood, and other raw materials in 1905 was $7.46; in 1909, $10.31; and in 1919, S19.75. The statistics for tanning extracts present a striking contrast to those for tanbark, wood, etc., in that there has been a decrease in the use of the latter but a very marked increase in the quantity and cost of extracts consumed. The total cost of extracts used in 1906 was equal to about two-thirds the total cost of tanbark, wood, and other raw materials; in 1909 the costs were about equal; but in 1919 the cost of extracts was about three times that of raw materials. The total cost of vegetable tanning extracts used in 1906 was $8,713,322. The increase from 1906 to 1909 was 23.7 per cent, while the increase from 1909 to 1919 was 220.8 per cent, Table 3.—VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS CONSUMED, BY KINDS: 1919 AND 1909. KIND. 1919 TANBARK, WOOD, ETC 1909 1919 EXTRACTS. 1909 Quantity (tons). Cost. Quantity (tons)/ CosK Quantity (pounds). Cost. Quantity I r t (pounds). Total . 609,130 $12,027,637 1,078,910 $11,125,750 1 794,360.977 $34, 579,165 386,817.S95 $10,779,177 Hemlock 2S4,323 i 261, 519 32,526 8,354 4,725 4,389, 863 i 5,076,356 306.631 488. 9S2 381,69S 698,365 324, 070 18', 527 6.434.84S 3,533, .862 65,152 534, 727 27.034.915 2 57; $69. 387 432,120,247 2,973,306 12,772,793 S74.142 2 2.312, 490 16.297.017 96,000 10.862,540 3-8,419,398 182, SIS, 961 1,101,303 276, 436 737,220 3,579,929 37.571 Oak Chestnut , is; ooo Divi-divi... . . 511, 794 Quebracho 2,346 2,323 2,078 955 303 244,195 159,320, 510 6,669.642 4,968, 440 1,579, 791 174, 504 10,740.078 '386.923 266,437 285.397 10,021 147,109, 443 350,535 1,401,008 5, 877,989 16,167 43,566 Sumac 125, 750 110,020 22,303 IS, 925 514,169 Logwood3 Valonia 243,536 2,641,001 18,022 133,765 Gambier 189 156 51,034 1, 593 4,129,109 48,061.287 , 5,976, 016 30,711,030 647. 572 7.56,049 221,544 1,173,701 Spruce "Larch" All other 9,32S 625,754 1,023 42,992 1, S70,170 58,512 1 Includes 33,917 tons of oak and chestnut mixed, costing $649,011 - s Includes 31,840,009 pounds of mixed oak and chestnut extract, costing $1,219,620. 8 Used for dyeing. Consumption of tanbark, wood, etc., by states (Table 4)—In 1919, 29S establishments in 28 states reported the consumption of tanbark, wood, etc. Pennsylvania, Michigan, Virginia, and North Carolina each reported a consumption of more than 50,000 tons. The total quantity consumed by these states con- stituted 58.4 per cent of the total for the United States. In 1909 Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Michigan reported 60.5 per cent of the total consump- tion for that year. Pennsylvania has been the leading state in the con- sumption of tanbark for all years for which records are available, while the relative importance of the other states has changed from year to year. In 1905 the consumption of tanbark, wood, etc., in Pennsylvania was 428,709 tons. This is the largest quantity of record consumed in a single state in any one year. The leading states in the consumption of these materials in 1919 were Pennsylvania in hemlock, log- wood, mangrove, myrobalans, quebracho, sumac, valonia, and "All other"; Michigan in divi-divi; New Jersey in gambier; New York in spruce; North Carolina in chestnut; and Virginia in oak. The consumption of hemlock bark in Pennsylvania in 1919 was 99,272 tons, and the consumption of oak bark in Virginia was 64,123 tons. These figures show a marked decrease when compared with 379,806 tons of hemlock consumed in Pennsylvania and 73,871 tons of oak consumed in Virginia in 1905. Table 4.—Takbark, Wood, etc., Consumed, by States: 1919 and 1909. | 1919 1909 STATE. 'Quantity' rv.f (tons)/ L0^' Quantity rw Total 609,130 $12,027,687 i Pennsylvania.. Michigan Virginia North Carolina. Wisconsin California Massachusetts.. West Virginia.. Tennessee New York !21,4X3 142, 706 ■ 79, 355 j 71, 7S2! 61, 745 38, 624 35, 213 33,947 30. $57 21, 495 969, 578 61$, 141 222, -tOO 962, 207 Maryland. Kentucky. Maine Ohio Missouri... Illinois Georgia Indiana New Jersey All other states1. 11, 186 9,810 9, 710 S, 513 7.936 7,3SS' 4,331 j 2,973 2,916 7, 211; 527,502 1, 092,1S5 751, 9.13 498, 111 343, 957 548. 340 195, 2-16 177, S35 126, 293 177. 42S 142, $74 132,006 201, 0*56 55. 005 143, 7S7 141. 513 I 1,078,910 [$11,125,750 310,279 2.997,026 100, 255 I 1, 225,655 S9.5S0 | 871,853 50,6S3 445,621 126, 015' 1, 252. 434 37,120 744. 768 28. 426 318,133 115,659 975,683 25.438 81, 711 12.784 . 16, 905 12,933 19,626 4.183 I 16,109 1 5,290 1 7,665 , 10 .36$! 7, SIS 223,247 81.6. 8S5 132, 958 177, S39 106. 513 229, 562 57, 379 167, 926 52,112 84, 776 157,425 $7, 956 1 Includes Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Louisiana. Minnesota, New Hamp- shire, Oregon, Texas, and Vermont in 1919; Alabama, Connecticut, New Hamp- shire, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington in 1909. 488 MANUFACTURES. Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Ohio show gains in the consumption of tanbark in 1919 over that for 1905, but only three states—Massachusetts, Missouri, and North Carolina—show gains in 1919 as compared with 1909, and in these states the gains were very small. Consumption of tanning extracts (Table 5).—The consumption of tanning extracts was reported by 30 states in 1919. Pennsylvania, Michigan, New York, West Virginia, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Mas- sachusetts, ranking in the order named, used 76.9 per cent of the total quantity of extracts reported for the United States. The consumption of tanning extracts has greatly increased since 1905. In that year the reported con- sumption was 146,199,500 pounds; in 1907, 364,899,535 pounds; in 1909, 386,817,895 pounds; and in 1919, 794,360,977 pounds; the percentage of increase being 149.6 per cent from 1905 to 1907, 6 per cent from 1907 to 1909, and 105.4 per cent from 1909 to 1919. In these statistics is shown the total weight of both solid and liquid extracts consumed in specified years. These extracts contain various proportions of tannin, ranging from about 25 per cent for liquids to about 65 per cent for solids. WOOD CONSUMED The manufacture of charcoal by carbonization is an old industry, but the present methods of wood distilla- tion for the purpose of recovering the volatile products are comparatively modern and the industry in the United States dates from about the middle of the nine- teenth century. Two distinct processes are employed to secure the several volatile distillates or other crude products— the destructive process and the steam-solvent process. In the former process the wood is heated to such a temperature that the fiber is destroyed and new prod- ucts created. In the latter the volatile and soluble substances are removed from the wood by the use of steam and solvents, which do not destroy the fiber. The industry is divided into two distinct branches— hardwood distillation and softwood distillation. Meas- ured by the quantity of wood used, the hardwood branch is by far the more important, consum- ing 82.2 per cent of the total quantity of wood used for distillation in the United States in 1919. This branch is confined practically to the Northern and Central states, where the supply of suitable wood is more abundant. Softwood distillation is carried on largely in the South Atlantic and Gulf states, and the southern longleaf pine is the principal The average cost per pound of extract for 1907 was 2.6 cents; for 1909, 2.8 cents; and for 1919, 4.4 cents. Table 5.—Tanning Extracts Consumed, by States: 1919 and 1909. STATE. 1919 1909 Quantity (pounds!). Cost. Quantity (pounds). Cost. Total 79-1,360,977 $34,579,165 388,817,895 $10,779,177 Pennsylvania 256,462,839 10,563,754 124,7*2, .847 3,665,942 Michigan 83,304,039 3,443,442 23,608,343 752,387 New York 76,943,605 3,350,326 30,995,721 991,366 West Virginia 59,694,886 2,302,19S 27,653,815 857,068 New Jersey 47, 778,121 2,370,993 18,509,877 526,628 North Carolina 45,110,9,86 1,061,167 19,948,938 326,284 Massachusetts 41,435,783 2,790,733 28,154,770 823,205 Kentucky 31,365,941 1,182,239 I8,b95,512 397,616 Wisconsin 31,052,162 1,824,8/6 23,595,933 72,5,131 Virginia 30, S69,3&5 1,222,353 17,312,689 277,498 Ohio 27,381,464 1,338,355 14,795, .808 397,157 Tennessee 12,717,565 504,769 4,962,060 94,429 Illinois 7,518,433 612,28S 4,584,573 144,433 Missouri 7,072,798 294,730 1,298,767 41,631 Maine 6,980,464 248,693 5,583,400 100,033 Indiana 6,076,871 270,531 7, 710,009 166,370 Maryland 6,00S,632 369,966 4,370,843 106,663 New Hampshire 4,712,959 237,838 Calif orma 4,084,976 243,226 3,299,121 160,731 Minnesota 934,690 54,122 957,435 27,061 Connecticut 650,547 46,175 Delaware 372,811 74,051 ■ (') All other states 2 5,S31,020 172,340 6,037,434 197,544 1 Included in "All other states." 2 Includes Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas, Vermont, and Washington in 1919; Alabama, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware. Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Ver- mont, and Washington in 1909. IN DISTILLATION. raw material used in this industry which requires resinous woods. The wood-distillation industry compared with the lumber industry is of minor importance as a con- sumer of timber or as a drain on the forest resources of the Nation. However, in 1919 approximately 750 million board feet of wood were used in distillation. Several important establishments manufacturing wood-distillation products are operated in connection with the manufacture of lumber. These plants utilize the slabs and other waste products of the sawmill or timber camp. A considerable quantity of wood waste which might have been available for distillation is, however, destroyed or discarded. Comparative consumption of wood (Table 6).— Statistics for the wood-distillation industry were first published by the Bureau of the Census for 1879, in which year 17 establishments were engaged in the manufacture of acetate of lime and crude wood alcohol. In 1890 the number of establishments had in- creased to 53. Data pertaining to the quantity of wood consumed are not available for these two years. Statistics showing the number of establishments and the consumption of wood for each year for which data are available are shown in Table 6. WOOD DISTILLATION. 489 The number of establishments shown in the table is not strictly comparable on account of the different methods of reporting for the various censuses. From 1905 to 1911 the number of plants was reported, while for the other years the number of establishments is given. As a rule, the term "establishment" repre- sented a single plant or factory, but in some cases it represented two or more plants which were operated under a common ownership and for which one set of books of account was kept. Table 6.—Wood Consumed in Distillation, for Specified Years: 1899-1919. 1919.. 1914.. 1911.. 1910.. 1909.. 1908.. 1907.. 1906.. 1905.. 1904.. 1899.. NUMBER OF ESTAB- LISHMENTS. To- 112 101 ) 135 | 147 147' 131 131 119 82 150 111 Hard- woods.I 87 86 105 117 116 101 100 86 67 119 107 Soft- woods QUANTITY (COEDS). Total. Hardwoods. 1,442,675 1,042,517 I 1,221,359 1,450,439 I 1,265,157 | 977,-844! 1,282,120 i 1,195,130 j 676,739 1 1,049,503 I 490,939! 1,186,477 970,308 1,058,955 1,257,997 1,149,847 878,632 1,219,771 1,144,896 659,770 1,018,072 4.87,805 Soft- WOOdS. 256,198 72,209 162,404 192,442 115,310 99,212 62,349 50,234 16,969 31,431 3,134 1 Includes 1 establishment in 1919 and 6 in 1914 engaged primarily in other in- dustries. HARDWOOD DISTILLATION. Consumption of wood, by states (Table 7).—The relative importance of the states engaged in hard- wood distillation from the standpoint of wood con- sumed has remained about the same from year to year, the leading states being Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York. In 1919 these three states consumed 87.2 per cent of the total quantity of hardwoods used in distillation. Table 7.- -Hardwoods Consumed in Distillation, by States: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. QUANTITY. COST. STATE. Per cent distri- bution. 1 Aver- age per Cords. Total. cord. United States 87 1,1S6,477 100.0 i $7,965,069 $6. 71 Michigan. 15 42 20 64S7 910 2S1, 320 104, 493 60, 544 91, 210 54.7 23.7 S. S 5.1 7.7 4, 307. 797 1, S$2, 795 747, SS2 519,131 i 507, 464 6.64 6.69 7.16 Pennsylvania New "iork Wisconsin 3 a 57 All other states * 5.56 1 Includes 1 establishment engaged in wood distillation, but primarily operating a blast furnace. * Includes establishments distributed as follows: Alabama, 1; Connecticut, 1; Kentucky, 1; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, 1; Tennessee, 1; and West Virginia, 1. Beech, birch, and maple have been the principal hardwoods used for all years for which records are available. A few other species have been used from time to time, but they have been of less importance, and in many instances not reported separately. In 1919 the hardwoods reported under "All other" included alder, ash. cherry, elm, gum, chestnut, hick- ory, ironwood, oak, and a few kinds not specified. Products.—The principal basic products obtained from the hardwoods by distillation are crude wood alcohol, charcoal, acetates, tar, and tar oils, and the quantity of each that a cord of wood will yield depends largely on the kind and efficiency of the equipment used. Many of the plants are converting their primary products into more highly manufactured forms and some products that were wasted in the early stages of the industry are now saved. Of the crude wood alcohol produced, 6,980,693 gallons were produced for sale and 2,123,303 gallons were con- sumed by the establishments reporting in the manu- facture of refined wood alcohol and other derived products, such as formaldehyde, acetone, methyl acetone, ketone, etc. A considerable quantity of charcoal was reported as produced and consumed by establishments operating blast furnaces. Statistics pertaining to the refined or remanuf actured products are presented in the report for the chemical group. The quantities of the principal basic products of the hardwood-distillation industry for 1919 are shown in the following statement: kist>. :Quantity. Crude wood alcohol erallons.. 19,103,996 Acetate of lime pounds.. 16$, 956,432 Charcoal bu shels.. 46,354,342 Tar gallons.. 552,124 Tar oils gallon?.. 222", 39S Wood creosote pounds.. 945,605 1 Includes a small amount of wood alcohol manufactured from softwoods. SOFTWOOD DISTILLATION. Consumption of wood, by states (Table S).—The consumption of wood in the softwood branch of the industry was greater in 1919 than for any other year for which records are available. Georgia was the leading state in the quantity of softwoods distilled in 1905, 1908, and 1919, North Carolina in 1906 and 1907, and Alabama, in 1909. Florida has held second place for all years of record since 1906. The plants in the various states reporting softwood distillation in 1919 were located mainly in comities bordering on the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. The principal wood used in this industry is long- leaf yellow pine, although other resinous woods have been used in limited quantities. In 190S the use of Douglas fir was reported to the extent of 974 cords, and Norway pine in the Lake states has also been used for distillation. The successive canvasses since 1S99 show increases in the quantity of softwoods used, except for the years 1905, 1911, and 1914. 490 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—Softwoods Consumed in Distillation, by States: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. QUANTITY. COST. STATE. cent distri- bution. Per Aver- ago per Cords. Total. cord. United States 25 256,198 100.0 SI, 593,977 $6.22 Georgia 7 6 3 14 »5 103,964 86,065 41,416 18, 005 6, 748 40.6 33.6 16.2 7.0 2.6 561, 576 618, 743 264,912 95,788 52,958 5.40 7.19 6.40 5.32 7.85 Florida Alabama Louisiana All other states » 1 Includes 1 establishment distilling sawdust. 2 Includes establishments distributed as follows: Michigan, 1; Mississippi, 1; North Carolina, 2; and Texas, 1. Products.—The principal products obtained from dis- tilling the softwoods are rosin, turpentine, tar7 tar oils, charcoal, and wood creosote. It is interesting to note that rosin, one of the most important products of softwood distillation in 1919, was classed with "All other" as a minor product for previous years. The quantities of the principal products of the soft- wood-distillation industry for 1919 are shown in the following statement: Rosin barrels (280 pounds).. Turpentine gallons.. Tar.. gallons.. Tar oils gallons.. Charcoal bushels.. Wood creosote pounds.. Quantity. 234,030 1,534,333 2,125, 757 581,042 1,702,103 207,050 EQUIPMENT. The wood-distillation industry has gone through several stages of development since it was established in the United States. Brickkilns were first employed to recover the con- densable gases which were lost in burning charcoal in the old wasteful pits. This kind of equipment is still being utilized, but a great step forward was made when the use of cylindrical iron retorts, built in pairs, was inaugurated. Large rectangular ovens or retorts represent a still later improvement, and these are being installed in many of the larger plants in place of the cylindrical iron retorts. The schedule used for collecting data for wood- distillation equipment for 1919 called for the number and capacity of, retorts and ovens separately, but many of the reporting establishments did not distin- guish between retorts and ovens, consequently the data are combined in Table 9. The small retorts were generally used in New York, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania while the ovens or oven retorts were used largely in Georgia, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Table 9.—Equipment: 1919. KIND AND CAPACITY OF EQUIPMENT. STATE. Ovens and retorts. Kilns. Steam extractors. Total capac- ity per day (cords). Num- ber. Total capacity per day (cords). Num- ber. Total capacity per charge (cords). Num- ber. United States 1,067 5,148 167 10,070 132 870 Hardwood distillation . 860 4,614 167 10,070 Michigan 180 235 373 10 62 1,282 665 130 8,200 New York Pennsylvania 1,99S 82 587 12 25 120 1,750 Wisconsin All other states 1 Softwood, distillation 207 534 132 870 Alabama 20 29 76 32 50 10 100 306 40 78 60 40 22 8 2 150 320 363 17 20 Florida Georgia Louisiana All other states 3 i Includes Alabama, Connecticut, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia, a Includes Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. LEATHER AND ITS FINISHED PRODUCTS Page The Leather Industry 493 Leather, Tanned, Curried, and Finished 495 Boots and Shoes 507 Boot and Shoe Cut Stock 520 Boot and Shoe Findings 523 Leather Gloves and Mittens 526 Saddlery and Harness 534 Leather Belting 538 Trunks and Valises 541 pocketbooks 544 Leather Goods, Not Elsewhere Specified 547 (491) THE LEATHER INDUSTRY. SUMMARY AffD ANALYSIS. Scope of the report.—This report presents the statis- tics for the manufacture of leather and for several indus- tries in which leather is the chief material, and com- prises the industries classified as (1) Leather, tanned, curried, and finished; (2) Boots and shoes; (3) Boot and shoe cut stock; (4) Boot and shoe findings; (5) Leather gloves and mittens; (6) Saddlery and harness; (7) Leather belting; (8) Trunks and valises; (9) Pocketbooks; and (10) Leather goods, not else- where specified. In addition to the general statistics for these indus- tries, detailed data are presented concerning mate- rials and products for leather, tanned, curried, and finished, and concerning products for boots and shoes and leather gloves and mittens. Principal statistics for leather and its finished products,—Table 1 gives the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, wages, cost of materi- als, and value of products for the industry group as a whole, and for the several component industries for 1919, 1914, and 1909. This industry group repre- sents approximately 4.2 per cent of the value of all products for all industries for 1919, as compared with 4.6 per cent for 1914 and 4.8 per cent for 1909. Some establishments in the "leather, tanned, curried, and finished" industry worked on a contract basis, the hides or skins being furnished by other tanners or dealers in the industry, and the value of the product reported was the amount received for the work done, and not the value of the manufactured leather. Table 1.—PRINCIPAL STATISTICS FOR LEATHER AND ITS FINISHED PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. INDUSTRY. Census year. Number of establish- ments. WAGE EARNERS. Average number. Total Leather, tanned, curried, and finished. Boots and shoes Boot and shoe cut stock. Boot and shoe findings Saddlery and harness. Trunks and valises Gloves and mittens, leather Belting, leather Pocketbooks , Leather goods, not elsewhere specified 1919 6,397! 1914 6,75S 1909 5,728! 1919 680 | 1914 741 I 1909 919 i 1 1919 1,449! 1914 1, 355 1909 1,343 1919 252 1914 230 1909 232 1919 427 1914 369 1909 343 1919 1, S23 1914 2, 551 1909 1,347 1919 597 1014 501 1909 524 1919 355 1914 352 i 1909 377 ( 1919 172 | 1914 151 1 1909 m i 1919 139 | 1914 64; 1909 79 i 1919 603 1914 37S | 1909 425 1 349,362 307,060 309,766 Cost of materials. Wages. $363,453,419 169,357,5*30 155.110, 878; $1,713,807,336 753,135,354 669, S74,51S Value of products. $2,610,230,727 1,104, 594,557 992,713,322 72, 476 55,936 62, 202 211, 049 191,555 1S5,116 9, 715 7, 819 5, 941 6, 714 6,488 10,411 12,969 14,632 11. 470 9,911 11,122 10,655 10, 60S I 11, 354' 2, 765 2, 951 3, 006 2,905 1, 466 1, 472 5,945 7,071 7,681 SS, 205,473 j! 31,914,497! 32,102,845! 210,734,610 105,695, 404; 92,359,152; 9,124,77S! 4.052,123 1 3,156, 460 | S, 187,196 3. 225,683 2,947,0S3 10, 849.063 7,995,612 S, 071, 4S4 12, 463,767 5. 540,157 5; 537,329 S, 150, 7S4 4, 55S, 360 4,763,830 3, 260, 439 2,069, 545 1, 860, 880 3,061,903 702,314 688, 615 9,415,403 i 3,603, $65 I 3. 623, 200 i 646,521,527 284, 245,420 248,273,933 715, 269,315 310,356, 5S6 277,467, 743 133, SS7.276 51,450, 49S 36,919,919 40,428, 347 20,304.1S3 IS, 350,551 52,442,907 33,086, 442 33,177,937 33, 222,432 13.625,457 14,629,065 26,256,129 12,170,694 13,208, 001 25.156,711 15,450, .110 15,622,603 7,557,155 1,783, $40 1,929,327 30,035, 537 10,632,124 10, 250. 439 928,591.701 367,201,705 327,874,1S7 1,155,041,436 501,760,45S 442,630; 726 161, 203,310 59,964,523 44,661,497 62, $25, 408 28.303.1S6 25, .505, 419 $3,713,010 53,558,612 54,224,602 63,932,266 26.471,527 28,027,964 46,940.511 21,614,109 23,630,598 40,4S0,654 23,035,951 23,691, SS7 14,549,659 3, 3,50, 552 3,62$, 161 52,952,772 19,333,924 1$, $38,281 (493) LEATHER, TANNED, CURRIED, AND FINISHED. GENERAL STATISTICS. Comparative summary.—Table 2 summarizes the general statistics for the industry for each census from 1879 to 1919 inclusive, with percentages of increase for the census periods. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 3 presents the statistics for the number of es- tablishments, average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products, 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 4 is estimated by the method described in the " Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 23. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 5, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Females constituted 8.2 per cent of the wage earners in 1919. The range between the minimum and maximum months was somewhat greater in 1919 than in 1914 and 1909, the number reported for the minimum month, February, being 82.9 per cent of the maximum month, December. The greatest varia- tion was in Delaware, minimum 42.9 per cent of maximum, and the least variation in Wisconsin, minimum 96.1 per cent of maximum. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics presented in Table 6 show a marked movement toward shorten- ing the working day. In 1909, 49.8 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 and over, in 1914 this proportion was reduced to 34.4 per cent, and in 1919 to 7.3 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909 only 3.5 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were fewer than 54 per week, whereas in 1914 this proportion increased to 7.4 per cent, and in 1919 to 75.3 per cent. In 1919, 46.1 per cent of all wage earners were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 and under, a marked change over the small percentage for this class in prior census years, namely, 1.6 per cent in 1914, and less than 1 per cent in 1909. In Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, which reported practically 40 per cent of the wage earners, the changes are notably marked. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—In 1919 the average number of wage earners for all establishments was 107 and in 1914, 75. Table 7 shows that the industry includes a number of large units; in 1919, 61 establishments, or 9 per cent of the total number, accounted for 50.6 per cent of all wage earners and in 1914, 39 establishments, or 5.3 per cent of the total number, reported 38.3 per cent of all wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The average value of products per establishment was $357,000 in 1909, $496,000 in 1914, and $1,366,000 in 1919. The increase from 1914 to 1919 is essentially due to the increase in prices and this accounts to a large degree for the changes from lower to higher groups, as shown in Table 8. On a wage-earner basis, although there was an increase in average number dur- ing this period, the increase was only 29.6 per cent, and on a quantity-production basis, the increase in volume of business, measured by number of hides and skins, was but 22.1 per cent. Character of ownership.—Table 9 presents statistics concerning the character of ownership, or the legal organization, of the establishments for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Comparative figures are given, by states, for 1919 and 1914. Although the industry includes a relatively large number of plants owned by individuals and by firms or other forms of ownership, not incor- porated, the growth has been in the corporations, which represented 89.3 per cent of the value of all products in 1919 as compared with 78.2 per cent in 1914 and 76.3 per cent in 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 10 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 27 per cent was purchased or rented electric power in 1919 compared with 13.1 per cent in 1914 and 5.3 per cent in 1909. Not only has the use of electric rented power increased but a large part of the owned power was transformed into electric power, this proportion representing 53.6 per cent of the total owned power reported in 1919. The horsepower statistics represent the rated power ca- pacity of equipment, whether utilized all or part time. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 presents the statistics for fuel, by kind and by states, for 1919 and 1914. The fig- ures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas. (494) LEATHER, TANNED, CURRIED, AND FINISHED. 495 Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) — Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials , Value of products Value added by manufacture & 1919 79, 292 398 6,418 72,476 218,238 ! $671,341,553 108,384,445 20,178,972 88,205,473 2,337,011 27,236,391 646,521,5271 928,591,701 282,070,174 1914 741 60,780 566 4,278 55,936 172,712 j$332,180,085 39,290,725 7,376,228 31,914,497 1,152,642 2,206,023 284,245,420 367,201,705 82,956,285 1909 919 67,100 784 4,114 62,202 148,140 IS332,726,952 38,846,481 6,743,636 32,102,845 473,869 1,579,445 248, 278,933 327,874,187 79,595,254 1904 1,049 61,602 1,112 3,251 57,239 117,450 $242,584,254 31,501,058 4,45l,906i 27,049,152! 881,168 < 1,029,263' 191,179,073J 252,620,986 61, 441,913 1899 1,306 56,024 1,473 2,442 52,109 60,031 $173,977,421! $98,088,698' 1889 1,787| (3) (8) (2) , 42,392] 25,749,933j 3,158,8421 22,591,091 23,985,879 (3) (8) 1879 40,2S2| (3): $73,383,911! 16,503,. (3) 53,396| (*) I (3) S64,300| f'8) (3) 155,000,004:122,946,721156,384,117 [ 204,038,127] 172,136,092 200,264,944j 49,033,123; 49,189,371! 43,880,827 PEE CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1919 ! 1914 -8.: 30.5 -29.7 50.0 29.6 26.4 102,1 175,9\ 173. 6j 176.4 102. Sj 1,134. 127.5! 152. 91 24a Oi -19.4 -9.4 —27,8 4.0 -10.1 16.6 -a i.i 9.4] -a 6] 143.3 39.7 14.5 12.0 4,2 1904- i 1899- j 1889- 1879- 1909 1904 ! 1899 1889 —12,4! -19.7 —26.9] S- 9] -29.5 26.5 8.7 • 26. l| 37.2! 23.3 5L5! 18.7| 10.0. -24.5 . 33.1,. 9. 8. 32 2| 39.4 22.3! 4a 9;. 19.71. 48.0] 77.41 7.4 -46.2 1,55a 3!. 29. 9 29.8 29.5 23.3; 26.1 23. 8! IS. 5 25. 3j -a 3 (s) 33. 7 (s) (a) 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. • Figures not available. 4 Exclusive 0/ internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number of estab- lish- ments. United States Pennsylvania Massachusetts New York Wisconsin New Jersey..! Illinois Delaware Michigan Ohio Wes t Virginia Virginia California North Carolina Kentucky New Hampshire Tennessee Maryland Indiana Missouri Maine Georgia.. All other states 680 92 131 94 25 73 29 18 28 24 17 21 21 11 10 7 10 7 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 72,476 13,749 15,180 7,056 6,825 5,499 4,434 4,251 3,464 1,565 1,520 1,666 1,453 1,385 661 709 608 517 396 265 306 301 666 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 19.1 20.9 9.7 9.4 7.6 6.1 5.9 4.8 22 2. 1 2.3 2.0 1.9 0.9 1.0 as 0.7 0.5 i 0. 4 0.4 a 4 0.9 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount :Per cent (expressed in! distribu- thousands>.! tion. $928,592 211,389 129,595 98,095 94,762 78,012 60,324 50,138 45.801 25; 008 23,827 21,591 21,416 17,849 8, 748 7,309 6, 710 6,263 4,730 3,770 3,359 3,242 6,654 100.0 22. S 14.0 10.6 10.2 8.4 6.5 5. 4 4.9 2.7 2.3 2 3 1.9 0.9 0. 8 0.7 0.7 0.5 a4 0.4 0.3 0.7 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thousands). $282,070 64,984 47.57S 27; 608 25,256 25, 426 17,671 21, 797 13,349 6,190 4,748 5,375 4,945 3; 567 2,957 1,343 1,6S2 1,907 1,274 S24 684 813 2,092 Per cent distribu- tion. 23.0 16.8 9.S 9.0 9.0 6.3 7. 7 4.7 2.2 1.7 1.9 1. S 1. 3 1.0 as 0.6 a 7 0.5 as 0.2 as 0.7 Table 4.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations., Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. Male. Fe- male. 79,292 60,780 67,100 3,256 2,001 2,331 398 566 784 S16 581 629 2,042 854 918 71,995 I 7,297 58,289 I 2;491 64,439 I 2, 661 3,187 1,945 2,293 373 525 759 794 567 618 2,020 850 916 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 90.8 95.9 96.0 97. 9 97.2 98.4 93.7 93.3 96.8 97.3 97.6 9a 2 99.5 Fe- male. 9.2 4.1 4.0 2.1 2.8 1.6 6.3 6.7 3.2 2.7 2.4 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.2 Cen- sus year. Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age,. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 10 11 13 14 17 16 15 18 20 21 19 Total. 3.560 2,843 2,567 72,476 55,936 62,202 72,042 55,774 61,753 434 162 449 Male. 2,267 2,298 2,092 66,541 54,046 60,054 66,208 53,926 59,674 333 120 380 Fe- male. 1,293 545 475 5.935 l|S90 2,14S 5,834 1,848 2,079 101 42 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 63.7 SO. 8 81.5 91.8 96.6 96.5 91.9 90.7 96.6 76.7 74.1 S4.6 Fe- male. 36.3 19,2 18.5 8.2 3.4 3.5 8,1 3.3 3.4 23.3 25.9 15.4 496 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females. 1914 1909 California Delaware Illinois Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Average number em- ployed during year. 72,476 66,541 5,935 55,936 62,202 1,453 4,251 4,434 661 517 15,180 3,464 709 5,499 7,056 1,385 1,565 13, 749 608 1,666 1, 520 6,825 Jan- uary. 65,519 60,032 5,487 58, 250 62,063 1,455 2,681 4, M 636 405 13, 878 3,802 601 4,856 6,307 1,451 1,363 12,287 1,494 1,489 6,780 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Feb- ruary. 65,515 60,324 5,191 58,455 62,373 1,423 2,390 4,189 646 457 13,861 3,366 590 5,001 5,980 1,391 1,419 12,538 597 1,498 1,511 6, 851 March. 65,979 60,925 5,054 58,743 61,726 1,408 2,526 4,235 644 460 13,598 3,303 582 5,059 6,252 1,360 1,402 12,648 610 1,557 1,577 6,946 April. 67,423 62,231 5,192 58,001 60,095 1,428 3,093 4,264 659 440 13,658 3,547 619 5,365 6,358 1,360 1,424 12,818 1,549 1,542 6,862 May. 69,655 64,104 5,551 57,009 60,075 June. 72,725 66,821 5,804 56,530 60,559 1,401 3,573 4,241 665 504 14,375 3,406 631 5,563 6,545 1,405 1,526 13,316 606 1,647 1,512 6,922 1,438 4,297 4,363 679 576 15,195 3,392 622 5,714 1,442 1,562 14,026 625 1,756 1,568 6,676 July. 72,902 66,995 5,907 55,216 61,039 1, 503 5,023 4,578 690 538 13,241 3,527 744 5,607 7,335 1,420 1,610 14,313 643 1,791 1,579 6,810 August. 77,202 70,678 6,524 54,294 61,166 1,506 5,328 4,680 701 574 16,355 3,622 819 5,761 7,538 1,412 1,663 14,431 655 1,819 1,513 6,803 {Sep- tember. 77,586 71,008 6,578 53,715 62,049 1,483 5,566 4,573 676 581 16,736 3,511 796 5,920 7,664 1,370 1,530 14,520 620 1,716 1,528 6,784 Octo- ber. 77,855 71,291 6,564 58,491 63,383 1,487 5,494 4,633 652 555 16,791 3,518 731 5,802 7,755 1,347 1,791 14,577 589 1,708 1,519 6, 812 Novem- ber. 78,341 71,703 6,638 53,793 65,174 1,438 5,540 4,694 17,093 3,525 805 5,583 7,980 1,322 1,764 14,727 564 1,729 1,476 6,836 Decem- ber. 79,010 72,380 6,630 53,735 66,694 1,466 5,501 4,614 656 567 17,379 3 549 968 5,757 8, 025 1,340 1,726 14,787 578 1,728 1,4 26 6,818 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 82.9 82.9 76.1 91.1 90.1 93.0 42.9 88.3 89.6 69.7 76.2 91.2 60.1 82.0 74.5 91.1 76.1 83.1 86.0 82.1 90.3 96.1 Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. California.. Delaware.. Illinois.... Kentucky. Maryland3 Massachusetts. Michigan. New Hampshire3.. New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee3 Virginia Wost Virginia. Wisconsin Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1911 I Total. 72,476 55,936 62,202 1,453 1,361 4,251 2,382 4,434 2,678 661 600 517 15,180 10,164 3, 464 2,773 709 5,499 5,108 7,056 5,360 lr385 877 1, 565 1,605 13,749 11,988 608 1,666 1,205 1,520 1,072 6,825 5,869 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and under. 2,505 8 <3) 1,468 (a) (3) 1 288 (3) 104 (2) 131 (2) 512 (3) Between 44 and 48. 2, 503 8 (3) 1,779 (3) (3) 63 (2) (2) 636 (2) (3) 25 (2) 48.1 28,393 909 572 1,436 2 800 12 11,240 244 674 2,220 110 2,403 194 7,146 174 321 20 752 591 20 Between 48 and 54. 21,153 3,241 1,578 143 1,093 3,287 102 278 2,829 283 1,021 11 331 2,183 341 1,837 282 242 3,142 649 3 80 4,564 7,617 10,355 4,380 11 1,314 36 246 78 310 254 298 4,071 1,641 972 253 283 1,553 1,398 322 503 1, 431 856 574 139 Between 54 and 60. 5,028 22,205 24,682 6 45 61 324 82 2,138 25 40 462 5,043 459 3,592 421 2,464 149 139 197 290 1, 253 5,259 92 187 94 985 1,319 60. 4,342 19,209 30,981 929 187 360 228 101 523 128 1,227 280 782 75 1, 022 595 73S 366 S12 262 5,050 515 794 1,089 191 853 588 4,448 Over 60. 935 17 9 304 15 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. 3 Not shown separately in 1914. •aaHsmiJi cinv 'aaramno 'aaNNvx 'naHxvai *^n©D J3d i jo q^u9^-eno ssaq; i ?.Z—Z98TIT 0*001 0*001 ro 3*0 f *0 ro 0'* 8** T*6£ 8*Z* f*9S 0*Z* z*ts 9'Z 9*9 I'T I'O (t) S*Sf t'Sf 0'£ ro ro res rzi ro?. 6*3 3*0 (0 ros 6*Z o*?' 9*0 ro CO 0 -GOT O'OOT ! 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OOO'OS* 000*03* o* ooo's* 000*58 tre^l ssoq sassep iiy ♦■lonaoaa io amy a *606I (IKY 'fl6l '6T6I :SXOn50,138,251 5,835,910 53,013,152 13,142,836 » 8,747,R72 1 4,198,575 » 6,263,468 114,746,529 38,711,602 * 45,800,786 » 25,503,573 7,309,472 6S, 7X9,265 23,120, 483 82,798,776 17,003,237 12,281,314 4,241/239 24,052.918 10,840,933 173,044,274 65,781,277 6,546,070 21.581,512 8,472,385 23,734,783 10,093,088 94,560.612 37,214,155 2,632,802 1 1,410,233 2,844,497 1 7,310,507 2,0^,998 6,347,752 4,095,493 5,308,092 6,041,776 10,966,190 15,780,463 '5,567,212 i 2,941,181 1 955,152 597,094 34,573,143 18,668,567 1 163,900 Indi- vid- uals. Per cent of total. 5.5 ii'6' 1,356,676 1 92,348 1 921,452 1 201,618 1 4,990,047 Cor- pora-! 89.3 78.2 76.3 87.7 85.9 100.0 63.5 87.9 75.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 as. 5 85.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 as. 2 73.0 84.4 47.2 68.8 59.1 96.2 93.2 81.8 77.2 97.6 100.0 .1 99.6 91.6 88.2 1 Includes the group " Individuals." 2 Includes the group "All olhers." 8 includes the groups "Individuals" and "All others." * Not shown separately in 1914. * Less than one-lenlh of 1 per cent. Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. JIORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 5,663 2,908 2,065 218,238 172,712 148,140 100.0 101). 0 100.0 1,334 1,239 1,116 123 69 26 1,332 1,210 1,590 1,440 159,267 150,800 124,891 25,909 6,438 2,029 150,164 140.238 13i;451 73.0 86.9 81.2 94.7 88.7 140,299 69.1 57.2 11.9 3.0 0.9 8 (2) (2) 8 (2) (2) 7,997 1,808 91 31 104 46 7,231 1,556 4.6 1.1 4.9 1.1 4.329 4,329 1,576 1,576 475 475 58,971 58,494 477 22,548 21,570 978 7,902 6,487 1,415 27.0 26.8 0.2 13.1 12.5 0.6 5.3 4.4 0.9 10,001 4,329 6,272 4,838 1,576 3,262 2,340 475 1,865 143,935 58,494 85,441 ~~ 73,424 21,570 51,854 35,919 6,487 29,432 100.0 40.6 59.4 100.0 29.4 70.6 iooTo 18.1 81.9 'Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. J Not reported separately in 1914 and 1909. LEATHER, TANNED, CURRIED, AND FINISHED. 499 Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.... California Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Cen- sus- year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 Anthra- Bitumi- cite1 , nous (tons, (tons, 2,240 i 2,000 pounds).' pounds). 89,722 ;], 448,166 89,140 1,124,444 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds), Fuel oils (bar- rels). i Gaso- ! line j and i other I vola- ! tile I oils: i (bar- rels). I! Gas (1,000 cubic feet). j Cen- i ST1S- | year. Anthra- Bitumi- cite1 nous (tons, (tons, 2,240 2,000 pounds), pounds). Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils rbar- rels). I Gaso-' line and I 0 I otto* i (Looo (bar- j rels).' 3,740 j 78.415 110,817 211,404 2.489 67,252 I (2) 527,657 S64 * 69,273! 1,209 j 65, OSS! (2) New Hampshire.. New Jersey 26,939 I 25,373' 5,131 10 337 933 392! 2! 35,421 24,176 63 100,851 i 64,146 i 30,812 j 27,009; 2,107 j 13,577' 145,060 106,311 128,837 84,275 7,499 10 10 70 14.578 86,920 152 682 25 154 i 31 41 8,188 (2) 1,644 723 355 23,518 New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee. Texas Virginia... West Virginia Wisconsin All other states. 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 , 1914 1919 1914 1919; 1919! 1919: 1914 j 1919 i 1914 1919; 1914 1919: 1914; 1,289 15,033 25.966 5.733 14,331 31,366 23,153 113; 42 j 12! 1.118 I 5, 2oS 76.704 63.329 149.319 96..7S2 41,413 17,504 42.087 45,001 366,324 333,819 14.3S2 55 37,964 25, 419 64.716 40,016 164,233 129,946 10,744 64,305 2,302 71; 49 1,394 12 (*) j 130 , 558 5 1 369 38 3 1,883 (2) '18,155 IS,032 510 1 (*) 1,228 271 10 216 (3) 11,176 9,091 1 55 134,514 405,411 111 284 - (2) 1 50; 443 211 133 7,215 1 (5) 5,174 47 95-8 7 7' («) S25 m 2,164 4 38 0) 155 * Includes some semianthracite. 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Number of hides and skins treated.—The statistics for number of hides and skins treated during the census years 1919,1914, and 1909 are given in Table 12. Table 12.—Hides and Skins Treated: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1 BY ESTABLISHMENTS ASSIGNED TO THE' By INDUSTRY "LEATHER, TANNED, CTTE- estab- | RIED AND FINISHED." 1 IjjJ. MATERIAL AND CENSUS YEAH. Aggregate. ! ments ! as- Treated , signed under con- !to oilier tract for ;indus- others. • tries. Hides and skins: Total. j Purchased. 19191 109,166,788 13S, 547,692 146,328,586 169,052,169 137,839,363 145,SSI, 151 123.3245,726 ! 113, .841,03-5 j 116,040,9813 45,725,443 114,619 23,998,328 708,329 29,840,165 ; 447,435 1914... 1909 Hides: 1919 31,808,641 20,867,820 20,516,332 ! 31,787,520 20,434,344 20,263,693 24,478,825 18,598,637 18,360,415 7,308,701 21,115 1,835,707 433,476 1,903,278 | 252,639 1914..... 1909... Skins: 38,416,742; 93,504 22,162,621 i 274,853 27,936,887 i 194,796 1919 137,358.147 117,679,S72 125,812,254 137,264,643 117,405,019 125,617,458 9S, 847,901 95,242,398 97,680,571 1914 1909 1 The number of hides and skins treated in 1919 contains duplications to the extent that the hides and skins treated under contract were those treated by "tan- ners" for other "tanners." Materials—Table 13 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909 the number of establishments represented, the number and cost of hides and skins treated, by kinds, and the cost of other materials used. The figures cover all establishments for which information is avail- able, including establishments assigned to other industries, but which do some tanning, currying, or linishing. The total cost of all materials used can not be given, as the cost of hides and skins treated under contract for others who were not tanners, curriers, or finishers, was not reported. The total cost of materials used in 1919, so far as reported, was 1647,339,238, or 123 per cent more than in 1914, the figures for 1914 showing an increase of 14.3 per cent with respect to 1909. The number of cattle hides treated in 1919 increased by 4,414,874 hides, or 24.8 per cent, as compared with 1914, while their value increased 1153,478,390, or 101.2 per cent. The number of horsehides tanned increased by 1,044,063, or S3.5 percent, while the cost increased $8,917,640, or 220.9 per cent. The number of calf and kip skins tanned in 1919 was 3,173,519, or 19.S per cent, less than in 1914, and 6,841,275, or 34.7 per cent, less than in 1909. The cost of the skins, however, more than doubled during the period from 1914 to 1919. Purchased rough leather used and all other materials both show a large increase over previous censuses. "All other skins" include cabretta, kangaroo, wallaby, deer, elk, pig, hog, colt, ass, and mule skins. "All other raw stock" includes buffalo hides, skivers, fleshers, etc. 500 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.— Materials: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Number of establishments Classified as " Leather, tanned, cur- ried, and finished" Assigned to other industries, but pro-| during leather for use in further manufacture in the same establish- ment Materials, total cost The 1 lasted industry. Establishments assigned to other industries . Hides and skins, aggregate number Hides, total number Cattle- Number Cost Hor?e— Number Cost . Treated for others, number Skins, total number Calf and Inn- Number Cast Goat and kid- Number Cast Sheep and lamb- Number Cost All other skins— Nura ber Cost Treated for others, number All other raw stock, cost Purchased rough leather used, cost Tanning materials: Vegetable, cost Chemicals, cost Fats, oils, and other greases, cost— All other materials, cost 1019 689 $'147,339,23S $046,521,527 $817,711 i 137,358,147 12,894.274 S74,334,355 55,423,830 $82,500,845 22,859,751 S29,541,846 7,758,550 89,370,033 i 38,41''., 742 $8,305,663 $16,626,430 $46,616,202 $20,985,006 $11,342,269 $29,673,785 1914 768 741 $2*9,807,774 S2S4,245,420 $5,562,354 138.547,(192 20, 867,820 17,776,558 $151,609,541 1,2-50,245 $4,036,633 1,841,017 117,679,872 16,067,793 $33,117,713 37,755,867 $23,916,965 40,364,92) $19,339,258 1,328 540 $1,385,701 22, lf.2, 746 12,991,795 $8,651,051 $44,759,117 1909 953 919 34 $253,457,030 $248,278,933 $5,178,097 146,328,586 20,516,332 18,613,054 $121,206,814 h 1,903,278 125,812,254 19,735,549 $31,798,233 48,193,848 $27,928,019 26,148,336 $12,26S, 487 3,797,634 $3,802,491 27,936,887 $12,329,841 $44,063,115 1 This contains duplications to the extent that the hides or skins treated for others were tb^e treated by "tanners" on contract for other "tanners." 2 Not reported separately. Hides and shins, by states.—Table 14 presents, by- states, the statistics for hides and skins. Figures for quantity and cost nro given for 1919, with the quan- tity for 1914 and 1909. Materials in this table do not include the hides and skins treated by tanners, curriers, or finishers for those who were not tanners, curriers, or finishers, nor the hides and skins treated by establishments assigned to other industries. Table 14.—Materials—Hides and Skins, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. MATERIAL AND STATE. Cattle hides, total.. California Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan Missouri New Hampshire. Now Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia 1919 1914 22,184,517 17, 457,591 734,800 2,023,824 194,532 240. OH 180,714 1,034,5:18 1,269.711 160,732 375,882 1,289, 111 2,679,977 604,936 594,193 5,056,843 216,647 688, 246 511,019 892,256 246,008 230,094 207,128 764,636 1,708.952 176. 382 111,831 699,051 2,050, 403 435,527 460,521 4,657,229 164,180 660,526 1909 18,360,415 611,421 663,928 180,485 285,938 181,648 1,251,036 1, 430. 8*5 100,318 0) 771,193 1,639, 167 364,766 514,226 5, 149,826 195,164 626,712 Cost, 1919. $304,994,752 11, 189,410 22,709, 561 2,408, 539 4,425,632 3,449,819 18, 958.933 17, 295,185 2,193,868 3.652.916 20,326,491 29, 5.88, 884 10,579, 192 11,096,508 73,196,302 3, 704,283 12,509,507 1 Included in "All other states." Table 14. -Matetuals—Hides and Sktns, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909—lontinued. MATERIAL AND STATE. Cattle, hides—Continued. West Virginia Wisconsin All other states Calf and kip skins, total.... Illinois Massachusetts New York Wisconsin All other states Goat and kid skins, total... Delaware Massachusetts New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states Sheep and iamb skins, total. California Illinois ---- Massachusetts New Jersey Now York Pennsylvania All other states NUMBER. Cost, 1919. 1919 1914 1909 969,762 2,664,982 598,983 816,240 2,185.178 449,797 1,038,368 2, 471,848 580,186 $15,146,103 34,671,873 7,831,716 12,894,274 16,067,793 19,732,638 74,334,355 1,136,318 4,112,790 2,032,919 3,718,508 1,893, 739 1,885,276 5,630,003 2,060,623 4,650,863 1,841,028 3,008,616 5,439, 226 2,107,584 6,986,673 2,190,539 5,959,289 22,021,470 11,573,365 24,016,327 10, 763,904 55,428,830 37,755, S67 48,077,664 82,500,845 14,147,615 5,739,256 6,152,040 6,778,452 5,137,413 4,910, 279 20,019, 153 910,570 11,121,120 6, 299,952 6,373, 704 22,087,787 10,260,356 27,769,243 1,620,676 23,117,712 1,165,176 8,650,880 38,298,645 3,203,177 22,766,247 40,090,198 26,082,060 29,415,744 991,498 1,005,368 9,006,655 1,110.901 5,951,181 3,092,412 1,608,232 1,577, 740 1,069,914 16,912,063 5,353,064 8,309,020 3,756,551 3, 111, 846 1,328,712 1,562,628 8,730,684 2,645,040 6, 491,352 2,445,024 2,878,620 1,472,823 1,365,676 9,237,327 1,547,826 8,451,396 5,507, 480 1,833,216 Tanning materials, cost, by states.—The expense for tanning materials used, distributed by states, is given in Table 15. The figures are segregated to show the cost of vegetable tanning materials; chemicals, including acids, alkalies, chromates, dyes and dye- stuffs, etc.; and fats, oils, and greases. Table 15.—Tanning Materials—Cost, by States: 1 1919. United States Pennsylvania.. Michigan New York JVassarhusetts.. West \ irginia.. New Tersey Virginia..*. Wis' onsin Ohio Kentue ky California....... Tennessee Illinois Maryland Missouri Kaine Indiana. Georgia New Hampshire. All other states VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS. Totnl cost. S4fl,564,536| 13,5 )3,92.s 5, i '51,696 3,8! 8,366 3,542.046j 2,800,609 2,514,7VO 2,444,"53 2,352,378 1,515,783 1,360,074 1,335,411 84 - , 72 i 744,294 5 5,2121 430,879| 3~4,986 325,5361 260,634 2 3,°33 2,414,9121 Woods, barks, etc. Tanning extracts. Liquid. '12 043,633 .$23,134,710 $11.3C6,]93 2,969,23* 1,618,141 54S 340j 751,913| 498,411 162,073 1,222.4 0| 527,502 177,42 177,S35 1,092,185 343,957 132,00 195,2461 142,874 12% 2931 55,005 211,0 26/>95 1,0 5,625 6,2 4,640 2,395,7361 1,97,\556 1,721,217 1,570,381 2,052,785 1,16s, 727 733,529 1,235,244 983,413 133,448 3X5,382 370,819 121,188 214,217 236,42: 246,6241 55,637] 165,161 1,161,5791 Solid. 4,331,050 1,037,819 1,371,470 1,069,516 731,81 299,922 53,62 1,091,347 103,111 198,826 109.7781 119,387 241,469 24\ 778 79,788 12,266 23,907 12,931 72,677 177,708 Chem- icals.2 Fate, oils, and greases. ^20.985.006 $11,342,269 3,^53,565 902,948 2,746,565 4,171,832 217,831 2,015,646 268,732 2,069,426 505,637 64,966 243,317 26,393 1,791,764 109,895) 27,843] 57,105 43,203 15,309 255,100 1,597,929 1,729,403 932,097 1,516,445 1,740,008 323,571 910,924 170,767 1,060,924 423,805 198,280 499,333 20,543 724,434 75,835 113,318 33,567 141,123 49,867 121,433 556,592 » Not in hiding materials used by ostahl'shmcnts assigned to other industries. 2 Comprise: Acids, $1,835,055: alkalies, S3.460,302; chromates, $3,082,915; dyes and dyestuffs, 85,249,301; and other chemicals, $7,356,473. Tanning materials, by hinds.—Tables 16 and 17 pre- sent detailed statistics for 1919 in regard to quantities and cost of tanning materials by kinds of woods, barks, extracts, etc. LEATHER, TANNED, CURRIED, AND FINISHED. 501 Table 16. -Tanning Materials—Woods, Barks, etc., by Kinds: 1919. Quantity. Woods: Chestnut. Spruce... Barks: Hemlock... Logwood... Mangrove.. Oak Quebracho. Miscellaneous: Bleixied (chestnut-oak) Divi-divi Gambier Myrobalans Sumac Valonia Sulphite cellulose..... Other, including not specified. Cords. 32,526 156 Tons. 2*4,323 955 227.602 2,342 33,si? 4,9*5 lsy 8,3">4 2,328 303 60 9,268 Cost. 1306,681 1,593 4,389,863 110,020 125.7% 4,427, 3 to 252,665 6.y.,4X7 3^1.6 JM 51,034 48^,9*2 203,45-8 22,303 2,400 623,354 Table 17.—Tanning Materials—Extracts, by Kinds: 1919. Total.. Total cost. ■i; Chestnut Oak Blended (chestnut-oak).. Divi-divi Gambier Hemlock Larch Logwood Mangrove Myrobalans — Quebracho Spruce Sumac Valonia Sulphite cellulose Allother $34,520,903 273,635 092,870 210,644 511,794 646,847 874,142 221,544 285,397 266,437 96,000 ,718,399 756,049 386,923 10,021 151,234 018,9671 Pounds. Cost, 619,510,490 $23,134,710 3-88,302,354! 21,231.276j 29,641,087 1,458,381, I 6.54, .562! ! 14,076,694 j 5,677,251 | 526,9251 : 3,060,316; | 716,857, i 78,858,533! I 46,962,837] j 2,203,477 9,427,7771 16,712,163] 13,203,4.54 1,053,426 1,140,165 62,666 75,663 731,635 199,298 59,493 171,688 44,444 4,719,881 683,204] 115,013 147,623| 727,057 Pounds, j Cost, 173.466,585 $11,3*6,193 43,156, 4,798, 1,998, 11,314, 3,467, 12,95S, 298, 1,052, 1,908, 2,256, 80,109, 1,0*98, 4,466, 174. 75, 4,331, 856; 3,070, 39 70, 449, 571, 142, 22, 225, 94j 51, 5,998, 72 271, 10 3 291 181 444 479 128 1.84 507 246 904 749 556 518 845 910 021 611 910 Work done under contract.—Table 18 gives the number of hides and skins, sides and splits, treated under contract in 1919, 1914, and 1909 by establish- ments in the industry. The table carries the esti- mated value of the products after being tanned, cur- ried, or finished, as the case may be. The quantity and cost of the raw stock were reported in each case by the owners, and the amount received for the contract work was reported by the tanners and included in the general statistics for products. Table 18.—Work Done Under Contract—Kind, Quantity, and Value: 1919, 1914, \sd 1909. CLASS OF WORK. Hides tanned: 1919 1914 1909 Skins tanned: 1919 19U 1909 Sides curried or finished: 1919 , 1914 1909 Splits curried or finished: 1919 1914 1909. Skins ourrled or finished: 1919 1911 1909 Number. Estimated value. 172,719 958, 407 203,068 122,453 815,436 323,117 ,271.963 ,801.792 ,971,000 343.K72 005.471 907,659 294,2*9 18S, 4-15 939,052 $56,154, 19,165. 19,365, 37,047, 12,069, 8,909, 77,643. 15.619, 11,777, 5,514, 2, 171. 1,8S0, 47,633, 14,933, 18,197, Products.—Table 19 presents for 1919, 1914, and 1909 comparative statistics for products in detail, inclusive of production reported by establishments assigned to other industries but producing leather for use in further manufacture in the same establishment. The increase in total value of products in 1919, with respect to 1914, was 148.3 per cent and in the value of the leather, which amounted to $849,356,028 in 1919, 143.4 per cent, the abnormal increase being due to the higher price of hides and skins, materials, and labor expense. Table 19.—Products: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 763 887 901 942 273 512 146 184 449 177 692 537 938 416 438 1919 1914 1909 Products, total value i $929,785,619 ^$374,512,936 j»$334,105,561 The classified industry, value! j j of all products \ $928,591,701 I $367,201,705 ! $327,874,187 Establish me ts assigned to i j i othor industries, value of ] I j leather products .....j $1,193,918; $7,311,231 j $6,231,374 Leather, value. Sole- Sides Value Hemlock- Sides.. Value .' Oak- Sides Value Union- Sides Value Chrome— Sides Value Belting- Butts Value Harness- Sides - Value Case, bag, and strap— Sides — - Value.... Upholstery leather (automobile, furniture, and carriage)— Whole hide grains— Number Value Whole hide splits- Number Value. Upper leather (other than patent)— Cattle- Sides Value, Horse- Sides Value Skins- Number Value Patent (other than upholstery)— Sidos Value Skins Value - Glove- Skins Value Sidos Value - Finished splits (not elsewhere speci- fled), value • Sold in the rough, value All other, valueJ All other products, value Amount received for tanning, currying, or rMshing for others, value $-849,356,028 ;i $348,956,872 ji $312,571,826 19,715,821 $218,829,831 1,731,545 $16,179,564 ,i 10,086,228 $117,522,076 j 7,314,834; $79,917,866 j 5S3.214! $5,210,325 I 1,503,467 j $33,34S,522 j 1,720,764 | $24,217,646 j 1. 225,577! $11,880,766 j 934,943! $18,277,694 | 1.511,128! $13,996,142 16,693.073 $120,897,283 1,720,507 1 $10,561,999 j 79,663,981 j $266,547,194 2,71R, 980 $23,447, 1 1 18,097,665 I $116,347,196 i 5,626,696 i $31,007,435; 5,275.936! $38,432,618 6,5SS,799 $42,457,755 17, 857,708 $88,481,147 7,970,200 $32,283,692 3,850,595 $26,178,886 5,756,227 $28,375,815 . t'50 , $3, 17 5,890,398' $11,537,821 j 5,369,969' $3,893,024 j $16,461,933' $3,712,687 j $63,566,689 I $51,799,637 606.234 $4,449,388 280,686 $1,642,754 973,591 $12,876,554 817,838 $10,647,078 2,943,720 $21,745,808 3,968,703 $24,930,284 1,004,5*1 $5,383,255 <■) 654,053 $8,172,698 (f) 1 1,398,842 f $14,266,742 1,104.561 $6,155,660 8,257,645 $33,003,690 8,053.357 $24,661,614 490.068 $1,615,0S4 (*) (') 66,268,840 $S3,0*39,160 (•) (*) 2. 827,031 $9.5 4. ! 10 4.^71. .Vr pickled Tanned, but unfinished (im- ported) Sheep and lamb skins— Dry Green or pickled Cahreita skins Kangaroo and wallaby skins Deer and elk skins Pic and hog skins Skivers, pie* es Fleshers, pieces Other ra'.v stock- Currying (purchased rough leather used during the year) Rough leather Rough grains (split leather) Rough solits, whole sides Butt splits All other rough leather ! Number 4,041,999 Number j IS.142,518 ! Number j 370,37* 376 552 1 Number 890,295 i Number 657,083 \ 2,914,997 Number. ! 9,979,277 j Number. . . ! 51,102,705 ! Number 3,027,923 j Number | 1,298,201 | Number 4,200.257 ! Number, . '18.5Atf,990 | Number. ., 5.404.613 Nam her i 900.445 853, m Number 544. 409 j Number. 2,709, S64 Number 1.SG7.94S Sides.. Sides.. Sides.. Butts. 4S7,676 582,191 1.015,953 112,053 Vegetable materials used for tanning or finishing, total Chemicals, total Acids. Alkalies Chromates Dyes and dyestnffs Other chemicals Fats, oils, and greases All other materials, including fuel and rent of power PSODUCT3. Total value Rough leather, for sale in the rough Rough grains (split leather), for sale in the roush Roufch snlits, for sale in the rough: Whole side splits Butt splits Sole leather: Hemlock Equivalent sides. Equivalent sides. Sides Butts Equivalent! sides.! Equivalent! sides.! Equivalent- Chrome I Equivalent ! sides. Oflal I Pounds Union. Oak... 206,379 95,52S 1,050,908 172,3S5 1,731,545 7,314, S34 10,086,228 5S3,214 24,996,770 Cost. 5645,521,527 521,789,592 36,539,0S3 26S, 455,669 1,24% 953 3,947.094 2,90S,793 4,$49,433 13,666,577 60,667, 778 75.474,553 4, $86,705 2,139,577 6.315,200 23,100.544 6,905 1, OH, 230 1.131.147 '6S9,939 3,0*5,100 S73,257 4,522,015 16,136.339 4', 030,003 2,321,140 1,S6S,757 451.504 7,49i;§35 46,564.536 20,9S5.006 1, S3-5.955 3,460.302 3,0*2.915 5,249.361 7,356.473 11,342,269 29,673,785 928,591,701 1,592,145 1,370,595 250, S49 16,179,564 79,917, S66 117,522,076 5,210,325 8,979,905 504 MAmJFACTURES. Table 21. -Detailed Statement op Materials and Products: 1919—Continued. products—continued. Belting leather: Oak Chrome Offal Saddlery leather. Skirting and collar leather Harness leather: Hemlock Union 1 Oak Latigo leather Case^ "bag, and strap leather Lace leather Welting leather Upholstery leather (auto, furniture, and carriage): Whole-hide grains Whole-hide splits Upper leather (other than patent): Cattle- Chrome Combination (chrome and vegetable tannage) Vegetable Horse Calf and Mp Goat and kid Sheep and lamb Cabretta Other upper leather, not elsewhere specified Patent leather (other than upholstery): Cattle Horse Calf and kip ■ Goat and kid All other Glove leather: Cattle (grains) Cattle (splits) Horse Calf and kip Pig and hog Goat and kid Sheep and lamb Deer and elk Other glove leather, not elsewhere specified Fancy and bookbinders' leather: Whole hide Calf and kip Goat and kid Sheep and lamb Seal, alligator, pig and hog Other fancy leather, not elsewhere specified" Finished splits, not elsewhere specified: Cattle- Whole sides Butts Horse- Butts Fronts Skivers Fleshers Roller and chamois leather Shearlings Unit of measure. Butts Butts Pounds Equivalent sides. Equivalent sides. Sides.. Sides.. Sides- Sides.. Sides.. Sides.. Sides.. Hides . Hides. Sides.. Sides.. Sides.. Sides.. Skins. Skins. Skins. Skins. Sides.. Sides.. Skins. Skins. Sides.. Sides.. Sides.. Skins. Skins. Skins. Skins. Skins. Hides. Skins. Skins. Skins. Skins. Sides.. Butts.. Butts.. Fronts. Pieces.. Pieces.. Skins.. Skins.. Quantity. 1,431,010 52,060 14,734,854 102,594 581,410 423,389 378,051 915,714 20,631 1,225,577 491,077 206,699 933,921 1,507,741 14,675,166 1,069,152 948,755 1,720,507 11,697,427 51,508,673 10,039,005 5,197,446 2,563,603 152,873 44,951 729,963 43,169 4,357,984 968,816 5,530 217,122 123,397 4,972,351 324,273 327,390 276,935 336,037 1,754,751 125,968 9,923,150 875,208 485,274 599,319 6,847,119 5,968,230 2,092,904 544,440 Value. 831,615,932 1,161,062 4,498,674 986,012 5,998,656 5,448,733 5,160,140 13,562,174 219,757 11,880,766 2,532,074 1,929,846 18,262,372 13,962,272 106,152,033 8,017,702 6,727,548 10,561,999 92,600,678 143,509,682 16,499,703 10,584,907 4,580,909 21,379,305 2,062,802 568,919 2,286,858 529,199 312,298 3,566,702 5,014,024 27,323 334,137 297,003 9,179,619 1,027,511 1,264,347 2,467,486 1,888,245 985,949 3,141,227 668,070 287,157 12,671,088 1,028,410 2,509,036 251,131 9,374,475 2,160,873 3,012,344 1,338,838 Table 21.- 1 Includes ''chrome" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. -Detailed Statement of Materials and Products: 1919—Continued. products—continued. Textile leather Pig and hog leather, not elsewhere specified Hat sweats AU other leather Miscellaneous by-products: Wool Hair (equivalent washed and dried) Glue stock Fertilizer materials All other products and by-products. Amount charged for tanning, currying, or finishing for others Establishments assigned to other indus- tries but producing leather for use in further manufacture. Total cost.. Tanning (raw stock used during year): Cattle hides (all kinds)— Dry (12 pounds and over) , Green or green salted (25 pounds and over) Sheep and lamb skins- Dry Green or pickled Skivers, pieces Other raw stock Currying (purchased rough leather used during the year): Rough splits, whole sides All other rough leather Vegetable materials used for tanning or finishing, total PRODUCTS. Total value. Sole leather, offal Belting leather, oak. Saddlery leather Skirting and collar leather. Harness leather, union Latigo leather Lace leather Upholstery leather (auto, furniture, and carriage): Whole-hide grains. Whole-hide splits Patent leather (other than upholstery), cattle Glove leather, sheep and lamb Finished splits, not elsewhere specified, cattle, whole side Hat sweats Miscellaneous by-products: Hair Glue stock Amount charged for tanning, currying, and finishing for others Unit of measure. Sides.. Skins. Skins. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Number.. Number.. Number.. Number.. Number.. Sides.. Pounds Butts Equivalent sides. Equivalen sides. Sides Sides Sides Hides. Hides. Sides.. Skins. Sides.. Skins. Pounds. Pounds. I Quantity.! Value. 263,060! 333,763 1,351,528 7,392,440 86,452,155 366,798,412 31,209,841 2,953 3,962 36,000 57,504 14,500 309,729 20,397 990 3,610 2,560 4,480 1,022 3,387 .504 3,504 756 101,000 39,050 623,274 $666,762 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 22 gives comparative statistics for the principal items: Number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 23 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. LEATHER, TANNED, CURRIED, AND FINISHED. 505 Table 22.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse power. Expressed in thousands. . United States 1919 1914 1909 680 741 919 72,476 55,936 62,202 218,238 172,712 148,140 $88,205 31,914 32,103 $646,522 284,245 248,279 S928,592 367,202 327,874 I California 1919 21 1,453 5,714 1,897 16,472 21,416 1914 29 1,361 3,676 1,007 7,858 10,021 1909 40 1,398 3,534 9R8 7,039 9,367 Connecticut 1919 7 168 510 189 1,060 1,569 1914 7 185 340 100 636 906 1909 8 150 356 95 805 1,047 Delaware 1919 18 4,251 7,977 5,812 28,341 50,138 1914 20 2,382 5,1&3 1,187 6,474 9,183 1909 16 3,045 4,417 1,367 8,147 12,079 1919 29 4,434 14,626 5,247 42,652 60,324 1914 28 2,678 7,920 1.538 13,917 17,509 1909 29 3,001 6,769 1,582 12,131 14,912 Indiana 1919 9 396 1.206 343 3,455 4,730 1914 10 434 1,127 226 2,326 2,928 1909 10 398 1,028 205 1,713 2,311 Kentucky 1919 10 661 2,478 670 5,791 8,748 1914 11 600 2,276 329 3,242 4,199 1909 18 630 2,669 308 3,224 4,241 Maine 1919 9 306 1,746 299 2,675 3,359 1914 10 358 1,995 182 2,061 2,419 1909 17 436 1,467 208 1,452 1,905 Maryland 1919 7 517 1,630 479 4,357 6,263 1914 10 440 1,458 229 2,629 3,4S5 1909 13 466 1,321 211 2,114 2,661 Massachusetts 1919 131 15,180 34,159 19,211 82,017 129,595 1914 126 10,164 26,534 5,918 33,194 45,265 1909 132 10,252 19,231 5,444 28,766 40,002 Michigan 1919 28 ; 3,464 12,243 4,163 32,452 45,801 1914 23 2,773 6,787 1,739 20,982 25,504 1909 24 2,291 6,719 1,133 12,121 15,331 Missouri 1919 7 265 948 296 2,946 3,770 1914 10 227 700 156 2,042 2,573 1909 9 220 519 146 1,599 2,035 Nam-1 Wage ~ y^TZf earners Cen Wok!I (ver- sus ■ estab- v a ^rJ Ush , ^ ;memH ber). Primary \ horse j power. ! Wages. Cost of i Value of mate- | prod- rials. | ucts. 'Expressed in thousands. New Hampshire \ 1919 | 1914 ■: ! 1909 | New Jersey !1919 \ i 1914! j 1909' New York !1919 j ; 1914 I I 1909 | North Carolina \ 1919 j 1 1914 i ! 1909; Ohio i 1919: '1914; : 1909 i Oregon 1919 , ! 1914 1 ; 1909; Pennsylvania , 1919 i 1914 | 1909! Virginia :1919 : 1914 ; 1909' West Virginia 1919 j i 1914 , ; 1909! \ Wisconsin i 1919 • : 1909' All other states j 1919' I 1914 j : 1909 73 l 84 i 94 I 98; 109; ii! 39 1 24 | 28 i 36 | 5! 5 I 709 1 452: 264 j 5,499 j 5,108: 5,560: 7,056; 5,360 i 5.6S8; 1,385! S77 j 832 | 1,565: 1,605 j 1,884 j 39 1 34; 49 i 21 1,666 i 21 I 1,205 39 1,590 j 17 IS 20 27 32 35 31 67 1,520 1,072 1,571 6.825 5,S69 7,548 1,368 764 921 4,750 j 3,174 j 890; 13,239 | 12,306! 9.243 j 20,134; 20,039 j 14,265 j 6,916! 2,806; 2,672 j 5,063 I 4,450 j 4.244 I 203 163 224 92 13,749 , 42,901 120 I 11,9*8! 39,964 163 ! 14,008 37,440 5,341 3.64$ 4,223 5,510 4,887 5,305 24,808 20,142 17,112 6,076 3,157 4,492 263 114 7,297 3,260 3,473 8,420 2,955 2,912 1,096 355 290 2,172 1,054 1,0.83 49 20 34 17,252 6,492 6,801 1,573 525 589 2,251 1,169 $7,309 2, .864 1,581 52,587! 78,012 22,081 I 3.1,652 20.198 28,431 70,487 27,912 20,941 j 14,281' 5,545 j 4,156 18,818 8,506 7,720 ■ 236! 148 181! 98,095 36, .018 27,642 17,849 7,182 5,415 25,008 11,628 10,128 315 188 244 146,405 I 211,3S9 68,309 j 85,253 59,113! 77,926 16,216 8,218 6,445 1,742! 19,079 615 j 8,695 10,333 69,506 33,053 34,829 8,011 3,404 3,9SS 1,233 1 10,723 360 j 4,166 357; 4,033 21,591 9,834 S,267 23,827 11,015 12,451 94,762 42,204 44,668 14,722 5.372 5,230 506 MANUFACTURES. Table 23.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States, California Connecticut , Delaware.. Georgia 1 Illinois Indiana , Kentucky Maine Maryland , Massachusetts Michigan , Missouri , New Hampshire... New Jersey Now York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania , Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin All other states1... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 680 10 9 7 131 28 7 7 73 94 11 24 5 92 10 3 21 17 25 19 PERSONS EN QAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 79,292 1,630 195 4,458 321 4,801 442 727 337 674 16,877 3,748 331 830 6,012 7,723 1,474 1,738 46 14,745 656 27 1,875 1,617 7,609 499 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-1 bors. Sala- ried offi- cers, jsuper- in- tend- ents, and man- agers.! Clerks, etc. Male. |2,858 [2,267 1,293 Fe- male, Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 72,476 76 19 78 13 150 28 39 21 31 634 158 17 46 277 258 3 452 18 5 57 39 291 23 55 5 137 18 3 15 530 81 41 35 132 210 25 44 334 12 1 114 33 352 55 7 8 5 6 441 44 6 40 73 119 13 32 153 12 1 32 17 127 11 1,453 168 4,251 301 4,434 396 661 306 517 15,180 3,464 265 709 5,499 7,056 1,385 1,565 39 13,749 608 18 1,666 1,520 6,825 441 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 79,010 Au 1,506 De 229 Se 5,566 Au 327 No 4,694 Au De Se 414 701 374 581 De 17,379 Au 3,622 De 303 De 968 Se 5,920 De 8,025 Ja 1,451 Oc 1,791 Ja 40 De 14,787 Au 655 De 38 Au 1,819 Jy 1,579 Mh 6,946 Minimum month. Fe 65,515 My Fe Fe De Ja 1,401 114 2,390 290 4,144 358 628 270 405 No My Ja Jy 13,241 Ja Ja Mh Ja Fe 3,302 235 582 4,856 5,980 No 1,322 Ja 1,363 No 37 Ja 12,287 Ja 563 Fe Ja De Je 1,494 1,426 6,676 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 79,205 1,509 224 5,521 290 4,617 388 654 376 566 17,378 3, 528 303 968 5,907 8,033 1,340 1,733 38 14,772 578 38 1,729 1,433 6,814 468 16 and over. Male. 72,257 1,460 207 3,914 268 4,046 386 652 363 563 15,759 3,356 300 906 5,279 7,687 1,340 1,702 38 13,646 564 31 1,718 1,431 6,212 429 Fe- male. 6,507 Under 16. Male' Fe- male! 330 111 46 13 1,533 22 536 2 2 13 3 1,440 172 3 61 624 330 1,040 14 7 10 2 565 38 13 147 32 $671,341,553 Capital. 15,904,030 1,106,864 34,982,894 774,793 38,069,464 4,786,639 7,011,821 2,507,111 5,547,285 92,548,853 32,886,376 4,498,610 4,188,458 55,771,911 67,523,416 12,301,050 26,995,409 242,998 146,280,214 4,891,775 92,226 19,971,296 18,947,995 69,779,705 3,730,360 Salaries and wagei. Officials. $14,382,409 331,557 87,390 661,007 79,912 1,082,667 120,402 157,195 65.JS33 187,700 2,779,770 626,698 68,440 100,755 1,681,744 1,540,610 206,729 342,072 5,400 2,423,118 64,221 8,940 249,902 121,284 1,297,005 92,058 Clerki, etc. $5,796,563 204,539 9,248 198,861 0,793 419,945 26,587 42,538 6,379 32,650 1,117,085 302,105 38,897 89,371 424,921 578,658 64.852 139,647 756,998 41,070 1,425 275,647 90,170 902,357 22,820 United States,. California Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio...... Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee. Texas Virginia West Virginia..... Wisconsin All other states 1.. expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Continued. Wage earners. $88,205,473 $2,337,011 1,896,537 189,386 5,811,722 235,805 5,246,980 343,075 669,593 299,152 479,115 19,211,106 4,162,546 296,198 754,295 7,296,535 8,419,516 1,096,246 2,171,888 49,177 17,252,410 4.89,952 18,464 1,573,237 1,741,717 8,011,138 For contract work. $733,403 2,052 6,425 9,600 10,587 411,113 30,248 8,052 78 1,800 1,142,633 316,402 308 449,744 158,434 1,270 2,605 1,300 166,436 81,598 41,191 73,814 49,338 1,959 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $26,497,983 4,005 72,733 300 240 3,000 9,676 18,478 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $636,698,271 411,555 13,856 4,491,848 42,963 1,233,875 102,367 160,296 22,392 112,116 3,692,229 1,916,156 144,888 89,361 1,333,730 3,001,263 130,010 650,846 1,005 4,328,934 182,202 94 360,371 2SS,430 3,794,719 92,477 For materials. Principal materials. i$9,S23,256 16,250,563 1,039,740 28,105,589 2,396,483 42,139,911 3,410,089 5,686,435 2,576,482 4,282,995 80,083,207 31,685,075 2,890,087 5,849,472 51,835,463 69,573,640 14,043,567 18,624,763 231,861 144,433,316 4,945,012 57,608 16,030,069 18,809,116 68,589,370 3,128,358 Fuel and rent of power. 221,132 20,404 235,222 32,927 512,322 45,209 104,281 98,137 73,446 1,934,048 766,723 55,880 116,953 751,058 913,349 237,357 193,028 4,451 1,972,061 82,603 1,020 185,965 269,947 916,658 79,075 $928,591,701 Value of products. $232,070,174 21,416,302 1,568,963 50,138,251 3,242,494 60,323,659 4,729,538 8,747,872 3,358,638 6,263,468 129,594,962 45,800,786 3,769,580 7,309,472 78,012,101 | 98,094,503 17,848,526 25,008,070 314,567 1211,389,349 6,709,970 90,297 21,590,902 23,827,131 94,762,230 4,680,070 Value added by manufac- ture. 4,944,607 508,819 21,797,440 813,084 17,671,426 1,274,240 2,957,156 684,019 1,907,027 47,577,707 13,348,988 823,613 1,343,047 25,425,580 27,607,514 3,567,602 6,190,279 78,255 64,983,972 1,682,355 31,669 5,374,868 4,748,068 25,256,202 1,472,637 218,238 Primary horsepower. Total. 5,714 510 7,977 1,077 14,626 1,206 2,478 1,746 1,630 34,159 12,2-13 948 4,750 13,239 20,134 6,916 5,063 203 42,961 2,877 127 5,341 5,510 24,808 1,995 Steam engines| (not tur- bines). (124,891 Owned. 1,828 300 4,528 275 8,494 425 1,057 1,540 1,024 15,165 8,278 420 835 6,235 9,426 3,920 2,612 16 34,681 1,860 Steam tur- bines. 25,909 6,438 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 2,029 50 "l50' 4,104 4,970 11,762 1,136 30 5,404 520 283 3,465 75 667 550 135 11,650 40 30 1,110 752 170 3,578 490 ..... Water | pow- er.' 30 60 362 200 404 425 435 100 10 Rent- ed.* 58,971 3,836 150 3,299 802 3,242 781 1,306 146 606 13,028 2,335 528 3,715 6,721 6,087 2,488 1,614 187 3,717 917 119 1,092 50 1,396 809 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 85,441 364 492 "9," 396 140 577 814 175 11,147 6,549 1 4,493 11,489 1,140 1,972 13,178 318 1,883 1,839 18,149 1,325 1 All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Colorado, 1; Louisiana, 1; Minnesota, 6; North Dakota, 2; Rhode Island, 2; South Dakota, 1; Vermont. 2; Washington, 2; and Wyoming, 1. 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). »Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power Included (.chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants), BOOTS AND SHOES. GENERAL £ General character of the industry.—This industry includes the manufacture of boots, shoes, sandals, slippers, moccasins, leggings, overgaiters, and allied footwear, chiefly of leather, though it is inclusive of canvas and other textile fabrics. It includes estab- lishments doing such special work as crimping, stitch- ing, buttonhole making, and also those doing contract work on materials furnished by the boot and shoe trade. Establishments making rubber boots, shoes, and sandals are not included. In 1919 there were 1,449 establishments in the industry, and the value of products amounted to $1,155,041,436, and in addition there were 9 estab- lishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufac- ture which reported products within the scope of the industry to the value of §894,201. Comparison with earlier censuses.—Table 24 shows the principal statistics for the industry for 1919 and for each census year since 1879. A comparison of the figures for 1919 with those for 1914, though show- ing large increases in financial items, due to industrial conditions since the World War, show small gains in quantity production and in number of wage earners employed. The decrease in number of proprietors and firm members, the only item showing a decrease, was probably due to the incorporation of small establishments. Specialization in the industry.—Table 25 presents the principal statistics for establishments grouped according to class of work. The regular factories formed 92.3 per cent of the total number, employed 99 per cent of the wage earners, and the value of their products constituted 99.2 per cent of the aggregate value. The number of establishments doing contract work or special kinds of work is greatly decreasing. The establishments doing contract work only were in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Ohio and those doing special kinds of work were in Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania. Establishments in the class "overgaiters, moccasins, and leggings/' also reported sandals, lumbermen's and miners' boots, and other footwear not entirely of leather. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 26 presents the statistics relating to number of estab- lishments, wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products. The 11 states having highest rank held respectively the same rank in 1914. Though the proportion of the total value of products reported by j Massachusetts was less in 1919 than formerly, the actual increase over 1914 amounted to 120.6 per cent. The increase for New York was 183.1 per cent, and for Missouri 170.9 per cent. The combined products of three New England states—Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire— represented 48.9 per cent of the total for the United States. These states, and New York and Pennsyl- vania, the important Middle Atlantic boot-and-shoe states, together represented 71 per cent of the total. Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri, the leading boot-and-shoe states in the Middle West, reported 22.9 per cent of the total value of products. Summary for leading cities.—Table 27 gives the statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 for the 14 ranking cities, according to value of products in 1919. New York advanced from fifth place in 1909 to fourth in 1914 and to second place in 1919. Brockton, Lynn, Haver- hill, and Boston represented in 1919, as in 1914, one- fifth of the total value of products for all establish- ments in the industry. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners, as presented in Table 28, is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Statistics for states will be found in Table 45. Wage earners, by months.—Table 29 gives the total number of wage earners by months and the number of females so employed for states having an average of 500 wage earners or more. These figures reflect the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, during the year. The fluctuation in employment during 1919 did not differ materially from 1914. For the six lead- ing states in the industry, each employing more than 10,000 wage earners, the variation ranged from 90.2 per cent, minimum of maximum, in Pennsylvania, to 81.6 per cent in New Hampshire. The greatest difference in number employed in any state during the year was in Indiana, the minimum number being 50.9 per cent of the maximum number. The pro- ! portion of females employed in the six leading states I ranged from 30.9 per cent of the state total in New ■ York to 42.9 per cent in Missouri. Kentucky showed ; the largest percentage for females, 55.6 per cent. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 30 shows that only ! three-tenths of 1 per cent of the wage earners in 1909 ; were employed in establishments where the prevailing ! hours of labor were 48 per week or less. In 1914 this I percentage was 2.6 but in 1919 it was 62.8 per cent, i On the other hand, 15.6 per cent of all wage earners (507) 508 MANUFACTURES. in 1909 were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or more. This dropped to 3 per cent in 1914, and in 1919 only four- tenths of 1 per cent were in this group. For Massa- chusetts and New York, the leading states in the in- dustry, the wage earners in establishments having working hours of 48 or less per week formed 85.8 per cent and 84.3 per cent of the respective totals in 1919, compared with 1.4 per cent and 1,2 per cent, respec- tively, in 1914. In Missouri, the next state in im- portance, 55.9 per cent of the wage earners worked these hours in 1919 compared with eight-tenths of 1 per cent in 1914. In Ohio 87.3 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments reporting working hours per week "Between 48 and 54." Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry contains a considerable num- ber of large establishments, and, as a whole, averaged 146 wage earners per establishment in 1919 compared with 141 in 1914 and 138 in 1909. In 1919 there were 87 estabhshments that employed over 500 wage earn- ers, these establishments constituting 6 per cent of the total number with 39.1 per cent of all wage earners. In 1914 the establishments of this class, those with over 500 wage earners, represented 6.3 per cent of the establishments and 39.7 per cent of the wage earners, and in 1909, 5.8 per cent of the establishments and 36.3 per cent of the wage earners. The statistics therefore, as presented in Table 31, do not show a marked change in size, based upon number of wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—In Table 32 the grouping by value of products reflects general increases in values. The average value of products per establishment increased from 1330,000 in 1909 to $370,000 in 1914 and to §797,000 in 1919, the increase from 1914 to 1919 being essentially due to high prices, for on a quantity-production basis and on an employee basis the growth was relatively small. This condition accounts for the changes from lower to higher groups when classified according to value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 33 shows a classi- fication of the establishments according to owner- ship. In 1919 and 1914 a majority of the establish- ments were incorporated, 62 per cent and 50.6 per cent, respectively, in 1909 but 45.4 per cent. The average value of products per establis]mient in 1919 was SI, 134,000 for the "Corporations" group, $174,000 for "Individuals'' and $359,000 for "All others," most of the latter being firms. In 1914 the figures were $575,000, $73,000, and $280,000, respectively. The average number of wage earners per establishment in 1919 was 205 for corporations, 35 for individuals, and 69 for the "All others" group. In Massachusetts, 57.6 per cent of the establish- ments were corporations; and in New York 50 per cent. Maine, another important Eastern state, re- ported 33 of the 39 establishments, or 84.6 per cent, as incorporated. In Missouri practically all were cor- porations. Ohio reported 83.3 per cent corporations, Wisconsin, 79 per cent, and Illinois, 72.5 per cent. Power used.—Table 34 shows that primary power reported by the establishments increased 20.4 per cent in horsepower rating between 1914 and 1919. Owned power decreased 7.5 per cent, but rented power in- creased 71.8 per cent, mostly electric power. A large proportion of the power is utilized as electric, either current purchased or generated by the establishment. In 1909 electric power in the aggregate was equal to 34 per cent of the total primary power; in 1914, 54 per cent; and in 1919, 69.5 per cent. Fuel used.—Table 35 shows the consumption of fuel, by kinds and states. Figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas. Table 24.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and Arm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost ol materials Value of products Value added by manufacture » Number of pairs of boots and shoes, all kinds 1919 1,449 237,107 883 25,175 211,049 120,632 $580,625,075 $268,859,576 $58,124,966 $210,734,610 SI, 930,544 $25,100,589 $715,269,315 $1,155,041,43f< $439,772,121 331,224,62* 1914 1909 1,355| 1,343 210,348 200,847 1,090 1,218 17,703 14,513 191,555 185,116 109,232! 85,896 $254,590,832|$197,090,344 $128,623,475 $109,646,165 122,928,071 $17,287,013 $105,695,404 $92,359,152 $1,500,381 $1,811,70? $3,571,773 $2,436,14- '310,356,586'$277,467,74.7 tfOl, 760,4581442,630,72 5191,403,872 $165,162,9& 292,666,468| 285,017,18 1904 1,316 160,159 1,424 8,811 149,924 56,220 $122,526,093 $77,766,362 $8,706, 682 §69,059,680 $1,471,980 1 $1,573,585 197,363,495 320, K'7,4581 122,743,963 242,110,03,* 1899 1,599] (3) (2) 7,779 141,830 49,444 $99,819,233 $66,110,832 $7,669,949 $58,440,883 $1,751,948 < $1,380,615 ^168,632,654 §258,969,580 $90,336,926 217,965,419 1889 1879 PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1909- 190i~ 1899- 1889 1879- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 2,082 1,959 6.9 0.9 2.1 -17.7 -23.2 6.3 (3) (3) 12.7 4.7 25.4 5.6 l3) -19.0 -10.5 -14.6 w 42.2 22.0 64.7 13.3 133,690 111,152 10.2 3,5 23.5 5.7 (■) (3) 30,686 11,574 20.4 16.7 52.8 13.7 61.1 165.1 $95,282,31! $42,994,028 128.1 29.2 60.9 22.7 4.8 121.6 $66,375,076 $43,001,438 109.0 17.3 41.0 17.6 -0.4 54.4 (a) 153.5 32.6 98.5 13.5 (*.) (3) 09.4 14.4 33.7 18.2 (3) (*) 28.7 -17.2 23.1 -16.0 (») (8) 604.4 46.6 $118,785,831 $102,442,442 130. 5 11.9 40.6 17.0 42.0 18.0 $220,649,358 $166,050,354 130.2 13.4 38.3 23.6 17.4 32.9 $101,803,527 $63,607,912 129.8 15.9 34.6 35.9 -11.3 60.1 179,409,388 125,478,511 13.2 2.7 17.7 11.1 21.5 43.0 1 A minus sign (- ) denotes decrease. * Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. BOOTS AND SHOES. 509 Table 25.—PRINCIPAL STATISTICS FOR THE INDUSTRY, BY CLASSES OF ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average number). Value added by Census year. Capital. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. — manufacture. Total..... 1919 1,449 211,049 $580,625,075 $210,734,610 $715,269,315 $1,155,041,436 $439,772,121 1914 1,355 191,555 254,590,832 105,695,404 310,356,586 501,760,458 191,403,872 Establishments engaged in- Regular factory production 1909 1,343 185,116 197,090,344 92,359,152 277,467,743 442,630,726 165,162,983 1919 1,337 2^8,854 575,994,289 208,787,565 710,607,817 1,146,137,272 435,529,455 1914 1,248 189,774 253,116,682 104,8.56, S29 309,240,548 499,144,745 189,904,197 1909 1,228 182,642 195,034,177 91,284,239 275,298,510 438,443,370 163,144,860 Contract work 1919 17 266 125,981 266,094 43,985 392,215 348,230 1914 18 364 52,711 209,128 64,538 3,54,945 290,407 1909 23 382 239,337 231,211 391,519 778,922 387,403 Stitching 1919 19 351 121,839 273,082 83,100 457,807 374,707 1914 24 571 92f608 262;826 48,405 3.82,209 333,804 1909 30 S66 107,682 363,692 59,988 530,164 470,176 1919 3 3 4.-563 3,560 188 10,658 10,470 1914 4 6 9^218 3,732 203 9,732 9,529 1909 5 10 8,272 6,495 716 17,384 16,668 1919 3 7 2,1.50 6,99S 3,681 14,896 11,215 1914 8 50 16,229 24,460 5,616 50,540 44.924 1909 4 34 5,547 15,943 4,921 30,456 25', 535 Making overgaiters, moccasins, and leggings 1919 70 1,568 4,376, 253 1,397,311 4,530,544 8,028,588 3,498,044 1914 53 790 1,303,384 338,429 997,276 1,818,287 821.011 1909 53 1,182 1,095,329 457,872 1,712,089 2,830,430 1,118,341 Table 26.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number of estab- lishments. WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. i VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. STATE. Average number. Per cent distribu- tion. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. j Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. Rank. Rank. United States 1,449 211,049 100.0 $1,155,041 100.0 ; $439,772 100.0 Massachusetts 493 80,166 38.0 1 442,466 38.3 1 ! 173,115 39.4 1 New York 340 34,710 16.4 2 190,476 16.5 2 82,312 18.7 2 54 17,458 8.3 3 109,193 9.5 3 ! 32,268 7.3 3 New Hampshire -9 52 12,336 5.9 6: 73,871 6.4 4 ! 22,815 5.2 6 Ohio 60 14,092 6.7 4; 71,355 6.2 5 30,552 6.9 4 Pennsylvania 12S 13,317 6.3 5 65,412 5.7 6 ! 24,440 5.6 5 Maine 39 9,919 4.7 7 48,059 4.2 7 17,840 4.1 7 Wisconsin... 62 7.59S 3.6 9 i 44,374 3.S 8 j 16,672 3.8 8 Illinois 51 7,684 3.6 8 1 39,402 3.4 9 ! 14,184 3.2 9 New Jersey 34 2,835 1.3 10 j 12,864 1.1 10 5,053 LI 10 Minnesota. 16 2,153 1.0 11 12,645 LI 11 ! 4,902 LI 11 Michigan 15 1,120 0.5 13 6,046 0.5 13 ! 1,862 0.4 13 Maryland 13 986 0.5 15 4,662 0.4 14 i 1,555 0.4 15 Connecticut 8 995 0.5 14 3,765 0.3 15 '1,585 0.4 14 Kentucky 7 630 0.3 17 3,574 0.3 16 ! 1,475 0.3 16 California 14 616 0.3 19 3,247 0.3 17 1 1,27* 6,2*2,520 8'212,087 fa Rank. 2 5 1 3 4 8 7 6 12 10 13 11 1 Figures not published for the censuses of 1914 and 1909. 1 Figures not available. 510 MANUFACTURES. Table 28.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Male. Fe- male. 8,494 7,780 0,428 9,064 5,840 4,625 130,610 123,680 119,503 80,439 67,875 65,613 126,561 121,73S 115,119 77,785 66,238 62,381 4,049 1,942 4,384 2,654 1,637 3,232 All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Saperintendents and managers. Cen-, sus j year, i Fe- 'PER CENT 1 OF TOTAL. Total. Male. male. Fe- male. 1919 \ 1914 . 1909 i 147,065 ! 136,388 ! 130,398 Male. 237,107 210,348 200,847 90,042 73,960 70,449 i 62.0 • 64.8 i 64.9 38.0 35.2 35.1 1919: 1914' 1909 • 8,500 5,173 4,678 i 7,961 i 4,928 j 4,467 539 245 211 j 93.7 i 95.3 : 95.5 6.3 4.7 4.5 1919 1 1914 1 1909 8S3 1,090 1,218 836 1,051 | 1,165 47 39 53 ; 94.7 96.4 j 95.6 5.3 3.6 4.4 1919 1 1914 1 1909; 1,747 1,020 890 1,704 43 20 15 97.5 i 98.0 | 98.3 2.5 2.0 1.7 ! 1,000 875 1919 , 5,870 3,063 2,570 ! 5,421 '2,877 j 2,427 449 1S6 143 92.4 1 93.9 ! 94.4 7.6 6.1 5.6 1914: 1909; i Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners (average number).. 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 17,558 13,620 11,053 211,049 191,555 185,116 204,346 187,976 177,500 6,703 3,579 7,616 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 48.4 57.1 58.2 61.9 64.6 64.6 61.9 64.8 64.9 60.4 54.3 57.6 Fe- male. 51.6 42.9 41.8 38.1 35.4 35.4 38.1 35.2 35.1 39.6 45.7 42.4 Table 29.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-laced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.) United States: 1919 Males.... Females.. 1914 California... Connecticut. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Wisconsin States showing large proportion of females. California Connecticut Illinois. Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Wisconsin NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per Average number cent em- ployed during 1 mini- mum Is of maxi- mum. January. 1 i Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. year. I 211,049 130.610 80,439 191, 555 202,905 I 204,44-0 124,853 J 126,228 78,052 i 78,212 200,739 j 203,135 201,295 124,255 77,040 198,772 199,025 123,46S 75,557 189, 856 201,710 125,348 76,362 188,934 206,562 128,569 77,993 191,110 211,811 131,605 80,206 193,354 215,596 133,174 82,422 191,036 217,031 134,061 82,970 186,740 219,604 135,824 83,780 183,653 224,197 138,549 85,648 183,212 228,412 141,386 87,026 188,119 87.1 87.3 86.8 90.2 616 995 7,684 620 653 536 \ 793 7,563 710 628 552 806 7,761 743 648 568 874 7, 805 737 653 595 916 5,609 686 674 593 1,004 6,163 540 668 605 1,041 7,431 S78 701 608 1,094 7,933 537 683 632 1,105 7,976 561 659 639 1,110 677 1,043 8,453 649 621 680 1,056 8,576 662 610 707 1,098 8,737 657 658 75.8 71.4 64.2 60.9 87.0 8,200 580 633 630 300 9,919 986 80,166 449 287 9,S45 853 77,871 473 462 295 9, 459 901 78,698 454 460 297 8,626 913 77,523 654 308 8,728 948 77,620 688 308 8,997 959 79,047 724 297 9,904 1,030 80,737 758 307 775 310 11,018 1,121 821 307 842 53.3 92.6 71.9 76.1 88.8 289 9,854 885 78,498 293 8,730 911 10, 593 1,093 11,509 1,101 302 11,865 1,117 86,704 77,018 81,388 82,235 84,653 1,120 2,153 17,458 1,061 £,026 16,315 12, 403 2,675 1,090 2,078 16,290 12,196 2,778 1,088 2,062 16,452 11,636 2,813 1,104 2,069 16,964 11,459 2,825 1,090 2,086 17,259 11,300 2,842 1,087 2,102 17,721 12,173 2,886 1,120 2,057 17,859 12,468 2,849 1,155 2,204 17,945 12,166 2,812 1,121 2,231 17,829 12,517 2,806 1,151 2,248 18,055 12,639 2,765 1,181 2,340 1,192 2,333 18,467 13,849 3,017 89.0 86.6 88.2 81.6 88.7 12,336 2,835 18,340 13,226 2,952 34,710 14,092 13,317 7,598 32,691 13,654 IS, 508 7,169 33,324 SO, 758 13,568 12, 787 7,105 32,065 13,473 13,027 7,193 33,558 13,805 13,193 7,345 34,657 14,061 13,344 7,527 35,987 14,292 13,598 7,697 36,627 14,449 13,669 7,843 36,747 14,279 13,613 7,798 36,671 14,236 13,768 8,048 36,631 14,478 13,811 8,146 36,804 14,963 13,871 83.6 90.0 90.2 87.2 13, m 12,617 7,172 8,133 Per ct. av.is ofstate. 234 538 3,499 293 321 203 S95 3,479 329 315 207 405 3,505 343 320 210 463 3,512 345 325 221 483 2,676 313 333 217 557 2,775 260 317 224 553 3,329 175 331 234 611 3,605 259 325 250 601 3,686 272 318 251 636 3,768 278 311 266 582 3,843 317 313 258 575 3,906 267 38.0 54.1 45.6 47.3 49.2 316 594 3,905 309 336 SOS 350 3,883 369 29,977 485 £66 3,947 827 29,309 466 288 3,887 336 29,429 481 277 3,649 | 338 29,505 472 276 3,460 335 28,616 473 279 S, SOS 338 28,740 470 361 3,465 358 28,508 464 378 3,529 394 3,825 386 30,247 505 398 4,212 406 30,434 492 399 4,325 418 30,917 503 437 4,461 410 32,044 610 447 4,533 418 55.6 39.1 37.4 37.4 43.3 358 29,205 - 483 32,770 512 917 7,481 4,788 1,152 901 7,002 4,837 904 6,962 4,747 1,119 ! 860 6,994 4,535 1,116 870 7,224 4,489 1,136 893 7,375 4,446 1,148 906 7,591 4,622 1,140 871 7,675 4,716 1,153 941 7,755 4,727 1,162 946 7,687 4,871 1,168 957 7,668 4,925 1,179 975 7,904 5,162 1,213 980 7,945 5,356 1,201 42.6 42.9 38.8 40.6 1,080 10,740 10,173 5,843 6, W£ 2,962 10,344 5,907 5,116 2,906 9,682 5,699 5,149 2,890 9,874 10,291 5,708 5,259 2,988 10,676 5,846 5,350 3,060 11,078 6.005 5^436 3,103 11,473 6,077 5,446 3,143 11,532 11,375 5,785 5,501 3,270 11,167 5,927 5,519 3,315 11,215 6,127 5,581 5,337 30.9 41.6 40.1 40.6 5, 865 5,336 3,085 5,506 5,193 2,933 5,950 5,380 3,113 BOOTS AND SHOES. 511 Table 30.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. California Connecticut. Illinois Indiana8 Iowa 3 Kentucky 8 Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania..... Wisconsin Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 IN ESTABLISHMENTS T7HEEE THE PREVAILING HO UBS OF LABOE PEE WEEK WEBE— Total. 211,049 191,555 185,116 Between 44 and 48. Between! 48 and , 54. 54. Between 1 A „ 54 and i 60. j °^er 60. j j b0* 44 and under." 48.1 i i 9,466 j 755! 2 18,511 25, 5S0 88,406 4,966 543 47,431! 20,898 23,263; 79,699 6.094! 44,109 (2) (2) 77,854 5.773 j..... (2) (*) 105,554 28,583 1 233 616 j 617! 995! 567 1 7,6*4! 6,071 620; 653 630 9,919 8,815 986 595 80.166 76,944 1,120 2,035 2,153 2,012 17,458 13,169 12,336 12,937 2,835 3,834 34,710 26,193 14,092 14,461 13,317 13,184 7,59.8 5,772 I (2) (2) 573 29 4,326 (2) 5 (2) 3,274 (2)' 231 C2) 8,924 (2) (s) (2) (2) 205 (2) 62 . 512 7 668 14S i m | 34 23,955 (s) I (3) 3,117 18 56 628 40,506 1,089 14 115 400 39 6.443 110 7,239 346 471 245 19,659 31S 17 810 2,675 1,3.12 4,187 308 228| 202' 2,075 i 195 j 564; 146! 731 2,1.53 | 736 j 68 j 8.0-86 I 12,224 j 304; 20 j 1,299 j 4,216 819 I 4,223 i 310 1,149 I 262: 35 374 5 188 821 1,175 ] 265 423 7,138 461 3.137 42; 064 556 1,402 432 3,195 5,783 441 318 950 4,503! U. 242: 105! 8,029 j 183 !- 270 ] 156 !. 21,292 i 145 L 232 j 449 i. 779 I 296 L 6,063 i 171 !. 11,902 i 530 I. 3,310 I 2 j "iso'i 252 '257' *275" 266 "762" '394 4,795 7,396 4S6 14,361 169 4,098! 1 *- 257 '| 20 12,309 103 6,089 1,470! 7,201 i 24 258 3,515 1,413 3,63S 5,929 2,876! 4,473 j 342 57 1,282 16 243 528 1.261 j 2,412! 246 2,508 I 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. 3 Not shown separately in 1914. Table 31.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.. 1919. 1914. 1909. California Connecticut Ullaoh Indiana... Iowa , Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin.. I £1 1,449 1,355 1,343 14 7 39 13 493 15 16 54 62 34 340 60 128 62 211,049 191,555 185,116 616 995 7,684 620 653 630 9,919 986 80,166 1,120 2,153 17,458 12,336 2,835 34,710 14,092 13,317 7,598 No wage earn- ers. 10 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 4% 195 214 206 519 579 598 6 to 20 wage earner?, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. .52 co 228 231 236 136 1 2 1 227 10 28 § I *t S * si 2 i ss 2,765 I 2,887 i 2,839 j 244 198 208 37 2 73 IS 96 4 155 10 11 1 43 11 2 75 S2 1 22 34 3 87 783 93 3,205 54 2 53 31 1 43 61 5 175 64 4 152 48 9 319 888 65 2,149 72 3 79 271 33 1,269 72 10 400 8,485 6,890 7,045 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. CI 233 203 199 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. £•5 17,374 14,919 14,673 1! 31 fc£'© is 285 252 239 537 115 60; 73! 573 ■ 367 | 6,715 | 139 i 225 97 624 550 2,S9S 681 1,809 1,040 1 4 10 1 2 3 16 1 103 4 5 14 16 6 33 23 23 IS 46,398 41,220 3S,796 219 685 1,660 237 274 471 2,894 124 17,074 483 718 2,532 2,684 981 5,152 3, SI 9 3,485 1,811 251 to 500 wag© earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. 433 teg 153 ! 53,010 140 48.947 151 54.003 CO S SI Over 1,000 wage earners. 1; 283 10 3,335 1; 25S 1 j 265 4 j 1,454 1 1 374 57 i 20,097 1! 390 542 6,946 4,057 936 66 i 45,787 67 I 45,964 62 | 43,248 1,874 1,281 j 17,292 5S8! 1 4,044 I 3: 3,599 3,644 I 1! 1,109 512 MANUFACTURES. Table 32—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALXrE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1,449 1,355 1,343 211,049 191,555 185,116 $1,155,041,436 $501,760,458 $442,630,726 $439,772,121 $191,403,872 $165,162,983 Less than $5,000 57 159 279 440 ISO 328 13S 210 303 429 138 137 127 22S 303 58 612 4,3SS / 26,955 i\ 26,208 ! 152,828 250 1,556 8,460 279 1,932 8,416 150,171 1,821,963 15,218,314 / 120,513,378 \ 134,020,114 883,317,496 361,978 2,226,096 16,506,114 112,963,739 101,131,585 268,570,946 368,716 2,636,777 15,111,482 83,051 999,357 7,211,631 J 49,949,546 \ 53,707,744 327,820,792 226,086 1,233,593 7,313,294 220,569 1,486,348 6,816,447 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } 563 | 85,018 | 204,736,816 } 81,835,420 $500,000 to $'1,000,000 89,277 78,024,182 $1,000,000 and over 122 96,271 85,212 219,776,835 100, 795,479 78,615,437 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.9 10.2 9.5 (l) 0.1 0.2 0) 0.1 0.1 (') 0.1 0.1 $5,000 to $20,000 11.0 15.5 17.0 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.9 820,000 to $100,000 19.3 22.4 22.6 2.1 4.4 4.5 1.3 3.3 3.4 1.6 3.8 4.1 30.4 12.8 31.7 10.1 } 41.9 f 12.8 \ 12.4 | 44.4 / 10.4 \ 11.6 22.5 20.2 } 46.3 / 11.4 X 12.2 } 42.8 $500,000 to §1,000,000 4S.2 47.2 $1,000,000 and over 22.6 10.1 9.1 72.4 50.3 46.0 76.5 53.5 49.6 74.5 52,7 47.6 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 33.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Cen- sus year. California.. Illinois Maine Maryland3 Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- Itions 610 10 An- oth- er s. 211,049 191,555 185,116 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 12 616 617 7,684 6,071 9,919 8,815 80,166 76,944 1,120 2,035 2,153 2,012 17,458 13,169 12,336 12,937 2,835 3,834 34,710 26,193 14,092 14,461 13,317 13,184 7,598 5,772 11,580 12,469 14,199 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 184,167 148,887 135,336 136 70 343 133 36 7,185 6,562 293 573 217 168 2,469 2,388 400 371 490 1,464 114 117 Cor- pora- tions. 15,302 30,199 35,581 580 592 7,363 5,299 9,354 8,257 854 65,291 56,682 1,096 2,016 *2,153 3 2,012 a 17,458 213,169 11,140 11,293 2,400 2,769 29,929 14,617 13,448 13,910 10,755 9,010 7,381 5,535 All oth- ers. 251 429 432 522 132 7,687 13,700 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 5.5 6.5 7.7 219 903 1,071 218 897 2,312 9,288 244 180 2,072 2,710 103 120 5.8 0.9 5.6 1.3 0.4 9.0 8.5 2,4 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.1 9.1 2.8 2.6 3.7 11.1 1.5 2.0 Cor- pora- tions. 87.3 77.7 73.1 91.2 95.9 95.8 87.3 91.3 93.7 16.6 81.4 73.7 97.9 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.3 87.3 84.7 72.2 86.2 55.4 95.4 96.2 68.3 97.1 95.9 All oth- ers. 7.2 15.8 19.2 3.3 7.1 4.4 5.9 13.4 9.6 17.8 "6."9" 7.3 8.3 7.7 23.4 6.7 35.5 1.7 1.2 15.6 20.6 1.4 2.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. $1,155,041,436 501,760,458 442,630,726 3,247,177 1,891,356 39,402,383 16,891,626 48,059,388 22,836,073 4,662,351 442,466,236 200,529,858 6,046,310 5,357,151 12,644,659 5,918,031 109,193,423 40,311,210 73,870,588 37,664,039 12,834,068 8,238,710 190,475,939 67,288,809 71,354,850 32,773,992 65,411,673 27,844,752 44,373,938 17,643,350 Of establishments owned by- Per cent of total. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. $56,983,920 28,188,732 30,649,970 $1,017,908,259 394,709,381 329,375,572 $80,149,257 78,862,345 82. 605,184 4.9 5.6 6.9 88.1 78.7 74.4 7.0 15.7 18.7 1108,844 3,138,333 1,824, 921 3.4 96.6 2 66,435 96.5 3.5 369,094 1,108,785 37,111,942 14,727,840 1,921,347 1,055,001 0.9 6.6 94.2 87.2 4.9 6.2 467,295 143,356 45,311,436 20,912,085 2,280,657 1,780,632 1.0 0.6 94.3 91.6 4.7 7.8 3,988,903 693,448 85.1 14.9 35,885,805 15,762,303 365,672,087 149,231,773 40,908,344 35,535,782 8.1 7.9 82.6 74.4 9.2 17.7 i 69,804 5,976,506 5,328,416 a 28, 735 1.2 98.8 99.5 0.5 * 12,644,659 2 5,918,031 100.0 100.0 3 109,193,423 3 40,311,210 100.0 100.0 1,681,112 1,289,025 68,177,649 34,046,642 4,011,827 2,328,372 2.3 3.4 92.3 9a 4 5.4 6.2 1,376,647 292,513 10,600,137 6,140,774 887,284 1,805,423 10.7 3.6 82.4 74.5 6.9 21.9 12,631,933 4,943,834 165,976,739 35,428,906 11,867,267 26,916,069 6.6 7.3 87.1 52.7 6.2 4a 0 1,613,538 694,945 68,477,612 31,658,520 1,263,700 520,467 2.3 1.8 96.0 96.6 1.8 1,6 1,837,353 2,785,283 52,317,685 19,299,273 11,256,635 5,760,196 2.8 10.0 80.0 69.3 17.2 20.7 478,195 277,103 43,337,892 16,962,052 657,851 414,195 1.1 1.6 97.7 96.1 1.3 2,3 1 Includes the group "All others." J Includes the group "Individuals." »Not shown separately in 1914, * Includes the croups "Individ Includes the groups "Individuals" and "All others.' BOOTS AND SHOES. 513 Table 34.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors., Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. NUMBER OF ENQINE3 OR MOTORS. 1919 12,119 421 371 354 17 36 14 11,698 11,698 16,279 11,698 4,581 1914 5,960 0) 0) 595 480 5,365 5,365 8,514 5,365 3,149 1909 HORSEPOWER. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 120,632 j 100,232 672 524 0) 122 26 1,952 1,952 3,474 1,952 1,522 60,196 | 57,267 j 46,655; 10,612 I 908! 2,021 j 60,436! 55,690; 4,746 i 65,057 60,085 0) 0) 3,421 1,551 35,175 30,909 4,266 83,792! 55,690; 28; 102 54,159 30,909 23,250 85,896 61,971 56,680 3,235 2,059 23,922 14,5-53 9,369 1919 100.0! 1914 100.0 j 49.9 47.5 38.7 L as l 0.8! 1.7 j 50.1 46.2 3.9 29,169 14,553 14,616 100.0 66.5 33.5 64.9! 59.9 I 3.4 L6; 35.1 1 30.8! 4.3 i 100.0 | 57.1; 4.2.9 | 1909 100.0 72.2 66,0 3.8 2. 4 27.8 16.9 10.9 100.0 49.9 50.1 1 Not reported separately. Table 35.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States California Connecticut Illinois' Indiana 3 Iowa 8 Kentucky 3 Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire— New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin All other vStates Census i j year, !i Anthracite1 !i (tons, 2,240 h pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1919 li 1914 j: 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 46,066 j 78,076! 36 I 24 j 17 j 12 2,411 1,350 976 12,432 19,220 4 169 71 915 343 6,550 3,G2S 1,642 4,578 2,985 11,761 27,513 8 100 12,0?2 12,406 314 3,126 7 46 394,926 f 277,921; 1! 155; 7S1 1 5S8! 36,072 ■ 13,123; 1,398; I, 952; 936! 10,922 | 10,674 j 1,643' 798 j 76,949 , 81,067; 2,530 | 6,697 2,105' 3,380 41,133 39,779 20,497 21,949 6,656 5,338 74,381 27,749 77,346 31,966 15,902 12,151 17,484 10,833 6,23S II. 674 Fuel oils (barrels). 2,602 2,943 322 380 362 167 1,172 7 29 2S5 23 21 • 6 1,963 431 155 656 465 SI 1.15 1 151 35 24,092 3.60S 3,4SS 1,785 110 11 214 20,148 200 250 76 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). (a) 2,901 (*) (s) 132 ■"(")*■ (a) 13S 1S3 3 2,021 | i 22 i j 114 I 41 107 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). i Includes some serniauthracite. 111367—23 33 1 Included with figures for fuel oils. »Included with "All other states" in 1914. 170,430 181,667 548 1,403 4,073 1,483 IS 5S 175 348 780 843 9,598 7,169 224 559 2,891 535 9,572 4,162 138 2,215 3,038 3,322 24,620 31, S15 58,620 101,855 46,356 4,385 2,060 2; 709 7,655 18,864 514 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS, Comparative statistics, by classes.—Table 36 gives the number and value of the different classes of products for 1919, 1914, and 1904. As value by classes was not reported in 1909, no figures for that }^ear are given in this table, but quantity-production figures will be found in Table 37. Table 36.— Boots and Shoes, by Classes: 1 1919, 1914, and 1904. 1919 Total value2 $1,155,041,436 Boots, shoes, slippers, etc.: Number of pairs , Value Boots arid shoes— Number of pairs Value Men's— Number of pairs Value Boys' and youths'— Number of pairs Value Women's— Number of pairs Value Misses' and children's— Number of pairs Value Fiber- Number of pairs Value Athletic and sporting shoes- Number of pairs Value Canvas and other textile fabrics- Number of pairs Value Slippers- Number of pairs Value M e n's, b o y s', and youths'— Number of pairs Value Women's, misses', and children's— Number of pairs Value Felt or other fiber- Number of pairs Value Infants' shoes and slippers- Number of pairs Value Sandals- Number of pairs Value Moccasins- Number of pairs Value All other kinds- Number of pairs Value All other products, including amount received for work done for others, value a31,224,623 $1,12S,2S6,743 286,592,960 $1,070,322,232 95,017,356 $429,740,457 26,503,432 $72,883,299 104,812,505 $447,289,044 48,538,203 $102,091,213 79,391 $366,392 585,710 $2,0S3,402 11,056,363 $16,068,425 21,815,046 $33,409,101 3,230,086 $5,308,089 5,264,235 $12,860,767 13,320,725 $15,240,245 16,668,912 $18,249,791 5,125,962 $5,128,462 1,021,748 $1,177,157 $26,754,693 1914 $501,760,4-58 292,666,468 3489,0.53,124 252,516,603 $455,398,112 98,031,144 $219,994,422 22,895,719 $32,852,560 80,916,239 $148,433,738 48,322,395 $51,870,908 2,351,106 $2,246,484 (3) (3) 24,673,102 $26,082,238 3,666,972 $3,450,362 14,066,717 $18,573,921 6,939,413 $4,057,955 15,476,763 $7,572,774 (3) (8) (8) (8) $12,707,334 1904 $320,107,458 242,110,035 $315,987,387 216,039,401 $298,658,865 S3,434,322 $142,038,632 21,717,236 $24,301,298 69,470,876 $98,262,016 41,416,967 $34,056,919 (3) (3) (8) (3) 17,518,291 $13,996,832 4,403,097 $3,464,561 13,115,194 $10,532,271 (») (3) (3) (3) 8,552,343 $3,331,690 $4,120,071 1 At the census of 1909 the value was not reported by classes. See Table 37 for quantity of production. 2 Exclusive of the boot and shoe, etc., products of establishments engaged pri- marily in other Hues of manufacture: 1919, 9 establishments, value $894,201; 1014, $855,582; and 1904, $89,000. 8 Not reported separately. Although there was an increase of only 13.2 per cent in the total number of pairs of boots and shoes, slippers, etc., reported in 1919 as compared with 1914, the value increased 130.7 per cent. The increase in values is perhaps best shown by average unit values for the respective years. The average value per pair of men's shoes in 1919 was $4.52 as compared with $2.24 in 1914; women's shoes $4.27 in 1919 and $1.83 in 1914; and infants' shoes and slippers, $1.09 in 1919 and 49 cents in 1914. uFiber boots and shoes" should be considered, in conjunction with shoes of 11 canvas or other textile fabrics," as the establishments which manufactured a large majority of the shoes reported as "fiber" in 1914 returned then output as "canvas or other textile fabrics" in 1919. The large decrease in women's, misses', and children's slippers is due to the fact that in many cases production reported in 1914 asslip- pers" was shown on the schedules for 1919 as low cut shoes. Under "All other products" for 1919 is included the value of the products of establishments classified in the boot and shoe industry but making footwear which was not strictly boots and shoes. It also in- cludes the value of such products made by establish- ments in connection with the manufacture of boots and shoes. Such footwear was in part reported by quantity and value without distinction as to class or type but for the most part the value only was reported. The following tabular statement gives the details for this item: KIND. All other products (Table 36) Overgaiters Canvas leggings Leather leggings Bathing shoes Ballet slippers Wooden-soled boots Cowboy boots, wooden shoes, clogs, lumberman's pacs, aluminum, rubber and steel soled boots, Alaskas, puttees, legonettes, etc — Army equipment Cut stock Boot and shoe findings Received for crimping, stitching, and buttonhole making, and con- tract work only Other income, custom work and repairing, contract work, leather scraps, rags, remnants, waste offal, etc.. Value. $26,754,693 4,308,160 4,084,564 246,257 201,749 199,586 380,365 2,556, .502 1,427,033 7,913,997 462,826 875,576 4,098,078 Products, by states.—Table 37 shows quantity pro- duction, 1919, 1914, and 1909, by classes, for the United States and the 10 leading states, ranked accord- ing to aggregate products in 1919. The unclassified group "All other footwear" for 1919 and 1914 includes boots, shoes and slippers not segregated as to men's, women's, and children's. For 1909 it was largely com- posed of infants' shoes and slippers, but also included carpet slippers, sandals, athletic and sporting shoes, etc., reported without classification. Massachusetts shows no material change in aggre- gate production for the three census years though the state's proportion of the United States total decreased from 41.4 per cent in 1909 to 39.4 per cent in 1914 and to 35.3 per cent in 1919. New York increased from 10 per cent of the total for the United States in 1909 to 13.3 per cent in 1914 and to 19 per cent in 1919. Missouri, which in 1919 ranked third in production, superseded New Hampshire and Pennsylvania. Maine, Wisconsin, and Illinois show substantial increases in quantity of production, 22.1 per cent, 32.9 per cent, and 28.3 per cent, respectively, for the census period 1914-1919. BOOTS AND SHOES. 515 Table 37.—PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. United States..! 1919 ! 1914 1 1909 Massachusetts. New York. Missouri. Pennsylvania.. New Hampshire.. Maine. Ohio.. Wisconsin. Illinois. New Jersey. All other states ! 1919 I 1914 j 1909 • 1919 ! 1914 ; 1909 '1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. BOOTS AND SHOES (NUMBER OF PAIRS). SLIPPERS (NUMBER OF PAIRS). 1,449 1,355 1,343 493 464 469 340 235 219 54 49 52 128 131 124 52 55 52 39 50 47 60 62 63 62 61 59 51 47 46 34 42 136 159 172 Aggregate number of pairs. 331,224,628 292,666,468 285,017,181 116,992,912 115,224,383 , 118,009,926 , 62,773,081 38,798,158 28,538,451 26,362,397 20,868,352 25,931,107 23,617,362 22,184,502 17,58s, 474 22,700,694 24,659,886 25,534,114 19,175,387 15,709,277 9,275,102 17,870,148 17,973,441 18,908,915 11,142,456 8,382,882 7,296,629 10,638,609 8,292,659 8,295,805 4,2S0,660 6,112,974 6,154,954 j 15,670,922 j 14,459,954 19,483,704 I Total. » 274,871,496 » 250,165,497 247,643,197 I! Men's. 95,017,356 98,031,144 93,888,892 102,389,856 98,009,176 102,826,648 42,740,998 29,108,742 20,105,346 ji 25,457,052 jj 20,444,240 I! 24,657,160 j! 17,909,498 I! 17,717,591 j' 11,631,329 I1 21,873,826 '■! 22,708,546: 25,069,572 \\ ii 10,444,825 12,704,966 9,066,454 17,571,593 17,161,199 17,693,316 10,490,408 S, 017,963 i 6,777,363 j 9,241,420 I 7,370,553 I 6,893,731 j 2,678,474 3,738,459 4,943,451 14,073,546 13,184,062 17,97S,827 Boys' and youths'. 26,503,432 22,895,719 23,838,626 39.610,259 44,750,716 45,155,939 14,266,093 9,923,488 3,853,855 8,399,403 8,840,878 9,303,028 2,117,680 1,697,909 942,959 10,586,597 11,048,926 11,698,985 3,319,890 4,476,245 4,786,134 898,507 1,419,925 1,702,194 6,340,008 5,000,827 4,055,496 3,576,329 3,934,629 4,018,016 580,137 596,830 602,075 5,322,453 I 6,340,771 j 7,770,211 5,517,399 8,318,252 9,019,124 6,571,423 j 2,590,175' 745,527! 2,294,733 j 748,018! 2,087,258 | 1,192,017 | 1,230,664 J 1,105,348 3,6-51,685 4,010,136 4,176,479 1,235,043 572,980 685,270 1,804, 699 1,734,957 1,372,330 1,894,948 865,138 652.109 1,058,239 1,270,520 <4) 4,438 137,612 j 2,341,485 1 1,762,722 i 2,607,049 Women's. Misses' and children's.; Total. 104,812,505: 48,538,203 '8,494,321 80,916,239: 48,322,395 117,733,689 86,595,314 j 43,320,365 ■: 17,507,834 45,251,383 j 12,010,815 32,295,781 12,644,427 36,778,432 . 11,873,153 14,272,275 j 7,631,207 12,021,725 10,141,133 4,573,354 5,364,831 10,256,064 , 4,506,852; 6,758,611! 4,096,733 j 8,642,965 j 4,623,909 3,869,766 , 10,730,035 3,672,662' 11,116,356 3,285,815 i 6,297,2(77 4,491,754 i 3,773,648 I 4,587,874 \ 5,343,009 j 4,256,166 2,886,923 I 12,157,284 j 10,966,825 , 11,154,083 j 1,578,289! 1,336,525 i 1,442,341! 3,013,743 | 1,625,866 1,034,470; 436,200; 611,980 i 755,486 | 4,142,738 I 3,596,450 I 5,885,792 > 3,143,790 i 3,875,836! 4,606,234 i 546,S83 i 3,399,575 ', 728,127! 2,711,103! 3,039,492 j 3,464,709 I 677,163 1 815.473 627; 417 i 2,651,348 I 751,819 570,725 | 1,662,137 j 2,525,211 3,448,278 \ 2,266,870: 1,484,119 1 1,715,775 5,620,573 11,799,532 10,1.55,324 957,024 1,301,509 2,518,469 (<) 102,422 616,229 817,240 312,334 1,165,117 1,674,374 282,124 (<) {*) (<) Men's, ;Women's,, boys', and misses', and youths'. 'children's. All other footwear (number of pairs). 3,230,086 j 5,264,235 | 3,666,972 ; 14,066,717 i 4,802,841 : 12,704,993! '47,858,811 »24,767,282 19, .866,150 2,364,668 i 3,255,905 8,982,483 3,061,796! 8,737,736 i 5,415,675 3,369, SOS; 6,785,516 5,027,954 263,408 i 108,531 , 701,356! i (*) I 27,551 j 128,000! (*) 159,872 693,616 1,192,978 1,817,113 I (<) («) 662,456 | 1,147,239! (<) 1 180,507; (*) fO! 135,999; 204,872; 21.515; 39;018 j (*) \ 246,835 274,697' (') j 49,140 1 112,900; (<) I 196,842 ■! 663,476 j (*); 17,882 i 125,1S1 j 1,099.484 i| 1.30i;3S6'! '480,287 ij 474,010: 248,236! 118.576 I 19,075,059 8,387,907 5,914,636 (<•> 1 (<) (<) (* \ 5SS,67S (*) 6S9,240 1,037,173 4,890,624 4,154,577 4,792,028 352,498 1,514,502 282,124 (*) 276,966 182,418 (<) 8,689,943 667,239 (4J 29S,555 149,786 68,360 (*) 966,732 («) 600,782 228,920 314,394 114,484 165,854 (*) 469,156 675,271 1,127,377 197,695 161,797 (<) 178,960 538.295 2,177,673 548,027 - 272,976 1,463,123 361,711 4,852,209 3,300,507 1,890,956 1 For total number of boots and shoes or slippers, see Table 36. The Mnds not reported by class are here included with "AW other footwear." * Includes athletic and sporting, canvas or other textile fabric, and fiber shoes; infants' shoes and slippers; felt or other fiber slippers- sandals- and moccasins See Table 36 for details. 3 Includes fiber shoes, felt or other fiber slippers, and infants' shoes and slippers. See Table 36 for details. « Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Infants' shoes and slippers.—The statistics for in- fants' shoes and slippers are shown in Table 38 for the 12 leading states for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 38.—Infants' Shoes and Slippers: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1919 j 1914 j 1909 STATE. £ Number Number N Number S3 of pairs. | of pairs. ! os 1 M of pairs. 16 668 91'} 1 ^ JL7R 7fi3 "K AAfi 701 .... J.O, VIVA.', 1 ~>l New York 1 5,663,510 1 4,306,631 1 2 3,797,675 Pennsylvania 2 4,324,866 2 4,117,042 1 4,563,505 Massachusetts 3 2,559,373 3 3.109,511 3 3,610,576 4 1,388,478 4 2;093,534 6 312,398 Missouri 5 '861,417 6 318,002 5 657,368 6 705,157 0) ! (l> 7 330.986 5 545,169 1,002,277 Ohio 8 2341864 1 10 149,786 1 0) 9 168,000 i8 oi t1) 10 132,037 213,960 0) ■ 11 58,968 ! 9 170,332 !"*8* 145,319 12 2,772 1 7 276,966 1 7 182,418 All other states 233,484 \"" 175,830 j.... 729,185 1 Included in "All other states.' Miscellaneous kinds of footwear.—Table 39 shows the production of felt or other fiber slippers, sandals, moccasins, athletic and sporting shoes for 1919, by states. Table 39.—Miscellaneous Classes of Footwear, by States: 1919. United States. Felt or other fiber slippers: j Number of establishments Quantity produced, mini- i ber of pairs 13,320. Value of product |$15,240', Sandals: N umber of establishments j Quantity produced, num- ber of pairs ..j 5,125, Value oi product '$5,12S, Moccasins: j Number of establishments Q uantity produced, num- | ber of pairs \ 1.021, Value of product !SI, 177, Athletic and sporting shoes: j Number of establishmentsj Quantity produced, num- i ber of pairs j 585, Value of product $2,083, 20: Penn- sylva- nia. Other states. 3,409, 13,47?; 327, $533, 335, $360, 9,064, §10,804, 729: 576 3,3S3, S3,340; 315' 258, 15 j 733 , 429, 225! $431, n! 847 $958. i S 092 235 984 629, $605, 187L. 495;.. 56, $211 S3, $278, 992. 129!. .1 501 .1*1, SOo' ,567 ,950 54 ,832 0S6 < 10 ,71$ ,273 i Includes establishments in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Wis- consin. * Includes establishments in Connecticut, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. * Includes establishments in Maine, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. * Includes establishments in California, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. 516 MANUFACTURES. Method of manufacture.—Table 40 groups the various classes of products by method of manufac- ture—" Welted/' "Turned/5 "McKay," etc. The "Stitchdown" type was first reported at the census of 1919. This was used for footwear of all classes, but value was not reported for each class. Of the "Stitchdown" class, 76.9 per cent were boots and shoes for misses and children, and sandals largely for children's w^ear. The " Welted" class constituted 32.3 per cent of tL total production in 1909, 36.5 per cent in 1914, and 38 per cent in 1919. The "Wood or metal fastened" type is the only group showing a decrease. This decrease, compared with 1914, was 48 per cent, and there was a decrease in the percentage of the total from 9.8 per cent in 1909 to 8.6 per cent in 1914 and to 4 per cent in 1919. Table 40.— BOOTS AND SHOES, ETC., BY METHOD OF MANUFACTURE: 1919 AND 1914. Total. Boots and shoes - Men's Boys' and youths' Women's Misses' and children's.. Fiber Athletic and sporting5 Canvas and other textile fabrics 5. Slippers Men's, boys', and youths' Women's, misses', and children's Felt or other fiber Infants' shoes and slippers.. Sandals & Moccasins & Census year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 i 1914 , 1919 1914 1919 1919 Total. 331,224,628 292,666,468 2S6,592,960 252,516,603 95,017,356 98,031,144 26,503,432 22,895,719 104, 812,505 SO, 916,239 48,638,203 48,322,395 79,391 2,351,106 585,710 11,056,363 21, S15,046 24,673,102 3,230,086 3,666,972 5,284,235 14,066,717 13,320,725 6,939,413 16,668,912 15, 476,763 5,125,962 1,021,748 NUMBER OF PAIRS. Welted. 125,722,127 106,714,700 124,022,554 104,466, 823 70,951,1S7 63,975,763 2 8,354,305 4,229,490 35,496,943 28,319,295 7,984,950 7,803,807 (s) 138,468 194,588 1,040,581 745,613 1,383,862 230,558 296,078 426,255 1,066,209 88,800 21,575 220,380 864,015 546,000 187,580 Tinned. 61,748, 202 55,378, 961 38,583,581 29,609, 882 43,997 582,802 (3) 41,210 21,547,923 15,066,037 14,621,897 11,837,713 21,146 2,082,120 87,879 2, 260,739 8,154,488 12,542,955 1,434,413 1,563,428 2,605,118 7,523,903 4,114,957 3, 455,624 14,068,6S5 13,226,124 388,715 552,733 McKay. 120,056,877 105,309,744 104,314,881 93,448,378 13,997,182 14,951,419 14,574,282 13,451,259 46,607,780 36,738,465 21,314,657 28,178,753 < 58,245 128,482 162, 467 7,600,268 "12,689,945 10,550,342 «1,442,115 1,753,623 2,130,862 5,468,505 9,116,968 3,328,214 2,257, 120 1,311,024 513,496 281,435 Wood or metal fastened. 13,143,915 25,263,083 13,143,915 24,991,520 9,336,042 18,521,160 3,209,346 5,173,760 270,860 792,442 182,116 502,122 2,036 140,776 4,775 (8) 195,943 (3) 53,843 8,100 "i34,"66o 75,600 Stitchdown. 10,553,507 6,52S, 029 688,948 365,499 888,999 4,434,583 150,000 225,000 123,000 102,000 122,727 3,677,751 1 Not reported in 1914. * Includes "Turned" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 1 Included in another classification to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Method of manufacture, by states.—The information given in Table 40, by classes, is shown in Table 41 for the most important states for 1919 and 1914. The ''McKay'' type in New York increased from 18.9 per cent of the state total in 1914 to 44.9 per cent in 1919; and in New Hampshire the proportion decreased * Includes "Welted" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. & Not shown separately in 1914. fl Includes "Wood or metal fastened" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. from 55.8 per cent to 40.3 per cent. Maine and Wis- consin were the only states reporting "Wood and metal fastened" shoes which reported more than a negligible increase in number. The increase for Maine amounted to 129 per cent and for Wisconsin to 40 per cent. BOOTS AND SHOES. 517 Table 41.—PRODUCTION, BY METHOD OF MANUFACTURE, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Census year. United States.. Massachusetts New York Missouri — P ermsylvaiiia New Hampshire Maine. Ohio , Wisconsin Illinois New Jersey All other states. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 331,224,628 j 292,666,468 I 116,992,912 I 11.5,224,383! I 62,773,081 I 38,798,158 j 26,362,397' 20, $68,352; 23,617,362 22,184,502 , 22,700,694 24,659,886; 19,175,387: 15, 709,277 j 17,870,148 I 17,973,441 11,142,456 8,382,882 j 10,638,609 8,292,659 4,280,660 6,112,974 15,670,922 14,459,954 CLASS AND STATE. 'Number of j! pairs,; CLASS AND STATE. Total I 10,553,507 Connecticut Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Missouri New Hampshire.. New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin Boots and shoes: Men's— Maryland Missouri New York Pennsylvania.. Boys' ancf youths'- Maryland Missouri New York W omen's— Kentucky Maryland Missouri New York Wisconsin Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts... Missouri New Hampshire — 767,500 52.267 1,339; 753 829,234 1,310,114 15,164 5,270,285 770,484 198,706 265,351 90,641 307,000 25,956 265,350 63, .547 36,602 5,226 265,351 443,239 161,505 13,678 20,904 265,351 203,252 268,853 3,744 Boots and shoes—Con. Misses'—Continued. New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin Children's— Kentucky. Jid.. Marvlan« Massachusetts Missouri New Hampshire — New York.. Pennsylvania Wisconsin ... Canvas and other textile fabrics- New York Slippers: Men's— Massachusetts New York Women's and chil- dren's— Now York Sandals: Connecticut Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Infants' shoes and slippers: Massachusetts Missouri New York. Wisconsin NUMBER OF PAIRS. 1 Not reported. Stitchdown footwear.—Table 42 gives in detail the number of pairs of ''Stitchdown/' by kinds and by states. Table 42.—Stitchdown Footwear: 1919. Welted. Turned. 125,722,127; 106,714,700 61,748,202 55,373,961 McKav. W<^ral! Stitchdown. 120,056,877 105,309,744; 13,143,915 25,263,06-3 ) 10,553,507 0) 52,279,293 48,245,803 14,694,222 12', 531,062 10,352,661 7,779,541 7.165,740 4,943,311 10,494,583 8,767,50-5 5,971,546 5,925,3*1 5,295,248 6,075,029 . 5,982,445 2.500,424; 5,025,338 3,988,692 986,693 1,074,736 7,474,355 1 4,883,216; 24,244,356 21,084,585 14,612,979; 10,996,094 j 1.980,861 - 930,719 j 10,523,847: 11,107,454 j 1,015,310 (3): 2,144,195 [ 3,330,532 j 1,710,762! (2) I 681,278 i 727,324; 1,064,411 i (s) j 2,389,899 i 3,495,465 j 1,380,304' 859,497 j 35,255.696 38,009; 118 28,158.761 7,315,343 10,588, 512 9,423,161 4, S9S, 129 5,605, 405 9,153, OSS 13, 750,567 10,520,261 6,217,774 10,845,133 10,384,742 1.688.267 3; 304; 325 4,321.509 3, 780,123 902,068 1,542,773 3,725. 445 5,976:413 4,3,84,333 7,8Si,877! 36,834 7,955,659! 2,130,249 2,734,931 259,162 528.332 2,022,549 (2) 539,385 235,590 2,591,757 1,850,809 227,351 829,234 0) 5.270,285 (l) 1,310,114 0) 70,484 C1) 0) 15,164 (3) 931,295 2,740,82S 193,706 (*) 2,159,520 Number of pairs. 2 Figures not shown separately in 1914. Shoes of canvas and other textile fabrics,—Shoes of canvas and other textile fabrics were first reported separately in 1919, and the number formed 3.3 per cent of the total for all kinds and classes. Table 43 shows this class of products distributed by method of manu- facture and by states. Table 43. -Shoes of Canvas and Other Textile Fabrics: 1919. 113,945 112,536 59,314 26,137 278,350 391,897 352,553 11,420 1,993,958 225,060 107,304 150,000 76,000 47,000 102,000 767,500 149,5-44 2,353,775 406,932 8,541 91,276 4,500 18,410 ■ Num.- j < ber of > estab- j lish-! 'mentsJi QUANTITY PRODUCED (NUMBER OF PAIRS). Value. it Total. Welted. McKay. Turned- j United States.. Maine Massachusetts... New Hampshire. New York Pennsylvania AUother states3. 11,056,363 1,190,5817,600,268j 2,260,739; $16,068,425 7,945,154 1 S51,213;6,S4$,433 2,266.251 62,215! 425,524! 31i;793 j 194,990! 266,162 * 22S, 393 SO. 147: 1 IS^Soel 48,760 131,321 245,50Siil0,03S,571 1,778,5121 4,384,145 116, S03lj '656,648 37,7691' 447,452 SO, 147:: 474,996 2,000 ) 266,613 1 Tho toted includes 4,775 pairs " Wood or metal fastened" not shown in the detail, s Includes "Stitchdown.' »Includes Alabama, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 518 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 44 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 45 presents, for 1919, by states, the detailed statistics for the industry. Table 44.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES, 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States... California Connecticut. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana , Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan I Num- Cen- ber of sus | estab- year.; lish- Iments.l 1919 1914 1909! 1919 | 1914 1909 1919! 1914 | 1919! 1914; 1909; 1919! 1914! 1919 j 1914! 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1,449 1,355 1,343 10 4 7 39 50 47 13 7 11 493 464 409 15 24 23 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. 211,049 120,632 191,555 ! 100,232 185,116! 85,896 616 I 617 1 695 j 995; 567; 7,684; 6,071! 5,588 | 620 360 653 389 716 630 440 419 300 261 9,919 8,815 6,508 986 595 589 80,166 76,944 74,710 1,120 2,035 2, 455 381 475 369 2S8 227 5,164 3.2S6 2,623 426 423 779 427 345 463 4.28 232 167 166 5,365 4,369 3,330 582 242 250 37,945 32, 870 28,742 660 1,596 786 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. 8210,735 105,695 92,359 S715,269 310,357 277,468 542 396 402 824 252 5,903 3,185 2,980 464 184 449 244 318 357 180 167 197 120 9,227 4,948 3,152 794 278 237 89,490 46,744 41,970 921 932 936 1,969 1,253 1,120 2,179 1,338 25,218 10,982 9,495 1,905 776 2,270 501 1,059 2,099 1,672 2,439 733 367 30,220 14,743 9,778 3,107 824 901 269,351 120,326 114,277 4,184 3,181 3,347 $1,155,041 501,760 442,631 3,247 1,891 1,924 3,765 1,957 39,402 16,892 15,111 2,854 1,278 3,047 845 1,633 3,574 2,564 3,235 1,136 534 48,059 22,836 15,158 4,662 1,447 1,412 442,466 200,530 187,046 6,046 5,357 5,256 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 16 2,153 1,738 $1,917 $7,743 S12,645 1914 14 2,012 1,159 1,121 3,980 5,918 1909 18 2,664 1,411 1,290' 4,935 7,568 Missouri 1919 54 17,458 11,221 13,787 76,926 109,193 1914 49 13,169 8,911 6,113 25,946 40,311 1909 52 16,336 10, 421 7,676 28,943 42,514 1919 52 12,336 7,677 11,173 51,056 73,871 1914 55 12,937 6,714 6,676 26,365 37,664 1909 52 13,042 7,744 6,418 23,937 34,027 New Jersey 1919 34 2,835 2,057 2,459 7,811 12,864 1914 42 3,834 1,814 1,935 4,767 8, ';39 1909 40 4,084 1,344 1,863 4,352 7,524 New York 1919 340 34,710 22,764 39,613 108,164 190,476 1914 235 26,193 14,458 15,195 40,188 67,289 1909 219 20,545 9,374 10,202 26,274 44,425 Ohio 1919 60 14,092 9,137 12,545 40,802 71,355 1914 62 14,461 9,813 7,030 19,248 32,774 1909 63 15,693 8,809 6,532 18,148 30,529 Pennsylvania 1919 128 13,317 6,629 10,961 40,972 65,412 1914 131 13,184 6,271 6,119 16,524 27,845 1909 124 10,576 4,213 4,181 11,455 19, 402 Texas 1919 11 88 56 93 149 361 1914 7 54 32 28 56 121 Washington 1919 9 146 175 153 445 846 1914 11 178 194 112 500 707 1909 9 170 148 88 450 599 Wisconsin 1919 62 7,598 4,053 6,632 27,703 44,374 1914 61 5,772 3.8S8 2,695 11,989 17.643 1909 59 ft, 081 2,665 2,131 8.494 13,111 All other states 1919 2,8 2,627 2,305 2, 204 10,264 15,386 1914 40 2,667 2,469 1,208 4,830 7,118 > 1909 73 5, 245 3,090 1,810 8,064 12,131 BOOTS AND SHOES. 519 Table 45.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States. California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states 2 Num- ber of: estab-' lish-; ments; 1,449 14 8 51 5 6 7 4 39 13 493 15 16 54 52 34 340 60 128 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EABNEES DEC. 15, OB NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. EXPENSES. Total. 698 1,130 8.963 802 740 732 346 10,965 1,104 89, 489 1,314 2,614 20,611 13,384 3,165 38,549 15,753 14,730 112 189 8,827 2,890 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. | Sala- \ ried j Clerks, etc. Wage earners. cers, j super-' j in-! tend-! , ents, I Male. * and I! man- j! agersJ i Aver- Fe- ■ age male.! num- ber. 7,617 |8,494 9,064 1211,049 7! 24 5 | 41 22 i 267 12 | 7 i 14 i 36 26 44 I 12 I 344 j 54 29' 22 i 37: 52 643 347 | 97 i 4S! 38; 21 j 31 1 17 \ 209! 33 15 10 479 25 315 ;2,923 j2,203 !3, 882 6 4 2 26 20 253 13 115 12 4 19 18 60; 78 86! 263 472 11,851 444 j 197 50 108 828 3S1 132 1,224 428 571 95 i 83 1,022 1,340 620; 600 374 i 353 9 j 1 22 I 11! 303 I 530 95 I 115 I i 2 6 377 35 616 995 7.6S4 620 6.53 630 300 9,919 986 80,166 1,120 2,153 17,458 12,336 2,835 34,710 14,092 13,317 146 7,598 2,627 Number, 15th day of— 16 and over. Under 16. j ;( Salaries and wages. j i ~i ■; i; j j } Capital. | Maximum month. De 228,412 De Se De Fe Je De Oc De Oc De De No De De De De De De Oc » Oc i No 707 1,110 8,737 743 701 842 310 11,865 1,121 86,704 1,192 2,340 18,467 13,849 3,017 36,804 14,963 13,871 95 150 ,146 Total. Minimum month. Officials. Clerks, etc. ii 1 ; ■! Dollars. ! Dollars. Dollars. Ap 109,025 '1230,457 138,497 !S4,641 4,434 j2,SS5 ;5S0,625,Q75 ;26,951,705 31,173,261 Ja Ja Ap Je No Ja Ja My Ja Ap 536 Ii 793 5,609 ii 378 !( 610 I 449 287 8,526 853 77,018 707 1,581 S,746 i 657 658 836 . 302 11,954 1,116 87,368: 437 573 325 312 ; 267 573 i 3,793 268 I 332 Ja 1,061 i 1,193 Ja 2,026! 2,314 Fe 16,290 i, 18,504 My 11,300 l| 13,739 Ja 2,675 I 3,062 Mh 30,758 37,416 Ap 13,473 ; 14,923 Ja 12,506 I 14,059 3S3 427 i 194 i 84 7,361 I 4,519 662 399' 52,397 (31,485; 663; 503 1,322 i 983 10,427 I 7,854 8,308 5,173 I i 1,792 i 1,185 25,693 11,279 j 8,718 j 6, OSS i 7,912 , 5,267 3 418 1 143! 28 i 10; 6' 17 44 | 37 ,971 i 1,776,437! 17 1,878,655 124 1 21,466,979 ■ 38 'i 2,276,434! 4 . 1,752,067 10-5,2.53 83,307 120,351 98,607 854,821 1,695,603 95,236 '204,922 62,249 95,074 • 20 2,693,936 106,103 190,951 7 'I 774,290'! 31,974 32,963 I 30 1 23,752,877 ! 1,060,784 i 957,220 ! IS i 3,5SS.139 |! 190,007; 74,961 1,515 :1202,662,610 10,.832,017 9,705,036 1R! 9 !i 2,871,813 '-: 355,988 280,588 8 1 10,617,683 l:- 361,479; 692.648 119 104 153,836,904 ; 1,353,831 4,694,690 168 90 26,395,880 1,406,555 | 770,697 Ja i Je Mh 82 i 140 | 7,105! 96 164 8,194 2,868 90 j 113 I 4,405; 1,724 1 46 3,076 1,035 43 294 92 505 1 3 435 73 42 S 7,120,965 150 1105,105,223 25 '40,178,881 375 36,631,318 !'i 227,309 2:! 727,570 278 :'27,052,612 36 ;7,236,493 419,265 4,966,900 1,682,426 1, Slfi, 607 15,755 53,845 963,009 301,160 353,542 4,638,265 3,208,137 1,230,028 2,520 24,166 1,874,094 265,242 Salaries and| wages-Con. United States. California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Dollars. ,210,734,610 Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Washington Wisconsin All other statess.. expenses—continued. Wage earners. : For j con tract i work. Rent and taxes. 542,010 824,152 5,902,500 464,352 449,358 356,716 197,3-29 9,226,804 793,700 89,489,715 920,703 1,917,246 13,786,880 11,173,077 2,459,177 39,642,597 12,545,100 10,960,861 93,084 153,008 6,632,062 2,204,179 Dollars. 1,930,544 Dollars. 3,023,816 460 "63,"i69 3,126 121,901 101,486 2,69S 846,033 5.86-8 1,040 5,448 39,457 447,722 92,931 197,412 1,793 Rent of factor}-. 15,311 16,804 156,095 240 9,000 3,402 4,162 36,772 24, 349 1,299,829 19,435 35,856 42,157 71,425 30,801 787,504 130,409 214,409 5,226 3,080 90,448 27,108 For materials. Taxes, Federal,; j Fn„i arui state. Principal - of county, !materials.' mitm and local. power. , Dollars, j Dollars. 1 DoJlars. i Dollars. Dollars. 122,136,773 1709,351,356 |5,917,959 111,155,041,436 I 439,772,121 Primary horsepovrer. i Value Value of I added by products. ' manuiac- j ture. Owned. 1 ,.+ Inter-, 'bteanii ;nal.! f Rent. !T0M1g^'^;^: Water! ^ '> j g£ !bSes.|rinn^3 'bines). Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing- 128,571 84,3S8 615,906 15,814 6,552 206,163 8,375 1,079,869 103,422 8,025,857 70,97S 248,488 2,201,000 931,584 175,837 3,657,197 1,772,248 1,229,327 51,994 20,330 1,276,678 226,195 1,958,366 j 10,994 2,169,585 9,822 24,610,055 I 608,264 1,890,589 14,743 2,254,199 15,673 2,089,662 723, S51 30,004,831 3,085,084 267,787,050 4,153,194 7,683,058 75,466,748 50,796,069 7,733,971 107,414,042 40,521,015 40,738,156 146,606 424,S47 27,49S,934 10,201,444 9,699! 8,922 j 215,070! 21,949 I 1,563,845 j 30,787 60,045 1,459,069 259,431 77,020 749,865 281,469 233,797 2,424 19,712 203,568 61,791 3,247,177 3,764,778 • 39,402,3S3! 2,853.559 3,047,187; 3,574,371' 1,136,027; 48,059; 38$ « 4,662,351 f 442,466.236: i 6,046,310' 12,644,659 109,193,423 j 73,870,588 \ 1,277,817 1,585,371 14,184,064! 948,227 777,315 , 1,475,010 403,254 i 17,839,487 1,555,318 ■ 173,115,341 1,862,329 4,901,556: 32,267,606 22,815,088 12.864,068 j 5,053,077 190.475,939; 82,312,032 i 71,354,850 1 30,552,366 j 65,411,673 24,439,720 360,927 j 846,077 I 44,373,938 j 15,385,527 .211,897 401,518 16,671,436 5' 122 292 660 ,738 ,221 ',677 !, 057 5,764 >,137 i',629 56 175 L653 '305 13,389 2,070 20! 40 132 ; *6,765" 3,425 j. ...... ~"*3$3" 74 L 296 [ 343 i Is "m 1,389 4,845 4.1SS < 156 "s,666" 155 80! 1*360" 2,350 29 i 11 1,250 4 39: so i 52S 1,738 4,456 3,364 594 8,263 4,451 2,393 56 175 2,263 932 40 70 ~1*814 70 3,177 1,437 409 10,759 2,2SS 1,502 1,607 2,822 lilfothrteM Kansas, 3; Nebraska, 2; North Carolina, 2; Oklahoma, 2; Oregon, 2; Rhode Island, 1; Tennessee, 2; Ute^Inelude?water;w^ ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Sny/JtZ motors operated by renteT(or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). BOOT AND SHOE CUT STOCK, GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The industry in- cludes establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of soles, top lifts, heels, tips, inner soles, etc., used in making boots, shoes, slippers, and similar footwear. In 1919 there were 252 establishments engaged in the industiy, which reported products valued at $161,203,310. In addition, there were 7 establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products which made cut stock and findings to the value of $2,159,572. Comparative summary.—Table 46 presents the prin- cipal statistics for the industry for each census period from 1879 to 1919. The very large increases in the financial items in 1919 as compared with 1914 are largely due to the general rise in prices, on account of war conditions. The increase in number of wage earners, an indication of the growth of the industry, amounted to 24.2 per cent. Wage earners, by months.—Table 47 shows the num- ber of wage earners employed month by month, and indicates the steadiness of employment, or the reverse. The number for the month of minimum employment in 1919 was 88.8 per cent of the number for the maxi- mum month, as compared with 84.5 per cent in 1914. At the previous censuses the month o| maximum em- ployment was February, but in 1919 it was November. The numbers for the latter months of the year indicate an improvement of business conditions. In Massachu- setts, the leading state in the industry, the fluctuation in employment during 1919 amounted to only 9.3 per cent. In this state 24.6 per cent of the wage earners engaged in this industry were women. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 48 shows the classi- fication of wage earners according to the prevailing hours of labor per week in the establishment in which they were employed. In 1909 and 1914 a majority of the wage earners, 67.2 per cent and 52.2 per cent respectively, were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were more than 54; in 1919 only 6.4 per cent were in this group. On the other hand, at the earlier periods, only 1.5 per cent and 1.4 per cent respectively of the total number of wage earners were in establishments where the hours were 48 or less per week, but in 1919, 65.4 per cent were employed in such establishments. Size of establishments by average number of wage earners.—Table 49 shows a classification of establish- ments according to the average number of wage earners employed. The industry is one of relatively small units. Considering the industry as a whole, the establishments having no wage earners or fewer than 21 contributed 66.7 per cent of the total number of establishments and employed 11.9 per cent of the wage earners in 1919, compared with 70.8 per cent of the establishments and 15.8 per cent of the wage earners in 1914. Only 7.5 per cent of the establishments employed more than 100 wage earners in 1919 and 5.1 per cent in 1914, the number of wage earners in these groups constituting 56.9 per cent and 49.5 per cent of the total number, respectively. In Massachusetts, the leading state, the changes in the groups are toward larger units. Character of ownership.—Table 50 shows that the industry is one in which a majority of the establish- ments are unincorporated. The corporations are, how- ever, the larger and more important establishments, the value of products averaging $1,293,000 per establish- ment as compared with less than $500,000 per estab- lishment for either of the other classes, and the wage earners per establishment averaging 79, compared with less than 20 for the other classes. Table 46.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. 1919 Number of establishments j Persons engaged. ■ Proprietors and firm members.! Salaried employees j Wage earners (average number)... < Primary horsepower , 252 236 11,512 9,309 234 231 1,563 1,259 9,715 7,819 9,003 6,829 SGI,747,458 $30,455,245 1914 Salaries and wages !12,453,004 I 5,564,0S3 Salaries 3,328,226 1,511,960 Wages I 9,124,778! 4,052,123 Paid for contract work 24,808 J 12,522 Rent and taxes 1 1,753,692 i 388,478 Cost of materials .J 133,887,276 j 51,450,498 Value of products.. ;161,203,310 j 59,964,523 Value added by manufacture * 27,316,034 I 8,514,025 1909 232 7,535 255 587 6,693 4,769 SI 5,735,034 3,799,752 643,292 3,156,460 5,425 241,709 36,919,919 44,661, 497 7,741,578 290! 6,715 362 417 5,936 4,519 $9,850,007 2,796,596 432,387 2,364,209 5,636 « 192,948 21,586,872 27,675,815 6,088,943 1899 342 6,921 424 342 6,155 3,202 $7,003,080 2,533,580 302,889 2,230,691 17,589 < 173,793 17,800,282 23,242,892 5,442,610 ! 1889 1879 j I 344 172 (3) 8 4,992 2,788 $5,401,834 2,885 SI, 210,300 2,323,271 735, 482 $ 13,744,655 17,903,846 4,159,191 5, 939,249 7,531,635 1,592,386 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 23.7 1.3 24.1 24.2 31.8 102.7 123.8 120.1 125.2 98.1 351.4 160.2 168.8 220.8 1909- 1914 1.7 23.5 -9.4 114.5 16.8 43.2 93.6 46.4 135.0 28.4 130.8 60.7 39.4 34.3 10.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Figures not available. 1 Figures not strictly comparable. « Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less coat of materials. 1904- 1909 -20.0 12.2 -29.6 40.8 12.8 5.5 59.7 35. 9 48.8 33.5 -3.7 25.3 71.0 61.4 27.1 1899- 1904 -15.2 -3.0 -14.6 21.9 -3.6 41.1 40.7 10.4 42.8 6.0 -68.0 11.0 21.3 19.1 11.9 1889- 1899 (8) 14.8 29.6 29.5 29.8 30.9 1879- 1889 100.0 (3) 346." 3 215.9 157.1 131.4 137.7 161.2 (520) BOOT AND SHOE CUT STOCK. 521 Table 47.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [Month ot maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. per ii cent em- ployed during year. |! 1; : I mini- October>™-j \S52& STATE. January.! rJj2v. March- April. May. | June. , July. August. ; 1 ■ i 1 j ; j: United States: 9,293 j 9,328 I 9,361 6,684 I 6,782 | 6,778 2,609 , 2,546 | 2,583 8,392! 8,434 j 8, 409 6,764 i 6,972 6,934 i i 1 1919 9,715 7,098 2,617 7,819 6,693 9,190 6,667 2,523 8,095 6,636 9,370: 9,857 | 9,943 \ 9,659 6,896 7,304 | 7,304 7,024 2,474! 2,553 | 2,639 1 2,635 7,670 7,581' 7,505 7,710 6,599! 6,562; 6,515 1 6,651 9,760 10,193 1 10,354! 10,272 1 88. S 7,243 I 7,488 j 7,506 7, 500 r 8S. 8 2,517 1 2,705! 2,848 i 2,772 |i 86.9 7,699 i 7,651 j 7,1S5 1 7,557 1 84.5 6,623 1 6,538 6,723, 6,814:; 93.4 Males 1914 1909 4,631 1,593 4,430 i 4,532 j 4,527! 4^439 j 4,491 1 4,593; 4,783 1 4,678 j 4,744 1,803 | 1,336! 1,520; 1,573 1,608 1,640! 1,565 1,541' 1,645 4,871 1 4,733 4,761 !j 90.7 1,808 j 1,850 1,727; 70.4 Missouri ill!!!! Table 48.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. aa0t,a 1 Between; Between j !Between! 1 vmS? ! 44 and 1 48.1 1 48 and 54. 54 and , 60. !U™T unQer- 48. 54. 1 60.; j w- United States 1919.. 9,715 7,819 6,693 161 1,152! 5,041 1,719 J 1,019 520 103 j 1914.. 1909.. f») (3) 106 1,246 2,383 3,847 211 I 26 (*) (2) i 101 2S3 j 1.813 3,840 656 1 4,631 1,593 130 1,152; 1,934 1,142! 226 47 ,; Missouri 1 1.465 96 i 32 | ! i i :; 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 49 —SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 21 to 50 wage earners, j wage earners, inclusive, j inclusive 51 to 100 101 to 250 wage earners, wage earners, inclusive. inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. Over 500 wage earners. STATE. Wage earners j (average! number).! ers. Estab- lish- ments. Est&bJ Estab- lish- j lish- ments.iments. Estab- lish- ments. ! Estab- lish- ments. Wage i^b- earners.^ts Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Wage Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. ^mers-jinents. 949! 42 1,027 j 37 United Stales 1919.. 252 236 9,715; 11 72 71 208 211 S4 1,362 1,211 23 20 1,666 13 1,496: 8 1,771 1,243 3 1 1,092 311 2,667 2,320 1914.. 7,819 8 88 3 182 7 4,631 ,! 4 1,593 :j 55 1 160 3 67 736 | 32 2 1,014 lT 2 1,014 i 8 154! 1,105 2 602 Missouri 1 68 ! 2 1,368 Table 50.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSniP. Individual.. Corporation. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Value added bv manu- facture. Cen- sus year. Value of products. 1919 1914 252 236 9,715 7,819 $161,203,310 59,964,523 $27,316,034 S, 514,025 1919 1914 98 114 1,113 1,283 12,314,937 7,174,374 3,074,040 1,527,538 1919 1914 95 66 7,504 5,362 122,796,117 3S,685,147 19,716,473 5,110,849 1919 1914 59 56 1,09S 1,174 26,092,256 14,105,002 4,525,521 1,S75,638 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Average number of wage earners. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- sus year. Value of products. Per cent distribution: Individual 1919 38.9 11.5 7.6 1914 4S.3 16.4 12.0 Corporation 1919 37.7 77.2 76.2 1914 28.0 6S.6 64.5 All other 1919 23.4 11.3 16.2 1914 23.7 15.0 23.5 522 MANUFACTURES. GENEBAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 51 presents the detailed statistics for the industry, by states, for 1919. Table 51.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Massachusetts Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania AD other states .. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 252 182 7 18 7 11 27 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 11.512 5,331 1,898 445 310 433 3,095 234 183 3 17 3 10 18 Sala- ried offi- cers, lsuper-1 in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male, 536 385 229 84 21 22 17 163 141 48 19 11 29 137 Fe- male 642 147 170 10 6 10 299 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 9,715 4,631 1,593 37S 268 367 2,478 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. No 10,354 I Ap 9,190 Oc 4,871 No 1,850 397 298 410 De No No Ja 4,420 Ja 1,303 My 360 Ja1 243 Jy 332 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 10,285 4,782 1,727 405 289 376 2,706 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. 7,337 !2,696 183 Under 16. Male Fe- male 3,488 1,248 259 196 294 1,852 1,095 463 144 93 64 837 Capital. $61,747, 458 31, 739,186 12, 582, 161 1,721,884 813, 262 3, 468,755 11,422, 210 Salaries and wages. Officials. $2,117,633 ., 101,345 195,967 96,875 52,791 90,757 579, 898 Clerks. $1,210,593 489,408 193,196 47,519 15,549 68, 881 396,040 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages— Continued. Wage earners. United States Massachusetts Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states 3 For contract work. $9,124,778 $24,808 | $369,545 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. 4,452,302 1,.565,344 317,394 197,455 276,611 2,315,672 24,808 275,696 11,940 21,204 6,984 7,053 46,668 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $1,384,147 798,413 109,676 20,290 21,569 202,446 231,753 For materials. Principal materials. $133,270,830 69,295,897 26,181,553 2,434,632 1,092,014 8,519,755 25,746,979 Fuel and rent of power. $616,446 186,069 294,230 11,955 18,896 18,808 86, 488 Value of products. $161,203,310 86,214,106 28,696,415 3,288,113 1,615,003 11,073,502 30,316,171 Value added by manufac- ture. $27,316,034 16,732,140 2,220,632 841,526 504,093 2,534, 939 4,482,704 Primary horsepower. Total. 9,003 3,836 1,309 330 326 495 2,707 Owned. Steam engines! (not 1 tur- bines). 1,765 915 310 75 IS 300 147 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Water| pow- Rent- ed. < 7,193 2,901 999 255 303 193 2,542 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report ing. 521 114 162 45 200 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 3 All other states embrace: Connecticut, 1 establishment; Illinois, 7; Kansas, 1; Maine, 2; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 2; Minnesota, 2; New Hampshire, 7; New Jersey, 2; Rhode Island, 1; and Virginia, 1. 8 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. GENEBAL General character of the industry.—Establishments classified in this industry are those engaged primarily in the manufacture of pegs, bows, clasps, tips, toe caps, buckles, rands, staples, backstays, shanks, heels, arch supporters, box toes, shoe tacks, and other findings for the boot and shoe trade. The establishments are ex- clusive of those which manufacture the same articles in connection with the manufacture of boots and shoes. In addition to the 427 establishments in this industry in 1919, reporting products to the value of $62,825,408, there were 16 establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products which reported boot and shoe findings to the value of S3,197,047. Comparative summary.—Table 52 presents the prin- cipal statistics for the industry for each census year from 1879 to 1919. On account of the general increase in prices since 1914 the increases in the financial items can not be used to measure the progress of the indus- try. The increases in average number of wage earners employed and in power used show considerable growth. Wage earners, by months.—The figures given in Table 53 show the steadiness of employment or the reverse during the year. There was slightly greater fluctuation in employment in 1919 than in 1914. In 1919 the number of wage earners for the month of minimum employment was 76.4 per cent of the number for the maximum month. The industry employs a fairly large number of female wage earners, 35.5 per cent of the wage earners being females. Size of establishments, by prevailing hours of labor per week.—In Table 54 the average number of wage earners per week are classified according to the hours of labor prevailing in the establishments in which they were employed. At the censuses of 1909 and 1914, of the total number of wage earners, 70.1 per cent and 50.9 per cent, respectively, were in establishments where the working hours were over 54 per week, but STATISTICS. at the census of 1919 only 9.5 per cent of the total num- ber worked these hours. In 1919, 59.5 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments where the prevail- ing hours were 48 or less, whereas the proportions were insignificant at the earlier censuses. In Massachusetts, which state employed 65.9 per cent of the wage eara- | ers in the industry, the largest group, or 44.4 per cent, ! of the wage earners worked 48 hours and 68.2 per cent of the total for the state were in establishments where the prevailing hours were 48 or less. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 55 classifies the establishments accord- ing to number of wage earners. Nearly three-fourths of the establishments in this industry either employed no wage earners or not more than 20. The average number of wage earners per establishment in 1914 was IS, and in 1919, 21. The proportion of establishments employing more than 50 wage earners increased slightly, from 8.4 per cent in 1914 to 9.8 per cent in 1919, and the wage earners in these groups formed 47.8 per cent of the total number in 1914 and 50.5 per cent in 1919. In Massachusetts, the leading state, nearly two-thirds of the establishments employed no wage earners or not more than 20. Character of ownership.—Table 56 shows that the corporations represented about one-third of the estab- lishments in this industry, but they reported more than one-half of the total value of products and of the total number of wage earners employed. The average value of products per establishment in 1919 was $243,000 for the u Corporation "group, $63,000 for the " Individual," and 8155,000 for the "All other" group, most of the last being firms. In 1914 the corresponding figures were§154,000, $36,000, andS6S,000,respectively. The average numbers of wage earners per establishment in 1919 were 35 for corporations, 10 for individuals, and ; 20 for the "All other" group. (523) 524 MANUFACTURES. Table 52.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital! Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture » 1919 1914 1909 1904 427 369 343 289 10,615 424 1,250 8,941 7,94S 381 853 7,541 365 688 5,066 342 290 6,714 6,488 4,434 10,6S2 528,988,416 5,868 $12,562,864 5,637 $9,498,870 3,229 $4,425,610 10,805,794 2,618,598 8,187,196 4,258,527 1,032,844 3,225,683 3,646,199 699,116 2,947,083 1,920,713 272,836 1,647,877 840,302 1,473,089 40,428,347 62,825,408 22,397,061 111,582 322,910 20,304,183 28,303,186 7,999,003 144,528 239,141 18,350,551 25,505,419 7,154,868 SI, 830 < 118,290 6,337,810 9,904,887 3,567,077 181. 312 (2) (2) 227 3,246 2,843 $3,540,839 1,438,317 185,826 1,252,491 (2) (2) 5,022,591 7,834,615 2,812,024 1889 455 8 (2) 3,434 1,987 13,009,149 1,670.273 (2) (2) C2) 3,868,099 6,805,330 2,937,231 1879 216 (2) (2) (2) 1,935 (2) S9S0,064 621,500 (2) (2) 8 1,636,921 2,935,787 1,298,866 PER CENT OF INCREASE.' 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 15.7 7.6 18.7 33.6 11.3 46. 5 5.4 4.4 24.0 3.5 48.9 6.7 137.2 46.3 33.2 82.0 130.7 4.1 74.6 114.6 32.3 153.7 153.5 15-3.8 16.8 47.7 'J.5 89,8 156.2 78.8 653.1 356.2 99.1 122.0 180.0 -22.8 35.0 10.6 11.0 11.8 76.6 102.2 189.5 157.5 100.6 1899- 1904 -7.4 27.8- 36.6 13.6 25.0 .33.5 46.8 31.6 26.2 26.4 26.9 1889- 1899 -31.4 (3) 43.1 17.7 -13.9 15.1 -4.3 1879- 1889 110.6 (3) 207.0 168.7 136.3 131.8 126.1 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 2 Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 53.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON J5TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. em- ployed during year. STATE. January. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: 1919 8,941 5,763 3,178 6,714 6,488 7,815 4,974 2,811 7,617 6,274 8,156 5,174 2,982 7,476 6,381 8,217 5,208 3,009 7,169 6,487 8,447 5,359 3,0S8 6,825 6,265 8,486 5,385 3,101 6,631 6,308 8,762 5,627 3,135 6,309 6,441 8,906 5,721 3,185 6,272 6,408 9,242 5,965 3,277 6,449 6,645 9,493 6,153 3,340 6,252 6,572 9,588 6,272 3,316 6,336 6,524 9,957 6,527 3,430 6,496 6,682 10,223 6,791 3,432 6,736 6,876 76.4 73.2 82.8 82.1 91.1 Males Females 1914 1909 5,896 484 675 6,291 409 687 5,495 898 649 5,53S 421 618 5,639 420 655 5,565 427 651 5,772 426 647 5,848 475 664 6,036 523 706 6,184 529 707 6,326 .548 689 6,457 612 747 6,601 620 780 80.2 64.2 75.3 Missouri New York Table 54.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.. .1919. 1914. 1909. Massachusetts. Missouri New York Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE- 8,941 6,714 6,488 5,896 484 675 Between 44 and 48. Between 48 and 54. Between 54 and 60. 44 and under. 48.1 54. 60. 773 1,342 3,209 392 52 2,203 646 199 565 2,257 1,689 489 3,252 4,248 360 167 300 8 8 269 278 195 1,134 2,619 99 133 1,234 94 100 226 13 2 130 284 188 57 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 55.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ! ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage | earn- l ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wago earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wago earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 Over 250 STATE. Wage earners (average number). wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners. Estab- lish- i ments. ! Estab- i lish- ,ments. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. ElishH W*S* ments.j oa™^. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. United States 1919.. 427 369 8,941 6,714 30 26 145 146 357 395 137 1,665 106 j 1/212 73 60 2,406 1,895 25 22 1,736 1,474 14 1,941 3 836 1914.. 7 1,054 2 684 Massachusetts 254 6,896 10~ 67 174~ 92~| 1,132 3 35 6lT 1,966 31 14 958 9 1,382 — 284 263 Missouri 12 484 5 16 1 2 139 1 New York 77 675 14 36 81 20 237 5 196 2 161 BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. 525 Table 56— CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 estab- number lish- ; ofwaSel mentsJ earners' i Value of products. 427 369 8,941! 6,714 i 174 169 143 101 110 I $62,825,408 2-8,303,186 1,691 I 1,601: 5,038! 3,311; 2,212 I 1,802! 11,015,577 6,068,976 34,803,174 15,541,480 17,006,657 6,692,730 Value added! by manu- j faeture. $22,397,061 7,999,003 3, a82,232 1,895,641 12, ^88,448 3,740,246 5,826,381 2,363,116 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. ! year.: lish- °* ments.. earners. Value of products. i Value added ! by manu- \ faeture. Per cent distribution: Individual Corporation. All other. ! 1919 40.7 j IS. 9 17.5! 17.3 . 1914 45.8; 23.8 21. 4! 23.7 '> 1919 33.5 56.3 •55. 4; 56.7 1914 27.4! 49.3 54.9 i 46. S 1919 25.8' 24.7! 27.1 26.0 ! 1914 26.8; 26.8: 23.6 29.5 GENEEAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 57 gives the detailed statistics for the industry, by states, for 1919. Table 57.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- j| ber of ] estab-11 lish- ii ments. I United States... Maine Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Wisconsin All other states 2 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. EXPENSES. Total. 427 10,615 6 ; 317 254 6,S6S 3 15 12 641 5 74 77 888 16! 224 9 121 9 264 36 | 1,203 I Sala-1 Clerks, etc. , ried! Pro- ; offi-; prie- • cers, \ tors 'super-j and j in- | firm ;tend-1 mem-! ents, ; Male, bers.: and i ; man-! agers. i 424; 522 344 1! 245! 6! 10 j 2 i 81! 27; 6 i 6! 40 17 326 1 30' 10 | 62 11 S 10 47 Fe- male. 384 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. Number, 15th day of- 8,941 13 243 279 5,896 S 484 57 675 15S 91 238 1,055 16 and over, j Under 16. j .Salaries and wages. 1 . jj || . Capital. :j $28,988,416 $1,733,472 1885,126 9.55,503 IS, 485, 738 41,009 3,039,643 230, 816 1,673,503 626,70S 216,995 947,730 2,770,771 57,877 1,191,032 1,500 60,822 21,831 191,517 18,356 23,902 22,986 143,649 21,510 465,351 169,279 9,155 58,017 36,003 15,884 9,796 100,131 United States . Maine Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Wisconsin , All other statesa. expenses—continued. Salaries and wae;es— Con. Wage earners. For contract work. $8,1S7,196 $840,302 186, 5,646, 8, 424, 40, 698, 139, 70, 187, 784, 690,853 12,026 29,302 75,784 23,556 8,781 Rent and taxes. R ent of factory. Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. $403,588 $1,069,501 Principal materials. j$40,017,475 1,240 2SS, 671 16S 7,192 I', 897 67,678 13.5S6 3,061 3, 912 16,183 17,726 655, 409 268 196,776 24,663 35,159 934 14,059 17,525 106.982 366, 28,125, 22, 3,391 156, 2,513, 986, 141 954, 3,356, Fuel and) rent of power. Value of i adoM by products, j manufac- ture. $410, S72 . $62,825,40S $22,397,061 Primary horsepower. Total. 8,773 257,390 1,750 14,161 3,991 32,368 13,245 4,613 14,065 60,516 SOS,495 44,357,147 40,455 4, 575,910 360,097 4,464,140 1,4S9,090 381,475 1,324,961 5,026,638 429,928 15,970,929 16,473 1,170,405 199,745 1,918,766 489,741 234,919 356,753 1,609,402 10,682 709 6,572 22 416 72 798 19S 44 293 1,558 Owned. • Inter-! Ste™> Steam ,eJ#E? tur- bus- (nottur- bines/ bines), i tion ! en- gines. 3,507: 115 j 40 250; 2,145 15: 220 j ) 825 100 Rent- Water ed.4 pow- er.3 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 460! 6,560 1,053 150 135; 294 4,264; 22 , 416 1 10 1 743 1SS 42 73 508 220 408 200 225 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. * All other states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Colorado, 1; Illinois, 5; Kentucky, 3; Maryland, 2; Minnesota, 2; New Hampshire, 13; Ohio, 6; Texas, 2; and Washington, 1. ■ Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective or ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry,—This industry comprises establishments making gloves, mittens, and gauntlets of leather or of materials of which leather forms the larger part. There were 355 establishments which reported leather gloves, mittens, and gauntlets as the product of chief value in 1919, with products valued at $46,940,511, including gloves, $44,831,777 and allied or incidental products, $2,108,734. In ad- dition to this production, gloves valued at $3,175,014 were made in 22 establishments, engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products. Comparative summary.—Table 58 presents the prin- cipal statistics for the industry for 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, and 1899. Although the financial statistics for 1919 show large increases over previous censuses, they are largely the result of the general increase in prices. The increase in the average number of wage earners employed was insignificant and the increase in the quantity of output only moderate. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—In Table 59 statistics are presented for value of products, average number of wage earners, and value added by manufacture for each state that can be shown, ranked according to value of products. New York, which has always been the leading state, reported 57.1 per cent of the total value of products, a slight decrease from 59.4 per cent in 1914 and from 60.7 per cent in 1909. The state of Wisconsin has ranked second in the industry since the census of 1904. Fulton County, New York.—Fulton County, New York, has always been the center of the glove industry in the United States, and with a few exceptions the establishments are located in Gloversville and Johns- town. Table 60 shows the principal statistics for Fulton County and these cities. There has been a slight but gradual decrease in the proportion of the total for the United States. This loss shows for the county and for each city in the proportion of the quantity and value of the products for the three census years and also in the wage earners employed. Furthermore, the statistics for Fulton County show for the decade 1909-1919 in regard to quantity of output and wage earners employed, a decrease of 26.1 per cent in pairs of gloves and 12.7 per cent in the average number of wage earners. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 61 was found by the method described in the "Ex- planation of terms." The industry is one requiring much machine sewing and women are generally em- ployed in this capacity. More than half of the wage earners reported at each of the censuses shown were females. Statistics for persons engaged in the in- dustry will be found for states in Table 73. Wage earners, by months.—The figures given in Table 62, which shows the number of wage earners employed by months, reflect the steadiness of employ- ment, or the reverse, during the census year. There was less fluctuation throughout the industry in 1919 than in 1914. The number employed in the mini- mum month in 1919 was 85.9 per cent of the maxi- mum, and in 1914, 72.6 per cent. Of the states shown, Illinois reported the largest proportion of female wage earners, 66.1 per cent, and New York the smallest, 50.2 per cent. Prevailing hours of labor.—Of the total number of wage earners in 1909, only 4.9 per cent were em- ployed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less, and in 1914, 9.7 per cent; but in 1919 the proportion was 33.7 per cent. On the other hand, Table 63 shows that the proportion of the total number of wage earners employed in estab- lishments where the working hours per week were more than 54 decreased from 78.1 per cent in 1909 to 31.4 per cent in 1914 and to 15.2 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 64 shows a classification of establish- ments according to the average number of wage earn- ers employed. The figures show no marked change in size of establishments measured by the number of wage earners. In both 1919 and 1914 approximately one-third of the establishments, those employing no wage earners or not more than 5 per establishment, reported but 2.4 per cent of the wage earners; and about 7 per cent of the establishments in 1919 and 1914 had over 100 wage earners each and reported 41 and 46.3 per cent, respectively, of the total number. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 65 shows a classification of establishments based upon value of products. In 1909 the average value of prod- ucts was approximately $62,700; in 1914, $61,400; and in 1919, $132,200 per establishment, the increase in 1919 being fundamentally due to the general ad- vance in values. This accounts for the shifts to higher groups as compared with 1914. Character of ownership (Table 66).—This industry is one in which the majority of the establishments are not incorporated, but the corporations constitute the more important establishments both in value of products and average number of wage earners per (526) LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS. 527 establishment. The value of products per establish- ment for the corporations was $216,121 compared with $51,386 for establishments owned by individuals and $156,261 for establishments under other forms of ownership, chiefly firms. The corporations reported an average of 53 wage earners per enterprise, the group "Individual" 10, and the group "All other," 33. In New York, which dominates the industry, 50 of the 219 establishments, or 22.8 per cent, were corporations, but in Wisconsin, the second state, 57.1 per cent of the establishments were incorporated, in Illinois, 38.7 per cent, and in California, 40.7 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 67 gives the power statistics for the industry. The owned horsepowrer shows a decrease of 36.6 per cent as compared with 1914, offset in the main by rented power, chiefly electric power, which increased more than 50.5 per cent, the total primary power showing a small decrease. Of the total primary power, 62.8 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power, pur- chased or generated, in 1919; 45.1 per cent in 1914; and 34.6 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 68 shows the quantity of fuel used, by kinds. The figures for gas include both manufactured and natural gas. Table 58.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. PEE CENT OF INCREASE .* ! 1919 | 1914 1909 1904 18991 :. 1914-; 1919 1909- 1 1914 1904- 1909 1S99- 1904 355 352 377 339 381 j 0.9 , -6.6 11.2 j -11.0 12,594 12,345 12,950 11,712 15,325 1 2.0 -4.7 i 10,6 -23.6 405 1 417 458 427 508 j -2.9 - -9.0 7.3 i —15,9 1,504 i 1,260 1,138 640 637! 19.4 j 10.7 77.8; 0.5 10,085; 10,6(38 11,354 10,645 14,180; 0.2; -6.0: 6.7: (3) Primary horsepower. 3,288 I 3,3-57 2, .889 2,725 2,114 -2.1 | 16.2' 6.0 28.9 $29,870,277: $17,080,398 $16,90S,671 $10,705,599 $9,004,427 | 74.9; 1.0 57.9; 18.9 SI 1,248, .830 i $5,958,695 $6,019,872 $4,424,826 $4,695,296 j S8-8 j -i.o i 36.0 -5.S Salaries $3,098,040 i $1,400,335 $1,256', 042 $584,573 $544,170 1 121.2! 11.5; 114.9 7.4 Wages $8,150,784; $4,558,360 $4,763,830 $3,840,253 4,151,123! 78.8 | -4.3 { 24.0! (s) $1,559,224 j $927,164 $992,216 $393,723 $93,795 1 68-2 -6.6! 152.0 $1,004,336 $193,769 $167,417 <$106,351 <$109,354 j 418.3! 15.7 57.4 -2.7 $26,286,129! $12,170,694 $13,208,001 $10,000;S89 $9,382,102! 116.0 -7.9 i 32. i; 6,6 $40,940,511 j $21,614,109 $23,630,59S $17,740,385 $16,721,234 j 117.2: -S-5! 33.2 6.1 Value added bv manufacture & $20,654,382 | $9,443,415 $10,422,597 $7,739,496 $7,339,132 I 118,7! -9.4 i 34.7 . 5.5 Gloves, mittens, and gauntlets, manufactured, dozen pairs., 3,615,703 3,082,376 3,368,655 3,370,146 2,895,661 i 17.3! -S-5 | 0s) 16.4 i 1 'Figures given for 1899 represent leather gloves and mittens only, and do not agree with the general statistics for that year. « Exclusive of internal revenue. 4 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * ft Value of products less cost of materials. 'Figures not strictly comparable. e Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 59.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States.) New York Wisconsin Illinois California Iowa Indiana Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 219 28 31 27 6 4 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. VALUE OF PRODUCTS, Amount: Per! (ex- 1 cent I pressed! dis-; in i tri- | thou- j bu- j sands).j tion. I $46,941 j 100.0! 26,763 6.773 5,423 I 2,049 I 1.520 588 | 57.0: 14.4! 11.6 | 4.4 I 3.2 1.3 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount' Per (ex- !cent pressed; dis- in ''* thou- $20,654 12,196 2,506 2,349 1,193 767 213 tri- j bu- j tion. 100.0 | 59.0 I 12.1 | 11.4 5.8! 3.7! l.o! i Num- ! ber of estab- ; lish- inents. Pennsylvania... Virginia Washington Massachusetts.. All other states i WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS, i Per Aver- j cent age } dis- num-! tri- ber. ' bu- | tion. [Amount Per (ex- ;cent pressed dis- in tri- thou- ! bu- sands)J tion. 6 4 7 5 I: 18 h 112 | 62 , 46! 50 j 770! l.o j 0.6 j 0.4 I 0.5! 7.2 j I 9 ij 14! 17 !j 16 I $345 I 252! 244' 225 j 2,759! VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount Per ij (ex- cent I pressed dis- in! tri- 2 j thou- i bu- P sands).; tion. 3 9 i $95 | 0.5! 13 ii! 61! 0,3 16 12 1 112! 0.5 j 11 14! 89 0.4 j 14 1,073 , 5,2 i Includes New Hampshire and Minnesota ranking 6 and 7, respectively, Ohio 10 and Maryland 13, according to value of products. 528 MANUFACTURES. Table 60.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR FULTON COUNTY, NEW YORK: 1919 AND 1914. dumber of establishments - Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members . Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capita)— Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 2 Gloves,mittens, and gauntlets, man- ufactured, dozen pairs FULTON COUNTY, N. T. Per cent of total for United States. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 154 153 43.4 43.5 41.4 5,279 72 457 4,750 5,733 207 553 41.9 17,8 30.4 44.5 46.4 49.6 43.9 46.6 47.9 49.3 47.2 47.9 4,973 795 925 24.2 54.5 27.5 49.5 28.8 57.4 $16,291,210 $8,452,501 $5,266,953 $1,617,903 $3,649,050 $2,857,538 $612,396 $2,245,142 46.8 52.2 44.8 48.0 43.7 49.3 50.7 44.6 52.3 $1,345,636 $183,860 $12,582,133 $22,829,219 $10,247,086 $860,247 $45,934 $6,103,592 $11,010,247 $4,906,655 86.3 18.3 47.9 48.6 49.6 92.8 23.7 50.1 50.9 52.0 0) 0) 55.3 54.7 54.0 1,203,631 1,282,027 33.3 41.6 48.3 GLOVERSVILLE. 1919 102 3,590 51 417 3,122 493 $11,271,204 $3,777,813 $1,155,723 $2,622,080 $821,372 $132,501 $8,451,095 $15,797,811 $7,346,716 788,318 1914 3,972 122 375 3,475 646 $5,806,533 $1,971,259 $414,778 $1,556,481 $594,857 $27,915 $4,080,043 $7,309,017 $3,228,974 781,081 Per cent of total for United States. 1919 1914 1909 28.7 28.5 12.6 27.7 29.2 15.0 37.7 33.6 37.3 32.2 52.7 13.2 32.2 33.7 35.6 21.8 26.4 32.2 29.3 29.8 32.6 19.2 34.0 33.1 29.6 34.1 64.2 14.4 33.5 33.8 34.2 25.3 23.1 32.6 25.5 35.2 32.6 19.2 38.1 36.3 36.6 36.3 37.5 37.5 37.6 29.3 JOHNSTOWN. 1919 42 1,399 16 183 1,200 251 $4,058,463 $1,252,468 $416,231 $S36,237 $238,141 $42,750 $3,380,118 $5,739,867 $2,359,749 308,239 1914 Per cent of total for United States. 1919 1914 1909 50 11.8 14.2 14.3 1,466 70 .155 1,241 11.1 4.0 12.2 11.2 11.9 16.8 12.3 11.6 12.3 18.6 10.5 12.3 164 7.6 13.6 4.9 12.7 5.6 16.1 $2,170,872 $733,852 $171,652 $562,200 11.1 13.4 10.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 11.7 7.0 12.9 $210,242 $16,523 $1,535,922 $2,914,259 $1,378,337 15.3 4.3 12.9 12.2 11.4 22.7 8.5 12.6 13.5 14.6 (l) (l) 14.2 13.8 13.2 348,851 8.5 11.3 12.2 1 Figures not available. 2 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 61.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PEE CENT CLASS. Cen- sus Total. Male. Fe- male. OF TOTAL. year. Male. Fe- male. 1919 12,594 6,088 6,506 48.3 51.7 1914 12,345 6,045 6,300 49.0 51.0 1909 12,950 6,219 6,731 48.0 52.0 1919 1,020 938 82 92.0 8.0 1914 774 740 34 95.6 4.4 1909 760 714 46 93.9 6.1 Proprietors and firm members. 1919 405 391 14 96.5 3.5 1914 417 399 18 95.7 4.3 1909 458 436 22 95.2 4.8 Salaried officers of corporations 1919 212 201 11 94.8 5.2 1914 109 108 1 99.1 0.9 1909 85 81 4 95.3 4.7 Superintendents andmanagers 1919 403 346 57 85.9 14.1 1914 248 233 15 94.0 6.0 1909 217 197 20 90.8 9.2 Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. Total. Male. Fe- male. 1919 1914 1909 889 903 836 601 570 532 288 333 304 1919 1914 1909 10,685 10,668 11,354 4,549 4,735 4,973 6,136 5,933 6,381 1919 1914 1909 10,237 10,504 11,085 4,364 4,689 4,846 5,873 5,815 6,239 1919 1914 1909 448 164 269 185 46 127 263 118 142 PER CENT OP TOTAL. Male. 67.6 63.1 63.6 42.6 44.4 43.8 42.6 44.6 43.7 41.3 28.0 47.2 Fe- male. 32.4 36.9 36.4 57.4 55.6 56.2 57.4 55.4 56.3 58.7 72.0 52.8 Table 62.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 1909 California Illinois New York Wisconsin States showing large proportion of female*. California.. Illinois New York. Wisconsin. Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. 10,685 4,549 6,136 10,668 11,354 665 1,239 5,510 1,728 397 819 2,764 1,136 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 10,175 4, 161 6,024 11,762 10,669 696 1,278 4,908 1,972 370 867 £,6Sr, 1,313 Febru- ary. 10,044 4,199 5,845 11,745 10,985 598 1,245 5,092 1,748 S70 839 2,590 1,153 March. 9,984 4,207 6,777 11,791 11,145 1,189 5,167 1,694 378 785 2,623 1,127 April. 10,046 4,257 5,789 11,573 11,139 652 1, m 5,250 1,626 401 746 2,655 1,082 May. 10,190 4,374 5,816 11,379 11,188 65C~ .1,152 5,389 1,616 400 753 2,701 1,073 June. 10,515 4,534 5,981 11,348 11,333 636~ 1,160 5,574 1,673 381 755 2,794 1,105 July. 10,887 4,670 6,217 11,012 11,299 681 1,244 5,660 1,692 406 801 2,816 1,116 August. 11,125 4,780 6,345 11,059 11,372 702 1,281 5,785 1,699 411 843 2,879 1,102 Septem- Der. 11,042 4,700 6,312 9,788 11, 590 709 1,252 5,695 1,706 418 823 2,857 1,110 Octo- ber. 11,286 4,879 6,407 9,417 11,583 7U 1,266 5,833 1,767 407 840 2,870 1,160 Novem- ber. 11,303 4,842 6,461 8,661 11,961 714 1,241 5,838 1,764 408 819 2,914 1,143 Decem- ber. 11,623 4,995 6,628 8,581 12,007 727 1,428 5,929 1,779 414 957 2,943 1,148 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 85.9 S3.1 87.2 72.6 82.3 79.3 82.8 8L9 "Per ct. av. is of state. 59.7 66.1 50.2 65.7 LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS. 529 Table 63.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States California Illinois New York Wisconsin Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and j Between 44 under. i and 48. 48.i Between 48 and 54. 54. Between 54 and 60. &° and over- 10,685 jj 10,668!' 11,35-1!; 1 190! 1 111 1,295 1 1,030! 3.357! 2,229' 1,017 j 2,10$ 4,083 917 1.461; 163 302 1,122 3,044 (t) (s) 555! 7,743 6C5 1: 161: 261 139 102 \ 2 1,239 ii 1,371 |i 161' 450 12: 603 i 13 (3) (3) 125 63; 306 872 5 5,510 ii 6,026: 642' 110 471 | 256 1,281 1,255; 1,857 2,895! 1,018 1,008 131 12 (3) (3) 1,728 / 1,711 jj 101 265 213 I 224 \ 699 24 551 426 ■ 381 (3) (3) 384 j 171 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 64.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY STATES: 1919. j TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— : l| No ; j! wage j i TT. !; earn- !Estab-! Wa^ ij ers. I lish- earners ]l !; (average j| i ments-; number).; 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 t o 20 wage earners, inclusive. liEstab-lEstab- w (Estab-i w i lish- 1 lish- wa5° iisn- vvage , A .jx^ts.earae^' ments. eamers- 1 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. meats.**™™' 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. ;1£H ^ ™*e ments.jeamers" ments. eamers' Over 250 wage earners. jments. eamers- 1919..j i 355 10,685; j 23! 94 j 260 ! 108 1,349; 73 2,587; 31 2,104 i 22 3,183 4 j 1,202 1914.. | 352 10,668 24! 106 | 257 107! 1,233 53 1,706; 37 2,537 21 I 3,293 4 | 1,642 California 27 665; l i 9 i 20 1 5 62! 11 372 1 211 31 1,239 l 3! 174 I 10 15 203! 7 257; - 2 1,089! 119 , 2 '■■ 244 1 I 406 219 5,510 IS! 64! 67 822 | 40 1,417 | 17 11 \ 1,466 2; 542 28 1,728 l! 2 i 7 | 9 113 1 5 191; 5 356 i 5 i 807 254 ! 1 i Table 65.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVFTtAf}?1 "NTTTM"R"F'H OF' -:' VALUE OF PRODUCT. WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS, VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1914 1909 II 1919 1914 1909 ! 1919 1914 1919 1*914 1909 1919 1909 ! j j j .: • 10,668 | 11,354 j $46,940,511 1 $21,614,109 j $23,630,598 ij $20,654,382 $9,443,415 All classes 355 352 377 10,685 $10,422,597 72 j 131 j 75,280! 162,783 j 201,786 1 43,523 89,311 613 683! 852,245 1,279,224 \ 1,330,783:! 445,485; 605,053 2,943 1 3,089 1 6,902,001 | 5,205,684 j 5,751,826 ,| 3,247,985 \ 2,408,240 Less than $5,000 29 72 130 103 17 4 67 108 115 59 2 1 77 117 123 16 222 1,S02 / 5,072 \ 2,371 1,202 111,969 703,097 2,657,434 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000. } 60 | 1 7,040 7,451 { ^ 622; 163 j}1 966,418 i 16,337,203 i j J*™ } i 6,340,811'! 5!247!660 1 1 2* 615'SIB! 6,950,097 $500,000 to$1,000,000............ $1,000,000 and over 1 J '' ! i ' '; All classes Less than $5,000..... $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 8,2 20.3 36.6 29.0 4.8 1.1 100.0 ! 100.0 100.0 19.0 30.7 32.7 16.7 0.6 0.3 20.4; 31.0! 32,6 } 15« 9 !{ 0.1 2.1 16.9 47.5 22.2 11.2 100,0 j 100.0 0.7 i 5.7 27.6 L2 6.0 27.2 65.6 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 0.2 1.8! 14.7! 47.4 24. S; 11.2! 0.8 5.9 I 24.1 j 69.2! 0.9 I 5.7 24.3 100,0 0.2 2.2 I 15.7! 46.3! 22.9 j 12 7 I 0.9 6.4 25.5 67.1 100.0 1.1 6,7 25,5 66.7 111367—23 34 »Includes the group "$1,000,000 and over." 530 MANUFACTURES. Table 66.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CHARACTEB OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual...... Corporation All other Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 355 352 377 143 170 190 108 80 73 104 102 114 Average number of wage earners. 10,685 10,668 11,354 1,485 1,889 2,135 5,757 4,815 4,723 3,443 3,964 4,496 Value of products. $46,940,511 21,614,109 23,630,598 7,348,256 3,518,008 4,222,329 23,341,063 9, .544,230 10,106,657 16,251,192 8,551,871 9,301,612 Value added by manufac- ture. $20,654,382 9,443,415 10,422,597 3,425,776 1,672,280 1,936,560 10,394,305 4,137,744 4,325,226 6,831,301 3,633,391 4,160,811 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. I Cen- , sus j year. Per cent distribution: Individual Corporation., All other j 1919 I 1914 I 1909 I 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 40.3 48.3 50.4 30.4 22.7 19.4 29.3 29.0 30.2 Average number of wage earners. 13.9 17.8 18.8 53.9 45.1 41.6 32.2 37.2 39.6 Value of products. 15.7 16.3 17.9 49.7 44.2 42.8 34.6 39.6 39.4 Value added by manufac- ture. 16.6 17.7 18.6 50.3 43.8 41.5 33.1 38.5 39.9 Table 67.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 791 518 378 3,288 3,357 2,889 100.0 100.0 100.0 Steam1 42 14 14 40 24 68 | 31 l 1,293 918 918 2,031 1 2,016 1,757 1 1,625 39.3 27.9 27.9 60.5 52.3 69.8 56.2 Engines (*) 8! Turbines (*) (a) Internal-combustion engines 17 11 13 3 25: 12! 73 302 82 192 141 250 2.2 9.2 2.4 5.7 4.9 8.7 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 310! 310; Rental 749 749 478 478 1,995 1,995 1,326 1,277 49 873 850 23 60.7 60.7 39.5 38.0 1.5 30.2 29.4 0.8 Electric Other 767 749 18 508 478 30 330! 310 20 1 2,064 1,995 69 1,515 1,277 238 1,000 850 150 100.0 96.7 3.3 100.0 84.3 15.7 100.0 85.0 15.0 Rented Generated by establishments reporting L Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. «Not reported separately. Table 68.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds).1 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 2,652 2,530 10,597 12,262 128 38 3 97 8,730 11,648 207 (') 2 4 2 3 60 33 581 1,591 191 69 2,413 5,827 (») 1,082 524 556 302 5 (8) 43 10 199 485 3 (V) 33 3,700 38 55 2,314 2,305 3,708 2,821 25 2,783 4,519 8 105 8 67 (') 1,080 10 27 18 35 15 24 2,808 2,124 114 30 39 684 72 33 122 761 699 12 61 (») 2,430 1,209 11 (») Census year. J_ United States California Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts8 New York Pennsylvania1 Virginia8 Washington» Wisconsin All other states 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1 Inoludes some semlanthracite. * Included in figures for fuel oils. 1 Included with "All other states" in 1919. LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS. 531 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Comparative statistics of products.—Table 69 presents statistics for the quantity and value of leather gloves, mittens, and gauntlets for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by kinds, for men and boys and for women and children, subdivided as to unlined, lined, and part leather and part fabric. The totals are inclusive of the out- put of establishments classified under other indus- tries, because of their chief products, but manufac- turing very considerable quantities of leather gloves, mittens, and gauntlets. These are not distributable by kind and hence are not represented in the groups and subgroups. The average unit value for all men's and boys' gloves, mittens, and gauntlets increased from §6.15 per dozen pairs in 1914 to SI 1.35 in 1919, and for women's and children's from $9.30 to $17.95. Distribution, by classes and kinds of leather.—Table 70 classifies the products (1) men's and boys' and women's and children's gloves, with subdivisions—un- lined, lined, and part fabric; and (2) dress and working gloves, with subdivisions as to kind of leather. Of the aggregate quantity, 58.8 per cent were reported as unlined in 1919, and 16.5 per cent were made of part leather and part fabric. At the census of 1914 the unlined gloves formed 63.2 per cent of the total num- ber and the part fabric and part leather gloves 6.5 per cent. Unlined gloves constituted 70.2 per cent of the class designated as dress gloves and 52.9 per cent of the working gloves. Table 69.—Products—Quantity and Value, by Kinds, 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1909 Number of establishments Leather gloves and mittens industry,.. Manufacturing leather gloves and mit- tens as subsidiary products 377 355 22 368 352 393 377 Products, total value | $50,115,525 Leather gloves and mittens indus-i try, all products $16,940,511 Leather gloves and mittens, sub- I sidiary products of other Indus- \ tries $3,175,014: $22,256,571 ; $23,895,559 $21,614,109 j $23,630,598 $642,462 $'264,961 Gloves, mittens, and gauntlets: Dozen pairs Value Average unit value, doz. prs... Men's and boys'— Dozen pairs Value Average unit value, doz. prs... Unlined— Dozen pairs Value Lined— Dozen pairs Value Part leather and part fabric- Dozen pairs Value Women's and children's— Dozen pairs V alue Average unit, value, doz. prs... Unlined— Dozen pairs Value - Lined- Dozen pairs Value Part leather and part fabric- Dozen pairs Value I i 4,150,412 j $48,006,791 $11.55 | 3,040,747 i $34,498,656! $11.35; 1,706,795! $23,053,857! 767,801' 59,037,038 j 566,151 | $2,407,761 j 574,956 i $10,333,121: $17.95 | 417,595 $3,596,567 j 126,294 | $1,568,735 j 31,067 I $167,819 1 1 3,2SS, 703 $20,939,020 $6.35 2,6.56,875 $16,333'. 388 $6.15 1,623,446 $11,486,491 832,695 $4,383,271 200,734 I $463,626: 425,501 I $3,963,170 $9.30 325,530 $3,196,761 99,971 $766,409 (3) (3) 1 3, 405.599 ; $22,790^822 | $6.70 2,888,991 $18,135.438 $6.30 1,755,229 $12,209,929 1,133.762 $5,925', 509 (a) t3) 479,664 $4,390,423 $9.15 326.690 $3,375j560 152.974 $1,014,863 (*) C-) All other products, value $2,108,734 j $1,317,551 \ $1,104,737 ! 1 Includes for 1919, 534,709 dozen pairs, value $3,175,014; 1914. 206,327 dozen, value $642,462; and 1909, 36,944 dozen, value $264,961, not distributed by kinds. * Not reported separately. Table 70.— LEATHER GLOVES, MITTENS, AND GAUNTLETS, LINED, UNLINED, AND PART FABRIC, ACCORDING TO KIND OF SKIN USED: 1919.1 LEATHER AND PART KIND OF LEATHER. Dress gloves, street gloves, mittens, and gauntlets: Dozen pairs Value Domestic lamb or sheep skin, dozen pairs. Imported lamb or sheep skin, dozen pairs. Mocha, dozen pairs Goat or "real'' kid, dozen pairs . All other, dozen pairs Working gloves, mittens, and gauntlets: Dozen pairs Value Sheep skin, dozen pairs Horsehide, cattle hide, or calfskin, dozen pairs .. Deer or elk skin, dozen pairs All other, dozen pairs Total. MEN'S and boys'. Part leather! and part Unlined. Lined, fabric.; women's and children's. Part leather and part fabric. Unlined. Lined. i ! 1,227,2S4 $24,563,017 1 459,353 j $10,017,571 225,258 $4,561,518 15,823: 402,532 121,511 $119,212 $8,312,289 $1,532,301 2,807 $20,126 547,740 427,238 151,290 37,261 63,755 ! 180,3?3 1 170.032 I 163,753 1 41,338 '71,720 1 5,676 S,984 I 325 ! 34,523 j 7,887 i 27,742 i 210 1,533 96,921! 96,515 310 205,090 16,341 21 67,878; 5,995 2,366 406 13,959 4,901: 2,450 35 2,388, 419 $20,268,760 1,247,442 | 542, .543 $13,036,280 j $4,475,520 550,328 15,063 j 4,783 $2,288,549 $284,278! $36,434 28,260 $147,693 274,998 1,510,895 81,40S 521,118 137,918 1 97,839 710,986 | 338,286 76,533 4,691 322,005 101,727 37,151 940 452,375 1,100 100 ■ 84 60,702: 12.939 1,135 I 15 648 1 7,500 3,666 | 20,745 1 Not including 534,709 dozen pairs, value $3,175,014, the product of establishments in other industries. Products, in detail, by states.—Table 71 shows that dress and similar gloves formed 33.9 per cent of all gloves in 1919, and working gloves 66.1 per cent, working gloves being chiefly men's and boys'. In 1914 no work- ing gloves were reported for women and children. In regard to the leather used, domestic lamb and sheep skin was the leather used for 44.6 per cent of the dress gloves, and imported skins for 34.S per cent. At the census of 1914 these proportions were 26.6 per cent and 48.3 per cent, respectively. The proportion of 532 MANUFACTURES. "Mocha" gloves among the dress gloves decreased from 19.2 per cent in 1914 to 12.3 in 1919. Horse- hide, cattle hide, or calfskin was used for 63.3 per cent of the working gloves. New York, which produced 40.1 per cent of all gloves, reported 90.6 per cent of the dress gloves, but only a small proportion, 14.2 per cent, of the work- ing gloves. Illinois and Wisconsin exceeded New York in working gloves, and this class constituted the bulk of the output for these states. Only 12.7 per cent of the production of California and 10 per cent of that of Wisconsin were dress gloves. Table 71.—PRODUCTS—DETAILED STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1919. class and kind. United States. California. Illinois. New York. Wisconsin. All other states. . ... i Products, total value 546,940,511 $2,048,503 $5,422,794 $26,763,200 $6,772, SOS $5,933,206 Gloves, mittens, and gauntlets: Dozen pairs 3,615,703 $44,831,777 121,864 $2,040,603 706,055 $4,670,095 1,450,101 $25,889,646 696,897 $6,635,072 640,786 $5,596,361 Value Dress gloves, street gloves, mittens, and gauntlots: Dozen pairs 1,227,284 547,740 427,23S 151,290 37,261 63,755 $24,563,017 15,525 120 4,244 563 723 9,875 $369,765 C1) 1,111,372 479,685 408,559 143,174 30,944 49,010 $22,109,412 69,833 52,803 7,770 5,964 436 2,860 $1,284,880 30,554 15,132 6,665 1,589 5,158 2,010 $798,960 Domestic lamb or sheep skin Imported lamb or sheep skin Mocha Goat or "real" kid All other (L) 0) Value Men's and boys', lined and unlined— Dozen pairs 684,611 • 350,405 205,091 77,396 9,309 42,410 $14,579,089 8,054 120 0) 585,327 284,275 189,492 74,632 4,521 32,407 $12,521,905 65,074 52,803 7,615 1,360 436 2,860 $1,148,436 26,156 13,207 5,298 1,289 4,352 2,010 $709,123 Domestic lamb or sheep skin Imported lamb or sheep skin 2,686 115 Mocha Goat or "real" kid All other 5,133 §199,625 (x) Value C1) Women's and children's, lined and unlined— Dozen pairs 524,043 193,436 221,431 73,873 27,952 7,351 $9,844,590 7,471 508,165 192,261 218,351 68,521 26,423 2,609 $9,458,819 4,759 3,648 1,175 1,367 300 806 Domestic lamb or sheep skin Imported lamb or sheep skin 1 5*>8 155 4,604 Mocha 448 723 4,742 $170,140 Goat or "real" kid All other Value .... $136,444 $79,187 Part leather and part fabric- Dozen pairs 18,630 3,899 716 21 17,880 3,149 716 21 750 750 Domestic lamb or sheep skin Imported lamb or sheep skin Mocha Goat or "real" kid All other 13,994 $139,338 13,994 $128,68S Value $10,650 Working gloves, mittens, and gauntlets: 2,388,419 274,998 1,510,895 81,408 521,118 $20,268,760 106,339 3,364 58,709 576 43,690 $1,670,838 689,495 45,935 387,737 100 255,725 $4,598,643 338,729 171,392 110,880 21,614 34,843 $3,780,234 627,064 25,090 492,275 4,171 105,528 $5,350,192 626,792 29,219 Sheepskin Horsehide, cattle hide, or calfskin 461,294 54, 947 81,332 $4,868,853 Deer or elk skin All other Value Men's and boys', lined and unlined— 1,789,985 235,757 1,019,272 81,224 423,732 $17,511,806 101,310 2,620 58,024 576 40,090 $1,634,724 364,911 36,533 125,370 100 202,908 $3,354,001 312,449 164,62S 109,832 21,530 16,459 $3,395,598 607,470 24,025 478,046 4,171 101, 228 $5,150,121 403,845 7,951 278,000 54,847 63,047 $3,977,362 Sheepskin Horsehide, cattle hide, or calfskin Deer or elk skin All other Value Women's and children's, lined and unlined— Dozen pairs 19,846 2,075 1,748 84 15,939 $320, 712 4,429 744 685 15,102 1,031 1,048 84 315 300 15 Sheepskin Horsehide, cattle hide, or calfskin Deer or elk skin All other 3,000 $32,714 12,939 $283,228 $4,770 Part leather and part fabric— 578,588 37,166 459,875 100 81,447 $2,436,242 600 324,584 9,400 262,367 11,178 5,733 19,279 765 14,214 222,947 21,268 183,294 100 18,885 $891,491 Horsehide, cattle hide, or calfskin Deer or elk skin All other 600 $3,400 > 52,817 a $1,244,642 5,445 $101,408 4,300 $195,301 Value All other products, value $2,108,734 $7,900 $752,699 $873,554 $137,736 $336,845 1 Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. * The product of 3 establishments has been included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure oUndividual operations. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 72 shows for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products reported for the industry. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 73 presents, for 1919, by states, the more detailed statistics of the industry. LEATHER GLOVES AND MITTENS. 533 Table 72.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. i i Nam-, Wa*e sus estab-1 (a™r- lyear. lish- I J*^ United States., Cost of | Value mate- j of prod- rials. ' ucts. Expressed in thousands. . 1919! 355! 10,0.55 t 1914 i 352 i 10,668 ! 1909 i 377! 11,354 California 1919 | 27 665 1914 24 422 1909; 23 570 Illinois 1919 1 31 1,239 1914! 28 1,371 1909 1 29 1,309 1919: 4 213 1914 4 176 1909; 3 153 Iowa 1919! 6 290 1914: 8 195 • 1909 1 10 234 Massachusetts. 1919 5 50 1914 5 42 1909 i 8 109 $46,941 21,614 23,631 New York. 2,049 951 1,231 5,423 2,774 2,523 588 272 225 1,520 626 693 225 93 135 Cen- sus year. Num- I ber of i estab-! , lish- ments., Wage , i num- ber). horse- \ power. Cost of I Value mate- j of prod- rials, i ucts. Expressed in thousands. | Pennsylvania. Washington. \ Wisconsin. All other states. 1919 219! 5,510 1,462 $4.3-8.8 $14,567 $26,763 1914 216 6,026 | 1,098 2'. 697 7.080 127 845 1909! 225: 6,287! 1,0*03 2,841 8', 023 14,336 1919' 6' 112 44 60 249 345 1914 7 [ 78 30 24 80 123 1909 3 42; 7 12 33 .54 1919: 7; '46: 12 65 131 244 1914 6 52 17 29 79 148 1909 6 59; 10 21 59 120 1919 2S; 1.728 609 1,205 4,267 6,773 1914 24 1,711 670 '5 89 1,746 2', 922 1909 23; 1,642 301 573 1,637 2,7 99 1919 22 832 459 524 1,878 3,011 1914 30 I 595 492 1% 484 860 1909 47 ■ 949 552 337 S52 1. 515 Table 73.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of STATE. estab-; lish-! ments.i Total. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTBY. United States. 355 ;! 12,594 California Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts.. New York Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states2. 27 31 4 6 5 219 6 4 7 28 18 782 1,379 232 415 64 6,640 134 81 56 1,915 896 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 405 23 27 1 5 5 2S3 Clerks, etc. Male, 615 601 49 49 12 25 4 I 329; 7 1 101; 30 26 38 4 71 1 357 7 3 o 38 54 Wage earners. j Number, 15th day of— WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Fe- male. num- ber. Maximum month. Minimum month. 2SS 110,685 i: De 11,623 Mh 9,984 Total. 11,459 19 26 2 24 4 161 665 1,239 213 290 j .50 | 5,510 ! 112 62 46 De De Oc Jv No De 723 1.42S '250 311 68 5.929 Ja i& Ja Ap Ja 595 ,132 106 263 37 ,908 26 ! 1, 770 j! No 14S 11 No 74 !! Oci 50 Ja 1,972 Mh 92 j Fe» 49 ji Ja» 43 >j Mv 1,616 j; 730 1,254 246 310 62 5, SS7 144 69 51 1,781 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Male. 4,753 : 6,226 309 | 358: 55 125; 23 i 2,933 | 47 | 24! 27 \ 576 276 416 772 150 170 39 2,906 S2 40 24 I 1,023 ! 604 Under 16. i Salaries and wages. imale. 201 Capital. I Officials. 279 11829,870,277 ;$1,740,432 1 1,645,569 i 2,241,681 I 303,253 : 1.316.008 158,401 18,404,716 247,543 123,274 138,340 3,765,616 1.525,846 $1,357,614 112,956 164, S67 26,923 89,379 8,160 951,626 6,2S0 12,876 1,680 282,303 83,382 Clerks, etc. 70.9S7 SO; 809 8,629 135,809 4,755 913,839 7,243 3,611 2,300 61,785 67, S47 expenses—continued. United States.. I Salaries | and ! wa^es— !Con turned. Wage earners. ..:$S, 150,784 California I 561,261 Illinois !1,023,855 Indiana j 86,117 Iowa 188,826 Massachusetts !49,192 New York j 4,388,213 Pennsylvania i 60,310 Virginia \ 31,181 Washington j 64,889 Wisconsin .... i 1,205,175 All other states » !491,765 Rent and taxes. F,°r , Taxes, contract , Federal, work. ) Rent 0f state, i factory. ; county, j and ; local. For materials. $191,932 j $S12,404 | $26,102,312 j $183, S17 Principal Fuel and materials. , rent of power. 851,131 3,047,167! 370,734 , 74S.799; 134,098 i 14,4?2,927; 247,036: 190;404 130,359; 4,235,724 j . 1,673,933 I 4,479 26,882 4.056 4,052 1,969 94,247 2,364 543 1,009 31,026 13,190 Value of products. Value, added by manufac- ture. Primary horsepower. Owned. Total. Inter- nal- • com- i Water i 7-™h bus- pow- ! g?!-3! bines).,^! ! Steam i en- gines : Elec- tric ! horse- . power gener- ated in Rent- i estab- ed lish- ; inents j re port- ly ing. $46,940,511 2,048,503 5,422,794 588,10S 1,519,893 225,255 26,763,200 344,794 252, US 243,778 6,772', 80S i 2,759,260 918! 73; 302 | 1,905 j 69 | IS i 120 1 . 50 L 326 i ""is 50 39' 51 1 14 363 i 152 j 947 17 12! ""275T '"2s" 306 5 40 150' 150 1 146 ■ 'Same number reported for one or more other months. 8 All other states embrace: Colorado, 1 establishment; Maryland, 2; Michigan, 4; Minnesota, 2; New Hampshire, 2; New Jersey, 2; Ohio, 2; Oregon, 2; and Tennessee, 1. 3 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring powej plants). SADDLERY AND HARNESS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry in- cludes establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of the various products pertaining to saddlery and harness, including horse collars, bridles, halters, horse boots, sweat pads, etc. In addition to the estab- lishments constituting the classified industry in 1919, production was reported to the value of $2,014,262 by 35 establishments engaged primarily in the manufac- ture of other products. Comparative summary.—Table 74 presents the prin- cipal statistics for the census years 1879 to 1919, in- clusive. The increase in financial items in 1919 as compared with 1914 was due to the general advance in prices, for there was a marked decrease in number of es- tablishments and of persons engaged in the industry. Wage earners, by months.—Table 75 reflects the steadiness of employment from month to month, or the reverse. There was relatively small variation in em- ployment in 1919, the minimum-month number being 90.7 per cent of the maximum-month number as com- pared with 85.7 per cent in 1914. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 76 shows that in 1909 only 2 per cent and in 1914 but 3.6 per cent of the total number of wage earners were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less. In 1919 this percentage increased to 31.7. On the other hand, in 1909,36.2 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 60 or more per week; whereas in 1914 this percentage dropped to 25.8 and in 1919 to 12.9 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The establishments averaged practically six wage earners per establishment in 1919 and five in 1914. The industry includes a large number of establishments owned by individuals and by firms in which the work is done by the proprietors, and as a result many estab- lishments reported few or no wage earners. Table 77 shows that in 1919,24.8 per cent of the establishments had no wage earners and 62.3 per cent from 1 to 5 per establishment and in 1914, 19.3 per cent had no wage earners and 67.3 per cent from 1 to 5. Character of ownership.—The establishments owned by corporations, as presented in Table 78, constituted only 13.9 per cent of the total number in 1919, but they employed 71.4 per cent of the wage earners and reported 73.6 per cent of the products. The individual establishments constituted 69.9 per cent of the total number in 1919 with 16 per cent of the products. The decrease in number of establishments is distrib- uted proportionately among the groups but the per- centage of increase in the value of products reported is much the largest for the corporations. General table.—The detailed statistics for the indus- try, by states, are given for 1919 in Table 79. Table 74.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacturef< 1910 1914 1909 1901 1899 1889 1,823 2,551 1,347 1,076 873 7, 931 14,863 1,946 2,506 18,383 2,768 2,646 19,014 1, 452 2,930 18,354 1,181 2,141 (2) (2) 1,737 14,364 10,411 12,969 14,632 15,032 22,672 8, 212 *49,368,288 10,397 $45,207,380 17,234 §39,224,195 7,370 $29, 264,460 6,018 $20, 462,903 2,347 £35,346, 620 15, 238,751 4,389,685 30,849,066 11,154,740 3,159,128 7,995, 612 11,002,925 2,931,441 8,071, 484 9,653, 458 2,019,147 7,634,311 7,682,974 1,428,512 6, 254, 462 16,030, 845 (*) (2) 63,357 3,202,434 52, 442, 907 83,713, 010 31, 270,103 114,945 1,185,232 33,086, 442 53, 558, 612 20, 472,170 56,142 826,854 33,177,937 54,224,602 21,046,665 82, 575 < 655,759 23,774,239 42,054,842 18, 280,603 (2) (2) (2) (2) 19,770,574 33,702,563 13,931,989 24,674, 225 52,970,801 28, 296,576 1879 7,999 (2) 21,446 (2) 7,997,752 (2) (2) (2) (2) 19,968,716 38,081, 643 '18,112,927 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 -28.5 89.4 25.2 -19.1 -29.7 -5.3 -19.7 -3.3 90.6 -9.7 -11.4 3.6 22.9 36.9 -2.7 -21.0 9.2 -39.7 15.3 133.8 34.0 36.6 39.0 35.7 1.4 7.8 -0.9 14,0 45.2 5.7 -44.9 170.2 58.5 56.3 52.7 104.7 43.3 -0.3 -1.2 -2.7 -32.0 26.1 39.6 28.9 15.1 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 'Figures not available. » Figures not strictly comparable. < Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. 1899- 1904 18S9- 1899 1879- 1889 23.3 -89.0 -0.9 23.3 4.7 (") (*) 22.5 43.0 156. 4 -42.1 114.1 100. 4 25.6 41.3 22.1 -52.1 20.3 24.8 31.2 -19.9 -36.4 -50.8 23.6 39.1 56.2 (534) SADDLERY AND HARNESS. 535 Table 75.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. United States: 1919 Male.... Female., 1914 1909 Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky.. Minnesota., Missouri... Ohio Tennessee.. Texas Wisconsin. Average! number em- ployed during year. 10,411 9, .532 879 12,969 14,632 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OF THE MONTH OE NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Jan- uary. 10,627 i 9,686! 941! 13,765: 14,550; Feb- ruary. 10,431 9,562 869 13,854: 14,827 j March. 1 April. May. 10,416! 9,569; 847 j 13,653 i 14,880 i 10,060 i 9,248 i 812 j 13,399 i 14,742! 9,956 9,161 795 13,135 14,634 June. 9,938 i 9,120: 818; 12,834 i 14,546: July. 10,068 9,255 813 12,436 14.366 563 558 | 554 | 566 | 525 887 1,042 988: 959 1 883 453 508! 504: 498; 443 395 441 i 393; 410 1 3-86 479 480 I JJS 475: 484 430 427 j 438 436 i 428 1,120! 1,215 1,113 1,10$ 1,124 799 873 \ 856 794 j 687 614 614; .554 586 j 589 919 S73 i 908 923 894 441 40 i \ 408 439 441 535 816 I 436 | 351 472: 417 1,155 i 675 j 604! 935 444 519; 784! 423 335 j 474 407 1,201' 690 622 913 438 580 782 404 $30 476 410 1,233 764 j 624 I 899 I 436 August.! &^m' 10,396 9,498 898 12,105 14, S01 10,445 9,538 907 u, m 14,419 Octo- Novem- ber, ber. j| Per ;J cent _ __'} mini- : mum Decern- | is of ber. j maxi- '; mum. 10,789 I 9,846 943: 12,401 1 14,432 i 10, -851 9,887 964 12. 679 14,728 10,955 10,014 941; 13,491 j 15,170 j 438 , 334! 487! 434 | 1,271 j 776! 622 934' 454 , 586 808 412 335 473 441 1,290 812 636 930 453 558 , 889 \ 472 496 480 457 | 1,291; 873 j 631; 940! 465 568 923 457 481 485 458 1,334 891 626 943 45S 592 975 i| 443! 448;! 490 479; 1,345 !l 897 630 936 455 90.7 91.1 82.5 85.7 94.3 84.4 75.0 79. 8 66.5 96.3 85.0 82.0 75.3 91.8 92.6 86.2 Table 76.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States. 1919. 1914.. 1909., Georgia Illinois. Indiana Iowa... Total. 10,411 12,969 14,632 563 8S7 453 395 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK VEEE- 44 and un- der. I Be- I 51 ween I 44 | 48> 1 and! 48. j 110 140 3,050 (2) j <2) ; 464 (») I (3) ! 29$ Hi j 52 22' 31 j 154 2 I | 64 2 1 1 38 Be-; tween 48! and 1 54. Be- tween ; 54 and 60. i Over ! 60. 1,093 .1,932 2.138 il,333; 15 598 :4,040 14,518 13,323 1 26 897 12,219 5,920 jo, 224 i 74 04; 11! 356 , 69! 41 90 485; 63; 1 179 24 107 75 ] o 191 63 57 j 42 \ 2 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- Be- Be- , tween tween tween' 44 48.1 48 54. 54: ! and and and i 48. 54. 60. • iOver ! 60. 1 106 19 61 151 , 137 Minnesota i 430 1 143 0 4 257 1 25 Missouri ! 1,215 20! 2 743 22 303 j 90; 35 Ohio .! 799 3 27 93' 369 108; 116 S3 Tennessee 614 153 1 93 1 87 ■ 280 Texas 919 310 11 459; 111 28 Wisconsin 441; 17 78 257 65! 2 22 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 77.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.... 1919.. 1914.. Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Minnesota Missouri Ohio Tennessee Texas Wisconsin Estab- lish- ments. 1,823 2,551 20 183 114 110 52 51 88 106 43 as 43 Wage earners (average number). 10,411 12,969 563 887 4.53 395 479 436 1,215 799 614 919 441 No wage 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- • Estab- lish- ; lish- ments. \ ments. 453 1 1,135 493! 1,718 Wage earners. 1.740 2.819 45: 22 1 23 i 14 33 12 10 10 121 79 76 35 36 56 62 23 44 24 15 171 102 99 60 47 87 110 46 79 29 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 6 to 20 wage i 21 to 50 wage i 51 to 100 wage 101 to 250 wage Over earners, inclusive.; earners, inclusive. j earners, inclusive.; earners,inclusive. 251 wage earners. Estab-: lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish-; ments.: Wage earners. 'Estob- ; lish- , ments. wa„a Estab- WrwTt, ;Estab- j Wage » h_ Wage < n h_ Wage earners. ments earners, j ments earners. 121 214 1,449: 2,482 1 68! 7S! 2,257 2,521 4 11 7 5 4 1 9 3 3 4 5 47 j 149 92 63 41 19 141 26 27' 41 121 151 141 173 88 I 127 48 172 246 60 52 32 2,333 11 1,705 3 927 32 2,218 14 2,151 ( 2 778 1 64: 2 316! 1 107! 1 309 1 60 1 118 1 4 290 3 243! I 6 491; 2 448 1 2 140 , 1 351 2 140; 1 , 155 j. 3 247 2 225 | 1 267 1 58 1 229 j Table 78.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. Num- Avor- CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- sus year. ber of estab- lish- age number of wage Value of products. ments. earners. All classes 1919 1,823 10,411 $83,713,010 1914 2,561 12,969 53, 558,612 1919 1,275 1,878 13,357,900 1914 1', 802 3,105 11,651,293 Corporation 1919 253 7,434 61,653,014 1914 324 8,265 34,706,544 1919 295 1,099 8,702,096 1914 425 1,599 7,200,775 Value added by manu- facture. S31,270,103 20,472,170 5,402,S39 5,542,360 22,688,559 12,119,743 3,178,705 2,810,067 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- sus year Num- i Aver-! i ber of j age j estab- j number J lish- of wage !ments. earners.' Value of products. Per cent distribution: Individual Value added by . manu- ■ facture. Corporation. All other.... 1919 69,9 18.0 16.0 17.3 1914 70,6 23.9 21. 8 27.1 1919 13.9 71.4! 73.6! 72.6 1914 12.7 63.7 i 64. S' 59.2 1919 16.2 10.6 i 10.4 10.2 1914 16.7 12.3 13,4 i 13.7 i 1 I 536 MANUFACTURES. Table 79.—DETAILED STATEMENT, United States. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California... Colorado Delaware Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming...: All other states b Num- ber of estab- lish- ments, 4 20 37 27 3 20 10 183 114 110 83 52 11 53 46 4 91 30 14 106 36 33 117 3 5 10 43 68 18 10 33 42 51 43 18 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. I 14, S63 105 43 161 232 268 7 642 46 1,241 618 304 661 179 17 220 168 326 638 34 1,663 57 226 92 24 359 164 96 1,052 153 260 407 5 22 39 804 1,269 111 26 380 152 146 600 43 117 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 1,946 29 34 24 3 22 18 206 127 85 10 58 53 4 92 32 13 112 41 33 129 2 5 750 Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. 1,330 11! 42 j l ;. 15 2 1; 20; 10! 8! 44 I 11 i 30 I 6 i 37 202 6 24 1 1 18 18 7 37 1! 1 i 1 3 I 3 42 i 86 64 I 159 9 j 11 426 "25T"66"i 16! 5 I 52 i Aver- age num- ber. 10,411 93 24 100 130 206 4 563 22 887 453 395 181 479 136 159 140 253 436 27 1,215 36 127 36 18 223 113 65 799 92 182 225 2 15 23 614 919 67 17 225 74 78 441 21 Wage earners. Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 10,955 My Oc 3 Se* Ja De Ja8 Au Au 8 Ja Ja Oc Mh De Au My 3 Ap My No De Ja» De Jy8 Ja« Oc De Se Oc Fe8 De Se Ja ft (.<>. Se No llo De Mh Je8 Oc Jy 101 28 107 155 236 5 615 24 1,042 506 496 192 490 145 174 148 317 479 53 1,345 40 139 39 22 235 121 76 897 115 281 232 2 15 25 943 73 20 248 94 83 465 23 Minimum month. Je 9,938 De Ja' Ja* Au Mh Jy* Je Ja JTy Jy Au Fe8 De No8 Ja Fe My Je No8 Mh Ja lly 8 Fe Ja Ja Se My Fe No Ja ? Ja8 Fe Ja Fe Jv8 Ja8 Se8 Oc Ja Fe8 22 94 122 188 3 519 17 782 404 330 172 472 130 7 124 132 185 407 16 1,103 25 117 34 15 212 103 58 675 67 145 215 2 15 22 584 873 59 15 210 66 71 401 19 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 11,099 102~ 23 101 159 242 22 996 513 379 190 490 133 158 138 300 489 16 1,344 37 131 41 21 232 117 67 906 111 156 226 2 15 24 634 934 70 18 250 73 459 20 84 16 and over. Male. 10,078 92 22 97 151 226 3 500 20 939 391 372 185 437 129 i Fe- male. 143 121 217 454 4 1,231 37 131 41 21 223 116 67 831 107 151 222 2 15 . 24 |. 550 | 863' 70 ,. 18 232; 68 !. 66 387 20 73 960 85 2 56 119 109 Under 16. Male. Fe- male 20 Capital. $49,368,288 189,769 164,407 469,460 937,716 840,090 22,885 1,154,300 170,928 3,860,973 1,858,008 3,052,322 959,661 1,944,964 775,704 24,644 758,605 I 405,487 1 942,557 2,367,647 33,002 5,064,798 260,993 1,066,106 177,765 44,266 927,505 347,338 634,001 4,100,027 418,153 9S4,702 1,265,136 2,743 19,135 154,301 2,215,416 4,711,974 321,050 31,885 1,705,654 580,216 594,275 2,381,685 117,744 308,291 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). I current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). 8 Same number reported for one or more other months. SADDLERY AND HARNESS. 537 BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, $2,298,662 jS2,091,023 11,700 6,900 15,515 19,958 47, 407 126,724 5,400: 153,678 i 115,683 | 102,955 I 40,103 i 114,392 i 32,050 27,760 19,580 35,692 93,107 2,460; 316,884 I 12,385! 23,036 ( 2,000; 1,250' j 28,741 14,744! 15,500 , 132,548 | 34,142 1 40,568 24,596 1,500 800 5,000 98,586 1S6,918 11,340 111,001 53,020 30,193 157,216 2, 830 22,800 1,800 45,382 25,433 51,119 Wage earners. $10,849,066 62,062 i 1,350! 137,079 70,737! 72,409 35,766 i 159,267; 45,924! 26,021! 8,852; 11,914 145,923 279,681 9,269 51,761; 1,040! 1,022; 23,878! 6,960 I 11,280 125,248 i 9,979 | 35,884 I 42,936 , 700 5,220 j 188,588 j 168,565! 9,220 I 40,4(53; 31,970! 14,370 . 117,292 I 77,536 24,953 84,791 164,455 272,422 3,600 506,715 22,894 1,058,949 440,219 493,640 217,958 460,109 130,468 9,992 153,473 158,568 267,090 489, 246 9,894 1,250,103 45,155 159,362 37,720 22,336 249, S99 94,217 i 65,999 j 605,807 | 133,685' 245,091 i 204,787! 2,292 | 10,376: 35,101 | 520,590! 989,859! 85,970 i 18,151 I 224,096; 97,668 81,532 i 500,739 I 28,122 I 93,434' Pwents and taxes. For contract j work. j Rent of i factory. $63,357 | $726,286 1,200 "1*055 52 1,579 150 472 470 20, 234 76 150 4,561 503 921 29,536 850 I 2,993 4,9,50 9,950 18,177 10,190 9,325 6,590 61,287 47,713 28,682 20,524 14,850 6,034 2,406 5,984 5,326 17.026 38', 658 1,260 74,624 4,388 13,792 10,242 2,520 31,993 7,895 3,066 29,107 15, 478 17,502 24,311 720 1,500 2,715 20,012 77,840 3,433 970 8,470 20,700 9,618 27,517 2,444 3,504 Taxes. Federal, state, county, and" local. For materials. Principal !^ *}d materials. ^nt of power. -!- §2,476,148 j $52,064,231 $378,676 12,530 2,422 6,0.56 13,333 25,416 91.946 | 1,699 | 90,331! 38,107 I 232,016 | 26,8.50 28.658! 13.422 | 13, .507 15.167 80,398 32,562 425 183,239 4,906 18,270 2,002 1,467 4,535 4,684 7,297 457,444 7,218 52,252 7,836 66 25 1,912 27,917 102,348 11,256 737 12,118 15,078 18,393 677,417 1,550 130, S28 299,973 86,905 1 556,586 i 729,938: 944,586 1 8,792 , 2,535,188 i 114,484! 4,501,909 1,409,986 2,568,298' 9,56,871 2,842,395 I 612,460 20,973 505,482 457,309 1, OSS, 026; 2,812,366 1 15,722 6,260,481: 203,376 • 893,564; 78,605 i 48,681 I 808,239 I 501,666! 499,478 3,019,719 647,182 931,547 8S9,013 5,773 25,900 83,000 3,009,033 5,212,040 438,596 35,338 SS0,526 480,881 450,385 3,278,379 90,137 224,443 2,148 808 2,653 4,633 6,164 7,078 1,492 28,460 22,965 21,155' 8,779 16,382 2,750 1 448 | 5,604 \ 8,196 10,953 16,947 547 , 77,633: 1,633 7,165 2,173 654: 7,993! 3,856 4,640! 16,558 j 2,747 j 6,437 | S,913 j 143 i 677 1,202 15,217 17,730 2.698 '924 4,183 5, OOo 4,698 13,362 1,370 2,771 Value of products. $83,713,010 Primary horsepower. Value added by manufac- ture. Owned. Total. $31,270,103 11 8,212 470,819 148,318 824,875 1,181,680 1,556,723 18,540 4.154,219 1S8,491 7,032,469 2,520,166 4,167,58S 1,490,428 4.443,962 '948,575 49,621 851,389 778.809 2,101,341 4,159,286 41,479 9,449,705 318,734 1,434,118 191,473 90,904 1,435.448: 733,427 676,300 5,142,703 1,042,107; 1,931,187 1,515,099 15,750 i 48,125 180,219 4.789,80S ■ 7,817,750 662,01S , 75,455 1,504,129 921,674 7SS,600; 5,143,239 158,262 517,995 168,698; 60,605 265,636 i 447,109 605,973! 9,676! 1,611,953 72,515 2,502,100 1,087,215: 1,578,135 524,778' 1,585,185 333,365 28,200 i 340,303 313.301 1,002,362; 1,329,973 i 25,210 3,111.592 i 113,725 | 533,389; 110,695 \ 41,569 619,216 227,905 172,182 2,106,426 392,17S 993,203 617,173 9,834 21.548 96,017 1,765,556: 2,587,980 220,724 39,196 619; 420' 435,728 333,517! 1,851,498! 66.755; 290,782 1 Steam engines! (riot tur- bines). 105 21 49 178 234 496 [ 20 } 606 605 I 409!! 156 j . 352 k 70 !l. 149 105! 18S; 329 20 j 1,082: 22! 134 I 20 I 8 i 126 18-5 80 i 567 j 50 233 179 1 13 14 292 359 40 4 129 S3 178 247 8 63 1,279 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Water; pow- j Rent- ed.' ■ Elec- r trie |. horse-; ; po^er! j gener-j ) atedinl r, estab-: lish- ments report- ing, i 38! 6,613! 245 120: 62 | 75! 30 I 36 i 13 33; loo; 25; 60: 292 17 6 ;. 6 . 115' "iio"; 24 ... 60 125! 30 21 49 178 234 370; S 20 j! 9 473: 105 10 510 j 11 300 152 350 70 33 81 1S8 \ 269: 18 ■ .... 12 .... 13 14 .... 15 .... 16 .... 17 .... IS .... 19 40 20 2 21 773 i 55 ! 22 16 !■; 23 12S !l 24 20 i i 25 8 T I 26 126! 45 , 433 I 48 1 ..J 27 ... 28 2 : 29 ..J 30 ... 31 233 1 32 9 4 j 12 i 33 1 !: 34 13 I: 3 35 14 j !36 292 !. '37 349 i 38 40 39 4 i 40 114; i 41 SI | 42 44 25 43 240 44 8 j !45 63 I i 46 4 Same number reported throughout the year. * All other states embrace: Connecticut, 4* establishments; Nevada, 2; and New Hampshire. 2. LEATHER BELTING. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry includes the establishments engaged primarily in the making of leather belting. Prior to 1914 it was in- clusive of leather hose, but at the censuses of 1914 and 1919 no establishments were reported as en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of leather hose. In addition to the establishments constituting the classified industry in 1919, leather belting was reported to the value of $4,947,610 by 9 establishments en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of other products and assigned to other industries, which included three of the leather industries—leather, tanned, curried, and finished ($4,319,779); leather goods, not elsewhere specified; and boot and shoe cut stock. Comparative summary. -Table 80 presents the prin- cipal statistics for each census year from 1879 to 1919, the figures for the earlier censuses being inclusive of leather hose. The increase in financial items in 1919 as compared with 1914 was to a large degree due to the general advance in prices, for on the basis of persons engaged in the industry and power equipment, the figures show slight decreases. Wage earners, by months.—Table 81 reflects the steadiness of employment from month to month, or the reverse. Female wage earners constituted but 6.3 per cent of the total number in 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—In 1909 only- 4.5 per cent and in 1914 only 8.3 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as shown in Table 82, were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 48 per week or less. In 1919 the corresponding proportion was 15.9 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909, 64.8 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments where the hours were more than 54 per week, whereas in 1914 the proportion dropped to 57 per cent and in 1919 to 11.1 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—As shown in Table S3, the industry includes a large number of establishments with no wage earners or fewer than 6. In 1919, 90 such establishments, or 52.3 per cent of the total number, employed only 6.8 per cent of the wage earners while establishments with more than 50 wage earners formed only 7.6 per cent of the total number of establishments, but employed 52.4 per cent of the wage earners. Character of ownership.—The majority of the estab- lishments, as presented in Table 84, were under corpo- rate ownership, 65.1 per cent in 1919 with 86 per cent of the wage earners, and with products representing 89.2 per cent of all products. Considering the industry as a whole, the establishments averaged $235,000 in value of products per establishment in 1919 as compared with $153,000 in 1914; the corporations averaged $323,000 per establishment in 1919, the individuals $74,000, and the "All other" group $69,000, the latter being chiefly firms. Table 80.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments. Person s engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 0 1919 1914 1909 1901 1899 1889 1879 172 151 139 117 104 93 96 4,019 91 1,163 2,765 4,263 86 1,226 2,951 4,370 100 1,264 3,006 2,800 94 614 2,092 (2) (2) 8 443 1,667 (2) J, 342 1,227 7,039 $27,533,899 7,411 $20,138,522 5,638 $17,457,064 3,220 $10,785,245 2,162 $7,408,219 1,040 $4,973,420 (2) $2,748,799 5,956,218 2,695,779 3,260,439 3,829,188 1,759,643 2,069,545 3,362,700 1,501,820 1,860,880 1,951,867 787,319 1,164,548 1,398,751 484,874 913,877 1,114,754 (2S (2) 606.037 (2 (2) 114,526 954,470 28,156,711 40,480,6.54 12,323,943 57,722 339,233 15,480,110 23,035,951 7,555,841 6,592 208,260 15,622,603 23,691,887 8,069,284 16,958 < 174,715 9,317,206 14,220,306 4,903,100 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 5,019,853 6,525,737 1,505,884 7,499,952 10,622,522 3,122,570 6,132,704 8,633,634 2,500,930 TER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 13.9 8.6 18.8 -5.7 5.8 -5.1 -6.3 -2.4 -14.0 -3.0 -1.8 56.1 6.4 105.9 43.7 -5.0 36.7 31.4 15.4 75.1 61.9 55.5 53.2 67.5 13.9 17.2 11.2 72.3 90.8 59.8 98.4 181.4 81.9 75.7 63.1 775.6 62.9 -0.9 -2.8 -6.4 -61.1 19.2 67.7 66.6 64.6 1899- 1904 1889- 1899 1879- 1889 12.6 38.6 25.5 (3) (8) 48.9 45.6 107.9 49.0 80.9 83.9 39.5 62.4 27.4 25.5 24.2 33.9 57.0 22.3 23.0 24.9 22.2 32.3 66.1 1 A minus sign (-) denotes decrease: percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. > Figures not available. « Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 4 Value of products less cost of materials. (538) LEATHER BELTING. 539 Table 81.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is Indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females 1914 1909 Connecticut Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Average | number em- ployed during year. 2,765 2, .590 175 2,951 3,006 247 269 660 414 Janu- ary. 2,830 2,649 181 3,004 2,980 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OP MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Febru- ary. March- I April. May. 2,684 , 2,518 | 166; 3,004 i 2,952 i 2,683 2,512 171 2,988 2,943 2,586 2,418 168 2,940 2,877 2,567 2t 399 168 2,913 2,863 301 I 286! 702 417! 232 250 234 257 J 653 413 225 247 62S I 407! 206 253 629 387 June, July. 2,6-51 2,484 167 2,S94 2,915 226 254 636 $52 227 264 645 378 Au^tJ8^-! October: NSm-;D^m- 2,782 I 2,610 172! 2,914 I 3,052 j 2,870: 2,685 I 185 I 2,954 | 3,092 i 241! tJfi j 666 410 I 239 I 293 i 672: 43S 2,914 2,726 j 2,976 i 2,796: ISO 1 2,975 1 3,184! 188 2,958! 3,106: 253 | 288 | 294 j 298 | 671 1 679! 457; 443; 3,071 2,881! 190! 2,9S9 | 3,210! I Per : cent mini- mum is o f ; maxi- mum. 83.6 83.3 86.3 95.8 89.2 292 309 676 452 68.4 78.6 Table 82.- -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. ! j IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. 1 44 and under. Between , 'Between 44 and 48. *a* 48 and 54. r, !Between ! 54 and 60. 60. Over 60. United States . 1919 2,765! 2,951 1 3,006 j 24 60 350 \ 1,580 (*) 245 52S (2) 134 330 440! 2S0 495 j 1,55S 593 i 1,466 26 1914.. 1909.. (*) 122 3 4S3 Connecticut 247; 269; 660 414 24 196! 27 Massachusetts 8 6 3 139 119 3 i New York 1 23 618 12! Pennsylvania... 6! 386 ! 19 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 83.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners • (average { number). United States 1919, 1914 Connecticut Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earners. 1 to 5 wage j 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive, learners, inclusive! 21 to 50 wage j 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive.: earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- i ments., Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. \ Estab- ; lish- | ments. Wage earners. 172 1 2,765 151 | 2,951 8 j 247 20 1 269 37! 660 17! 414 S2; S5 189 I 215 I 50; 35; 529 392 5 j 25 j 44 j 16! Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 1 Estab-! lish- I 597 394 Wage earners. 25 !. 81 I 53 i 70 . 473 510 65 119 Over 100 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 977 1,440 1S3 365 269 Table 84.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- ; sus year. All classes 1919 ! 1914 Individual I 1919 I 1914 Corporation 1919 1914 All other J 1919 ! 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments, Aver- age num- ber of wage learners. 172 151 112 88 2,766 2,951 253 250 2,377 2,617 135 84 Value of products. $40,480,654 23,035,951 2,754,142 1,711,244 36,128,595 20,628,404 1,597,917 696,303 Value added by manu- facture. ($12,323,943 ,655,841 951,64S 602,625 10,890,210 6,708,207 482,0S5 244,919 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. j Num-' Cen- ber of; sus estab- j year., lish- 1 ; ments. Aver- 1 age num- ber of i wage! earners. Value of products. Per cent distribution: Value added by manu- facture. Individual 1919 21.5 9.2 6,s; 7. 7 1914 29.8 8.5! 7.4 j &0 1919 65.1 86. 0 | 89.2' SS.4 1914 58.3 88.7 j 89.5 j 88.8 All other 1919 13.4 4,9! 3.9! 3.9 1914 11.9 2. S \ 3.0; 3-2 j j 540 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—The detailed statistics for the industry for 1919 are given in Table 85, by states. Table 85.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States. California Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Washington All other states 2 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 4,019 111 320 298 304 141 153 123 130 934 184 34 18 538 Pro- prie- tors and firm mom-1 bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male 91 I 342! 538 | 283 2 j 10! 27! 16! 1 i 4! 6 I 6 I 37 49 37 7 14 33 22 142 42 77 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 2,765 247 192 269 113 116 56 82 660 102 414 25 29 8 372 Number, 15 day of— Maximum month. De 3,071 De Ja Se De Au De Oc i My Ja De Oc De De > 85 301 206 309 135 143 67 85 702 118 457 28 33 9 Minimum month. Je 2,566 Ja My Je Au Je Ap Fe Ap * Ap Je » Je Fe* Mv 1 Ja* 75 206 175 243 101 45 81 623 94 352 23 25 7 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 3,066 85 292 213 309 133 143 61 81 677 109 448 28 33 8 446 16 and over. Male. 2,803 I 184 Under 16. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male! 76 69 I 274! 206 282! 116! I 85 j 61 64 642 107 413 28 33 8 415 56 Capital. $27,533,899 671,667 3,241,340 2,006,687 1,945,268 1,088,702 1,561,540 762,247 630,402 6,501,653 1,072,269 4,151,003 176,653 56,467 96,739 3,571,262 Salaries and wages. Officials. $1,440,466 42,795 103,075 158,244 147,389 40,585 30,678 66,160 67,023 246,459 89,623 213,911 i 32,250 i Clerks, etc. $1,255,313 2,500 I 199,779 | 43,886 99,990 109,748 74,385 22,321 29,138 53,223 48,504 354, SS0 44,598 182,985 5,192 2,400 882 183,181 United States. California Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio , Pennsylvania. , Rhode Island Tennessee Washington AU other states 2 ex penses—continued. Salaries and wages— Con. Rent and taxes. Wage earners. I For ! contract! | work. | Rent of j factory. $3,260,439 I $114,526 81,635 | 285,258 257,144 j 328,639 | 3,401 127,198 j 136,028 j 56,796! 90,336! 854,000 j , 107,356 j 475,205 I 111,125 33,518 1 20,467 i 11,685 j - 395,174 , $306,764 For materials. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Principal materials. $647,706 ;$27,899,058 4,595 14,735 65,122 27,715 799 11,240! 6,497 j 6,030 78,098 I 13,367 | 44,712! 3,775! 270! 2,712 j 27,097 21,755 68,907 109,570 36,950 56,775 33,758 20,697 7,146 87,266 14,263 75,928 2,060 592 933 111, 106 732,094 2,777,684 2,444,502 2,911,870 1,015,535 1,189,164 763,822 706,573 6,356,328 1,132,842 3,547,550 206,602 37,550 99,673 3,977,269 Fuel and rent of power. $257,653 6,722 17,521 15,670 17,676 17,909 6,584 4,669 8,904 94,178 5,032 30,513 2.380 1,357 354 28,184 Value of products. $40,480,654 1,083,208 3,930,487 3,315,438 3,943,685 1,695,982 1,808,535 1,040,506 1,001,526 9,331,023 1,549,695 5,574,105 315,131 79,076 141,073 5,771,184 Value added by manufac- ture. $12,323,943 power. Total. 7,039 344,392 1,135,282 855,266 1,014,139 562,538 61.2,787 272,015 286,049 2,880,517 411,821 1,996,012 106,149 40,169 41,046 1,765,731 261 377 368 383 585 120 133 104 3,108 166 597 96 28 18 697 Steam engines (not tur- bines). Primary horsepower. Owned. 3,967 155 325 135 330 40 7 2,380 400 75 15 105 Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines, 450 i Si 450 Water] pow- 55 Rent- ed.4 i Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 2,480 261 222 43 248 255 133 97 254 111 136 17 13 18 592 3 117 143 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. a All other states embrace: Colorado, 1 establishment; Delaware, 1; Georgia, 3; Indiana, 3; Louisiana, 3; Maine, 1; Maryland, 2; Mississippi, 1; Now Hampshire, 1; North Carolina, 2; Oregon, 1; South Carolina, i; Virginia, 3; and Wisconsin, 3. »Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply1)? and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Chiefly electric motors operated bv rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). TRUNKS AND VALISES. GENEKAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry includes establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of trunks and valises, including suit cases and similar manufactures, among which are hat boxes, luncheon kits, etc. The products are largely of leather, but imitation leather, canvas, and fiber board enter into their construction to a large degree. In addition to the establishments consti- tuting the classified industry, production was reported in 1919 to the value of $931,825 by eight establish- ments primarily engaged in other lines of manufac- ture. Comparative summary.—Table 86 presents the principal statistics for the several census years from 1879 to 1919, inclusive. The increase in financial items in 1919 as compared with 1914 was to a large degree due to the general advance in prices; still, the industry shows a very material growth as measured by the number of establishments and persons engaged in the industry. Wage earners, by months.—The figures in Table S7 reflect the steadiness of employment from month to month, or the reverse, the latter months of the year being the months of maximum employment , as a rule, with January the minimum month. The industry employs a considerable number of female wage earners, 15.6 per cent in 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table SS shows that in 1909 only 3.6 per cent, and in 1914, 4.7 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments where the prevail- ing hours of labor were 48 per week or less, but in 1919 this percentage increased to 39.3 per cent. On the other hand, 27.2 per cent of the wage earners in 1909 were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 60 or more per week; in 1914 the propor- tion was 18.1 per cent and in 1919, but 1.3 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—As shown in Table 89, the establishments in 1919 averaged 19 wage earners per establishment as compared with IS in 1914. The majority of the establishments were owned by individuals or firms, with work done by the proprie- tors, and as a result many estabhshments reported no wage earners or very few. In 1919, 54.1 per cent of the establishments, and in 1914, 54 per cent reported no wage earners or not exceeding 5 per establishment. The industry includes, however, a number of establishments employing a relatively large number of wage earners. There were 23 establish- ments in 1919, each with more than 100 wage earners, aggregating 43.1 per cent of the total number and in 1914, 21 establishments with 37.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Character of ownership.—Table 90 shows that estab- lishments owned by corporations represented but 32.5 per cent of the total number, but they employed 71.S per cent of the wage earners, and accounted for 68.2 per cent of the products. The average value of products per establishment for the industry was approximately SI07,000 in 1919 as compared with $47,000 in 1914. The corporations averaged §225,000 per establishment in 1919, the individual establish- ments S39,000, and the "All other" group, chiefly firms, §72,000. Table 86.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital., Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work — Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture &... 1919 597 14,216 '601 2,145 11,470 7,703 [$34,258,034 17,735,544 5,271,777 12,463,767 40,031 2,139,249 33,222,432 63,932,266 30,709,834 1914 1909 561! 12,154! 549 i 1,694 i 9,911 i 7,566 S,969 763,783 13,625,457 26,471,527 12,846,070 49,690 636:981 14,629.065 28,027; 964 13,39S, 899 1904 1899 1889 1879 524! 13,422 j 552 = 1,748 i 11,122 6,885 $18,570,SI7 ,§18,308,037 7,706,448 i 7,652,587 2,166,291 j 2,115,258 5,540,157 5,537/329! 373 10,45S 406 961 9,091 i 5,016 jSll, 018,937 5,150,005 1,010,971! 4,139,034 8,335 « 423,263 9,107,785 IS,643,580 9,535,795 265 (») i (a) I (*) 70s; (*) i» 6,964! 6,032 4,534 I 3,314; 2.001 («) §6,929,044 j $6,900,756 $2,792,256 3,469.173 i 3,513.749 j 1.786,586 692', 157 , (*)' j ' {*) 2,777,016! (S) ! (i) (3) ; (3) i (s) (3) j (*) I (a) 5,954,718 4,703.982 ! 3,910,133 12,425,646 | 10,821,621 | 7,252,470 6,473,928 I 6,117,639 i 3,342,337 PER CENT INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 6.4 1 17.0; 9.5 26.6; 15.7 1.8' I 84.5; 130.1 143.4 125.0; 346.2 1S0.1 143.8 141.5 . 139.1! 1909- 1914 7.1 -9.4 -0,5 -3.1 -10.9 9.9 1.4 0.7 2.4 0.1 -82.0 20.0 -6.9 —5.6 -4.1 1904- 1909 40.5 25.3 36.0 81.9 22.3 37.3 66.2 1S99- ; 18S9- 1904 ! 1899 19.6 -21.0 35.7 30.5 51.4 59.0 65.6 0.4 48.6 i 48.5 109. 2 i 46.1 33.8 i 49.0 496.2; 50.5 60.6! 50.3 40.5 53.0 50.0 47.3 26.6 14. S 5.S 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease, «Figures not available. * Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. 1879- 1889 (») 147.1 96.7 20.3 49.2 $3.0 541) 542 MANUFACTURES. Table 87.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faoed figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females. 1914 1909 Illinois Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Virginia Wisconsin. age number em- ployed during year. 11,470 9,677 1,793 9,911 11,122 1,181 614 877 717 1,950 1,115 1,703 933 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 10,101 8,569 1,532 9,816 10,283 1,039 504 775 631 1.719 954 1,549 Febru- ary. 10,471 8,879 1,592 10,324 10,682 1,076 534 799 664 1,800 980 1,580 846 March. 10,711 9,063 1,648 10,427 11,008 1,117 535 823 642 1,845 1,022 1,587 April. 10,785 9,121 1,664 10,633 10,815 1,116 549 820 633 1,851 1,024 1,598 851 May. 11,065 9,385 1,680 10,318 11,143 1,139 593 838 692 1,883 1,113 1,669 882 June. 11,358 9,607 1,751 10,174 11,070 1,179 638 863 1,911 1,160 1,698 874 July. 11,678 9,804 1,814 10,124 10,957 1,229 648 887 722 1,979 1,197 1,729 942 August. 11,942 10,078 1,864 9,935 11,420 1,223 674 909 738 2,046 1,172 1,796 927 Septem- ber. 12,178 10,256 1,922 9,845 11,700 1,230 702 938 744 2,118 1,166 1,810 1,007 October. 12,467 10,453 2,014 9,643 11,638 1,260 676 989 798 2,131 1,195 1,805 1,048 Novem- ber. 12,463 10,455 2,008 9,096 11,587 1,265 675 951 805 2,094 1,196 1,812 1,041 Decem- ber. 12,421 10,394 2,027 8,597 11,169 1,299 640 932 836 2,023 1,201 1,803 1,061 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum- Si. 0 82.0 75.6 80.9 87.9 Table 88. -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.. 1919.. 1914.. 1909.. Illinois Massachusetts Missouri , New Jersey Total. 11,470 9,911 11,122 1,181 614 877 717 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 8 165 11 27 Be- I tween 44 and I 48.1 8 238 159 90 3 3,127 466 399 Be- tween 48 and 54. 3,591 1,589 378 382 357 16 149 354 61 54. 1,482 2,49S 12,564 Be- tween! 54 and 60. 1,741 [3,566 4,753 60. 139 1,756 2,992 Over 60. New York... Pennsylvania Virginia Wisconsin Total. 1,950 1,115 1,703 933 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 345 187 Be- t !Be- tween; :tween| 48 54. ! 54 and !and 54. 1 I 60. 1,213 155 4 15 134 229 509 138 224 21 894 18 460 296 Over 60. i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 89.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— * No 1 to 5 6 to 20 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage wage wage wage wage wage wage wage earn- earners, earners, earners, earners, earners, earners, earners, STATE. Estab- Wage ers. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. lish- earners ments. (average number). I Estab- Estab- Wage Estab- Wage Estab- Wage Estab- Wage Estab- Wage Estab- Wage Estab- Wage 1 lish- lish- earn- lish- earn- lish- earn- lish- earn- lish- earn- lish- earn- lish- earn- iments. ments. ers. ments. ers. ments. ers. ments. ers. ments. ers. ments. ers. ments. ers. United States 1919.. 597 11,470 ! 47 276 566 154 1,829 72 2,358 25 1,778 17 2,572 5 1,671 1 696 1914.. 561 9,911 49 254 640 147 1,713 60 1,804 30 2,070 19 2,764 1 340 1 580 61 1,181 1 5 21 8 55 20 218 8 243 5 347 2 318 JUlUiiWlO. . . . 26 614 j 1 14 8 102 7 194 1 65 1 239 20 877 6 12 6 71 4 114 2 182 , 1 190 1 308 21 717 8 16 3 28 5 159 3 244 2 270 158 86 1,950 16 73 151 45 577 17 578 5 343 2 301 Pan t> ottI xrQ ni o 1,115 12 46 87 18 210 G 199 2 111 1 109 1 399 Virginia - - - 15 1,703 2 5 2 30 5 216 1 65 3 402 1 289 1 696 "WJ conn ci n 18 933 1 4 6 5 67 2 67 3 239 2 265 1 289 Table 90.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual Corporation AH other 1919 1911 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 597 561 264 265 194 170 139 126 Average number of wage earners. 11,470 9,911 1,649 1,750 8,237 0,625 1,584 1,533 Value of products. $63,932,266 26,471,527 10,337,202 4,839,045 43,572,070 17,332,027 10,022,994 4,300,455 Value added by manufac- ture. $30,709,834 12,846,070 4,337,951 2,328,047 21,673,659 8,572,774 4,698,224 1,945,249 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Per cent distribution; Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 44.2 47.2 32.5 30.3 23.3 22.5 Average number of wage earners. 14.4 17.7 71.8 13.8 15.5 Value of products. 16.2 18.3 68,2 65.5 15.7 16.2 Value added by manufac- ture. 14.1 18.1 70.6 66.7 15.3 15.1 TRUNKS AND VALISES. 543 GENEEAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states,—The detailed statistics for the industry by states, 1919, are given in Table 91. Table 91.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- i ber of j estab-! lish- ments.l United States. 597 California. Colorado.. Illinois Indiana... Iowa Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska... New Jersey. New York.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states 2. 45 7 61 8 10 7 26 10 14 20 4 21 158 22 5 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 14,216 439 102 1,495 466 30 44 753 237 111 1,026 20 849 2,527 399 77 1,467 178 176 28 1,904 108 1,135 645 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- | tend- ents, and man- 9 28 11 10 15 4 15 144 26 5 120 5 13 9 4 15 5 35 12 12 38 1 42 171 29 7 58 8 21 1 84 6 43 44 Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. 937 467 20 7 130 47! 4 j 6 , 71 | 1 j 51; 168 21 I 4 j 122; 33 j 15! 4 I 71 i 10 90 54 Wage earners. Number, 15th day of- Aver- age num- ber. 336: 73 1,181 i 427 i 16; 35; 614! 199 j 79 877 j 13 717 1,950 306 59 1,115 129 125 13 1,703 73 933 497 Maximum Minimum month. month. | 1 Oc 12 467 Ja 10,101 De 410 Mv 238 Oc 82 Ja'i 67 De 1,299 Ja 1,039 No 466 Ja 323 Au IS Ja i 15 Au 42 Ja 13 Se 702 Ja 504 Jyi 201 Mv 196 De 92 Ja"» 65 Oc 989 Ja 775 Je 19 Ja* 11 De 836 Ja 631 Oc 2 131 Ja 1,719 Au 343 Ja 246 No 72 Ja 48 De 1, 201 Ja 954 Au 144 Se 107 De 135 Ja 91 Jyi WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. EXPENSES. ; 16 and over. Total. i Male. 12,649 !110,453 1,977 15 ; Ja» No 1,812 No 82 De 1,061 Ja 1,549 Fe 67 Fe 846 410; 80 1,312 446 16 42 684 199 93 932 11 837 2,168 324 71 1,220 134 135 15 1,805 S3 1,058 '574 Fe- male. Under 16. Male 329 62 i 1,101! 364 13 I 24 4S0; 126! 84 1 792 j io I 717 1,972! 265! 39! 1,064 115 126 15 1,598 63 744 350 81 11 201 82 3 18 ISO 73 124 i 19 Fe- male 151 6S 191: 15 17 I 3 218 j 73 209! 10 Capital. Salaries and wages. $34,258,034 899,823 189,464 3,639,108 1,262,519 71,383 48,814 1,487,314 519,666 194,795 2,092,393 31,459 2, 494,174 5,807,300 1,067,583 19S,076 3,467,647 400,724 226,387 53,861 5,249,497 240,982 2.830,386 1,784,679 Officials. \ C1^s> $2,723,188 $2,548,589 34,586 I 33,195 358,042 t 35,151 109,556 44,327 21,710 114,105 2,500! 248,315 585,194 116,517 24,381 295,928 26,200 55,435 1,500 303,766 11,303 199,979 101,498 United States. California Colorado Illinois Indiana Iowa Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska. New Jersey New York. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states * 23,913 541,587 202,167 95,975 855,1S7 12,525 939,054 2,750,245 357,035 76,021 1,167,643 86,356 90,965 10,551 1,683,736 85,712 738,385 407,532 711 25,494 3,672 6,637 2,640 41,277 259,235 26,100 7,170 71,941 3,785 10,790 5,480 3,948 11,850 5,950 26,645 328 46,090 55,079 19,735 3,710 161,014 12,946 6,17S 194 475,182 1,623 170,946 22,038 27,747 2,751,503 7,624,774 796,074 176,658 3,034,248 220,243 232,606 21,923 4,119,725 170,080 2,351,415 1,017, DOS 464 15,270 42,632 7,525 1,665 26,606 3,654 1,810 74 17,246 '772 36,294 14,440 86,619 4,898,976 13,977,087 1,636,384 399,350 6,620,836 470, 730 502,590 62,562 8,618, 472 367,163 4,724,196 2,125,039 58,408 2,132,203 6,309,681 832,785 221,027 3,559, 246, 268, 40, 4,48.1, 196; 2,336, 1,092, j 501! 311 4S7; 691 I 9 437 826 223 32 539 176 97 4 1,557 23 1,269 394 275 i 4 290' 103 , 125 220 32 150 1,430 i 995 120 20; 9 158 433 287 26 97 4 127 23 274 254 i Same number reported for one or more other months. » All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Arizona. 1: Arkansas, 1; Connecticut, 3; District of Columbia, 1; Georgia, 2; Kansas, 3; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, I Maine, 2; North Dakota. 1; Rhode Island, 1; South Dakota, 1; and Wyoming, 1. r electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants!. POCKETBOOKS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry embraces establishments manufacturing pocketbooks, purses, ladies' purse-hand bags, cardcases, wallets, coin purees, bill folds, brief cases, etc., made chiefly of leather. In addition to the establishments con- stituting the classified industry in 1919, production was reported to the value of SI 10,772 by 7 establish- ments engaged in the manufacture of other products. Comparative summary.—Table 92 presents the prin- cipal statistics for each census year from 1879 to 1919 inclusive. The large increase in financial items in 1919 as compared with 1914 was to a considerable extent, due to the general advance in prices, but the increase of 98.2 per cent in wage earners indicates a very material growth in the industry. Wage earners, by months.—The figures in Table 93 reflect the steadiness of employment, or the re- verse, from month to month. There was relatively less variation in employment, in 1919 than in 1914, the minimum-month number in 1919 being 81.6 per cent of the maximum month as compared with 73.3 per cent in 1914 and 78.1 per cent in 1909. The industry gave employment to a relatively large number of females, 47 per cent in 1919, and in the state of New York, the leading state, 36.6 per cent of the average number of wage earners were females. Prevailing hours of labor.—In 1909 only 3.3 per cent, and in 1914 but 14.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as shown in Table 94, were in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 48 per week or less, but in 1919 there were 76.1 per cent in establishments of this class. On the other hand, 74.9 per cent of the wage earners in 1909 were in establishments where the hours were more than 54 per week, whereas in 1914 the percentage dropped to 18.9 per cent and in 1919 to 8.5 per cent. New York, which reported 63.4 per cent of the wage earners, showed three-fourths of them in establishments where the prevailing hours per week were 44 or under. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The establishments in 1919 averaged 21 wage earners per establishment as compared with 23 in 1914. Table 95 indicates that the industry included a relatively large number of establishments owned by individuals and by firms in which the work was done by the proprietors since many of the establishments reported few or no wage earners. In 1919, 43.2 per cent of the establishments, reporting no wage earners or fewer than 6 per establishment, employed only 4.6 per cent of the total average number. Character of ownership.—Table 96 shows that less than one-fourth of the establishments in this industry were incorporated, but these reported 41 per cent of the value of products. The group "All other," chiefly firms, forming 38.8 per cent of the number of establish- ments, reported 42.3 per cent of the products. Table 92.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital - Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture & 1919 139 3,497 168 424 2,905 431 $5,427,990 4,187,167 1,125,264 3,0(31,903 167,873 281,898 7,557,155 14,540,659 6,992, 504 1914 64 1,738 81 191 1,466 243 SI, 609,601 941, 206 238,892 702,314 20,831 53,232 1,783,840 3,3.50,552 1,566,712 1909 79 1,771 100 199 1,472 178 $1,892,862 931,067 242,452 688,615 4,115 61,473 1,929,327 3,628,161 1,698,834 1904 46 2,500 62 157 2,281 317 $2,127,824 1,031,431 234,446 796,985 22,000 * 28,938 1,926,723 3,767,446 1,840,723 1899 68 1,862 85 124 1,653 181 $991,876 734,814 146,219 588,695 2,162 < 30,285 1,278,226 2,495,188 1,216,962 1889 62 1,208 1879 53 (3) 1,413 (2) $598,350 484,947 2 (3) 930,033 1,769,036 839,003 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 101.2 122.0 98.2 77.4 237.2 344.9 371.0 336.0 705.9 429.6 323.6 334.2 346.3 1909- 1914 -1.9 -19.0 -4.0 -0.4 30.5 -15.0 1.1 -1.5 2.0 406.2 -13.4 -7.5 -7.7 -7.8 1904- 1909 -29.2 26.8 -35.5 -43.8 -11.0 -9.7 3.4 -13.6 -81.3 112.0 0.1 -3.7 -7.7 1899- 1904 34.3 26.6 38.0 75.1 114.5 40.4 60.3 35.4 917,6 -4.6 50.7 51.0 61.3 « Exclusive of Internal revenue. <• Value of products less cost of materials. POCKETBOOKS. 545 Table 93.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females, 1914..1 1909 New York Males Females Average ii number em- ployed during year. NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 2, 905 1,541 1,364 1,466 1,472 1,842 1,167 675 .... ; i j! i j Janu- ary. Febru- ary. June. ! July. a .nr^e* 1 Septem-| Octo- Novem- Decern-! August.- ^ , ber> ber> ber_ . March. April. May. | | i 1 ;! i 3,013! 3,060! 3,126 3,194 3,169 i 1,608 j 1,656! 1,636 1,638 1,627 1,405! 1,404 1 1,490 1,556 1,542 1 1,517 1 1,627! 1,695 1,492! 1,243, 1,460! 1,539 | 1,653 1,695 1,614! 2,605! 2,718 1,431 i 1,477 1,174 i 1,241 1,300 \ 1,399 1,380 | 1,467 2,778 s 2,760 1,490 1, 465 1,288; 1,295 1,545 1 1,506 1,431 j 1,358 2,754 1,458 1,296 1,432 1,324 2,791 1 2,892 1,464 1,542 1,327! 1,350 1,393; 1,438 1,403 | 1,347 1,668 1,745 1,086 \ 1,119 582 626 1,779; 1,751 1 1,736 1,119' 1,106 i 1,097 660 645 639 1,751! 1,843 1,103 | 1,177 648! 666 1,934! 1,968 j 1,986 , 1,989 1,954! 1,236 i 1,268! 1,240 1,236 1,217'; 698 | 700 | 746 753 i 737 1 ! Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. Si. 6 86.4 75.4 73.3 78.1 S3.9 85.6 77.3 Table 94.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK: 1919. I FN ESTABLISHMENTS WHEPJE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. Total. Between 48 1 Ks . Between 54 and 54.; °*- i and 60. |44 and under.: B^^44 | 4S.i 60. j - United States 1919.. 2,905! 1,555 101 554 1,466 j; (*) (») 1 212 1,472 j (») (3) 49 419 29 247 275 | 702 j 274 156 j 164: 755 1914.. 1909.. 34S New York 1,842 j! 1,398 101! 67 243 20 13 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. Table 95.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS: 1919 AND 1914. WAGE EARNERS PER ESTABLISH- MENT. All establishments. N o wage earners 1 to 5 wage earners 6 to 20 wage earners ESTABLISH- MENTS. 1919 139 WAGE EARNERS (AVERAGE NUMBER). 1914 i; 1919 64 ! 2,905 7 19 21 I 135 536 1914 Per cent of total. 1919 1,466 j 100.0 48! 4.6 261 | IS. 5 1914 100.0 3.3 17. S WAGE EARNERS PER ESTABLISH- MENT. 21 to 50 wage earners 51 to 100 wage earners... 101 to 250 wage earners., 251 to 500 wage earners.. ESTABLISH- MENTS. 1919 i 1914 21 | 9 1 7 WAGE EARNERS (AVERAGE NUMBER). 1919 1914 Per cent of total. 1919 763 | 570 1 901' 335 26.3 190 19.6 3S0 31.0 1914 22.9 So .25.9 17.2 Table 96.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes. Individual Corporation All other Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Value added by manufac- ture. Cen- sus year. Value of products. 1919 1914 139 04 2,905 1,466 S14,549,659 3,350,552 $6,992,504 1,566,712 1919 1914 49 30 561 214 2,425,813 SSS,335 1,175,720: 201,131 1919 1914 36 14 1,378 635 5,963,039 1,276,523 2,943,191 656,609 1919 1914 54 20 966 617 6,160,807 1,485,694 2,873,593 648,972 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. I Cen- sus I vear. ; Num- j ber Average: of I number i 'estab- j of wage; lish- j earners.! mentis.; I Value of products. Per cent distribution: Individual ........S...I 1919 35.3 19.3 j 16.7 ICS 1914 i 46. 9 14.6! 17.6 16.7 Corporation I 1919 25.9 47.4 41.0 42.1 j 1914! 21.9 43.3 | 38.1 41.9 All other : 1919 1 3S.S 33.3: 42.3 41.1 I 1914' 31.2 42.1 44.3 41.4 1 i Value added by ! manufac- ture. 111367—23- -35 546 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—The detailed statistics for the industry, for 1919, are given in Table 97, by states. Table 97.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States. California Illinois Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states2 139 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 3,497 6 122 442 2,223 185 296 223 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 12 134 5 1 4 Sala- ried offi- cers, isuper- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 123 Clerks, etc. Male. 180 11 18 110 9 16 16 Fe- male.! 121 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 2,905 3 83 381 1,842 161 258 177 Number, 15th day of— Maximum] month No 3,194 0) 3 No 111 De 434 No 1,989 Fe 169 De 317 Minimum month. Ja 2,605 (l) 3 Ja 67 Ja 303 Ja 1,668 Je 155 Jy 232 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 3,190 434 1,969 163 317 205 16 and over. Male. 1,602 3 59 116 1,224 45 110 45 Fe- male. 1,497 40 301 745 111 153 147 Under 16. Male. 33 Fe- male. 58 Capital. $5,427,990 14,400 252,604 704,537 3,366,469 241,581 536,600 311,799 Salaries and wages. EXPENSES. Rent and taxes. For materials. POWER. STATE. For contract work. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Fuel and rent of power. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. Pri- mary horse- power rented (elec- tric). Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Rent of factory. Principal materials. United States $565,925 $559,339 $3,061,903 $167,873 $177,636 $104,262 $7,524,883 $32,272 $14,549,659 $6,992,504 431 California 4,296 82,130 259,623 2,337,223 102,850 159,094 116,687 924 8,680 9,887 141,957 6,775 2,957 6,456 26 1,759 17,385 50,937 604 30,671 2,880 3,928 161,179 612,010 5,913,503 197,050 352,737 284,476 131 847 5,138 18,208 1,531 4,082 2,335 10,709 376,511 1,324,791 11,106,315 453,297 725,448 552,588 6,650 214,485 707,643 5,174,604 254,716 368,629 265,777 1 Illinois 63,260 118,525 291,111 13,830 39,449 39,750 27,031 81,310 343,402 23,243 37,817 46,536 22 80 229 28 29 42 Massachusetts 4,299 157,166 New York 5,047 703 658 Wisconsin All other states * 1 Same number reported throughout the year. a All other states embrace: Colorado, 1 establishment; Maine, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 4: Ohio, 2: and Texas, 1. LEATHER GOODS, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED. GENEEAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—Establishments comprising this industry are those manufacturing leather goods that are not the products of one of the other leather industries, namely, (1) boots and shoes, (2) leather gloves and mittens, (3) boot and shoe cut stock, (4) boot and shoe findings, (5) leather belting, (6) pocketbooks, (7) saddlery and harness, (8) trunks and valises. In 1919 there were 503 establishments in which leather articles not otherwise provided for were the products of chief value, amounting to $52,952,772. In addition, 53 establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products, reported miscel- laneous leather articles to the value of S3,507,901. Comparative summary.—Table 98. gives the prin- cipal statistics for each census year from 1879 to 1919. On account of the advance in prices since 1914, the increases in the financial items are only in part an indication of growth. The increase in average number of wage earners employed, 26.5 per cent, shows fair growth. Wage earners, by months.—The figures in Table 99, which shows, by months, the number of wage earners employed, reflect the steadiness of employment or the reverse. There was somewhat greater fluctuation in employment in 1919 than in 1914. In New York, the leading state, the number for the minimum month was 74.6 per cent of that for the maximum month. In this industry 37.8 per cent of the wage earners reported were females, and for the states shown this proportion varied from 25.3 per cent in Illinois to 62.5 per cent in Minnesota. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 100 shows a clas- sification of the wage earners according to the prevail- ing hours of labor in the establishments in which they were employed. In 1909 only 3.8 per cent of the total number of wage earners were employed in establish- ments where the prevailing hours per week were 48 or less, and in 1914, 7.2 per cent, but in 1919 the percentage was 77.3. On the other hand, the propor- tion of the number of wage earners in establishments where the working hours were more than 54 per week decreased from 65.3 per cent in 1909 to 31.7 in 1914 and to 3.8 per cent in 1919. In New York, the lead- ing state in the industry, 64.6 per cent of the wage earners were employed where the prevailing hours did not exceed 44. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Though there was an increase of 125—33.1 per cent—in the number of establishments in 1919 as compared with 1914, the average number of wage earners per establishment was approximately the same. Table 101 shows that in 1914, 41.3 per cent of the establishments employed no wage earners or not more than 5, and in 1919, 46.1 per cent. Character of ownership.—In this industry only 32.8 per cent of the establishments, as shown in Table 102, were corporations, but these reported practically two- thirds of the total value of products and of the wage earn- ers employed. The average value of products per estab- lishment in 1919 was S201,000 for the corporations, $40,000 for the establishments under individual owner- ship, and 894,000 for those of the "All other" class, most of them being firms; in 1914 comparable figures were S81,000, §18,000, and $72,000, respectively. The average wage earners per establishment in 1919 were 32 for the corporation group, 7 for individuals, and 17 for other forms of ownership. Table 98— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments — Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number)... Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of product s Value added bv manufacture * 1919 * 1914 1909 1904 1S99 1SS9 1S79' i | 503 378 425 423 315 164 84 11,141 488 1,708 8,945 8,623 396 1,156 7,071 9,318 448 1,189 7,681 9,196 499 912 (2) <•> (s)! (*) | 638 6,293 (*) 7,785 2,997 1,430 j 3,902 $33,341,408 3,272 $10,951,427 3,851 $10,389,283 3.554 $S,50S.;ill 1,644 $5,511,294 2,264 $3,571,847 1 *1,426,S50 j 13,437,845 4,022,442 9,415,403 5,042,101 1,438,236 3,603,865 5,034,746 1,411,546 3,623,200 4,020,551 883,426 3,137,125 2,833,895 562,140 2,271,755 1,618,770 («) 587,208 1 ts) I 469,120 1.166,571 30,035,537 52,952,772 22,917,235 96,493 391,101 10,632,124 19,333,934 8,701,810 100,248 319,905 10,290,439 18,838,281 8,547,S42 90,745 <309,410 9,626,614 17,655,345 S,028,731 Is) (»') (*> (»)' (*) (3) j 1.511,848 2,736,543 I 1,224,695 6,191,058 11,787,61.1 5.596,553 3,324,828 6.291,507 2,966,679 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1SS9- 1S79- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1S99 1SS9 33,1 -11.1 0.5 34.3 92.1 29.2 -7.5 1.3 23.2 -11.6 -10.2 47,8 -2.8 30.4 42.9 26.5 -7.9 -1.3 23,7 <*) 19,3 -15.0 8.4 116.2 -27.4 204,4 5.4 22.1 54.4 54.3 150.3 166.5 0.1 25 2 41.9 75.1 175.7 179.7 1.9 h\ 8 57.2 161.3 -0.5 15,5 38.1 386.2 -3.7 10.5 198.3 22.3 3,4 1S2.5 3.3 6.9 55.5 86.2 119.9 173. 9 2.6 6. 7 49.8 87,4 129. y 163 . 4 1.8 6. 5 43.5 8S,6 142.2 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. s Figures not strictly comparable. * Value of products less cost of materials. 1 Flguras not available. « Exclusive of internal revenue. (,547) 548 MANUFACTURES. Table 99.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919. [Month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.) United States: 1919 . Males Females 1914 1909 Illinois Massachusetts Minnesota New Jersey. ■ New York Pennsylvania ■ — States showing large proportion of females. Illinois Massachusetts Minnesota New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Average number em- ployed during year. 8,945 5,568 3,377 7,071 7,681 687 545 683 930 4,410 753 174 256 427 416 1,277 395 January. NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 8,019 4,937 3,082 6,677 7, t%9 644 501 632 913 .3,830 670 165 241 399 425 1,140 S49 Febru- ary. 8,082 5,039 3,043 6,820 7,242 645 513 597 947 3.822 162 246 364 433 1,075 March. 8,097 5,038 3,059 6,881 7,293 6S8 508 588 920 3,875 716 169 236 861 423 1,113 372 April. 8,314 5,205 3,109 6,860 7,259 650 498 595 878 4,090 715 160 £33 362 403 1,156 376 May. 8,458 5,276 3,182 6,807 7,248 663 513 625 873 4,183 721 164 233 392 401 1,209 379 June. ,8,575 5,344 3,231 6,939 7,252 684 515 649 861 4,239 723 168 245 403 376 1,232 379 July. 9,012 5,588 3,424 6,988 7,418 691 521 687 906 4,473 787 174 241 425 414 1,316 421 August. 9,240 5,770 3,470 7,115 7,789 686 548 703 910 4,632 806 171 250 436 403 ,346 422 Septem- ber. October. 9,328 5,801 3,527 7,553 8,139 9,973 6,227 3,746 7,854 • 8,489 721 562 717 950 I 4 ,500 810 184 262 452 405 1,321 426 732 592 756 998 5,067 815 183 275 479 443 1,468 428 Novem- ber . 10,153 6,338 3,815 7,417 Decem- ber. 10,089 6/253 3,836 6,941 8,264 758 625 813 997 5,120 801 197 I 302! 516 430 1,479 419 732 644 834 1,007 5,029 783 195 308 535 436 1,469 407 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 79.0 77.9 79.3 85.0 82.7 ~84T2 77.3 • 70.5 85.5 74.6 82.2 Per ct. av. is of state. 25.3 47.0 62.5 44.7 29.0 52.5 Table 100.- -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. • United States. 1919.. 1914.. 1909.. Illinois. Total. 8,945 7,071 7,681 687 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44andl un- der, i Be- tween] 144 and 8,853 65 661 8 118 Be- tween 48and 54. 2,403 1 511 295 100 1,468 2,032 940 218 !2,287 1,433 10 Be- tween 54 and 60. 222 2.040 4,020 60. 120 197 943 Over 60. Massachusetts. Minnesota New Jersey. New York Pennsylvania. Total. 545 683 930 4,4i0 753 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44and 48. 103 446 218 2,849 99 43 10 422 48.1 336 237 499 613 394 Be- tween] 48and 54. 138 361 54. 123 48 Be- tween! 54and 00. 60. Over 60. 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. Table 101.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— STATE. Wage "earners (average numbtir). 1 to 5 wage earners, , Inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive,: 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. Over 250 & 44,228,480 I 34,862,132 7S,937,1S4 57,366,860 34,70S,704 i 22,504.728 ! 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1889- 1879- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1S99 1889 !| :j 1.5 -7.6 -5.7 l.S 17.6 -12.5 ! 30. S 17.2 36.4 i! II •1-22.6 -11.6 -28.5 -42.0 :j 60.9 30. 4 81.0 78. 7 li l! 28,6 16.4 34.1 53.0 59.9 21. 1 j 14,2 24.3 48. 2 71.1 1.56.0 II 69.4 30.6 92. 7 144.4 86. 5 ""86." 6 j j j 150.4 31.5 73.6 99.3 (38,6 66.9 ! 131-9 35. 8 111.9 in. 3 154. S —9.7 677.0 119.3 137. 3 169.5 2 2 to! 4 28. 9 24.1 16.4 2 355. 64.5 91.6 i 134. 76.0 i 110. 53.6 I SO. 6 59.5 | 2 61.3: 0 63.6 i 26,9 37,6 54. 2 » A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. 1 Figures not available * Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. 554 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—SUMMARY OF THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower 1,851,014 Capital $905,794,583 1919 729 | 124,935 171 11,005 113,759 Salaries and wages !165,643,386 Salaries j 29,952,744 Wages I 135,690,642 Paid for contract work 487,240 Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) -..J 34,911,259 Cast of materials j 467,482,637 Value of products ~ Value added by manufacture 1 7&S,059,377 320,576,740 1914 I 718 95,516 221 6,838 88,457 1,621,154 $534,624,600 66,163,815 12,918,176 53,245,639 539,626 4,493,053 213,181,286 332,147,175 118,965,889 Paper only. 1919 497 56,796 143 5,610 51,043 561,698 $363,382,919 72,985,153 14,660,500 58,324,653 134,286 14,252,913 237,402,880 374,362,494 136,959,614 1914 495 46,299 179 3,639 42,481 479,846 $177,413,070 31,444,202 6,763,344 24,680,858 114,128 1,793,242 103,678,513 158,426,850 54,748,337 MILLS MAKING— Pulp only. 1919 61 6,309 21 481 5,807 143,371 $42,081,327 7,591,403 1,066,848 6,524,555 11,652 1,889,252 22,686,708 35,884,802 13,198,094 1914 63 5,807 30 403 5,374 161,107 $36,027,869 4,004,939 749,711 3,255,228 44,311 375,666 13,733,080 20,526,386 6,793,306 Both paper and pulp. 1919 171 61,830 7 4,914 56,909 1,145,945 $500,330,337 85,066,830 14,225,396 70,841,434 341,302 18,769,094 207,393,049 377,812,081 170,419,032 1914 160 43,410 12 2,796 40,602 980,201 $321,183,661 30,714,674 5,405,121 25,309,553 381,187 2,324,145 95,769,693 153,193,939 57,424,246 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number establishnu WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. STATE. Average numoer. Per cent Lstribution. Rank. Amount xpressedin housands). Per cent istributioD. Rank. Amount ixpressed in housands). Per cent istribution. Rank. United States.. 729 113,759 100.0 $788,059 100.0 $320,577 100.0 New York 156 17,571 15.4 1 129,381 16.4 1 52,427 16.4 1 Maine 39 13,058 11.5 2 93,917 11.9 2 39,246 12.2 2 Massachusetts 78 12,960 11.4 3 87,160 11.1 3 33,396 10.4 4 Wisconsin 57 12,789 11.2 4 80,328 10.2 4 35,128 11.0 3 Michigan 39 9,561 8.4 6 66,300 8.4 5 25,946 8.1 6 Pennsylvania 56 9,843 8.7 5 64,716 8.2 6 29,073 9.1 5 Ohio., 49 6, 899 6.1 7 55,098 7.0 7 19,388 6.0 7 New Hampshire... 27 5,000 4.4 8 41, 826 5.3 8 16,992 5.3 8 New Jersey 33 3,108 2.7 9 20,361 2.6 9 8,365 2.6 10 Minnesota 9 2,523 2.2 10 20,138 2.6 10 8, 730 2.7 9 Indiana Illinois Virginia Connecticut. Vermont i ^-S 1 §3 Washington' Maryland! California I West Virginia! Delaware. Kansas Iowa All other states. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. ._. — 1 8 12 1 6 14 1 8 11 1 5 15 1 3 16 1 7 13 1 0 18 0 7 20 0 5 21 0 4 22 0 2 25 0 1 31 3 5 Table 4.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. Total. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1.24,935 95,516 81,473 4,017 2,425 2,298 1919 171 1914 221 1909 250 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1,312 887 773 2,534 1,317 1,275 Male. 111,778 85,022 70,916 3,901 2,393 2,269 144 205 232 1,285 877 766 2,472 1,311 1,271 Fe- male. 13,157 10,494 10,557 116 32 29 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 89.0 87.0 97.1 98.7 98.7 84.2 92.8 92.8 97.9 97.6 99.5 99.7 Fe- male. 10.5 11.0 13.0 2.9 1.3 1.3 15.8 7.2 7.2 2.1 1.1 0.9 2.4 0.5 0.3 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of ago and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 7,159 4,634 3,197 113,759 88,457 75,978 113,603 88,351 75,721 156 106 257 Male. 4,500 3,540 2,393 103,377 79,089 66,254 103,295 79,018 66,151 82 71 103 Fe- male. 2,659 1,094 804 10,382 9,368 9,724 10,308 9,333 9,570 74 35 154 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 62.9 76.4 74.9 90.9 89.4 87.2 89.4 87.4 52.6 67.0 40.1 Fe- male. 37.1 23.6 25.1 9.1 10.6 12.8 9.1 10.6 12.6 47.4 33.0 59.9 PAPER AND WOOD PULP. 555 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females.. 1914 1909 California... Connecticut. Delaware.... Illinois Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota A.verage number em- ployed during year. 113,759 103,377 10,382 88,457 75,978 New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia... Wisconsin 806 | 1,999 683 1,«31 2,214! I 13,058 1,408 i 12,960 | 9,561 i 2,523: 5,000 I 3,108 17,571 6,899 1 9,843 1,832: 1,951 1,610 . 956! 12,789 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY, Janu- ary. Febru- ary. 113,179 102,766 10,413 89,140 74,986 109,184 99,396 9,788 89,235 75,78S I j March, j April. I 108,451 98,510 9,941 89,756 76,291 695 1,965: 705 1,921 2,2:17 12,620 1,586 12,651 9,223 2,681 4,815 3,029 17,551 6,835 9,740 1,717 1,919 1,4S0 1,171 12,894 7.56 1,837 1 675 i 1,806 \ 2,100 i 12,695 i 626! 11,971 j 9,185 i 2,660 | 4,479 | 2,827 I 17,190 i 6,463 j 9,521; 1,690 | 1,786' 1,44* \ 1,100 j 12,914 i 1,903 691 1,681 2,031 12,983 623 12,432 9,063 2,545 4,477 2,948 17,270 6,384 9,34£ 1,675 1,869 1,521 SS4 12,352 107,762 98,095 9,667 89,916 75,983 696 1,910 692 1/833 2,008 12,434 982 12,220 9,110 2,599 4,797 2,799 16,7*8 6,306 i 9,378 1,671 ■ 1,931 1,578 901 12,133 May. June. 108,258 98,341! 9,917! 89,633 I 77,013 July. 109,901 99,681 10,220 I 88,389! 76,829 i 114,337 103,829 10,508 87,061 75,009 743! 1,900 j 669 1,811! 2,010 , 12,462 j ],363! 12,192 j 9,294 2,590! 4,820 j 2,827 1 16,412; 6,438 9,485 j 1, 754 1, 8 73 1,584 942 12,301 789 1,963 I 650 \ 1,724: 2,232 | 12,492! 1,462 j 12,6-13 I 9,505: 2,556 , 4,979 j 2,922 16,466 6,726; 9,556: 1,845; 1,945 1,566 924 12,471 •855 i 1,990 i 655' 1,941 I 2,265! 13,311 1,588; 12,949; 9,765 2,337; 5,161 3,213' 16,796 7,171 9,S42 1,967: 1,992' 1,597 i 953' 12,769 August. 115,920 105.222 10;69S 86,725 74,517 932 2,035 663 1,823 2,304 13,518 1,62-5 13,020 9,941 2,305 5,213 j 3,374 17,283: 7.382 10,058; 1,849 , 2,006 1,619 943 12,937 Septem- ber. 117,878 107,067 10,811 88,847 j 75,147 1 Octo- ber. 118,797 107,9.53 10,844 88,830 76,026 91S 2,096 707 1,871 2,373 13,650 1,716 13,575 9,866 2,372 5,300 3,384 IS, 318 6,S94 10,1S4 1,928 2,046 1,682 939 13,007 Novem- ber. j Per !; cent ; mini- ; j: mum | Decern- u is of ber. 120,762 109,826 i 10,936 i 87,018 1 76,717 I 2,077 70S 1,750 2,395 13,540 1,807 13,845 9,905 2,452 j 5,183' 3,406 18,608 j 7,431 i 10,212: 1,964 I 2,029! 1,705 918 i 13,061 | S76; 2,117 718 1,921 2,316; 13,537 1,788 1 13,929 9,996 2,524 5,639; 3,335 18,951 < 7,464; 10,351 1,952 2,030 1,745 i 903 < 13,235 'maxi- j mum. 120,679 109,838 10,841 86,934 77,430 834 2,195 | '663! 1,884; ^1 13,451 1,730:' 14,093 9,879 2,655 5,137 3,232 19,219 7,291 10,447 1,972 1,987 1,801 924 13,394 89. 2 89.3 SS.4 96.5 73.8 83.7 90.5 86.9 83.8 91.1 34.5 84.9 90.7 86.0 79.4 82.2 85.4 S4.5 S9.4 84.7 87.2 80.1 72.9 90.6 Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. California«.. Connecticut. Delaware Illinois Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 113,759 88,457! 75,9781 806 1,999 1,898 683 591 1,831 1,704 2,214 1,620 1919 13,058 1914 j10 ,033 1919 i 1,408 1914 j 1,586 1919 :12,960 1914 i 13,401 1919 1914 1919 j 1914! 9,561 6; 051 2,523 1,345 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 3,994| (2) 361 (2) 2,453 (2) Be- tween | 44 and 48. Be- tween 4S and 54. 1,228 64,979 6,998* (2) Il0,624 | 5,581' (2) 58 (a) (2) 5,5951 6,063 790 225 100 100 626 615 128 8.694 1,666 864 7,533 15,171 Js.310 1,672 283 179 700 1,677 !2,263 1,705 1,904 278 11.332, Be- tween 54 and 60. 60. 3, S01 8,011 12,702jl0,427 18,993 3,44S| 6; 592 22,941' 22<3 92 1 364 79 288 j 417 2' 3: 474 98 238 i 104 231 94; 227 153 387 658 3,549 1 3.753 2,221 i 356 359 620 ...! 74 3,149 2,006 2,011 j 226 i 9 1,016 I 623 1,482 5-14 900 Over 60, 13,416 130,130 31,339 448 835 581 114 72S 1,246 907 \ S34! 115! 704 i 544 1,179 27S 750 101 2,652 307 445 i Cen- 1 sus i year. New Hampshire. 1919 ; 1914 New Jersev :1919 | 1914 New York !1919 i 1914 Ohio Pennsylvania.. 1919 1914 1919 j 1914 Vermont '1919 \ 1914 Virginia i 1919 , 1914 Washington I 1919 ; 1914 West Virginia...; 1919 I 1914 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LAbOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. ■ 44 and un- der. ! Be- tween I 44 ■ and' I 48.: : Be- lt ween and ; 54. Wisconsin 1919 1914 5,000 3,905 3,10S 2,927 17,571 13,570 6,899 5,430 9,843 7,447 1,832 1,264 1,951 1,260 1.610 877 956 1.033 12.7S9 S;96S 3,972! 4S5 915 il, 114 ! 832 454 ,11,93$: (2) , C-) 1,672 i 270 J1,S73 151 1,170 [3.437 I 11. 313 C2) j (3) j '211 ! 11,559 190 (s) 1,610 630 17,546 (2) ! 378 752 626 54. Be- j tween' 54! and i 60.! 123 i 2S0 270 | 780 22 56 78 I 451 i 789 205 438 8S9 671 ! 1,182 3,380 \"m 437 829 1.5 IS 783 820 ! 344 2S 29 403 1,016 1,877 3,244 171 123 11 241 40 55 1 136 100 286 Over 60. 140 804 443 1,622 j 3,411 ! 5,167 ; 2.018 3:437 2,176 ! 3,156 237 974 . 161 , .3,375 485 j' 392 78 ; 75 12 66 666 301 614 945 , .119 485 4,473 i 3,632 * Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available, » Figures not available for 1914. 556 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— Wage earners (average number). lto5 wage earners, inclusive. 6to20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. i wage earners, in elusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. "TATE. © s 3 -a . 2 p ja . A . Is & . S3 .S3 v> 33 © © 2 33 . 33 .23 'A © £ bog 33 IS 2 c rQ p C3 © n % £ « P •8 8 *I 3 p CO rj •8 8 03 g % a *s Is Is t?S w %n © tss w © OT P United States 1919.. 729 718 113,759 88,457 24 29 76 87 114 1,179 1,540 158 172 5,140 5,856 139 134 10,166 9,660 204 183 33,732 29,991 70 60 24,017 20,630 38 21 26,340 14,615 9 5 13,109 6,070 1914.. 95 California 7 806 1,999 1 16 177 2 6 I 7 6 120 428 l|j 4 6 2 7 9 670 932 297 1,103 1,377 Connecticut 44 5 5 1 15 2 13 14 447 Delaware.. . . 683 1,831 2,214 1 2S4 Illinois 19 26 5 9 199 325 Indiana 2 4 30 Maine 39 10 78 39 9 13,058 1, 408 57 i 3 94 140 309 63 32 8 617 10 2 1,671 - 400 6,309 2,305 269 6 2,004 4 1 2 3 2 2,852 86-4 1,489 2,036 1,115 4 5,763 Maryland . . 2 4 5 Massachusetts 12,960 9,561 2,523 4 3 42 '9 15 4 1 1,117 280 96 37 13 2' 11 11 3 3,694 3,718 1,011 i | i,i30 Minnesota 2 6 23 2 1 I I New Hampshire 27 33 156 49 5,000 3,108 17,571 6.899 8 2 107 32 8 12 48 14 11 256 j 4 403' 8 1,580 31 264 515 2,274 89S 354 3 418 1,135 5,098 2,085 1,675 3 1 1,447 351 3,669 1,455 2,122 1! 2,508 New Jersey . ... I 7 5 22 8 32 14 10 1 7 1 5 667 4,637 j New York . 20 3 291 46 11 4 7 Ohio 429! 12 621 3,866 1! 1,365 li 1,322 56 j 9,843 5 20 11 112 342 167 6 Vermont 20 i 1,832 10 | 1,951 6 1,610 9 1 956 4 56 6 5 2 2 3 374 155 159 236 713 4 595 1,002 623 144 3,810 1 1 1 640 739 828 Virginia 2 j 55 5 3 1 21 Washington West Virginia 1 12 45 3 | 112 5 139 1 452 3,504 Wisconsin 57 | 12,789 1 2 3 10 1 10 7 4,576 i Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, ANtV 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 All classes Less than S5.000 $5,000 to §20,000 120,000 to S100,000-.. $100,000 to $500,000. - $500,000 to 11,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. 4 20 87 234 146 238 1914 1909 10 44 159 292 145 68 20 57 203 447 50 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1914 113,759 j 88,457 1,409 10,432 16,857 84,965 20 330 3,399 49,882 34,826 1909 75,978 49 466 4,415 48,532 22,516 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 $788,059,377 $332,147,175 19,463 242,112 5,374,576: 60,064,860 106,969,952 i 615,397,414! 31,787 5S0,160 9,287,827 74,199,728 100,700,145 147,347,528 1909 S267,656,964 64,416 719,516 11,354,011 161,938,623 93,580,398 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 $320,576,740 $118,965,889 3,203 81,117 2,215,182 23,837,665 41,096,888 253,342,685 16,952 275,052 3,389,035 61,646,087 53,638,763 1909 $102,214,623 28,968 322,819 4,757,258 61,229,578 35,876,000 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 i| 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 Less than $5,000 0.5 2.7 11.9 32.1 20.0 32.7 1.4 6.1 22.1 40.7 20.2 9.5 2.6 7.3 26.1 0) 0.1 1.2 f 9.2 \ 14.8 74.7 (]) 0.1 0.6 5.8 0) («) ! (l) Ill (') 1 0) $5,000 to $20,000 0.4 3.8 (') 0.2 1 0.3 2. 8 j 4.2 0.2 j 0.3 2.8 i 4.7 $20,000 to $100,000 0.7 0.7 $100,000 to $500,000 } 57.5 | 56.4 { 7.6 \ 13.6 78.1 sa 3!} 60-5 44.4 1 35.0 f 7.4 \\ 12-8 79.0 | 51.8; 59.9 $500,000 to $1,000,000 63.9 45. 1 | 35.1 $1,000,000 and over 6.4 39.4 29.6 ! Table 9. 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. -CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- sus year. Average number 1 of wage earners. Value of products. Value added \ by manu-; facture. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. ! Cen- sus year. Average number of wage earners. Value of pfoducts. Value added by manu- facture. ! i Total 1919 729 113,759 88,457 1 $788,059,377 332,147,175 $320,576,740 j 118,965/889 1 Per cent distribution: ! 1914 718 Individual .! 1919; ! 1914 4.5 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.8 0. i 1919 33 648 , 3,879,687 2,634, 573 1,418,680! 6.8 0.8 1914 49 857 • 961,751! 1919 1914 88.8 84. 7 96.8 91.5 96.4 95.0 97. n 94 5 1919 647 110,134 83,557 759,532,959 315,401,140 310,807,387 1 1914 608 112,411,490 1 ! 1919 6.7 8.5 2.6 4.6 3.1 4.2 2.6 4. ; 1914 All other 1919 49 2,977 24,646,731 8,350,673 I 1914 61 4,043 I 14,111,462 5,592,648 I i • H61 6X6X fX6X 6X6X fX61 6X6X ■•■ uisnoosiA\ ttmiSjia }&®A\ no!)Snm$TJA\ bjuiSjia — -?noniJ9A •*.BnisAi/£suueA MON •*A9SJ9f M9M 9iTqsdrat3H Bjosemnyj treS-noiK1 s^esnqoessuH ptTBI^JtJK eurejf k vtftfpni ■••siourni 9IBJAV\9CL ^nono9nnoo '"^JTUOJTT^O •sews P31I«n 'fUl (IKY 6T6I :S3LLVXS AS 'aaTCDSNOO TEIM— "IT a-xavj, *A*[9?Bjred9s ps^dsi t -ja^od p9aM0 t(laqr^o}> jo P^^l 0m japun pe^iod9J ^imoure 9q; 606X joj apnpui jQ^odasjoq joj S9jn3i^ t ! O'OOT i 0*00X 0*00X | T*28 ! 9'X6 6*96 i 8 *2S 6*9S 0'92 : 2*0S i 9 2 ! 2*0 I 9*0 S'O 1 X15 f *09 j 6'oX ; f'S X*2 ! 8 *2T 6*2 OT i T*0 \ 9*0 T'O \ O'OOT '2*09 I O'OOX £-02 2*62 O'OOT : 9'of ! f *65 6061 j fI6l 6161 0X5*X6 0T9 'SS 021'OSX 2X5*261 669'22X XX2*52S OLf I 0X9 '8S 080'Of- 9fX '882 529 '9 (1) m 69f 58X '*92 'X I 002*6 j 669*221 I 668'9SX I X*2*928 ! f29*6 I (») (•) S 0*8 265 : 552 *f& I 99Z'm'l! tST*T.29'T 606X fl6I 299'9€2 985*£S5 ST2'X 299'9€2 226*2.e2 £O8'0T6 T6I 'S 522'6ST 802*655 £86*869 280*£X9 I H0*T58*X 6161 •jTmonry 202 2 T92 £96*2 X92 X92 82* *£ 9f U> U) 502*2 622 9 066*9 6061 565*9 519*2 0X2*8 519 2 5X9*2 268'£ 29 (*) 086 2 ?£t*9 6f0*6 ft6l 552 'it 100*9 95^2*2X X00*9 855*2 2£ 6£2, 8X6*2 25X*8 252 '5 £5Z'1X 6161 •SHOiOH ho sainoKa 10 aaawnN ■3upjod9J s;u9Hiqsnq«^S9 ^q po(}BJ9il90 -••j9q;o pa^oB-a •sjojota put 'satnqmqi 'sidaqM- J9^M S9uj3ii9 nonsnqraoo-renjo^ui "samcfjtix seinSng; 'J'-*--Itn^s P9UMQ '6061 (IKY 'mi '6T6T --SliaAOH HKiaJ dO dO H3M0daSH0H aNV HaaWflN—'OT ziavx 558 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of quantity and cost of materials and quantity and value of products.—Certain additional information concerning the quantity and cost of mate- rials and quantity and value of products was collected by means of a supplemental schedule, data for which are presented in the following tables. Materials.—Table 12 presents detailed statistics of the materials used in the indusfay in 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 12.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Cost of Materials: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Total cost. Pulp wood, cost Wood pulp purchased: Tons 1 Cost Ground, domestic— Tons Cost Ground, imported— Tons Cost Soda fiber, domestic—i Tons Cost Soda fiber, imported- Tons Cost Sulphite fiber, do- mestic— Tons Cost Sulphite fiber, im- ported— Tons Cost Sulphate fiber, do- mestic- Tons Cost Sulphate fiber, im- ported— Tons Cost Screenings, mechan- ical— Tons Cost Screenings, chemical- Tons Cost Rags, including cotton and flax waste and sweepings: Tons Cost Paper stock: High-grade shavings, including old and waste paper— Tons Cost Manila stock: Rope- Tons Cost 1919 $467,482,637 Jute bagging, waste, threads, etc.— Tons Cost Straw: Tons Cost Other stock for making paper: Tons Cost China clay: Tons Cost Bleaching powder: Tons Cost Sulphur: Tons Cost All other materials, cost.. $162,963,527 $87,3S6,083 1, 595, 930 $118, 967,841 398,133 $16, 249,210 100, 440 $3,537,460 153,639 $13,074,318 25 $L 807 564,776 $54,389,663 159,307 $14,606,807 72,440 $6,350, 229 108,584 $9,333,251 9, 488 $321,006 29,148 $1,104,090 277, 849 $24,217,978 1,854,386 $43,567,775 1914 $213,181,286 1909 $165,442,341 S39,408,453 1,521, 980 $54, 207,932 379,263 $7,540, 922 153,463 $3,148,755 155,635 $6, 764,892 5,289 $297,838 436,196 $19, 762,127 261,172 $12,128,105 16,414 $679,326 88,497 $3, 486,540 4,806 $41,841 21,245 $357,586 361,667 $12,151,288 1,509,981 $19,161,400 6,8,235 I 64,256 $5,114,426 j $2,492,094 48,759 $2,091,827 353,399 $3,594,947 106, 850 $4,494,3-88 258,533 $4,421,157 139,914 $5,647, 952 187,794 $5,014,736 56,914 $1,563,473 307,839 $1,675, 598 97,276 $1,778,669 (3) (*) (8) (3) 136,458 $3,134,699 $77,617,680 $34,477, 540 1,241,914 $43,861,357 333,313 $6, 764, 475 119, 536 $2, 723,033 145,163 $6,464,870 9,463 $397,994 453,636 $19,041,329 172,393 $8,143,397 * 8, 410 *$326,259 («) (') (") (s) 357, 470 $10,721,559 983,882 $13,691,120 117,080 $3,560,033 303,137 $1,460,282 29, 422 $479,959 8 (3) $57,190, 491 1904 $111,251,478 $20,800,871 877,702 $27,633,164 317,286 $5,754,259 120,978 $5, 047,105 433,160 $16,567,122 1 6,278 * $264,678 («) (») (/> C) 294,552 $8,864,607 588, .543 $7,430,335 107,029 $2,502,332 304,585 $1,502,886 (8) $1,963,066 («) (') (») (8) 130,400 $3,221,834 $37,332,383 1 Quantities are reported in tons of 2,000 pounds. 3 Reported as "Otlier chemical fiber." 3 Not reported separately. The total cost of all materials given for each year in- cludes considerable duplication, due to the use of prod- ucts of one establishment as materials in another. This is especially true of purchased domestic wood pulp, the cost of which is included in that of the pulp wood used as materials by the pulp mills, and again in that of the wood pulp used as material by the paper mills. The item "All other materials" includes chemicals (except sulphur and bleaching powder), sizing, dye- stuffs, casein, mill supplies, and other materials to the amount of $107,963,572; and $54,999,955, covering the cost of fuel and rent of power. Wood consumed in the manufacture of wood pulp.— Table 13 shows the quantity and cost of pulp wood used in the manufacture of wood pulp for the years 1919, 1914, and 1904, and the quantity only, together with the total cost, for 1909. In 1909 the schedule used for this industry did not provide for reporting the kind or quantity of pulp wood used. Spruce, which continues to be the principal wood used in the manufacture of pulp, was 58.2 per cent of the total quantity consumed in 1919, as compared with 59.5 per cent in 1914. More detailed statistics relating to pulp-wood con- sumption is published in the special report of the Census Bureau entitled u Pulp-wood consumption and wood-pulp production/' Table 13.—Wood Consumed in the Manufacture op Wood Pulp: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Total: Cords.. Cost... Spruce, domestic: Cords Cost Spruce, imported: Cords Cost Poplar, domestic: Cords Cost Poplar, imported: Cords Cost Hemlock: Cords Cost Pine: White and jack pine- Cords.... Cost Yellow pine 3— Cords Cost Balsam fir, domestic: Cords Cost Balsam fir, imported: Cords Cost. Yellow poplar: Cords Cost Beech, birch, maple, etc.: Cords Cost Slabs and other mill waste: Cords Cost All other wood: Cords Cast 1919 1914 1909 i 1904 5,477, ,832 $87,386,083 4,470,763 $39,408, 453 4,001,607 $34,477,540 3,050,717 $20,800,871 2,313,419 $39,783,167 1,892,739 $17,893,673 1,653,249 (a) 1.732,531 $11,937,852 873,795 $18,219,970 768,056 $9,008,609 768,332 (3) 538,305 $4,570,017 ISO, 160 $3,214,901 328,513 $2,714,210 302,876 (3) 213,058 $1,506,971 158,220 $2,851,583 61,644 $5S2,924 25,622 (3) 35,313 $251,600 795,154 $8,760,805 602,754 $4,176,542 559,657 (*) (3) (3) 59,147 $(520,491 62,037 $353,188 (3) (3) (3) (3) 234,463 $2,745,368 79,322 $466,855 («) (3) (3) (») 181,840 $2,491,833 125,290 $1,200,499 (') (3) (2) 106,974 (3) $2,028,983 72,605 $1,090,649 (*) (2) (3) (3) 184,111 $2,228,481 (3) (8) (3) . 175,081 253,887 h $1,691,307 $1,225, 840 « 142,863 $1,658, 545 296,515 $1,786,113 691,871 («) 531,510 $2,534,431 i The figures relating to quantity for 1909 represent the wood used by all mills manufacturing wood pulp, including a few for which it was not the primary product The total cost given for that year, however, refers only to the wood used by mills making pulp as their primary product. 3 Not reported separately. 8 Reported as southern pine in 1914. * Includes: Cottonwood, 20,830 cords; white fir, 31,138 cords; gum, 30.355 cords- tamarack, 44,042 cords; and "All other wood," 16,498 cords. PAPER AND WOOD PULP. 559 Principal kinds of wood used, by states.—Table 14 shows separately for the five states in the industry, consuming the largest amount of pulp wood, and for "All other states" as a group, the quantity and Table 14.—PRINCIPAL KINDS OF WOOD USED, BY STATES: 1919. cost of the principal kinds of wood used in the manu- facture of pulp in 1919. Maine led in the consump- tion of pulp wood in 1919, using 23.3 per cent of the total for the industry. i United States. Total: Cords. Cost.. 5, 477, S32 $87,386,083 Spruce: Cords Cost Poplar: Cords Cost Hemlock: Cords Cost All other wood: Cords Cost Slabs, and other mill waste: Cords Cost 3, $58, SI 2, 187,214 003,137 338,380 i, 066, 484 795,154 !, 760, 805 982,003 864,350 175,081 | ,691,30" Maine. 1,279,852 $24,795, 623 1,034,540 $20,456,085 172.936 S3,136,0.80 10,129 S203, 591 58,201 S976, 744 4, 046 ?23,123 New Hampshire. New York. Pennsylvania. 375,597 $7,297,625! 1,055,145 $20, 498,405 j 423,822! $6,873,612 s Wisconsin. 854,145 $10,242,909 Ail other states. MS9.231 $17,677,909 262, So, 006, 805 j 702 1 $1,032 1, $16, 92, $1,SS0, 19, $392, 172 4S7 347 816 205 5,88: 860,972: 7,184,826! I 103,653! 1,882,168; 55,722 $929,416 I 21,6-85 $385,688! 13,113 i $116,307: 121,6.53 | $2, 359, 439 1 45.633 I $847)759; 8,737 I $125,471 \ 192,847 S3,103,610 54,952 $437,333 282,370; $4,365,858; 2, 643' $20,865 | 417,863! $4,377,358 145, 436 1 $1, 432,397; 5.868 1 $46,431: 624,874 $8,630,227 13,447 $178,580 301,526 S3,10S, 482 471, 487 $5, 085, 095 77, 897 $675,525 Kind and quantity of wood pulp used.—The kinds and quantity of wood pulp, domestic and foreign, used in the industry during the years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904 are shown in Table 15. The quantity of wood pulp used in the manufac- ture of paper shows a steady increase from census to census, the consumption in 1919 being almost double the amount in 1904. Considerably more than half the pulp produced in 1919 was made by establish- ments which used it themselves in the manufacture of paper. Ground wood pulp represented 41.7 per cent of the total quantity consumed in 1919; sulphite fiber, 40.2 per cent; soda fiber, 9.9 per cent; and all other wood pulp, 8.2 per cent. There was a decrease of 26.8 per cent in imported wood pulp in 1919 over 1914, due in a large measure to conditions brought about by the World War. Table 15.—Kind and Quantity of Wood Pulp Used: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. I Table 15.—Kind and Quantity of Wood Pulp Used: 1919, : 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Total... Ground Domestic. Imported Soda fiber — Census vear. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1904 WOOD PULP USED.* Produced and con- sumed in same estab- lishment. Total. Purchased. 4,019,6% 3,490,123 2,820,591 2,018,764 2,423,716 1,968,143 1,584,677 1,141,062 1,595.9S0 1,521,980 1,241,914 877,702 1,675,063 1,504,955 1,321,368 1,012,862 1,176,490 972,229 86S,519 695,576 498,573 532,726 452, S49 317,286 1,574,623 1,351,492 1,201,832 100,440 153,463 119,536 1,176,490 972,229 S6S,519 398.133 379,263 333,313 100,440 153,463 119,536 396,031 345,354 297,408 1S7.3S2 242,367 184,430 142,782 66,404 153,664 160,924 151,626 120,97S 1 Tcr?, 2,0C0 pounds. Sulphite fiber.. Bleached Unbleached. WOOD PULP USED. I Census I year. \ Total. j; Produced H and eon- ! sumed in same estab- lishment. Purchased. Imported.. Bleached Unbleached. Sulphate fiber., Domestic. Bleached Unbleached. Imported.. Bleached Unbleached. Screenings, mechanical. Screenings., chemical 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1,017,47S 1,429,52S 1,199,405 812 242 1, 45S, 171 1,168,356 1,027.012 504,48-5 9,53,686 159.307 | 261,172! 172,393! 44;859! 114,44$' i 265,819 I 154,553 j 2 S, 410 1 * 6,278! 157,235 I 66.056' 31,268 1 125,967 j 108,584 I 88,497 I 5,374 I 103,210 I 893,395 732,160 j 573.376 379,082 , 893.395 732,160 I 573,376 21S, .541 674,854 84,795 49,642 84,795 49,642 23,263 61, 532 20,161 j; 15,586 !l 45,144 j| 40,147!; 10,673 10,780 15,996 IS.902 724.0S3 697; 368 626,029 433,160 564,776 436,196 4,53,636 285,944 278,832 159,307 261,172 172,393 44.859 114,448 181.024 104; 911 i 8,410 8 6,278 72,440 16,414 8,005 64,435 108,584 88,497 5,374 103,210 9,4S8 4,806 29,148 21/245 1 Tons, 2,000 pounds. * Reported as " Other chemical fiber." The rapid increase in the consumption of sulphate fiber during recent years is due largely to its use in the manufacture of kraft wrapping paper, the pro- duction of which has grown rapidly since 1909. Materials, by states.—Table 16 shows, by states, the quantity and cost of the several kinds of wood pulp purchased, and the other principal paper stocks used in the industry in 1919, with the quantities alone for 1914 and 1909. Wood pulp made by establish- ments which used it in the manufacture of paper is not included. 560 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—Materials, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. MATERIAL AND STATE. Total. [$118,967,841 Ground, total , New York Maine Wisconsin All other states. Soda fiber, total Massachusetts.., Ohio Michigan , All other states.. Sulphite fiber, total.. Massachusetts New York Ohio Michigan Wisconsin Pennsylvania New Hampshire.. All other states... Sulphate fiber, total.. Massachusetts New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states... Screenings, mechanical and chem- ical, total Rags, including cotton and flax waste and sweepings, total Massachusetts Pennsylvania Ohio Wisconsin New Jersey All other states WOOD PULP PURCHASED. 1919 Cost. Paper stock, including high-grade shavings and old and waste paper, total Michigan New York Massachusetts Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania ■ New Jersey - — Connecticut • Indiana All other states Manila stock, including Jute bag- ging, rope, waste, threads, etc., total Ohio New Jersey All other states Straw, total Indiana Illinois All other states. 19,786,670 8,872,157 4,071,910 1,771,919 5,070,684 13,076,125 4,608,031 2,244,624 1,185,726 5,037,744 68,996,470 12,221,099 11,350,489 9,885,543 6,918,237 6,853,194 4,061,665 2,745,156 14,961,087 15,683,480 2,399,356 2,125,319 1,175,094 753,537 9,230,174 1,425,096 24,217,978 9,490,326 3,225,995 1,979,338 1,516,010 1,054,076 6,952,233 43,567,775 9,084,955 4,983,299 4,846,672 4,439,189 3,726,466 2,986,835 2,713,874 2,295,481 1,875,794 6,615,210 7,206,253 1,257,347 995,673 4,953,233 3,594,947 1,312,867 806,778 1,475,302 Quantity (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 1,595,980 49S,573 220,709 110,890 43,95S 123,016 153,664 5S,275 25,827 13,030 56,532 724,083 110,150 142,840 99,384 67,931 77,025 40,527 29,221 157,005 181,024 25,949 22,046 13,729 8,140 111,160 38,636 277,849 69,465 55,238 29,544 13,387 13,595 96,620 1,854,386 300,908 229,086 157,995 180,863 169,629 163,932 157,087 97,883 106,029 290,974 116,994 18,802 13,820 84,372 353,399 143,715 86,215 123,469 Quantity (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 1,521,980 Quantity (tons, 12,000 lbs.). 1,241,914 1909 532,726 236,027 110,466 53,827 132,406 160,924 44,102 33,S55 12,833 70,134 697,363 113,036 123,013 86,559 42,765 89,952 40,009 202,034 104,911 12,786 16,455 9,017 10,202 56,451 361,667 79,307 63,975 37,303 17,222 26,818 137,042 1,509,981 200,370 188,379 137,716 200,996 124,815 125,171 154,879 111,282 94,227 172,146 121,170 39,230 17,008 64,932 307,839 93,556 74,327 139,956 452,849 150,844 98,553 64,959 138,493 154,626 38,434 27,326 14,950 73,916 626,029 91,103 162,847 47,167 29,070 84,884 30,712 0) 180,2-16 2 8,410 (3) 357,470 93,558 64,654 33,744 (0 20,484 145,030 983,882 114,497 155,436 106,216 93,239 75,439 106,150 114,437 75,169 52,509 90,790 117,080 25,949 21,162 303,137 140,580 57,254 105,303 1 Included in "All other states." > Reported as "Other chemical fiber." 1 Not reported separately. Products.—Detailed statistics, relating to the quan- tity and value of paper and wood pulp manufactured, are given in Table 17 for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. The total for each year includes considerable dupli- cation, due principally to the fact that the greater portion of the wood pulp produced for sale is purchased by paper mills, with the result that its value, already reported by the pulp mills, enters again into that of the finished products made by the paper mills. The amount of such duplication, however, was of about equal relative importance at each census. In quantity, boards were the leading product of the industry in 1919, but in value this product was ex- ceeded in importance by book paper (plain, coated, and plate), at each census since 1904. The total tonnage of paper of all kinds in 1919 amounted to 6,098,530, an increase of 828,483 tons, or 15.7 per cent, over the amount reported for 1914. The four leading kinds of paper, ranked by quantity produced, were boards, 1,867,064 tons; news, 1,323,880 tons; book, 961,095 tons; and wrapping, 831,372 tons, or 30.6 per cent, 21.7 per cent, 15.8 per cent, 13.6 per cent, respectively, of the total amount re- ported. The steady decrease of straw and bogus or wood manila wrapping paper is most noticeable and closely corresponds to the increased production of kraft paper. Because of its strength this paper is rapidly taking the place of other kinds of paper for all purposes requiring strong wrappers. The proportion of wood pulp manufactured and made into paper in the same establishments was practically the same as in 1914, in which year it was 68.5 per cent as compared with 68. 7 per cent in 1919. In tonnage ground wood pulp was of chief importance, representing 43.2 per cent of the total production in 1919. Table 17.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value of Products: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. 1919 1914 1909 1904 PRODUCTS.1 25788,059,377 2$332,147,175 2 $2,67656,964 $188,715,189 News paper, in rolls and sheets: 1,323,880 1,313,284 1,168,098 912,822 $98,559,359 $52,942,774 $46,390,041 $35,906,460 Hanging papers: 69,445 96,527 92,158 62,606 $6,043,390 $4,488,910 $4,431,514 $3,013,464 Poster, novel, tablet, lining, etc.:3 80,394 7,8S3 7,456 (*) $7,272,755 $490,766 $465,519 Book paper: B ook, machine finished— 532,413 $76,772,682 Book, sized and supercal- 786,626 575,616 434,500 endered— 286,407 $58,496,221 $42,846,674 $31,156,728 $41,498,194 Coated— 132,454 117,342 95,213 $24,009,614 $11,605,584 $9,413,961 (<) Plate, lithograph, map, woodcut, etc.— 9,821 9,332 6,498 19,837 $1,556,372 $588,332 $555,352 $1,458,343 , Cover paper: 22,163 21,679 17,578 22,150 $5,643,191 $2,809,377 $1,982,853 $2,023,986 Fine paper: Ledger and highest grade- 30,584 $12,254,967 Pole dried- 48,564 $19,868,978 Air dried- 28,786 $9,514,618 \ 247,728 Machine dried— 198,213 146,832 $14,665,308 59,674 $34,054,918 $29,076,638 $22,249,170 Sulphite bond- 82,467 $17,484,179 All other- Tons 75,108 1 $13,952,756 1 Quantities reported in tons of 2,000 pounds. 2 In addition, in 1919 paper to the value of $1,064,772 was produced by 5 establish- ments engaged primarily m the manufacture of paper boxes, roofing materials, and other products; in 1914 to the value of $2,767,407 was produced by 9 establishments; and in 1909 to the value of $2,567,267, by 15 establishments of this character. s Reported as "Poster" in 1914 and 1909. * Not reported separately. MANUFACTURES. 561 Table 17.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value of Products: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. Table 17.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value of Products: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. 1919 products—continued. Wrapping paper: Manila (rope, jute, etc.)— Tons Value Heavy (mill wrappers, etc.)— Tons Value Straw- Tons Value Bogus or wood m anil a, all grades— Tons Value Kraft- Tons Value All other- Tons.. Value Tag stock (rope, jute, and sul- phite): Tons Value Boards: Wood pulp- Tons Value Straw- Tons Value News- Tons Value Binders', trunk, and press- Tons Value Leather- Tons Value Cardboard, bristol board, card middles, tickets, etc.— Tons Value Chip- Tons Value All other- Tons Value Tissue paper: High-grade- Tons Value White, colored and wax- ing— Tons Value Manila and No. 2 white- Tons Value Towel and napkin- Tons Value Toilet- Tons Value Blotting paper: Tons Value Building, roofing, asbestos, and sheathing paper: Tons Value All other paper: Tons Value Wood pulp made (or sale or for consumption in mills other than those in which produced: Tons Value Ground- Steamed— Tons Value Not steamed— Tons Value , 111,782 515,493,141 , 118,755 , $9,356,002 i 5,895: $457,606 126,175! 512,047,371 . 192,583 $26,575,194 I ! 276,182 I 838,639,983 27,092 $5,459,980 179,747 I §14,887,881 i 228,248 ; §12,229,837 I i 88,839 I j $4,604,082 I 43,091 §3,787,860 28,167 l 82,263,288 j S4.987 j $11,104,105 695,963 $37,749,210 518.022 $37,464,380 31,025 | $11,137,550 I I 36,545 i $7,644,952 j 23,985 I $3,5-89,279 | 19,266 | $5,144,895 1 79,740 : $13,178,847 ! 13,420 i $3,209,137 ! 195,241 i $17,737,341 | 191,617 I $29,690,905 1,100,303 $80,095,047 61,411 $2,224,664 284,518 $9,504,137 1914 77.S7K $7,070,254 98,780 $3,588,357 15,606 8519,309 353,987 | $17,975,636 j 109,753! $6,949,244 j 225,795 i $13,269,953 j 29,230 $1,935,693 116,419 $4,227,493 | 175,424! $4,270,519 | 127,966 $3,502,134! 61,453 $2,663,744 26,689 $1,177,189 83,010 $5,376,434 (2) (3) 700,844 $23,652,095 1909 1904 73.731 J56.826 $6,989,436 . $6,136,080 108,561 9f», 992 $4,380,794: $4,035,588 32,988 54,232 $870,419 $1,389,348 367,932 228,371 $19,777,707 $10,099,772 12.661 C1) $936,940 167.194 177,870 $9,265,095 1 $8,774,804 O)' 0) 71,036 60,863 $2,639,496 i $2,347,2,50 171,789! 167,278 $3,750,851 1 $4,367,560 74,606! 38,560 $2,215,469 | $1,174,216 ! 92,012! 0) '$3,819,071 1 C1) 51,449 j 39,060 $3,352,151 i $2,764,444 (2)! (2) (2) i (J) 422,196 j 253,950 $13,720,697 i $9,070,531 115,401 $11,535,720 14,157 $1,457,897 243,908 $9,475,733 93,346 $7,464,182 912,490 $31,677,717 313,951 I $5,686,919 , 77,745 $8,553,654 43,925 $5,056,438 9,577: 8,702 $1,186,180 j $1,046,790 225,824! $9,251,36-8 96,577 j $6,869,169 j 145,024 $4,845,628 106,296 $6,729,820 910,846 I 780,706 $30,177,366 ! $23,144,574 310.747 273,400 $5,649,466 j $4,323,495 1 Not reported separately. 111367—23 36 ★ »Included in "All other boards.' 1914 1909 1904 products—continued. Wood pulp made lor sale or j for consumption in mills i other than those in which j produced—Continued. j Soda fiber—: Tons !169,332 Value j $14,939,293 Sulphite fiber— I Bleached—! Tons !288,709 Value j $31,715,215 Unbleached— Tons !227,395 Value | $17,791,975 Sulphate fiber— 1 Bleached—! Tons | Value I Unbleached—; Tons Value! Screenings— j Mechanical- Tons | Value Chemical— i Tons 22,333; Value ;$750,161 4.740' $392,765 i 39,552 i 43,389 2,313; $33,448; 163,522 $7,213,088 214,627 $10,803,787 192,687 $7,2*4,492 10.052 8359,957 2,553 $27,910 15,098 i $301,566 i 155,844 $6,572,152 444.255 '$17,955,748 0) (0 0) 0) C1) 0) All other products, value WOOD PULP. Quantity produced (includ- ing that used in mills in which manufactured), total, tons Ground- Steamed, tons Not steamed, tons Soda fiber- Bleached, tons Unbleached, tons Sulphite fiber- Bleached, tons Unbleached, tons Sulphate fiber- Bleached, tons Unbleached, tons Screenings— Mechanical, tons Chemical, tons 130,366 $5,159,615 376,940 $13,681,464 0) 0) (») (l) -$34,915,241 i $5,880,990 1 $4,738,549 j $1,924,195 3,517,952' 281,635! 1,237,194 j 354.085! 27,608 509,738 910,091: 28,003 92,375 5 / 12.220 • 35,003 i 2,893,150 2,495,523 | 1,921,765 1,293,661 1,179,266! 968,976 347,928 298,626! 196,770 385,349 765,978 | 1,017,631 756,022 52,641 0) 11,769 35,824 0) 1 (l) (l) (1)! 'Not reported separately . 2 Includes 27,460 tons of paper bags, valued at $6,469,010, made in paper mills. Products, by states.—Table 18 presents, by states, the quantity and value of various products of paper and wood-pulp mills in 1919 and the quantity pro- duced in 1914 and 1909. It should be understood that in many instances figures for states of greater im- portance in production of certain kinds of paper than some of those showTn could not be given without dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. New York led at each census in the production of news paper, hanging paper, tissue paper, wood-pulp board, and chip board. Wisconsin ranked first in value of heavy wrapping paper, and also led in pro- duction of manila wrapping paper, but could not be shown separately. Massachusetts led in the manu- facture of fine paper and book paper. Michigan ranked second in the quantity of book paper produced, although Pennsylvania, third in quantity, was second in value for this item. 562 PAPER AND WOOD PULP. Table 18.—PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PRODUCT AND STATE. News paper, in rolls and sheets, total New York Maine - Wisconsin Minnesota New Hampshire Vermont All other states Hanging papers, total New York Wisconsin All other states Poster, novel, tablet, lining, etc., total3 Book paper: Plain, total Massachusetts Pennsylvania Michigan New York Wisconsin All other states Coated, total- Michigan All other states Plate, lithograph, map, wood- cut, etc., total Cover paper, total Massachusetts All other states Fine paper, total Ledger and highest grade, total Massachusetts All other states Pole dried, total Massachusetts All other states Air dried, total Wisconsin Massachusetts All other states Machine dried, total Massachusetts All other states Sulphite bond, total New Hampshire New York All other states All other, total Ohio Pennsylvania New Hampshire All other states Wrapping paper: Manila (rope, Jute, tag, etc.), total - • New York All other states Heavy wrapping (mill wrap- pers, etc.)* total Wisconsin . New York Pennsylvania All other states Straw, total . . . Bogus or wood manila, all grades, total New York All other states Kraft paper, total Wisconsin. Pennsylvania New York Vermont All other states. All other wrapping paper, total Wisconsin Michigan New York Pennsylvania Massachusetts All other states Tag stock (rope, jute,and sulphite), total. ■ Boards: Wood pulpboard, total New York All other states — 1919 Value. 198,559,359 35,922,875 28,507, 697 9,738,081 9, 580,742 2,281,032 2,017,361 10,511,571 6,043,390 4,374,S40 1,071,483 597,067 7,272,755 118,270,776 18,045,565 14,921,845 13, 976,418 13,138,331 12,463,685 45,724,932 24,009,614 10,810,359 13,199,255 1, 556,372 5,643,191 2,001,029 3,642,162 87,740,806 12,254,967 7,512,822 4,742,145 19,868,978 16,452,684 3,416,294 9,514,618 6,070,369 2,465,349 978,900 14,665,308 7,629,046 7,036,262 17,484,179 3,315,233 657,778 13,511,168 13,952,756 6,163,332 4,178,187 1,249,799 2,361,438 15,493,141 3,485,162 12,007,979 9.856,002 2,324,571 2,272,796 1,698,509 3,560,126 457,606 12,047,371 3,248,479 8,798,892 26,575,194 5,249,615 3,121,783 3,055,354 830,375 14,318,067 38,639,983 7,655,119 4,995,975 2,736,519 2,654,790 1,424,826 19,172,754 6,459,980 14,887,881 3,449,512 11,438,369 Quantity (tons * 2,000 lbs.). 1,323,880 463,341 424,706 115,987 117,386 28,950 28,052 145,458 48,215 15,726 5,504 80,394 818,820 111,788 96,731 97,220 96,252 93,207 323,622 132,454 54,733 77,721 9,821 22,163 6,849 15,314 325,183 30,584 13,584 17,000 48,564 39,510 9,054 28,786 19,363 6,170 3,253 59,674 30,856 28,818 82,467 17,438 2,721 62,308 75,108 31,771 22,684 6,903 13,750 111,782 18,181 93,601 118,755 23,952 31,007 14,421 49,375 5,895 126,175 36,757 89,418 192,583 36,897 23,351 23,604 6,578 102,153 276,182 58,934 36,876 20,934 25,573 6,820 127,045 27,092 179,747 44,927 134,820 1914 Quantity (tons 2,000 lbs.). 1,313,284 489,136 336,020 135,336 111,002 79,664 31,223 130,903 96,527 69,022 14,870 12,635 786,626 106,845 118,590 88,840 78,917 74,560 31-8,874 117,342 26,101 91,241 9,332 21,679 6,475 15,204 247,728 CO 93,9-15 225,795 60,320 44,677 23,605 (25 29,299 67,894 29,230 116,419 32,376 84,043 1909 Quantity (tons 2,000 lbs.). 1,175,554 374,808 313,125 169,151 43,565 <*) 16,455 258,450 92,158 62,179 8,868 21,111 (<) 575,616 88,744 73,763 72,677 66,139 57,493 216,800 95,213 (3) 95,213 6,498 17,578 3,898 13,680 198,213 (*) (7) 71,036 23,757 47,279 PRODUCT AND STATE. B oar ds—Continued. Strawboard, total Ohio Illinois All other states News board, total • New Jersey All other states Binders', trunk, and press boards, total • Connecticut ■ All other states Cardboard, bristol board, card middles, tickets, etc., total. Massachusetts ■ All other states Leather board, total New Hampshire All other states Chip board, total New York Illinois New Jersey Connecticut All other states All other boards, total New York Connecticut Illinois New Jersey Ohio Indiana All other states Tissue paper High-grade, total New York All other states White, colored and waxing, total.. Manila and No. 2 white, total- New York All other states Towel and napkin, total Toilet, total New York All other states Blotting paper, total. Building, roofing, asbestos, and sheatliing paper, total Pennsylvania All other states All other paper, total. Pennsylvania All other states ... Wood pulp made for sale or for use in establishments other than those in which produced, total... Ground, total Maine New York Wisconsin All other states Soda fiber, total Sulphite fiber, total Now York Maine Wisconsin All other states Sulphate liber, total Screenings, mechanical, total.. Screenings, chemical, total All other products lip pri that used in mills which manu- factured), total Ground, total New York Maine Wisconsin Vermont New Hampshiro. All other states Soda fiber, total Sulphite fiber, total Maine New York Wisconsin All other states Sulphate fiber, total Wisconsin All othor states Screenings, mechanical, total. Screenings, chemical, total— Value. $12,229,837 3,347,752 2,630,255 6,251,830 4,604,082 1,392,596 3,211,486 3,787,860 1,151,642 2,636,218 11,104,105 4,830,930 6,273,175 2,263,288 394,950 1,868,338 37,749,210 4,208,905 3,760,931 2,195,779 1,075,166 26,508,429 37,464,380 6,213,069 5,094,998 4,153,638 3,931,952 3,864,914 2,372,332 11,833,477 40,695,523 11,137,550 1,535,775 9,601,775 7,644,952 3,589,279 2,206,958 1,382,321 5,144,895 13,178,847 8,005,041 5,173,806 3,209,137 17,737,341 5,202,680 12,534,661 29,690,905 2,865,451 26,825,454 80,095,017 11,728,801 5,131,076 3,666,570 1,418,865 1,512,290 14,939,293 49,507,190 8,041,032 7,629,408 6,014 906 27,821,844 3,136,154 33,448 750,161 34,915,241 Quantity (tons 2,000 lbs.). 228,248 48,618 42,246 137,384 88,839 25,989 62,850 43,091 8,814 34,277 84,987 23,910 61,077 28,167 6,250 21,917 695,963 89,999 75,385 41,041 22,047 467,491 518,022 82,316 69,514 71,391 53,236 47,959 41,405 152,201 190,561 • 31,025 6,038 24,987 36,545 23,985 14,705 9,280 19,266 79,740 47,197 32,543 13,420 195,244 63,716 131,528 191,617 12,373 179,244 1,100,303 345,929 148,746 110,774 38,163 48,246 169,332 516,104 85,672 81,118 81,645 267,669 44,292 2,313 22,333 3,517,952 1,518,829 479,817 469,148 225,843 69,946 41,192 232,883 411,693 1,419,829 323,718 260,891 233,591 601,629 120,378 44,119 76,259 12,220 35,003 1914 Quantity | (tons 2,000 lbs.). 175,424 39, m 42,952 92,976 127,966 42,328 85, 638 61,453 12,895 48,55S 83,010 34,899 48,111 26,689 3,972 22,717 (8) 700,8-44 135,467 62,937 63,027 74,569 I 127,814 55,2S5 181,745 J 115,401 (s) 14,157 243,90S 55,273 188, 635 93,346 551 92,795 I 912,490 313,951 118,813 100,631 43,337 51,170 163,522 407,314 53,874 50,432 78,878 224,130 10,052 2,553 15,098 2,893,150 1,293,661 423,605 357,393 189,221 54,356 63,883 205,203 347,928 1,151,327 236,385 219,446 188,797 506,699 52,641 24,633 28,008 11,769 35,824 1 Includes "Poster, novel, lining, etc." 'Included in "All other states." » Reported as "Poster" in 1914. < Included in "News paper, in rolls and sheets." 6 Figures not available. * Included in "AH other wrapping paper." 7 Not reported separately. 8 Included In "All other boards." PAPER AND WOOD PULP. 563 New York and Maine ranked first and second at each census in the total output of ground wood pulp (including that made and consumed in the same establishment), the former reporting 31.6 per cent and the latter 30.9 per cent of the total for 1919. Maine \ led in the production of sulphite fiber both in 1919 and 1914, while New York ranked second in 1919 and 1914, but first in 1909. "All other products" include "All other pulp-mill products" and paper bags amounting to $6,469,010. Equipment.—Table 19 gives in detail, for 1919? , 1914, 1909, and 1904, the number and capacity of the several types of paper machines and pulp equip- ment used in the industry. The average capacity of the Fourdriniers in 1904 was only 11.4 tons per 24 hours, as compared with 16.9 tons in 1919; and the average capacity of cyUn- der machines increased from 7.7 tons to 15.4 tons during the same period. The total yearly capacity increased 98.8 per cent during the fifteen-year period; 1904 to 1919. GENERAL Comparative summary, by states.—Table 20 gives, j for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of! establishments, average number of wage earners, pri-; mary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value j of products for the paper and wood-pulp industry. Table 20.—COMPARATIVE SUMMAR" The yearly capacity of pulp mills increased 17- 703,829 tons, or 64.4 per cent, from 1904 to 1919. Sulphate fiber equipment, which was reported for the first time in 1914, shows an increase of 175,175 tons, or 225.1 per cent, in capacity. Table 19.—Equipment: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. KIND. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Paper machines:1 Total number 1,5A5 1,540 1,480 1,369 Capacity, yearly, tons 7,671,043 6,439,787 5,293,397 3,857,903 Fourdiinier— Number 862 859 804 752 Capacity per 24 hours, tons.. 14,542 13,545 10,508 8,569 Cylinder—' 6S3 681 676 617 Capacity per 24 hours, tons.. 10, 549 8,024 6, 316 4,740 Pulp equipment:1 Grinders, number 1,380 1,497 1,435 1,362 Digesters, total number 739 581 542 517 Sulphite fiber 478 361 348 309 Soda fiber 202 197 194 20S Sulphate fiber 59 23 (2) (*> Capacity, yearly, tons, total 4,34S, 5S2 3, 708,130 3.405,621 2,644,753 Ground 1.975,039 1,789.363 1, 809,685 L 515,088 Sulphite . 1,656,066 l,34i;622 1.250.983 885,092 Soda 464,4S2 499', 325 344,953 244,573 Sulphate 252,995 77,820 (3) <*) 1 Capacity in tons of 2.000 pounds. 1 Not reported separately. TABLES. Detailed statement, by states, 1919.—Table 21 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. r, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States. Connecticut V Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Cen- sus- year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919: 1914 1909 1919 i 1914 | 1909 1919! 1914 1909 1919 1914 , 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919! 1914 1909 1919 . 1914 1909 1919: 1914 I 1909 j 729 718 777 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 113,759 SS,457 75,978 Primary horse- power. Wages. Cost of Value of , mate- prod- 1 rials. ucts. Expressed in thousands. Num- .parSfrss !Wages, ('en- , ber of ^™ 5^ Primary | 5 sus !estab- ^en horse-' iyesr.! lish- power. |- ments Cost of Value of mate- prod- rials, ucts. ber). Expressed in thousands. 1,853,239! 1,621,154 j 1,304,265 I >135,691 53,246 40,805 1,999 1,S98 1,720 683 | 591 546 1,831 1,704 1,397 2,214 1,620 1,501 130 87 205 97 13,05$ 10,033 8,647 1,408 1,588 1,249 12,960 13,401 12,84$ 9,561 6,051 4,327 26,742 I 21,111' 19,509; 5,120; 5,954 i 4,318 22,43$; 24,613; 15,169! 25,485 | 20,719 i 18,382 j 1,932 1,312 1,435 2,007 , 2,344! 920 $467,4S3 ($7$S,059 213,181 332,147 165,442 267,657 Minnesota. 2,194 1,141 924 793 327 310 2.130 1, US 727 2,239 916 754 141 i 54: si! 286 122 46: 8,217 4,007 3,303 3,230 1,753; 1,587 9,212 4,265! 3,099 9,514 4,314 3,497 293 183 281 1,121 403 120 18, 14$ 15,028 11,407 145,323 1 133,860 115,792 1,949 926 639 14,642 7,549 6.512 95, 729 11,177 62,528 3,559 48,700 2,142 6,816 4,126 3,278 New Hampshire. New Jersey. 12,939 5,969 5,527 4,573 2,4S4 2,292 14,356 ! New York. 6,952 j 4,983 15,120 6,231 5,202 612 280 437 Ohio. I Pennsylvania. 1919 1914: 1909: 1919 | 1914 i 1909! 1919; 1914 1 1909 | 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1,779 I Vermont. 610 , 218! 291,223 16,508 54,671 93,917 245,121 6,754! 25,458 40,180 223,787 5.267 \ 20,501 33.950 Virginia. 9,917 6,149 4,894 53,764 S7,160 26,611 43,353 22,350 40,097 40,353 66,299 14,545 j 22,050 9,025! 13,922 West Virginia. Wisconsin. | All other states. 1919! 1914 , 1909 j 1919 j 1914 i 1909 | 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 2,523 1, 345 607 33 33 37 156 150 178 49 48 47 56 53 62 20 23 25 10 S 9 17,571 i 13,570 | 12,073' 6,899! 5,430 4,673! 9,843 1 7,447 6,656; 1,832 1.264 1,030 1,951 1,260 912 9 956 S 1,033 9 1,162 36 j 23! 22; , 116 | 4,09$ 1 56,106 j $2,994 .53.259; 983 23, 440 I 361 27 5,000 123,929! 30 3,905 11S, 123 I 34 3.413 79,912 U0S ■> 32,948 1 >',927 1 29', 695 5,223 j 22,996 j 415,306 | 392,268' 337.548 j 64,420! 50,013 j 51, 402; S3.510 | 75,305! 66,910 ■ i 42.084 42,066' 38,191 15,367 13,585 9,770 12.136 11.735 11,025 57 ; 12,789 239,464 58 j 5,968 191.693 57 7,167 136.903 133.822 110,822 6,546 2,513 2.106 3.722 1, 709 1.181 22,114 Si 577 6, 744 $, 094 3,378 2,419 12.459 3;483 3,303 2,144 Sll 594 1,958 995 506 478 14,010 5.339 3; 891 8,596 3,225 j 06,749 1,834 Sll, 409 ! $20,138 3.245 j 5,573 1.43S! 2,3$5 24,834 1 41.S26 12.537 17,708 9,253 j 13,994 11.995; 20,361 7,181; 10.931 4,769 7,551 1 76,954 ; 129.38.1 35,930 56,336 31,767! 48, $60 35,710 I 55.098 16,109 23,281 10,89$ i 16,905 35,643 64,716 16,047! 25,439 11,39$ i 19 . 873 6,564 i 10,863 3,004 4,776 2', 455 3.902 7,796 , 13,602 3.424! 5,501 2.148 , 3,657 3,300 , 4,8$$ 1,735! 2,804 1,683 i 2 ,652 45,201 80,32$ 20,56$ i 31,205 16,693! 25,962 20.886 7,736 564 MANUFACTURES. Table 21.— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Num-j ber of estab- lish- ments Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- ; bers. United Stales..! 729 California... Connecticut. Delaware.... Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia— Wisconsin All other states l. 27 33 156 49 56 20 10 6 9 57 23 124,935 "933; 2,352 I '727 I 2,002 2,382 151 350! 14,373 | 1,511: 14,524! 10,225 i 2,771; 5,338 3,492 19,222 7,563 11,026 2,00S 2,127 1,762 1,036 13,916 5,144 Sala- ried offi- cers, |super- in- tend- en ts, and man- agers. 3,846 46~ 189 13 81 76 6 IS 329 24 432 Clerks, etc. Wage earners. j Aver- Malr. FT a^e 'male, j num- ! ber. Number, 15th day of— 4,500 ;2,659 |113,759 12! 7 i 39 1 ij 27; 14 107 160 670 269 325 67 71 46 50 351 151 37! 84' 23 j 62 53 | 5 29 670 i 57 | 613 j 241 95 167 133 599 210 523 53 76 67 22 494 1S7 41 28 35: 3 5; 306 I 15 I 497; 141 j 67 52 I 84! 343 I 1.S4 i 308 j 42 i 29 , 39! 278! 72 i 806 1,999 683 1,831 2,214 136 291 13,058 1,408 12,960 9,561 2,523 5,000 3,108 17,571 6,899 9,843 1,832 1,951 1,610 956 12,789 4,730 Maximum month. No 120,762 Au De No J-7 Oc Fo Ja Se Oc Do No Ja No Oc De No De De Se 932 2,195 718 1,941 2,395 191 376 13,650 1,S07 14,093 9,996 2,681 5,1539 3,406 19,219 7,464 10,447 1,972 2,046 Do 1,801 Ja 1,171 De 13,394 Minimum month. Ap 107,762 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. Mh Fe Je Mh Ap Se Mh Mn Fe Mh Au Mh Ap My mS Fe 688 1,837 650 1,687 2,00S 70 193 12,434 623 11,971 9,063 2,305 4,477 2,799 16,412 6,306 9,342 1,671 1,785 Fo 1,442 Mh 854 Ap 12,133 S34 2,230 663 1,973 2,293 187 278 13,462 1,760! 14,115 i 9,825 2,642 5,135 3,326 19,334 7,447 10,483 1,975 1,985; 1,777 1,125 13,375 5,915 16 and over. Male. 111,121 I! 801 1,959 602 1,893 2,191 161 247 12,776 1,630 10,498 8,558 2,479 4,968 3,026 IS,577 6,468 9,721 1,853 1,853 1,618 1,066 12,331 5,845 Fe- male. Under 16. Male! Fe- I male; 88; 78 33 265 61 79 26 31 684 130 3,571 1,265 163 160 242 750 972 751 116 132 159 58 1,036 70 1 i. 2! 3 i 14 I 2 1 3 6 3 3 I Capital. Dollars. 905,794,583 Dollars. 18,735,837 5,930,989 13,346,926 3,802,604 13,928,744 13,030,002 2,515,745 1,451,8<35 130,702,071 10,214,631 88,302,299 53,680,651 24,634,705 51,603,019 20,886,508 167,111, 332 74,498,111 63,8-82,518 15,314,137 12,881,963 12,049,294 4,435,602 92,268,720 29,322,147 Salaries and wages. Officials Clerks, etc. Dollars. 11,216.907 142,929 494,399 74,682 375,247 298,835 32,400 36,807 2,168,768 206,869 2,081,568 1,237,077 410,502 662,820 869.025 3,185,616 1,320,891 1,658,890 426,473 454,351 232,490 164,735 1,635,327 565,136 105,644 196,528 61,317 147,791 144,741 11,857 35,794 1,548,411 216,014 1,419,544 652,642 214,269 852,405 350,393 1,290,381 684,671 1,232,376 140,667 170,160 208,786 47,687 1,095,377 389,452 expenses—continued. United States. California Connecticut. Delaware— Illinois Indiana (Salaries and wages- Continued. Wage earners. Dollars. 135,690,642 923,418 2,193,938 792,665 2,130, 263 2,238,632 Iowa | 141,161 Kansas I 286,433 Maine .....j 16,507,569 Maryland I 1,948,658 Massachusetts I 14,642,413 11,177,009 2,993,895 6,545,865 3,722,101 22,114,221 Ohio i 8,094,230 Pennsylvania \ 12,459,234 Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire... New Jersey New York Vermont. Virginia. 2,144,116 1,958,230 Washington 2,173,628 West Virginia 1 995,250 Wisconsin J 14,010,430 All other states K.. i 5,497,283 For contract work. Dollars. 487,240 14,993 "i,"020 152,056 "24," 881 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. Dollars. 1,078,929 33,832,330 800 996 17,490 25,726 85,449 12,506 3,090 4,176 1,200 187,234 600 59,038 32,722 9,145 5,239 30,903 _6,065 6,031 135,052 7,338 227,475 7,644 82,406 280,851 80,388 4,716 40,839 17,500 262,504 252,166 20,062 840,480 623,689 6,514 34,993 6,368,006 95,199 2,607,871 3,034,802 748,238 1,555,267 671,622 4,368,760 2,112,475 1,554,938 239,151 498,419 538,094 174,879 6,647,183 577,018 For materials. Principal materials. Dollars. 412,482,682 2,898,742 7,007,764 2,852,854 8,162,201 8,106,856 224,252 1,000,760 46,682,333 6,172,827 48,847,111 36,428,304 10,027,035 22,099,947 10,366,830 68,134,358 32,762,877 31,047,629 5,830,615 7,051,937 4,286,770 2,906,360 39,567,641 10,016,679 Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 54,999,955 1,208,855 376,826 1,050,252 1,407,310 68,401 120,025 7,988,255 6-43,200 4,916,773 3,925,143 1,381,833 2,734,049 1,62-8,525 8,819,385 2,947,471 4,595,489 7:33,685 743,737 775,660 393,155 5,633,304 2,399,784 Dollars. 1788,059,377 Value of products. Dollars. 1320,576,740 5,805,199 12,939,103 4,573,339 14,3.56,529 15,120,059 612,132 1,778,761 93,916,628 9,916,625 87,159,890 60,299,513 20,138,482 41,825,551 20,360,692 129,381,032 55,098,196 64,715,767 10,862,858 13,602,264 10,653,361 4,887,568 80,328,483 23,727,345 Value added by manufac- ture. 2,397,619 4,722,484 1,343,659 5,144,076 5,605,893 319,479 657,976 39,246,040 3,100,598 33,396,006 25,946,066 8,729,614 16,991,555 8,365,337 52,427,289 19,387,848 29,072,649 4,298,558 5,806,590 5,590,931 1,588,053 35,127,538 11,310,882 Primary horsepower. Total. 1,851,014 Steam engines (not tur- bines). 559,208 16,275 26,742 5,120 22,438 25,485 1,932 2,007 291,223 18,148 145,323 95,729 56,106 123,929 32,948 415,306 64,420 83,510 42,084 15,367 31,809 12,136 237,239 85,733 Owned. ! 2,610 15,820 4,640 18,233 20,607 1,025 1,853 45,655 6,355 54,798 57,347 11,350 14,195 22,771 81,127 47,723 64,935 5,170 6,321 6,520 6,030 37,289 20,834 Steam tur- bines. 139,775 900 1,190 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines, 3,191 Water power.2 910,863 1,461 I 2,921 j 12,348 10,600 15,045 10,050 565 12,917 1,007 15,510 11,579 7,287 6,575 795 1,000 18,259 9,766 1,655 526 30 55 50 225 250 "320' 5,721 8,119 480 2,550 350 Rent- 237,977 202,302 490 50,340 23,019 40,030 59,516 2,423 260,917 2,105 6,000 34,080 1,865 1,800 3,600 166,514 38,636 184 1,565 907 150 30,918 691 25,133 5,313 4,155 37,301 5,092 57,226 2,983 5,233 2,784 381 22,694 1,256 15,177 10,182 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. ,340,924 1,096 2,845 68 5,629 4,074 3 65 41,433 12,229 16,294 33,594 8,794 12,991 3,658 48,887 25,227 35,936 3,445 8,694 686 3,125 53,525 24,626 1 All other states embrace: District of Columbia, 1 establishment; Georgia, 5; Louisiana, 3; Mississippi, 1; North Carolina, 3; Oregon, 4; Rhode Island, 1; South Carolina, T?Incfudes^vat^er wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). > Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. GENEEAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The printing and publishing industry as here presented comprises establishments included under six census classifica- tions, as follows: (1) Job printing, book printing and publishing, or publishing only, and machine compo- sition; (2) music printing and publishing, or publish- ing only; (3) newspaper and periodical printing and publishing, or publishing only; (4) bookbinding and blank-book making; (5) engraving, steel and copper plate, including plate printing; and (6) lithographing. The first three comprise what is referred to in this publication as the printing and publishing industry proper. It should be stated that an establishment printing and publishing or publishing a newspaper or periodical is classified under u Newspapers and periodi- cals," regardless of the fact that the value of its re- ceipts from other sources may be greater. Somewhat similar conditions prevail in the other branches of the industry proper in which there is more or less over- lapping. The value of products, therefore, represents the total receipts of the establishments of these branches, which may not represent the exact totals in accordance with the industry heading. Comparison with earlier censuses.—Table 1 shows the statistics for the six branches of the printing and pub- lishing industry combined, for five censuses, 1S99 to 1919. In all essential features, increases are shown from census to census, except that from 1914 to 1919 there are decreases in number of establishments and proprietors and firm members. The large increases in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products from 1914 to 1919 are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and can not, therefore, properly be used to measure the growth of the industry during that census period. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the exceptional increase in "Rent and taxes." Comparative summary.—Table 2 shows the general statistics of each of the six branches of the printing and publishing industry for 1919 and 1914. In this industry, as in many other industries, there are dupli- cations of values. A publisher, for instance, often has the printing or the machine composition done by another establishment in the industry, and this work legitimately becomes part of the value of products of each. These duplications in the three printing and publishing industries proper, to which they apply, may, in part, be secured from Table 14. Of the three printing and publishing industries proper, only one, book and job, shows an increase in number of establishments for the five-year period 1914-1919. During this five-year period the increase in value of products for book and job printing was ! $290,332,367, or 94.5 per cent. For newspapers and i periodicals, the increase in value of products was | $428,246,930, or 86.4 per cent, and for music, $7,320,911, or 100.7 per cent. In average number of wage earners, for the same five-year period, book and job printing reported the largest absolute increase. 9,884, or 8.7 per cent; as compared with 6,006, or 5.3 per cent, for newspapers and periodicals; and 26, or 3 per cent, for music. Of the three analogous branches—bookbinding and blank-book making; engraving, steel and copper plate , including plate printing; and Uthographing—litho- graphing reported 44.8 per cent of the total value of products; engraving, steel and copper plate, 14.8 per cent; and bookbinding .and blank-book making, 40.4 per cent. Their percentages of increase in value of products over 1914 were 86.9, 75.6, and 73.3 per cent, respectively. These three industries, in 1919, re- ported 9.6 per cent of the total value of products for the six branches combined, as compared with 10.1 per cent in 1914. Summary, by states.—Table 3 shows, by states, for the six branches of the industry combined, so far as they can be presented without disclosing individual operations, the average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, with per cent distribution and rank for 1919. The states in this table are ranked by value of products, which is not always conclusive as indicating their real impor- tance. Their ranking in many instances would change materially if based upon average number of wage earners or value added by manufacture. The total value of products for the nine states included as "All other states" represents only 1 per cent of the total value of products for all states in the industry in 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—All branches of the industry combined are shown in Table 4, by persons engaged, according to occupation and sex, and by age, for wage earners. The decrease in proprietors and firm members from 1914 to 1919 naturally follows the reduction in number of establishments shown in other tables and the increase in corporations. The increase in salaried officers of corporations likewise is in harmony with the increase in number of corporations, shown in Table 9. The decrease in percentage of male and increase of female wage earners appears to be one of the effects of the World War. In 1919 as compared with 1914, while there was an actual increase of 5.6 per cent in the average number of wage earners, their relative proportion to all classes decreased 2 per cent. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees increased 16.7 per cent, while pro- prietors and officials increased 10.3 per cent. (565) 566 MANUFACTURES. Wage earners, by months.—Table 5 shows the sta- tistics for wage earners, by months, for all branches combined, and for each of the six branches for 1919 and • 1914, and by states for 1919. The table also shows for 1919 the number of males and females for all branches of the industry combined and for each branch sepa- rately, and the number of females in certain states in which a comparatively large number of female wage earners were employed. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 6 presents the classification of wage earners by number of hours worked per week, in each of the six branches of the industry, and separately for the states, 1919 and 1914. This table shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 68.6 per cent of the wage earners were reported in the group "48 and under " as against 86.8 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the groups "Between 48 and 54," "54," and uBetween 54 and 60" constituted 29.6 per cent, and the groups "60" and "Over 60," 1.8 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as compared with 12.4 per cent and eight-tenths of 1 per cent, respectively, for 1919. The same general conditions of the short- ening of the hours of labor in 1919 as compared with 1914 are evidenced for the separate states. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 7 gives the size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for the six branches of the industry separately, and for all branches com- bined for 1919 and 1914, and by states for 1919. The statistics in this table emphasize the predominance of the number of small establishments, when based on the number of wage earners employed. In 1919, for instance, of the total number of establishments in the printing and publishing industry as a whole, 98.6 per cent were in the several classes having fewer than 101 wage earners, while such establishments employed 61.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners. The establishments in the industry employing an av- erage of more than 100 wage earners represented only 1.4 per cent of the total number of establishments, but reported 38.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.— Table 8 presents the statistics for all branches of the industry combined, and separately for each of the six branches, as to the number of establishments in the several classes by value of products for 1919 and 1914. The figures strikingly illustrate the fact that the num- ber of establishments of itself is no real index of their importance to the industry. Character of ownership.—Table 9 shows the char- acter of ownership for the industry as a whole, and for each of the six branches for 1919 and 1914, and by states for 1919. This table illustrates the prepon- derance of corporate ownership. Although corpora- tions owned but 27.5 per cent of the number of estab- lishments in the combined industry, they reported 74.9 per cent of the average number of wage earners and 80 per cent of value of products. During the five- year period 1914-1919 the average number of wage earners, as reported by corporations, increased 26,208, or 13.9 per cent, and the value of products $672,967,- 256, or 98 per cent. Similar conditions prevailed in practically all branches of the industry. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 10 shows, for the industry as a whole, the total number and horsepower of the several types of prime movers used in the industry in 1919, 1914, and 1909. The total horsepower reported in 1919, as compared with that for 1914, shows an increase of 32,913 horse- power, or 10 per cent. This increase is due to the gain of 54,596 horsepower, or 22.5 per cent, in rented power, since owned power decreased 21,683 horse- power, or 25.1 per cent, during the five-year period. Of the total horsepower in 1914, 26.2 per cent was owned power and 73,8 per cent rented. The corre- sponding proportions for 1919 were 17.9 per cent and 82.1 per cent, respectively. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the principal kinds and the quantities of fuel used in the combined industry, by states, for 1919 and 1914. The most marked increase during the five-year period was in oils, 49,105 barrels, or 92.9 per cent, several states showing a decrease in the use of coal with an increase in oil. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1010 Number of establishmen Is 32,476 Persons engaged 455,5™ Proprietors and firm members *J>JJJ Salaried employees isS'SSi Wage earners (average number) ^87,27w Primary horsepower Capital. .7. I $1,150,605,247 Salaries and wages 563,584,011 Salaries w'XS'SoS ^jy-QggS 331,519,423 Paid for contract work S'SfI' llo Rent and taxes «?'tm'«7 Cost of materials - - 1 571,510,277 Value of products Value added by manufacture * 1 * 128, ^78, 1914 1909 33,471! 419,313: 31,041 i 116,180 | 272,092 329,210 $720,231,654 \ 332,907,294 i 137,396,936 I 195,510,358 41,532,901 24,291,193 257,847,976 901,534,801 643,686,825 31,445 388,466 30,424 99,608 258,434 297,763 $.588,345,708 268,086,431 103,458,251 164,628,180 36,384,369 16,347,981 201,774,590 737,876,087 536,101,497 27,793 316,047 28,368 68,592 219,087 166,380 $432,863,984 194,944,287 67,748,298 127,195,989 28,880,362 212,123,388 142,514,182 552,473,353 409,959,171 23,814 261,440 25,495 40,685 195,260 il9,775 $,333,003,432 139,291,336 39,475,220 99,816,115 19,235,938 10,383,4,85 103,654,284 395,186,629 291,532,345 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1910 1914 1909 1904 -3.0 6.4 13.1 16.7 8.0 7.9 22.9 20.9 -8.2 2.0 7.2 11.3 21.4 16.6 45.2 68.6 5.6 5.3 18.0 12.2 10.0 10.9 79.0 38.9 59.7 22.4 35.9 30.0 69.3 24.2 37.5 40.0 (58.9 32.8 52.7 71.6 69.6 18.8 29.4 27.4 111. 1 14.2 26.0 50.1 132.4 48.6 34.8 16.8 121.6 27.8 41.6 37.6 88.5 22.2 33.6 39.8 75.3 20.1 30.8 40.6 * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 'Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cast of materials. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 567 Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE COMBINED INDUSTRY AND EACH OF THE SIX BRANCHES: 1919 AND 1914. TOTAL FOB INDUSTRY. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number)— Primary horsepower. Capital... Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages 1919 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture *. 32,476 455,822 28,453 140,051 287,278 362,123 $1,150,505,247 563,584, Oil 232,064,588 331,519,423 87,6S7,115 56,464,238 571,510,277 1,699,789,229 1,128,278,952 1914 33,471 419,313 31,041 116,180 272,092 329,210 $720,231,654 332,907,294 137,396,936 195,510,358 41,532,901 24,291,193 257,847,976 901,534,801 643,6S6,825 Per cent of in- crease,1 1914- 1919. -3.0 8.0 -8.2 21.4 5.6 10.0 59.7 69.3 68.9 69.6 111.1 132.4 121.6 88.5 75.3 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN— Printing and publishing, book and job. j Printing and publishing, music. 1919 1914 I Per cent i ! of in-! ; crease,! 1919 ! 1914-; 1919.; I Per cent 1 of in- 1914 !crease,1 i 1914- I 1919. 13,089 12,115! 8.0; 160 ISO -1L1 171,199 , 12,185 | 36,009 i 152,908! 11,717 i 28,070 | 12.0 4.0 28.3: 2,622 107 2,182 146 20.2 -26.7 39.0 3.0 123,005 | 113,121 j 8.7; 1,616 899 1,163 873 131,961 $405,554,984 115,233 | $247,282,409 J 14.5 64.0' 634 594 6.7 87.9 $8,006,122 $4,260,844 207,196,883 65,720,640 141,476,243 113,419,236 I 35,005,536 1 78,413,700 i 82.7 87.7 80.4 3,974,228 3,047,240 926,988 1,903,872 1,330,887 572,9S5 108.7 129.0 61.8 32,243,303 19,853,046 211,067,174 597,663,228 386,596,054 17,658,478 j 10,278,667; 96,453,232 1 307,330.881 j 210,S77,629! 82.6' 93.1 118. S 94.5 83.3 2,713,899 642,299 1,561.812 '246,945 1,046,630 7,271T 266 6,224,636 73.8 160.1 102.9 100.7 100.3 2.123,781 14; 592,177 12,468,396 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN— Printing and pubhshing, news- papers and periodicals. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees. Wage earners (average number)... Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes.... Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacturea 17,362 228,630 14,570 93,679 120,381 194,361 |$614,045,344 288,198,701 143,850,528 144,348,173 50,776,049 30,201,682 300,385.187 924,152,878* 623,767,691 1914 19,317 212,000 17,560 80,065 114,375 181,269 $384,744,761 179,580,971 91,019,723 88,561,248 20,960,716 10,816,276 129,082,21S 495,905,948 366,823.730 Per cent of in-! crease,1! 1914- I 1919. i Bookbinding and blank-book making. 1919 Per , cent; of in- crease,1; 1914- 1919. 1,124 25,633 1,078 2,862 21,693 11,266 59.6 ;$43,04i;207 ($29,179; 790 -10.1 1,113 7.8 -17.0 17.0 5.3 25,287 1,111 3,815 20,361 7.2 11,123 60.5 i 28,112,733 58.0! 7,453,912 63.0 1 18,658,821 142.2 179.2 I 132.7; 86.4 70.0! 452,225 2,501,266 23,235,171 66,020,677 42,785,506 15,026,590 3,451.867 11,57< 723 381,087 1,372,860 13,334,207 38,104,368 24,770,161 Engraving, steel and copper plate, including plate printing. Lithographing. 1919 Per , cent ofin- jerease,1 1 1914- 1919. -1.0! -1.3! 3.1 i 33.3! -6.1 j -1.3 47.5 $19, 421 , 8,779 I 370 i 1,395! 7,014 j ! 5,420! 040,260 j$!9, 73. S , 10,787,426 115-9 2,879,317 61.2 7,908,109 18.7! 82.2 74.3 i 73.3 72.7 i 138,215 865,542 6,980,747 24,209,154 17,228,407 399 8.521 '369 1,293 6,859 5,670 07S,545 6,404,409 1,877,725 4, 526,684 267,207 471,509 3,914; 508 13,786,385 9,871,-877 1919 1914 Per cent i of in- crease,1 1914- 1919. 3.0 0.3 7.9 2.3 -4.4 -0.2 ;$80,S17,330 68.4 ! 27,314,040 53.3 i 9,112,951 74.7 i 18,201,089 331 | 336 -1.5 19,305 i 150 j 3,537! 15,618; 18,069 171 2,727 15,171 i 6.8 -12.3 29.7 2.9 18,624 15,178 22.7 -4S.3 S3.6 78.3 i$35,6S5,305 70.4 16,5?2,2L6 64.8 4,711,198 93.4 11,861,018 53.5 1,363,424 2,400,403 !7,718,217 5.6 j 73,151.115 74.5 j 45,432,898 703,601 1,104,936 Hi 017,181 39,135,973 25.118,792 93. S 117.2 97.7 86.9 80.9 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES. HANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS—ALL BRANCHES COMBINED: 1919. United States. New York . Illinois Pennsylvania.. Ohio Massachusetts. California.. Missouri... Michigan.. Minnesota. Texas Indiana Iowa Wisconsin.. New Jersey. Maryland... Washington. District of Columbia. Tennessee............ Nebraska Georgia Number of establish- ments. 32,476 4,831 2,647 2,457 1,780 1,327 1,504 1,310 1,045 1,003 1,087 865 997 S42 772 385 569 1S6 366 694 418 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 287,278 67,491 36,537 26,456 19,174 18,247 10,017 11,465 7,880 6,319 5,594 6,772 4,808 5,83S 5,356 4,391 2,453 2,154 2,967 2,531 2,844 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 23.5 12.7 9.2 6.7 6.3 3.5 4.0 2.7 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.5 0.8 0,7 1.0 0.9 1.0 Rank. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount I Percent (expressed in 1 distribu- thousands). 1 tion. $1,699,789; 100.0 478, S9S 219,331 165,344 112.029 104,551 61,815 61,250 46,829 33.480 32,687 30,612 26,806 26,467 24,21S 23,835 17,349 16,859 15,833 15,322 14,130 28.2 12.9 9.7 6.6 6.2 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.0 1,0 0.9 0.9 0.S Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount Percent (expressed in i distribu- thousands). tion. $1,128,279 | 326.371 j 140',023! 104,322 1 73', 712 69,645 41,476 38,11S 31,293 23,127 21,561 20,504 18,955 17,377 15,567 14,720 12,796 12,311 10,361 10,374 8,90S 100.0 2S.9 12.4 9.3 6.5 6.2 3.7 3.4 2.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1,1 0.9 0.9 as Rank. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 18 21 568 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS—ALL BRANCHES COMBINED: 1910—Continued, Connecticut. Virginia Kansas Colorado.... Kentucky... Oklahoma. .. . Oregon Louisiana Rhode Island. Alabama North Carolina. Maine Florida West Virginia. Montana Arkansas Utah South Carolina. South Dakota. . North Dakota. . All other states. Number of establish- ments. 412 380 73S 464 373 510 358 270 155 237 319 175 237 222 247 294 , 156 I 174: 358! 318 j 994 1 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. I Per cent i distribu- l tion. 3,021 2,719 3,043 2,306! 2,850 1,931 1,595 1,581 1,650 1,2,53 1,608 1,599 1,172 1,339 1,011 1,102 1,218 1,022 766 660 4,508 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.6 Rank 17 21 16 24 20 26 30 31 27 33 28 29 35 32 38 36 34 37 40 41 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURK. Amount . Per cent (expressed in ! distribu- thousands).' tion. S14,036 13,162! 12,717: 12,613 11,735 10,241 10,155 S,110*| 7,326 7,286 6,404 5,932 5,61S 4,837 4,763 4,747 4,581 4,005 3.SS2 3; 225 10,769 0,8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 Rank. Amount 'Per cent (expressed in I distribu- Rank, thousands), i tion. $9,496 8,626 7,696 8,419 8,121 7,193 7,149 5,029 5,108 4,907 4,371 3,531 3,911 3,255 3,436 3,300 3,165 2,801 2,900 2,374 11,939 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7; 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.1 20 22 25 23 21 26 27 29 28 30 31 33 32 36 31 35 37 39 38 40 Table 4.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PER CENT Cen- sus Fe- male. OF TOTAL. CLASS. Total. Male. , year. Male. Fe- male. All classes 1919 455,822 335,663 120,159 73.6 26.4 1914 419,313 325,983 93,330 i 77.7 22.3 1909 388,466 301,681 86, 785; 77.7 1 22.3 Proprietors and officials 1919 58,164 54,606 3,55-8 93.9 1 6.1 1914 52,711 50,236 2,475 95.3 4. 7 1909 49,332 47,351 1,981 j 96.0 4.0 Proprietors and firm members 1919 28,493 26,941 1,552! 94.6 5.4 1914 31,041 29,467 1,574; 94.9 5. 1 1909 30,424 29,130 1,294 95. 7 4.3 Salaried officers of corporations 1919 11,523 10,80-5 718 93.8 6.2 1914 9,000 8,528 472; 94.8 5.2 1909 7,265 6,952 313 95.7 4.3 Superintendents and managers • 1919 18,148 16,860 1,288 1 92.9 7.1 1914 12,670 12,241 429 96.6 3.4 1909 11,643 11,269 374 96.8 i 3.2 Clerks and other subordinate sal- aried employees. Wage earners (average number).. 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. ! Con- • sus Total, year. 1919 110,380 1914 94,510 1909 80,700 1919 ,287,278 1914 272,092 1909 258,434 1919 278,990 1914 265,860 1909 252,101 1919 1 8,2S8 1914! 6,232 1909 6,333 Male. 62,338 62,436 54,905 18,719 213,311 199,425 Fe-" male. 48,042 32,074 25,795 68,559 5S,781! 59,009 I FER CENT OF TOTAL. Fe- male. 56. 5 66.1 68.0 43.5 33. 9 32.0 211,939 208,053 194,175 6,780 5,258 5,2.50 67,051 57,807! 57,926 j 1,508 [ 974 I 1,083! 76.1 I 23.9 78.4: 21.6 77.2: 22.8 76.0 j 24.0 78.3 I 21. 7 77.0 j 23.0 81.8 18.2 84.4' 15.6 82. 9' 17.1 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR THE UNITED STATES AND EACH OF THE SIX BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY, 1919 AND 1914; AND FOR COMBINED INDUSTRIES, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND STATE. United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 Printing and publishing, book and job: 1919 Males Females 1914 .. Printing and publishing, music: 1919 Males Females 1914 Printing and publishing, newspapers and periodicals: 1919 Males Females 1914 Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. num- ber em- ployed during Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. , August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. year. 287,278 218,719 68,559 272,092 £76,442 209,618 66, 824 274,519 278,620 211,226 67,394 274,926 281,043 212,977 68,066 276,848 281,491 214,274 67,217 273,961 253,046 215,894 67,152 272,907 285,243 218,242 67,001 271,313 288,116 220,147 67,969 267,625 291,226 222,802 68,424 293,648 224,746 68,902 269, 842 287,446 218,248 69,198 271,909 293,783 222,734 71,049 271,598 307,232 233,720 73,512 266,932 272,724 123,005 91,544 31,461 119,117 88,480 30,637 119,993 88,916 31,077 120,294 89,080 31,214 120,266 89,51S 30,748 120,515 90,069 SO, 448 121,811 91,107 30,704 123,230 92,198 31,032 125,111 93,752 31,359 126, 470 94,625 31,847 121,000 89,436 31,564 124,512 91,866 32,646 133,741 99,483: 34,258 1 113,121 114,868 115,215 116,496 114,034 113,221 112,223 /10,468 110,475 111,999 112,852 112, 726 112,890 899 714 185 873 840 661 179 893 863 675 188 8-80 850 668 192 901 890 692 198 .8-87 909 718 191 876 920 738 182 S50 897 725 172 846 S92 721 171 849 902 732 170 873 919 740 179 877 950 755 195 884 956 753 1 203! 852; 120,381 99,572 20,809 116,9B6 95,S96 20,530 116,902 96,304 20,598 118,549 97, 530 21,019 118,724 97,981 20,743 119, 798 98,960 20,833 120,078 99,629 20,449 120,617 99,796 , 20,821 121,511 100,730 20,781 112,604 122,279 101,635 20,644 113,694 121,215 100,522 20,693 115,041 123,006 102,006 21,000 115,248 125,967 , 104,375; 21,592 115,834 I 114,375 111,492 114,495 114, 838 114, 812 114,842 114,145 112,555 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 569 Table 5.— WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR THE UNITED STATES AND EACH OF THE SIX BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY, 1919 AND 1914; AND FOR COMBINED INDUSTRIES, FOR STATES: 1919—Continued. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per INDUSTRY, SEX, AND STATE. num- ber em- ployed during I ! cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. Septem- ber. j Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. Bookbinding and blank-book making: year. March. April. May. June. July. August. 1919 20,361 19,S54 19,565 19,85-8 19,789 19, 756 20,016 20,488 20, 734 20,773 20,845 21,379 21, 775 88. 9 Males 10,195 9,491 9,670 9, 8-10 9,88$ 9,806 10.096 10,345 10,409 10,521 10, 483 10,763 ! 11,028 .86.1 Females 10,166 9,863 9,895 10,018 9,901 9,950 9i 920 10,143 10,325 10,252 10,362 10,616 10,747 91. S 1914 21,693 22,166 22,311 22,536 22,099 21, 706 21, 781 21,853 21,272 21,376 21,191 £0,8-78 21,147 92.6 Engraving, steel and copper plate, in- cluding plate printing: 1919 7,014 6,462 6, 551 6,530 6,776 6.927 6.998 7,040 6,978 7,103 7,2.88 7,572 7,943 81.4 Males 4,273 3, 996 4,030 4,044 4,152 4; 219 4/299 4,363 4'5 332 4,372 4,299 4, 447 4,723 84.6 Females 2,741 8,466 2,521 2,486 2,624 2,708 2,699 2,677 2,646 2,731 2, 989 3,125 1 3,220 76.6 1914 6, S59 7,020 6,977 6, 917 6,951 7, 022 6,971 6,710 6,6 24 6, 724 6; 761 6,704 6,927 94.3 Lithographing: 1919 15,618 14,743 14, 746 14,962 15,046 15.141 15,420 15. 844 16,000 16,121 16,179 16,364 16,850 87. 5 Males 12,421 11, 594 11,631 11,825 12,043 12,122 12,373 12, 720 12,80S 12,863 12, 768 12,897 13,358 86. 8 Females 3,197 3,149 3,115 3,137 3,003 3,019 3,047 3,124 3,142 3,258 3,411 3,467 3,492 S6. 0 1914 15,171 15,080 16,039 15,160 15,178 15,240 15,343 15,209 15,20S 15,176 15,187 15,158 15,074; 98. 0 Alabama 1,253 1,17S 1,219 1,227 1,2.53 1,258 1,231 1,242 1,244 1,285 1,290 1.294 1,320 88.9 Arizona '51S 501 507 505 504 512 510 520 514 519 534 '538 552: 90.8 Arkansas 1,110 1,045 1.074 1,062 1,074 1,098 1,099 1.108 1,118 1,137 1,146 1,198 1,161 87. 2 California 10,047 9,522 9,680 9,677 9,679 9,764 9, 910 10,041 10,134 10,119 10, 401 10.782 10,855 87. 7 Colorado 2,306 2,230 2,216 2,255 2,277 2; 315 2, 293 2,325 2,340 2, 216 2; 361 2,411 2,433 91.1 Connecticut 3,068 ; f, 902 2,952 2,981 3,010 3,045 3,045 3,037 3,048 3.083 3,177 3,244 3,286 88.3 Delaware "381 i 365 370 377 '378 381 373 376 378 '393 392 392 397 91. 9 District of Columbia 2,154 i 1,992 2,0.56 2.121 2,120 2,099 2.166 2,167 1 2,157 2,128 2, 223 2.302 2.337 85.2 Florida 1,172 1 1.171 1,171 1,162 1,158 1,120 1.131 1, US 1.140 1,144 1.190 l',242 1,317 84. 9 Georgia 2, $95 2,778 2,825 2, .803 2, 814 2, 851 2, 847 2,889 2,992 3,024 3,041 3,099 •89- 6 438 404 410 403 437 437 1 440 4:33 434 450 451 470 487 82. 8 36, .537 1 35,637 35,933 35,582 34,860 35,094 35,524 36,528 37,592 37, 705 37,058 37,941 38,990 89. 4 Indiana 6,772 i 6,S72 6,533 6,561 6,643 6,696 6,796 6,845 6,900 6.909 7,013 6,992 7,004 90. 9 Iowa 4,831 4,574 4,644 4,70S 4,716 4,699 4,709 4,756 4,773 4,714 5,084 5,174 5,421 84.4 3,055 2,966 3,000 3,015 3,012 3, 031 3,025 3, 034 3,035 3,073 3,117 3,150 3,202 9iL6 Kentucky 2, 882 2,906 2,925 2,953 2,969 ?, 608 2,647 2,669 2,716 3,033 3.022 3,0.53 3,083 I 84.6 1,583 1,493 1,497 1,515 1,534 1, .567 1,578 1,580 1,603 i;en 1,653 1.670 1,695! 88.1 Maine 1,600 1,630 1,649 1,664 1,642 1,59$ 1,587 1,553 lf 500 1,532 1.561 1.621 1,663 - 90. 1 Maryland 4,391 4,336 4,311 4,304 4,296 4,313 4,303 4,347 4, 406 4,432 4, 471 4,553 4,620 93. 0 Massachusetts 18,247 17,209 17,433 17, 678 17,980 18,154 IS, 253 18,188 18,101 18,392 18,921 19,274 19,381 , 88. 8 Michigan 7,899 7,472 7,602 7,606 7,648 7,662 7,715 7,826 7,935 8,146 8,275 8,355 8,546 j 87. 4 6,352 6,07.9 6,174 6.193 6,260 6,276 6,250 6,256 6.342 6,402 6.535 6.696 6,761 89.9 Mississippi 595 576 581 578 586 585 "593 595 595 '595 611 622 623 92. 5 Missouri 11,465 10,773 11,021 11,159 11,1S3 11.137 11,291 11,336 11.438 11,525 11.894 12,261 12,562 i 85. 8 Montana 1,011 9S1 976 990 1,012 1,010 1,017 1,025 1,010 1, 013 1,023 1,047 1,028 j 93.2 2, 531 2,383 2,412 2,442 2,475 2,504 2,522 2,475 2,521 2,582 2,611 2. 706 2,739 87.0 130 127 126 129 129 132 132 133 129 '130 133 '126 134 94.0 New Hampshire 862 823 848 858 862 S72 849 842 S34 860 869 896 931 j 88.4 New Jersey 5,356 5,194 5,291 5,316 5,220 5,352 5,394 5.265 5,189 5.245 5,519 5,491 5.796 i 89. 5 New Mexico 287 277 291 288 281 '280 280 "28-8 292 '292 292 289 294; 94.2 New York 67,491 65,889 66,512 67,648 67, .S95 68,174 68,353 69,251 69,986 70,681 60,556 62,574 72,373 83.7 North Carolina 1,617 1,585 1,571 1,576 1,586 1, 587 1,60S 1,611 1.629 1,643 1.653 1,677 1,678 i 93.6 North Dakota 660 632 631 637 645 655 672 653 667 672 674 684 698 1 90.4 Ohio 19,174 17,84$ 17,981 18,225 18,507 18, 712 19,003 19,344 19,542 19.564 19, 997 20, 568 20,796! 85. .s Oklahoma , 1,931 1,839 1,837 1,852 1,896 i;sso 1,889 1.924 1,966 2,010 2,030 2,017 2,027 90.5 Oregon 1,595 1,535 1,526 1,531 1,-559 1,589 1,586 1,578 1.598 1,599 1,640 1,675 1,724 88. 5 Pennsylvania 26,456 25,906 26}388 25,780 25,517 25.922 26,247 26.371 26, 701 26.964 27.319 27,659 27,69S' 91.7 Rhode Island 1,650 1,555 1,047 1,580 1,581 1.607 1,645 1,640 1,625 11676 1,718 1.766 1,860 83. 2 South Carolina 1,025 984 998 996 1,004 1,010 1,017 1,029 1,029 1.047 1,055 1,056 1,075; 91.5 South Dakota 766 739 730 742 740 739 746 752 759 767 813 830 835 1 87.4 Tennessee 3,009 2,782 2,845 2,854 2,959 2.995 3,023 3,004 3,030 3,107 3.136 3,175 3,198! 87. 0 Texas 5,594 5, SI8 5,364 5,363 5,406 5,416 Si 505 5,641 5,707 5,609 5,908 5,964 5,927 I 89. 2 Utah 1.25S 1,254 1,235 1,236 1,252 1.262 1,247 1, 22$ 1,245 1.256 1,282 1,306 1,312 j 93. 7 Vermont 616 608 610 606 609 '608 610 608 621 624 628 625 635; 95. 4 Virginia 2,829 2,766 2, 807 2,826 5, 74S 2, 7.56 2,779 2, 832 2, ,839 2,860 2,8SS 2,915 2,932 j 93. 7 Washington 2, 453 2,393 2,321 2,340 2 428 2,444 2, 454 2,427 2, 475 S.S11 2,536 2,580 2,727 84. 7 West. Virginia 1,354 1,309 1,304 1,326 1>22 1,357 1,378 1,367 1,371 1,373 1.368 M92 1.381 i 93. 7 Wisconsin 5,838 5,421 5,529 5,579 5,614 5,694 5,741 5,861 5,858 5,974 6,146 6', 228 6,371! 85.1 Wyoming 234 208 204 212 216 221 226 2,39 251 254 248 261 268! 76. 1 States showing large proportion of Perot." av. is females. of state. Connecticut 646 626 624 631 639 644 637 619 625 644 675 684 704 21.1 District of Columbia 475 471 480 493 486 471 473 491 469 44S 466 469 488; 22.1 554 529 .536 552 562 542 543 544 540 565 573 566 596 j 19.1 8,943 8,874 8,880 9,097 8,508 8,4)6 8,451 8,736 9,206 9,218 8,996 9,245 9,689! 24. 5 1.805 1,673 1,732 1,744 1,759 1,783 1,803 1,855 1,861 1,830 1,833 1,875 1,862 26.7 632 671 683 690 677 641 614 588 635 558 602 646 679: 39.5 1,961 4, 720 4,827 4,896 4,942 4.925 4,961 4,915 4.824 4,933 5.136 5,237 5.216! 27 2 Michigan 2,036 1,940 i;966 1,975 1,958 i;954 1,964 1.954 2,013 2,112 2,151 2.186 2,259 25. 8 3,271 3, 201 3; 250 3,253 3,162 5,109 3,162 3,176 3,150 3,211 3,353 3,579 3,646; 28. 5 New York 15,842 15,654 15,88-1 16,067 15,903 15,946 15.686 16,064 16.042 16,091 LU9S4 15,305 16,528 23.5 Ohio 4,689 MS5 4,405 4,426 4,505 4,5% 4,627 4.755 4,713 4,711 4f836 5,053 5,156 24.5 Pennsylvania 6,643 e; 448 6,513 6,583 6,496 6,536 6,555 6,683 6,724 6,842 7,019 6,872 1 25. 1 1,702 1,698 1,621 1,623 1,623 1,644 1,656 1,651 1.646 1,706 1,807 1,921 1,928 29. 2 570 MANUFACTURES. TAB^ SsiA^R^F«52JJ?55 0F WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR EACH OF THE SIX BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY AND FOR THE COMBINED INDUSTRY, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND 8TATE. Cen- 1 sus I year. United States. Printing and pub- lishing, book and Job. Printing and pub- lishing, music. Printing and pub- lishing, news- papers and pe- riodicals. Bookbinding and blan k-book making- Engraving, steel and copper pla t e, I including plate printing. Lithographing.... Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District or Colum- bia. Florida nporgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky....... Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 1914 1909 INDUSTRY AND STATE. 1919 1914 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. North Dakota. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.... Ehode Island South Carolina.., South Dakota... Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia... Wisconsin Wyoming IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. Cen- sus Total. Be- Be- Be- year. 44 tween tween tween and 44 48.1 48 54. 54 60. under and and and & 48. "54. 60. O >6 » O 1919 6,352 404 595 4,661 353 298 12 28 1 1914 6,134 (2) (2) 3,442 1,639 795 64 172 22 1919 595 6 398 11 75 18 84 3 1914 673 (2) (2) 369, 21 157 6 120 1919 11,465 1,266 493 8,171 846 574 24 84 7 1914 10,571 (2) (2) 7,550 1,358 1,283 155 212 13 1919 1,011 4 94 688 143 15 59 8 1914 902 (2) (2) 713 28 98 59 4 1919 2,531 74 16 1,880 295 219 6 34 7 1914 2,413 (2J (2) 1,238 429 627 25 91 3 1919 130 5 113 12 1914 161 (a) (2) 161 1919 862 49 3 674 70 60 6 1914 717 (2; (z) 201 169 19S 146 3 1919 5,356 370 123 4,119 529 66 133 15 1 1914 5,433 (2) (2) 3,509 929 624 285 83 3 1919 2S7 1 276 10 1914 258 (2) (2) 178 1 41 29 9 1919 67,491 11,201 1,783 148,492 3,128 1,376 1,448 63 1914 64,020 (2) (2.) 44,314 10,504 7,407 1,522 220 "53 1919 1,617 8 17 1,129 96 98 86 119 64 1914 1,542 C1) CJ) 720 79 422 90 231 1919 660 12 2 573 22 32 17 2 1914 752 (') (2) 405 91 186 9 59 2 1919 19,174 504 1,032 15,192 1,424 496 401 77 48 1914 18,070 (2) (2) 12,587 1,826 2,453 1,055 149 1919 1,931 10 3 1,613 31 122 138 13 1 1914 1,619 ■> 677 3,216 4 1,179 1,690 32 2,243 1 5 6 ""3,"92i','l 23 10 1.559 j 687 1 4 738 S14 657 1,095 1 6 3 ! 23 1,540 1 .......J 13 1 1,935 123 5 1,860 1 521: ! : J 4 303 i 3 390 ! ....| 2 ........j. 1 191" 12 904; 1,237 1 278 ; : 111 4 7,763! 78 12,109 10,389 • 10 7,283 4 6,491 289 I 38 I 2,773 25 3,915 1 59 3 424' 3 i 210 0 320 1 46! 3,086 36 5,525 | 5 1 404 s 2 417 j 4 1 317 . 1.966 1,150 j 1: | 9 2.716; i 8 550 7 1.010 14 959 2 280 | 1 1 53 3 550 !! 1 I 53 . j; 455 ..... | j 3 235 4 541 3 1 104 |. 19 1,437 4! 590 .... . ""'365*!]"!".!:"!!!I!!i!!l!lL!!!".."l 572 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS, FOR THE COMBINED INDUSTRIES AND EACH OF THE SIX BRANCHES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. INDUSTRY AND VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 United States....!32,476 33,471 Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000.... $.500,000 to $1,000,000.. $1,000,000 and over.... 12,113 11,.547 6,140 2,117 324 235 17,201 10, 306 4, 473 1,239 148 104 PRINTING AND PUBLISH- ING, BOOK AND JOB . .. Less than $5.000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1 000,000. $1,000,000 and over... 13,089 i12,115 4,216 ■ 4,542 , 3,127: 1,013 i 138 i 53! Printing and publish- ING, MUSIC ! 160 Less than $5,000 '40 $5,000 to $20,000 : 41 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 29 $500,000 and over : 6 5,402 4,094 2,047 514 40 18 180 Printing and publish- ing, NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS 17,362 Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20.000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $.500,000 $500,000 to $1,000,000... $1,000,000 and over Bookbinding and 7,472 6,340 2, 429 S29 137 155 BLANK-BOOK MAKING. 1,113 1,124 100. 0 100.0 1 Less than $5,000 24S 399 22. 3 i 35.5 $5,000 to $20,000 431 414 38. 9 36.8 $20,000 to $100,000 1 312 233 28. 0 20.7 $100,000 to $500,000 ; 95 65 8. 5 , 5.8 13 2. 4 ; 1.2 Engraving, steel and copper plate, includ- ing plate printing ... 421 Less than $5,000 90 $5,000 to $20,000 i 149 $20,000 to $100,000 139 $100,000 to $500,000 36 $500,000 and over i 7 Lithographing. 331 Less than $5,000 41 $5,000 to $20,000 44 $20,000 to $100,000 95 $100,000 to $500,000 113 $500,000 to $1,000,000 24 $1,000,000 and over 14 19,317 11,142 5, 533 1,940 538 S6 78 Per cent distri- bution. 1919 100.0 1914 100.0 1287,27S 272,092 37.3 35.6 18.9 6.5 1.0 0.7 100.0 100.0 51.4 30.8 13.4 3.7 0.4 0.3 32. 2 34! 7 23.9 7.7 1.1 0.4 44.6 33.8 16.9 4.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 1100.0! AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1919 1914 I Per cent distri- bution. 7,309 30,791 62,046 81, 623 35,439 70,070 1919 1914 100.0 !100.0 2.5! 7.1 10.7 i 16.0 21.6 j 25.1 19,265 43,437 68,253 i}l01,634|{^J!}37. 1 39,503 ! 24.4 i 14.5 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 $1,699,789,229 $901, 534, 801 31,520,745 116,673,997 270, 110,339 441,666,418 219,155,554 620,662,176 123,005 jll3,121 ilOO.O jlOO.O 1,750 1 4,945 I 1.4 1 4.4 11,920 i IS, 317! 9.7 16.2 32,040 i 34,903 i 26.5 30.9 V,-^ {&§ }»•» 17,737 l 8,632 ; 14.4 7.6 597,663, 228 10,359,620 47,714, 891 138, 462, 721 203, .567,319 89, 454, 141 108,104, 236 873 100.0 :100. 0!! 14,592,177 28.8 25.6 1 23.7! 39.4 i 25.0 | 25.6 | 32 82 | 391; 392 15 i 75! 173 l 0.2 3.5 9.2 (43.5 143. 6 1.7 8.6 19.: m h> { 110, 226 455,242 1,750,253 6,483,324 5,793,132 100.0 100.0 1(120,381 114,375 ilOO.O .100.0:! 924,152,878 43.0 36.5 14.0 4.8 0.8 0.9 57.7 28.6 io.o! 2.8 0.4 0.4 5, 279 15,915 20,774 26,201 i' 10,2,33 41,979 13,374 1 4.4 20,344 i 13.2 22,180 | 17.2 7 5 25, 322 I 35.1 |i 26;201 \\]*155 \m. | 10,2,33 J^lb0 \\ 8. 11.7! 20,024,337 17.8 j 61,499,459 19.4'h 105,595,917 l,v) n i|f 179,020,650 rJ,u , \ 94,186,006 22.1 ! 463,826,509 1914 42,356,622 99,039,126 193,007,423 248,103,243 103,149,363 215,879, 024 Per cent distri- bution. 1919 I 1914 100.0 100.0 1.9 6.9 15.9 26.0 12,9 36.5 1919 $1,128,278,952 4.7 11.0 21.4 27.5 11.4 23.9 307,330, 861 13,065,523 40,551,051 88,944,772 100, S02,347 27,415,557 36,551,611 7,271,266 150,609 450,427 2, 372,863 4, 297,367 495,905,948 \39.7 ir 100.0 1100.0 27,631,219 51,317,416 82,109,202 109,578,913 60,572,174 164,697,024 399 j 100.0 1100.0 136 1.54 51 66 121 86 7 21.4 i 34.1 35.4 I 38.6 33.0 ! 21.6 8.6 , 5.0 1.7 I 0.8 100.0 j 100.0 12.4 13.3 28.7 j 34.1 7.3 4.2 15.2 19.6 36.0 25.6 2.1 1.5 20,361 21,693 ;100.0 100.0 i: 66,020,677 38,104,368 235; 743; 1.2 3.4 i 2,163 i 3,300 ! 10.6 ! 15.2!' 5,172 I 6,458 ! 25.4 i 29.8 I1 l;!S!!}">^:{!f:l|K^j{ 683,104 4,861,125 13,564,105 I 20,449,337 I 26,-163,006 I 1,070,879 4, 249, 843 9,964,163 12, 251,470 10, 568, 013 7,014 I 6,859 100.0 jlOO.O 36 624 2,072 1,917 2,365 158 j 0.5 1.070 j 8.9 2.071 ' 29.5 1/27.3 7 } 3,560 |{|[; 15,618 15,171 1100.0 ,}51. 100.0 7 137 1,306 5, 407 3,360 5, 401 30 331 2, 468 ■ 8,969 3,373 ! 0) 0.9 j 8.4 !/34.6 !\21.5 i 34.6 2.3 15.6 30.2 0.2 2.2 16.3 ►59.1 22.2 24,209,154! 13,786,385 251,046 I 1,655,036! 5,771,603. 0,994,048! 9,537,421 i 343,179 1,724,581 3,403,287 4,031,555 4, 281, 783 73,151,115 i 39,135,973 92,412! 488,244; 4,965,740 i 25,151,740 16,642,294 25, 810,685 '95,213 745,808 6,213,136 18,449, 366 4,459,256 9,173,194 I 1.7! ao j 23.2 I 34.1 J i5.o! 18.1 i 4.3 13. 2 28.9 32.8 8.9 11.9 100.0 100.0 0.8 2.1 3.1 I 6.2 12.0 i 32.6 2.2 6.7 11.4 19.4 10.2 50.2 100.0 1.0 7.4 20.5 31.0 40.1 5.6 10.3 16.6 22.1 12.2 33.2 100.0 2.8 11.2 26.1 32.2 27.7 100.0 100.0 1.0 6.8 23.8 100.0 0.1 0.7 6.8 34.4 22.8 35.3 2.5 12.5 24.7 29.2 31.1 100.0 0.2 1.9 15.9 47.1 11. 4 23.4 VALUE ADDED BT MANUFACTURE. $643,686,825 23,362,140 84, 772, 863 190,081,006 302,974,293 146,319,733 380,768,917 386, 596,054 6,935,152 31,343,275 89, 955,251 132,110,447 59,494,298 66,757,631 1914 33,6.58,091 76,856,305 142, 655, 537 ►246,958,797 143,558,095 210,877,629 9,463,400 28, 908,705 61,112,627 87,695,322 23,697,575 12,468,396 6,224,636 97,646 359, 772 l,3S3,0n 5,184, 847 5,443,120 623,767,691 140,432 410,326 2,127,283 3, 546, 595 366,823,730 15,486,712 1 22,783,258 47,542,141 42,297,720 81,746,2*05 i 66,132,178 132,7S8, 5.56 jj. 64,447,204 281,756,873 42,785, 506 536,643 3, 862,703 9,433,980 12, 774,709 16, 177, 471 i 17,228, 407 894,173 3,329,346 6,798,330 j| 13,748,312 9,871,877 220,717 1,289,623 4,334,922 4, 979, 789 6, 403,35(3 45,432,898 85,270 375,349 3,227,637 15,135,945 10,305,739 16, 302,958 425,109,125 110, 501,449 24,770,161 Per cent distri- bution. 1919 100.0 2.1 7.5 16.8 1/26.9 \13. 0 33. 7 1914 100.0 100.0 1.8 8.1 23.3 5.2 11.9 22.2 38.4 22.3 100.0 0.8 2.9 11.1 r41.6 ,43.7 100.0 4.5 13.7 29.0 41.6 11.2 100.0 2.5 7.6 13.1 r21.3 [10.3 45.2 100.0 294,116 1,341,439 2, 551,161 5,685,161 25,118,792 82,712 568,769 3,933,958 14,892,936 5,640,417 3 .0 22.0 2.3 6.6 34.2 100.0 6.2 11.5 18.0 ► 34.1 30.1 100.0 /29.9 ;\ \37.8 1/ 100.0 1.3 7.5 25.2 /2a 9 \37. 2 100.0 0.2 0.8 7.1 1/33.3 \22.7 35.9 3.6 13.4 27.4 55.5 100.0 3.0 13.6 25.8 57.6 0.3 2.3 15.7 59. 3 22.5 1 Less than one-tenth of I per cent. OiNHHsnaxid 9 9t9*995'l i S0£ *iS£ *Z m "'65£ "S I 8/6 'OSi 'IT : VSSte 'I ;St9'T80 '£ ; 61? -826 | 0f5 '£89 i 6£6 'CSS'S 5£7 '88> 1625'SIS'12 H-6'9f£*8T ^'TT^'e bz-5'921'83 619'OSI'[I !S89'986'5 S£l'9fS'9ST 969'610'8 ?^'C8T 'I 991 *>8S '8Tf ::68'£T6'0T 818 9£9'S* S8Z'6£S'9S ;SIl'*Jf6'£S 198 "SIS '61 OSi-'eoI'SI oOO'S59'9 ■ssz'm '6 I66'r.*;9'e t*99'86T '61 £68 '105 '03 iS08 '806 '681 6£S'9S3*0I 98£ '518 'Zl 611'891'01 8£I 'ZZl '01 59S '6£8 'ff £11'050'9 \m'm '8 'Z£E'ZOO'S 096 'TOO'Z 965'985'5 869'996'I 852'108 ?68'9e£'tS 889 'm'i 5SS '010 Z 889 '892 'IT OTl'lOf-'lfr S8S '018'8 I60'S80'8 060'6H'II 'StO'902't- 899 '9S6> Uf '0£8 '6 '189'995'T SOS'Sf-6 880 m'i '561 '£25 '£ :8TT'0£S'r \Q2f 'l£9'£T ;090'8£S'S ££•8 '110 'I |£££'6*p6'*? 'Z&f '808't m '381'e If£'COS 0*06 II'86 C'6£ "9'fL 1 *8 'S'6 0 *8l ;o0l'56I eZ I 888 '5?,S 'S 201 '885 'I £88 '900 '8 891(TZZ'58 618'HI '89 m '816 '01 808 '890 '81 ?80£ '6I£ 'l S-OI- 'll£ '3 058 'f S3 'I T15 '881 '8 906'99T-'92 0854S1S'£T 558'291'ST 88£'989*28 •m '288 45T i 250'928'£ ffl fn '591 S££'tSI '01 982 '1*2 '01 181'620'211 Uf '868'8£f £"8£'£l24t2 689'128 '51 SfS'6*2'l9 £6£*6£f-"S8 j9I£ '828 '9f ifSS'lSS'fOI 100'588'82 I192'601'S j685't8£*II 68S'9I£*3T %>'908 '92 818 '219 '08 II£ '088 '612 j fl59*6ST'fl 882 '65S '91 516'SSO'fT i 0£S l2t9 '21 S2£2'5TS'T9 ! 811 '982 '£ i 8£6 '581 '68 i en'isi'sz 588 f98£ '81 Kl'WZ'fZ 8*6 :i'I£ l0"6I jWm'8 .OSe'OOI^ ?£6'6^2'£ 898'fOl'88 6'01 j8*l£ 2"£I £52'212'£ iLZl'lZf'Lt 862'lS8'll ££9'020 "99 ,8*S£ Z'fl 181'690'£8 268'921'888 52f'0I£'0£ 8f6'506'56T- 2'88 !2"0I !SIS'9f2*I9 :'£I2'9I6'89£ 8fl'066'86 !8£8'251'f-23 !r8£ 5'51 285'018 568'588'S 688'f2l'l 992'l£2'£ *28 ;I"8 iSH-'fOS'l S0£'00l'21 ;920'£8t'l !££t'26S*H 9*01 !9'1£ 8"£I! 888'585'28 JGfr 'ftt '612 285'09l'f5! 198'088'£08 I'Ol \9mU >"5I 0£l'585'09 90t'tK>'Stf 1259*980'26 11822 '899 '£65 2*11 |0*5 Vfl |S'2I ^'11 il*21 |5*8 ;j8 "01 :|8*8 jS*9 i|8'£ 2*6 I*£ ;jt-*s ,|5*6 [•f'Zl £'02 ■19*6 ;js '9 0 *2T IS £1 18*81 'Iff |5'6 \\L "£ 1 •£ ,5*9 9*81 i£*8 6*9 ■.Of 5'81 "\L IT 6 7>£ \ffL 18*59 18'89 |5 2£ !8*9£ f- '69 $-fl f *59 S*8£ 2*18 0*5£ 6*19 6*8Z \ffL \ff I 9*2£ ;2*69 |5 U IS '8£ !l*09 8 '99 |2*58 !9*0£ Ins 2 "2£ £ '8£ 8"£9 •6 "2£ |3 'SI , L 5£ 19 '!£ 0 *2T 0 "89 8*21 !^'£9 8 *6 6 '£9 6 "£ 8 "5£ f'9I 6*69 £"0 5t8 '9'0I 8 "69 '9'6 9 "8£ 9 '8 2'9£ 2*5T 6H'886'££ f-28'969'989 :S28'058*981 :T0S'^85't06 0*8 0*08 0*21 !SC^'089*58II0SS<899'658£I$!lf<)'56^'K)2t!|622<68£'669T0 *Z 922 '281 89 961 521 S£ 18 522 52 66 602 82 931 09 15 558 128 828 362 201 0£ 095 ;*e 85 6£ 09 If 112 601 56 562*1 0*6 21* 85* 282 081 619 T£I £02 2*5 29 if 81 981 9IT il£ 881 58 :£* 691 821 S8 2I£ 98* I6£I 855 ;982 !?02 ££S 1852 8£I 62£ 8t8 882 8£* 16 521 19* £61 *TI 523 '2 828'I 88£ 5*8 8£S £58 £T8 26 TOT 002 06 89 *T*'l 595 8£* 68 18 58 861 96 ,££ £59 *6I 982 •902 601 59 928 5*1 S6 iS9* i0*2 *8I i I 1ST*'5 *80'* 866'52 [681 "02 |02I 881 1*0'21 598'8£ 958*1198* '06 869 12 198*02 5£8**I1: 608*8 T88'02ll**2*8 l8£8 1668 5I£*23 121'811 5*1 'Z 899'02 500*821 *92 2 \m 'LZ m '881 *££ '55 260 '2£2 98£ *S aovaaAV 1 -saaNara aov^ ao aaarmN 1 ■sioaaoaa jlo aniTii i —iq patLtto ! s^naxnqsi[q^s9 nj JO %U90 J9J —Iq paiLtto s^aanrqsTiq^sa jcj j TOO* jo juao jaj I -mi • • ■ •B^stjaqaj^i IJTIOSSJJ^ •"^bsanniiii rrB3npipj • s^asnqoHssBp? pU13[AJt?J^ unBTsmoq 13A10I "BUBTpni • -qouini * TJT2I09D • "Biqnmioo jo puq.src[ "*""jnaT^oaunoo OpBJOlOQ mnjojif^o Bnreqepv *I6I ;*6I6T :SnrqdBj5oq;TT; '-■***I6I "6I6T :3injir|jd 9%v\d Snrpnioui f9^B\d iad -doo pui? pa^s 'ilniA«j2ua *I6I 6161 :§TTO[Bni 2[Ooq -^treiq pat? ^mpmq3ioog; '■■*I6I 6161 -ipojjad pue sjadt3dsM9u 'Suiqsqqnd pas 3m^mJo[ ■ •' ■ H6I" 6161 :oxsnni 'Suiqsqqnd puB Stn^nuj *": *' '**T6T' 6T6I :qof putf 3{Ooq •SuTqsixqiid pn^j am^injj *I61 6161 —A3 aa^AVO sxNapsHsnavxsa £0 aaaKfiH 'axvis gnv AaxKnaNi '6T6T -sarxvxs Aff 'saraxsnaNi aaniaKOO hoj ctnv >t6t amy mi 'AuxsnaNi anx sanoNYHa xis shx jo hove hoj jihshsnmo jo hsxovhvho—*6 aiavx 574 MANUFACTURES. Table 11.— FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida... Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 j 1914 1919 1914 1919 , 1914 , 1919 I 1914 i 1919 1914 1919! 1914; Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 179,403 165,903 49 131 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 370,39S 351,395 44 I 69! 48! 123 | 3,713 I 2,719 | 317' S65! 1,164 | 207 287 135 49 28 1,663 i 5,585 342 599 945 589 1,248 128 28 55 I 22 51 1,143 1,488 1,447 2,697 7,764 9,405 1,086 1,807 1,890 2,459 31 32 492 572 1,337 1,265 673 411 417 371 5,377 4,910 2,975 3,260 305 302 1,810 2,595 196 280 1,623 1,609 1,082 767 86,652 72,90S 16,443 17,409 15,177 16,399 3,843 2,960 5,309 5,817 268 473 1,682 1,421 7,474 5,501 22,886 24,803 16,669 15,979 10,813 8,679 428 606 21,150 26,535 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Gaso- line Fuel and [ oils other j (bar- volatile i rels). oils (bar- ■ rels). 7,048 I 73,553! 4,830 | 52,849 I 157 62 61 507 149 644 . 23,823 10,288 , 52' 65; 379 28; 375; 0; 60: 75" 457 38! 91: 0) S 23 j 65! 0) 3 i 61 1! 31 C) 95 i 86! 437 29 j 828 j 0) 16 I 142 i 615 23; 688 ■ 0) 15: 4 103 40; 129; 0) 274 I 1,397! 3,987 . 333 1,375 , 0) | 223 340 1 697 144 912 \ 0) 187 244 1,144 267 1,965! (') 18 380! 646 ; 38 1,074 0) j 1,291 76 453 10 576 (') 42 40 300 7 392 | 0) 35 55 i 143 13 101 0) 110 i 478 \ 33 145 1 0) i 111 10,426' 118 | 410 441 0) 347 1,149 I 1,242 j 432 1,262 j 0) 178 79 j 1,420 ! 208 836 1 b) I 4 39 i 418 5 363! (l) 921 17,325 j 1,599 ! 45 13,548 0) | 35,490 51,493 38,646 25,211 1,384 2,590 77,425 65,551 1,544 1,042 5,924 3,671 1,743 1,335 8,716 71,112 735 460 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 42 29 3 5! 1 24 1,511 17 220 611 204 714 114 I 510 S 43 30 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 41 484 116 858 1 147 20 332 1,520 1,541 50 526 45 782 335 889 549 1,465 90 13,113 16 40 356 17 873 19 245 879 3,374 494 392 60 57 325 391 762 158 81 823 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 330 0) 775 0) 85 0) 16 0) 160 0) 227 0) 1,014 0) 336 0) 574 0) 661 0) 580 0) 213 0) 490 (') (>) 477 0) 802 0) 242 (l) 1,952 0) 94 (0 28 0) 300 0) 290 0) 121 (') 804 0) 299 0) 1,888 1,784 i Included in figures for fuel oils. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 575 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Comparative statistics, industry proper.—Table 12 shows the statistics for printing and publishing, book and job; music; and newspapers and periodicals for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The three classifications men- tioned are designated in this report as u the industry proper." In Table 13 the value of "job printing" and of "electrotyping, engraving, etc.," shown in Table 14, are segregated into various groups, by geographic divisions and states; but only where the proper com- binations can be made do the totals in the two tables agree. Table 12.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS, INDUSTRY PROPER, BY CHARACTER OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establish- ments Book and job Music Newspapers and pe- riodicals Total value Publications: Newspapers and pe- riodicals Subscriptions and sales Advertising Newspapers Subscriptions and sales Advertising Periodicals other than newspapers Subscriptions and sales Advertising Ready prints (patent insides and outsides) 1919 1914 30,611 13,089 160 17,362 $l,536,40Sf283 31,612 12,115 180 19,317 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1909 1909- 1914- !i 1919 1919 1909- 1914 29,757; 10,70S' 178 18,87V $810,508,075:5662,591,959), 806,305,760; 278,u06,3S2i 528,299,378; 566,321,409; 192,819,519, 373,501,890; 419.209,70l! 337,596,288; 163,577,090| 255,632,6111 283,588,96G 99,541,860! 184,047,106! 135,063,043: 202,533,245!! 232,993,094j | 84,438,702i 148,554,392| 239,984,351; 135,620,735j 104,603,1941 85,186,8631 154,797,488' 64,035,230 71,585,505 50,624,341 53,978,853 2,010,506| 1,965,214! 2,293,077 2.9 22.2 -10.1 -3.2 8.0 -11.1 6.2 13.1 1.1 -8,0 -10.1 2.4 j 131-9 89,6 22.3 ! 138.8 92.3 24.2 1 105.8 160.8 ! 143.1 70.0 106.7 99 7 21.1 26.2 21.7 > 128.4 151.4 95.7 102.9 17.9 23.9 129.4 77.0 29.7 as. 3 33.0 116.2 26.5 32.6 186.8 -12.3 2.3 -14.3 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 '1909- 1914-11909- 1919 1919 j 1914 Publications—Contd. Books and pam- phlets- Published, or print- ed and published.. Printed for publica- tion by others.. Sheet music and books of music— Published, or print- ed and published. . Printed for publica- tion by others Other products for sale and in execu- tion of orders—; Job printing :465,419,994 Machine composi-! tion for others... J 12,4S7,551 Bookbinding and blank books j .23,911,103 Electrotyping, en-! graving, litho- j graphing, etc I 11,337, S29 All other products..; 33.097,793 $132,699,3S3i $6S.5S7,77S 862, I 32,861,475! 19,049,6511 10, 127509,98lj 3,766,90S 6,803,491 S22,585 249.730,032 204 5,682,098 15,097,109! IS, 9,698,641! 13,860,875; 930,394 209,509 510,698 000,966! 154,096 (2) 810,392' .201,398: i885,14h 110.9 93.5 221.9 72.5 127.0 83.9 276.3 357.9 128.0 86.4 119.8 27.1 58-4 38.2 16.9 178.5 138.8 9.0 86.6 23.5 -17.8 22,3 -19.7 18.3 16.6 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Statistics, by geographic divisions and states, indus- try proper.—Table 13 shows details as to the value of products, for each of the three branches of the industry proper, for 1919. In receipts from subscriptions and sales of newspapers the Middle Atlantic division led, with 35.1 per cent. East North Central was second, with 24.8 per cent, and the West North Central was 2 Included in ''Job printing." third, with 10.5 per cent. These were also the ranking divisions in newspaper advertising, having 28 per cent, 23.8 per cent, and 12.2 per cent, respectively. The Middle Atlantic division ranked first in receipts from the printing and publishing, or publishing only, of books and pamphlets; the East North Central was second, and New England third. 576 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—INDUSTRY PROPER, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. DrVTSION AND STATE. United States... New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nobth Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin "West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central.. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central. Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain Montana Idaho. WyomiDg Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah. Nevada Pacific Washington Oregon - California NEWSPAPERS. PERIODICALS (OTHER THAN NEWSPAPERS). NEWSPAPERS Number of Printed and published, or published, by establishments reporting. Printed and published, or published, by establishments reporting. AND PERIODICALS. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. establish- ments. Total value. Printed for publication by others. Printed and published, or published, by establishments reporting. Printed for publication by others. Subscriptions and sales. Advertising. Subscriptions and sales. Advertising. 30,611 i $1,536,408,283 $192,819,519 $373,501, S90 $85,186,863 $154,797,488 $22,913,267 $132,699,3-83 $32,861,475 2,125 120,827,728 16,290,604 31,936,011 5,505,427 4, 497,948 1,393,964 20,454,027 3,525,836 166 12S 106 1,195 141 389 5,7.55,370 2,454,938 1,715,263 624,242 343,616 259,142 12,485,975 797,60S 1,780,021 1,311,994 707,797 441,367 22,527,505 2,611,697 4,335,651 1,059,542 28,541 20,079 1,171,824 37,451 41,401 2,941,863 LS3,770 121,639 24,059 325,537 31,825 15,880 35,970 19,410,977 11,064 948,311 49,276 199,256 90,136,994 7,004,948 4,155,310 40,507 201, 448 52,002 895,755 57,530 2,086,766 538,211 594,797 15,528 13,760,215 81,083 7,166 586,602,681 67,624,532 104,449,925 48,945,140 100,197,072 10,123,177 73,511,914 15,298,809 4,179 718 2,269 411,077,645 21,972,904 153,552,132 49,535,807 2,026,481 16,062,244 63,889, 825 7,310,624 33,249,476 38,662,218 368,479 9,914,443 62,221,442 153,614 37,822,016 8,775,043 632,314 715,820 61,263,522 1,358,473 10,889,919 12,639,815 733,147 1,925,847 6,781 394,586,034 47, 834,755 88,821,237 15,826,936 28,378,617 6,214,987 26,979,339 9,357,960 1,676 841 2,470 1,004 790 98,216,156! 29,943,217 201,044,225 '< 42,772,195 1 22,610,238! 10, 533,968 4,011,292 28,236,258 9,965,256 30,469,318 13,558,379 6,592,026 6,846,756 1,623,978 5,741,570 1,097,632 517,000 8,291,073 1,119,467 16,500, 979 1,338,348 1,128,750 1,055,699 588,557 4,542,168 671,576 19,653,227 1,047,353 1,065,015 704,450 407,865 7,668, 087 429,860 147,698 ! 24,240,370 5,461,753 3, 587,372 3,958,802 410,362 201,567 5,298 149,797,139 j 20,244,335 45,454,327 4,996,426 11,049,751 1,810,952 5,079,671 1,378,706 978 982 1,241 318 358 688 733 33,083,394 | 25,642,724 i 56,177,572 1 3,225,027 1 3,881,927 15,085,433 1 12,701,062 j j 4,480,091 3,479,150 6,903,708 639,926 633,516 2,251,176 1,856,768 9,039,831* 7,811,242 16,696,502 1,171,017 1,280,476 5,342,148 4,113, 111 685,931 1,294,366 1,303,637 93,677 85,508 610,882 922, 425 2,320,553 4,271,279 2,155,561 18,725 503,941 405,256 1, 374, 436 464,956 419,086 360,946 3,777 5,953 441,104 115,130 1,936,151 306,883 2,315,442 2, 500 7,020 445,357 66,318 458,568 84,328 668,320 8,490 11,805 43,309 85,366,410! 103,886 2,318 1,433,207 1 20,065,229! 15,872,531 i 13,038,715 1 11,088,685 28,250,246 5,361,379 3,478, 374 745,158 2,494,115 1,237,098 56 189,443 2,094,455 1,545,307 1,322,966 691,453 5,553,850 4,690,644 3,681,212 1,821,833 2,486,254 1,707,667 5,229,915 2,387, 418 13,532 327,231 4,028,279 342,407 19,323 733,241 1,129,886 261,700 40,265 110,514 41,086 1,046,071 156,288 10,079 229,784 288,489 3,181 320,723 430,106 107,003 135,387 33,445 114,316 41,439 51,498 353 169 372 224 319 174 414 237 4,837,019! 867,282 1,175,141 40,325 138,363 129,652 278,235 25,047 8,211 434,434 401,353 1,448,826 22,837 68,865 6,442 59,378 51,980 6,404,177 i 24,697 4,004,634! 14,092,432 1 676,529 2,388,259 29,569 109,715 5,618,466 j 829,303 63,355 19,567 1,151 35,497,200! 4, S62,632 11,187,972 1,992,811 1,504,078 224,074 1,495,127 391,036 360 366 232 193 10,605,320 i 15,832,846 i 7,049,538 j 2,009,496 | 1,518,393 1,916,271 1,124,075 303,893 3,338,047 4,303,994 2,822,628 723,303 353,011 1,471,897 164,133 3,770 266,523 601,162 633, 272 3,121 40,319 77,633 80,001 26,121 36,688 1,441,110 10,504 6,825 50,671 261,145 57,399 21,821 2,136 55,184,441! 7,623,504 21,737,439 875,131 1,766,651 346,911 636,765 288,429 295 259 507 1,075 4,762,567 I 7,921,800! 10,212,272 32,287,802 784,794 1,255,697 1,384,644 4,198,369 1,840,995 3,081,096 4,463,481 12,351, 867 82,654 90,569 150,372 551,536 81,091 222,541 499,469 963,550 57,956 82,734 62,432 143,789 10,900 15,915 61,430 548,520 37,383 96,202 97,081 57,763 1,313 27,795,688 4,576,930 11,489,002 316,961 384,421 423,706 266,317 382,511 247 159 92 453 87 84 4,762,589 2,175,161 1,227,208 11,519,208 912,005 390,280 194.464 1,621,675 149,954 311,814 885,374 111,364 1,'984,675 814,910 577,219 33,382 57,365 15,642 143,068 2,313 32,088 40,544 63,860 23,995 168,385 8,469 23,945 55,223 24,199 4,768 2,510 329,900 3,079 1,680 4,258 2,150 99,241 12,239 18,038 27,670 7,480 246,901 17,600 19,484 29,950 15,385 900,536 2,086,395 4,513,809 4,701,610 393,213 1,058,420 28,826 152 39 610,792 1,706,635 252,320 33,103 29,384 1,040 145,499 1,250 2,323 80,750,962 12,673,542 30,175,731 1,366,652 3,540,576 1,630,338 1,782,108 1,001,090 548 316 1,429 16,672,169 9,804,207 54,274,586 2,919,094 1,435,855 8,318,593 7,029,343 3,635,282 19,511,106 157,170 202,749 1,006,733 783,924 525,642 2,231,010 554,108 178,045 898,185 122,511 35,074 1,624,523 172,094 57,112 771,884 1 In addition, printing and publishing, etc., to the value of $5,617,801, was reported by establishments in other industries. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 577 Table 13.—INDUSTRY PROPER, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919-Continued. SHEET MUSIC AND BOOKS OP MT7SIC. I HI VISION AND STATE. Printed and published, or pub- lished, by establish- ments reporting. United States. ...! 512,509,981 New England ;1,642,327 Maine i... New Hampshire! Vermont I Massachusetts > 1,6-12,327 Rhode Island j Connecticut' I Ready ! Engrav- prints | lngs.litho- (patent ; graphs, etc., insides Prin United States District of Columbia. Massachusetts Michigan New York Pennsylvania All other states HISTORY AND GENEALOGY. United States Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania All other states JUVENDLE, BOY SCOUTS, ETC. United States Indiana Iowa Missouri Nebraska New York Pennsylvania... All other states. 62 314 CHARACTER OF PUBLICATION, AND STATE. Num- ber. LABOR (BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS). United States California District of Columbia Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Maryland Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York North Carolina Oklahoma Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. Tennessee Texas Washington All other states LAW. United States Illinois Michigan Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states MEDICINE, SURGERY, AND DENTISTRY. United States California Illinois Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee All other states MILITARY AND NAVAL AFFATRS. New York Pennsylvania All other states NEWS SUMMARIES, GENERAL LITERATURE, AND FAMILY READING. United States. 35 California Illinois Iowa Massachusetts.. Minnesota Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania... 3 i Texas 9 All other states. 182 3: 5 6 I 12 I 5; 16 I 12 1 150 5 24 4 3 4 3 14 I 3 I' 3 ') 29; 6; 16 i 3 :l i\ 13 20 j United States 20 j District of Columbia 6 New York 3 35 Virginia 4 4 5 3 All othpr 3 339 342 214 234 231 i 86 88 84 128 146 147 40 46 54: 11 13 19 29 33 35 201 224 223 . 58 64 63 143 160 160 601 671 702 I 144 160 156 457 511 546 165 181 184; 37 44 37 128 137 '147 13S 160 172! 31 38 38 107 122 I 134 168 184 194! 50 '47 51 118 137 ; 143 73 80 87 17 19 20 .56 61 67 57 66 65 9 12 10 4S 54 i 55 I 322 339 344 88 102 77 234 237 ! 267 50 51 42 j 12 17 10 38 34 ; 30 58 68 68' 13 18 15 45 50 'i 53 • 81 89 91: 21 30 20 60 59 : 71 29 34 34; 15 11 11 14 23 j 23 ; 70 69 78!! 17 17 12 53 52 | 66 34 28 3i;; io 9 9 24 19 | so < 204 198 1S6; 72 84 75 132 114 111 ! 18 19 18! 7 9 9 11 10 1 9 31 32 32 13 13 13 IS 19 ! 19 DIVISION AND STATE. 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 1919 11914 ,1909 1919 1914 ! 1909 South Atlantic—Con. i 1 West Virginia 31 I 33 34 North Carolina 33 1 29 Zl South Carolina 17! ifi 13: Georgia 30! 29 27 Florida ;35 26 19; Delaware and District of Columbia :9; 14 12 East South Central..... 88 , 91' 95 Kentucky < 32; 33; 35 Tennessee '18; 17 ] 16 Alabama 24: 24 I 26 Mississippi 1 14! 17 18 , West South Central 226' 218 218 Arkansas 32 , 33 29 Louisiana 17 1 19 23 Oklahoma :62; 59 67 Texas , 115: 107 99 Mountain !133 125 137 Montana 22 21 17 Colorado.. 44 44 53 Arizona 20! 16 19 Nevada 7 11! 15 Idaho, Wyoming, New 1! Mexico/and Utah 40: 33; 33 Pacific 243 255 j 238 Washington 42 43; 41 Oregon/. 33! 34 I 31 California 168 , 178; 166 10; 9 j 7! 10 j 11 1 26! 12 , 6 5 i 3; 65 11; 5 11; 3s; 49 11 14 SO 14 S i 5S: 11: 12 i 8! 12; 11 I 34 16' 60; 7! ii; 35' 51' io! is I 97; 17 1 12 i 68; 11 9 39 16; 7: 11: 53: 6 6! 15! 95 17 13 21 24 10 20 24 62 . 20 12 19 11 161 21 12 , 51 77: 84 11 30 12 3 163 2$ 17; 8' 17! 15 i 17 1 9 19 12 158 26; 12; 48 74 11 26 , 9' 158 26 22 110 23 22 13 12 56 19 9 15 13 165 23 17 S3 11 34 11 S 143 24 IS 101 Daily newspapers in leading cities.—Table 22 shows for 12 of the important cities in the United States the average circulation per issue of the morning and the evening papers, and per cent of increase from census to census, 1919, 1914, and 1909. The 12 leading cities combined, which are arranged in the order of their population, reported 54.4 per cent of the morning circu- lation in the United States in 1919, and 37.6 per cent of the evening. Their evening circulation in that year formed 52.9 per cent of the total daily circulation of the 12 cities, and represented an increase of 9.8 per cent for the period 1914-1919, as compared with 8.2 per cent for the morning circulation. New York City was first, with 32 per cent of the total evening circulation in the 12 cities, and 34,4 per cent of the morning, Chicago being second. Table 22.—MORNING AND EVENING NEWSPAPERS IN CITIES OF 500,000 INHABITANTS IN 1920- 1919, 1914, AND 1909. -CIRCULATION: CITY.* AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. PER CENT 07 TOTAL. Morning. Evening. Morning. Evening 1919 United States.. Total for 12 cities. Now York.N. Y. Chicago, 111. Chicago, in Philadelphia, Pa.. Detroit, Mich 12,582,S41 6,844,056 2,352,944 1,319,03S! 626,9661 191,349' Cleveland, Ohio I 199,312 St. Louis, Mo 1 358,354 Boston, Mass i 731,619! Baltimore, Md I 159,993' I Pittsburgh, Pa !224,627. Los Angeles, Calif !205,558 Buffalo, N. V .....j 136,012 Ban Francisco, Callf 338,384 1914 11,692,368 6,327,481 2,393,961 813,52S 797,813 124,801 222,137 287,548 709,878 183,322 220,391 190,533 108,922 274,647 1909 9,605,694 5,217,877 1, 806,820 755,683 753,309 70,595 158,920 284,816 560,663 164,447 211,131 81,900 89,239 280,354 Per cent of increase.5 l909-jl914-;1909- 1919 ' 1919 | 1914 1919 1914 1909 31.0 7.6: 21.7:20,445,789 17,085,086:14,606,283 31.2 a 2! 21.3; 7,678,660- 6,990,762' 6,561,118 30.2 74. 5! -16. Sr 171. Ii 25.4!- 25, Si 30. 5 -2.7j- 6,4! 151.0j 52.4 20,7; -1.7j 62.1 -21.4| 53,3; 32.51 2,453,547 2,121,609 2,284,102 7.7! 1,238.839, 1.234,474! 1,053,642 "~ • -•- — 780,2SS 213,485 5.9 '744', 9941 '545,003: 76. Si 354,574 295,049: ■10.3: 39.8; 492, S38 355,147 244,231 24.6! l.Oj 351.071! 326.790 341,419j 3.0 26.61 717,24lj 828,054: 739.406! 12.7 11.5; 234,442 174,778 120,553 1.9 4.4 7.9| 132.6 24.9! 22.1, 23.2j -2.01 i 380,024 225,905 240,496 244,689 345,219 205,154 273,534 285,951 326,802 81,070. 221,892; 154,228 Per cent of increase.1 1 1919 1914 1909 1909-1914-1909- 1919 ! 1919 ! 1914 i 1919 1914 j 1909 I ! ii 40. Oj 19,7| 17.0! 38. l! 4a 6 39,71 61.91 17.0; 9.S! 6.5j! 47.1i 47.5 44.3j 52.9 7.4} 17. 6: -4 5! 66,1 101.8j 2.8; -3.0! 94. 5 16. 3! 17a 7| 8.4 58.7 15,6! -7. l|i a 4l 17.2i| 36. 7'-30.2| i 20.: 38. sl 7.4| -13.4' 34. l! 10.1! 10.1! -12, lj -14 4| 38.21! !l 45.4. -4 3! 12. Oil 45.0|! ;l 5.6ji 153.1| 23.3! 85.4: i! 49.0! 51.6! 45,7; 35.1! I 28. S 50. 5! 50. 5i 40,6j 37. 1; 47.6; 36. l! 58. Oj 53.0 39.71 59. 4i 29,7; 38.5 46. S 46.2 51. V 39.0' 4S.2 28.5 49.0 44 2 41.8 49.1 24 9 39. 4 45. 5 43.1: 57.7: 39.2 50.3, 28. 7 64 5! 51.0 48.4 543 64.9 71.2 49.5 49.5 59.4 62.9 52.4 63.9 42.0 59.41 60,3 52.5 55.7 47.0! 60.31 40.61 70.3! 61. 5; 53.1 53,8; 48. S^ 55. S 5S.2 50.9 75.1 60.6 545 56.9 42.3 61,0j 60. S 5LS! 49.7 71.5| 71.3 51.6j 3^5.5 Cities listed according to their rank in population. * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 584 MANUFACTURES. Daily newspapers, by geographic divisions and states.—Table 23 shows the average circulation of daily newspapers, morning and evening, exclusive of Sundays, by geographic divisions and by states, with per cent that the morning and the evening circulation was of the total, 1919 and 1914. The evening issues maintained their supremacy in circulation in 1919, as in 1914, and their per- centage of the total circulation increased from 59.4 in 1914 to 61.9 in 1919. The Middle Atlan- tic division was first in both morning and evening circulation, and the East North Central was sec- ond. New York led the states, with about one- fourth of the total for the morning, and nearly one- fifth for the evening circulation. Pennsylvania was second in morning and Illinois in evening circulation. Table 23.—MORNING AND EVENING DAILIES, EXCEPT SUNDAYS: 1919 AND 1914. AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. EXCLUSIVE OF SUNDAY EDITIONS. Total. DIVISION AND STATE. 1919 ; Per cent of i , total,; ! 1919.; 1914 I United States 33,028,630 Per cent of In- crease' 1914- 1919. Morning. Evening. New England I 2,877,433 Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New Hampshire and Vermont. Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania. East North Central- Ohio Indiana — Illinois Michigan... Wisconsin., West NorthCentral. Minnesota Iowa Missouri Nebraska Kansas North and South Dakota. South x\tlantic. Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida - Delaware and District, of Columbia. East South Central. Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama. Mississippi. West South Cent Arkansas... Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Mountain 122,076 2,085,2S7 191,762 351,200 127,108 10,548, 423 100.0 | 28,777,454 8.7 , 2,711,635 0.4 ) 6. 3 I 0.6 1.1 0.4 117,842 2,060,313 148,895 275,773 108,782 0,919,325 581,851 3,047,247 8,275,024 Montana . Colorado. Arizona . Nevada - Idaho, Wyomlnp, Now Mexico, and Utah Pacikic. Washington. Oregon California — 31.9; 9,278,023 2, 497,955 909,953 3,241,254 1,020,649 605,213 3,890,214 692,276 717,607 I, 60S, 606 371,309 333,573 166,843 20.9 1 5,874,207 1.8 j 451,681 9.2 2,952,135 25.1 | 7,286,844 7.6 2.8 I 9.8 I 3.1 1 1.8! 2,484.548 777', 435 2,620,661 888,981 515,219 11.8 j 3,373,427 15.3 14.8 6.1 3.6 1.2 28.8 27.4 16.8 13.7 17.8 28.8 3.2 13.6 0.5 17.0 23.7 14.8 17.5 1919 1914 1919 i 1914 12,582,841 1,078,244 11,692,368 j 20,445,789 | 17,085,1 990,774 \ 1,799,189 1 1,720,861 52,652 854,217 37,967 94,403 39,005! 4,361,566 64,094 j 793,403 j 23,429! 73,612! 36,236 69,424 1,231,070 153,795 256,797 88,103 438, 635 257,207 156,050 179,406 116,722 298,728 165,824 281,533 990,290 2.1 2.2 4.0 1.1; 1.0 j 0.5! 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.9 655,070 587,268 1,432,219 329,840 267,463 101,567 1,565,078 400,680 233,975 123,722 120,823 83,885 265,416 119,102 217,475 3.0 j 845,080 315,851 387,329 230,630 56,480 1,447,230 127,985 233,160 347,673 738, 412 747,166 111,518 257,982 56,995 14,810 275,861 2,358,745 1.0 I 311,019 1.2! 301,583 0.7 i 186,686 0.2! 45,792 1,080,050 0.4 0.7 1.1 2.2 518,628 293,204 1,546,913 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.8 7.1 87,614 139,686 242,305 610,445 539, 917 1.6 0.9 4.7 87,113 219,465 32,875 15,179 155,285 2,097, 400 5.7 22.2 12.3 12.6 24.7 64.3 21.0 9.5 9.9 26.1 48.5 39.1 12.6 39.2 29.5 17.2 1.6 28.4 23.5 23.3 34.0 46.1 66.9 43.5 21.0 38. 4 28.0 15. 4 73.4 -2.4! 77.0 3,111,151 96,000 1,154,415 2,711,833 564,883 312,339 1,481,980 274,911! 77,720 4,198,662 j 6,186,857 2,756,251 I 3,808,174 88,469 j 485,851 1,353,942 1,892,832 2,587,532 995,999 259,870 981,351 244,762 105,550 5,563,191 1.933,072 597, 614 1,759,274 745,738 527, 493 53,748 1,266,940 125,466 202,161 72,546 5, 079,361 3,117, 956 363,212 1,598,193 4,699,312 1,393,610' 1,275,760 j 2,496,604 183,019 I 185,352 s 672,797 i 146,361 i 140,284 j 65,797! 815,300 173,908 97,477 77,110 95,217 65,176 121,177 84,280 100,955 417,524 145,660 166, 940 78,552 26,372 233,443 153,185 622,759 109,658 109,438 47,277 737,092 198,620 105,354 60,948 73,802 52,570 104,581 63,616 77,601 347,634 500,257 532,255 935,809 224,948 193,289 101,046 1,078,805 1.488,549 517,565 1,639,310 644,219 409,669 2,097,667 264,727 159,730 78,940 84,189 51,546 177,551 81,544 180,578 421, 627 434,083 809,460 220,182 158,025 54,290 827,986 I 594,117 128,851 146,81S 56,111 15,854 458,838 71,015 91,728! 130,409! 300,965' 285,292; 43,699 70,287 78,553 266,299 238,223 572,766 I 202,060 128,621 62,774 47,021 31,315 160,835 55,486 139,874 497, 446 Per cent which circulation of morning and evening editions represents of total. 1919 Morn- ing. 38.1 37.5 43.1 41.0 19.8 26.9 30.7 41.3 Even- ing. 61.9 62.5 45.0 16.5 37.9 32.8 170,19-1 j 220,389 152,078 1 30,108 j 853,113 56,970 141,432 217,264 437,447 461, S74 !! 67,121 66,187! 28,237 i 7,448 I 456, 489 218,449 1, 422, 462 12.5 13.6 34. 2 8.7 116,299 50,774 I 83,012! 16,852! 6, 476' 81,109 !■ 44,397 221,795 28,758 7,362 159, 562 925,355! 857,853' 1,433,390 141,932! 90,870 ■ 692,653 146,251! 376,696 77,626 1 202,334 633,976 854,360 182,168 154,765 330,575 29,938 621,212 22.6 34.3 45.7 26.9 12.8 35.8 56.9 59.0 80.2 73.1 69.3 58.7 Morn- !Even- ing, j Ing. 55.0 83.5 62.1 67.2 26.4 25.8 41.8 39.4 42.1 39.4 43. a 43,915 69,399 163,752 344,146 301,694 36,339 166, 453 16,023 8,703 74,176 1,239,547 'BIO, 238 140,823 788,486 39.6 37.9 49.4 53.1 55.8 40.6 50.8 35.9 42.2 46.1 43.1 34.1 46.7 41.1 55.5 39.3 37.6 40.8 38.2 77.4 65.7 54.3 73.1 87.2 64.2 73.6 74.2 58.2 60,6 57.9 60.6 57.0 60.4 62.1 50.6 46.9 44.2 59.4 49.2 64.1 57.8 53.9 56.9 65.9 63.3 58.9 60.2 23.0 49.5 50.3 42.2 39.2 27.4 31.0 44.8 44.5 60.7 62.5 59.2 61.8 39.8 77.0 50.5 49.7 57.8 60. R 72.6 69.0 56.2 A minus sien (— )d«notes decrease. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 585 Dailies in foreign languages, by states.—Table 24 shows the number and combined circulation of foreign daily newspapers, by leading states, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. New York had the i largest number and circulation of foreign-language! Table 24.—DAILY NEWSPAPERS IN FOREIGN LANG dailies in 1919, as at previous censuses, Illinois ranking second and California third in number; but Ohio was third in circulation in 1919. From 1914 to 1919 there was a decrease in the number of foreign-language dailies and a slight increase in their circulation. CJAGES, BY LEADING STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States. California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states NUMBER. AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION. Per cent of increase.1 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1909-1919 1914-1919 1909-1914 154 160 137 2,710,265 2,598,827; 1,786,281 51.7 4.3 45. 5 "16 16 25 3 6 5 3 13 150,986 617,256 3,128 78,3S6 66,000 46,269 81,655 1 343,688 j 19,687 | 26,547 1 39,247 i 41,512 48,633 271,500 17,766 16,200 18,975 141,151 210.5 127.4 84.9 1 79.6 -84.1! 195.3 68.2 11.5 67.9 26.6 10.8 63.9 106.8 -70.6 2I 21 5 5 5 6 -82.4 383.9 247.8 12 5 2 -67.2 -16.6' 41 40 12 11 6 33 35 11 1,258,701 1S9,728 75,997 89,650 134,161 1,509,093 j 130,965 1 151,745 i 106,801 147,887! 968,340 89,665 75,649 58,433 79,969 30.0 111.6 0.5 53.4 67.8 55.8 46.1 100.6 82.8 84.9 12 7 6 8 6 22 44.9 -49.9 -16.1 -9.3 25 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Dailies in foreign languages, by circulation.—Table 25 shows the circulation of each of the leading foreign- language dailies, by language in which published, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. About one-fourth of the total daily circulation in 1919 was Yiddish. In 1914 German occupied first place. Pol- ish shows the greatest absolute gain in circulation during the five years 1914-1919, and Chinese the greatest percentage of gain. Table 25.—FOREIGN-LANGUAGE DAILIES —AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER ISSUE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Total Bohemian. Chinese French German Hungarian. AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. Per cent of increase.1 LANGUAGE. Per cent of increase.1 1914 1909 1909- i 1914- 1919 I 1919 2,710,265 2,598,827 66,226 76,950 j 73,494 i 2 384,990 I 86. S09: 73,688 16,569 52,660 823,062 103,245 1,788,281 52,143 9,500 40,230 753,116 54,300 51.7 I 4.3; 1909- 1914 45,5 27.0 710.0 82.7 -48.9 59.9 -10.1 i 364.4; 39.6 1 -53.2 t -15,9 41.3 74.4 30.9 9.3 90.1 Italian Japanese Polish Spanish ! Yiddish i All other languages 270,4-45 47,815 360,161 44,714 676,145 622,510 1914 269, 674! 39,961 i 207,380! 28,150; 762,910 i 221, 528: 1909 160,300 !i 24,603!; 88,937 j 3,400 524,900 S 74, 852 i 1909- 1914- 1919 1919 68,7 94.3 305.0 1,215.1 2S.8 731.7 0.3 i 19.7; 73.7 1 58.8 j -11.4 j 181.0 1909- 191* 68.2 62.4 133; 2 727. 9 45.3 196.0 1 A miuus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Includes Engllsh-and-German. •Includes, for 1919, Albanian, Arabic, Armenian. Bulgarian, Croatian, Finnish, Greek, Lithuanian, Norwegian-and-Danish, Portuguese, Rumanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian; for 1914, Arabic, Bulgarian, Croatian, Finnish, Greek, Lithuanian, Norwegian-and-Danish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, and Slovenian or Slovenlc; for 1909, Arabic, Croatian, Norwegian-and-Danish, Finnish, Greek, Japaneso and-English, Slovak, and Slovenian. Sunday newspapers, by geographic divisions and states.—Table 26 shows the number and circulation of the Sunday newspapers, by geographic divisions and states, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. From 1914 to 1919 the increase in number of Sunday newspapers was 5.8 per cent, compared with 9.8 per cent, 1909-1914. In circulation, 1914-1919, the increase was 17.5 per cent, compared with 23.5 per cent, 1909-1914. Although not shown in this table, of the 604 Sunday papers published in 1919, the reports showed that 71, with an aggregate circulation of 1,530,819, were printed languages other than English. Eighteen, with a circulation of 297,231, were printed in German; 10, with a circulation of 600,469, in Yiddish; and 8, with a circulation of 236,085, in Italian. 586 MANUFACTURES. Table 26—SUNDAY NEWSPAPERS, NUMBER AND CIRCULATION: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. ! NUMBER. AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. DIVISION AND STATE. r i Per cent of total, Per cent of increase.1 ! 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 I; 1919. 1909-1919 1914-1919 1909-1914 United States I 604 i 671 520 19,368,913 100.0 16,479,943 13,347,282 45.1 17.5 23.5 New England | 30| 34 29 1,653,607 8.5 1,439,928 1,267,440 30.5 14.8 13.6 Massachusetts I 17 i 21 8 5 15 10 4 1,444,846 119,765 88,996 7.5 0.6 0.5 1,271,453 100,581 67, S94 1,122,049 86,261 59,130 28.8 3S.8 50.5 13.6 19.1 31.1 13.3 16.6 14.8 Connecticut \ l\ Maine and Rhode Island » I Middle Atlantic 92 101 81 6,227,902 32.2 5,761,587 4,509,679 38.1 8.1 27.8 j 54: 55 7 39 48 6 1 27 4,469,074 146,713 1,612,115 23.1 0.8 8.3 3,917,088 83,995 1,760,504 2,957,727 70,670 1,481,282 51.1 107.6 8.8 14.1 74.7 -8.4 32.4 New Jersey ! 9! 1 29; 18.9 18.9 Pennsylvania !; East Nobth Central ! 109! 116 106' 4,001,786 20.7 3,269,351 2,855,912 40.1 22.4 14.5 i. - j- '29 ; 18! ! 41 j 14 i 28 18 48 14 8 25 1 20 38! 15' 8; 1,087,733 276,880 5.6 1.4 9.7 2.6 1.3 830,219 254,126 1,635,121 342,163 207,722 645,869 206,176 1,616,506 256,583 130,778 68.4 34.3 16.7 98.0 85.9 31.0 9.0 15.3 48.4 17.1 28.5 23.3 1.2 33.4 58.8 Illinois ! 7! 1,886,084 507,916 243,173 West North Central 69; 65 64 2,361,954 12.2 2,004,978 1,649,780 43.2 17.8 21.5 9 7 14 7 14 444,523 266,152 1,205,673 255,702 128,997 60,907 2.3 1.4 6.2 1.3 0.7 0.3 369,912 200,666 1,131,459 187,287 86,727 28,927 237,205 169,678 978,377 129,050 88,044 47,426 87.4 56.9 23.2 98.1 46.5 28.4 20.2 32.6 6.6 36.5 48.7 110.6 55.9 18.3 15.6 45.1 -1.5 -39.0 14: IS 23 12 5 4 21 8 6 Kansas '9 '11 North Dakota and South Dakota ; 81 8! i 75 j 65 55 1,471, 480 7.6 1,100,039 751,231 95.9 33.8 46.4 4 9 9 5 8 7 7 4 13 6 5 339,196 179,338 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.7 0.5 1.3 265,817 182,582 79,258 44,939 39,281 32,447 85.8 126.3 63.7 197.2 145.3 95.3 83.7 69.5 27.6 52.6 3L0 32.9 24.8 29.6 7.2 54.8 45.6 48.3 24.9 123.6 96.6 50 6 71 3 9.5 West Virginia 73,561 116,753 117,531 56,143 87,833 63,783 North Carolina i 11 12 7 Squth Carolina 9 79,606 335,912 14 j 10 9 5 259,108 83,171 172,039 48, 539 Florida ; is 89,177 257,937 Delaware and District of Columbia2 ; 5 j 166,653 152,146 East South Central j 32 34 35 631,304 3.3 437,205 414,052 52.5 44.4 5.6 ; 11! 6 10 9 6 12 7 12 7 9 7 169,396 241,792 182,761 37,355 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.2 88,246 171,558 144,830 115,855 183,196 78,679 36,322 46.2 32.0 132.3 2.8 92.0 40.9 26.2 14.7 -23.8 -6.4 84.1 -10.3 ; 5 ■ 32,671 1 7y! 56* 56 1,079,974 5.6 821,241 583,028 85.2 31.5 40.9 Arkansas 7 1 5 7 7 8 11 30 83,685 247,556 187,199 561,534 0.4 1.3 1.0 2.9 63,967 178,168 117,158 461,948 50,593 152,920 65.4 61.9 142.1 85.8 30.8 38.9 59.8 21.6 26.4 16.5 51.5 52.9 Oklahoma ! 6! 20 46 12 32 77,326 302,189 48; 44 39 | 551,994 2.8 445,670 362,439 62.3 23.9 23.0 ! 10! 7 8 11 8 3 7 7 88,093 0.5 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 60,321 34,566 214,916 18,244 92,580 25,043 48,088 13,864 223,008 17,400 45,428 14,651 83.2 219.2 46.0 28.0 17.7 76.1 14.6 13.7 25.4 149.3 -3.6 4.9 103.8 ! 7 I 3 44,251 252,981 13 9 3 4 13.4 ; 9 3 i 8! 32,126 106,076 84.6 133.5 Wyoming, New Mexico, and Nevada»,.. I 70 i 28,467 94.3 .70.9 56 55 1,388,912 7.2 1,199,944 953,721 45.6 15.7 25.8 is; i ii 12 7 13 288,724 191,330 908,858 1.5 1.0 4.7 276,212 146,975 776,757 243,663 93,142 616,916 18.5 105.4 47.3 •4.5 30.2 17.0 13.4 6 57.8 25,9 46! 37 36 1! A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. >Can not be shown separately without disclosing the circulation of individual papers. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 587 Sunday newspapers in 12 leading cities.—Table 27 shows the number and average circulation of Sunday newspapers in 12 of the principal cities in the United States, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. Nearly three-fifths of the total Sunday circu- lation of the United States was reported from these 12 cities in 1919. New York City led with a little more than one-third of the total for the 12 cities; Chicago was second with about one-seventh; and Boston third with a little more than one-ninth. From 1914 to 1919 New York City showed the largest actual increase in circulation, 587,244, and Detroit showed the largest per cent of increase, 74.9 per cent. Table 27 — SUNDAY NEWSPAPERS IN CITIES OF 500,000 INHABITANTS IN 1920—NUMBER AND CIRCULATION: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CITY.1 United States Total for 12 cities.. New York, N. Y Chicago. HI PhilaMphia, Pa Detroit, Mich Cleveland, Ohio.. St. Louis, Mo Boston, Mass Baltimore, Md... Pittsburgh, Pa Los Angeles, Calif Buffalo, N. Y San Francisco, Calif.. AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. Per cent of increase.3 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1909- 1919 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 ! i 604 571: 520 19,36S,913 j 16,479,943 13,347,282 \ 45.1 17.5 23.5 114 112 110 11,167,236 | 0,530,743 i S,642,1S3 I 29.2 17.2 10.3 35 20 13 31! 20 IS 3 32 15 13 4 3,752,383 \ 1,665,740 j 1,035,307! 425,443 | 3,165,139 1,454,637 1,015,984 2,744,990; 1,473,597; 1,052,052 i 142,976' 36.7 13.0 -1.6 197.6 18.6' 14.5 1.9 74.9 15.3 -1.3 -3.4 5 243,259 70.1 2 I 5! 7 4 i 6: 6 4 7!: 7 445,544: 696,156! 1,275,814: 339,196 j 465,917 J 296,35S '■ 349,068 i 417,310' 250,195 677,320 1,095,956 265,817 410,054 298,755 253,678 369,949 186,340; 670,101 | 992,332 j 134,37S | 335,305 208,500 241,876 359,736! 140.7 3.9 28,6 S4.0 20.9 j 42.1 44.3 i 16.0! 60.1 2.8 16.4 27.6 13.6 -0.8 37.6 12.8 50.4 1.1 10.4 44.2 6.4 43.3 4.9 2.8 1 Cities listed according to their rank in population. 5 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Weekly newspapers and periodicals, number and circulation, by geographic divisions and states.— Table 28 gives, by geographic divisions and states, the combined figures for number and circulation of weekly newspapers and periodicals, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. 588 MANUFACTURES. Table 28.—WEEKLY NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS, NUMBER AND CIRCULATION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. DIVISION AND STATE. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts.... Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania. East North Central.. Ohio Indiana— Illinois Michigan... Wisconsin.. West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota.. South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central. Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama... Mississippi. West South Central. Arkansas... Louisiana.. Oklahoma.. Texas Mountain. Montana Idaho Wyoming— Colorado Now Mexico.. Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific. Washington. Oregon California— 1919 13,375 539 54 54 56 284 16 1,785 902 230 653 AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. 1909 1919 543 407 443 440 3,554 616 657 611 295 320 515 540 104 18 151 136 147 85 201 127 185 182 127 138 1,346 217 117 376 636 900 201 124 72 283 81 47 71 21 925 255 174 496 15,172 73 60 59 322 22 73 2,040 15,097 590 67 271 21 78 2,069 1,006 246 3,096 641 485 967 517 486 3,872 975 247 847 3,272 699 517 1,018 526 512 3,925 620 738 721 315 347 538 593 24 125 17 165 153 172 91 241 141 788 614 784 731 310 360 521 605 1,116 221 224 174 169 23 120 15 161 156 178 90 246 127 810 243 157 497 762 942 203 134 67 293 90 46 82 27 1,037 307 201 529 226 223 179 182 1,602 234 141 499 728 774 101 108 56 278 86 41 65 40 939 268 176 495 51,902,121 1,894,228 96,205 72,024 64,288 1,493,362 25,450 142,899 21,941,158 15,433,740 353,006 6,154,412 12,536,262 3,282,812 1,495,279 5,551,012 1,104,022 1,103,137 7,710,362 1,685,983 1,190,932 2' 258,690 305,704 260,289 924,630 1,084,134 2,643,164 38,932 205,373 1,049,440 356,735 175,592 240,158 159,398 262,075 155,461 1,430,524 346,491 .580,548 392,023 111,462 1,606,124 243,723 125,262 342,745 894,394 828,395 186,202 99,832 60,551 279,544 69,273 35,257 83,791 13,945 1,311,904 313,718 281,324 716,862 1914 50,336,963 1909 3,105,093 40,822,965 2,500,606 162,139 109,806 82,103 2,552,499 48,928 149,618 18,409,602! 186,616 141,287 92,355 1,911,486 34,013 134,849 12,458,495 9,872,226 I 391,044 i 6,146,332 i 12,386,409 3,110,883 1,291,735 6,216,667 793,176 973,948 9,902,113 6,756,243 383,231 5,319,021 10,466,986 1,790,818 1,459,849 3,542,326 265,981 268,243 916,257 1,658,639 2,156,791 29,632 161,045 301,339 429,016 222,504 329,922 148,597 363,121 171,615 1,924,940 2,913,730 781,866 5,008,590 750,298 1,012,502 7,575,538 1,269,856 1,419,709 1,871,585 259,675 277,127 1,074,554 1,403,032 2,067,315 348,342 923,117 491,616 161,865 2,047,776 273,078 148,987 500,335 1,125,376 1,095,355 292,746 102,226 51,847 430,727 69,802 41,420 91,339 15,248 1,308,884 276,979 349,363 682,542 25,950 185,554 185,246 392,106 187,822 395,682 133,240 423,897 137,818 1,905,125 481,957 923,431 278,245 221,492 1,894,359 241,413 176,193 512,229 964,524 742,136 92,027 91,134 39,227 338,092 62,826 24,675 71,542 22,613 1,212,405 252,396 229,5&5 730,424 Per cent of increase.1 1909-1919 I 1914-1919 !1909-1914 27.1 -48.4 -49.0 -30.4 -21.9 -25.2 6.0 76.1 128.4 -7.9 15.7 19.8 12.7 91.2 10.8 47. 1 9.0 1.8 32.8 -16.1 20.7 17.7 -6.1 -14.0 -22.7 27.9 50.0 10.7 466. 5 '-9.0 -6.5 -39. 3 19.6 -38.2 12.8 -24.9 -28.1 -37.1 40.9 -49.7 -33.1 -7.3 11.6 102.3 9.5 54.4 -17.3 10.3 42.9 17.1 -38.3 8.2 24.3 22.5 -1.9 -39.0 -40.7 -34.4 -21.7 -41.5 -48.0 -4.5 33.7 56.3 -3.7 0. 1 1.2 5.5 15.8 -10.7 39.2 13.3 -22.1 -5.9 -18.4 -36.2 14.9 -3.0 0.9 -34, 6 22.6 31.4 27.5 248.3 -16.8 -21.1 -27.2 7.3 -27.8 -9.4 -25.7 -0.5 -37.1 -20.3 -31.1 -21.6 -10.7 -15.9 -31.5 -20.5 -24.4 -36.4 -2.3 16.8 -35.1 -0.8 -14.9 -8.3 -8.5 0.2 13.3 -19.5 5.0 23.3 24.2 -13.1 -22.3 -11.1 33.5 43.9 11.0 31.7 46.1 2.0 15.6 18.3 65.2 24.1 5.7 -3.8 30.7 41.0 2.8 89.3 2,4 -3.2 -14.7 18.2 4.3 14.2 -13.2 62.7 9.4 18.5 -16. 6 11.5 -14.3 24.5 -27.' (') 76.7 -26.9 8. 1 13. 1 -15.4 -2.3 16.7 47.6 218.1 12.2 32, 2 27.4 11.1 67.9 27.7 -32. 6 8.0 9.7 52. 2 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Weekly newspapers and periodicals, number and circu- lation, by leading states.-—Table 29 gives the total num- ber and the circulation per issue of weekly periodicals and of weekly newspapers for leading states, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909, During the five-year period 1914-1919 the circulation of periodicals PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 589 increased 9.4 per cent, while that of newspapers de- creased 5.1 per cent. During the same five-year period, of the 19 states shown in the table, the circulation of periodicals decreased in 13, and the circulation of news- papers in 10. In the circulation of periodicals, New York led, with an increase of 6,040,994, or 75.8 per cent; while in the circulation of newspapers, Illinois was first with an increase of 219,161, or 9. 8 per cent. Table 29.—WEEKLY PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS—NUMBER AND CIRCULATION, BY LEADING STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States.. California Illinois Indiana. Iowa. Kansas Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Wisconsin All other states NUMBER OF WEEKLY- AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. Periodicals. 1919 i 1914 1,230! 1,379 57 117 31 2S 24 17 36 48 26 249 IS 81 127 26 23 18 11 228 1909 1,194 75 145 34 23 19 14 77 37 25 66 25 267 16 84 157 31; 32 23 21; 208 61 121 19| 27 21 22! 54| 26 27 5Si 21 223! 19! 861 132! 28| 15| i: 197! Newspapers. Periodicais. Newspapers. 1919 1914 : 1909 ii 1919 1914 13,793; 13,903 439 749 376 629 516 173 231 426 5S0. 563! 489, 653! 129j 462: 526 156; 613; 133! 429? 3,873! 454 822 451 715: 574; 207 245 480 595 655 513 739 156 557 631 193 730 142 465 4,469 434 897 498 757 584 204 2171 500, 5S7! 673 31,161,570|2S,486,357 370,848! 275,208 3,097,392! 3,982,208 797,820 714,990 505,920! 250,975 286,145 191,772 70,136 516,835 130,877 528,142 1,115,642 .500 183,019 752! !14,015,656 159! 77,048 613 2,208,252 715 4,738,720 19S 329,180 700: 23S, 0S4 146 196,720 500! 220,240 4,269 1,528,894 Per cent of increase,1 j 1909 1909- i 1914- 1919 1919 19,876,630 50. S 1909- 1914 I 1919 9.4 43.3 20,740,551! 254,521; 3,159,772 206,060; 565,962 212,705 94,828 188,350 2,124,440 1,483,153 208,887' 171,602 640,651 161,665 2,0S4,215! 583,358 306,351 164,950 7,974,662 5,090,589 83,300; 165,406 1,856,280: 1,687,358 5,032,402 3,920,143 611,2461 259,381; 236,765j 360.7491 1,191,067 456, S96 207,450 193,367 167,030 S06,2S7 45.7 -2.0 287.2 -10- 6 34.5 -62.8 -65.2 -23.7 226,7 91.2: 11. o! 175.3 -53.4 30.9: 20.9 -32.4 14.8 L7 35.4! 89.6: 34.8< -22.2, 11.6! 101.6: 49.2 -26.0; -75.7 -37.3' -1S.31 -46.5 -40.3! 75.8^ -7.5i 19.0; -5.8; -46.1; -8.2, -16.9| -37.3, 28.4. 26.0 247.0 —55.7! -9.8: -49.7 43.2 21.7: 300.0 257.3 85.7 56.7! -49.6 10.0 28.4! 25.5 25.0; 22,4 116.0! 47.7 1914 1909 ■21,850,606 20,946,335| 346,014 2,453,620 697,459 685,012 797,9S9 276,355 976,527 973.1451 1,157; 841: 1,143,048 741,6111 1,418,084, 163,110: 1,074,560 1,415,692 251,36S1 656,310: 160,015! 876,897! 4,475,S94j 407,334 2,234,459, 576,745 1,208,874 1,466,867; 253,514 428,059 584,289 1,144.167 1,455,111 609,926 1, S97,564 246,622 1,254,603 1,113,930 311,871 865,995 192,251 613,199 4,982,226 475,903| 1,848,818] 575,806 853,747: 1,190,327 293,607 428,333] 578,696! 1,108,191 1,288,2271 909,604 1,665,654 2:30,276! 1,226,372: 1,398,S78| 436,535 757,074: 19S,739j 845,466 4,636,082! Per cent of increase.' 1909-i 1914- 1909- 1919 i 1919 1914 -l.o; -5.1 4.3 -27.3 i 32.7 21. r -19.8 -33.0! -5.9 128.0 68.2 4.5 -11.3 -18.5 —14.9 -29.2 -12.4 1.2 -42.4 -13.3 -19. 5 3.7 -3.5 -15.1 9.8 20. 9 -43.3 —45. 6 9.0 12S. 1 66. 6 1.2 -21.15 21.6 -25.3 —33.9 -14. 4 27.1 -19. 4 -24.2 -16.8 43.0 -10.2 -14.4 20.9 0.2 41.6 23.2 -13.7 -0.1 L(» 3. 2 13] 2 -32.9 13.9 7.1 2.3 -20.4 -28. 6 14.4 -3.3 -27.5 7.5 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. Weekly periodicals, number and circulation, by char- acter of publication.—Table 30 shows the number and circulation per issue of weekly periodicals, by char- acter of publication, with per cent each class is of the total, 1919, 1914, and 1909. The circulation of reli- gious weeklies led in 1914, but "General literature" took the lead in 1919. The decline in number of reli- gious weeklies may be due to a change to less frequent issue—as quarterlies—and it is probable also that some religious publications classified as weeklies were included with books and pamphlets in 1919. Table 30.—WEEKLY PERIODICALS- -NUMBER AND CIRCULATION PER ISSUE, BY CHARACTER OF PUBLICATION: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CHARACTER. Total. Agrioulture, horticulture, dairying, stock raising, etc. College and school - Commerce, finance, insurance, railroads, etc Education and history - Fraternal General literature Labor.. Law - Medicine and surgery Reform and social science Religion Science and mechanics Society, art, music, fashion, etc Trade Miscellaneous.... . 1919 AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. 1914 1909 i 1.230 1,379 1,194; i 76! SI! 92 | j 131 i S3 65! 66 1 84 84! 24 i 18 | 14 1 ! S3 31: 69 1 ! i 77 1 56; 52 i 87 > 84 | ! 25 . 22! 19! i 13: s: 7 i i 16 42 (J) i 330; 524 , 483 3S 20: 23 j 57 i 55 1 49 1 195; 227 I 195 | 12 39 I 42 1919 31,161,570; 1914 28,486,357 1909 19,876,630 3,713,502: 157,888' 268,121 j 1,112,240! 549,667 , 12,853,816 j 557,901 i 25,944 1 381,921 672,299 7,6S9,S70! 420,092 1,776,911 i 893,425 I 87,973 j 4,00S,547 94,249 2S3,925 i 1,043,466 275,100 7,701,592! 355,900; 54,565! 119,457 286,081 , 12,116,666! 275,157 i 555,543 i 1,104,976 211,103; 2,351,368 72,460 340,819 397,962 454.931.) 5,799,136 (*> 47,843 105,811 (3> 8,54-1,673 '289 .478 269,945 1,041,735 160,470 TER CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.9 14.1 11.8 i 0.5 0.3 0. 4 0.9 , 1.0 1.7 3.6 3.7 2.0 1 1.8 1.0 2.3 41. 2 27.0 29, 2 1.8 1.2 1 C1) 0.1 0. 2 0.2 1.2 o.4; 0.5 2, 2 1.0 C3) 1 24.7 ■ 42.5 43.0 1.3 1.0! L5 ! 5.7 , 2.0 1.4 i 2.9 3.9 5.2 1 0.3 0.7 0.8 1 Includes a number of publications devoted to news comments and literary review. *1noluded in •'Fraternal." * Included in other classifications, principally "General literature.' Weekly newspapers and periodicals in foreign lan- guages.—Table 31 shows the combined circulation of weekly newspapers and periodicals, not including Sunday publications, published in the principal foreign languages, with per cent of increase and per cent of total circulation, 1919, 1914, and 1909. 590 MANUFACTURES. Table 31.—Weekly Newspapers and Periodicals in Foreign Languages—Average Combined Circulation, by Principal Languages: 1919, 1914, and 1909. PER CENT OF INCREASE.* PER CENT OP TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 United States.. ;3,303,230 4,239,426'3,543, S9Sj 1909- 1919 1914 1919 -6. Sl-22.1 Bohemian i 37,899i 75,874! 67,950 Croatian !61,100! 44,000j 7,000 j Danish 62,196; 53,526: 65,950; Dutch 1 34,950 51,800, 42,850 1-18. 4| Finnish 30,075, 15,860! 30,950! ~ -44.2 - 50.1 772.9, 38.91 -5.7 French 34,692' 75,157 66,2S3 German 939,574; 1,438, S8S 1,60S, 369| Hungarian 40,575', 30,715! 11,275) Italian 212,300 271,276! 219,475 Lithuanian 48,305! 93,265 , 30,100; Norwegian 133,009 Polish 346,565 Portuguese 15,700 Slovenian ;32,300 Spanish 70,173 Swedish !370,577 Yiddish 427,230 All other a ;406,010 173,2001 383,722 19,100; 3,185! 173,974! 727,927 157,500; 450,457' 207,676 288,820 14,050! 11,0351 82,23sj 449,944, 91,1601 188,776! -47.7 -43.7 259.9 -3.3 60.5 -36.0 20.0 11.7 192.7 -14.7 -17.0 368.7| 115.1 16.2 -32.5 89.6 -53.8 -34.7 32.1 -21.7 -48.2 -23.2 -9.7 -17.8 914.1 -59.7 -49.1 171.3 1909- 1914 1919 19.61:100.01 11.7! 52&6|l -18. 20.9! 13.4 -13.8 172.4 23.6 209.8 -16.6 32.9 35.9 -71.1 11L6I 61.8 72. mej 1.1 1.8 1.9 1.1 0.9 1.1 28.4 1.2 6.4 1.5 4.0 10.5 0.5 1.0 2.1 11.2 12.9 12.3 1.8 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.4 1, 33.9! 0.7 6.4 2.2! 4.1 9.1 0.51 0.l| 1.9 0.2 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.9 47.1 0.3 6.2 0.8 5.9 8.1 0.4 0.3 4.1! 2-3 17.2 12.7 3.7 2.6 10.6j 5.3 STATE. NUMBER. 1 AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. Per cent of increase.1 1919 S3 1909 1919 1914 1909 1909- 1919 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 United States. 659 868 8-75' 3,303,230 4,239,420 3,543,898 -6.8 -22.1 19.6 California 35 31 30 ~48,870 59,3(XT ~~36,178" 35.1 -17.6 63.9 Colorado 12 17 14 15,983 52,175 54,385 -70.6 -69.4 -4.1 13 11 10 23,320 27,691 21,750 7.2 -15.8 27.3 74 93 95 602,498 981,137 559,617 7.7 -38.6 75.3 4 6 9 8,100 47,255 10,750 -24.7 -82.9 339.6 21 35 42 44,941 105,850 108,583 -58.6 -57.6 -2.5 6 13 11 11,275 19,255 18,667 -39.3 -41.4 3.7 Louisiana 8 11 7 4,647 10,061 22,000 -78.9 -53.8 -54.3 3 6 9 5,900 6,430 20,336 -71.0 -8.2 -ea 4 Massachusetts 27 35 29 106,774 133,742 94,106 13.5 -20.2 42.1 Michigan 18 32 30 60,159 78,205 72,957 -17.5 -23.1 7.2 Minnesota... 35 45 43 266,769 349,430 357,589 -25.4 -23.7 -2.3 Missouri 16 24 26 63,235 205,922 111,218 -43.1 -69.3 85.2 Nebraska 17 33 34 332,027 236,471 374,112 -11.2 40.4 -36.8 New Jersey 20 30 32 21,595 60,232 61,407 -64-8 -64.1 -1.9 New Mexico 15 18 19 16,640 21,405 26,015 -36.0 -22.3 -17.7 92 103 94 692,267 624,127 417,494 65.8 10.9 49.5 North Dakota 7 16 10 20,626 33,773 22,490 -8.3 -38.9 50.2 Ohio 44 62 69 169,417 327,352 369,814 -54.2 -48.2 -11.5 Oregon 7 9 5 45,695 49,182 32,900 38.9 -7.1 49.5 Pennsylvania 69 79 69 398,689 368,862 186,239 114.1 8.1 98.1 5 4 3 8,600 19,900 5,400 59.3 -56.8 268.5 South Dakota 5 7 12 30,224 31,208 32,200 -6.1 -3.2 -3.1 Texas 20 40 41 69,950 93,195 77,321 -9.5 -24.9 20.5 Utah 7 8 4 9,000 9,400 4,900 83.7 -4.3 91.8 Washington 12 21 16 21,850 33,160 24,625 -11.3 -34.1 34.7 Wisconsin 44 53 73 190,369 211,312 368,819 -46.9 -9.9 -41.1 All other statesa... 17 26 39 113,810 43,394 62,126 -77.8 -68.2 -30.2 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1914 1909 100.01 Of the 27 states shown in the table, only 3— Nebraska, New York, and Pennsylvania—show in- creased circulation from 1914 to 1919. Publications other than daily, Sunday, and weekly.— Table 33 gives the number of publications, by periods of issue, other than daily, Sunday, and weekly, by geographic divisions and states, for 1919 and 1914. Table 33.—Semiweekly, Triweekly, Monthly, Quarterly, and All Other Publications Except Daily, Sunday, and Weekly—Number, by Geographic Divisions and States: 1919 and 1914. NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED— 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Includes, in 1919, Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czecho- slovak, Esthonianj Flemish, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Lettish, Magyar. Russian, Kuthenian, Scandinavian, Serbian, Slovak, Ukranian, Welsh, Wendisn, Norwe- gian-and-Danish, Russian-and-Slovak, Spanish-and-Yiddish, Turkish-and-Axme- nian, English-and-Greek, English-and-Japanese, English-and-Latin, English-and- Russian-and-Slovak and English-and-Slovak. Weekly newspapers and periodicals in foreign lan- guages, by states.—Table 32 shows the.number and combined circulation of newspapers and periodicals in foreign languages, by leading states, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 32.—Weekly Newspapers and Periodicals in Foreign Languages—Number and Circulation, by Leading States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. * Includes, in 1919/ Arizona. 2; Arkansas, 1; Delaware, 1; District of Columbia, 1; Florida, 1; Kentucky, 1; Maine, 1; New Hampshire, 2; Oklahoma, 2; 1; Vermont, 2; Virginia, 2. Tennessee, DIVISION AND STATE. Semi- weekly. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire.. Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. East North Central. Ohio TndiATm Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota... South Dakota... Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic Delaware Maryland District of Columbia! Virginia West Virginia... North Carolina.. South Carolina.. Florida East South Central.. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi.. West South Central. Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain. .. Montana. Idaho Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico., Arizona Utah Nevada. .* Pacific Washington. Oregon...... California.... 1919! 452 61 1914 583 43 42 56 25 Tri- weekly. 1919 93 16 1914 84 10 2,647 Monthly. 1919 2,822 165 6 5 4 119 22 615 26 191 684 179 68 305 72 60 320 63 58 113 10 11 43 22 180 4 25 45 23 8 17 15 34 9 77 20 48 116 14 24 14 64 72 10 2 2 30 3 1914 201 37 32 132 173 13 5 7 118 11 19 919 622 33 264 697 183 62 312 84 56 313 65 53 110 10 8 37 30 177 9 16 34 31 9 18 8 46 28 50 7 13 119 10 24 20 65 85 11 5 4 35 8 3 19 241 53 22 166 Quarterly. 1919! 1914 489 36 500 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 591 Triweeklies and semiweeklies.—Table 34 gives the combined average circulation of the triweeklies and semiweeklies, by leading states, with per cent of total, 1919,1914, and 1909. There was a decrease of 520,673, or 17.2 per cent, in the total combined circulation in 1919, as compared with 1914. Missouri was first in the combined circulation in 1919, New York second, and Texas third. Table 34.—Triweeklies and Semiweeklies—Average Com- bined Circulation per Issue, by Leading States: 1919,1914, and 1909. 1919 United States j 2,512,451 California j 36,622 Illinois I 134,596 Indiana I 22,571 Iowa i 121,991 Kentucky. 37,810 Massachusetts i 17,485 Michigan i 25,004 Minnesota 134,647 Missouri i 404,235 Nebraska I 34,246 New York i 378,217 North Carolina !65,165 Ohio I 94,711 Oregon 1 23,400 Pennsylvania i 72,533 South Carolina I 24,665 Texas , 275,176 Washington I 32,940 Wisconsin 67,221 All other states 509,216 1914 1909 3,033,124 39,209 10-1,369 40,176 134,263 58, 584 26,550 45,883 117,374 108,323 38,219 364,733 79,341 185,140 30,009 337,806 29,250 221,852 46,038 130,414 S95,588 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 2,648,308! 100.0 100.0 100.0 44,856 j 138,165 J 51,978 i 156,926 j 61,248 j 23,225 82,640 I 37,062 !, 353,481 j 31,0.85! 250,403 j. 55,891 131,806 26,725 243,089! 44,622! 26-5,816 | 59,937 42,708 1 546, 645 1.5 1.3 1.7 5.3 3.4 5.2 0.9 1.3 2.0 4.9 4.4 5.9 1.5 1.9 2.3 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.5 3.1 5.4 3.9 1.4 16.1 3.6 13.3 1.4; 1.3 1.2 15.0 i2.o; 9.5 2.6 2.6 2.1 3.8 6.1 5.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 2.9: 11.1 9.2 1.0 1.0 1.7 10.9 7.3 10.0 1.3 1.5 2.3 2.7 4.3 1.6 20.3 29.5 20.6 I Monthly publications.—Table 35 shows the average circulation per issue of the monthly publications, by leading states, with per cent of total, 1919, 1914, and 1909. There was an increase of 12,490,969, or 15.S per cent, in the total circulation of the monthly- publications during the five-year period 1914-1919. The circulation of New York publications greatly predominated, with 43.5 per cent of the total circula- tion in 1919 and 42.5 per cent in 1914. Of the 27 states for which totals are shown in the table, 18 show increases from 1914 to 1919, and 9, decreases. Quarterly publications.—Table 36 shows the average circulation per issue of the quarterly publications, by leading states, with per cent of total, 1919, 1914, and 1909. There was only a small increase in the total circulation of quarterlies from 1914 to 1919—66,643, or four-tenths of 1 per cent. Of the seven states for which the figures are presented, only two, Illinois and New York, showed a gain during the five-year period 1914-1919. The increase of circulation in Illinois was 321,760, or 8.4 per cent, and in New York 600,981. or 41.5 per cent. Table 35,—Monthly Publications—Average Circulation per Issue, by Leading States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1919 I United States | 91,651,807 Arkansas !25,900 California S76,S78 Colorado .....I 86,907 District of Columbia...: 2,900,546 Georaa... :109,603 Illinois 1 11,279,045 Indiana 2,305,409 Iowa 2', 334,376 Kansas ;1,928,635 Kentucky 94,695 Maine 3,758,300 Massachusetts 2, SS6,640 Michigan 1,464.830 Minnesota 1,416,610 Missouri 2,25S,270 Nebraska 1,404,849 NewJersev 594,493 New York 39,847,749 North Carolina 166.842 Ohio 6.082,211 Oregon 125,206 Pennsylvania 6,001,752 Tennessee 1,872,318 Texas 407,384 Virginia 178,559 W ashineton 106,938 Wisconsin 411,039 All other states 755,823 1914 1909 79,190,838 , 63,280,535 100,700 1,122,367 168,932 1,037,184 276,066 10,242,371 1,965,086 2,256,097 1,584,540 159,229 4,059,797 2,153,439 1,428,889 1,122,249 1,755,852 1'. 354,598 '543,247 33,648,962 104,510 5,501,906 "108,850 6,046.975 875;6SS 375,035 232,195 256', 479 267,130 442,465 136,750 619,900 230,308 518,784 386,337 9,492,099 976,962 1.490,861 '932,2SS 136,995 3,960,766 2,789,665 927,601 824,9-55 2,265,275 684,513 156,862 25,635,615 40,265 2.685,470 219,351 ! 6,107,571 517,643 1 256,700 ; 183.605 i 161,624 j 468,088 ! 473,6-82 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. 1909 1919 1914 100.0 100.0 ! 100.0 0) 1.0 0.1 3.2 0.1 12.3 2.5 2.5 2.1 , 0.1 4.1 i 3.2 1.6 1.5! 2.5 1.5 0.6 43.5 0.2 6.6 0.1 6.5 2.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.1 1.4 0.2 1.3 0,4 12.9 2.5 2.9 2.0 0.2 5,1 2.7 1.8 1,4 2.2 1.7 0.7 42.5 0.1 7.0 0.1 7.6 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.6 15.0 1.5 2.4 L5 0.2 6.3 4.4 1.5 1.3 3.6 1.1 0.2 40.5 0.1 4.2 0.3 9.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 36.—Quarterly Publications—Average Circulation per Issue, by Leading States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. ; PEE GENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 ! 1919 | 1914 ; 1909 United States.. IS, 920,544 : IS, 853,901 j 16,058,099 j 100.0 j 100.0 I 100.0 Illinois Massachusetts . Missouri ..."— New York Ohio Pennsylvania. . Tennessee All other states 4,150. 1.0-56, 303, 2,048, 2, 697, 3,291, 4,495, 366 934 090 000 S32 478 400 444 3.828,606 | 1,361,407 414,245! 1.447.019 j 2;874,057 3'. 838,673 I 4,497,800! 591,434 00S 1 844 | 504 i 2S9 j 134 933! 100 I 21.9 5.6 1.6 10. 8 14.3 17.4 23. 8 4.6 2a 3' 12.3 1.3 15,2 14.2 21.9 22. 7 592 MANUFACTURES. All other publications.—Table 37 shows, for the semimonthly and other issues not specifically covered by the several tables, the average circulation per issue, by leading states, with the per cent of total, 1919, 1914, and 1909. In this class of publications, New York led in 1919, with Missouri second, and Ohio third. Table 37.—All Other Publications—Average Circulation per Issue, by Leading States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1914 United States j 5,007,517 Illinois '231,002 Iowa ;196,250 Massachusetts I 41,931 Minnesota 102,322 Missouri 526,098 New York 931,143 Ohio I 357,948 Pennsylvania \ 185,142 Texas ;83,400 Virginia !87,545 All other states j 2,324,738 8,922,684 453,821 209,830 046,900 259,690 713,906 3,319,141 720,244 448,317 37,226 5,031 2,108,578 1909 4,093,874 276,335 110,010 622,223 311,170 2S0,796 662,819 545,279 82,134 58,251 6,950 L137,877 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.6 5.1 6.7 3.9 2.4 2.7 0.8 7.3 15.2 2.0 2.9 7.6 10.4 8.0 6.9 18.4 37.2 16.2 7.1 8.1 13.3 3.7 5.0 2.0 1.6 0.4 1.4 1.7 0.1 0.2 45.9 23.6 27.8 Foreign-language publications other than dailies and weeklies.—Table 38 shows the average com- bined circulation per issue of all foreign-language publications other than daily and weekly newspa- pers and periodicals (see Tables 25 and 32), by lead- ing states, with per cent of increase, 1919, 1914, and 1909. The increase in the number of these publications for the United States was 44, or 11.7 per cent, and for circulation, 789,691, or 21.9 per cent. Table 38.—Triweekly and Semiweekly Newspapers and Periodicals, and Monthly, Quarterly, and "All Other" Periodicals in Foreign Languages—by Leading States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. United States... 420 California I 14 Illinois 73 Indiana , 10 Iowa 17 Massachusetts ■ 21 Michigan '15 Minnesota 1 29 Missouri !20 Nebraska !8 New York i 77 Ohio I 36 Pennsylvania !29 Wisconsin i 18 All other states...' 53 327 4,399,426 AVERAGE COMBINED CIRCULATION PER ISSUE. 1919 1914 ! 1909 3,609,735 101,862 668,771 461,300 159,252 168,608 49,800 180,299 372,200 163,959 1,287,202 209,365 265,060 154,413 157,335 57,300 448,462 92,958 122,144 438,523 46,509 156,502 338,737 332,338 487,045 281,872 420,664 213,768 173,013 2,773,610 25,750 421,826 78,934 152,049 264,732 40,150 158,695 281,876 81,625 527,186 317,461 89,935 209,065 124,326 PER CENT OF INCREASE.! 1909- 1914- 1909- 1919 1919 j 1914 58.6 295.6 58.5 484.4 4.7 -36.3 24.0 13.6 32.0 100.9 144.2 -34.1 194.7 -26.1 26.6 21.9 30.1 77.8 49.1 396.2 30.4 -61.6 7.1 15.2 9.9 | -50.7! 164.3! -25.7 ;■ [-37.0 I -27.8! -9.1 j 122.5 6.3 .17.8 -19.7 65.6 15.8 -1.4 20.2 307.2 -7.15 -11.2 367.6 2.2 39.2 1A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. GENERAL TABLES. Table 39 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the six branches of the printing and publishing industry combined in selected states. In some states one or more branches of the industry have been omitted from the combination to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Table 40 pre- sents, for 1919, the various totals for the United States, and by states, for each of the six branches of the industry, so far as they can be shown without the disclosure of individual operations. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 593 Table 39.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1 Cost of Wages. | materi- 1 als. ! STATE. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average num- ber). Pri- mary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. 1 Value of prod- ucts. United States... 1919 1914 1909 32,476 33,471 31,445 287,278 272,092 258,434 362,123 329,210 297,763 $331,519 195,510 164,628 $571,510 257,848 201,775 $1,699,789! 901,535! 737, 876 Alabama 1919 237 1,253 1,637 1,403 2,379 7,286 1914 288 1,346 2,804 858 1,017 4,121 1909 274 1,117 1,092 650 666 2,768 Arizona 1919 84 512 512 541 475 2,087! 1914 74 335 273 303 178 997 | 1909 64 268 221 232 168 784 Arkansas 1919 294 1,102 1,367 1,081 1,447 4,747! 1914 307 892 1,032 570 647 2,342 1909 295 981 846 538 536 2,082 California 1919 1,504 10, 047 14, 696 12,059 20,340 61, 815 1914 1,543 8, 759 14,053 7,772 9, 709 34,775 1909 1,240 7,556 7,674 6,432 6,327 25,032 1919 464 2,306 2,512 2,684 4,164 12,613 1914 475 2,173 2,413 1,744 1,977 7,027 1909 439 2,366 2,045 1,823 1,806 6,962 1919 412 3,021 4,150 3,244 4,540 14.036 j 1914 364 2,838 3,618 1, 932 2,195 7,713 1909 363 2,878 3,425 1, 737 1,769 6,370 • 1919 56 370 457 399 417 1,433 i 1914 54 360 420 198 211 676; 1909 48 288 305 129 138 480: District of Columbia 1919 186 2,154 2,746 2,690 4,548 16,859! 1914 156 1,671 2,065 1,239 1,648 6,242; 1909 156 1,565 1,703 1,101 1,095 4,900 , Florida 1919 237 1,172 1,523 1, 258 1,708 5,618 1914 235 1,220 1,325 898 803 3,017 i 1909 174 905 794 529 434 1,866; Georgia 1919 418 2,844 3,273 2,711 5,222 14,130! 1914 441 2,476 2,985 1,696 1,972 7,576! 1909 442 2,395 2,008 1,344 1,588 6,100 ji 1919 159 438 653 600 633 2,175 i! 1914 173 487 539 371 306 1,343 li 1909 132 468 388 373 243 1,148 i: Illinois 1919 2,647 36,537 40,987 43,830 79,308 219,331'! 1914 2, 722 32,838 33,503 24,048 33,278 112,833 i 1909 2,608 28,644 26, 975 18,437 24,680 87,247!; Indiana 1919 865 6,772 9,557 6,741 10,109 30,612 j; 1914 922 6,140 7,978 3,994 5,019 17,117! 1909 892 6,756 17,868 3,522 4,025 14,356 j Iowa 1919 997 4,808 7,023 5,134 7,851 26.806 i 1914 1,076 4,948 6,545 3,336 4,130 15; 934 j! 1909 1, 110 4,853 5,527 2,591 3,287 12,129 |i 1919 738 3,043 7,57S 2,818 5,021 12,717!'' 1914 772 2,818 3, 722 1,547 2,351 6,991 1909 798 3,232 4,868 1,650 2,290 7,009 \ Kentucky 1919 373 2,850 3,674 2,686 3,614 11,735;! 1914 414 3,02S 3,025 1,968 1,965 6,984 1909 431 3,135 2,945 1,690 1,645 6,454 j 1919 270 1,581 2,065 1,407 3,081 8,110 1 1914 290 1,405 1,619 985 1,062 4,317 li 1909 268 1,544 1,494 1,061 i; 013 3,823 ■; Maine 1919 175 1,599 1,943 1,293 2,401 5,932 |! 1914 204 1,772 1,760 955 1,210 3,717 j! 1909 195 1,651 1,565 779 1,102 3,438 i Maryland 1919 385 4,391 5,540 4,937 9,115 23,835 !i 1914 368 4,173 7,013 2,652 3,715 11,263 1909 371 3,386 3,694 1,965 2, 46-1 8,360; Massachusetts 1919 1,327 18,247 21,129 20,805 34,906 104,551 | 1914 1,344 IS, 170 20,295 13,266 16,818 56,195 . 1909 1,279 17,532 47,629 11,684 12,8S1 47,445 | Michigan 1919 1,045 7,SS0 11,587 9,590 15,536 46,829! 1914 1,113 8,166 13,033 5,602 7,498 24,953 1909 1,045 7,219 7,651 4,000 4,934 17,348 1019 1,003 6,319 7,680 6,778 10,353 33,4S0 1914 994 6,134 7,101 4,259 5,560 20,187 1909 950 5,641 5,765 3,507 4,096 15,982 1919 193 595 698 514 551 2,009 1914 219 663 643 371 314 1,267 1909 225 736 496 387 300 1,308 Missouri 1919 1,310 11,465 14,135 11,955 23,132 61,250 1914 1,353 10,571 14,330 7,391 9,571 33,173 1909 1,322 10,790 10,472 6,610 8,627 29,651 Montana. Nebraska. New Hampshire. New Jersey New York. North Carolina.. North Dakota. Ohio Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee.. Texas.. Utah Vermont.. Virginia Washington... Wrest Virginia.. Wisconsin. Wyoming.. All otheri. I Cost of materi- als. : Value of 1 prod- ■ ucts. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average Pri- mary horse- Wages. Cen- sus year. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 247 238 135 1,011 1,489 908 679 SI, 344 $1,327 700 403 ; ?4,763 ; 2,795 900 691 929 685 ! 2,111 1919 1914 1909 694 692 674 2,531 2,413 2,329 4,075 3,203 2,552 2,750 1,652 1, 397 4,948 2,244 1, 711 | 15,322 1 7,836 '6,667 1919 1914 1909 128 136 143 797 709 677 863 826 1,865 893 450 356 734 364 259 i 2,455 ! 1,449 j 1,131 1919 1914 1909 772 732 634 5,356 5,433 5,451 6,280 7,124 5,636 6,283 4,036 3,624 8,651 4,251 3, 472 ■ 24,218 ! V,Q$3 i 12,333 1919 1914 1909^ 4,831 67,491 64,020 63,120 73,421 66,802 53,973 85,357 152, 528 6\ 915 56,494 ! 478, S98 1 257,269 216, 946 4,806 4,426 49,008 43,559 1919 1914 1909 319 329 322 1,60S 1,540 1,376 1,991 1,684 1,119 1,814 877 661 2,033 803 645 6,404 ! 3,232 2,497 ! 1919 1 1914 1909 318 351 330 6S0 752 7SS 1,278 1, 212 948 7S1 547 851 455 440 3.2 5 2,220 1, 910 533 1 1,307 4,536 2.057 1,405 13,162 7,070 5,370 1919 1914 1909 569 638 503 2,453 2,341 2,624 3,710 3,103 2,232 3,60S 2; 092 . 2,140 4,553 2,435 2,224 17,349 9,824 9.286 1919 1914 1909 222 239 235 1,339 1.1S8 1 1,255 1,947 1,835 1,560 1,395 1,582 635 541 4,837 2,376 1,992 ■703 634 1919 1914 1909 842 829 833 5,838 . 7,442 6,527 5,293 5,932 3,473 2,913 9,090 4,847 3,386 26,467 14,455 11,861 5,653 5,360 1919 1914 1909 92 81 60 234 183 162 1,055 329 157 141 272 101 1,227 546 490 235 138 90 1919 1914 1909 176 174 147 947 546 463 1,126 572 1,444 977 419 1,254 262 233 3,668 1,310 1,109 367 1 Includes one or more branches of the industry, omitted from certain states, to avoid disclosure of operations of Individual establishments. 111367—23 38 594 MANUFACTURES. Table 40.—DETAILED STATEMENT, THE PRINTING Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male Fe- male) Capital. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, BOOK AND JOB. United States... Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California.. Colorado.. Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho... Illinois.. Indiana. Iowa Kansas.. Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri— Montana... Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. » South Carolina. South Dakota.. 13,089 Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia.. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming 76 15 47 661 120 255 23 102 77 152 23 1,240 278 207 143 108 109 97 210 768 436 277 37 460 22 133 5 63 421 7 2,536 104 17 871 97 122 1,289 105 48 21 140 308 51 53 174 232 71 261 11 171,199 702 129 494 5,535 1,294 2,232 135 1,278 495 1,582 109 28,861 4,005 1,775 977 1,520 1,129 557 3,003 11,102 5,216 4,412 255 7,910 253 1,290 36 459 3,132 43 37,626 885 149 11,213 784 14,198 1,351 400 150 2,242 3,254 544 427 2,185 1,486 536 2,917 42 12,185 57 16 51 708 111 249 25 108 68 163 25 .,021 260 199 168 91 96 188 705 413 259 35 118 4 63 427 7 2,248 91 17 709 120 1,384 110 53 13 124 324 50 55 154 223 15 10,571 5 35 320 63 138 14 76 38 7 ,540 233 160 58 112 44 190 301 16 508 25 102 5 ; 16 172 4 2,390 90 12 81 766 78 23 11 128 184 36 23 145 120 33 257 1 12,916 47 5 49 363 117 1 32 41 129 5 2,290 212 27 55 74 83 11 211 890 318 355 10 741 21 53 6 85 1 3,427 27 10 597 78 64 804 47 33 15 633 338 65 5 99 166 29 162 2 12,522 29 326 51 162 6 28 17 84 5 2,371 259 145 72 73 48 26 171 1,275 435 11 404 15 63 13 109 1 3,465 45 7 707 47 58 783 172 12 16 150 20 15 92 72 27 150 123,005 502 95 330 3,818 952 1,600 89 1,034 331 1,110 67 21,639 3,041 1,244 624 1,195 795 380 2,243 7,634 3,717 3,062 183 5,866 182 954 27 361 2,339 30 26,096 632 103 8,505 605 567 10,461 944 279 95 1,277 2,258 373 329 1,695 90(3 387 2,125 24 De 133,741 De Ja3 No De De De SO 3 De De De 536 98 379 4,166 1.023 1,705 93 1,175 375 1,207 De 73 De 23,474 Oc» 3,176 De 1,402 De 668 De De De De De De De No De De De Oc De De De Oc: De De De 1,340 855 415 2,411 8,217 4,017 3,299 195 6,401 188 1,072 30 411 2,668 35 28,582 655 115 9,346 526 De 618 De 11,148 De 1,— De De No Oc Oc Do No 290 111 1,380 2,434 487 343 1,746 De 1,039 No 402 De 2,492 Se 20 Ja 119,117 Ja Jy Ja Ja Ja Je Ja Je Fe Ja> Ap Ja Ja Ap My Mh Fe Aps Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Fe Ja Fe« Ja Ap Oc Ap Ja Ja Ja Mh Fe Ja Ja8 Jy Ja Ja Jy My Fe Se Ja Ja Ja* 450 90 293 1,560 1,529 85 968 312 1,048 63 20,284 2,778 1,170 598 945 760 370 2,183 7,141 3,535 2,911 175 6,510 177 877 25 338 2,196 27 21,154 616 94 7,837 481 549 9,977 1,169 2,129 346 320 1,603 749 366 1,858 23 134,379 535 94 353 4,151 1,032 1,720 94 1,2-53 365 1,210 78 23,775 3,197 1,428 663 1,343 853 418 2,367 8,261 3,986 3,266 194 6,406 189 1,068 28 411 2,671 28,617 663 114 9,364 617 607 11,303 1,108 293 110 1,384 2,428 . 403 346 1,754 1,017 398 2,491 24 97,732 33,433 386 77 239 3,035 767 1,211 51 942 266 815 62 17,386 2,075 902 440 872 668 280 1,843 5,866 2,726 2,153 144 4,254 149 755 24 277 2,035 19 23,059 493 85 6,466 379 471 7,928 705 220 85 979 1,814 311 233 1,081 74S 255 1,688 13 2,401 147 16 108 1,047 238 423 39 302 94 361 13 5,518 933 484 218 453 163 127 479 2,125 1,208 1,084 46 2,006 40 310 4 134 570 10 5,270 156 23 2,829 134 128 2,974 363 65 21 391 585 76 108 i 546 j 240 j 93 I 722! 9; 1 6 60 26 65 4 8 3 31 3 514 101 27 4 12 22 8 38 220 47 27 4 121 58 347 30 10 25 15 5 101 22 41 55 2 813 357 25 Dollars. 405,554,984 | 1,288,246 225,502 1,205,735 13,287,543 2,383,417 4,860,850 330,776 3,169,845 1,205,977 3,246,420 281,211 70,260,836 7,979,717 3,971,693 2,194,319 3,027,428 2,194,791 971,624 6,890,651 31,978,693 11,366,835 11,725,692 458,142 15,117,837 794,187 3,977,421 69,481 662,620 9,908,576 73,679 91,065,831 ] 1,550,129 435,538! 25,482,824 1,348,566 2,090,450 36,7e0,672 2,442,825 712,858 363,827 3,639;-42S 7,370,359 786,166 793,932 5,590,917 3,105,521 998,009! 5,827,907 1 109,421' PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, MUSIC. United States... California.* Illinois.. Indiana Massachusetts Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states 160 j 2,622 241 7 325 71 1,637 84 197 52 107 22 1 17 6 116 12 16 843 24 75 18 674 34 16 2 575 66 356 15 6 111 3 142 12 457 14 128 27 De 956 Ja 840 Oc 5 126 146 20 De 490 Jy 16 Oc 139 Ja Ja Se Mh Ja Jy 135 2 411 12 119 952 5 124 3 142 17 490 11 133 27 744 116 8 408 114 19 200 8,006,122 6,896 077,430 5,060 1,190,277 488,244 4,642,297 423,634 431,942 140,342 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (Irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). * Same number reported for one or more other months. ♦ PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 595 AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. Rent of I factory. Taxes, j Federal,; state,; county,; and local. Value of products. Value jj added by jj manufac- |i ture. !j Owned. Principal materials. j F uel and i rent of ! power. Total Steam tur- bines. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion P°v": Wa- ter Rent- ed.2 jgines.i er.i; ! Elee- | trie j : horse-;' power; gener- ated; in; estab- ; lish- I ments re- i port- ing. | PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, BOOK AND JOB. Dollars. | Dollars. 135,072,491 30,648,149 Dollars. Dollars. 141,476,243 32,243,3a3 Dollars. 11,689,552 Dollars. Dollars. I Dollars. 1 Dollars, j Dollars. 18,163,494 ,206,081,695 ;4,985,479 597,663,228 386,596,054 131,961 113,337 | 528 13,095 75 !114,926 j 9,396 ! 1 176,938 10,992: 100,0.52 850,510 213,752 334,725 33,288 I 252,806 88,058 239,881! 12,991! 6,124,489 651,554 378.306 151,1S4 266,268 286,813 83,481 702,699 2,061,109 1,146, S66 829,001 36,159 1,737,349 63,470 302,960 13,617 53,004 5S4.305 6,330 9,153,281 201,433 31,709 2,128,365 222,363 247,676 2,387,955 254,235 56,052 31,223 399,810 594,840 87,197 47,507 400,151 310.017 73,903 619,927 1,800 71,056 13,247 85,670 829,882 181,497 247,826 7,136 70,937 61,321 ! 204,013 i 11,309 i 6,236,738 461,040 279,907 149,441 185,543 128,951 33,079 439,667 2,649,370 990,327 844,441 18,064 1,439,194 34,575 138,556 21,~23i" 217,456 1,560 8,551,325 68,199 18,450 1,360,392 346,041 481,819 114,508 316,670 4,387,233 1,117,478 1,674,471 86,824 1,182,500 342,110 1,099,436 81,256 27,380,468 2,790,208 1,176,739 595,826 1,054,293 721,079 344,755 2,492,302 8,245,099 4,6S1,124 3,088,185 172,5S7 6,235,986 223,458 1,054,291 39,342 339,958 2,622,432 30,578 ;34,246,976 572,118 106,814 9,097,772 593,569 146,484 I 724,532 1,943,981 111,160,613 122,905 898,894 49,705 255,703 22,515! 119,073 I 395,017 j 1,250,758 662,754 I 2,305,201 85,294 I 382,184 14,916' 258.402 171,320 1 1,617,355 252,014 ! 1,192,789 59,171 | 484 , 830 332,252 2,380 2,026,103 29,539 19,470 8,"35l" 586,228 88,510 182,683 23,526 47,642 17,054 30,319 15 5,527,964 360,204 35,909 46,483 54,597 83,001 17,827 521,391 3,735,861 562,319 480,288 14,103 694,285 373 199,188 960 1,994 116,313 100 14,997,237 31,615 6, Sll 1,007,485 35,964 23,952 1,355,029 25,375 3,001 1,908 76,611 288,823 13,960 5, SI 7 684,835 120,771 8,491 98. (K'O 2,570 44,894 10,962 26,102 426,277 100,113 102,766 7,317 64,222 32,304 89,462 11,625 1,965,897 174,074 114,813 62,196 51,164 67,400 26,341 13S,575 674,254 372,228 263,6S4 11,409 434,756 17,186 99,123 2,895 19,0S4 171,834 2,636 21,054 4,499 34,086 228, &34 77,495 82,448 3,876 127,041 50,114 43,493 7,690 1,424,260 136,939 3S,6SS 51,112 78,163 45,468 10,804 240,430 598,515 253,518 214,192 6,311 531,313 20,892 45,567 2,225 18,287 153,755 1,150 3,494,841 11,526,385 , 41,977 | 26,103 749,899 98,409 476,550 7,663,580 1,304,864 2,140,023 127,352 1,384,580 594, .534 1,710,219 105,248 41,675,229 4,119,008 1,844,83S 992,438 1,457,356 1,097,486 405,854 3,973,485 12,606, 733 6,318,942 4,232,697 226,172 I 9,020.897 j 26S;004 i I 1,814,399 j 41,391 , 265,061 I 3,702,852! 2S',025 j 18,757 3,993 15,910 114,750 63,990 j 72,954! 5,139 i 40,990 i 13,740 , 37,398 j 3,114 I 815,520 i 102,025 i 59,022; 26,293! 44,518 j 33,9.17 17,763 i 92,072! 328,352 j 152.854 1 117,952 I 7,597 217,587 i S,564 j 51,087 1 1,282 'I 11,890 1 125,926! 1,573 i 1,994,661! 371,8*5! 1,341,816! 19,871,377! 3,985,230 | 6,246,74S i 352,607 3,974,976! 1,517,625 4,409,104 ] 321,564 i 110,886,458! 10,741,232 | 5,209,560! 2,926,415 | 4,421,926; 2,940,703 i 1,193,897 | 10,690,650 j 41,626,859! 17,675,925 j 12,994,804 j 661,719 I 25,880,461 j 849,810 I 1,226,005 269,483 849,356 12,093,047 2,616,376 4,033,771 220,116 2, 549,426 909,351 2,661,487 1,590 125 854 469 1,081 4.136 '810 442 12,030 j 657,841 j 69,821 j 76,145 S88,396 61,973 12,441 16,111 109,140 201,814! 31.963 j 14.999 I 93,462 I 3,072 571,483 i 19,839 54,6 U 1 605,967 i 90,802 29,206 10,562 128,469; 208.116 10.817; 6,701 139,568 44,310,039 jl, 117,227; 716; 310 25,250 < 204,655; 12,580 14,862,138 | 319,7S2 1 833,043 | 24,862 , 1,233.513 I 23,S5S! 16,883; 029 \ 404,461! 1,152,906 i 32,086 !> 300,652 j 8,973! 124,838 | 5,852 131,006 I 64,861 36, 104 j 18,780 <■ 145.803 I 94,279 i 5,086 | 1,274 2.079.986 i 4,736,313 507,223 i 255.433 i 2,347. 700 j 1,475,340 | 513,841 3,048,621 j 49,980! 89.807: 78.250 16.022 1 12.172 i 70,773; 35,325 | 13.051 i 87.170 j 1.446 2,920,052 1,809,300: 770,280 j 6,625,093 I 25,691,774 i ! 11,204,129 , 8,644,155! 427,950 i 16,641,977; 573,242 I 3,031,938' ! 100,488: I 754,004 i I 5,740,566; j 67,039! I: 1103,696,709 1 ! 1,321,886' 321.923 J i 24,019,764 , 1,649,544 j 3.434,383 7,419,125 j 861.004 i 553,131 j 4,609.670 540 100 770 793 11,315 !i 1,753 805 281 141 2,53-S 2,309 314 338 1,404 4,710.048! 3.199.3S3 Ij 1,041 1.434,478 | 907,586;! 378 7,970,336 j 4,834,545!; 2,943 148,765! 97,339 i| 41 1 1,378 i !7 110 i :8 846 i 9 451! 10 1,046;; ;11 111 I 12 18,393 ! 3,784 i 13 2,303 j; 486 14 1,411 j 1 15 '640; 2 16 1,166! 5 !l7 770 |.' ;is 613 i 19 1,754 j' 836 20 6,187 j; 1,555 21 3,653 j: 433 22 2,948 !i 8 23 '182 i 24 5,300 I; 150 25 1S3 | . 26 1,199 j! 6 !27 75 !i 28 331!' 29 1,825 jj 200 30 20 j! 31 25,431 l' 129 32 499 33 142 j 1 34 8,045 j 382 35 505! 2 36 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, MUSIC. 1,029,874 82,583 900 73,407 40,092 772,266 21,974 29,327 9,325 2,017,366 93,053 162,813 97,502 1,573,391 44,364 42,057 4,1S6 926, 98S 7,200 112,172 2,778 123,371 11,230 563,889 9,662 59,396 37,290 2,713,899 j 296,554 19,234 157,121 7,131 546,107 6,641 1,692,241 128,061 124,629 32,734 1.790 20,495 1,662 46,437 3,992 196.297 8.326 12,032 5,523 345,745 158 30,253 18 46.562 1,391 241,963 5,155 10,307 3,938 2,097,144 26,637 11,036! 375,920 410 | 303,183 31,765; 994,658! 61.682 1 195.047 i 123,443: 180 3.287 66 3.850 7S7 15,655 247 864 1,701 14,592,177 | 12,468,396 l| 634 jj j !12 j 60,246; 1.211,810! 17,298 , 1,70S, 990 2S5.303 j 9,Sll, 268 j 447,037 i 732,462 j 284,763! 49,030 i 832,603 j 16,822 i 1.401.957; 252,751 j 8,833,955 I 385.108 I 536,551 I 159.619 j 74 \ 2 i 147 i 10 | 288 10 36 60 10 , 147 10! 288 P 7 10 . '8 36 ij 9 50 j! 10 < Same number reportod throughout the year. » All other states embrace; Arkansas, 1 establishment; Iowa, 1; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 3; Nebraska, 1; New Jersey, 2; Texas, 2; Virginia, I; Waahington, 2. 596 MANUFACTURES. Table 40.— DETAILED STATEMENT, THE PRINTING Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. Sala- ried Clerks, etc. | Wage earners. Number, 15th day of- 16 and over. I Aver- Fe- | age male, i nmn- | ber. Maximum ! Minimum month. month. Total. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. ji Male Fe- i male! PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. United States. Alabama.. Arizona— Arkansas., California.. Colorado... Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia. Idaho— Illinois.. Indiana.. Iowa Kansas.. Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi-. Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee. Texas Utah Vermont.. Virginia... Washington... West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming 17,362 247 764 333 134 33 67 160 262 136 1,204 559 774 590 252 149 69 142 412 565 701 156 774 225 554 34 65 295 80 1,582 215 301 794 410 224 963 36 126 337 220 765 101 53 197 316 151 529 81 228,630 1,471 732 1,280 10,028 2,155 2,354 398 2,183 1,412 3,124 676 19,604 5,957 6,363 3,709 2,298 1,532 1,510 2,495 10,405 6,643 5,713 683 8,095 1,336 2,961 158 630 3,708 400 49,584 1,602 1,040 13,708 2,673 1,857 22,461 965 1,187 1,260 2,781 6,153 1,236 465 1,758 2,9S5 1,453 5,077 372 14,570 150 52 273 691 313 79 24 20 135 223 123 891 500 826 611 235 144 39 89 483 641 173 714 192 544 29 48 211 76 792 165 253 586 416 205 750 24 85 328 190 809 63 41 172 274 168 453 79 16,290 115 48 88 601 139 160 142 296 50 1,544 454 437 205 217 106 83 140 635 1,021 408 50 538 92 176 15 47 274 34 3,241 193 84 790 167 130 1,460 58 118 64 217 463 93 36 146 354 31 45,102 361 169 93 2,5S9 433 465 34 519 179 664 3,612 871 1,050 222 375 436 110 603 2,072 1,142 914 26 1,566 134 420 4 46 555 14 12,956 186 75 2,403 477 374 4,304 191 163 00 428 1,316 172 39 318 719 173 922 29 32,287 148 46 54 1,377 191 276 33 676 115 222 43 3,437 621 698 257 199 135 124 266 1,625 821 692 22 1,094 7 53 316 19 9,431 82 71 2,302 219 3,016 90 78 107 2.56 438 &3 63 158 375 74 668 23 120,381 697 417 772 4,770 1,079 1,329 281 808 841 1,719 371 10,120 3,511 3,352 2,414 1,272 711 1,154 1,397 5,885 3,176 3,058 412 4,183 829 1,522 103 436 2,352 257 23,164 976 557 7,627 1,415 12,331 602 743 671 1,690 3,127 825 286 964 1,404 952 2,680 210 De 125,967 De De No No Se 735 452 811 5,101 1,106 De 1,421 De 3 293 Se 851 942 1,810 De De De De Oc De De No De Mh De De Do No De De No No De De De De De No De De Oc De No No De No De No De De De* De No De De 414 10,395 3,599 3,764 2,513 1,325 760 1,221 1,422 6,105 3,365 3,230 429 4,417 861 1,610 107 453 2,396 264 24,338 1,018 583 8,069 1,503 999 12,697 632 782 729 1,786 3,356 836 291 1,001 1,523 975 2,795 243 Ja 115,926 Ja Ja Ja Ap Fe Ja Ja Ja JAy Ap Mh Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Au Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Ja» Je JS Ja Oe Fe Fe Ja Fe Fe Ja Fe Ja Fe Ja Ja Je Fe Fe Fe Fe Ja Fo 397 744 4,590 1,048 1,242 264 735 805 1,647 339 9,963 3,396 3,176 2,336 1,238 657 1,056 1,361 5,650 3,032 2,941 400 3,868 709 1,451 101 421 2,284 21,304 944 534 7,241 1,335 877 11,684 564 712 641 1,570 2,983 817 280 921 1,301 921 2,611 181 126,219 733 453 818 5,061 1,126 1,441 294 849 889 1,803 415 10,579 3,646 3,501 2,579 1,311 759 1,179 1,423 6,155 3,392 3,235 431 4,381 855 1,611 106 426 2,404 264 24,370 1,016 595 8,114 1,501 1,011 12,557 641 769 732 1,788 3,319 836 272 1,016 1,521 971 2.822 249 100,559 645 406 6-15 4,371 958 1,173 242 705 721 1,476 327 8,037 2,817 2,530 1,578 1,091 685 655 1,287 5,077 2,723 2,484 319 3,397 712 1,185 84 288 2,118 206 19,822 822 460 6,667 1,244 877 9,095 578 584 400 1,300 2,822 744 190 846 1,373 765 1,946 192 21,129 4,244 47 26 158 330 111 198 48 125 131 193 61 1,847 783 812 910 101 82 516 111 861 75 754 87 354 5 102 251 26 4,264 106 101 1,368 232 114 2,161 55 00 179 327 343 69 77 112 116 195 721 25 40 21 13 360 56 65 4 16 36 134 26 607 44 150 88 26 90 7 23 207 66 60 36 211 56 70 17 36 34 32 245 84 28 72 23 19 388 8 94 60 160 146 21 5 50 29 9 141 31 BOOKBINDING AND BLANK-BOOK MAKING. 1,001 1,576 1,238 26 80 62 1 1 3 5 1 1 2 137 130 112 9 1 9 37 17 6 5 1 5 5 4 97 116 102 43 81 62 6 2 2 United States., Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota..... California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia.. Georgia Illinois.... Indiana... Iowa Kansas Louisiana.. 1,113 40 4 16 6 4 113 14 12 5 7 9 15 94 24 18 25,287 839~ 42 91 84 21 2,872 88 160 11 54 84 206 3,334 687 151 1,111 20,361 623 31 66 71 15 2,395 68 85 5 40 65 172 2,936 482 119 De 21,775 Do Apt De T$o Do Oc De No» My Do Ja De De Au 708 33 73 77 20 2,576 76 91 7 44 70 179 3,097 556 123 Ja 19,354 Ja Ja Se Ja Ja« Ja Mh So Ja« Ja> Mh Je Ja Je Se« 547 27 60 65 12 2,164 64 80 4 29 60 161 2,709 445 115 22,946 708 31 73 74 19 2,614 74 92 6 43 71 177 3,112 557 127 10,694 343 15 34 40 10 1,351 38 48 1 27 35 84 1,446 268 57 11,664 362 16 36 32 1,113 33 42 5 16 35 81 1,461 270 308 129 320 84 2 1 4 76 2 1 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). a Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. For contract work. ! Taxes, 'Federal, Rent of , state, factory. ; county, and* . local. ! Value Value of added by products. ; manufac- I ture. Owned. Principal materials. i Fuel and ! rent of j power. Steam; | Inter-; ! nal-! Wa- 'ter T0M- Steam com- bines). Rent- ed.2 en- t gines.l PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. Elec-! trie! horse-! power: gener- ated In est ab-; lish-: ments re- port- ing. Dollars. j Dollars. 50,343,115 193,507,413 378,171 143,398 I 191,277 1,775,903 j 427,056 j 547,273 66,391 i 683,497 323,260 787,546 102,715 5,564,915 1,110,505 1,222,800 445,914 509,002 331,990 191,189 478,347 2,457,055 1,378,000 1,075,169 104,836 1,492,194 223,942 490,379 45,535 100,778 997,880 62,351 13,399,255 402,078 183,097 2,427,824 403,295 341,155 4,691,054 206,680 244,086 156,404 514,821 .1.227,486 19S, 543 61,554 340,292 637,958 191,997 909,289 90,967 461,846 211,330 148,477 4,485,4.86 710,289 863,763 67,575 1,423,694 307,041 896,507 150,286 9,534,888 1,477,048 1,65S,300 506,63S 524,594 636,007 227,346 1,121,185 4,544,556 2,394,038 1,502,891 51,938 3,125,680 326,364 840,011 11,533 86,302 1,011,070 5% 503 132,142,575 239,124 148,837 4,834,362 545,179 777,797 8,170,249 389,347 241,408 219,977 741,579 1,891,465 247,877 91,112 483,36S 1,259,076 216,344 1,409,^34 6t,3l7 Dollars. Dollars. 144,348,173 i 50,776,049 869,882 426,210 769,668 5,922,396 1,321,725 1,486,886 312,358 1,166,320 915,491 1,595,152 518,532 11,407,047 3,718,805 3,746,063 2,219,400 1,317,140 620,250 900,908 1,611,779 8,086,782 3,935,040 3,531,693 341,665 4,410,609 1,120,993 1,626,981 147,058 553,320 2,945,543 25S, 469 130,813,390 1 1,241,817 674,011 9,411,413 1,728,63S 1,363,102 15,381,711 794,977 714,718 691,946 1,640,673 3,567,216 738,286 219,613 1,145,044 2,250,200 930,144 2,937,217 299,892 70,487 32,799 51,469 1,127,546 324,435 224,508 19,876 2,567,489 89,239 354,135 12,512 6,265,024 839,240 470,076 173,624 205,794 149,689 110,418 344,363 1,842,154 583,320 1,169,380 10,733 1,128,253 54,862 488,386 3,635 3S, 502 202,572 7,02S 24,008,073 64,591 74,692 2,270,258 102,8S9 284,037 2,311,528 35.1S6 40,582 47,032 569,116 597.195 200,962 18,259 124,074 623,478 35,776 397,157 9,616 Dollars. 10,038,270 32,444 29,655 59,191 484,626 83,362 71,973 31,095 57.294 51', 806 96,426 38,425 1,087,750 175,457 245,771 114,777 73,652 47,741 44,462 100,290 605,625 199,152 257,875 22,670 370,786 99,718 149,459 13,960 22,452 131,260 22,805 2,801,550 56,373 59,073 358,946 140,830 118,484 697,908 39,730 38,198 47-367 71,858 253,592 50,992 15,169 54,281 192,787 47,628 145.846 25,699 Dollars. 20,163,4121 135,640 20,557 76,686 515,475 126,873 144,885 21,654 278,749 103,565 152,776 20,495 12,176,112 1 344,108 355,805 101,029 66,655 132,894 123,026 90,537 1,124,667 985,318 424,678 18,239 526,676 54,054 113,884 5,833 IS, 565 289,247 8,632 I4,37S,812 1 61,270 25,846 1,933,940 84,105 218,906 13,075,031 1 268,203 84,733 42,383 222,498 313,727: 25,251 I 14,184' 110,025! 336,927 57,022 343,776 9,459 Dollars. 293,181,862 Dollars. 7,203,325] 1,507,980 345,533 908,949 9,446,955 2,242,550 2,120,457 268,824 2,754,828 1,042,512 3,3S7,245 491,265 29,440,143 5,475,746 5,162,464 3,877,492 1,661,454 1,856,859 1,828,516 3,433,986 16,029,925 7,506,072 5,676,385 292,267 11,594,122 9SS,924 2,886,268 82,833 433,524 3,942,083 190,279 S1,5S9,594 1,221,878 564,201 IS, 039,722 2,098,231 1,582,253 38,385,149 908,242 847,177 782,036 3,216,522 5,925,638 837,581 203,2S0 2,024,426 2,679,459 997,027 4,202,897 200,105 44,231 26,726 45,345 230.062 ?2;661 119,389 16,046 43,930 57,117 80,423 32,909 544,779 212,089 303,934 121,035 90,718 37,450 52,462 68,472 443,230 190,073 202,352 25,084 265,451 61,137 117,561 10,101 23,085 167,239 21,117 (1,213,294 1 69,592 69,715 402,303 84,683 61,838 663,075 47,924 46,698 69,217 85,425 196,272 28,066 17,169 59,826 118, 434 58.238 164,782 20,566 Dollars. 924,152,878| 5,054,877 1,714,510 3,405,163 34,342,963 7,533,978 7,513,467 I, 080,600 11,897,555 4,100,841 9,683,328 1,853,587 88,945,960 19,184,687 20,430,956 9,774,647 6,183 394 4,979,417 4,561,473 9,363,579 46, S01,145 24,930,421 20,088,590 1.347,777 30;011,SOS 3,912,779 10,179,309 467,631 1,423', 983 12,399,856 803,899 1252,109,402 1 4,340,731 2,685,869 58,567,435 7,704,823 6,40S,34S 106,666,923 3,771,831 3,134,951 3,465,969 10,228,670 19,998,949 3,129,560 894,527 5,997,572 II, 954,252 3,402.541 14,639,902 1,078,443 Dollars, j ji 623,767,691 194,361 j 24,699 367 |13,: 784 ,155,234 j 3,502,666' 1,3-12,251 2,450,869 24,665,946 5,218,767 5,273, 795, 9,098, 3,001, 6,215, 1,329, 58,961', 13.496, 14;964, 5,776, 621 730 i 797 212 i 660: 413 03S 852 558 120: 4,431,222 3,085,108 2,680,495 5,861,121 30,327,990 17,234,276 14.2i79.S49 1,030,426 18,152,235 2,862,71S 7,175,480 374.697 967,374 8,290.534 592,503 169,306,514 3,049,261 2,051,953 40,125,410 5,521,909 4,764,257 67,618,699 2.815,665 2,241,076 2,614,716 6,926,723 13; S77,039 2,263,913 671,07S 3,913,320 9.156.359 2,347,276 10,272,223 857,772 ii 1,201 421 972 8,373 1,518 2,480 ■! 332; 1,679 i 1,054 j:. 2,189 !j 14,037 Ij" 6,178 ;| 5,353 ji 7 445 30 320 20 385 ,667 69 499 61 100 2.306 1,252 ii 1,242! 320 2,310!! 4 10,267 ji 1,073 6,435 ,• 15 4,550 i; 279 511 ii 7,014 ll 1,868 1,306 ii 25 2,797 i 189 j 522 3,304 j 2S4 | 31,551 1,483 1.134 13,961 2,136: 1,681 22,045 1,268 976 1,273 2,197 5,708 716 359 1,549 2,4-SS 1,569 3,705 1,014 255 5,133 55 7 2,0.50 965 100 794 133 101 204 81 162 27 23 34 2 217 j 235 37 | 531 I 406! 445 j 505 | 228' 120 16 107 251 396 373 1*2 731 245! 43S 31 6 181 72 1 222 'TKs 347 1,010 385 54 1,072 2 126 412 113 685 19 32 117 537 335 87 6! 3! 2 I 5 1 50 j 29 1,062 320 761 7,813 1,324 2.124 '289 1,294 837 1,93-8 505 10,833 5,60S 4.397 6; 328 1.974 1,132 899 1,999 8,922 6,012 3,891 349 4,409 1,030 2,102 153 466 2,4S1 212 >S6 24,810 ...! 1.270 '775 10,830 1,740 1,614 14,35.1 259 844 851 17,743 1 2* 2 51 3 3 4 400 5 7 6 34 7 4 1,980 13 I 4/211 ... '727 13; 314 4 I 1,388 16: 2,405: 13 | 1,015 | 19 3,338 7! 918 2,248 73 355 167 4 1 207 '"42l' 14 47 1 1,16-S 2,913 3S 2,088 1 5,516 522 7 419 123 30 12 BOOKBINDING AND BLANK-BOOK MAKING. 3,390,421 89,367 7,088 3,380 454,882 9,915 14,621 5,910 9,922 8,100 352,606 138,076 5,636 4,063,491 ! 18,658,821 139,886 2,640 4,217 2,282 627,505 35,839 60.903 67,244 17,327 311,781 j 2,170,659 936! 55,005 84,869 I 64,865 3,125 35,288 600 10,023 299,073 222,144 2,760 47,169 182,669 2,595,018 405,144 94,239 452,225 j 1,516.503; 984,763 26,002 4,500 76 103 1,712 22,083 693 2,791 5,912 i 2,952 • 138,744 33,124! 2,740 j 5,974 j 7,096 If 564 1 190,725! 6,862; 8,281 960 2,090 4,115 10,054 156,021 20,805 7,369 19.623 '224 849 229 164 124,391 2,395 12,596 49 61 780 2,739 133', 420 140,367 1,573 22,750,119 873,747 28,287 62,305 53,127 6,221 2,581,130 53,232 133,442 3,470 17,453 95,000 240,213 2,975,746 531,725 69,144 4S5,052 13,290 449 1,175 1,435 73S 57,161 1,556 2,965 262 628 1,168 4,639 57,263 11,823 2,662 66,020,677 2,462,669 87,832 194,612 169,780 37,262 7,477,722 164,415 421,50S 15,770 91,045 176,722 546,371 S, 179,841 2,091,826 245,277 42,785,506 1,575,632 59,096 131.132 115,218 30,303 4,830,431 109,627 285,101 12,038 72,964 80,554 301,469 5,146, S32 1.548,278 173,471 11,123 463 20 66 2S 3 1,263 60 92 4 22 46 77 1.368 174 50 555 75 133 10,435! 463 ii 20;! 66 li °8'; *5 is 1,186 j! 60 i. 92 il 4!: 46!; 77 j! 976 11 174 j! 50 i i » Same number reported for one or more other months. 598 MANUFACTURES. Table 40.—DETAILED STATEMENT, THE PRINTING 1 I! WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 1!! PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. i 1! Ij 1 I Clerks, etc. Wage earners. ! 16 and over. Under 16. Sala- ! Num- ber of ii estab- ji ried offi- cers, M (! Pro- prie- 'i Number, 15th day of— ; STATE. i Capital. | j lish- !J tors and firm mem- bers. super- i ments.! Total. in- tend- ents, Aver- i| age : Total. 1 |: ! Male. Fe- male. i | Male- ! nfate. Male Fe- male j and man- agers. j! Maximum Der' !j month. Minimum month. I i 1 |! 1 i 1 I i! BOOKBINDING AND BLANK-BOOK MAKING—Continued. 977 De 1,238 My 753 1,286 532 722 24 De 27 Ja 21 29 12 14 315 De 341 Ja 276 341 212 127 S. 513 De 8,800 Ja 8,306 9, 819 4,446 5,268 834 De 1,004 Fe 762 997 529 464 55 Au3 67 Ja3 49 55 24 29 1,519 No 1,591 Ja 1,441 1,623 739 831 21 Je 31 Apt 18 23 14 9 11 No » 12 Mh 8 11 7 4 159 De 171 Fe3 153 170 34 136 20 No* 22 Ja« 17 20 9 9 42 My 47 Ja 36 44 17 27 37 De 44 Se 27 41 22 17 480 Oc 536 Ap 436 526 195 244 181 183 105 75 Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island ... Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states *. 39 4 34 397 54 6 109 6 3 1,243 35 445 10,429 1,301 69 1,776 37 15 176 28 50 52 651 256 38 5 38 395 56 4 110 5 3 7 2 6 14 23 24 58 2 14 407 44 6 68 5 90 2 52 567 255 1 39 4 80 2 26 547 112 3 40 2 1 3 28 Dollar* 2,389.189 67,469 615,485 18,211,949 3,242,432 91,881 2,706,534 75,468 27,447 130,102 32,947 66,070 121,587 857,386 340,943 ENGRAVING, STEEL AND COPPER PLATE, INCLUDING PLATE PRINTING. United States. California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia. Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island ....... Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states 6 5 12 24 10 7 15 16 119 22 6 54 8 8,779 186 56 44 58 1,462 128 257 49 53 524 101 206 212 3,198 304 58 1,221 102 24 33 146 198 370 3 4 13 16 16 7 12 15 112 15 6 48 11 477 431 487 7,014 , De 7,943 22 2 1 18 12 164 14 2 58 5 9! 74 11 21 2 2 176 4 5 4 80 6 17 3 2 33 4 5 9 6 160 93 2' 135 47 26 44 1,189 103 207 35 37 432 67 80 165 177 2,586 255 44 938 83 50 18 24 115 157 De Do De De De Oe De My Oc De De De De Do Jy De Do De Do Do* No s No 173 60 35 52 1,286 115 219 35 42 515 85 96 211 198 2,945 271 51 1,070 116 70 19 29 125 Ja 6,462 Ja My Mh Ja Ap Ja Mh (6) Au3 Fe Ja3 Jry Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Ja Fe Jy Ja3 My« Mh 101 42 16 39 1,109 92 201 35 31 386 61 73 146 155 2,378 224 37 873 63 42 16 21 105 7,824 159 60 34 52 1,281 111 210 35 38 465 78 91 208 199 2,900 271 51 1,054 111 70 19 24 120 183 4,541 95 30 23 33 774 88 101 28 27 224 56 39 92 168 1,737 174 43 494 70 41 11 10 8-1 102 3,018 63 21 8 19 436 17 107 7 5 189 21 51 110 27 1,148 97 8 486 40 29 5 14 30 25 46 19,040,260 217,147 38,012 34,626 69,053 3,649,362 106,902 222,409 30,831 33,033 488,256 76,018 93,063 188,538 279,675 10,324,198 225,887 72,018 2,302,541 94,888 111,221 15,624 38,333 110,073 218,554 LITHOGRAPHING. United States. California Colorado District of Columbia. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Washington Wisconsin All other states 7..... 331 14 10 15 6 136 28 25 4 12 11 19,305 241 242 1,380 61 165! 249! 664 i 1,519 550 j 384 I 186 I 8,209! 2,312 | 1,294 I 108! 529 j 323! 150 1,134 1,470 933 | 15,618 35 10 23 91 4 13 23 22 85 43 28 9 487 109 85 10 37 20; 106 25 14 131 1 15 34 62 106 49 65 1 9 15 27 109 16 20 2 375 128 696 197 197 1,083 46 127 176 5-42 1,218 438 262 173 6,675 1,939 1,079 82 438 260 Do 16,850 Ja 14,743 No De Jy De So No Se De De De De No De No No No Au 771 218 214 1,133 49 144 186 573 1,319 50-1 278 189 7,218 2,103 1,205 97 466 Fe Fe Ja Ja Ja Mv Ja Mh Ap Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Ja My Ja 634 175 185 1,035 39 118 163 507 1,166 361 241 148 6,285 1,764 998 66 398 16,810 754 218 189 1,135 48 141 184 576 1,349 504 257 189 7,205 2,091 1,154 92 437 287 13,223 3,422 110 618 124 156 870 36 97 146 517 917 384 198 164 5,897 1,715 803 64 336 182 134 94 32 I 247 41 36 52 412 120 50 23 1,282 374 318 24 88 60,817,330 2,989,533 632,879 561,861 4,187,623 190,382 323,913 853,362 3,692,162 4,141,125 1,912,267 940,976 278,339 25,522,633 8,364,037 3,057,194 342,529 2,066,276 762,239 i Includes water wheels and turbinas (irraspective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). » Same number reported for one or more other months. * All other states embrace: Alabama,2establishments; Arizona, 1; Arkansas, 1; Delaware, 2; Idaho, 1; Kentucky, 3; New Hampshire^; North Carolina, l; Oklahoma, 2; South Carolina, 1; Vermont, 2. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 599 AND PUBLISHING INDUSTKY, BY STATES: 1919—Continued. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. i Officials. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. Rent of factory. Taxes. Federal, state, I county,! and local. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. Owned. Principal materials. 4 Fuel and rent of power. Total. Inter-! nal- etne-s Steam com- tur- ;bus- \noz :< bines.! tion j en- igines. ; Steam l1 tur- jj bines). Wa- ter pow- er/* Rent- Elec- J trie horse- , power 1 gener- ated in estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. BOOKBINDING AND BLANK-BOOK MAKING—Continued. Dollars. 150,998 3,720 42,199 1,580,645 150,281 DoUclts. 234,764 3,997 97,828 1,637,0.53 665,969 Dollars. 822,656 23,156 296,631 8,228,273 824,540 20,354 199,100 6,293 4,304 129,506 8,394 150 52,843 1,236,541 21,320 11,238 9,650 19,800 85,027 6,200 1,600 2,200 17,690 35,297 42,604 355,309 143,697 1,300 50,099 70,079 128,282 48,433 Dollars. 3,441 1,573 121,008 80,486 2,520 9,043 1,400 21,948 5,238 Dollars. 42,110 2,640 15,321 756,888 46,279 3,875 116,373 27,092 1,000 4,379 2,1S4 1,332 5,225 26.612 7,413 Dollars. 37,730 646 6,323 320,460 39,489 2,738 106,204 738 1,477 391 161 1,570 15,660 11,666 Dollars. 1,310,074 16,007 446,981 9,587,720 882,094 74,618 1,6S7,019 33,141 7,977 141,063 25,831 20,838 34,390 602,248 155,826 Dollars. 21,190 1,363 14,992 205,886 26,126 1,705 33,941 330 335 1,725 1,026 1,448 1,375 9,269 7,077 Dollars. 3,194,651 61,315 1, ISO, 032 27,892, 678 3,836,561 195,734 4,537,388 104,004 27,791 309,902 67,059 83,205 133,622 1.406,875 627,208 Dollars. 1,863,387 43,945 718,059 18,099,072 2,928,341 119,411 2,816,428 70,533 19,479 167,114 40,152 60,919 97,857 795,358 464,305 518 17 192 4,589 846 38 741 12 9 23 19 189 124 20 70 2 111 1 16 j ! i i j 518 17 170 4,408 846 38 725 12 6 64 9 23 19 189 124 ENGRAVING, STEEL AND COPPER PLATE, INCLUDING PLATE PRINTING. 1,758,996 22,379 3,890 8,200 4,840 376,295 21,600 49,8S6 4,300 122,682 3,000 2,080 42,751 32,202 716,028 49,718 6,565 178,612 10,060 1,120,321 ! 7,908,109 22,260 I 2,584 i 2,924 i 3,889 203,355 13,541 28,718 3,932 2,468 55,549 6,088 7,238 9,841 13,220 430,725 26,172 4,282 247,965 1,975 4,740 780 2,540 12,902 12,633 138,215 j 423,647 441,895! 6,777,505 203,242 i| 24,209,154 17,228,407 j 5,420 799 40! 4,576 154,971 34,765 21,775 49,799 1,386,968 130,671 116,316 j 30,408 34,557 407,250 81,748 63,923 141,576 242,571 3,299,803 313,953 54,818 872,306 100,159 45,678 19,262 26,446 116,686 161,700 6,824 | 250"! "ii,*973'| 6,000 , 1,476! 655 I 9,074 300 I 1,200 2,100 6,817 50,456 3,102 2,246 j 13,014 1,040 . 12,875 3,060 4,060 4,655 59,559 5,594 5,922 3,710 3,442 29,780 7,570 4,745 11,180 12,978 141,637 18,848 5,100 51,449 6,968 4,424 1,300 3,895 8,000 12,896 2,113 472 676 318 132,374 1,028 4,848 316 37 30,912 187 575 1,480 1,231 203,317 12,462 521 24,718 2,482 534 75 19S 17,444 3,577 116,425 27,354 23,440 29,006 1,530,363 2,352 483 3.86 494,544 i 91,150 375,767 63,313 57,262 99,422; 3,223,291 72! 20 ; si, oss i 14 1,052 40,441 ! 129,480 i 4,794,095 1,372: 7 , 73,563 150,602 i 35,711 36,896 i 254,262 | 4,553 4,110 1,493 815 7,340 362,724 : 480,121 98,596 284,608: 325,409! 61,392 1 72,953' 1,056,496; 92 • 3S \ 19 \ 13 i. 110! 110,669 ■ 1,318,098: 38,572! 51,242 j US, 398; 61,321! 2,705,292 1,207 i 201,395; 161,616 98,946 284,655; 477,052! 6,591,142 j: 27 i 30 938 2,029 7,824 87,824 I 151,126: 405,082 546,197 9,384,258 J US! 2,558! 173,905! 25,919 j 4,936 2,01S 21,414 1,737 644 ! 825,800! 646,959 j 126,900 2,227,567 173,803; 97,091 ii h 103 | 72 1 154,837; 964,688 i 41,560 I 46,464 j < 3,213,669: 217,100 | 144,199 | 464! 11,055 j 18,255 I 78,867; 164,345 j ! 53,435 ! 79,884! 370,353' 501.254 i 42,018:! 55 !i 15 *j 362 496 3.42S 5,360 10 61,133 i 288,058 ji 331,549 ji 9 i 1 96 i 725 j 10: 92 36: 19 i 13; 100; 27; 30 70; 110 2,486 | 103! 72: 443 50 15 10 9 36 96 : 8 .10 . 11 12 113 (14 115 16 LITHOGRAPHING. 4,716,652 210,65S 33,648 86,502 416,603 7,435 50,492 55,5-80 97,910 339,417 138,474 168,948 18,649 2,175,665 475,937 209,669 32,216 137,633 61,216 4,396,299 259,255 115,276 54,780 440,517 6,881 61,070 115,411 141,426 377,626 117,924 134,135 3,506 1,784,433 405,324 215,504 26,445 90,660 46, .126 18,201,089 960,111 174,427 224,575 1,3?3,0S5 43,369 146,719 197,783 615,209 1,347,811 467,455 333,062 175)360 8,204,500 2,007,817 1,071,137 95,475 496,527 266,667 1,363,424 11,019,769 !l,380,634 27,128,998 j 589,219 j! 73,151,115 45,432,898 |i 18,624 200 i 157,546! 2,791; 4,490 j 243' 12,939 • 158,643 i 33,344 i 5,62S! 9,312 i 870,770 45,482! 17,473! 18,446 i 26,117 j 25,895 15,921 j 10,171 82,837 805 9,960 3,195 I 11,242; 25,735 j 14,705 i 21,925! 5,230 i 628,214' 46,770 80,674 3,926 14,721 17, S43 326,102 18,949 i 3,770 I 112,157 1,075 | 8,630! 6,635 80,961 97,661 57,172 14,184 i 1,390 339,324 147,4.50 j 26,397' 12,744 93,450 27,583 1,S49,067 i 417,356 I 230,190: 2,199,558 64,408 J 339,557' 199,495 j 1,237,337 i 1,845,058 l 766,042 | 5S4,372 j 176,ISO 10.434,998! 3,491,174; 1,751,533 I 185,164 i 872,731! 4S4, 778 < 18,082! 6.293! 9,032! 44,283 i 1,902 | 4,S57 > 5,769 \ 27,280! 51,369 I 18,817 1 10,045 j 5,128 1 265,773 s 52,5,83 j 31,967 | 4,444! 19,730 11,865 i 30, 583, 914, 687, 014, 141, 744! 649, 123, 916. 929, 472, 522, 543, 150, 473 1 680 I 447 j 462 j 098 j ,735! ,351 i 149 i I ,240 | ,304 1 ,890; 614! 4,040,955 470,724 2,079,440 1,165,925 2.716, 491, 448, 3,770. 400, 443, 1,859, 3,019, 1,144, 877, 310, 19,843, 5.606, 324 !i 031 ;j 225 i 825 i 652 i 048 ji 834 i| 118! 924 (• 290 j; S23 !i 9% 119 S57 2,257,455! 281,116! 1,186,979 I "669,282 ii 1,413 169 178 1,176 58 6,18S i 254 11,607; 7,424 I 1 , 1 io; • i 138 I 149:! 100 \ i 687! 300! 1,025 | 668 120! 687 I. 517!! 1,403 i" 169 ;'. 178 M. 1.019 i 58 :L 329 i 134 7,867 r 3,161 I 134 i 125 2,720 ii 995' 285: SIS 153 569 j 354 j 310 110' 93 | 2 3 4 136 i 5 Si.. :7 138! 49 387! 360 9 237 , 1,515 10 145 j; 26 11 329' 12 134: !13 4,447 3,053 !14 1,440 i 1,539 15 398; 153! 569 354 i 702 16 .J17 ..18 ..19 6 Same number reported throughout the year. •All other states embrace: Alabama, 2 establishments; Arkansas, 1; Georgia, 1; Iowa, 1; Kansas, l; Maine, 1; Nebraska, 1; North Carolina, 1; Oklahoma, .1; Ten- nessee, 1; Utah, 3. J All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Connecticut, 2; Louisiana, 1; Minnesota, 3; Nebraska, 1; Tennessee, 1; Virginia, 1; West Virginia, 1. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Page Chemicals and Allied Industries—The Industrial Group — 603 Chemicals 604 Sulphuric, Nitric, and Mixed Acids 646 Coal-Tar Products 651 Coke — 655 Salt 626 Druggists' Preparations, Patent Medicines and Compounds, and Perfumery and Cosmetics 667 Drug Grinding 682 Essential Oils 683 Explosives 689 Fertilizers 695 Manufactured Gas 705 Natural Dyestuffs and Extracts 730 Paint and Varnish 737 Linseed Oil — 748 Bone, Carbon, and Lamp Black 753 Petroleum Refining — 757 Soap 766 Turpentine and Rosin 775 Wood" Distillation 783 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES—THE INDUSTRIAL GROUP. Closely associated with chemicals, as generally un- derstood, are a number of products which at some prior censuses were included in the chemical indus- try and which now are the subjects of separate reports. These industries are here considered as an industrial group, namely: (1) Chemicals; (2) Coal-tar products; (3) Bone, carbon, and lamp black; (4) Dyes tuffs and extracts; (5) Essential oils; (6) Explosives; (7) Ferti- lizers; (8) Paint and varnish; (9) Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids; and (10) Wood distillation. Somewhat akin to the foregoing are Coke and Salt, industries which supply important basic materials for the industrial group. These are not included in the group "Chemicals and allied industries" given below, group "Chemicals; Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids; and Coal-tar products." Summary for the group.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for the several industries constituting the chemical group. Kanked by value of products, the constituent industries line up in the following order: Chemicals, with 30.9 per cent of the value of all products for the group; paint and varnish, 24 per cent; fertilizers, 19.8 per cent; coal-tar products, 9.6 per cent; explosives, 6.5 per cent; dyes tuffs and ex- tracts, 3.8 per cent; wood distillation, 2.3 per cent; sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids, 2.2 per cent; bone, carbon, and lamp black, four-tenths of 1 per cent; and essential oils, four-tenths of 1 per cent. but they appear as separate sections following the Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, CHEMICALS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase2 Persons engaged: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Proprietors and firm members— 1919 1914 Per cent of increase2 Salaried employees— 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Wage earners (average number)- 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Primary horsepower: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase2 Capital: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Salaries and wages: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Salaries— 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Wages— 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Paid for contract work: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase,J Rent and taxes: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Cost of materials: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Value of products: 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Value added by manufactured 1919 1914 Per cent of increase Total. Chemicals. 2,740! 2,461 11.3 188,489 111,4581 69.1 884 1,108 -20.2 44,059 23,562 87.0 143,546 86,788 65.1 792,640 575.4421 37.7| >1,492,490,60*' $722,9SS,87l! 106.4; $271,273,449 $89,653,331 202.6 $93,876,329 836,631.9601 156.3j| $177,397,120!! $53,021,37111 234.6! $3,758,033'' $750,453;; 400.8;j $62,762,444)1 $5,599.664'I 1,020.8i $805,623,1421 $340,216,702] 136-8! $1,417,750 917 $547/801,9371 158.8: $611,317,7751 $207,585,235; 194.5 Coal-tar products. 'Bone, I carbon, , - Dyestpfls .Espial | Eiplosire,: Fertilizers, 376, 282, 395; 97.7 i,947 881 133.6 122| 99! 49.5 ,,471.1 212.4 i, 586; !,31l| 120.5 940 385 57.7 183: 0) 21,543! C1)! 0) 5,854 0) 15.663J C1) 6S,342| 0) 35 27 29.6,1 826' 437 S9.0 30' 17; 76.5j 12ll 81 49.4! 675! 339, 99. l| 1,857! 1, 816: 2.3! j $484,488, !$224,345, ! $97,188, ; $31,0S6, ! $24,340, I $9,020, '$72,848, $22,066, $1,321, $375, $32,525, $1,733, $216,301, $89,450, $438,658, [$158,053., $222,357, $68,602, 412!$174,991,835 92l| (i) 194.0 958-' $35,235,209! 326.0 634' $11,833,069; 703! (i) 301.0 324! $23,402,140| 212; 0) 336.2 738! $896,830| 435! (>) 490.9 130 $5,442,111 2511 0) I !,090.7! 279! $63,996,734 694! (l) 213.4 i 869j$135,4S2,161 6O2! 0) 263. 3 590 $71,485,427 90S! (l) 328.3 $9,790,167 $38.689,058 $4,995,400:$21,2S3,974 96.0> 81.8 144; 112 28.6 5.205! 3', 551 46.6 59 56 5.4 804 656 22.6 4,342 2,839 52.9 34,320 23.290 47.4 j Sulphuric,: Paint and j nitric, and \ Wood dis- varnish. j mixed tillation. 'acids, i $1,120,7181 $336,001 233.5 $312,386 $105, ISO 197.0 $808,332 $230.821 250.2 $4,500! 1350! 1.185.7! $7,055,528 $3,001,959 135.0 $2,320,914 $1,3SS; 843 67.1 $4,734,614 $1,613,116 193.5 $225,880 $2,487 8,982.4 $177,186! $2,521,380 $21,995; $225,582| 705.6* 1,017 $2,848,059 $686.240 315.0 $6.186,204 $1,463,569 322.7 j$3.338,145 $777,32?! 329.4 $34,592,698 $13,237,! 161.3 l$53.744.283 '$20,620,336 160.6 $19,151,585 $7,382,341 169.41 105; -25.7 493i 435; 133 74l 116! -36.2 j 98! 70 40 Oj 3211 249j 28 9: 2,309 -20, |$6.379,910 $1,616,682 294.6 $620,003 $23S',60r 159.8 $228,790 $105,335 117.2 $391,213 $133,2?2 193.51 $133,247,6S4,!$311.633,259i$239,775, S36 $71,351.414i$217,064,890|$129,533,935 ~" 7! 43.6! 85.1 $2,000| $1,500 33 3 118 111 600 7S4 -23.5 6.3: 15,429 32,522 28,301 14.9 8,425? S3.i: 2S 20 40.0| 219 373 -41.3 6,152 6,007 5,113 17.5 2,099, 193. l| 9,249' 6,306; 46.7! 26.296 I 22,815 15.3 61,635! 45,778! 12.81 125.939 114:281 10.2 830! 800. 3.8; 34,03o! 25.682; 32.51 29S;. 391'. -23. Si. 12,225l 9.20S 32. S' 21,507! 16,083! 33.7! 85,199 70,611 20.7 39 32 21.9' 5.S60 3.; 604, 899^ 540 66.5 4,96l! 3,064; 30,637! 24 927; 115 95 21.1 5,634 3.142 79.3 28 36 -22.2 660 324 103.7 4,946 2,782 77.8 15,938 10;045 58.7 $25,749,210 $7,795,623 230.3 $13,244,224 $3,307,335 300 5 $12, .504,986 $4,488,288 ITS. 6 $30,542 $7,645 299.5 $148,6581 $2,737,975 $8,475,314 $14,106! $322,132! $1,271', 417 953.9 750.01 566.6 $36,934,732 $17,774,447 107.8 $50,640,787 $24,369,021 107.8j $11,571,6001 $26,522,628 $7'f 242,442 $14,188, 733 59. S 86 9 $25,363,132 $24,11S.159 $10,532,005i $10, ISO, 288 140.8 136 9 $171,318) $192,859i -11.2 $729.885! $91,602 696. Sj !$51,160,004l$42,334,503 $35". 233,806117,562.849 45.2 141.0 S10.096.04S: $6,632,256 $3,082,747 SI, 968,011 227.5j 237.0 $2,179,517! $1,322,567 $870,200 $403,189 150.5| 228.0 $7,916,531! $5,309,689 $2,212,547 $1,564,822 257. 8; 239. 3 $47,S67| $327,473 $6,315^ §72; 260 658.0 353.2 $3,903,417| $45,911,049 $1,564,835' $25,626', 539 149.4j 79 $5,698,403 $92,474,8131 $2,313,606! $41,432,970! 146.3; 123 21 $1,794,986} $748,771 139. 7 $46,563,764! $15,806,431 194.61 $8,399,760! $1,071,605 $1,647'. 370; $217,278 409.9| 393.2 $185.040.522 $217,112,372{ $107,954,644; S£S,465:757; 71.4: 1454 $251,143,587.$340.346,803j $153,196,152-$145.623,691 83 5- '133 7 $1,260,325 $146,533 760 1 !$15,857,361 $20.059,651 '$6,734,428 $6,495,570 135.51 208.8 $31.470,48o!$32(545,3l4 S15.215.474 $9,882:537 106.8 229 3 $96. 103.065;$123,234.43l!S15,613,119 $11.675,663 S45.241.50S $57,157,9341 $8,481.0461 $3,386:967 112.41 115 6 84. l! ' 244,7 1 Included in "Chemicals' >" in 1914. 5 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Value of products less cost of materials. (603) CHEMICALS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The industry, "chemicals," according to the census classification, embraces establishments engaged in the manufacture of products grouped under the following heads: I, Acids; II, Ammonium and cyanogen compounds; III, Sodas, sodium, and compounds; IV, Potash, potassium, and compounds; V, Alums, aluminum, and compounds; VI, Bleaching compounds; VII, Coal- tar chemicals; VIII, Plastics; IX, Compressed and liquefied gases; and X, Chemicals, not elsewhere specified. This classification does not include all chemicals in the broad sense of the word, as some are included under distinctive titles. Establishments engaged pri- marily in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, or mixed acid are segregated under the title "Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids," and coal-tar chemicals under "Coal-tar products/' However, in presenting the statistics for a specific chemical product, the information given, unless otherwise stated, refers to total production, irrespective of the classification of the producing establishment. Comparative summary.—Table 2 presents the com- parative statistics for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive, for the chemical industry, with percentages of increase for the respective census periods. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 3 summarizes the more important statistics for the industry, by states, ranked according to value of products. Though establishments were reported from 38 states, including the District of Columbia, the industry is largely centralized; New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, constituting the Middle Atlantic division, reporting 55.9 per cent of the products, 52.7 per cent of the wage earners, and 222 establishments, or 37.1 percent of the total number. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 4, is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 36. The female wage earners increased from 4.5 per cent of all wage earners in 1909 to 5.3 per cent in 1914 and to 8.3 per cent in 1919; and in the case of clerks and other subordinate salaried employees, females constituted 34.5 per cent in 1919 as compared with 16.7 per cent in 1909. Wage earners, by months.—Table 5 is designed to show the regularity of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing dur- ing the census year. Females constituted 8.5 per cent of the average number of wage earners in 1919. The statistics show a somewhat greater range between the minimum and maximum months in 1919 than was the case with the earlier censuses, the number reported for the minimum month, May, in 1919, being 84 per cent of the number reported for the maximum month, January. In 1914 the minimum month was 97.1 per cent of the maximum month, and in 1909, 90.2 per cent. Of the states reporting 1,000 or more wage earners, the monthly fluctuation ranged from 66.5 per cent, minimum month of maximum month, for Indiana and Michigan, to 95.2 per cent for Missouri. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics in Table 6 show a very marked movement toward shorter hours of labor. In 1909, 56.2 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or more, and in 1914 51.3 per cent were within this class. In 1919, however, the proportion dropped to 13.9 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909 the number employed in establish- ments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less was negligible, only four-tenths of 1 per cent; and in 1914 the number so employed was 2.9 per cent, but in 1919, 38.4 per cent of the wage earners came within this group. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—In 1914 the establishments averaged 82 wage earners per establishment, and in 1919, 93 wage earners. In 1914 there were 17 establishments each of which employed over 500 wage earners, the number constituting 52.1 per cent of all wage earners in the industry. In 1919 Table 7 shows that the number of establishments of this class had increased to 28, and the wage earners constituted 57.7 per cent of the total. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The grouping based upon value of products in Table 8 is necessarily affected by the general increase in values since the census of 1914, and this rise is reflected in the changes from lower to higher groups, as well as in the increase in average value of products per establishment. In 1909 the establishments averaged $328,000 in value of products, in 1914, $400,000, and in 1919, $734,000; the increase from 1914 to 1919 being to a considerable extent due to the increase in values, for though the increase in value of products for all establishments for the period 1914-1919 was 177.5 per cent, the increase in average number of wage earners, an index of normal growth, was but 72 per cent. (604) CHEMICALS. 605 Character of ownership.—Table 9 presents statistics concerning the character of ownership, or legal organization, of establishments in the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for the leading states for 1919 and 1914. The figures show growth for the corporation group, and although establishments under other forms of ownership still constitute a considerable number, the corporations account for 98.7 per cent of the products and 99.1 per cent of the wage earners. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 10 presents the power statistics for the industry. There is shown a material increase in electric power. Though the equipment operated with purchased electric current in 1919 is somewhat less in rated capacity than in 1914, yet the motor equipment using current generated by the establishment from prime movers, was materially greater, and in the aggre- gate the electric power equipment was equal in capacity to 62.6 per cent of the total primary power rating in 1919, as compared with 61.1 per cent in 1914 and 75.1 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 presents the statistics for fuel consumed, by kinds and by states, for 1919 and for 1914. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas. Table 2—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 598 395 359 297 316 66.947 122 11,239 55,586 37,881 99 5,471 32,311 27,817 161 3,927! 23,729 I 22,792 151 2,794 19,847 <*) 1,596 15,163 376,940 $484,488,412 282,385 $224,345,921 208,657 $155,198,945 132,394 $96,764,847 (*) $68,453,931 97,188,958 24,340,634 72,848,324 31,086,615 9,020,703 22,066,212 20,236,551 6,140,628 1 14,095,923 14,873,791 . 4,060,033; 10,813,758 I 9,717,475 2,327,854 7,389,621 1,321,738 32,528,130 216,301,279 438,658,869 222,357,590 i 375,435 1,733,251 89,450,694 158,053,602 68,602,908 181,011 860,490 i 64,145,429 1 117,741,103 53,595,674 I 155,558 • 545,264; 42,097,957; 75,357,495 j 33,259,538 h 27,092,591 48,158,261 21,065,670 PEB CENT OF INCREASE.! 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1919 1914 1909 1904 51.4! 10.0 20.9 -6.0 76,7 36.2 22.0 23.2 -38.5 6.6 105.0 i 39.3 40.6 75,1 72.0 i 36.2 19.6 30.9 33.5 35,3 57.6 116.0; 44.6 60.4 41.4 213.0 1 63.6 36.1 53.1 170.0! 46,9 5L2 74.4 230.0 56.5 30,4 46.3 252.0 107.4 16,4 1,777.0 j 101.4 142.0 . 39.4 52,4 55.4 178,0 i 34.2 56,2 56.5 224.0 5 28,0 6L1 57.9 » Figures not available. »Exclusive of internal revenue. 'Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. Michigan Ohio Illinois Massachusetts. Missouri Virginia... California Indiana Maryland West Virginia. S3 598 WAGE EARNEBS. w>3 55, 586 9,687 12,472 7,134 5,712 3,670 3,0Q4 2,483 1,253 1,847 1,466 1,028 797 534 100.0 17.4 22.4 12.8 10.3 6.6 5.4 4.5 2.3 3.3 2.6 1.9 1.4 1.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. sfi £2 :$438,659 fits 51 100.0 88,102 84,034 73,333 37,851 32,719 22,061 17,305 13,538 12,765 10,539 8,649 5,277 3,281 20.0 19.2 16.7 8,6 7.5 5.0 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.2 0.7 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE, lit II i 11222,358,100.0 37,230 1 38,860: 46,552 j 22,107 | 17,424 j 10,058! 9,204 ■ 5,821 1 9,060! 16.7! 17.5! 20.9! 9.9; 7.8 | 4.5? 4.1 2.6 4.1: 4,409! 2.0 11 4,679 j 2,1 10 2,079 0.9 13 1,158: 0.5 14 s; WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. O g; CD 0' a £3 • d STATE. Numb establish: Average number. Per cent Istrlbutio Rank. Amount zpressod! housands Per cont istrlbutio Rank. Amount xprcsscd housands Per cont Istributio Bank. ^3 ©*. •3 Nebraska ... 12 11 300 0.5 IS $2,305 0.5 16 1 $1,335 0,6 15 30 i 1S7 0.3 20 2,074 0,5 17 945 0,4 18 Utah 8 1 454 0.8 16 1,709 0.4 19 922 0.4 19 Minnesota 9 162 0.3 21 1,456 0.3 20 S32 0.4 20 Rhode Island 4 1 287 ! 0.5 19 1,399 9.3 21; 454 0.2 25 Texas 9 150 0.3 22 1,394 0.3 22! 822 0.4 22 Washington 8 -\ 90 [ 0.2 25 | 1,363 0,3 23: 828 0.4 21 7 93 0.2 24 1,301 0.3 24 667 0.3 23 7; 107 0.2 23 957 0.2 25; 578 0.3 24 Iowa 5 i; 72 0 1 27 558 0.1 27 237 0.1 27 Louisiana 5 54 0.1 2S i 313 0.1 29 232 0.1 28 4;; 13 (l) 33 177 0) 33 113 33 All otherstates*.,. S:! 2,527 : 4.5 14,199 3.3 5,752 2,6 ■: * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. »In order of value of products—North Carolina, Tennessee, Kansas, Connecticut, Alabama, Montana, Maine, Arkansas, Oregon, Oklahoma, District of Columbia, Wyoming, and South Dakota. 606 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 66,947 37,881 27,817 3,027 1,280 1,095 122 673 473 367 2,232 708 567 Male. 59,240 35,349 26,239 2,946 1,256 1,081 153 65-1 462 361 2,181 705 567 Fe- male. 7,707 2,532 1,578 PEE CENT OP TOTAL. Male. 88.5 93.3 94.3 97.3 98.1 98.7 91.0 89.9 95.0 97.2 97.7 98.4 97.7 99.6 100.0 Fe- male. 11.5 6.7 5.7 2.7 1.9 1.3 9.0 10.1 5.0 2.8 2.3 1.6 2.3 0.4 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 Total. 8,334 4,290 2,993 55,586 32,311 23,729 55,420 32,023 23,562 166 288 167 Male. 5,460 3,496 2,492 50,834 30,597 22,666 50,753 30,411 22,569 81 186 97 Fe- male. 2,874 794 501 4,752 1,714 1,063 4,667 1,612 85 102 70 PEB CENT OP TOTAL. Male. 65.5 81.5 83.3 91.5 94.7 95.5 91.6 95.0 95.8 48.8 64.6 58.1 Fe- male. 34.5 18.5 16.7 8.5 5.3 4.5 8.4 5.0 4.2 51.2 35.4 41.9 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment Is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OP THE MONTH OE NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per age cent num- mini- STATE. ber em- mum ployed during Janu- ary. Febru- ary. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- United States: year. March. April. May. June. July. August. mum. 1919 55,586 60,754 57,339 53,281 51,100 61,050 51,651 53,509 55,014 57,089 58,607 59,086 58,552 84.0 Males 50,834 55,865 52,502 48,790 46,395 46,472 47,140 48,906 50,310 62,250 53,677 54,047 53,656 83.0 4,752 4,889 4,837 4,491 4,707 4,578 4,511 4,603 4,704 4,839 4,930 5,039 4,896 89.1 1914..... 32,311 32,634 32,172 32,681 32,442 31,959 31,876 31,914 32,280 38,813 32,451 32,294 32,216 97.1 1909 23,714 22,609 22,772 22,968 13,241 23,661 23,782 23,747 23,540 23,943 24,355 24,873 25,073 90.2 1,466 1,888 1,728 1,622 1,463 1,337 1,273 1,275 1,346 1,392 1,400 1,429 1,441 67.5 98 89 92 89 89 89 93 100 100 100 125 107 103 71.2 107 90 100 93 101 99 121 126 124 113 111 110 96 71.4 3,004 3,039 2,812 2,647 2,670 2,572 2,694 2,831 3,280 3,391 3,544 3,452 3,216 72.5 1,026 1,244 1,108 993 994 889 827 913 998 1,105 1,075 1,094 1,072 66.5 72 39 36 37 32 38 109 105 102 98 100 105 63 29.4 13 14 14 14 12 12 13 12 11 14 12 14 14 78.6 54 58 62 62 51 52 54 55 55 56 49 47 75.8 797 661 740 769 710 764 814 771 803 857 926 975 784 66.8 2,483 2,526 2,415 2,829 2,346 2,367 2,371 2,431 2,463 2,530 2,623 2,666 2,729 85.3 5,712 7,494 6,697 5,768 5,042 4,980 5,077 5,083 5,123 5,482 5,720 5,962 6,116 66.5 162 98 140 171 193 188 195 178 153 143 147 189 185 60.3 1,253 1,234 1,241 1,218 1,243 1,263 1,280 1,256 1,264 1,264 1,257 1,266 1,250 95.2 300 792 411 87 58 54 51 48 152 428 532 511 476 6.1 12,472 12,911 12,846 11,734 11,277 11,765 11,946 12,469 12,706 12,818 12,988 13,077 13,127 85.4 9,687 11,461 10,829 9,995 9,405 8,926 8,920 9,015 9,152 9,356 9,647 9,765 9,773 77.8 3,670 3,901 3,462 3,315 3,022 3,062 3,247 3,569 3,762 4,155 4,210 4,138 4,197 71.8 7,134 6,891 6,603 6,602 6,921 6,929 6,998 7,186 7,212 7,470 7,585 7,578 7,633 85.5 287 256 259 262 276 272 281 318 319 299 305 299 298 80.3 150 123 137 133 158 154 145 151 146 151 -169 168 165 72.8 Utah 454 492 453 547 437 351 31(2 455 486 496 491 449 449 62.5 1,847 1,765 1,769 1,544 1,550 1,745 1,739 1,827 2,004 2,032 2,075 2,118 1,996 72.9 '90 87 89 89 76 76 76 83 99 95 101 103 108 70.4 534 562 617 480 472 162 478 527 567 624 625 615 479 71.2 187 219 198 188 174 180 171 169 178 183 197 201 186 77.2 CHEMICALS. 607 Table 6. -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. California.. Georgia Illinois Indiana.. Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Missouri... Cen- sus year. Total 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 55,586 132,311 |23,729 1,468 107 3,004; 1,682: 797! 2,483^ l,395j| 5,712 4,509j 162j 1,253^ 842; i. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHEBE THE PREVAILING HOT7BS OP LABOB. PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 258) (2) (J) Be- tween| 44 and 48. 2,288 (*) *(*)■ (2) (2) Be- lt ween! 48.1 j 48 1 and i 54. 18,804. 947| 86! 707~ 2 1,942 23; 411 1 142! 54. Be- tween | 54 and ,123| 303 703! 171 15 L 65| 10i J. 2,997 1,588 389 15,365! 12,912l 9,2131 10 497! 62; 16i 186 838 17 1,737 29 32| I 208j 106; 1,430 10 719 18 18 829 75 60. Over 60. 552: 42; 58! 15 33j 48!. 375| 351 74 535! 117 20 9 386 435] 117* 81l! 2,609j 2,040 18. Hi 125 44! 479| 1,741 921 48 661 80.. 172j 5,562 2,189 5,55311,010 11 6,581! 6,757 122! Nebraska New Jersey. 1,221 912 598 59 New York. Ohio Pennsylvania.. Cen- sus iTotaL! IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 aDd j un- der. 1919; 300,; 1919 12,472j 1914 j 6,276! 1919 ; 9,687! 1914 ! 7,780 j 1919 j 1914 1919 1914 Be- , tween 44 and ] 48. 48.1 ! Be- j tween ! 48; ; and j 54. tween t 54 i ; and I 60. 60. Over 60. I 2,037 (2) 177 (2) (a) Rhode Island. 1919; Texas !1919! Utah ■ 1919: Virginia !1919 : 1914 1 West Virginia Wisconsin [ 1919 1919: 1914; 25| (*) is: (2) 3,6701! H61 2,017;! (») 1 7,1341] 63;. 4,748;| <*) j (i) 287 L 150 . 454;| 534 L S2il. 4,853 25 860' 91; 10; 260i 2,242 65j 3,457 3,061 2,300 1,073; 2,901; 200; 39 346; 3,641 77j 380 . 371 20 2,739 i 859 3,703 1,096; 4S: 214,. 254| 373, .... 1,359 808 257S ssL. 84| is! 32! 111! 953 27! 801 16 270 2,116 79 1,115 1,523 123: 34 325; 3,229 283; 266: 1,380| 873| 18 612 265 2,454 172 20,. 7l i 250! 610 140 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Correspondingfiguresnot available. Table 7— SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 1914 California Georgia Illinois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York. Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island.... Texas Utah Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin i 3 & 598 395 e! 55,586 32,311 1,466 107 3,004 1,026 797 2,483 5,712 162 1,253 300 12,472 9,687 3,670 7,134 287 150 454 1,847 534 187 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 33 •° S ^§ od a f=3 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. if 153 | 120! 399! 163 109 tog 7=i-i± os a rQ a 5fo 56 2.030 , 1,257! 121 52 3,851 1,742 15 32 14 194 3 8 2 21 8 19 8 97 2 6 4 67 1 3 2 34 7 20 6 62 14 25 4 64 3 11 5 75 4 10 7 81 4 10 3 37 13 35 16 213 21 54 21 274 5 19 12 138 8 28 17 19S 1 2 2 28 2 5 5 66 3 12 1 7 2 4 5 69 2 3 17 36 7 63 .2 I 401 2 I 7S 7! 196 1! 41 2 51 165 223 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage- earners, inclusive. II ; a 3 too £2 50 44 3,703 3,064 386 S3 7,209 4,407 166 565; 521; 277' 456 i 72 90 ;. 76 . 204! 157 I. 273 '234 *325 113 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 33 18 I 14 j 6,300 4,695 319 "477 "384 1,263 340 109; 663 345 287 15 10 i 1 2,466 1,567; 214! 1,162 3; sss 1 4 1,359 5 1 275 0 1: 377 2 1! 257 79 I 156 j "166*! 2 j 1 i 2; 279! 121; 346! 501 to 1,000 earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. 33 53 © MS 03 fc3 17 i 11,619 11! 20,475 9; 6,197 8 j 10,647 829 7SS 5 692 683 61&-: 3,311 1,317 1,229 1,572 1 I 1,595 6,989 1,938 1,085 3,417 •sannxov.inNVH 809 •;uoo ied i jo q^uo;-ouo utjq^ ssoq ( f(*qsnp|Afpaiff dnoj3 eq? sopnpni i ,,-sjeqio nv» dnoi8 eqi sopnpni i 6*2 Z'l *'I 8*0 0'2 8*0 £"8 ** (.) fZ 9'T X'Z 0*8 O'T 3*1 8-0 *SJ9 -q;o nv 1*3 2*0 *76 9 "08 O'OOT 0*001 0*001 O'OOT 0*001 9*86 3*66 8*68 0*001 9'96 £ '86 9*66 5*66 O'OOT **96 9'56 O'OOT 8'66 6*66 9 76 9 76 0"O0I| — O'OOT, I 0*00T| 0'00T| 0*001,— *'T T'O **0 S'O 8'0 ro O'T 8'66 6 76 O'OOT O'OOT 9'96 -ro *'0 676 I O'T 2'86 | 9*0 £ *86 * '0 •shot; -Bjo'd -joo ■S|Bn -piA -ip'ui •TttJO} JO }U90 JO J 9SI m i 002*098 206'tie t 3£6 '819 i 96* '£58 9* £ m *06'l82 9*8 '*6S 8 *£8 '9 88T 091 e 285 '692 698 7 T8 ££2 222 I ££6788 I 286'8*9 'SS •sieq-jo nv 005 '820 'JLT 058'0£9'T *8*'e98'l I83'S9£'2Ic £S6'80£'I *S8'*68*I i 9*8'668'l i 886 '2£0 '22 096'8I£ 'ZL 098 '898 'IT 99*f6I£ 28 b 886 'set' 'l* 685 126 98 £T9'l95 'T8 029 689 88 m'm'z i 8££r989'9 880 8*6*21 859 '99V 'T 1*2 '858 '8T *99'S38'£8 S8£ '*2S '9 56* '998 "91 93* *££2 '9 90S '2T8 i 8I0 7Z.T e f$0 '855 T08 '6*9 '8 8*8'66S*8 60T '665 '12 862 '£56 IH'lOS'l t 906'*si '01 961 'T28 'STT 02£'2£2'S5T 9** '550 '88*tj 6*2*8* 082 '*2 l 9** '889 £*2 068 S*2 'S2T i T28 *68i 008 92 0£I '52 i 68T 691 S££ 8T 1*1'8£ 089 £61 I 506 268 , I** 656 m •snop -•ejodioo 'ST13T1 -pTATpUI -Aq peiiAvo siii9Tnqsnqi3}S9 jq 959 'Uf'Ll m'uo'z *8*'898'l I82'59£'2T £S6*80£ 'I *S8'*68'l 9*8 "668'l 588 '£88 '22 286 288 8£ OH'888'IT 99* 6I£ 28 088 '9£8 '2* 285 'TOI '88 598'989'18 1*6 '880 *8 86£'*08'2 221 '986 '9 626'£85'81 859'55* 'I 51* '168 '81 *88 058 £8 8I6'*89'9 991 '508 £1 92* '££2 '5 908 '218 810 7£I *80'855 *08 '6*9 '8 8TT '819 '8 808 '090 '22 862 '£56 1*1 '108 'I 9T* '685 '01 801 T*£ 7TI 209 '850 '851 698 '859 88*$ 'F^ox •sxonaoHJ jo aniVA 8*0 3*92 8*0 8*0 T'T 2*0 8'8 **8 1*0 5'T S'l 6'0 9*0 9'0 'SJ9 -q*o IW 3 "66 T'0£ O'OOT 0*001 O'OOT O'OOT: 0*001 £*66 £*66 8*66 O'OOT 6 76 2'66 £*66 £'66 O'OOT 8 "96 9'96 O'OOI 9'66 6'66 5*86 8*96 O'OOI O'OOT O'OOI O'OOT 0*001 £'66 I'66 O'OOT iO'OOT £'96 £'8 3*0 T'T S'O 8'0 8'0 £*T 8*0 T'86 0'66 1*66 ■snoTq.] -BJOd 8'0 O'T 5*0 *'0 -piA -Tp'ui 'XBW% jo qu9o ja j *2i 6* 9Ti 81 s 82 2* t T2s £8 83* 902 061 *I8 •SJ9 -qao nv £80 '8 181 06 £*8'lc fQf 09Ti £82 t 28£> 9IT7 210'2 0£9'8s 8T9 '£ 819'6 552'9 63* 21. 008 i TT8 TI2 I 39T 86* '* 80£'5 *£8 'I *0*'2 £6£ *5 i 8T 8 2£ 920'I ££9 'I 9£6 '2 81* 'T SS2 82 *£6 '18 T£0 '55 •snoj4 -BJod -joo 12 t 8*i 3* 0*2 £*I 102 •STBTl -pTA -ipui s;uoiuqsqqB}S9 hi 190'8 £81 06 £*8 'I *5* 051 £83 8*£> *8T £ £T0'2 0£9 8 08£r£ £89 6 9£2'9 2£* '21 008 2*8, 852 'I 291 605'* 2I£'5 568'I 88* '2 £6£ *5 i 81 2£ 920'I 289'l *00 8 £01 86 99* 'I 62£ 82 118 28 985 '95 •SJ9 -q^o nv TT 'snoiqj'SjBn -IBJOd -piA -joo j-TPUij —as aaNAO |&iN3JWHsnaYxsa| do aaanaN 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T *T6T 6T6T *T6T 6T6T *T6T 6T6T *T6T 6T6T 6T6T *T6T 6T6T 6T6T *T6T 6T6T *T6I 6161 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6T *I6T 6T6T 6T6T 6T6I 6T6I 6061 *I6I 6161 B9ys%8 ioq;o nv -TT|ffII008yAi --aoq/krrqstJAY «Fii3iTA *wn STJX9X ••----pnBlsi epoqn BTiiBA^sanej OTqo VOA ^esjej; mom B3[rajqoM TjnossiH 910S9ini]H """*"Tre3Tqotj^ s-uesnqcressBpi ptre|Ajrej^ ■ "3UtnSTTlOrI A3[on;n93 SUBTpTII siouini btSjooo optjjoioo mU20JT[BJ '1\&A sns -1190 "H6T aNV 6I6T -SaXVXS A3 'jIHSHaiSIAYO iTO H3XOYHVHO—*6 aiffvx •;noo jod i jo qin9;-9uo u^q; ssd>j t sassrep tjv O'OOT O'OOT O'OOT O'OOT | O'OOT O'OOI 0*001 O'OOT 0*001 O'OOT O'OOT 0 '001 OOO'St wq% ssoq; 6*9 **8T 9'SI T'O 1 3*0 S'O (t) 1*0 T'O (i) T'O T'O 000'02$ o; 000 SI £*6 6 '21 8*51 8*0: S'O O'T T'O *'0 S'O T'O *'0 S'O 000'OOTf o; 000'02$ 1*22 I'92 0 73 6'T I 8*8 5'5 9*1 9'8 2'* 9'T 9'* T*S "T000 005$ o; OOO'OOT* 8 78 9*8 6 '£2 **88 { 8 'IT /! ffZ { 0*62 0'6 \ 8'2T / 2*91 0'S8 { 1*8 I 6'31 / £'£3 { 5'TE OOO'OOO 1$ o; ooo'oost 9'6 is Xi I'SI J9AO prre 000 000 It 6*81 I'll 9*8 8 7£ 1 S'U 2**9 S'9£ 9'*9 I'09 8 7£ T79 8*39 'NOLLfiaiHlSia XN30 •siNaptHsrcaYxsa jo naaifAN •SHaNHYa aovA\ ; jo aaarenN aoYHaAV •sxonaoaa jo aniYA •auaxovinKTR as aaaav haita 'xonaosi jo amvA 6I6T fT6T 606T 6T6T fI6I 6061 6T6T fT6I 6061 6T6T flGI 6061 "" *' "S9SS13p nv 865 568 658 985'55 118'28 63£ '83 698 '859 '88** 209 '850 '851$ 801 'l*£'£IT« 065 '£S8'222$ 806'209 '89* *£9'S6S '85t I* 85 £6 55 95 8£6'2* % 128 * \ 655 9 / **0'T 651 08 69 *9 *I* '895 '588 9S0'8£8'68 \ 2*8'I3I'9S / *9T 188 9 3T3 '919 1ST '86 95* '££0'20T 162 '£88 '82 959 '899 '53 6SS'6T£'S 198 319 6£6 £81 561 '586 '* 016'965 656 '*2T 610'528 I£T % f-SS 190 81 \ T9I'685'82 / TIT'285'8 6I£ 092 920'68 955 '291 '8 862 662 S£9 '*8 1*8 '9*£ '2 £88 '892 968'£5 000'02t o; 000'St 85 IS T£I £83 000'OOTt o; 000'02* 281 eot 990 'T 018 'I 00*005$ o^oOO'OOIt 922 ** *8 Oil 021 { 006'£ { 388'9 6£*'£22'l* { 992 '£10 '61 { *90 '0£8 '91 OOO'OO 7Tto; ooo'oost 85 J9AO pin? OOO'OOO'lt 88 SOT'82 982 'SI 095 '90S '0£ STT '680 '9* 985 '259'88 '6061 QNV 'H6I '6T6T :sXOnaOHJ ^0 amVA AS 'SXN3TCHSnaVXS3 £0 3ZIS—*8 ansvx CHEMICALS. 609 Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS- ][ HORSEPOWER. -Si — POWER. ,,_ Amount. Per cent distribution 1919 1914 1909 — ^919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 12,000 3,379 2,210 37G,940 282,335 SOS, 657 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,508 1,129 1,309; 250,445 133,426 . 115.744 66.4 47.2 55 . 5 1,061 1,231 ii 241,749 124,329 103,4SS 64.1 44.0 49.6 Engines 1,136 219 } 1,081 1,231 ,,{ 127,164 114,5S5 } 124,329 / 33.7 \ 30.4 } 440 39 !i 103,4SS 49.6 Internal-combustion engines 122 47 5t0CWk 5,962 1,190 1.3 2.1 0.6 Water wheels, turbines, and motors.. 31 21 39 i 3,69T 3,135 11,066 1-0 1.1 5.3 10,492 2,250 901 f,' 126,495 148,959 92,913 33.6 52. 8 44.5 10,492 2,250 901 126,419 134,481 92,067 33.5 47.6 44.1 Other 76 14,47S 846 j (2) 5.1 0. 4 17,452 4,871 2.182' 235,973 172,510 1.56,709 100.0 100.0 100.0 10,492 2,250 901;! 126,419 134,481 92,067 53.6 78.0 55.8 Generated by establishments reporting... 6,960 2,621 1,251 jj 109,554 38,029 64,642! 46.4 22.0 41.2 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 Anthra- cite 1 (tons, 2,240 pounds) 389,356 491,603 17 10 132 266 16,157 3,292 190 16,321 5,801 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 3,844,667 2,667,248 56 4,877 2,569 407,312 254,457 138,218 1,287 613 1 66,705 44,699 46,570 907,341 854,567 5,141 37,564 41,964 Coke (tons. 2,000 pounds) 457,259 275,440 1,716 1,640 20,353 7,072 3,311 2,500 607 1,500 42 133 9,782 161,82S 80,534 1,040 3,446 1,879 Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gaso-! line j and other vola- tile oils (bar-! rels). j Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 789,347 18,427 1,836,998 r Nebraska*. 500,668 j (>) 12,744,939 I ■ 1 'New Jersey. 496,136 | 12 I. 60 11,110 322 i 5,003 105 610 (J) 25 24,352 | 60 15,359 70 15,003! I 6,775; 50 i 14,228 I 36! 3,764! 1,555 I O j 205! (*)! 106 4,014 7,200 751 860 464,646 740 4,4S0 2,949 New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island... Texas' Utah* Virginia * Washington s... West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states. 'Cen- 'sus year. 1919 ; 1919 i 1914 I 1919 j 1914 j 1919! 1914 j ■ 1919; 1914 j j 1919' 1919 j 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 Anthra- Bitumi- cite nous (tons, (tons, 2,240 2,000 pounds), pounds). Coke; (tons, | : 2,000' j : pounds) J Fuel oils (bar- rels). j j ! G aso-; i line j and ! other i 'vola- tile oils 1 j (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 4S,9S3 283,265 ■ 221,877 287,166; 125,990 , 64,883! 483,708 125; 066 j 363,440 596 j 714,592 I 381,767 17,872 j 441,199 51,836 1 338,040 j 6,016 5 j 22 ! 30,101 , 60 j 146,051 j 715 I I 13,157 • ! 5,941 1 52! 55,917; 7,892: 260,453 8,1S9' 9,799 j 95,439! 75,062; 96,108; 56,168: 7,893 j 5,247! 2,507' 21,510 3,670 I 10 j 23,740 I 29,897 i 73,702 1,325 61,805 10, 892 5,699 C) 16,987 8,900 5,210 7,344 358 (s) 23,966 31,440 228 502 8.424 \*) 75.086 1,525; 141 43,507 12, 731 734 99.050 335,137 2,652 14,854 35 643 12,086 822 130 4,579 10 30: 1,426,4 6 7.232 i 467,236 s 11; l 3 i 137.904 375,796 »Includes some semianthracite. 111367—23 39 1 Included with figures for fuel oils J Included in "AD other states" in 1914. 610 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. MATERIALS. Table 12 presents comparative statistics for mate- rials used in the chemical industry, inclusive of "Coal- tar products" and "Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids," for 1919,1914,1909, and 1904. Establishments assigned to other industries but manufacturing chem- icals as subsidiary products, did not, as a rule, report the consumption of the materials called for by the chemical schedule, and hence the figures do not rep- resent total consumption of the specified materials. Principal materials, by industries.—The consump- tion of certain of the leading materials asked for specif- ically in the various special schedules are given in Table 13 by industries. Table MATERIALS: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. [Tons, 2,000 pounds.] 1919 Total. I I Chemicals. Total cost $296,155,374 Sulphur: Tons I _ £ost '..'.'...'.'.'.'.\ $6,062;915 Pyrlte:' Tons 695,974 XT** $4,381,185 Nitrate of soda: Tons | 78 810 Sulphuric acid: j Tons i 452,445 ^9°^:- i $4,933,900 Nitric acid: Tons Cost Mixed acid: Tons Cost Ammonium sulphate: Tons Cost Alcohol: Grain (ethyl)— Gallons Cost Wood (methyl)— Gallons Cost Fuel and rent of power, cost. All other material, cost 263,256 27,340 $689,713 28,971 $2,921,882 4,366 $368,222 1,817,784 $950,438 2,888,786 $3,631,183 $39,005,662 $227,878,834 $216,301,279 $63,996,734 153,018 $3,599,968 192,851 $1,321,242 35,633 $2,188,039 219,676 $2,573,730 22,301 $295,311 4,078 $446,332 4,102 $339,431 1,392,157 $714,635 2,302,617 $2,793,080 . $32,742,310 j$169,2S7,201 I Sulphuric, Coal-tar | nitric, and products.! mixed acids. ($15,857,361 10,308 $218,162 7,632 $656,233 57,512 $1,520,055 1,039 $194,402 24,893 $2,475,550 240 $28,582 425,619 $235,779 585,068 $835,620 $4,141,033 l$53,693,318 99,930 $2,244,785 503,123 $3,059,943 35,545 $2,487,168 175,257 $840,115 4,000 $200,000 24 $2,209 $24 1,101 $2,483 $2,122,319 $4,898,315 I 1914 $96,1S5,122 1909 1904 $69,531,257 56,296 $1,162,632 889,695 $3,769,467 58,101 $2,696,172 164,774 $1,515,982 7,819 $641,405 6,015 $698,664 9,586 $567,249 296,886 $145,066 1,464,273 $577,122 |$11,854,901 $72,556,462 $47,070,595 77,450 $1,433,743 597,691 $3,170,188 52,976 $2,373,220 58,552 $564,390 1,525 $139,591 4,546 $335,672 1,675 $88,013 479,428 $287,416 949,212 $370,017 $8,566,924 $4,913,267 [$52,202,083 $34,849,790 51,526 $1,071,229 334,207 $1,745,416 45,021 $1,895,248 104,489 $945,486 3,068 $320,818 1,734 $156,605 5,676 $356,109 187,389 $449,604 601,077 $367,223 1 A minus sign (—) denotes descrease. Table 13.—SPECIFIED MATERIALS, BY INDUSTRIES: 1919 AND 1914. PEE CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 308.0 422.0 -21.8 16.2 35.6 97.7 174.6 225.5 249.7 7.5 382.0 318.0 -54.5 -35.1 512.0 555.0 97.3 529.0 229.0 214.1 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 -27.5 -18.9 48.9 18.9 9.7 13.6 352.0 109.0 413.0 359.0 32,3 108.0 472.0 544.5 -38.1 -49.5 54.3 56.0 38.4 39.0 50.7 33.8 78.8 81.6 17.7 25.2 -44.0 -40.3 -50.3 -56.5 162.2 114.3 -70.5 -75.3 156.0 -36.1 57.9 0.8 74,4 49.8 SULPHUR. Total, tons Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids Explosives Fertilizers Petroleum, refining Other Industries PYRITE. Total, tons Chemicals •■• Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids Explosives Fertilizers Petroleum, refining Other Indus tries 1919 Quantity. Cost. 570,769 $13,671,065 153,018 10,308 99,930 25,797 221,558 6,241 54,917 1,146,958 192;851 503,123 6,812 398,602 26,276 19,295 3,599,968 218,162 2,244,785 659,219 5,669,331 136,828 1,142,772 8,757,902 1,321,242 3,059,943 46,147 3,919,050 224,700 186,820 1914 Quantity. Cost. 82,248 $1,730,647 52,679 3,617 15,832 2,041 2,035 6,044 1,581,607 357,385 532,310 25,885 613,842 23,669 28,516 1,085,877 * 76,755 372,763 42,716 42,423 110,113 7,822,030 1,522,165 2,247,302 139,496 3,590,235 163,630 159,202 NITRATE OF SODA. Total, tons Chemicals Coal-tar products Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids Explosives Fertilizers: For acid manufacture For mixed fertilizers. Other Industries SULPHURIC ACID. Total, tons Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals * Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. Explosives Fertilizers Petroleum, refining Other industries 1919 1914 Quantity. Cost. Quantity. Cost. 418,371 $31,133,537 j 412,748 $19,264,181 35,633 7,632 35,545 174,742 2,188,039 656,233 2,487,168 13,154,333 } 25,715 1,176,733 1 32,386 ; 190,060 1,519,439 8,979,877 21,732 130,683 12,404 1,692,614 10,091,790 863,360 j 15,134 ! 147,050 1,503 704,581 6,807,228 76,323 1,850,828 25,277,462 1,359,519 10,278,643 219,676 57,512 2,673,730 1,520,055 840,115 976,295 8,223,533 10,327,210 816,464 } 146,415 1,287,129 175,257 62,069 118,359 52,398 728,889 290,455 23,003 228,853 723,795 4,387,317 3,519,552 131,997 756,818 603,923 76,573 CHEMICALS. 611 Table 13.—SPECIFIED MATERIALS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1919 AND 1914—Continued. NITRIC ACID. Total, tons Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids Explosives Other industries MIXED ACID. Total, tons Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals Explosives Other industries AMMONIUM SULPHATE. Total, tons Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals Other industries 1919 Quantity. 32,940 21,957 1,039 4,000 1,537 4,407 47,387 4,078 24,893 16,637 1,779 140,368 4,102 240 136,026 1914 Cost. Quantity. Cost. $1,490,546 j 12,612 $1,148,850 295,311 , 194,402 i 200,000; 200,267 600,566 5,363 2,456' 4,347! 446 448,808 192,597 476,404 31,041 } 6,018 2,475,550 1,567,691 217,322 339,431 ;\ 26,582 : J 12,755,395 9,610 4,706,895 i; 25,273 \ 1,746,141 698,764 19,255 j 1,047,377 13,121,408! 159,534 '. 9,584,062 568,899 149,924 , 9,015,163 INDUSTRY. ALCOHOL, GBAIN (ETHYL). Total, gallons.... Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. Explosives Paint and varnish Druggists' preparations, etc Other industries 1919 Quantity.! Cost. S,4S3,351 §17,553,506 J 1,440,443 j $647,321 1914 Quantity, j Cost. 1 1,392,157 425,619 8 39,884 2,985,735 2,962,812 677,106 714,635 235,779 24 167,447 1,724,112 14.379,571 331,93S ALCOHOL, WOOD (METHYL). Total, gallons 10,653,665 10,095,2 S3 Chemicals Coal-tar chemicals Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. Paint and varnish Druggists' preparations Wood distillation Other industries 2,302,617 2,793,080 585,068 835,620 1,101 2,483 244,561 303,99S 73,208 106,147 7,360,390 5,898,175 86,720 155,780 j} 379,119; 210,812 •1,061,324 j 436,509 2,454,224 j 1,000,119 }l, 466, 773 | 577,997 j 987,451 1 422,123 PRODUCTS. No important changes have been made in the classi- fication of chemicals since the census of 1914, but additional delimitation of the groups has been found advisable, and some rearrangement of items. So far as practicable 1914 figures have been grouped to correspond with the statistics for 1919 so that com- parisons may be fairly made. The products are classified under 10 groups, and Table 14 presents the figures for group totals for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 14,—Products, Group Totals: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Total value. 1919 11685,268,285 The chemical industry Coal-tar products Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids Chemicals, subsidiary products of other industries $200,195,835 438,658,869 135,482,161 31,470,480 79,656,775 I. —Acids II. —Ammonium and cyanogen compounds. III. —Sodas, sodium and compounds IV. —Potash, potassium and compounds... V. —Alum, aluminum and compounds J VI— Bleaching compounds VII— Coal-tar chemicals VIII.—Plastics IX. —Compressed and liquefied gases X. —Chemicals, not elsewhere specified Group total, gross Intergroup duplications.. Total chemicals, net By-products and residues of chemical operations By-products, not chemical Amount received for contract work S6,194,195 23,067,553 99,689,828 IS, 407,253 43,433,482 12,392,806 133,499,742 77,477,041 43,263,918 156,672,155 694,097,973 50,105,073 •158,053,602 15,215,474 26,926,759 32,837, 8,064, 32,626, 7,905. 0)' 5,302, 13,492, 13,895, 10,415, 52,898", 0) t1) 643,992,900 j 191,895.464 25,921,661 14,870,876 480, S48 4,409,620 3", 702,017 1S8 ~' $1,50,580,149 117,741,103 9,8S4,057 22,954,9S9 48, ,068,617 0) 048,019 (1J 215,726 969.672 472,732 0) S51,270 0) 142, 486,463 5,8S4,60S 1 Comparable figures not available. • Alums—1919, $17,055,891; 1914, $3,467,969; 1909, $3,022,355. Group I is devoted exclusively to acids. Three groups, II, III, and IV, are built upon the most im- portant alkalies—ammonium, sodium, and potassium— and include elements, oxides, hydroxides, and salts; while Group X gathers in all of the less important metals and basic elements, derivatives of both, and organic compounds. Salts in Groups II, III, IV, and X in a measure duplicate the acids of Group I. Five groups depend upon other than chemical sepa- rations. Group V, alums, aluminum, and com- pounds, concerns chiefly a class of mordanting com- pounds, and Group VI, bleaching agents. Group VII is differentiated by the basic material. Group VIII, plastics, expresses by the title the character of the chemical products. Group IX is dependent upon physical state and method *of marketing. The mem- bers of these five groups belong within one or more of the other subdivisions. It is designed to make each group, so far as possible, comprehensive of the products within its scope. This duplication exists only to a small degree in the statistics for the prior censuses, and the amount of duplication in the statistics for 1919 is noted. Owing to the fact that the term "Fine chemicals" is applied not only to compounds that are rare and of high unit value, but also to specially refined grades of other chemicals, a separation on this basis has not been attempted. It would imply another basis of separation, namely, that of purity or value, and with fine chemicals any conclusions drawn from the figures would be open to question on account of the large per- centage of these products concealed in lump sums of imenumerated items. 612 MANUFACTURES. The aggregate figures necessarily include the by- products and residues of chemical operations and the income from other sources of the establishments reporting. The total value of products, $6S5,268,285, includes chemicals to the amount of $643,992,900. The groups as presented involve a gross total of $694,097,973, of which amount $50,105,073 is inter- group duplications. For example, carbonic acid (carbon dioxide) value $6,574,250, is included in Group I, Acids, and also in Group IX, Compressed and liquefied gases. The following tabular statement shows the per- centages of increase of the several items given in Table 14 for the census periods 1914-1919 and 1909-1914. major acids, the distribution of the establishments by geographic divisions is given in Table 16. Table 15.—Group I,—Acids. PER CENT OF INCREASE (TABLE 14). Total. The chemical industry Coal-tar products Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids Chemicals, subsidiary products of other industries. I. —Acids - - II. —Ammonium and cyanogen compounds III. —Sodas, sodium and compounds IV. —Potash, potassium and compounds V. —Alums, aluminum, and compounds VI. —Bleaching compounds VII. -Coal-tar chemicals Vin.—Plastics IX— Compressed and liquefied gases X.—Chemicals, not elsewhere specified Total chemicals, net.. 1914- 1909- 1919 1914 242 | 33 } 263 , 34 107 54 196 17 162 | 26 1S6! 206' 30 133 i ; 134; 65 889' 69 458: 86 315! 196; 8 236 I 35 GROUP L—ACIDS. Chemical substances can be subdivided into four main classes: (1) Acids, including acid oxides or an- hydrides; (2) Bases, including basic elements, oxides and hydroxides; (3) Salts or combinations of acids with bases; and (4) Other compounds of neutral char- acter. For purposes of census classification, free acids and their anhydrides are included in Group I, while bases are subdivided into a number of groups each of which includes a basic metal or element and its oxides, hydroxides, and salts, with acids. Thus acids appear as component parts of other groups, and the acids appearing in Group I are largely duplicated in the salts of other groups. Table 15 presents the detailed statistics for acids for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The table shows the number of establishments reporting specific products, and, where available, the quantity made and consumed in the same establishment has been given in addition to that produced for sale. Average unit values have been carried into the table as an index of the advance in values where the production data for prior years were comparable. With respect to the 1919 Value- of products I$86,194,195 1914 $32,837,254 Inorganic acids, value !$59,875,958 40 221,749 150,090 68,458 59 86,992 19,436 Arsenic and arsenious acids: I Number of establishments i 6 Total production, pounds i 2,622,389 For sale— j Pounds 1 1,076,000 Value !$108,233 Made and consumed, pounds 1,546,389 Boric (boracic) acid: , Number of establishment s , 6 Pounds '■■ 13,454,100 Value !$1,754,632 TJnit value, pound :$0.12 Carbonic acid (carbon dioxide COu):; Number of establishments I 42 Pounds t 59,771,411 Value !§6,574,250 Unit value, pound ;$0.11 Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid: Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale- Tons , Value j $4,312,253 Unit value, ton $29 Made and consumed, tons !71,659 Hydrofluoric acid: Number of establislunents ;6 Total production, pounds '5,732,198 For sale- Pounds | 4,320,017 Value , $440,184 Unit value, pound SO. 10 Made and consumed, pounds I 1,412,181 Mixed acid (sulphuric-nitric): Number of establishments ;42 Total production, tons 114,886 For sale—' Tons !46,428 Value ;$4,426,637 Unit value, ton 'S95 Made and consumed, tons Nitric acid: Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale- Tons Value | $2,976,095 Unit value, ton :$153 Made and consumed, tons i 67,556 Phosphoric acid: j Number of establishments 9 Total production, pounds j 22,109,302 For sale— I Pounds ;13,379,501 Value I §1,711,148 Unit value, pound j SO. 13 Made and consumed, pounds [ 8,729,801 Sulphuric acid: Number of establishments 216 Total production reduced to 50° Baum6, tons 5,552,581 For sale- Tons 3,331,362 Value $35,932,605 Unit value, ton { $10.32 Made and consumed, tons \ 2,221,219 Production according to strength— J For sale— 50° Baume— Tons Value 60° Baume"— Tons Value 66° Baum6— Tons Value Oleum or fuming— Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons— 50° Baume' 00° Baum<3 66° Baurn6 Oleum or fuming Sulphuric acid, reclaimed: Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale- Tons Value Made and consumed, tons 839,780 $9,543,118 ^949,371 $9,498,800 707,303 $13,521,316 • 133,655 $3,369,371 $31 1,910,332 70,681 126,892 18,149 65 473,555 95,119 $803,144 378,436 1909 $26,068,617 $25,082,873 C1) C1) (See footnotes at end of table.) 5 5 8,584,311 $588,981 $0.07 5,554,914 $295,776 $0.06 38 35 50,4-15,779 $2,320,685 $0.04 47,953,291 $2,345,743 $0.05 31 38 168,584 122,367 85,438 SI, 348,805 $16 83,146 101,607 $1,758,335 $17 20,760 9 10 7,209,248 8,027,290 5,373,657 $325,540 $0.06 1,835,591 6,842,914 $294,379 $0.04 1,184,376 37 14 112,124 42,725 $2,204,480 $51 69,399 28,591 $1,860,787 $65 52 78,589 25 68,717 14,685 $1,591,625 $108 63,904 13,663 $1,357,098 $99 55,054 7 9 12,420,191 $680,239 $0.05 $607,505 194 183 4,071,566 2,764,455 2,338,284 $15,395,133 $6.58 1,733,282 1,479,200 $10,103,425 $6.89 1,285,255 451,121 $2,709,350 528,263 $3,176,430 545.652 $3,754,866 177,414 $1,038,358 732,186 $8,042,422 453,370 $5,454,002 62,354 $888,495 $14 28,594 $434,635 $15 1,250,112 249,927 96,280 15,404 1,115,018 11,970 99,249 3,743 14 136,360 $518,890 7,069 $62,935 CHEMICALS. 613 Table 15.—Group I.—Acids—Continued. Organic acids, value Acetic acid, value Acetic, dilute and pyroligncous— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Unit value, pound... Made and consumed, pounds. Acetic, glacial- Number of establishmen ts Total production, pounds For sale— Pounds Value Unit, value, pound... Made and consumed, pounds. Acetic anhydride- Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Unit value, pound... Made and consumed, pounds Citric acid: Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value. Unit value, pound Made and consumed, pounds Lactic acid: Number of establishments Value - Oleic acid: Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Unit value, pound Made and consumed, pounds Stearic acid: Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Unit value, pound Made and consumed, pounds Tannic acid: Number of establishments Pounds Value Unit value, pound Tartaric acid: Number of establishments Pounds Value Other acids: Inorganic * Organic 0 1919 $26,318,237 1914 $7,754,381 1909 $4,204,044 I 13; 42,248,803! 33,057,776 i $1,359,521 I SO. 04 9,191,027 20,131,487 19,244,960 $2,325,927 $0.12 886,527 7 1,794,985 1,213,861 $.578,596 $0.47 581,124 $1,272,294 13 75,303,375 70,617,037 $1,272,294 4,6=85,738 13 58,000,602 •56,923,773 $1,336,874 3,260,482 2,729,913 3,163,676 , S3,047,371! SO. 96 | 96,800; 2,657,840 $1,516,336 i $0.57! 72.103' 2,102,256 $777,235 $0.37 $781,828 15 44,895,453 44,350,574 I $6,548', 564 ■ $0.15! 544,879 9 17,043,421 16,969,878 i $3;796,439! ax 22-: 78,543 , 4 S45.065 $746', 82,5 $0. &8 5,312,965 $4,262,376 $S36,777 $2,870,790: 23, 187,579 21,932.736 $l,30i; 353 $0.06: 1,254,843' 10 14,960,109 14,351,40-1 $1,242,492 $0.09 608,705 5 853.830 $287,142 $0.34 0) 16,377,063 SS45,106 $0.05 0) $108,495 $2,134,761 C1) |$3,220,206 1 Not reported separately. 'Includes a large production under a long-term, low-priced contract. • Includes sulpnur-trioxide, "Battery acid" and "Electrolyte sulphuric," 74,533 tons. < Includes, 1919, chlorsulphonic, chromic, hydrobroinic, hydrofluosilicic, hypo- phosphorous, molybdic, silicic, sulphurous, tungstic, vanadic, etc., and for 1914 sulphurous, hypophosphorous, arsenic, and hydrofluosilicic. * Includes, 1919, butyric, caproic, carbolic, cresylic, formic, gallic, glycerophos- phoric, hydrocyanic, monochloraeetic, oxalic, phthalic anhydride, propionic, pyro- gallic, thymic, valerianic, etc. Table 16.—The Major Acids—Distribution of Number of Establishments, by Geographic Divisions: 1919. Sulphuric Sulphuric (reclaimed). Nitric Mixed Carbonic Hydrochloric Acetic United1 JJew iMiddle lnucaEng-| At-' land. 1 lantic. States.] 1 North Cen- tral. South .South' At- i Cen- I ilantic: tral. 1 216 ■! 6; 42 40 77 33; 7 i 11 65! 21 i 19 2 14! 4' 5 59 ij 3; 27 15 1! 1 5 7 42 | 1 1 17 14 1 l 1 5 , 3 42 1 4 10 15 3; 6 4 40; 4 18 9 2! 1 2 4 21 il 2 9 7 2 1 Moun-i Pa- tain, cifie. Sulphuric acid,—Sulphuric acid may be considered the fundamental of the acid group, since nearly all other acids are made through its instrumentality, with the difference that sulphuric acid does not figure in the final product, but remains with the residual salt or by-product of the process. To show how extensively sulphuric acid is employed in the production of other acids, a synopsis of methods of manufacture is given— A.—Direct action of sulphuric acid {usually upon a natural salt or by-product of another process), liberating free acid. ACID SET FKEE. NATURAL SALT OB BY-PRODUCT: SOURCE- Acetic. Acetates, wood distillation industry. Boric Borax from lake brines. Carbolic Coal-tar fraction, after caustic extraction. Carbonic Limestone or marble. Chlorsulfonic Chlorine and sulphuric acid. Citric Citrates, citrus fruit industry. Gallic Tannic acid, extracts industry.1 ^dfochSSci."!.'."." }Brmes from and lakes. lyd^oferrocyanic}Gas' coke' and bwt SU&T industries. Hydrofluoric Fluorspar or cryolite. Hydrofluosilicic Fluorspar and sand, or by-product phosphate manufac- ture, fertilizer Lndustrv. "Lactic Lactates, dairy industry. Mixed Mixture, nitric and sulphuric. Nitric Chili saltpeter. Oxalic Sawdust, lumber industry.1 Phosphoric Bone ash or phosphate rock. Phthalic Naphthalene, coal-tar industry, with catalyst.1 Tartaric Tartrates, wine industry. Valerianic ;Fusel oil, distillation industry, with bichromate.1 Vanadic Caraotite ores, by-product radium industry- 1 Action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid—hydroxylation. 1 Action of concentrated sulphuric acid—oxidation, B.—Action of sulphuric acid} after a preliminary operation. Chromic Alkaline fusion chrome iron ore, then sulphuric acid. Silicic l Alkaline fusion quartz, then sulphuric acid. Tungstic :Alkaline fusion tungsten ore, then sulphuric acid. Formic 'Alkali heated under pressure with CO. COt, or CO*. Hypophosphorus Barium hydroxide heated with phosphorus Lactic Specific bacterial fermentation, starch paste or sugar from corn, potato, molasses, etc. .neutralized lime, then sul- phuric acid. Butyric Same general method as lactic, SDeciflc bacteria. c$f&::::::::::::: }SimUar to lactic- Oleic Alkaline saponification, fats and oils of slaughtering and meat packing, olive and cotton-seed oil industries, then sulphuric. Stearic Siniilar to oleic. Oxalic Formic acid process continued with more heat, neutralized lime and sulphuric acid added. C.—Acids not employing sulphuric acid. Arsenious Roasting arsenical pyrites. Molybdic. Roasting molybdenum sulphide ore, Ohloracetic Chiorine passed into acetic acid.» Glyeerophosphorie— Glycerine and phosphoric acid heated together.1 Pyrogallie Gallic acid heated in autoclave with water. Tannic Extract of gall nuts. 1 Acetic and phosphoric acids and sometimes chlorine produced by use of sul- phuric acid. D.—Additional methods developed for important acids, largely synthetic. Acetic. Carbonic. {Bacterial oxidation of alcohol. I Synthesis from acetylene, catalytic. /Combustion, organic material. \ Fermentation, organic material, rr 1 * u— * Fermen tation of su gar. Hydrobromic I Synthesis from hydrogen and bromine, catalytic 1Tw,r , , .rt [Synthesis from hydrogen and chlorine. Hydrochlonc .{By-product, Le Blanc soda process. (Class a.) i IBy-product. chlorination processes. !/Synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen, electrolytic. p, . . I l^ynthesis from ammonia and oxygen, catalytic eteanc I Synthesis from oleic, catalytic hydrogenation. Nitric Sulphuric acid production.—Table 17 presents the statistics for sulphuric acid production, 1919 and 1914, distributed hy industries, by process used in manu- facture, and by states; also whether produced for sale or for consumption in the producing establishment. It gives also the weight of platinum in use in the industry. 614 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.—Sulphuric Acid (Basis 50° Baum£): 1919 and 1914. TON (2,000 POUNDS). VALUE. 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total production 5,552,581 4,071,566 For sale 3,331,362 2,221,219 2,338,284 1,733,282 835,932,605 $15,395,123 Made and consumed By industries. Establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of— Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids— For sale 1,6,85,341 213,437 1,359,183 0) 18,112,942 9,044, .538 Made and consumed Chemicals in general— For sale 524,135 251,364 500,488. 0) 6,460,983 3,773,31S Made and consumed Fertilizers— For sale 282,460 1,529,624 129,053 133 3,329,628 768, S73 Made and consumed Explosives— For sale 42,041 537,077 1,713 Made and consumed 43,187 0) Products of other industries— For sale 797,385 183,607 349, 427 (l) 7,491,975 1,806,691 Made and consumed By process. Establishments using the:3 Chamber process 3,757,887 1,141,418 2,961,815 698,413 Contact process Both chamber and contact pro- 653,276 411,338 Production, by states. Alabama: For sale 61,218 38,317 795,058 293,525 California: 96,611 For sale 367,773 46,074 114,058 4,732,759 945,276 Made and consumed Table 17.—Sulphuric Acid (Basis 50° Baum£); 1919 and 1914— Continued. 1 Figures not available. 2 Chamber process only was reported by 24 establishments in 1919 and 13 In 1911- contact process only was reported by 185 establishments in 1919 and 172 in 1914; while both chamber and contact processes were reported bv onlv 7 establish- ments in 1919 and 9 in 1914. 'y TON (2,000 POUNDS). VALUE. Georgia: 1919 j 1914 1919 1914 For sale 19,906 252,899 20,151 $325,958 $115,220 Made and consumed Illinois: 470,092 72,691 349,252 4,483,311 1,848,031 Made and consumed Louisiana: For sale 16,232 65,896 0) 162,572 0) Made and consumed Maryland: For sale 159,957 330,928 187,937 1,747,830 1,191,801 Made and consumed New Jersey: For sale 393,067 249,072 399,667 5,013,063 3,085,226 Made and consumed New York: For sale 69,699 52,262 63,970 1,098,800 532,938 Made and consumed Ohio: For sale 255,271 117,085 142,800 2,713,108 983,583 Made and consumed Pennsylvania: For sale 468,696 93,874 362,270 5,559,9S4 2,498,117 Made and consumed All other: For sale 1,049,451 843,827 659,862 9,300,162 3,898,406 Made and consumed Weight of platinum used. Total weight TROY OUNCES. In stills or concentration pans.. 41,851 3,366 38,485 29,835 8,829 21,006 1 Figures not available. Sulphuric acid production, according to strength.— Table 18 presents the statistics of production, 1919, according to strength, and whether produced for sale or for consumption in the producing establishment. Table 18.—SULPHURIC ACID: 1919. (Ton, 2,000 pounds.) Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PBODUCTION ACCORDING TO STRENGTH. TOTAL ON BASIS OF 50° EAUME. 50° Baum6. 60° Baume. 66° Baume\ Oleum, i Trioxide. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Total production 216 2,750,112 839,780 1,020,052 949,371 834,195 707,303 76,678 63,816 75,126 69,839 5,552,581 3,331,362 Produced for sale $9,543,118 $9,498,800 $13,521,316 $1,996,018 $1,373,353 $35,932,605 Made and consumed (in establish- ment producing) 1,910,332 70,681 126,892 12,862 5,287 2,221,219 For sale 13 85,811 20,394 20,394 337,769 31,017 23,817 7,200 457,289 157,829 61,218 96,611 795,058 Made and consumed So, 811 California 10 274,478 228,414 46,064 3,462 3,462 62,637 62,637 24,021 24,021 413,847 367,773 46,074 Made and consumed 2,542,872 31,943 1,036,564 1,121,380 4,732,759 Made and consumed 27 266,993 14,094 252,899 220,619 1,168 1,168 11,463 2,901 2,901 93,876 272,805 19,906 252,899 325,958 11 134,056 92,698 41,358 217,590 202,132 15,458 21,905 20,534 1,371 9,779 3,958 5,821 45,161 45,161 542,783 470,092 72,691 948,297 2,032,654 464,90i 108,859 928,600 4,483,311 For sale 5 57,713 11,292 46,421 103,341 18,105 2,525 15,580 36,719 1,189 1,189 22,512 82,128 16,232 65,896 162,572 Made and consumed 7 424,287 93,359 330,928 34,000 34,000 16,065 16,065 490,885 159,957 330,928 1,075,421 396,238 276,171 1,747,830 New Jersey 18 304,985 113,129 191,856 2,5,883 24,354 1,529 195195 158,325 36,870 7,023 7,023 642,139 393,067 249.072 1,420,578 406,980 3,024,409 161,096 5,013,063 * Includes battery acid and electrolyte sulphuric, 4,694 tons. CHEMICALS. 615 Table 18.—SULPHURIC ACID: 1919—Continued. New York For sale Made and consumed. Ohio For sale Made and consumed. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO STRENGTH. 60° Baum6\ 60° Baume\ 66° Baume\ Tons. Pennsylvania For sale Made and consumed. All other states1 , For sale Made and consumed.. Florida Massachusetts Mississippi North Carolina ... South Carolina... Tennessee Virginia Other 87 41,826 10,758 31,068 128.049 39,310 88,739 160,084 95,820 64,264 871,820 140,906 730,914 47,231 i 95,041! 33,352 | 110,590; 164,835 i 82,416 i 95,236 i 102,213 i Value. Tons. ! Value. Tons. $149,644 17,346' !23,303 9,201! $177,893! 20,978 8,145! 2,325 125,759 110,361 15,398 307,887 1,127,533 25,790 4,199 | 169,855 1 158,957 2,273,361 10,898 i 1,574,587 482,260; 467,388 j 3,485,893 14,872 I 8,000: 6,872 j Value. $573,555 TOTAL ON BASIS OP 50° BAU3f£. Oleum. Trioxide. Tons. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 13,742 9,341 $197,70S 4,401 | 9,421 1,853,834 j 9,421 i $171,161 111, 875 108,026 3,849 242,349 182,470 59,879 10,451 49,428 2,035,308 504 !11,136: 498 | 11,095 i 5,849 112,687 6 5,287 I 21,609 3,682,897 18,975 2,634 395,880 | 9,408' 9,40S 160,905 2,634 121,961 69,699 52,262 372,356 255,271 117,0S5 562,570 463,696 93,874 1,893,278 1,049,451 843,827: 47,231 ! 110,718 i 43.352 l 110,590: 164,835 i 82,416; 95,236; 189,449' Value. $1,098,800 2,713,108 5, 559, QS4 9, 300,162 1 Includes Arizona, 1; Arkansas, 1; Colorado, 3; Connecticut, 2; Delaware, 1; Florida, 5; Indiana, 3; Kansas, 1; Kentucky, 1; Massachusetts, 4: Michigan, 3; Mississippi, 5; Missouri, 1; Montana, 1; North Carolina, 12; Oklahoma, 1; South Carolina, 14; Tennessee, 7; Texas, 5; Utah, 2; Virginia, 9; Washington, 1; West Virginia, 2; and Wisconsin. 2. Table 19 summarizes the production figures for sulphuric acid for 1919, 1914, and 1909, according to strength, as reported, with the conversion figures for same to basis of 50° acid. It shows also the per cent distribution according to strength, and the per cent distribution of that made and consumed, accord- ing to strength. Table 19.—Distribution of Sulphuric Acid Production: 1919, 1914, and 1909. DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO STRENGTH. Total as reported.. 50° 66° Oleum and SO31.. Same expressed as 50°. 50° 60° as *50°* *'. '. '. '. '. '. [ ['. .*! 66° as 50° Oleum and S03 as 50°. Per cent distribution: Total 50°.. 60°.. Oleum and SO3 Per cent of each strength made and consumed (total for each strength being 100): Total as 50° 50° 60° 66° Oleum and SO3 1919 1914 1909 To value::::::::::: h 622,2s* Unit value, ton *io*j Bichromate— Number of establishments s Total production, tons «24,0S1 For sale- Tons -x- Value $5,33/.389 Unit value, ton $239 Made and consumed,tons l» GS9 Bromide- Number of establishments ^ o Pounds 1,242,443 Value $511,812 Carbonates- Soda ash— 1D Number of establishments i& Total production, tons 1» 507,424 F°rTonI 1.033,4*) Value.-....- $31, ^>14? 26,501 20/1.54 $2,071,774 $1,756,922 $7S $87 11.824; (») $1,125,398! '.. $95 (a) $30 473,944 41 82,992 $2, 272^ 770 $27 "7 I 10 190, S94 | 141,556 Unit value, ton Made 3nd consumed, tons— Sal soda (including monohvdrate crys- tals)— Number of establishments Tons Value Unit value, ton Bicarbonate- Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons . Value... $3,695,417 Unit value, ton $26 Made and consumed, tons 49,338 Sesquicarbonate— Number of establishments 5 Tons 37,854 Value $8S5,500 Fluoride- Number of establishments * Pounds 1.364,441 Value. $177,420 Hydroxide (caustic soda)*— Number of estabHshments 29 Total production, tons 333,361 For sale- Tons- 322.746 Value $20,792.695 Unit value, ton $64 Made and consumed, tons 10,615 Iodide- Number of establishments 7 Pounds 29,284 Value $103,868 (See footnotes at end of table.) 935,305 i 646,057 $10,937,945 $10,362,656 $12! $16 50: 50 106,591 j 86.644 $1,156,882 $13 $1,510,449 $14 90,169! 82,800 $1,439,014 I $1,515,045 $16! $18 (s) (*) 291,539! 131,612 $9,104,920 So,264, SS7 $43' $40 622 MANUFACTURES. Table 26.—Group III.—Sodas, Sodium, and Compounds—Con. inorganic—continued. Sodium—Continued. Nitrate, refined- Number of establishments Tons Value Phosphate- Number of establishments Total production. tons Monobasic (4 establishments). Dibasic (9 establishments) — Tribasic (5 establishments)... For sale- Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Silicate- Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Sulphates— Niter cake— Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale- Tons - Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Glauber's salt— Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Refined anhydrous- Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Thlosulphate (Hypo)— Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons Value , Made and consumed, tons Sulphide- Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale- Tons Value Unit value, ton M ade and consumed, tons Sulphite- Number of establishments Total production, tons For sale— Tons.. Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Washing compounds (not containing soap)— Number of establishments Tons Value - Other inorganic sodium compounds,6 value organic. Sodium: Acetate— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale— Pounds Value - Made and consumed, pounds Benzoate— Number of establishments Pounds Value Citrate— ^ L i Number of establishments • Pounds j Value - Other organic Bodium compounds,9.value. 1 (See footnotes at end 1919 1914 1909 7 10,153 $934,643 J 10 23,867 4,321 9,663 22,351 $2,438,917 $109 1,516 21 336,093 286,791 $6,052,318 $21 49,302 38 97,836 81,170 $281,476 $3.47 16,666 34 179,003 122,908 $1,930,139 $16 56,095 27 42,206 38,330 $864,204 $22 3,876 2,776 2,708 $221,232 $82 68 29,818 215,678 $1,541,087 140 17 39,735 35,178 $2,316,253 $66 4,557 8,666 7,209 $539,636 $75 1,457 861 $71,021 $7,021,278 12 2,260,459 2,196,113 $165,505 64,346 4 120,447 $68,004 118,417 $143,386 $5,706,363 of table.) (8) "(»)" * 15,397 $853,528 $55 12,290 $540,282 $44 190,648 169,049 $1,648,854 $10 21,599 34,170 $366,621 $11 31 24 46,143 24,129 $31,580 $1.30 22,014 27,546 $53,693 $1.95 29 110,263 90,442 $,841,887 $9 19,821 20 34,537 $427,808 $12 46,471 $512,464 $11 (3) (s) (8) (3) 5 20,263 $516,644 $25 7,673 $206,450 $27 5 (3) $66,649 7 12,4-41 $204,230 $1,703,535 (3) (3) (3) (3) $61,490 (») $80,630 («) Table 26.—Group III.—Sodas, Sodium, and Compounds—Con. DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919. Total num- ber. New Eng- land. Mid- dle At- lan- tic. East North Cen- tral. West North Cen- tral. South At- lan- tic. South Cen- tral. Moun- tain. Pacif- ic. INORGANIC Sodium: Borate 8 4 1 3 Bichromate 5 3 1 1 Bromide 5 1 2 1 1 Carbonate- Soda ash 18 4 4 2 4 4 Sal soda 41 2 11 6 3 2 3 14 Bicarbonate 10 4 2 1 2 1 Sesquicarbonate Fluoride 5 2 1 2 4 3 1 Hydroxide (caustic) Iodide 29 4 12 7 2 3 1 7 6 1 Nitrate 7 3 1 2 1 Phosphate 10 7 1 2 Silicate 21 8 8 2 3 Sulphate- Niter cake 38 3 15 9 2 3 1 4 1 Salt cake 34 3 15 8 1 2 2 2 1 Glauber's salt.. 27 3 12 3 4 2 3 Ref. anhydrous. Thiosulphate... Sulphide 6 1 5 1 9 I 5 1 1 1 1 17 ] 8 i 7 4 a 2 1 Sulphite... 5 i 1 1 Washing com- ORGANIC. 3 , 1 1 1 Sodium: i Acetate 12 9 2 i Benzoate 4 3 i Citrate 6 5 i 1 The totals for items reported 1914, 532,626,335, and 1909, $25,048,019, are not comparable with total for 1919. Tho total for 1909 ($25,048,019) includes $3,312,117 of unclassified sodium products not shown in detail. 2 Includes neutral chromate. 3 Figures not available. < Includes caustic liquor and soda lye. 6 Includes, 1919, sodium metal, sodium chlorate, hypophosphite, manganate, nitrate, silicofluoride, burnt, chrome and sodium alums, aluminate, aluminum fluoride (refined cryolite), arsenate, arsenite, bisulphite, gold chloride, hypochlorite, perborate, peroxide, titanium sulphate, uranate, uranium nitrate, etc. 6 Includes, 1919, sodium butyrate, formate, oxalate, propionate, sulphocarbolate, cyanide and ferrocyanide, formaldehyde-hydrosulphite, potassium tartrate, thio- cyanate, uranium acetate, etc. The manufacture of sodium compounds for the year 1919, exclusive of common salt, rock salt, and brines and of sodium salts produced in other special industries such as coal-tar chemicals and dyestufFs, amounted to more than three times the value of the previous census, and reached the grand total of nearly 3,000,000 tons and $100,000,000, of which products to the value of $9,042,986 have also been included within other classifications in this report. Sodium cyanides, alums, bleaching compounds, and electrolytic products appear here and elsewhere in these tables. The increase in the use of sodium compounds is probably in part due to the substitution of sodium for potassium in bichromates, cyanides, nitrates, prus- siates, hydroxide, and other salts, which, previous to the shortage caused by the war, were considered infe- rior for certain industrial applications, notably in the making of nitrate explosives, the oxidation of aniline black and the production of Prussian blue. After being subjected to more careful methods of purification in order to remove deliquescent salts and other impuri- ties, sodium compounds have been found in many instances to be fully equal or better than potassium, the forced recognition of which fact will be of lasting benefit to industry. CHEMICALS. 623 Demand for the principal soda products—soda ash, bicarbonate, caustic, and bleaching powder—slumped in the early part of 1919, factories running at from 25 to 30 per cent capacity until June, but from then on until October and November, though manufacturing costs continued high, demand and activities increased until they reached pre-war conditions. Extensive exports of finished goods dependent upon alkalies for their preparation, glass, soap, petroleum products, textiles, and various sodium chemicals, at least in part caused this increased output. Sodium compounds are very largely used in the textile, leather, and paper industries, as the following statement will show: SODIUM SALT. Employed in- Aeetate: Alum j Alumina te j Arsenate! Bichromate and chromale BIsulphate Bisulphite Borate Carbonates Chlorate Formaldehyde hydr< pbite. Hydroxide (caustic). sul- Hvpochlorlte. Nitrite Oxalate Perborate Peroxide Phosphate Prussiale Silicate Sulphates Sulphide Thiosulphate. Titanium sulphate Washing compounds j Mordant, manufacture. Mordanting of paper and textiles, loading, sizing. Mordanting. Dyeing. Chrome tanning, textile mordant, printing, bleach- ing. Dyeing (substitute for sulphuric acid). Dyeing, paper bleaching, source of SO2. Tanning, siring, mordanting, 15reproofing. Dyeing,"printing, cleansing "bleaching, degurnmlng. Dyeing, printing, oxidizing agent. Reducing agent in vat dyeing,"bleaching, discharging, printing. Tanning, mercerizing, manfacturing of dyes, wood pulp, and paper. Bleaching, other oxidizing processes. Diazotizing in the manufacture of azo dyes, nitroso compounds, and in dyeing textiles. Textile processes. Bleaching, oxidizing. Bleaching, oxidizing. Textiles, "especially silk weighting and dyeing. Manufacturing of Prussian" blue for calico dyeing, printing Fireprooflng, dyeing, bleaching adhesive in fiber and paper board, sizing, soap making. Dyeing (fixing and equalizing agent), manufacture of ultramarine and sodium sulphide, Dyeing sulphur colors, tanning, artificial silk manu- facture, sulphide colors, depilatory agent. Chrome tanning, antichJor in bleaching, paper manu- facture, mordanting, manufacture of coal-tar green. Mordanting. Cleansing. In the paper industry, for instance, for the produc- tion of sulphite, soda and sulphate pulps, large amounts of soda ash, salt cake, and niter cake are employed; alum serves as a sizing or fixing agent for dyes, the silicate acts as an adhesive in laminated papers like wall boards. For boiling rags, caustic or carbonate is employed, and, for bleaching of rags or pulp, the hypochlorite is used. Of those compounds which have been included in "Other sodium compounds," the outstanding items arranged in the order of their value are cyanide, metal, prussiate, chlorate, aluminum fluoride, formaldehyde- hydrosulphite, peroxide, alums, potassium tartrate, and hypophosphite. The two important sodium compounds, soda ash and caustic, are preeminently in the lead both in quantity and value of production and together constitute 61 per cent of the quantity and 52 per cent of the value of the entire group. It can readily be seen that the total of 49,33S tons of bicarbonate of soda reported as made and con- sumed in further manufacture is but a fraction of that required for the manufacture of the soda ash, crystal- line carbonate and sesquicarbonate reported. Making the necessary calculations from the formulas of these salts (soda ash, Na2C03; sesquicarbonate, Na,H3 (C03)3. 3 aq., and Na,C03 10aq., with factors of 1.60, 1.03, and 0.59, respectively) and adding the weight of bicarbonate reported sold as such, the total amount of bicarbonate made amounted to 2,691 thousand-ton units. Salt cake and niter cake, at one time considered as by-products and more or less a drug upon the market, advanced in both price and value, niter cake showing phenomenal gains, to more than double the quantity and nearly three times the price. This would indicate that many new uses have been found for niter cake as a substitute for sulphuric acid and other acids and acid salts in the explosives, soap, fertilizer, paper, dyeing, tanning, and other industries. The manufacture of bichromate and sulphide, both used largely in the textile and leather industries, has increased very considerably so that these salts rank among the more important sodium compounds judging by the amounts and value of their output. More than 50 separate compounds of sodium were reported in the 1919 census, some of which were derived by simple processes and others by involved methods, especially from the engineering standpoint. Briefly, they were derived in the folio wins: ways: JDIUM salt. Proce or method < : manufacture. From original sources. Biborate j Natural borate, or calcium ore, roasted then boiled I with sodium carbonate. Carbonate \ From "Trona'' by fractional crystallization. Chloride j Natural brines and salt mines. * Fluoride I Cryolite, roasted, then boiled with carbonate. Nitrate i Mined in Chili, refined. Sulphate j From natural brines by fractional crystallization i : Singh and simple operation. Alums !Sodium and aluminum sulfates crystallized from 'solution to form double salt. Sodium gold chloride '; Two salts crystallized together from solution, as with I alums. Carbonate, soda ash j Calcined bicarbonate doss of water). Carbonate, crystals j Crystallized from water solution. Carbonate, sesqui ;Bicarbonate heated in solution (loss of CO*, addition i of water). Thiocyanate I Sodium cyanide solution boiled with sulphur. Neutralization in solution Acetate ;Carbonate and acetic acid. Alultimate Carbonate and aluminum hydroxide. Arse nit e | Carbonate and arsenious oxide, Benzoate • Carbonate and benzoic acid. Bicarbonate Carbonate and carbon dioxide. Bisulphite Carbonate and sulphur dioxide (caustic also used >. Butyrate. :Hydroxide and butyric acid. Chromato :Carbonate and bichromate. Fluoride 'Carbonate and hydrofluoric acid. Glycerophosphate .1 Carbonate and siycerophosphorie acid. Hypophosphite !Carbonate and hypophosphorous acid. Oxalate. Carbonate and oxalic acid. Propionate Carbonate and propionic acid. Silicoiluoride :Carbonate and siUeoduorie acid (Quosilicie). Sulphite !Carbonate and sulphur dioxide. Sulphoearbolate ;Carbonate and sulphoearboLlc acid. Tartrate i Carbonate and acid tartrate. Substitution of sulph uric acid for another acid . BIsulphate I Sulphuric acid acting on a nitrate loiter cake). Sulphate. 'Sulphuric acid acting on a chloride (salt cake). 624 MANUFACTURES. SODIUM SALT. Process or method of manufacture. Interchange in solution, solid precipitate for med and removed. Acetate Calcium acetate and sodium sulphate. Bromide ;Iron bromide and sodium carbonate. Citrate :Calcium citrate and sodium sulphate. Ferrocyanide 1 Calcium ferrocyanide and sodium carbonate. Hydroxide Calcium or barium hydroxide and sodium sulphate. Iodide Iron iodide and sodium carbonate. Phosphate j Dicalcium phosphate and sodium carbonate. Thiosulphate Calcium thiosulphate and sodium sulphate. Oxidation. Arsenate Sodium arsenite oxidized with NaNOs by calcination or fusion. Ferricyanide i Ferrocyanide oxidized with chlorine in solution. Manganate , Mn02 fused with NaOH or NasC03 and NaN03. Perborate A Borax heated slightly in solution with NasOs or 1 H2Oa. Peroxide Metallic sodium heated to 300° in aluminum trays in current of dry air, free of CO2. Thiosulphate Sulphide liquor from Leblanc soda process oxidized by air, Na-iSO* added to calciuin salt. Combination and interchange usually by aid of heat. Bicarbonate Salt, ammonia and carbon dioxide (Solvay process) i combined under pressure and heat. Bichromate Fusion of chrome ore with lime and soda, and solu- 1 tion of product separated by sulphuric acid. Cyanide ;Sodamid (NaNH2) heated with carbon and sodium ; cyanamid. Ferrocyanide ;Purified spent oxide from gas works heated with lime, calcium ferrocyanide salted out, and calcium • separated by sodium carbonate. Formate , Caustic and carbon dioxide heated under pressure. Hydrosulphite , Sodium bisulphite with zinc metal, lime added, and i product salted out from solution. Nitrite i Sodium nitrate fused in iron pans and lead added at 1 450-500°. Silicate j Silica, sodium carbonate and coal heated in crucible, extracted by water in autoclaves. Sulphide Sodium bisulphate, salt and coal heated above 950°. Electrolytic. Salt, in molten condition, electrolyzed. Hot, concentrated, alkaline solution of salt electro- lyzed. From cyanamid derived from soda-m id produced from metallic sodium and ammonia; made electrolytic- ally. Solution of salt electrolyzed. Cold dilute solution of salt electrolyzed. Oxidation of metallic sodium made electrolytically. Synthesis of components, electrolytically. Sodium metal. Chlorate Cyanide. Hydroxide Hypochlorite. Peroxide Nitrate Many of these processes are dependent on the pro- duction of the necessary acid and of sodium car- bonate, hydroxide, nitrate and sulphate or calcium salts such as the acetate, citrate, ferrocyanide, hy- droxide and phosphate that are derived as by-products in other industries (wood distillation, citrus products, gas industry, lime or fertilizer industries). Other salts resulting from the use of by-products are the tartrate, from the wine industry, bisulphate and sulphate from the acid industry, arsenite and arsenate from the smelting and refining industry, and thio- sulphate from the Leblanc soda process. Some are directly dependent upon natural sources other than soda salts, such being the borate, chromates, man- ganate, and silicate from calcium, borate, chrome ore, manganese, and sand. Of the natural sources of sodium compounds the chloride, nitrate and borate are the most important. Carbonates of sodium.—The four forms of carbonate of soda reached an aggregate total of $37,848,836. Bicarbonate of sodium, being the basis for all the other carbonates, was produced in much greater amounts than is indicated by the tabulation, the pro- duction being estimated at 2,691 thousand tons, and at the average price of $26 a ton would have approxi- mated a value of $70,000,000. The amount reported was 190,894 tons and the value of portion sold was $3,695,417 produced by 10 establishments in 8 states of which 4 states—Michigan, New York, Virginia, and California—produced 99.2 per cent of the total amount. Of this a very small part resulted from refining or recovery processes and less than 5 per cent from natural brines in California. Over 95 per cent was made by the Solvay ammonia-brine process. Similarly, about 98.5 per cent of the total amount of soda ash reported (1,507,424 tons), was produced by the Solvay process. Eighteen establishments in 12 states were concerned in the manufacture of soda ash, of which 5 states—Michigan, Ohio, New York, Virginia and Kansas—produced 90 per cent. The cost per ton varied from $24 to $40 with an average of $30.20. Grades of strength and purity were not reported. Carbonates from natural brines in California are made by burning coke and limestone in kilns to pro- duce C02 gas which is charged into the brine waters. Crystals of bicarbonate that form are separated by filters and calcined in oil burning furnaces which produce dense soda ash. By-products reported in- cluded lime which is usually employed further for the production of caustic liquor. The production of crystalline carbonates of soda, known as sal soda, washing compounds and sesqui- carbonate, increased but slightly. The alkali strengths of sal soda and soda ash bear the ratio of 21.7 to 48 (or 58) per cent Na30, so that instead of $27 to $30 per ton the actual cost of the crystals to the con- sumer was $60 to $74 a ton. The ash averaged $30. Since soda ash is sufficiently pure to be used for almost every purpose it is not surprising that the production of crystal compounds has failed to keep step with that of the calcined ash. This comparison does not include washing compounds which are of more or less un- known composition and command much higher prices. Crystal compounds were derived from the same sources and were made by many of the same estab- lishments as other carbonates. Thirteen establish- | ments reported soda ash as the source of crystal | soda. I Sodium hydroxide.—Twenty-nine concerns in 13 states reported the production of 333,361 tons of caustic soda. Of these, 15 establishments in Michi- gan, New York, and Ohio, unitedly produced nearly 89 per cent. Ten companies merely repacked and sold about 6 per cent of the total. Production by the electrolytic method from common salt was reported by 15 establishments with 28 per cent of the total. CHEMICALS. 025 Sodium silicate.—Twenty-one establishments in 1 nine states produced 336,093 tons of silicate of soda, j including that made and consumed in soap manufac-; ture. Indiana, Ohio, New Jersey, Illinois, and Penn- sylvania in the order named produced nearly 80 per! cent of the total, two states in the far west (California, j Washington), produced less than 5 per cent, four in j the middle west 63 per cent, and three on the east coast 32 per cent. Sodium sulphate.—Sulphate of sodium in its several forms reached a value of §4,838,198. Previous to 1914 niter cake was used to a limited extent only „ for its acid value, and the sulphate content was wasted. It now has important applications in the sulphate pulp industry and in gas recovery. Two- thirds was produced in seven Eastern states, and nearly one-third in seven Middle states, a very small fraction in the West. More than half of the niter cake was made in the production of nitric acid for the explosives industry. Theoretically the 86,992 tons of nitric acid reported under Group I, and the additional nitric acid used , for making mixed acid (about 57 per cent of 114,886 j tons), required the production of 240,000 tons of niter; cake, of which 67,556 tons were made and consumed, leaving about 172,000 tons as the probable produc- I tion of niter cake, much of which was waste product, j Salt cake was produced in 15 states and 34 estab- j lishments, the total weight being 179,000 tons, of which 8 states—New Jersey, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York—made 89.5 per cent. An unusually large pro- portion of the total salt cake manufactured, 31.3 per cent, was used by manufacturers themselves in further processes of manufacture, of sodium sulphide, Glau- ber's salt and anhydrous sulphate. Glauber's salt, or crystallized sodium sulphate, totaled 42,206 tons, made in 15 states by 27 estab- lishments, 13 plants in 5 states—New Jersey, Massa- chusetts, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Delaware—pro- ducing 74 per cent. Six companies produced 2,776 tons of anhydrous sodium sulphate, refined. A total of 29,818 tons of thiosulphate or "hyposulphite" was reported by 9 establishments in 7 states, 4 of which— New Jersey, Delaware, Indiana, and Pennsylvania— produced 29,799 tons, or nearly the entire amount. Sulphides and sulphites.—Sodium sulphide was pro- duced by 17 establishments in 11 states, and totaled 39,735 tons of all grades, or 57,000 tons when calcu- lated to a basis of 30 per cent, or sodium sulphide crystals. About 99.4 per cent of the total was made in 8 states and nearly 80 per cent in New Jersey, Indiana, Delaware, and Massachusetts. With the exception of a small amount merely subjected to refining methods, the great bulk, or about 88.3 per cent, was made from salt cake by reduction, and 11.7 per cent by conversion from barium sulphide. 111367—23 40 Sodium sulphite is made by saturating a solution of soda ash with sulphur dioxide to form the bisul- phite, then adding more soda to form the normal salt. It also results as a by-product in the manufacture of phenol, cresol, etc. A total of 8,666 tons was made by eight firms in six states, and of this amount, 8,278 tons, or nearly 96 per cent , were made in two states— New Jersey and Maryland. Several grades of sodium sulphite are included in the total, crystals, ground, anhydrous, dry powdered, and pure. Crystal sulphite equaled 83 per cent of the total weight. Borax, otherwise called biborate or tetraborate of soda, amounting to 29,635 tons, was produced in eight establishments in six states, of which 27,744 tons, or 93 per cent, originated in California. Of the total amount produced 25,807 tons, or 87 per cent, was obtained from the mineral colemanite, a crude borate of calcium. The colemanite is calcined, which causes the borate portion to lose water of crystallization and form a powder easily separated from contaminating minerals by mechanical means. When boiled with sodium carbonate solution, this powder forms borax and calcium carbonate, which is removed by filtration, and the solution is concentrated to crystallization. Borax is used in large amounts for enameling, glaz- ing, for making borosilicate glass which has many appli- cations, in laundry and kitchen, in tanning, dyeing and paper industries, as a flux, larvicide, antiseptic, etc. Sodium bichromate and chromate were produced in five establishments in four states, a total of 24,081 tons, by the usual method using chrome ore, lime, soda ash, and an acid for the final neutralization of excess alkali. Ten companies reported a total of 23,867 tons of phosphate of sodium, of which 4.321 tons were mono- sodium phosphate, reported by four establishments; 9.663 tons disodium salt reported by nine, and 9,883 tons trisodium salt reported by five. Several grades of purity were reported—commercial, technical dry, U. S. P. granular, and U. S. P. anhydrous. The mono- sodium salt shows the highest unit value. Five firms in New Jersey produced 19.006 tons, or about SO per cent of the total. Other sodium compounds are considered in connec- tion with other groups—cyanides in Group II; alums in Group V; perborate, hypochlorite, bisulphite, and hydrosulphite in Group VI; and arsenate and arsenite in Group X. Sodium com pounds produced by aid of electricity.— Sodiimi hydroxide, cyanide, metal, chlorate, peroxide, hypochlorite, and nitrite, valued at §13,919,315 were produced by electrolytic processes. All originate from common salt, which when electrolyzed in molten condition yields metallic sodium from which is de- rived the cyanide and peroxide; when electrolyzed in warm aqueous solution produces the hydroxide, in cold dilute solution the hypochlorite, and in concen- 626 MANUFACTURES. trated alkaline solution the chlorate. The nitrite is formed by synthetic processes. The amounts used by the coal-tar industry do not appear here. Other figures are for the production of bromide, fluoride, and iodide of sodium. With "Other com- pounds" are included sodium hypophosphite, man- ganate, and silicofluoride. Of these, sodium bromide was derived from original sources, three establish- ments in Michigan and West Virginia mining and purifying the crude salt, and two others refining and producing the chemically pure product. Organic sodium compounds.—The present census, in addition to sodium benzoate, has segregated the acetate and citrate and with "Other organic com- pounds" has included the butyrate, formate, oxalate, propionate, and sulphocarbolate, the total value of which reached $6,083,258. A comparison with the total for inorganic sodium salts would seem to show great disproportion, but in fact the chemical industry, as such, includes a very small proportion of sodium compounds of organic nature, produced in bulk, these appearing under drugs and medicinals, coal-tar chem- icals, and other industries. Five states and 11 concerns produced an aggregate of 2,260,459 pounds of acetate of soda (New Jersey, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan), of which New Jersey turned out about 90 per cent. Benzoate of soda, 120,447 pounds, was made by five establishments in three states—New York, Missouri, and Pennsylvania. This was but a small part of the total benzoate as the bulk is included under the coal-tar industry. Three states and six establishments were concerned in the production of 118,417 pounds of sodium citrate. Many alkali salts of organic character are formed by simple neutralization of an acid by an alkali, or by interchange of acid components between a calcium salt of the organic acid and an alkali sulphate (acetate, benzoate, butyrate, citrate, oxalate, propionate, sul- phocarbolate, tartrate) so that the manufacture be- comes a question closely dependent upon the deriva- tion of the corresponding acid. Calcium acetate, a by-product of wood distillation, calcium citrate from the citrus fruit, and acid tartrate from fermentation industries, supply the original material for three organic salts. Other organic acids are made only by synthetic methods (benzoic, formic, oxalic, sulphocar- bolic) or by carefully controlled bacterial action (acetic, butyric, propionic). GROUP IV.—POTASH, POTASSIUM, AND COMPOUNDS. Potash is a term indiscriminately used in the trade, so the special schedule designed to collect data on the production of "Potash from original sources" in- cluded the carbonate, chloride, sulphate, hydroxide, and even alum and borate, from lake brines, potash- bearing rocks, cement and blast-furnace dust and ashes of beet pulp, kelp, distillery wash and wood. All of these products were marketed as "Potash" and were used primarily as components of fertilizers, frequently irrespective of the kind of salt. In tabulating the information the salts have been recorded as crude carbonate, chloride, and sulphate. Table 27 presents the statistics of production for potash and potassium compounds. Table 27.—Group IV.—Potash, Potassium, and Compounds. 1919 1914 1909 Value of products ]$18,407,253 $7,905,744 (l) Potash from original sources:2 Number of establishments 75 Tons 109,737 $7,215,164 C1) 0) (l) 0) Value Carbonate, crude- Number of establishments 44 Pounds 48,664,478 $2,300,027 Value $49,651 $88,940 Chloride, crude- Number of establishments 24 Pounds 144,435,589 $4,169,333 0) (A) Value „ Sulphate, crude- Number of establishments 7 Pounds 26,374,661 §745,804 (l) C1) Value Acetate: Number of establishments 6 Pounds 69,995 $47,473 (x) 0) Value Bitartrate, (cream of tartar): Number of establishments 6 8 5 Pounds 4,854,550 $2,620,351 12,646,120 $3,124,958 15,592,937 $2,925,883 Value Bromate, bromide, chlorate, chloride (re- fined), and iodate: Number of establishments 9 Pounds 4,324,268 $1,258,507 Reported as "Chemicals or medicinal preparations from coal tar." CHEMICALS. 631 Much crude tar, especially of the gas industry, is purchased by distillers who make a specialty of the fractionation of light oils and tar. These distillers, who do not properly form part of either the gas or the coke industry, are included for census purposes with the coal-tar chemical industry, under the group "Crudes." Products of the distillation of tar by these special distillers are the same but differ in relative quantities of ingredients separated by treatment of tar and oils in the original establishments. Basic materials for coal-tar chemicals are derived therefore from two sources, (1) from the gas and coke industries where light oils and some tar are worked up as by-products, and (2) from tar distillers within the industry proper. Tar as such and much of the heavier fractions from various distillations are used for many purposes, as fuel, insecticides, wood preser- vatives, and roofing materials, only a small part of the total bulk of material being employed for the j synthesis of coal-tar compounds. Upon redistillation tar leaves a semisolid carbona- ceous residue of "pitch," almost equal in percentage weight to the proportion of coke in the original coal. Water vapor amounts to about 4 per cent, heavy oils to 20 per cent, and loss as gas about 1 per cent, leaving! approximately 13 per cent of the distillate which may j be available for coal-tar syntheses. This distillate consists of benzol and its homologs, 2.5 per cent; phenol and homologs, 2 per cent; pyridine and quinoline, 0.25 per cent; naphthalene and acenaphthene, 6 per cent; and anthracene and phenanthrene, 2 per cent. Coal therefore upon distillation yields 17 per cent light oils and tar, in about the proportion of 1 to 4, and when the tar is redistilled it yields nearly 13 per cent material that may in part be used for organic syntheses, to the extent of 1. 5 per cent of the original coal. In the same way the light oils are fractionated into a number of distillates, all of which separations are extremely variable, and repeated fractionations are required to isolate the individual chemicals required as "crudes" for synthesis of coal-tar intermediates. The coal-tar chemical group includes crudes, inter- mediates and finished compounds. Commercially it is customary to apply the term "crudes," to the basic hydrocarbons, with slight regard to their condition of purity. Benzols, toluols, xylols, naphthalenes in the unrefined states as well as benzene, toluene, and other refined products are- spoken of as crudes. A crude remains a crude until chemical change has been brought about, only an alteration in composition denoting the change from crude to intermediate. For census and tariff purposes, however, a distinc- tion is made between grades of naphthalene and of anthracene, more refined grades being taken out of the class of crudes and included with intermediates. So also the phenols, cresols, and other tar acids of defined strengths produced by distillation of tar, which by general usage are classed with crudes, are put for tariff reasons with synthetic phenol as inter- mediates, whether of technical or pure quality. The statistics concerning products were collected on a joint schedule in cooperation with the United States Tariff Commission, the Bureau of the Census section being confined to group totals for production. The values as reported b}r the census and those by the Tariff Commission necessarily will not agree since the latter include intermediates reported to have been made and consumed in the same works, while the cen- sus figures are confined to the marketed products of the establishments, or products in form and condi- tion to be marketed. Table 30 covers establishments making coal-tar derivatives only, while the totals in the text which follows also include contributing in- dustries where coal-tar chemicals were of secondary importance. Crudes.—The materials used for the production of ! coal-tar "crudes" were distributed as follows: Coal tar barrels (50 gals.!.. 3, 47S, S84 Oil tar barrels (50 gals.).. 669, 561 Gas-house tar barrels (50 gals.).. 104,175 4, 252, 620 Other organic materials: Liquids barrels (50 gals.).. 148,110 ; Solids tons (2,000 lbs.).. 72, 000 i The liquids under "Other organic materials" in- cluded solvent naphtha, benzol, toluol, cresols, creosote oil, drip and holder oil, gasoline and other distillates, while the solids consisted of phenol, naphthalene, pitch, and coal. Converting all of these to a weight basis makes a total of over 1,000.000 tons of material. From this amount of material a total of 926,000 tons of distillates and residues was obtained with a value of $22,000,000, and together with tarred felt, roofing, and other products the total value of products from 60 establishments distilling crude tar and related coal-tar distillates was $33,000,000. If with this is combined the value of similar distillates in the gas and coke industries the total value reached over $70,000,000. The distribution of these products was not made in census reports. If the figures reported from the gas and coke schedules are combined with those in the report of the Tariff Commission for the various dis- tiUates we find: Liquid distillates: Gallons. 338, 507, 667 93,304, 718 68,152, 464 2, 034, 542 4, 079, 025 54,146, 434 Value- Ill, 579, S01 10, 608, 880 12, 697, 474 687,181 675,359 6, 668, 862 Tar Light oil Benzene Toluene Solvent naptha Other refined oils Total 560, 224, 850 $42, 917, 557 Solid distillates: Pounds. 38, 372, 647 1,381,944 1,309,927, 746 Naphthalene $1,731,806 238, 977 10, 907, 617 Anthracene ^.. Other distillates - Total 1,349,682,337 $12, S78, 400 Grand total, value .. ...$55, 795,957 G32 MANUFACTURES. Intermediates.—In the absence of detailed statistics for intermediates only totals can be given, namely, that 112 establishments in the coal-tar and related industries produced 137,763,929 pounds, with a value of $43,788,510. Finished products.—One hundred and seventy-six establishments in the coal-tar and related industries made finished products which were distributed as follows: Pounds. Value. Dyes 81,497,833 $75,534,445 Medicinals 10,227,427 16,893 951 Flavors 1,682,875 5,120,299 Synthetic resins 3, 696, 757 2, 268, 656 Photo chemicals 463, 527 1, 278, 764 Perfumes 63,720 313,318 Total value $101, 409, 433 GROUP VIII.-PLASTICS. Table 31 presents the statistics for plastics, 1919 and 1914. Table 31.—Group VIII.—Plastics: 1 1919 and 1914. caoutchouc, casein, gums, etc., and a filler, which may be molded or shaped. The total value includes the value of finished goods manufactured in the produc- ing establishments, as well as the value of stock sold for further manufacture. Artificial silk ranked first in value, with viscose as the predominating basic material for its manufacture. Cellulose acetate silk is a growing product. Only three companies reported artificial silk manufacture in 1919. Pyroxylin plastics constituted 45 per cent of the total value of the group. Collodion, or liquid solution of pyroxylin, was made in 10 establishments; dry nitro- cellulose in 4. Rubber substitutes have kept pace with other plastics in growth. GROUP IX.—COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES. Table 32 presents the statistics for compressed and liquefied gases. Certain gases, anhydrous ammonia, carbon dioxide, and chlorine, are primarily classed in other groups, where the detailed statistics will be found. 1919 1914 Number of establishments 3 35 24 Value of products | 3 S77,477,041 $13,895,7.84 In form for further manufacture (rods, sheets, blocks, 1 etc.): Pyroxylin (including products sold under trade; names)— ■ Number of establishments !* 4 , Total production, pounds j 20,752,950 For sale— I Pounds..-. I 16,743,064 ■ Value I $20,855,988 j Made and consumed, pounds !4,009,886 Collodion and liquid solutions of pyroxylin— I Number of establishments j 310 Total production, pounds j 19,343,463 For sale—! Pounds $3,778,374 I 17,171,313 , Value '$3,810,187 , Made and consumed, pounds 2,172,150 Rubber substitutes- Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds Finished articles of pyroxylin and rubber substitutes (made in the producing establishment) and nitro- cellulose, value Other plastics, viscose, etc., including artificial silk, value i $-11,630,827 ___ i («) 2 11 , 7,755,476 1 7,291,776 $1,309,644 463,700 $9,870,395 $5,526,740 $4,590,670 1 Production In 1909. Numbor of establishments, 24; value of products, $7,472,732. 5 Distribution by states: All establishments, 35; New Jersey, 10; Massachusetts, 9; New York, 5; 2 each in Illinois, Connecticut, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; and 1 each in Mis- souri, Maryland, and Virginia. Pyroxylin, 4. New Jersey, 2; and Massachusetts, 2. Collodion, 10. New Jersey, 5; and 1 each in Connecticut, Illinois, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania. Rubber substitutes, 11. Massachusetts, 4' New Jersey, 2; New York, 2; and 1 each in Connecticut, Illinois, and Maryland. 1 Not including establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of motion- picture films (not exposed), viz: 18 establishments in 1919, with products valued at $72,152,797. * Figures not available. This group embraces the pyroxylin plastics sold under such trade names as celluloid, fiberloid, xylon- ite, etc., and fabrications thereof; pyroxylin or soluble cotton, collodion, and liquid solutions of pyroxylin; phenolic condensation plastics, such as bakelite and condensite; rubber substitutes; viscose, artificial silk; and plastics formed by using a cementing material, Table 32.—Group IX.—Compressed and Liquefied Gases. [Cubic feet at atmospheric pressure.) i! 1919 1914 1909 Value of products. 100 Acetylene:a Number of establishments Total production, cubic feet For sale- Cubic feet Value Average value per cubic feet Made and consumed, cubic feet Ammonia, Anhydrous (see Group II).. Carbon dioxide (see Group I) Chlorine (see Group VI) Hydrogen: Number of establishments Total production, cubic feet For sale- Cubic feet Value Average value per 100 cubic feet Made and consumed, cubic feet Nitrogen: Number of establishments Cubic feet Value Nitrous oxide (laughing gas): Number of establishments Gallons * Value Average valuo per 100 gallons Oxygen: Number of establishments Electrolytic Other Cubic feet Electrolytic Other Value Average value per 100 cubic feet. Other gases—(I) sulphur trioxide; (2) blau gas, oil, andcarbohydrogen; (3^ argon; (4) sulphur dioxide; and (5) carbon monoxide; named in order of value $43,263,918 $10,415,325 0) 49: 313,558,000: 311,390,000 \ $7,140,757 I $2.29 2,168,000 $7,224,473 $6,574,250 | $1,425,917 1 «40 138,177,000 137,082,000 $851,397 $0. 62 1,095,000 8 2,162,000 $45,416 25,740,000 $515,164 $2.00 94 39 55 11,173,414,000 ! 131,477,000 11,041, 937,000 ! $16,577,389 ! $1.41 $2,909,155 40 j $2^ 317^ 605 $1.90 $3,140,848 $2,320,685 $172,836 $2,544,238 $2,345; 743 6 1,669,000 $16,671 (l) $1.00 0) 0) 7 17,838,000 $213,099 $1.19 * 97,175 $38,589 $3.96 51 1 20 io4,7i4,666 i 3,814,666 $1,829,446 $1.75 $177,469 $4.65 $104,135 | $59,756 1 Figures not available. * Not including acetylene distributed through mains by public service companies: 1919, 37 establishments, 5,077,000 cubic feet, value $69,6-17; and 1911, 125 establish- ments, 14,868,000 cubic feet. $194,019. * Distribution by states, Ohio, 4; Pennsylvania. 4; Michigan, 3; Missouri, 3; 2 each in California, Indiana, New Jersey, New York; Oklahoma, and Utah; and 1 each in Arkansas. Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massa- chusetts, Nebraska, Oregon. Texas. Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin. < Equivalents in cubic feet; 1919, 3,432,000; 1914, 2,378,400. * Quantity reported in pounds. CHEMICALS. 633 Hydrogen employed for the hydrogenation of oils, generated in situ in the nascent condition and im- mediately absorbed, was not measured nor reported. Argon finds employment as a filler for electric incan- descent lamps and the demand has increased greatly within the last five years in consonance with the growth of the primary industry. Its employment commer- cially is only recent and a direct result of the demand for oxygen, with consequent refinement of the methods for the fractionation of liquid air. Five establishments in four states reported production. Liquid air must have been prepared in very large quantities to supply the requirements for argon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Twenty-three states and 49 establishments produced acetylene; 29 states and 94 plants, oxygen; and 25 states and 40 plants hydrogen, made electrolytically from water. GROUP X.—CHEMICALS NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED. The group carries the two major subdivisions, organic and inorganic. Distinction should be made between the purely organic and inorganic compounds, and the composites, such as the salts of metals with organic acids. Much depends upon which is the valuable constituent. As a rule compounds contain- ing both organic and inorganic constituents have been classed as organic. Table 33 presents the statistics of production for 1919, 1914, and 1909 Table 33.—Group X.—Chemicals, not Elsewhere Specified. Table 33.—Group X. -Chemicals, not Elsewhere Specified- Continued. 1919 1914 1909 Value of products !$156,672,155 $52,898,172 $48,851,270 Organic | $72,141,542 516,377,955 $14,039,748 \ Icohols:1 ; Amyl alcohol— 241,254 141,535 $497,906 99,719 91 16,568,920 $2,278,976 $1). 14 60,944,799 59,810,405 $10,779,204 $0.18 1,131,394 79,677,490 $11,752,5S0 dumber of establishments Total production, gallons For sale- Gallons Value Made and consumed, gallons... Glycerin (glycerol)— Crude— Number of establishments For sale- Pounds 21.402,735 Value $2,961,583 Unit value, pound . \ $0.14 Made and consumed in s oap j industry, pounds '38,350,994 Refined- Number of establishments 31 Total production, pounds ] 69,464,298 For sale- Pounds 67,342,822 Value $20,724,033 Unit value, pound. $0.31 Made and consumed, pounds 2,121,476 Other—butyl, diacetone, limone, and propyl alcohols; dextro citronellol, geranlol, guaiacol, iso-eugenol, lina- lool,nerol, resorcinol, rhodinol, terpi- j neol, some ethyl alcohol ($126,299). and methyl alcohol ($5,763) produced m chemical establishments, value Aldehydes: * Formaldehyde- Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Unit value, pound Made and consumed, pounds... i Not including (except as noted under " Other alcohols") ethyl or grain alcohol, the product of distilleries; nor methyl or wood alcohol, for which see "Wood distil* lation." * Figures not available; included with unclassified, $553,234 25,006,815 j. 19,663,753! $3,938,322 | $0.20 I 5,343,062 |. (J.) 8,426,247 | $655,174 i $0.08 j 3.794,486 $363,717 $0.10 Aldeb ydes—Contin ued. Vanillin- Number of establishments Pounds Value Unit value, pound Other, including acetic, anisic, citral, and decyl aldehydes; chl oral hydrate; formaldehyde; hydrosulphite; helio- tropin; and miscellaneous Carbon and hydrocarbon compounds: Carbon bisulphide— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale— Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds.., Other-acetylene, blau gas, oil gas, . calcium carbide, silicon carbide, , thymene,etc Esters: Amyl acetate— Number of establishments Total production, gallons For sale- Gallons Value Unitvalne, gallon Made and consumed, gallons.. Ethyl acetate- Number of establishments Total product ion, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds. O ther—amyl and ethyl butyrate, amyl valerate, butyl acetate, ethyl formate, etc Ethers: Ethvl ether (sulphuric ether)— Number of establishments Total production, pound's For sale- Pounds Value Unit value, pound Made and consumed, pounds . E thvl nitrite (nitrous ether)— Number of establishments Pounds Value Other—methyl ether, etc Halogen compounds: Carbon tetrachloride— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale— Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds. - Chloroform- Number of establishments Pounds Value Unit value, pound Ethvl chloride- Number of establishments Pounds; Value; Other—chlor acetyl and ethylene chlo- ride, ethyl bromide, ethyl iodide, , iodoform, monobrom benzene, mono- bromcamphor, tetrachlore thane. and! thymol iodide Ketones: Acetone— Number of establishments Poimds Value Unit value, pound Acetone oil- Number of establishments Gallons Value Methyl ethyl ketone ( methyl acetone.)— Number of establishments Pounds Value... O ther—violet ketone and misce llaneous. Other specified organic chemicals - amines, various coal-tar products, alcogas, refined camphor, oleo resin, ossein, thymol, and snlpnonal Other unclassified organic chemicals 134,687 $1,365,941 $10.14 $1,794,268 11,606,193 $640,346 3,863,374 $28,362,198! 125,725 i &o,143 $350,573 $3- 65 2.1.582 5, 780,549 2.657,947 $340,011 3,122,602 $1,007,794 4tS7 10 '.255 4,111,755 $1,103.676 SO. 27 763,500 43,153 $30,856 $22,570 11,90S, 704 9,811,779 $803,648 2,096.925 1.677,641 $516,625 $0.31 6 245.103 $166'. 235 $254,245 6,045,914 $767,042 $0.13 3 99,692 $127,831 6 1,158,032 $167,734 $97,351 $1,409,158 $4,138,359 1914 12i), 619 $525,219 $4.35 V) ISO, 237 $465,664 $2.58' (;) C1) 2,120,082 j $278,816 $0.13 0) 0) (') 1,333,954 $295,317 I $0.22 10,425,817 $1,099,585 $0.11 C1) (■) 0) t0 1909 2^8, 774 $442,771 $1. 85 1.168,631 $190.164 $0.16 (') (') 1,869,685 $477,538 $0.26 (') Inorganic- $34,530,613 $36,520,217 , ! Antimony: Chloride- Number of establishments Pounds :103,466 \l (») Value $15,554' ('■) 7,761,696 $812,978 $6.10 0) (') (') 0) $34,811,522 44 I 554 j 0) 1 Figure* not available; included with reclassified. 634 MANUFACTURES. Table 33. -Group X.—Chemicals, not Elsewhere Specified— Continued. 1919 1914 Antimony—Continued. Sulphide— Number of establishments \ 5 Pounds 2,983,378 $808,433 $366,040 Value. Other—oxide, oxychloride, potassium, antimony! tartrate Arsenic: Arsenate of calcium- Number of establishments j 5 Pounds i 1,191,868 Value $248,459 Arsenate of lead- Number of establishments 12 Total production, pounds !11,514,275 For sale- Pounds !11,465,788 Value I $2,090,341 Unit value, p ound! $0.18 Made and consumed, pounds .. j 48,487 Other—arsenous and arsenic acid, I arsenical salts of copper, magnesium,; sodium and zinc, etc., some metal, and sulphide i $1,150,567 Barium: Carbonate—; Number of establishments I 4 12,906,705 $359,465 Pounds. Value Chloride- Number of establishments 9 Total production, pounds I 8,743,098 For sale— I Pounds I 5,811,579 Value 1 $229,544 Made and consumed, pounds.. i 2,931,519 Nitrate— I Number of establishments 4 Total production !2,025,185 For sale— | n Pounds 903,377 Value $85,319 Made and consumed, pounds..! 1,121,808 Sulphate (blanc fixe)— I Number of establishments i 10 Pounds | 13,635,789 Value. Unit value, 100 pounds Sulphide- Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value. Made and consumed, pounds.. Other—barium chlorate, dioxide, fluor- ide, phosphate, thlocyanate, etc Bismuth: Subnitrate— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed. poundB.. Other, nitrate, oxide, subgallate, etc., and metal Bromine: Liquid- Number of establishments Pounds Value Other-ammonium, calcium, potas- sium and sodium bromides and bro- mates, organic bromides, etc., (see the respective groups) Calcium: Acetate— N umber of establishments Total production, tons For sale- Tons Value Unit value, ton Made and consumed, tons Chloride- Number of establishments Tons. Value Unit value, ton Phosphate- Number of establishmen ts Pounds Value.. Average value, 100 pounds Other—calcium bisulphite, bromide, carbonate, hypochlorite, sulphide and sulphate, etc., $5,172,241; carbide, citrate, ferrocyanide, lactate, lacto- phosphate, sulphocarbolate, etc., $10,436,916 Cerium compounds—carbonate, chloride, dioxide, fluoride, nitrate, oxalate, etc— Chromium sulphate, and chromium com- pounds, n. e. s. (see Group V) Cobalt, salts and compounds $256,100 $1.88 21,908,754 5,084,931 $106,317 16,823,823 $646,758 7 283,286 279,786 $811,487 3,500 $424,015 5 211,555 $92,047 $1,425,684 84,478 76,955 $2,682,232 $34.85 7,623 15 74,699 $1,043,301 $14.00 44,270,166 $4,727,364 $10.72 $15,609,157 $132,283 $610,933 $217,689 0) (') 0) 11 8,847,656 8,641,856 $511,688 $0.06 205,800 $134,294 O) 11 18,278,000 $257,415 $1.41 $103,204 (') 0) (') 78 83,542 81,761 $2,138,909 $26.16 1,781 7 44,753 $342,271 $7.65 24,192,974 $1,298,566 $5.37 0) CO 0) 1909 (l) 0) 0) Table 33.—Group X.- -Chemicals, not Elsewhere Specified- Continued. 1919 (') 0) 0) 0) 8,152,000 $86,986 $1.07 0) 70,739 $2,118,443 $29.95 0) 0) (l) Copper: Carbonate- Number of establishments Pounds Value Sulphate (blue vitriol- Number of establishments Pounds Value Average value, 100 pounds Other copper salts and compounds Gold: Chloride- Number of establishments Ounces Value Other gold salts and compounds Iodine, resublimed and minor iodides: Number of establishments Pounds Value , Iron: Chloride, crystals (ferric)— Number of estab lishments Pounds Value Chloride, liquor (ferric)— Number of establishments Pounds.. Value Oxide- Number of establishments Tons Value Sulphate (copperas)— Number of establishments Tons Value Unit value, ton Other iron compounds- Inorganic, ferroalloys other than blast-furnace products, iron-by- hydrogen, chloride (ferrous), ni- trate, sulphide, vanadate, etc Organic, acetate, iron ferrocyanide, oxalate, valerate Lead: Acetate- Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds.. Arsenate (see Arsenate of lead). Other lead salts Lithium salts, bromide, carbonate, chlo- ride, etc Magnesium: Carbonate (precipitated)— Number of establishments Pounds Value Chloride- Number of establishments Pounds , Value Oxide- Number of establishments Pounds Value Sulphate (Epsom salts)— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value A v. value, 100 lbs Made and consumed, pounds.. Other magnesium salts, metal, and alloys , Manganese: Borate— Number of establishments Pounds Value Other manganese salts and compounds * Mercury: Chloride, mercuric (corrosive subli- mate)— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds » Value Made and consumed, pounds.. Chloride, mercurous (calomel)— Number of establishments Pounds Value Other mercury compounds, cyanide, oxide, and miscellaneous prepara- tions --- 5 327,949 $92,230 14 35,287,881 $3,164,611 $8.97 $575,537 4 7,229 7 105,731 $438,002 7 917,849 $71,572 9 977,133 $64,859 0 36,417 $574,970 32 2 59,383 $993,939 $16.74 $9,274,214 $661,975 9 5,131,133 4,183,621 $552,435 947,512 $335,906 $502,542 4 544,022 26,282,436 $445,087 6 9,031,650 $1,176,858 20 59,067,335 58,696,632 $1,497,077 $2.56 370,703 $376,843 3 141,828 $27,996 $71,399 4 447,080 437,015 $648,774 10,065 3 256,388 $414,388 $711,856 1914 1909 1 <■> (') 14 37,152,351 $1,598,944 $4.30 $14,383 36,546,553 $1,531,574 $4.19 1 28,819 f $291,658 42,544 $430,944 ! » 0) ..M 6 $105,682 (0 29 46,239 $352,772 $7.63 3 12,819 $78,467 $6.12 | $3,692,793 (») 7,290,936 0) $474,430 0) 0) t <" 0) 1 » 0) ! « (>) 12 10 29,265,115 $296,999 $1.00 21,621,297 $189,791 $0.88 (0 0) 0) 8 605,701 '$518,023 (l) i Figures not available; Included with unclassified. a Iron sulphate produced by chemical plants 12,898 tons, by rolling mills 9,738 tons, and by wire mills 36,747 tons. »Includes (1909) 5,845 tons made and consumed. < Not including ferromanganese alloys. CHEMICALS. 635 Table 33.—Group X.- -Chemicals, not Elsewhere Specified— Continued. Nickel compounds—carbonate, cyanide, formate, hydrate, nitrate, sulphate, black salts, and miscellaneous Phosphorus, metal, chloride, sesquisul- phide, and miscellaneous Radium salts: Number of establishments Milligrams Value Silver: Nitrate- Number of establishments Total production, ounces. For sale- Ounces Value Unit value, ounce Made and consumed, ounces.. Other silver salts and compounds, chloride, collargol, cyanide, nucleinate, oxide, proteinate, and miscellaneous Strontium salts—bromide, carbonate, chlo- ride, iodide, lactate, nitrate, salicylate, sulphate, etc Sulphur: Refined— Number of establishments Tons Value Unit value, ton Chloride (red and yellow)— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed,pounds.. Other sulphur compounds Thorium compounds—nitrate, oxide Tin: Chloride, stannous (crystals)— Number of establishments Pounds Value Unit value, pound Chloride, stannic (tetra and bi-)— Number of establishments Pounds Value Unit value, pound Oxide— Number of establishments Pounds; Value i Unit value, pound j Titanium compounds—sodium sulphate, j potassium oxalate, etc.5 Uranium compounds—acetate, sodium \ acetate, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sodium ] uranate, etc j Vanadium and compounds 5 Zinc: ■ Carbonate— i Number of establisliments Pounds Value Chloride- Number of establishments Pouuds Value... Oxide *— Number of establisliments Total production, pounds For sale— Pounds Value .Made and consumed, pounds.. Sulphate— Number of establishments Total production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value.. Made and consumed, pounds.. Other zinc compounds—arsenite, bo- rate, cyanide, nitrate, rosinate, stear- ate, sulphocarbolate. valerate, etc— Other rare earth compounds, n. e. s.—beryl- lium nitrate, neodymium chloride, zir- conium oxide, etc Other rare motals, n. e, s.—molybdenum, silicon, tungsten 1919 $641,645 $910,591 7 27,627 $2,9S5,777 7 3,055,903 3,017,889 $2.184,051 $0.72 38, 014 1914 1909 $157,149 (i) (') ! 0) 2,-563,238 j 2,030,399 $846,059 1 $727,423 $0.33 i $0.36 $257,722!; j i $319,373 I 0) (<) 52,099 $2,712,944! $52.07 4, G4S, 066 2,353,807 $124,088 2,294,259 $15,926 $664,843 4 587,963 $251,843 $0.42 8,411,453 $2,735,392 $0.32 1.352,345! $899,525! $0.67 $9S,1SS 3J,166 $1,141,100 $36.61 25,269 $891, .501 $35. 23 0) 0) (M 8,291,239 $2,028,511 $0.24 10,293,377 $1,535,350 $0.15 0) $6,233 , (») $698,678; (') 4 91,683 $16,645 0) 0) 0) UNCLASSIFIED. Crude, commercial, and fine chemicals, not reported separately, value 19 74,089,063 $4,349,096 6,185,602 4,299,602 I 40,786,SS6 $374,188 f $1,130,959 1,886,000 12; 12,941,730! t 7,325,544 j $267,001; 5,616,186' $442,780 $42,171 $1,806,978 C1) 25,054,213 $472,302 $4,699,195 | $19,1S4,408 0) $26,748,736 1 Figures not available; included with unclassified. * Not including ferroalloys (of Ti. or V., as the case may be). 8 Not including zinc oxide reported in the paint industry 139,661 tons; value, $24,082,299. Total production from all sources, 142,753 net tons. Organic (Group X).—A separate presentation of amyl alcohol was possible though the total of 241,254 pounds is but a portion of the fusel oil produced, the bulk being made by the distilling industries and not here included. Alcohols used for flavoring and perfumery , including a small amount of ethyl and methyl alcohols reported by chemical establishments, amounted to 8538,540. Among aldehydes, formaldehyde still takes leading place, the production being 25,006,815 pounds or nearly three times the weight reported in 1914. Six companies, in five states—New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, and Missouri—represent the combined production. Under miscellaneous aldehydes, certain items re- ported as "Formaldehyde products" or as "Aldehyde products," that might have been more properly placed with synthetic resins or plastics, in the absence of further information are included. These, together with formaldehyde-hydrosulphite, of Group VI, amounted to $1,663,784, so that formaldehyde and its compounds totaled $5,602,100. Four establishments produced vanillin, almost all originating in New Jersey. The subgroup, "Carbon and hydrocarbon com- pounds," was difficult to delimit, as some items were of rather indefinite character. Calcium carbide was reported by six establishments in five states—Michi- gan, New York, Minnesota, Virginia, and Iowa. The production of 15,469,567 pounds of carbon bisulphide is a notable increase over 1914. Eight plants in five states—New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, California, and West Virginia—made this chemical, a large pro- portion, nearly 25 per cent, being consumed in the works where made. Apparently the production of amyl acetate is de- creasing, a cheaper substitute having been found. In 1909 the production was 1,470,568 pounds; in 1914 it was 1,300,052 pounds, and in 1919, including that made and used in the same works, 906,764 pounds. On the other hand, the production of ethyl acetate or acetic ether in 1919 was 5,780,549 pounds, of which 54 per cent was used in the same works for further manufacture. Acetone, acetone oil, and methyl acetone were made largely by the old process of dry distillation of acetate of lime. One firm reported acetone made from fer- mentation acetic acid. During the war molasses was fermented and the alcohol converted to acetic acid and acetone, but no production was reported for 1919. Butyl alcohol, a by-product of fermentation processes is now much in demand as a solvent. ^ Other alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, halogen compounds, ketones, and miscella- neous organic chemicals were made in great variety and in some instances in large quantities. Sulphuric ether has doubled in quantity and price. Nitrous 636 MANUFACTURES. ether, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl chloride, acetone oil, and methyl ethyl ketone are reported separately for the first time. Comparisons with 1914 are there- fore not possible, but a large increase in production is at least indicated. A summary of the chemicals under the heading "Other" in each subgroup follows, the most important being given in order of their value: Alcohols.—Resoreinol, terpineol, guaiacol, geraniol, i60-eugenol. Aldehydes.—Chloral hydrate, heliotropin, anisic aldehyde, decyl aldehyde, citral. Carbon and hydrocarbons.—Carbon electrodes, condensed smoke, refined carbon, stearin pitch, paraffin wax. Esters.—Ethyl butyrate, butyl acetate, amyl butyrate, amyl valerate, ethyl formate. Ethers.—methyl ether and miscellaneous (can not separate). Halogen compounds.—Iodoform, brom camphor, ethyl bromide, acetyl chloride, tetrachlorethane. Ketones.—Violet ketone and miscellaneous (can not separate). Miscellaneous.—Camphor, sulphone methanes, diphenylamine, osseine, oleo resin vanillin. Inorganic (Group X),—The totals for the subgroups have been made to cover all chemicals containing the characteristic element, and therefore include some items appearing in other places in this group or in other groups which because of their composition belong in more than one class. For instance, arsenic com- pounds would not be complete without arsenous and arsenic acid anhydrides; barium compounds without the dioxide; nor calcium compounds without the car- bide and hypochlorite. Each group within itself is a unit, so far as possible, but as a result there are dup- lications and the grand totals can not be used for comparisons without limitation. The summary which follows involves many omis- sions and inequalities. Sulphur, for instance, does not include sulphuric and sulphurous acids, and the infinite number of other sulphur combinations. Chromium does not include its ferroalloys, nor have ferroalloys been considered except as reported to the chemical industries proper. The inorganic products of this group may be further classified into (a) nonmetals or negative elements, such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, phosphorus, silicon, and sulphur; (b) alkali earths, barium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, and strontium; (c) rare earths, cerium, thorium, and other (beryllium, neodymium, zirconium); (d) common metals (forming basic salts)—cobalt, cop- per, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc; (forming basic and acid salts)—antimony, arsenic, bismuth, chromium, manganese, and tin; (e) rare metals (forming basic salts)—gold, platinum, radium, silver; (forming basic and acid salts)—molybdenum, tita- nium, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium. Potassium and sodium, which would naturally form a separate group as alkalies, closely related to alkali earths, and aluminum, which would belong in (d), have been considered as separate groups. Arranged in order of decreasing value the totals of the subgroups as shown in Table 33, combined with chemicals containing the characteristic element from other groups, stand as follows: sun gt: our. 1919 Calcium '$24,062,054 Silicon 18,407,420 Iron 11,641,530 Phosphorus 10,877,547 Other rare metals 9,614,061 Chromium 7,122,230 Zinc 5,449,710 Copper 4,671,656 Tin 3,886,760 Magnesium 3,613,204 Arsenic 3,527,740 Radium 2,985,777 Sulphur 2,852,958 Silver 2,441,773 Iodine 1,901,130 Mercury 1,775,018 Barium 1,683,503 SUBGROUP. Bromine Bismuth Antimony Lead Thorium Nickel Lithium Strontium Cobalt Gold Cerium Vanadium Manganese Titanium Other rare earths. Uranium All other 1919 SI, 499,738 1,235,502 1,190,027 888,341 664,843 641,645 502,542 319,373 217,689 143,069 132,283 102,678 99,395 98,188 42,171 6,233 4,699,195 Nonmetals or negative elements.—The nonmetals are \ found or produced in the elemental form and appear as such in Group X. They also occur as acids, shown I in Group I, or salts of these acids, found in all groups. Chlorine has been considered in Group VI as a bleaching agent, and its compounds as hypochlorites also. Chlorates are chiefly used in the explosives industry or medicinally. Chlorides are so plentiful in nature that their production is confined mainly to refining methods. The largest production of chlorides is in the form of sodium chloride or common salt, included elsewhere as a separate industry. Bromine was produced from the mother liquors of salt deposits partly by direct electrolysis, partly by treatment of the liquors with electrolytic chlorine, and partly by chemical processes. Five establish- ments in Michigan and Ohio made liquid bromine, which is a valuable assistant in organic syntheses and is used medicinally and for photographic purposes. Its principal value, however, lies in its combinations as bromides and bromates, which, although they have been included in other groups, are gathered under the heading "Bromine'' to complete this item. Calculating each salt to its bromine content, assum- ! ing 95 per cent purity, the total amount of bromine ! represented on the chemical tabulation for 1919 was | 2,165,000 pounds. These figures do not include bro- : mine compounds produced by the coal-tar, pharma- j ceutical, perfume, and other synthetic organic chemical industries, which emplo}7 large quantities. Iodine is found in the form of iodates in Chile salt- ! peter and as the iodide in ashes of sea plants. Firms reporting iodine, resublimed, and various organic and inorganic iodides, were manufacturers of fine chem- icals, some giving crude iodine as material. In all, 438,000 pounds of iodides, valued at SI,499,976, were j produced, and included potassium iodide, sodium i iodide, iodoform, thymol iodide, potassium iodate, ethyl iodide, and cadmium iodide. These with re- 1 sublimed iodine made the value of the whole group CHEMICALS. 637 $1,904,130. Calculating the iodides to their iodine j content, the total iodine represented on the table was , 438,878 pounds, three-fourths of which was com-: bined. Phosphorus, as phosphates, finds its largest use in the fertilizer industry, which is elsewhere reported- As an element it is widely used in technical processes i and in alloys, while in combination with oxygen it forms acids and salts. It has the additional power of combination with more negative elements as phos- phorus sulphides and chlorides, and in conjunction with hydrogen may act as a base, as in phosphonium compounds. Five concerns made elemental phos- phorus, the oxychloride, sesquisulphide, trichloride^ and pentachloride, in order of value. A little more than 2 per cent of the element was in the form of red phosphorus. Nearly all of the derivatives were made from phosphorus, which was derived from phosphate rock largely or entirely by electrothermic processes. Combinations of phosphorus occur elsewhere in the; table as glycerophosphoric, hypophosphorous, and phosphoric acids, in Group I; as ammonium, potassium, and sodium hypophosphites and phosphates, in Groups II, III, and IV; and as barium and calcium phosphates in Group X, alkali earth compounds. The total for all of these was 126,226,000 pounds, of a value $10,877,547, the most valuable being calcium phos- phate, sodium phosphate, phosphoric acid, and am- monium phosphate. I Although silicon in the form of the oxide and of silicate rocks is the commonest mineral known, and i its employment as an ingredient of resistant materials and apparatus is very extensive, in the chemical in- dustry as such it has appeared to a limited extent only as soluble silicates used in the paper and textile industries. Since the production of elemental silicon and its alloys by electrolytic processes, however, this chemical and its compounds have become of much greater importance. The total amount as derived from the tables including silicon carbide and deriva- tives, sodium silicate, ferrosilicon. sodium silico fluor- ide, copper-silicon, silicon metal, and silicic acid, rep- resents more than 312,000 tons, and $18,407,429. Nine establishments in six states—New Jersey, New York, California, Texas, Maryland, and Missouri—re- fined 52,099 tons of sulphur, none of these plants pro- ducing the chlorides. Eight concerns in five states— Michigan, West Virginia, New York, California, and New Jersey—produced 4,648,066 pounds of sulphur chlorides, largely of the yellow variety, almost 50 per cent of the total production being used in the same plant for further processes of manufacture. All of these chlorides were made from sulphur and electro- lytic chlorine. Alkali earths.—The alkali earths occur in Group X as elements, alloys, or salts, and in other groups as bleaching compounds and electrolytic products. The figures for hariurn compounds are exclusive of the paint and pigment industry which is the largest producer of sulphide, sulphate, carbonate, and chlor- ide. In order of decreasing weight, including made and consumed, the items reported separately in 1919 are the sulphide, sulphate, carbonate, chloride, dioxide (for detail, see Group VI), and nitrate; while in order of value for the part sold this becomes dioxide, carbonate, sulphate, chloride, sulphide, and nitrate. That is, the sulphide and dioxide exchange places, since the latter had a high value as the basis for peroxide bleaches and the former was about 77 per cent by weight made and reused in the same plant, with no value assigned. About 55 per cent of the nitrate was made and reused. Barium compounds are derived from the sulphate and carbonate minerals, large quantities of the former being mined in the United States. These may be ground and used directly as pigments but are even more valuable when first converted to soluble salts and reprecipitated in very finely divided condition as the sulphate or carbonate. The peroxide is made by roasting the carbonate to the oxide and further roasting it with excess oxygen. The sulphide is pro- duced from the sulphate by roasting with a reducing agent such as coal. It is used largely for the manu- facture of sodium sulphide, a chemical much in demand in the application of sulphide colors in the dyeing industry. Barium chloride and nitrate, both water soluble, find many applications in ceramics, explosives, as source of green light, and in solution for the precipitation of finely divided barium pigments and color lakes. Other barium compounds in the table consist of the phosphate, chlorate, fluoride, thiocyanate, and mis- cellaneous salts, the phosphate forming a very large proportion of these. The total production of barium compounds was 31,503 tons, the part reported for sale being valued at $1,683,503. A great variety of calcium compounds are repre- sented, the arsenate, bisulphite, bromide, carbide, ferrocyanide, and hypochlorite being duplicated in other groups or subgroups of Group X. Including these, a total of 451,690 tons of calcium compounds valued at $24,062,054 were produced, not including 26,123 tons of calcium-magnesium chloride of a value of $321,596 reported by the salt industry, nor does it cover the use of calcium in the organic chemical industries. Calcium may be said to rival sodium and potassium in importance as a chemical base. In order of value the compounds of calcium rank— carbide, phosphate, hypochlorite, acetate, ohloride, 638 MANUFACTURES. arsenate , precipitated sulphate, citrate, precipitated car- bonate, lactate, ferrocyanide, sulphocarbolate, bromide, etc. The carbide and hypochlorite constitute 90 per cent of the whole. Carbide is included with the elec- trolytic chemicals, the bisulphite and hypochlorite in Group VI, the arsenate is valuable for its arsenic content and is shown in Group X with arsenic; the sulphate, carbonate, sulphide, and oxide-in bulk are used as pigments, cements, in metallurgy and ceramics and do not appear here, but in purified condition are used as dentifrices, medicinally, and as reagents, and are included among chemicals. The ferrocyanide is a by-product of the gas and coke industries and in bulk is employed for the production of ferrocyanogen pigments, referred to under Group II. Bromide, citrate, lactate, lactophosphate, and sulphocarbolate of calcium are mainly useful medicinally and for photographic purposes. Calcium compounds are derived from carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate mineral deposits. The former when burned to the oxide or quicklime and then dissolved in water or "slaked" to form the hydroxide, is the basis for many of the salts. Calcium acetate is the basis for production of acetic acid in all three forms, and of acetone. The amount shown in the table was produced by the wood dis- tillation industry, 86 establishments in 11 states re- porting 84,478 tons, 1 establishment reporting brown acetate, the others the gray variety. Three plants made and consumed part of their product. Four- teen concerns in Michigan made 47.2 per cent of the total. Seventy-five plants in Michigan, Pennsyl- vania, and New York produced 89 per cent and 11 others in Wisconsin, Missouri, Tennessee, West Vir- ginia, Connecticut, Kentucky, Alabama, and Missis- sippi the remaining 11 per cent. Calcium chloride was made in 15 plants in 6 states—New York, Michigan, West Virginia, Ohio, California, and Missouri—a total of 74,699 tons, valued at $1,043,301, the unit values running from $5 to $32 a ton, and averaging $14. Seven establishments in New York and Michigan produced 92 per cent of the whole. The increase from 1914 to 1919 was 67 per cent in weight and about double in price and number of establishments. One establishment obtained calcium chloride from natural brines by evaporation; three were refiners; others produced it from lime and hydrochloride acid; others from electrolytic chlorine, probably as a by- product; and a large part was the by-product of the Solvay soda process. Calcium chloride is valuable in the dxy and wet condition, and was sold both ways. In dehydrated form it is used as a drying agent and preservative, for fireproof paint and sizing. In solu- tion as brine, it finds application in freezing and cool- ing operations, as an antifreezing solution in automo- bile and airplane radiators, and as a dust preventive. Seven establishments in Illiinos, Misouri, New Jersey, and New York made 44,270,166 pounds of calcium phosphate, valued at $4,727,364, three in Illinois producing 72.3 per cent of the total amount. None was reported as made and consumed in the same plant. The total does not include crude acid calcium phosphates of the fertilizer industry. It was all, however, the acid phosphate or dicalcium phosphate. Like the chloride, the phosphate is marketed both dry and in solution. Lithium salts were not reported separately in suffi- cient detail to indicate accurately the relative propor- tions of the different salts. As shown, the carbonate, bromide, and chloride were made in the order named. The total of $502,542 was the value of 466,595 pounds sold, 277,185 pounds in addition being made and used in the same establishment, or a total of 743,780 pounds of miscellaneous lithium salts. A total of $3,613,203 for magnesium and its salts in 1919 represents several items not reported separately in previous years. The carbonate was largely of the light precipitated variety, and the rest of highly refined grade. Four establishments in Pennsylvania, Califor- nia, and New York produced it. Seven plants in Michigan, California, Ohio, and Pennsylvania made 13,141 tons of the chloride largely from brines, about 91 per cent being produced in three plants in Michi- gan. Six concerns reported 9,031,650 pounds of the oxide of magnesium. The states represented were Pennsylvania, California, and New York. Magnesium sulphate or Epsom salts was the most valuable of the magnesium compounds. A total of 59,067,335 pounds was reported by 20 establishments in 10 states—Ohio, Michigan, Maryland, Illinois, Georgia, Washington, Pennsylvania, California, New York, and Missouri—4 plants in Ohio making 40 per cent of the total. Prices varied greatly, the average being 2.5 cents per pound. Increases in the periods 1909 to 1914 and 1914 to 1919 were 35.3 per cent and 101.8 per cent, respectively. All other magnesium compounds consisted in large part of the metal, the fluosilicate, arsenite, and alloys, with a considerable amount of unspecified salts. Mag- nesium compounds are derived mainly from the carbonate, which exists plentifully as a mineral, by calcination or solution. It has many applications tech- nically which require production in large bulk and is not considered nor reported with chemicals. Strontium salts were reported in considerable variety, as nitrate, carbonate, bromide, chloride, iodide, lactate, salicylate, and sulphate, the first three comprising 98.6 per cent of the quantity and 92.8 per cent of the total value of all strontium salts. Almost all were produced by manufacturers of fine chemicals, as strontium and its salts are employed usually for their medicinal quali- ties, or as the source of red signal lights, or flares and CHEMICALS. 639 other pyrotechnics, and for coloring iridescent glass. Qualities ranged from crude to chemically pure. Rare earths.—Rare earths, so-called, have been dis- tributed through the table in three items, cerium com- pounds, thorium compounds, and other rare earths, including beryllium, neodymium, and zirconium oxides and salts. The total value of these earths was $839,297, of which thorium derivatives constituted nearly 80 per cent. Thorium compounds, value $664,843, consisted of several derivatives of which thorium nitrate and meso- thorium together amounted to over 99 per cent in value. Four plants in New Jersey produced all of it, from monazite sand. Cerium compounds were valued at $132,283, and were reported as the fluoride, chloride, oxalate, nitrate, carbonate, dioxide, and miscellaneous products. Other rare earths, $42,171, included zirco- nium oxide, beryllium nitrate, neodymium chloride, and miscellaneous products. Common metals.—Many of the common metals are useful as such and as salts in which they appear as the basic element, and in addition may be combined with oxygen to form negative groups or acid rests which, with more basic elements, find extensive employment technically. Those metals which, from a commercial standpoint, are usually basic or electrolytically posi- tive, appearing only as metals, alloys, or in salts as the positive element, are cobalt, copper, iron, lead, mer- cury, nickel, and zinc, while those metals which are not only useful as above but also form salts in which they are part of the negative group are antimony, arse- nic, bismuth, chromium, manganese, and tin. These metals, giving a greater variety of combinations, are to be found, like the acids, in other groups as antimo- niates, arsenates, bismuthates, chroinates, nianganates, and stannates, of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc. Antimony metal and its alloys were not reported on the chemical schedule. Its compounds are used mainly as pigments, precipitated as the sulphide or as dye lakes, or as mordants in the leather and textile industries. A total of 4,045,619 pounds having a value of $1,190,027, of antimony derivatives were re- ported by 11 establishments in 5 states—New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Missouri. Potassium antimonyl tartrate is also classed with Group IV. The sulphide ore stibnite or antimony needles, either directly or after conversion to the metal or oxide, was the raw material used. Arsenic and its compounds as reported here are ex- clusive of arsenical insecticides as such, nor are returns from the mining and metallurgical industries included. Arsenic compounds originate with the sulphide ores, arsenical pyrites, orpiment or related ores, which when roasted give a sublimate of the oxide (white arsenic or arsenious acid anhydride), which may be (a) reduced to the metal, (6) combined directly with hydrogen sulphide in acid solution with or without oxidizing agents to form the sulphide pigments, (c) combined directly with copper acetate to form copper aceto- arsenite, (d) combined with a soluble salt of sodium j to form sodium arsenite or, under oxidizing conditions, | sodium arsenate, (e) which latter salts are further I treated with soluble salts of metals to form calcium | lead, copper or zinc arsenic compounds. The prin- | cipal value of arsenic compounds is as germicides and I insecticides. As the oxide, white arsenic, derived from the sul- ! phide ore by roasting, is the basis for many arsenic salts, naturally large quantities were reported as made and consumed. All plants making the oxide also produced calcium and lead arsenates and altogether : 16 plants in 11 states were engaged in making arsenical : products. Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Cali- fornia, and Wisconsin each produced more than j 1,000,000 pounds of lead arsenate or together about | 84 per cent of the total amount of 11,514,275. Indi- 'ana, Illinois, and Wisconsin each turned out over '200,000 pounds of calcium arsenate. Some of the | arsenical products reported in "other'5 were in large j amounts, copper acetoarsenite, the acid anhydrides, j sodium arsenate, and zinc arsenite comprising 95 per | cent of the entire value of this item. ! The total value of bismuth salts was $1,235,502, : eight establishments in four states—New Jersey, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and New York—which claimed nearly equal amounts, reporting the subnitrate, metal, subgallate, nitrate, and oxide, in order as named. As over 9 per cent of miscellaneous, unenumerated salts were included, however, the order is uncertain, i All of the companies, except one mining concern, were manufacturers of fine chemicals in grades suitable for medicinal purposes. . Inasmuch as chromium compounds are valuable in j all combinations for their chromium content, the total j as shown in the table may be extended to include I chromic acid, and chromates and bichromates of | sodium and potassium. Chromates of sodium, potas- j sium, chromiuni alum, chromium sulphate, chromic I acid, and unspecified chromium compounds altogether amounted to 54,774,818 pounds, valued at $7,122,230, and were made by 11 establishments in 7 states—New Jersey, Maryland, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Pennsylvania. Chromium metal and its alloys are not included. Sodium chromate or bichromate, obtained by fusion of chrome iron ore with soda, is the basis of all other chromiiun salts which as a class are used principally as textile mordants, for tanning leather, printing, bleaching, making inks, varnishes, for medicinal pur- poses, photography, fireworks, and minor applications. 640 MANUFACTURES. Some sodium chrornate, about 4 per cent, was reported j as made and reused in the same establishment, but not j hi sufficient amounts for the derived salts. Potassium | chromate was made by establishments reporting the j sodium salt. I Chromium sulphate and the double salt, ammonium- | chromium sulphate or chrome alum, are closely related \ to each other in composition and to the chromates, so far as their applications are concerned, although the metal as stated above exists as a relatively basic element in the former and as an acidic one in the latter salts. The most important compound of cobalt is the oxide, which is used as a component of driers for paints and as a blue coloring agent for materials that are sub- jected to high temperatures while in preparation, such as metals and products of the ceramic industries. A peculiar trade fashion has obtained, which is to name several compounds of cobalt, the carbonate, phosphate, and arsenate as the "oxide," with letters to designate or differentiate them. All are used for about the same purpose. It is not known how much of the oxide reported in 1919 consisted of these other compounds. Four establishments reported cobalt salts, $217,6S9, two of which employed the original ore, while the chloride, nitrate, sulphate, acetate, linoleate, resinate, and others were produced from the oxide, purchased as such. Statistics of copper chemicals should include blue vitriol or copper sulphate, which is the basis of many of the other salts, but is produced as a by-product of the smelting and refining industries. Five concerns were reported by the Geological Survey as making blue- stone, of copper content 7,882,574 pounds, which sold for $2,825,557. Using a factor for conversion, this amounted to 31,081,289 pounds of crystallized sulphate and has been included in the totals on the table. All copper compounds aggregated 39,197,000 pounds and $4,671,656 and consisted of the sulphate, arsenic com- pounds, cyanide, carbonate, nitrate, chloride, acetate, oxides, and miscellaneous unenumerated salts. The first five mentioned equaled over 99 per cent and the sulphate alone nearly 70 per cent of the total value. As with copper, the great bulk of iron compounds was not reported by chemical manufacturers, but as products of metallurgical industries. Ferroalloys reported by the chemical industry formed but a portion of the total production, blast- furnace alloys not being included. Separate figures are not given, but the kinds were ferrosilicon, ferro- clirome, ferrovanadium, ferromolybdenum, ferrotung- sten, and ferromagnesite, in the order named. Iron chloride, crystalline and liquid, made by manu- facturers of fine chemicals, amounted to 1,894,982 pounds and $136,431. Twelve establishments in six states, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Ohio, and New Jersey, reported; seven of these, in Michigan and Pennsylvania, made 70 per cent of the total. Iron oxide was made by six plants in six states- Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, New York, and Ohio. Two of these produced "iron sponge" for gas purification from iron borings and shavings; two used pyrites for making sulphuric acid and reported gas ore or burnt pyrites, desulphurized; and two produced refined oxide. Ferrous sulphate or copperas figures were collected from steel works, rolling mills, and wire mills and from the chemical industries. Thirty-two plants in 12 states made 59,393 tons of copperas, which sold for $993,939. Five states—Pennsylvania, Illinois, Rhode Island, Ohio, and Massachusetts—made 50,646 tons, or 85 per cent. Thirteen wire mills reported 36,747 tons at an average of $18.20 a ton, seven steel works and mills returned 9,738 tons averaging $12.40 a ton, and chemical establishments reported 12,907 tons at $15.60 [ a ton. Part of the ferrous sulphate of the chemical j industry was made by refining crude salts, part from I pyrite and waste pickling liquor, and a part from I metallic iron with acid. Other iron compounds included ferro-alloys, ferro- cyanide, iron mix, the vanadate, ferric sulphate, the sulphide, iron by hydrogen, the acetate, nitrate, valerate, oxalate, ferrous chloride, and miscellaneous unspecified salts. Excepting the first three, all were made in grades classed as fine chemicals. Metallic iron and pyrite with the respective acids were used very largely as materials. Lead salts from the purely chemical industries were apparently reported in less quantity in 1919 than in 1914. Large amounts of acetate, nitrate, and mon- oxide were made and consumed in further processes. A total of 5,131,133 pounds of the acetate were re- ported by nine establishments in six states. Other salts included the peroxide, nitrate, monoxide, sul- phate, resinate, and miscellaneous salts, which totaled 3,697,892 pounds, having a value of $335,906. If amounts made and reused in the same establish- ments are considered the total weight manufactured was 20,343,300 pounds, with an assigned value of $2,978,682. The largest use for manganese is in metallic form alloyed with iron. Exclusive of this, a variety of manganese compounds were reported in 1919, the borate, resinate, carbonate, dioxide, hypophosphite, sulphate and other salts and driers, making in all 549,891 pounds and $99,395. Seven plants in five states—Pennsylvania, Missouri, Ohio, New Jersey and New York—made these salts of a quality used for varnish and oil driers, or of medicinal grade. They CHEMICALS. 641 were derived mainly from the hydroxide which is precipitated by caustic alkali from solution of a soluble salt derived from the oxide ore. A total of 1,145,500 pounds with a value of $1,775,018 represents mercury salts for 1919, including in addi- tion to the two chlorides, calomel and corrosive subli- mate, the oxide, white precipitate (ammonium mer- cury chloride), nitrate, blue mass, iodide, cyanide, and miscellaneous mercurials. Eight establishments in four states—New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Missouri—produced these mercury salts, all being manufacturers of fine chemicals. The production of nickel salts since 1914 has in- creased greatly. The hydrate, refined salts, sulphate, oxide, cyanide and carbonate were produced in order of value as named, by eight plants in four states, making a total of 1,062,047 pounds valued at $641,645. A very large part consisting of the hydrate is em- ployed for the production of catalysts. Ten companies in four states—New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Ohio, and Massachusetts—produced tin compounds in the form of chlorides or as oxide. Grades and prices varied widely in both. A con- siderable proportion of the tin for the chlorides was derived from the detinning of scrap, using electrolytic chlorine in large quantity, either produced at the plant or purchased as liquid chlorine. For the oxide, flue dross or pig tin was employed. The distinction between so-called bichloride of tin and the other chlorides was not clearly made in the reports, so the figures for stannic chloride were made to include both 11 bichloride'' and tetrachloride, while stannous chloride covers tin crystals only. The sum of all tin compounds was 10,351,761 pounds, valued at $3,886,760. Zinc, in common with many other metals included in Group X, has large uses outside of the chemical industries proper. Zinc oxide, produced directly from the sulphide ores, the carbonate, and the sul- phide especially in combination as lithopone, are re- ported in large quantities by the paint and pigment industry. Almost half the composition of the best auto tires on the market to-day is said to be lead-free zinc oxide. This filler gives white color and resiliency and increases tensile strength and durability. The mining and smelting industries give returns for me- tallic zinc and zinc sulphate as a by-product of these industries but this is not included in this report. Zinc sulphate finds its largest use as a soluble salt for the precipitation of finely divided zinc pigments, and it is also the origin of a large proportion of the zinc salts. It is in fact the most important salt of zinc, being made and consumed in large quantities for further manufacture. Over 43 per cent of the total amount reported was made and reused but this does not account for all the purposes for which it was used. 111867—23 il | The total for all zinc compounds reported to the chemical industries, not including returns from smelt- | ing, paint and pigments, amounted to 87,833,780 ! pounds and a value of $5,449,710. In addition to the salts shown separately, this includes the stearate, ! cyanide, arsenate, silicate, sulphocarbolate, valerate, i borate, resinate, and nitrate. The chloride formed about 78 per cent of the weight and 80 per cent of the ; total value of the entire group but this does not present : a fair comparison with the sulphate, for which returns i were not complete. The chloride is used largely as : a wood preservative, in dyeing silks and as a dehy- ■ drating and condensing agent in the synthetic dye : and organic chemicals industries. As dust, or in | granular form zinc is used for the generating of nascent ; hydrogen in reduction processes. The great variety | of zinc salts produced in small quantities are mainly j of importance medicinally. ! Rare metals.—Like the commoner metals, rare j metals function in more than one relation, most of j them appearing in alloys with more common metals \ to which they impart some special and valuable ! property, and also in salts in which they may be either positive or negative to other elements present. The metals usually classed as the precious metals, gold, silver, and platinum, as such, are not reported in ; chemical totals. Their salts show the metals as basic. Radium also is isolated only as basic salts. Molyb- j denum, titanium, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium, however, are found technically as metallic alloys, as I the metal and its basic salts, which are primarily : found in Group X, and in combinations as negative 1 elements in molybdates, alkali titanium oxalates or acetates, tungstates, and phosphotungstates, uranates, and vanadates. These latter therefore are ■ to be found in other groups in addition to Group X. Gold chloride, cyanide, gold sodium chloride, the : bromide and some refined metal were reported as a total of 14,844 ounces, valued at $143,069 by six con- ! cerns in New Jersey, Missouri, and Pennsylvania. Silver salts increased in weight 26 per cent from 1909 to 1914, and about 20 per cent in the subsequent ; five years. Besides the nitrate, the protein salts and j cyanide were mainly the cause of this growth. The j average price was slightly lower in 1914 but doubled in the later census. Ten establishments made silver salts; totaling 3,669,000 ounces, and $2,441,773, in the four states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Missouri. Seven plants in four states— Pennsylvania, New York, Missouri, and New Jersey— made silver nitrate. All of the other rare metals are employed in valuable alloys with iron and other commoner metals. Molyb- denum, titanium, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium in conjunction with radium and the precious metals, i have been classed as rare metals, although they are no 642 MANUFACTURES. longer rare in the sense of being scarce and little known. They are in fact widely known and used, although in small quantities as yet because of the difficulty and cost of separating them from their ores. They are usually derived from the oxide or sulphide ores. A statement of the quantity and value of 1919 production follows: Molybdenum and compounds metal, oxide, alloys — Titanium and compounds salts, sulphate, oxalate Tungsten and compounds metal, alloys, oxide Uranium and compounds salts, acetate, uranate Vanadium and compounds metal, alloys, oxide, salts. Radium salts, gold and silver Weight. Pounds. 605,094 1,049,820 1,578,630 2,572 641,749 Value. SSS6,166 98,1S-S 1,527,845 6,233 1,519,679 5,570,619 Total | I 9,60S, 730 _ _ _ _ I l__ Molybdenum and its compounds include the metal, its oxide or acid anhydride of molybdic acid, and alloys with tungsten and iron. Titanium figures include the salts, titanium sodium sulphate, and titanium potas- sium oxalate, which were made by three companies in Pennsylvania, Illinois, and New York. Titanium compounds are used as mordants and the metal in alloys, none of which were reported to the chemical industry. Rutile, a dioxide of titanium occurring as a mineral in several of the states, is the main source of titanium. Tungsten and compounds were returned as the acid anhydride, as metal and as alloys with iron, chronium, and molybdenum. Uranium and its compounds, like titanium, appeared only as salts, sodium uranium acetate, sodium uranium nitrate, Sodium uranate, and others. Vanadium reports covered the acid anhydride or oxide, the metal, alloys with iron and salts, such as iron vanadate. Radium salts were reported by seven establishments, a total of 27,627 milligrams, with a value of $2,985,777 from four states—Pennsylvania, Colorado, Illinois, and New Jersey. With the exception of the bromide, the kind of salts was not indicated. The unit value averaged about $108 per milligram. The total of "Unclassified/' crude, commercial, and fine chemicals, may be subdivided into chemicals sold in bulk, usually about 5 cents a pound or less, valued at $110,778, and fine chemicals at 25 cents a pound and above, which amounted to $4,588,417 so far as could be determined from the class of products other- wise reported, and the general character of the estab- lishment. The latter class consisted of a very large number of separate items which could not well be distributed by the manufacturer making the report, but is incomplete in that some manufacturers of cor- responding grades of fine chemicals did make such separations. CHEMICALS MADE BY THE AID OF ELECTRICITY. Inasmuch as a classification of chemicals made by the aid of electricity depends upon methods of manu- facture, and not upon the chemical composition of the product, they appear in the various groups of chemicals according to composition. The electrolytic and electrothermic processes have developed greatly, especially within the period covered by the war. Bridgeport, Conn., is said to have installed 52 electric brass furnaces during 1919; 26,000 tons of electrolytic zinc were reported, and an electrolytic process for the deposition of iron in the form of tubes from a solution of iron in hydro- chloric acid, was developed. These and other of the most important products made by the aid of electricity are not included within the chemical industry. Alumi- num, which ranks fifth in importance among metals, being surpassed only by iron, copper, zinc, and lead, and some of the less important metals and alloys, abrasives, carbides, some of the ferroalloys, and a variety of purely chemical compounds, however, are within the chemical industry. Table 34 presents the statistics for this class of products. Table 34. -Chemicals Produced by the Aid of Electricity: 1919. Total: 1919.. 1914.. 1909.. 1904.. 1899.. Chlorine bleaches (Group VI): Chlorine pounds.. For sale pounds.. Made and consumed pounds.. Hypochlorites (calcium and sodium, chiefly calcium) pounds.. Hydrogen (Group IX) cubic feet.. Oxygen (Group IX) cubic feet.. Potassium hydroxide3 (caustic, Group IV), pounds Sodium hydroxide 2 (caustic, Group III.pounds.. Far sale pounds.. Made and consumed pounds.. Other commodities in order of value, with num- ber of establishments: Aluminum, 4; abrasives (silicon carbide and aluminous, including forms) 1; calcium carbide, 5; ferroalloys, 7; so- dium and sodium cyanide, 4; chlorates,"5; phos- phorus, 2; carbon oisulphide, 8; vanadium, 1; tungsten and molybdenum, 3; hydrochloric acid, 3; magnesium metal, 4: bromine, 5; other metals and alloys, 4; and miscellaneous, 10 Num- ber of i estab-! Quantity, lish-! ments.i i 1M 36 19 21 14 91,141,000 34,392,000 56,749,000 252,850,000 137,082,000 131,477,000 7,460,000 189,686,000 173,021,000 16,665,000 Value. $82,590,005 29,661,949 18,451,461 7,068,246 2,045,535 1,425,917 4,781,348 851,397 1,855,911 1,892,438 "6,225," 682 05,554,312 1 Distribution, by states: Total 114; New England: Maine 2 Now Hampshire.. 1 Massachusetts— l Rhode Island 1 Connecticut 1 Middle Atlantic: New York 26 New Jersey 8 Pennsylvania 14 * Total production: East North Central: Ohio Indiana 2 Illinois 1 Michigan II Wisconsin 2 West North Central: Minnesota 1 Iowa 2 Missouri 5 Nebraska 1 South Atlantic: Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina... East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific: Washington 3 Oregon I California i Total production. Electrolytic Other processes.. Sodium hydroxide. 94,843 238,618 Per cent. 100.0 28.5 71.5 Potassium hydroxide. Tom. 4,192 _3,730 462 CHEMICALS. 643 Electrolytic and electro thermic products may be subdivided into four principal groups: (1) Chlorine and its derivatives, together with caustic alkalies which are interdependent or by-products of great im- portance; (2) oxygen and hydrogen, which are also produced simultaneously; (3) elements or metals and their alloys, including carbides; and (4) organic products and salts other than the foregoing, including cyanides, chlorates, carbon bisulphide and persul- phates. The first two are electrolytic, the third elec- trothermic, and the fourth may be either. The value of the products produced by the aid of electricity in 1919, shows an increase of 178 per cent over the production as reported in 1914, the per cent of increase for the preceding periods being 61 per cent for 1909-1914, 161 per cent for 1904-1909, and 246 per cent for the period 1899-1904. The nine leading states in 1919, in order of value of electro products, were New York, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, and California, which altogether produced 96.3 per cent of the total value of products. The remaining 3.7 per cent was distributed among 24 states. Chlorine and hypochlorites have been considered in detail under Group VI; hydrogen and oxygen under Group IX, and sodium and potassium hydroxide under their respective Groups III and IV. The item of other commodities may be subdivided as follows: Metals and alloys or basic elements, including aluminum, iron, tungsten, molybdenum, sodium, vana- dium, magnesium, copper, and manganese and their alloys, $36,000,000; abrasives and carbides, 822,000,000; salts and organic products such as cyanides, chlorates, persalts and carbon bisulphide, $6,000,000; and negative elements and their derivatives, phosphorus, bromine, silicon, and hydrochloric acid, $1,000,000. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 35 gives the comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 36 is a de- tailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 35.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. United States.. California.. Illinois. Massachusetts. Michigan. Missouri. New Jersey. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 598 395 359 20 13 33 26 22 27 24 24 S6 36 136 22 22 » 9 7S 64 50 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 55,586 32,311 23,729 1,466 257 244 3,004 1,682 843 .,395 .,358 i, 712 t,509 1,174 ,253 842 619 12,472 6,276 5,046 Primary horse- power. 376,940 282,385 208,657 I Cost of Value of1 Wages, i mate- prod- j ! rials, i ucts.! Expressed in thousands. $72,848 iS216,301 '$438,659 22,066! 89,451 15S,054 14,096 | 64,146 i 227,741 15,980 1,521 1,308 23,393 8,590 5,917 223 405 731 , 943 944 i 594; 149! ,764 j 886! 1,974 1S4 168 .,131! 10,539 jj 933 1.524;! 762 I 1,306 i 3,836 I 12,003 I 22,061 l! 1,164 I 5,360 1 8,618 !j 536! 2,915 j 4,683 j' 36, 807! IS,563 13,880 | 3,044! 955 1 811 { S,950! 3,405 1 2,012! 1,162 i 498 | 333 | 14,904! 4,124 i 2,895 8,101; 3,355! 3,048 I 15,744 I 6,373 j 5,072 | 7,717 | 4,164 I 2,224 45,174 17,054 12,257 l 17,305 6,685 5,916 37,851 13,891! 12,890 ,; 13,53S 6,936 !i 3,640 ;| 84,034 || 31,687;! 22,824 |j Cen-^e^Sf™; sus I esteb-! ivear. lish- j; Primary horse-* power. ; Wages. New York. 1919 SS 1914 70 1909 74 Ohio.. Pennsvlvaiiia.. Washington. Wisconsin. All other states. 1919 1914 , 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 37 29 33 56 39 137 30 7 5 134 54 56 9,687 j 59,043 7,780 i 131,928 5,746 i 116,197 3,670 j 35.049 2.017! 18,751 1,132 11,715 7,134 4,748 3,185 90 32 187 60 76 8,428 2.713 2; 308 30,334 16,570 9,771 1,376 362 495 85,478 32,898 IS, 163 Cost of Value of mate- I prod- rials, ucts. Expressed In thousands. $13,149 5,3S0 3,376 5,473 1,460 749 9,854; 2,928 1,892; 123 25 204 36 41 10,175 i 1,907: 1,283 $50,871 ! $88,102 26,252; 42,877 19,709! 35,346 15,296 j 32,719 6,726! 11,388 4,748 j 7,742 26,781! 73,333 12,615! 22,3SS 10,200; 15,978 536! 259 j 1,129 J 230 242 26,818 6,130 2,909 1,363 374 2,074 436 513 55,740 11,250 6,903 1 Excludes statistics for 1 establishment, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 2 Excludes statistics for 2 establishments, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 644 MANUFACTURES. Table 36.—DETAILED STATEMENT, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States California Colorado Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 66,947 1.762 138 182 3.554 1,305 103 29 87 950 3,054 6,721 281 1,826 370 15,062 11,780 4,410 8,167 299 249 504 2,040 164 599 317 2,994 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-| bers. 122 10 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 85 16 11 128 32 14 3 6 30 142 314 18 112 30 667 581 178 214 Clerks, etc. Male. 5,460 128 14 52 274 176 12 6 16 92 235 492 67 255 22 1,165 1,042 357 539 1 60 22 72 27 21 49 264 Fe- male. 2,874 73 7 12 134 71 5 6 9 31 184 34 201 16 749 453 204 275 2 17 9 42 21 3 20 107 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 55,586 1,466 98 107 3,004 1,026 72 13 54 797 2,483 5,712 162 1,253 300 12,472 9,687 3,670 . 7,134 287 150 454 1,847 90 534 187 2,527 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Ja 60,754 Ja Oc Jy Oc Ja 1,886 125 126 3,544 1,244 Je 109 Ja » 14 Fe» 62 No 975 De 2,729 Ja 7,494 Je 195 Je 1,280 Ja 792 De 13,127 Ja 11,461 Oc 4,210 De 7,633 Au 319 Oc 169 Mh No De Oc Ja 547 2,118 108 635 219 Minimum month. My -51,050 Je Ja« Ja Ap Je 1,273 89 90 2,570 827 Ap 32 Au 11 Oc « 47 Ja 651 Mh 2,329 My 4,980 Ja 98 Mh 1,218 Jy 48 Ap 11,277 8,920 3,022 6,602 256 123 Je 342 Mh 1,544 Ap' 76 My 452 Jy 169 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 58,757 1,288 105 . 92 3,248 1,008 104 14 63 784 2,731 5,999 185 1,245 539 13,099 9,864 4,296 .7,656 298 165 559 1,996 108 495 204 2,612 16 and over. Male. 53,798 1,266 104 90 3,200 990 100 14 60 773 2,150 5,938 185 998 530 12,085 9,299 4,012 6,065 272 149 552 1,602 108 491 191 2,574 Fe- male. 4,782 2 11 571 239 9 990 560 283 1,508 26 4 7 382 Under 16. Male. 12 Fe- male. 56 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply) and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 1 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). a Same number reported for one or more other months. CHEMICALS. 645 BY STATES: 1919. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. ! Officials.; Clerks, ! etc. Dollars. Dollars. 12,546,127 SH,794,507 Dollars. |72,848,324 For ! contract 1 work. Dollars. 1,321,738 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Dollars. 596,741 Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. 131,931,389 For materials. Primary horsepower. Value of products. Value : added by • manufac- ture. Owned. Principal j materials, ™°*of I ; power, i; Total. |; Steam j {not tur- bines). Dollars. ;Dollars. !■' Dollars. 183,558,989 ;32,742,310 438,658,869 Dollars. 222,357,590 376,940 j 1127,164 Inter-; ! nal- i Steam j com- (Water1 tur- bines. bus- jpow- tion i er.1 en- i gines.l 114,585 Rent- ed.' 5,004 3,692 |126,495 ! Elec- tric: horse-! power j gener- ated in! estab-' lish- ments report-: ing. 109,554; 1 283,367 1 46,193 I 41,624! 761,867; 192,862! 25,194 7,820 19,680 204,211 475,417 255,686 24,178 94,019 573,883 364,575 21,694 9,374 28,221 152,122 457,835 1,121,081 | 957,786 58,107 126,364 386,977! 559,820 90,379: 51,457 |3,122,104 |2,753,623 2,807,754 12,352,144 693,141 | 742,760 1,190,401 (1,191,699 35,673 | 4,779 57,294! 106,398 44,161 238,204 69,473 181,747 80,214 311,182 64,054 166,410 64,637 46,188 96,029 528,672 1,973,938 101,348 I 104,165! 3,836,506 1,732,093 76,927 14,619 I 64,288 I 1, 090,437 j 3,043,576 8,949,577 188,223 1,162,182 399,593 14,903,510 [13,148,889 5,473,508 9,854,310 335,240 155,749 658,925 1,942,627 123,135 752,936 204,095 2,557,928 27,885 113,617 10,289 3,296 10,600 55,960 1,440 2,500 "3,*587 1,940 780 1,344 3,600 30,402 233,679 35,531 60,545 647,408 381,077 17,068 7,313 30,916 71,286 738,198 4,830,172 11,300,728 590,402 323,907 10,408,691 3,378,886 250,669 50,398 32,537 2,815,529 7,561,738 804,679 33,828 45,874 95,369 20,950 I 2,399,240 ! 9,292,541 51,732! 60,572! 484,624 49,162 i 1,093,445 : 7,429,292 7,892' 22,121 514,314 55,900 | 3,080,252 |42,169,605 142,664 • 5,413.813 142,601,366 34,695 ! 1,740;048 112,146,385 18,496 12,076,417 '24,723,050 1,335 I 21,823 j 851,605 6,188! 67,144 486,781 93,038 3,000 7,405 2,334 1,170 15,643 5,147 72,130 31,001 2,838,916 128,673 115,411 60,002 579,490 551,067 2,736,939 469,069 1,896,682 1,063,995 5,898,724 43,381 55,S53 1,594,383 591,716 70,076 13,551 48,182 382,629 539,679 6,451,534 138,908 287,533 455,298 3,003,988 8,270,026 |3,149,144 2,058,100 1 93,815 85,581 235,524 968,469 66,825 225,785 65,378 j2,546,224 10,539, 416! 1,301,141 | 957,293 i 22,060,803 i 8,649,304! 558,084 < 177,018! 312,806! 5,277,426! 17,305,166: 37,850,834 1,455,658 i 13,537,929! 2,304,793' 84,033,941 88,101,532 j 32,719,466! 73,332,932 1,399,346 1,394,354 1,708,957 12,765,281; 1,363,434 , 3,280,657! 2,074,299 i 14,196,999 I 4,405,516 667,358 5771533 10,057,729 4,678,702 237,339 113,069 232,087 2,079,268 9,203,749 22,106,759 832,126 5,821,104 1,335,181 38,860,347 37,230,140 17,423,937 46,551,782 453,926 821,992 922,366 9,059.873 827,540 1,158,190 944,926 5,752,051 15.980 '788 547 23,393 8,574 834 359 402 6,568 9,223 74,943 1,105 4,149 6.057 36;S07 59,043 35,049 30,334 886 1,057 4,735 11,862 1,165 8,425 1,376 33,279 1,437 40 150 16,613 6,696 225 100 85 1,435 2,565 22,710 75 1,767 4,381 j 18,201 I 16,445 13,838 i 9,741 295 291 2,119 4,240 40 1,330 I 140 2,205 I 2,790 80! 2,743 180 3,425 I 3,225: 37,237! ! 11.673 ! 2! 746 !! 397 50 j 1: 3,986 210! 1,488 609 259 317 1,698 3,257 10 \ 175 22: 100 j 100 750 722 9,923 1,088 7,871 188 16,320 , 433 5,557 400 714 2,900 5,850 i5'l66"i 493 655 10 360 20 380 14,874 930 2,382 204 7,595 31,851 4,438 14,636 591 766 909 4,722 1,117 590 1,226 15,234 417 10 24,550 3,439 3,064 20,541 10 1,020 1,182 16,867 9,786 10,676 8,578 167 5 320 5,300 ! 1,520 4 1,400 « All other states embrace: Alabama, 2 establishments; Arkansas, 2; Connecticut, 3; District of Columbia, 1; Kansas, 4; Maine, 2; Montana, 2; North Carolina, 1; Oklahoma, 2; Oregon, 1; South Dakota, 1; Tennessee, 5; and Wyoming, 2. SULPHURIC, NITRIC, AND MIXED ACIDS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The statistics for establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids were first pre- sented separately at the census of 1904. Prior thereto they were included in the general chemical industry. It is to a considerable extent a specialized branch of the chemical industry, and the statistics here pre- sented embrace the establishments specializing in the production of these acids. Comparative summary.—Table 37 presents the com- parative statistics for the industry for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive, the reports for 1899 having been segregated from chemicals in general. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 38 shows the number of establishments, wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products in 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 39 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the 11 Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 47. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 40, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. A few females were reported as wage earners, but they con- stituted only one-half of 1 per cent of the total number. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics in Table 41 show a relatively large per cent of the employees in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 and over, though the percentage has dropped from 88.7 per cent in 1909 and 79.8 in 1914 to 18 per cent in 1919. In 1914 and 1909 practically no establishments operated on less than a 54-hour per week schedule, the few reported in 1914 on a 48-hour (646) basis being negligible, but in 1919, 33 per cent were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours were 48 per week. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of relatively large units, as shown in Table 42, the average number of wage earners per establishment being 96 in 1914 and 127 in 1919, a moderate increase in average size. In 1919 the establishments employing over 100 wage earners included 64.1 per cent of the total number of estab- lishments and reported 93.9 per cent of the wage earners, as compared with 53.1 per cent of the estab- lishments and 85.4 per cent of the wage earners in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The grouping by value of products as shown in Table 43, reflects the general increase in values. The average value of products per establishment increased from $235,000 in 1909 to $475,000 in 1914 and to $807,000 in 1919, but the increase is to a large degree due to high prices. This condition accounts for the changes from lower to higher groups. Character of ownership.—The establishments in this branch of the chemical industry were all owned by corporations in 1919, and likewise in 1914 and 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 44 presents the power statistics for the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Electric power is a growing factor, and of the total primary power 91.7 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, this including electric motor equipment operated with purchased electric current, specified as rented, and secondary electric or that generated by the establish- ment, as compared with 52.1 per cent in 1914 and 34.3 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 45 presents the statistics for fuel, by kinds and by states, for 1919 and 1914. The figures for gas include both natural and manufac- tured gas. SULPHURIC, NITRIC, AND MIXED ACIDS. 647 Table 37.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. PER CENT OF INCREASE.! Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture *. 1919 39 5,860 899 4,961 30,637 $51,160,004 10.096,048 2.179,517 l\ 916,531 47,867 1,071,605 15,857,361 31,470,480 15,613,119 1914 32 3,604 540 3,064 24,927 $35,233,806 3,082,747 870,200 2,212,547 6,315 217,278 6,734,428 15,215.474 8.481,046 1909 42 2,582 330 2,252 6,494 $18,726,195 2.045,894 551,000 1,494,894 212 90,145 5,385.828 9, sS4;057 4,498,229 1904 32 2,757 2 308 2,447 5,416 $12,761,920 2,061,512 556,106 1,505,406 7,839 3 102,023 4,972|S3S 9,052,646 4.079, .808 1899 34 2,654 29$ 2.356 $13,981,506 1,715,895 388,346 1,327,549 4,033.238 s. 596.390 4.563,152 1914- 1909- 1904- 1889- 1919 1914; 1909 1904 21.9 -23.8! 31.2 -5.9 62.6 39.6! -6.3 3.9 1 66.5 63.6! 7.1 3.4 61.9 j 36.1 , -8.0 3.9 22.9 284. 5! 19.9 45,2 88, 2 i 46.7 -8.7 228.0 50.7! -0.8 20,1 1.50.0 57.9! -0.9 43.2 mo 4S.0! -6.7 13.4 658.0 j iii.6 1 393. 0 136.0 25.0 i 8.3 23.3 107.0: 53.9 | 9.2 5.3 84.1 j 88. 5 j 10,3 -10.6 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 Figures not available. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. 1 Value of products less cdtt of materials. Table 38.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States.. California Illinois New Jersey. New York All other states 39 3 24 WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Per cent distribu- tion. ! Amount Per cent distribu- tion. Amount . (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Average number. Rank. j (expressed in j ! thousands), j Rank. - Rank. i 4,961 100.0 531,470: 100.0 S15,613; 100.0 576 11.6 3!! 5,440; 17.3 1 3,381 2L7 1 875 17.6 1 5,057; 16.1 3 2.829 18.1 2 561 11.3 4 2,804 I 8.9 4 ■ i,m 7.7 6 39S S.O 5 2,670 8,5 » 1,416 i 9.1 4 2,551 51.4 15,499 49.2 6,779 43.4 Table 39.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials1 Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Cen- i sus !Total, year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 5,860 3,604 2,582 294 135 106 40 35 27 254 100 79 Male. 5,627 3,528 2,547 285 135 106 40 35 27 j i 245 | 100! 79 I Fe- male, 233 76 35 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 96.0 97.9 98,6 96.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 96.5 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 1 No proprietors; officials only. Cen- sus vear. 4.0 :Clerks and other subordinate salaried; 2. l |: employees. 1. 4; 3.1 Wage earners (average number)., 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. - Total. 1919 1914 1909 605 405 224 1919 1914 1909 4,961 3,064 2,252 1919 1914 1909 4,959 3,064 2,249 1919 1914 2 1909 3 Male. 5 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. ! Fe- i male 407 I 198 330; 75 190! 34 4,935 3,063 2,251! 4,933 3,063 I 2,248 PER CENT OF TOTAL, Made. 'Fe- i male. 67.3: 3Z7 81.5 18.5 84. S I 15.2 99.5! 100.0: 100.0! 8 99.5 j 100.0 I 100.0 100.0; ioao'l 0.5 648 MANUFACTURES. Table 40.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment Is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures. Average ! number 'em- , ployed during year. United States: 1919 4,961 Males 4,935 Females 26 1914 3,064 1909 1 2,252 California 576 Illinois 875 New Jersey 561 New York j 398 i Jan- uary. 5,529 5,487 42 g,868 2,227 613~ 927 600 431 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Feb- ruary. 5,301 5,265 36 2,903 2,191 670~ 878 587 402 March. 4,690 4,670 20 2,900 2,212 634 804 596 395 April. May. 4,446 4,384 62 2,926 2,279 636 727 567 361 June, j July. | August. | S0g*^n" 4,415 4,400 15 3,007 2,246 566 811 5S4 359 4, SSI 4, SI4 17 2,952 2,300 547~ 852 544 S5t 4,893 I 4,878 I 15 3,090 I 2,213; 501 j 939! 562 1 392 1 4,932 4,916 16 3,049 2,291 568 922 550 407 Octo- ber. 5,425 5,404 21 3,312 2,327 588 1,008 542 439 Novem- ber. 5,368 5,343 25 3,346 2,288 494 1,000 554 436 Decem- ber. 6,764 5,737 27 3,627 2,315 498 921 562 442 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 75.1 75.2 24.2 81.0 91.5 73.7 70.5 89.0^ 79.6 Table 41.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED. STATES: 1919. Total. I United States 1919.. I 1914..j 1909-.I California rilinois • New Jersey New York 4,961 3,064 2,252 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— .Q j Between !Between *0' 48 and 54- 0 \ 54 and 60. 1,635 981 !1,454 11 229 I 379 ! 203 j 51 212 I j 364 432 I | 443 497 154 Over 60. 198 490 555 1,955 1,443 Table 42.— SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States. 1919. 1914. California... Illinois New Jersey. New York.. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average number.) 32 i 4,961 3,064 4 576 3' 875 5 | 561 3 1 398 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 1 to 5 wage ■ 6 to 20 wage 21 to 50 wage 51 to 100 wage | 101 to 250 wage earners, earners, earners, earners, earners, inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage learners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 206 381 40 Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. I Estab- lish- ments. 521 405 54 56 Wage earners. 1,953 1,571 164 134 497 342 Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 1,371 643 Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 812 364! 741 i I Table 43.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OP ESTABLISHMENTS. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 All classes. Less than S5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000- $1,000,000 and over... All classes. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to$100,000.-.. $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... 1914 32 1909 42 } » AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1919 4,961 74 j 535 \ 1,396 2,947 1914 3,064 2,017 943 1909 2,252 303 1,949 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. ! VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 $31,470,480 | $15,215,474 $9,884,057 $15,613,119 $8,481,046 $4,498,229 1 I i5,425 1 88,247 / 1,488,968 \ 3,878,780 10,141,699 1 27,362 312,759 j 3,103,303 \ 8,713,923 19,313,133 [■ 291,993 1,239,949 } 8,644,108 131,082 536,393 3,961,836 3,783,058 4,060,707 7,079,716 • 4,054,349 4,295,615 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 5.1 10.3 30.8 30.8 23.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 18.8 50.0 | 50.0 0.2 1.5 3.4 13.5 86.5 46.8 / 10.8 \ 28.1 59.4 65.8 30.8 18.8 15.6 100.0 0.1 1.0 9.9 27.7 61.4 100.0 1.9 24.9 26.7 46.5 100.0 12.5 87.6 100.0 0.1 9.6 24.8 65.0 100.0 1.6 47.8 60.6 100.0 ll.» 88.1 SULPHURIC, NITRIC, AND MIXED ACIDS. 649 Table 44.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total.. Owned.. Steam i Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines. Water wheels and turbines... Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. NTJMBER OP ENGINES OE MOTORS. 1919 143 127 107 20 15 1 795 795 1,509 795 714 1914 312 (2) (2) 155 137 157 157 1909 (2) (2) 184 176 726 I 157! 569 . 195 70 125 HOBSEPOWER, Amount. 1919 30,637 14,452 J 12,672! 8,737: 3,935 1,755 ] 25 ;. 16,185! 16,381 i 28,091 16,185 11,906 1914 1909 24,927 i 6,494 18,621' 17,096 | 8 i 1,525 5,454 5,083 (2) 371 6.306 '■■ 2,381 3,925! 1,040 878 162 12,994: 2,381 i 10,613 1 2,230 878 1,352 Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.2 74.7 84.0 41.4 68.6 78.3 28.5 12.8: 5.7 6.1 5.7 0.1 52.8 25.3 16.0 52.8 9.6 13.5 15.7 2.5 100.0 , loao 57.6 i 18.3 39.4 42.4 81.7: 60.6 i Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. Table 45.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. 5 Not reported separately. Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). United States. .1919.. 1914.. 52,S65 69,645 California Illinois New Jersey New York All other states. 39,16S 13,368 329 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 259,615 184,393 j Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 6,563' 1,547 i Gasoline Fuel oils ;and other Gas (1,000 (barrels). ;volatile oils cubic feet), (barrels). 59,405 i 14,752 | 5,656! 179,502 j 35 11 6,517 179,466 i 250 196,953 32,709: (») 283,952 114,696 I 11,643 12,834 I 34,355 i 2,091!! 15,490 | 250: 185,310 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Establishments.—The special statistics for sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids are given in detail in the section of this report pertaining to chemicals in Tables 15 to 22, which include figures for the entire industry. There were 39 establishments in 1919 and 32 in 1914 that manufactured these acids as their chief product. Materials.—The consumption of sulphur, pyrite, and nitrate of soda in the manufacture of these acids was not reported separately. The total consumption of these materials by all chemical establishments is given in Table 13 of the section on chemicals. Products.—In the acid industry the total production | of sulphuric acid in 1919, expressed in terms of 50° | Baum6 was 5,552,581 tons, compared with 4,071,566 tons in 1914, an increase of 36.4 per cent. The pro- duction of nitric acid in 1919 amounted to 86,992 tons, as compared with 78,589 tons in 1914, an increase of 10.7 per cent; and mixed acid to 114,886 tons in 1919 and 112,124 tons in 1914, an increase of 2.5 per cent. 650 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 46 gives value of products, for the census years 1919, 1914, and the comparative statistics for the principal items, 1909. number of establishments, average number of wage Detailed statement, by states.—Table 47 is a de- earners, primary horsepower, cost of materials, and tailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 46.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num-: Wage wTr i earners Cost of Wages.; mate- rials. Value of; prod- ucts. 1 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. lioV._ aS° ments. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 19H 1909 39 32 42 4,961 30,637 3,064 24,927 2,252 i 6,494 $7,917 2,213 1,495 §15,857 6,734 5,386 $31,470 15,215 9,8S4 All other states 1919 1914 1909 34 26 36 4,400 2,155 1,818 29,486 21,518 4,919 S7,041 1,516 1,213 §14,261 4,574 4,324 $28,666 10,144 7,756 New Jersey 1919 1914 1909 5 6 6 561 909 434 1,151 3,409 1,575 876 697 282 1,596 2,160 1,062 2,804 5,071 i 2,128 j Table 47.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num-, I ber of i |estab- ; lish- Iments' PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. United States j 39 || California \ 4 |j Illinois ;3 ij New Jersey i 5 j; New York !3! AU other states 1 j 24 I1 708 1,032 621 468 3,031 Sala- ried Pro- offi- prie- cers, tors su- and perin- firm teud- mem- ents, bers. and man- agers. 40 32 24 31 167 Clerks, etc. Male. 407 63 81 30 23 210 Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. -1! I Number, 15th day of— : Aver- i Fe- age male. I num- i i ber. | 198 i 4,961 29 44 16 i 103 576 875 561 Maximum month. De 5,764 Fe 070 Oc 1,008 .Ta 600 De 442 Minimum month. Jy 4,331 No Ap Je Jy 494 711 .534 352 Total. 5,890 498 920 575 440 1,457 Male. 5,862 Fc- imale. 497 918 574 437 3,436 Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Capital. Salaries and wages. Officials. ($51,160,004 6,183,172 7,577,182 4,516,783 3,038.642 29,844, 225 $1,247,633 201,607 182,464 75,118 120,063 668,381 Clerks, etc. $931,884 140,029 181,271 71,275 65,635 467,674 United States, California Illinois New Jersey New York All other states 1— expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Con. Wage earners. $7,916,531 1,053,015 1,478,766 875,409 574,293 3,935,048 For con- tract work. $47,867 7,612 32,255 8,000 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $47,396 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $1,024,209 298,087 168,606 123,949 15,470 418,197 For materials. Principal materials. $13,735,042 1,798.416 1,898,106 1,265,804 1,128,164 7,644,552 Value of products. Primary horsepower. Value added by manufac- ture. Fuel and rent of power. $2,122,319 260,682 329,839 j 329,951' 126,149 | 1,075,698 $31,470,480 5,440,334 5,056,5S4 2,803,976 2,670,210 15,499,376 Total. $15,613,119 3,381,236 2,828,639 1,208,221 1,415,897 6,779,126 30,637 5,254 6,056 1,151 1,366 16,810 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 8,737 25 1,970 639 125 5,978 Steam tur- bines. 3,935 1,115 320 2*566" Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 1,755 1,755 Water [power.2 25 Rented electric. 16,185 4,114 4,086 192 1,216 6,577 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 11,906 109 """566 *ii*23i 1 All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Arkansas, 1; Colorado. 2; Connecticut, 1; Delaware, 1; Kansas, 1; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Oblo, 5; Oklahoma, 1; Pennsylvania, 4; Tennessee, 1; Texas, 1; Utah, 1; and Virginia, 1. s Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). COAL-TAR PRODUCTS. GENERAL STATISTICS. At prior censuses the coal-tar industry has been car- ried as a group of the general chemical industry. Comparative figures, therefore, with respect to the general statistics are not available, as the establish- ments at the census of 1914 and prior censuses were included with other chemical establishments. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 48 presents certain general statistics, namely, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manu- facture for states, ranked according to value of prod- ucts. In this and other tables certain states which are substantial producers of these products can not be shown separately and are included in the group of "All other states." Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 49 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms/' Figures for states will be found in Table 57. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners by months, Table 50, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in ac- cordance with the industrial conditions existing dur- ing the year. Females constituted but 3.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners employed. Prevailing hours of labor.—Comparative figures are not available to show the movement toward shorter hours of labor, but the distribution of the wage earners by hour groups in this branch of the chemical industry- is in harmony with conditions in other lines of chem- ical products. In 1919, as shown in Table 51, only 11.3 per cent of the total number of wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or over, the corre- sponding percentage in the general chemical industry being 13.9 per cent. In like manner 40.4 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments operating on a basis of 48 hours per week or less in this branch of the industry, as compared with 38.4 per cent in the general chemical industry. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 52 shows that the industry includes some large units. The average number of wage earners per establishment was 86, but 56.6 per cent of the wage earners were reported by 8 establishments, each of which employed in excess of 500 wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The average value of products per establishment, Table 53, was $740,000, as compared with $734,000 for establishments in the general chemical industry. The group, "SI,000,000 and over/7 carrying 14.2 per cent of the establishments, reported 76.1 per cent of the wage earners and 76.1 per cent of the value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 54 presents the general statistics for the establishments, classified by character of ownership. Corporations embraced 91.8 per cent of the establishments and accounted for 98.9 per cent of the wage earners and the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 55 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 40.1 per cent was pur- chased power, and of the owned power the bulk of the capacity was utilized in electric generation. As a result 7S.6 per cent of the primary power rated capac- ity is represented by electric-power equipment, either operated with purchased or rented current or with generated current. Fuel consumed.—Table 56 presents the statistics for fuel, by kind and by states. The gas reported in- cludes both natural and manufactured gas. Table 4=8.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. ! Number I estab- ! lish- ! merits. 1S3 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. New York New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania... Wisconsin Massachusetts.. Illinois All other states. 46 48 15 19 5 si 33 i| 15,663 3r 75S 6,495 S34 1,333 827 444 186 1,786 Per cent distribu- tion . 100.0 Rank. 24.0 41.5 5.3 8.5 5,3 2.8 1.2 11.4 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED DY MANUFACTURE. Amount expressed in thousands. Per cent I !Amount Per cent; distribu- j Rank. ;i expressed in distribu- Rank, tion.! j thousands. tion.; $135,482 45,792 44,741 9,495 9,492 4,983 3,957 2,075 14,947 100.0 33. S 33.0 7.0 7.0 3.7 3.0 1.6 11.0 $71,435; 100,0 31,409 20,4*0 4,105 3,283 2,737 1,485 1,028 6,95$ 444.0 28.6 5.8 4,6 3.8 2,1 1.4 9.7 (651) 652 MANUFACTURES. Table 49.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Total. 21,543 1,784 26 235 1,523 Male. 19,813 1,762 23 230 1,509 Fe- male. 1,730 22 PER CENT OP TOTAL. Male. •8.7 88.5 98.0 99.1 Fe- male. 7.0 11.5 2.0 0.9 Clerks and other subordinate salaried em- ployees Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Total. 4,096j 15,663 15,637 26 Male. 2,931 15,120 15,107 13 Fe- male. 1,165 543 530 13 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- i male. 71.5 j 28.5 96.5 I 3.5 96.6 50.0! 3.4 50.0 Table 50.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. IThe month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of mininnim employment by italic figures.] United States Males.... Females.. Illinois Massachusetts , New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Aver- age number em- ployed during year. 15,663 15,120 543 444 6,495 3,758 834 1,333 827 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Jan- uary. 15,967 15,319 180 399 6,084 4,377 858 1,650 413 Febru- j ary.! March. April. May. I June. July. 15,323 I 14,695 14,311 14,742 | 14,173 13,794 581! 522 I 517 170 407 6,689 4,440 924 1,414 14,539 14,040 499 169! 366 I 5,822 4,067! 811! 1,058; 449! 175 371 6,165 3,411 711 9S6 493 182 433 6,459 3,228 739 1,005 619 14,699 14,193 506 198 422 6,487 3,282 711 1,106 770 14,501 14,027 474 196 440 5,970 3,374 768 1,267 957 August. !S^em" 15,827 15,312 515 16,365 15,815 550 456 6,943 3,432! 862; 1,345 1,029 I 194 480 7,010 3,601 906 1,398 1,118 Octo- ber. Novem- ber. 16,760 I 17,082 16,192 | 16,507 568 i 575 187 495 7,017 3,814 914 1,562 1,109 189 524 7,118 3,889 890 1,584 1,160 Decem- ber. 17,887 17,326 561 186 535 7,276 4,181 916 1,621 1,399 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 80.0 79.6 73.1 82.0 68.4 76.8 72.7 77.0 60.0 29.1 Table 51. -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.., Illinois Massachusetts.. 186 444 New Jersey j 6,495 Total. 15,663 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 941 Be- tween! 44 and 48. 182 48. ! i | Be- i tweenj I 48 j ! and j 1 54.! 54. 5,205 11,589 [3,805 I 12 132 I 217 4,300: 254 30 "677 Over 60. Be- tween 54 60. and 60.! 2,171 I 742 ! 1,028 54 I 10 j. 956! 228 New York... Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Total. 3,758 834 1,333 827 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 871 ""24 Be- tween' 44 and 48. i Be- ., 'tween! 1 48. ! 48 j and 134 483 136 7 54. 449 1,545 ..... 3 651' 37 767 Be- tween! 54 and 60. 544 306 62 60. Over 60. 38 370 4 Table 52.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 Estab- ! llsh- ! ments. Wage earners (average number). United States j 183 Illinois :9~ Massachusetts 8 New Jersey 48 New York '46 Ohio I 15 Pennsylvania 19 Wiiconsin 1 5 16,663 444 6,495 3,758 834 1,333 827 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. II 1 to 5 wage earners, Inclusive. 31 31 42 8>B 6 to 20 21 to 50 I 51 to 100 wage wage j wage earners, , earners. \ earners, inclusive. inclusive. | inclusive. £2 ! II 142 63 1 4 45 51 12 5 4 ! w 745 54 30 1 197 j 182 I 8; 125: 21 I !§2 922 I 23 68! 183 203 134 99 35 £1 1,632 63 143 604 337 197 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 5l 2,051 267 427 168 251 to 600 wage earners, inclusive. 1,306 37 316 370 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. 3,862 702 1,110 645 767 Over 1,000 wage earners. 38 6,003 3,555 1,448 COAL-TAR PRODUCTS. 653 Table 53— SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. VALUE OF PRODUCT. bPr nf Averagc I number • Value of HQh of waee i products. * earners, i ments.i ! Value added \ by manu- j facture. i All classes 183 Less than $5,000 13 $5,000 to $20,000 12 $20,000 to $100,000 51 $100,000 to $500,000 21 $500,000 to $1,000,000 60 $1,000,000 and over ... 26 15,663 I $135,482,161 j $71,485,427 17 52 484 1,453 i 1,740; 11,917 34,260 129,907 2,916,966 14,076,538 15,259,506 103,064,984 1,555 41,853 1,067,874 5,229,609 6,146,674 58,997,862 VALUE OF PRODUCT. Percent distribution. ^"Average! number Value of ii«h of wage! products, ments. camers- j Value of Less than $5,000.. 7.1 $5,000 to $20,000 §20,000 to $100,000. $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over Valu added by manu- facture. 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 7.1 0.1! 0) 6.6 0.5! 0.1 0.1 27.8 3.1! 2.1 1.5 11.5 9.3 10.4 7.3 32.8 11.1; 11.3 8.6 14.2 76.1; 76.1 82.5 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 54.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Total. Individual. Corporation All other... estab- lish- ments. 168 | number of wage earners. 70 15,496 97 Value of products. $135,482,161 397,313 133,976,720 1,108,128 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Num- : ber of i estab- ! lish- ments. Per cent of total: Individual i 4.9 Corporation < 91.8 AUother 3.3 Average number of wage earners. 0.5 98.9 0.6 Value of products. 0.3 98.9 0.8 Table 55.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919. Primary power, total Owned Steam Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines 59.9 59.6 i 35.6 I 24.0! 0.3 Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. Number : of en- ; ginesor Primarv power, total—Continued. Rented Electric Other HORSEPOWER. Amount. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 27,379 j 27,376! 3! 40.1 4.01 53,693 I 27,376; 26,317 i 100.0 51.0 49.0 Table 56.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). United States. 62,582 | Illinois Massachusetts. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Wisconsin All other states. 10 1 802: 45,472! 11,603 j 958 | 3,597! 140 i 721,982 16,855 15,223 10,965 i 265,140 | 188,783 I 46,864 52,925 35,267 106,815 142,029 2,861 195 153 305 10,409 2,932 Gasoline and other ■volatile oils (barrels). 76,647 9,620 811 23,379 743 30,817 I 1,647 230 43 205 855 114 200 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 148,004 3,167 22,951 39,345 7,268 17,962 2,000 55,311 654 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials and products.—The value of the products reported for this branch of the chemical industry, $135,482,161, is the value of all products reported by the 183 establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of coal-tar products. In addition there was a considerable production by establishments classified under other industries. A detailed pre- sentation of products has been given in the section on chemicals, Group VII, coal-tar chemicals. GENERAL TABLE. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 57 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 57.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States... Illinois Massachusetts.. Now Jersey New York Ohio Num- ber of es- tab- lish-; Iments' Pennsylvania Washington "Wisconsin All other states2. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 21,543 260 63i 8,659 5,752 944 1,938 36 1,064 2.256 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers 1,758 35~ 43 820 421 62 44 160 Clerks, ete. Male. 2,931 165 238 Fe- male. 1.165 13~ 36 471 361 23 137 1 28 95 Wago earners. Aver- age num- ber. 15,663 444 6,495 3,758 834 1,333 26 S27 1,760 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. De 17,887 Au De De Fe Fe 206 535 7,276 4,440 92-4 Ja 1,650 Au» 55 De 1,399 Minimum month. Ap 14,311 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. IS, 569 212 535 7,339 4,345 919 1,622 21 1,399 2,117 16 and over. Under 16 Male. 17,991 205~ 533 7,334 3,960 912 1,573 21 1,399 2,054 Fe- male. 7 1 56 372 7 47 Male. 16 F°-, male Capital. $174,091,835 Salaries and wages. Officials. $6,540,404 163,273 279,755 2,796,262 2,089,807 211,077 340,449 16,441 235,727 407,613 Clerks, etc. |*5,292,665 45,544 162,005 1,848,202 2,193,871 44,872 371,155 5,475 339,830 278.711 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages— Continued. Wage earners. United States ...; $23,402,140 Illinois 269,271 Massachusetts 572,177 New Tersev 10,812,866 New York 4,765,306 Ohio 1,046,539 Pennsylvania 2,384,077 Washington.... 28,373 Wisconsin 1,418,698 All other states 2 2,104,833 For contract work. 3896,830 1,282 235,025 627,033 33,490 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. 1782,370 $4,659,741 15,456 12,757 493,347 136,859 23,042 31,325 2,710 5,410 61,455 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. 79,547 140,836 1,113,444 1,562,711 525,693 214,820 4,745 85,058 932,887 For materials. Principal materials. *59,855,701 991,398 2,355,083 22, 783,812 13,314.115 5,184,305 5,777,822 222,218 2,042,606 7,184,342 Fuel and rent of power. $4,141,033 55,741 116,443 1,477,061 1,069,220 204,960 431,863 14,946 203,575 567, 22 J Value of products. $135,482,161 2,075,368 3,956,975 44,740,496 45,792,118 9,494,586 9,492,331 367.588 4,983,214 14,579,485 Value added by manufac- ture. $71,485,427 1,028,229 "1,485,449 20,479,623 31,408,783 4,105,321 3,282,646 130,424 2,737,033 6,827,919 Primary horsepower. Total. 68,342 637 1.019 26,977 18,349 4,899 8,610 115 3,094 4,642 Owned. Steam engines (not tur- bines). 24,310 205 191 8,093 9,126 2,3S7 1,208 100 723 2,277 Steam tur- bines. 16,3S8 10,080 4,275 533 1,500 Inter j nal- eom- bus- tion en- gines. 35 12 32 156 30 Rent- ed. 27,379 397 816 8,772 4,792 2,482 6,869 15 871 2,365 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 26,317 40 ■S8 8,491 12,040 1,606 250 1,800 2,002 1 Same number reported for one or more othor months. 1 All other states embrace: Alabama, 2 establishments; California, 1; Connecticut, 2; District of Columbia, 1; Georgia, 1; Indiana, 1; Michigan, 4; Minnesota, 2; Mis- souri, 5; Rhode island, 2; Tennessee, 2; Utah, i; Virginia, 3: West Virginia. S. COKE. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry embraces the establishments engaged primarily in the carbonization of coal, subdivided into (1) the plants equipped with ovens other than retort or by-product ovens, known as beehive ovens, and (2) those using retort or by-product ovens—with a recovery of the products of distillation. The statistics refer to the industry as a whole, except as otherwise stated. It does not include the coke products of the manufac- tured gas industry, known as gas-house coke, which "will be found in the report on manufactured gas. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the sta- tistics for the census years 1899 to 1919 inclusive, with percentages of increase for the census periods, and Table 2 the general statistics for the industry and the two groups, A and B, for the census of 1919. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 3 shows the number of establishments, wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to the value of products in 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 4 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms". Figures for states will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 5, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial condition existing during the. year. The wage earners employed in the industry are essentially males. Only 8 females were reported. Prevailing hours of labor.—The comparative statis- tics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 in Table 6 indicate a movement toward shorter hours of labor per week. In 1909, 64.3 per cent of the wage earners were employed in plants where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or over, and in 1914, 52.1 per cent, while in 1919 this proportion dropped to 45.8 per cent. On the other hand, in 1919, 32.8 per cent were reported for estabhshments where the prevailing hours of labor were 48 per week or less, compared with 7.5 per cent in 1914 and 6.8 per cent in 1909. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners,—The industry is one of relatively large units, the average number of wage earners per establish- ment being 106 in 1919 and 91 in 1914. In 1919, as ! shown in Table 7, 10 estabhshments each employed ! over 500 wage earners, 33.5 per cent of the total num- ! ber of wage earners, as compared with 5 establish- | ments which employed 23.8 per cent in 1914. J Size of establishments, by value of products.—The I classification by value of products in Table 8 neces- 'sarily reflects the general increase in values. The I average value of products per establishment increased | from 8304,000 in 1909 to $430,000 in 1914 and to I SI,139,000 in 1919, but the increase in 1919 is due I primarily to high prices, for on a quantity basis the ! production of coke in 1919 was but 28 per cent greater I than in 1914 and the wage earners employed were but | 39 per cent more than in 1914. I Table 9 shows the distribution of the establish- ments by value of products for the two industry | groups, in 1919. The smaller value groups are confined 1 to the beehive oven group. The average value of ! products per establishment for this group was S505,000 and for the by-product oven group §3,650,000. Character of ownership.—Table 10 presents the sta- tistics for establishments classified according to form of ownership. The "Corporations" group employed 97.S per cent of the wage earners and accounted for the same proportion of the value of products, a slight in- crease over the percentages for 1914, and the latter were in like maimer slightly greater than the percent- ages for 1909. The 20 individual establishments and the 7 "All others'' are beehive oven plants. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 11 presents the power statistics for the establish- ments. Electric power is employed very extensively, I either purchased from hydroelectric companies or from other sources of supply, or generated at the plants. Of the total primary power, 93 per cent was utilized i in the form of electric power in 1919, this including electric motor equipment operated with purchased current, specified as rented, and secondary electric or that generated by the establishment. In 1914 the 'ratio of total electric power to primary power was 73.5 per cent, and in 1909 it was 65.6 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 12 presents the statistics for fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for bitumi- : nous coal include the coal charged into the ovens and 1 used as material, as well as that otherwise used at the plants. (655) 656 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials ■ Value of products ■ Value added by manufacture 3 1919 278 32.882 41 3,522 29,319 224,879 $365,249,622 49,905,077 7,605,785 42,299,292 81,127 9,302,264 224,266,674 316,515,838 92,249,164 1914 1909 231 23,463 36 2,320 21,107 120,327 $161,561,449 16,945,929 2,656,977 14,288,952 1,746,398 69,138,328 99,275,020 30,136,692 315 31,226 101 1,852 29,273 62,602 $152,321,337 17,526,495 2,072,150 15,454,345 17,929 579,827 64,024,527 95,696,622 31,672,095 1904 278 20,440 73 1,386 18,981 $90,712,877 10,552,000 1,247,502 9,304,498 2,090 » 515,369 29,884,532 51,728,647 21,844,115 1899 241 17,962 48 915 16,999 34,767 $36,502,679 7,883,032 797,296 7,085,736 56,596 3 428,774 19,665,632 35,585,445 15,919,913 PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 20.3 -26.7 13.3 15.4 40.1 -24.9 52.8 13.8 51.8 38.9 25.3 27.9 33.6 54.2 51.5 11.7 92.0 126.0 87.1 6.1 -6.1 67.9 91.8 149.0 195.0 186.0 196.0 -3.3 28.2 -7.5 66.1 66.1 66.1 33.7 56.5 31.3 433.0 224.0 219.0 206.0 8.0 3.7 -4.8 114.0 85.0 45.0 52.0 45.4 37.2 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 8 Exclusive of internal revenue. 8 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—THE COKE INDUSTRY, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (av. number)... Primary horsepower Capital Total for the industry. 2781 32,882 3,522 29,319 224,879 [$365,249,622 Group A— Ovens other than by-product ovens (beehive). 222 15,140 41 1,333 13,766 39,761 !$137,906,875! Group B— By- product ovens. 56 17,742 2,189 15,553 185,118 |$227,342,747 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 79.8 46.0 100.0 37.8 47.0 17.7 37.8 20.2 54.0 62.2 53.0 82.3 62.2 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture1.. Total for the industry. $49,905,077 7,605,785 42,299,292 81,127 9,302,264 224,266,674 316,515,838 92,249,164 Group A— Ovens other than by-product ovens (beehive). $19,010,501 2,771,731 16,238,770 6,918 2,657,542 78,155,895 112,023,466 33,867,571 Group B— product ovens. $30,894,576 4,834,054 26,060,522 74,209 61,644,722 146,110,779 204,492,372 58,381,593 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 38.1 36.4 38.4 8.5 28.6 34.8 35.4 36.7 61.9 63.6 61.6 91.5 71.4 65.2 66.6 03.3 1 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United Pennsylvania. Ohio Alabama Illinois West Virginia 278 123 13 28 4 57 WAGE EARNERS. to© 0.3 2.3 0.6 9.3 0.1 1.0 0.2 4.7 16.2 14.3 64.6 1.3 !i 0.1 7.1!! 1.1 0.3 1.2 5.5 , 6.8 / 8.7 \ 11.8 76.9 } 34.3 45.7 46.0 / 6.0 \ 8.0 84.9 } 1:1 } 30.3 34.4 10.0 5.4 40.1 53.1 jj 85.3 63.9 j 57.6 i il i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS: 1919. INDUSTRY AND VALUE OF PRODUCT. The coke Industry Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000..... $500,000 to $1,000,000... $1,000,000 and over.... Other than by-prod- uct ovens (beehive) Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 Num- ber WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. of estab- lish- ments Aver- ago Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of totaL num- ber. 278 29,319 100.0 $316,515,838 100.0 $92,249,164 100 0 6 31 58 80 34 69 5 93 663 2,545 3,462 22,551 (A) 0.3 2.3 8.7 11.8 76.9 19,122 387,294 3,180,636 19,048,517 25,206,933 268,673,336 0) 0.1 1.0 6.0 8.0 84.9 5,873 129,838 1,014,412 5,288,741 7,144,521 78,665,779 C1) 0.1 1.1 5.7 7.7 85.3 222 13,766 100.0 112,023,466 100.0 33,867,571 100.0 6 31 56 5 93 607 (l) 0.7 4.4 19,122 387,294 3,018,880 0) 0.3 2.7 5,873 129,838 969,777 0.4 2.9 INDUSTRY AND VALUE OF PRODUCT. Num-j ber of |estab-| lish- mentsl Other than by-prod- uct ovens (bee- hive)—Continued. $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over. By-product ovens.. Less than $5,000...... $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $600,000... $500,000 to $1.000,000.. $1,000,000 and over... WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 2,435 3,087 7,539 15,553 56 110 375 15,012 Per cent of total. 17.7 22.4 54.8 100.0 0.4 0.7 2.4 96.5 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount. $18,081,640 1 22,253,566 68,262,964 1204,492,372 161,756 966,877 2,953,307 200,410,372 Per cent of total. 16.1 19.$ 60.9 100.0 0.1 0.5 1.4 98.0 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount. $5,082,314 1 6,321,243 21,358,526 58,381,593 44,635 206,427 823,278 57,307,258 Per cent of total. 15.0 18.7 63.1 100.0 0.1 0.4 1.4 98.2 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. COKE. 659 Table 10.— CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States: 1919 Other than by- product ovens (beehive) By ^product ovens 1914 1909 NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Indi-| vid- uals. 20 Pennsylvania Other than by-product ovens (beehive).... By-product ovens All other states Other than by-product ovens (beehive) By-product ovens Cor- pora- tions. 251 56 205 277 11 152 107 45 All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBEB OF WAGE EARNERS. VALTJE OF PRODUCTS. In establishments owned by— Total. L9,319 13,766 15,553 21,107 29,273: Indi-1 Cor- vid- ! pora- uals.! tions. 507 ■ j 507; 503 1,241 28,664 13,111 I 15,553 i 20,433 i 27,470 11,536 j 7,969' 3,567 j 17,783 5,797 11,986 494 | 494! 13 j 13! 10,894 7,327 3,567 17,770 5,784 11,988 All oth- ers. 148 148 171 562 148 148 Per cent of totaL Indi- vid- uals. 3.7 2.4 4.2 4.3 6.2 0,1 0.2 Cor- ! All j pora- ; oth- j tions.; ers.'! Total. Of establishments owned bv- Per cent of total. Individ- Corpora- uals. tions. AH others. Indi- vid- uals. I' 97. 8 0. 5 !$316,515,838 !$6,037,170 $309,441,015 j$l,037,653 \ 1. 9 95.2 1.1 112,023,466 jj 6,037,170 104,948,643 1,037,653; 5.4 100.0 204,492,372; ;204,492,372 , 96.8; 0.S i 99/375,000 j 2,998,000 95,659,000; 93.8 \ 2.0 .' 95,696,622 [ 3,158,163 1 91,280,407 I 618,000 1 1,258,047 j 3.0 3.3 94.4 91.9 100.0! 1.3 1.9 119,730,589 I: 5,975,411 112,717,525 | \\ i 70,169,342 '5,975,411 63,156,278 I 49,561,247 | . 49,561,247 99.9 196,785,249 | 61,759 196,723,490! 99. 8 i 41,854,124 !i 61,759 41,792,365 j 100.0 154,931,125 ;•' ;154,931,125: 1,037,653 1,037,553 I 4.0 8.5 0.3 0.1 Cor- ! AH pora-; oth- tions. ers. 97.8 0.3 93.7 0.9 100.0 j 96.4; 95.4 0.6 1.3 94.2 i 1.8 9.0 ■ 10.0 ■' 1.5 99.7 | 0.9! 100.0 | Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Primary power, total. Owned Steam1 Engines , Turbines 'Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented, electric Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. 1919 947 941 786 155 1,950 5,919 1,950 3,969 1914 1,766 0) 755 743 12 "i,*6ii\ 1909 1,002! 496! 486! 4; 506 i Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1919 1914 224,879 120,32/ 62,602 150,323 148,478 75,256 73,222 1,850 82,687 80,567 (3) 74,551 2,120 *37"64Cn 47,963 44,591 (s) (3) 1,212 500 314,639 2,735 1,011 1,724 1,538! 506 1 1,032 I 209,163 74,55.1 134,612 88,409 37,640 1 50,769 41,064 13,754 27,310 1909 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.8 67.9 76.6 66.0 66.1 71.2 33.5 32.6 0.S 1.8 1.9 00.8 33.2 32.1 23.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.6 42,6 33.5 64.4 57.4 66.5 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned nower. 3 Not reported separately. * Includes 885 of " Other" rented power. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 '. Ovens other than by-product ovens (beehive). By-product ovens 1914 Alabama... Illinois Kentucky., Minnesota.. New York.. Ohio Pennsylvania... Tennessee Virginia West Virginia.. All other itates. Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 5,808 2,231 3,577 5,308 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 64,245,629 30,639,93S 33,605,691 50,457,454 5,281,552 2.457.626 '876; 773 S49,2SS 1,046,991 7,995,889 30, 512,831 447,003 1,482, 814 2,242,720 11,052,142 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 560,505 187,249 373,256 456 53 500,182 Fuel oils (barrels). S, 086 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). 92,682 89,349 3,333 3,333 Uas {1,000 cubic feet). 658,690 6,175 652, 515 2.2S8 2,366 37,951 606,885 660 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 13 presents comparative statistics for products for 1919, 1914, and 1909, including figures for coking coal consumption. The products as compiled and reported by the Geological Survey rep- resent total production inclusive of subsidiary coke and coke-oven by-products produced by establish- ments not engaged primarily in the manufacture of coke, and exceed in the aggregate the value of the products reported for the establishments constituting the classified industry, to the amount of $5,540,- 870 in 1919, $6,338,285 in 1914, and $2,381,761 in 1909. Coal used for coking, all establishments, tons PRODUCTS. The classified industry (establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of coke), all products, value Coke and coking by-products, all establishments including subsid- iary coke products of establish- ments in other industries, value l.. Table 13.—PRODUCTS:1 1919, 1914, AND 1909. [Ton, 2,000 pounds.1 Coke: Made in— Beehive ovens— Tons Value Retort or by-product ovens- Tons Value 1919 1914 1909 65, 587,918 51,623,750 59,354,937 $316,515, 838 $99, 275,020 $95,696,622 $322,056,708 $105,86-3,305 $98,078,383 44,180,557 $258,339,740 34,555,914 $88,334,217 39,315,065 $89,965,483 19,042,936 $98,094,972 23,335,971 $50,254,050 33,060,421 $69,530,794 25,137,621 $160, 244,768 11,219,943 $33,080,167 6,254,644 $20,434,689 pboducts—continued. By-products from retort or by-product ovens: Gas- Production, M cubic feet Sales— M cubic feet IUujninating and household pur- poses Industrial purposes To public service corporations Value Tar- Production, gallons Sales- Gallons Value Ammonia (sales)— Sulphate- Pounds Value Anhydrous or free ammonia1— Pounds Value Benzol products (sales), value Other coking products, value 1919 415,642, 265 193,073,979 5,238,486 138,179,761 49,655,732 $16,685,007 288,898,764 217,980,143 $6,919,265 557,619,631 $21,075,718 51,646,744 $5,692,950 $12,678,886 $665,142 1914 61,364,375 $6,009,583 109,901,315 $2,867,274 170,763,906 $4,696,590 $2,958,634 $997,007 1909 15,791,220 $2,609,211 60,126,006 $1,408,611 $3,675,771 $419,307 1 From report of Geological Survey. * Includes liquor and sulphate sold on pound basis NH3. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 14 gives comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 15 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 14.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All industries. Alabama Illinois Kentucky Ohio Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Wage earners (aver- age Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value ofprod- ucts. Cen- sus Primary horse- year. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 278 231 315 29,319 21,107 29,273 224,879 120,327 62,602 $42,299 14,289 15,454 $224,267 69,138 64,025 $316,516 99,275 95,697 1919 1914 1909 28 18 35 3,533 2,209 2,580 13,147 11,728 5,766 3,484 1,261 1,283 18,628 7,363 6,371 24,669 10,353 8,843 1919 1914 4 1,396 1,178 9,915 13,054 2,400 942 12,628 5,828 16,837 7,840 3 1919 1914 4 568 472 3,308 3,366 760 269 3,479 820 4,453 1,255 5 1919 1914 1909 13 5 4 3,407 489 246 43,119 2,325 1,250 6,559 352 120 33,172 1,607 640 46,514 2,157 851 STATE. Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Virginia West Virginia. All other states Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Wage earners (aver- age Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- sus Primary horse- year. power. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 123 108 146 11,536 9,871 15,331 72,752 36,213 26,091 $15,554 6,635 8,436 $80,354 29,820 33,762 $119,730 42,996 51,816 1919 1914 1909 6 5 8 272 170 250 2,345 493 370 260 74 87 1,464 513 478 2,017 6Q5 586 1919 1914 1909 13 11 16 849 852- 1,425 1,243 2,057 1,760 1,084 384 543 3,935 1,070 1,818 5,524 1,607 2,416 1919 1914 1909 57 54 71 1,283 1,392 4,426 9,493 2,920 5,307 1,420 692 1,664 6,037 1,893 5,012 8,369 2,978 7,563 1919 1914 1909 30 22 35 6,475 4,474 5,015 69,557 48,171 22,058 10,778 3,680 3,321 64.570 20,224 15,944 88,403 29,484 23,622 COKE. 661 Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. Total. United States A—Other than by- product ovens (beehive)... B—By-product ovens Alabama.. Illinois Kentucky Minnesota New York Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia West Virginia All other states1 278 222 66 28 4 4 3 3 13 123 6 13 57 24 222! 53 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. i Saia- I ried ;! Pro- offi-; i prie-i cers,! tors isuper-! Total, and | in- I firm ; tend- ) mem-j ents, Male. | bers. j and i j' 1 man- 1 agers. Clerks, etc. 32,882 41 j 1,044 , 2,< 15,140 |j 41 400 777 56 ji 17,742 I | 644 j 1,291 Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15 OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. : 16 and over. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum Minimum month. month. Total. 410 29,319 :j Ja 34,557 | Je 26,434 !, Male. Fe- male 30,857 !; 30,404 j Un- der 16. , Male. Capital. ij Salaries hand wages. Officials. 23: 112 5! 13; 53 i 12! 5 4 1 3 3! ,2 j 11 I 1 3,830 1,640 627 510 683 3,847 13,050 290 922 1,437 6,046 2 103! 179 13 3,533 89 119 36 1,396 22! 31 6 568 13 67 4 426 21 . 17 2 643 109! 268 63 3,407 38 366 935 175 11,536 1 10 I 6 1 272 31 38 , 4 849 86 60 8 1,283 191 348 98 5,406 445 jS365,249,622 ji $3,669,708 13,766 i Ja 16,778 j My 11,778 il 15,039 15,553 j; Ja 17,871 ! Oc 12,970 H 15,818 I Se ; Ja I Ja De Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja 3,876 i Je 1,625 | Oc 667 | Ap 483 i Je 898 j Oc 4,257 I Oc 13,293! 362 i 929 2,073! Je Mv My No 3,000 710 487 j 367! 447: 2,256 j 9,859; 165 774; 903 , 3,632 j 1,558 1 564 i 4S3: 473; 3,154 ]: 12,472 346! 902 1 1,530 15,032' 1 6 j 137,906,875 15,372; 7 439 !227,342,747 | 3,632; 1,558 1 564: 481 ■ 2 473! 2,713 2 439 12,463 3! 6 346 902 1,530 5,742 1 28,927,905 ii 25,931,172 i 4,765,766! 9,508,441 I 11,573,436 i 48,242,369 J 125,341,038 I 2,035,359 i! 5,152,665 n 12.635,737 ;j 91^135,734 ii 1,298,081 2,371,627 377.236 237,125 46,317 46,406 59,534 425,411 1,433,758 34,009 76,892 158,083 774,937 e xpenses—contin ued. Salaries and wages— j Continued. Rent and taxes. For materials- United States A—Other than by product ovens (beehive) B—By-product ovens. Alabama Illinois Kentucky Minnesota New York. Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia West Virginia All other states1 Clerks, etc. $3,936,077 Wage earners. $42,299,292 1,473,650 12,462,427 264,031 257,477 71,116 86,495 27,882 498,458 1,808,628 8,639 66,302 67,604 776,445 For I con- i tract work. Rent of factory. $81,127 $467,217 Taxes, » principal ™ coumy. trials. ™£ |j local, j i | Value of j products. j$SfS35,047 ;$23,497,210 |$200,769.464 16,238,770 I 6,918 ! 318,706 j2,338.836 j 7,405,378 ! 70,750,517 26,060,522 j 74,209 | 148,511 6,4%, 211 j 16,091,832 jl30,018,947 3,483,825 2;399,S4S 759,581 694,714 1,167,323 6,5.59,347 15,553,532 259,529 1,084,572 1,419,567 8,917,454 70,621 1,450 6,918 2,138 38,293 417,16-1 3,567 1,195,591 24,175 118,349 258,840 72 940,762 127,519 1,195,330 4,719 22,166 61,754 67,265 6", 969! 152,776 224,324 4,442,629 1,698,886 854,561 441,909 457,473 529,455 2,783,735 10,560,096 6-16,027 190,992 547,551 4,786,545 16,929, .550 11,773,154 3,037,337 4,513,873 4,5S6,226 30,358,211 69,793,625 817,612 3,744,428 5,4,89,687 49,695,761 $316,515,838 Primary horsepower. Value j! added by manufac- ij ture. j! Owned. Total. Inter-'j Steam j nal- . j engines j Steam com- I (not tur- j bus- tnr- j bines.: tion ; bines), j ;en- I I gines. $92,249,164 i224,879 j' 75,256 173,222 !1,850 jll2,023,466 133,867,571 204,492,372 158,381,593 24,669,105 16.837,024 4'. 453,285 6', 468,654 7,212,747 443,514,213 [119,730,589 2,016,858 5,524,215 8,368,698 74,720,450 6,040,689 4,209,309 971,039 1,497,308 2,097,066 13,342,267 139,376,868 553,219 1,5S8,795 2,331,460 20,23$, 144 39,761 j, 22,436 | 4,133 185,118 j 52,820 169,089 13,147 9,915 3,308 7,774 S, 475 43,119 72,752 2,345 1,243 9,493 53,308 5,525 4,815 2,650 2,618 2,341 16,067 I 5,2-50 ! 5,100 458 112 2,379 12,600 17,435 140,608 2.220 j 125 233 3,829! 17,523 i 6,590 Rent- ed elec- tric. 74,551 13,192 1.850 61.359 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 134,612 2,372 200 5,044 980 3,775 870 13,582 14,709 1,010 5.664 29,195 19,254 115,358 3,951 13,991 1,240 420 1,533 24,039 53,942 1,242 201 620 33,433 1 All other states'embrace: Colorado, 3 (A, 2; B, 1) establishments; Georgia, 1 (A); Indiana, 5 (B); Maryland, 1(B); Massachusetts, 1 (A); Michigan, 2 (B); New Jersey, 2 (A, 1; B, 1); New Mexico, 2 (A); Oklahoma, 1 (B); Utah, 1 (A); Washington, 3 (A); and Wisconsin, 2 (A, 1; B, 1). SALT. General character of the industry.—This industry embraces the establishments engaged primarily in the production of salt. The major part of the salt industry pertains to manu- facturing, although it is closely related to mining or the extraction of materials from the earth, which statistics of materials and products are collected annually by the Geological Survey. The production figures are as compiled by the Geological Survey and have been coordinated with the general statistics for the industry. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the gen- eral statistics for the census years 1879 to 1919, inclusive. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 2 summarizes the more important statistics for the industry, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method de- scribed in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 13. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 4, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Females constituted but 6.5 per cent of the average number of wage earners employed in 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures in Table 5 show a movement toward shortening of the hours of employment. In 1919, 20.1 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the GENEEAL STATISTICS. prevailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less, whereas in 1914 but 6.7 per cent were in establish- ments of this character, and in 1909, 4.4 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909, 83.6 per cent of all wage earners were in establishments where the hours of labor were 60 or more per week, this percentage decreasing to 62.6 per cent in 1914, and to 33.1 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—In 1919 the average number of wage earners for all plants was 76 as compared with 52 in 1914. In 1919, as shown in Table 6, 22 establishments each employed over 100 wage earners, in the aggregate, 68.4 per cent of all wage earners, as compared with 15 establishments of the same class in 1914 with 56.9 per cent of all wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The average value of products per establishment increased from $144,000 in 1914 to $436,000 in 1919, though this increase is largely due to enhanced values, and this condition accounts in the main for the changes from lower to higher groups shown in Table 7. Character of ownership.—Table 8 presents statis- tics showing the character of ownership. Although a considerable number of establishments are owned by individuals or firms, yet the 11 Corporation" group controls the bulk of the industry. These establish- ments reported 97.6 per cent of the value of all prod- ucts in 1919, 97 per cent in 1914, and 91.3 per cent in 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the statistics concerning power. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents statistics for fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas, chiefly 'natural gas. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1899 159 5. 261 81 406 4, 774 23,865 $27,123,364 2,410,888 499,748 1,911,140 25,277 « 113,407 3,335,922 7,966,897 4,630,975 1889 200 h 4,255 11,552 |$13,437,749 11782,491 (3) 1,826,770 5,484,618 3,657,848 1879 268 (») (') (s) 4,289 8,476 $8,225,740 1,260,023 2,074,049 4,829,566 2,755,517 • Figures not available. 1 Exclusive of internal revenue. PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 43.2 -3.8 429.0 27.6 -61.9 3.1 48.9 44.0 6.4 14,3 147.0 167.0 142.0 23.4 34.7 20.1 -47.1 1,005.0 155.6 167.0 176.0 -51.3 19.8 20.6 24.2 27.3 1904- 1909 7.9 -14.9 36.4 5.8 40.3 13.4 27.3 47.5 22.5 24.9 20.0 16.2 1899- 1904 1889- i1879- 1899 1889 -1.7 7.4 3.0 -2.3 -18.6 -5.7 5.9 -2.5 8.1 24.9 18.5 13.8 (") 106.6 101.8 (») 36.3 63.4 35.3 j 41.5 82.6 45.3 26.6 -11.9 13.6 32.7 < Value Pf products less cost of material!. (662) SALT. 663 Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Number of establish- i ments. j WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE. i ! WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF ! PRODUCTS. j VALUE ADDED BY MANUTAC- TUBE. <3 si STATE. Per cent distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). § 1 Per cent © distribution. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. STATE. , "5 g Per cent 1 distribution. I Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribution. (exprossed in thousands). Per cent distribution. I Average number. Amount Rank. : | Rank. Rank. £t Rank. Rank. Rank. • B ; 3 ; £ United States.. 86 6,495 100.0 $37,514 $21,486 ,100.0 j... | Ohio 5 535 446 277 71 303 8.2 i 4 6.9 j 5 • $2,668; 7.1 4! | 2,286 6.1 | 5 SI, 287 ,6.0 4 1,201 j 5.6 5 536 I 2.5 7 92! 0.4; 9 1.4S1 6.9 ... Michigan 12 16 12 2,063 1,728 1,072 31.8 i 1 | 26.8; 2 s 16.5 3 14,054 9,099 6,193 37.5 i 1 24.3! 2 16.5 i 3 7,715 ; 35.9 1 5,188 :L24.1 j 2 3,986 i 18.6; 3: Texas ;3 4.3 i 6 LI j 9 4.6 .... 1,016 2.7 i 7 213 0.6' 9 New York West Virginia j 4 Kansas j; All other states !10 i 1 1,985 | 6.3 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. : I I i < Cen- i sus I Total. 'year, j Male. !' PER CENT Yq- j! OF TOTAL. male. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members., Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers—i i 1919 7,682 7,012 670 ; 1914 5,736 5,256 480 1 1909 5,5-80 5,132 448 1 1919 357 341 16 ! 1914 277 257 20 | 1909 291 276 15 ! 1919 40 30 10 1 1914 60 42 18 1909 74 59 15 1 1919 109 104 5 1 1914 88 86 2 i 1909 94 94 1919 208 207 1 | 1914 129 129 | 1909 123 123 91.3 91.6 92.0 95.5 92.8 94.8 75.0 70.0 79.7 95.4 97.7 100.0 99.5 100.0 8.7 Ji Clerks and other subordinate salaried 8.4 !l employees. 80 1; 4.5 j 7.2! 5.2 , Wage earners (average number). 25.0 !i 30.0 ij 20.3'; 4.6:' 2.3 i 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 j 1914! 1909! j Total. Fe- f maleJ OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- male. i Male. | 830 370 \ 353 595 , 266 276 i 235 i 104 ■ 77! 71.7 71.9 78.2 28.3 28,1 2L8 ! 6,495 j 5,OS9 j 4,936 ! 6.076 , A, 733! 4,580 | 419! 356 356 j 93.5 93.0 92.8 6.5 7.0 7.2 j 6,470 ! 5,076' j 4,929 6,060! 4,720' 4,575 410: 93.7 93.0 92.8 6,3 7.0 7.2 356 j 354 j 1 25; ! 13': 16 j 13 i 9I 64.0 100.0 36.0 ! 7 i 2 j 71.4 2.6 | | Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of miriimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age number em- ployed during year. United States:! 1919 ;6,495 Males 6,076 Females ;419 1914 !5,089 1909 | 4,936 California 1 446 Kansas 1,072 Michigan j 2,063 New York !1,728 Ohio 1 535 Texas j 277 West Virginia | 71 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OB NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. April. 6,161 5,773 38S I 5,096 I 4,977 May. June. 423 1,068 1,981 1,608 450 252 64 B.BU | 5,628 i 366 i 5,126 i 4,9S4! 6,114 5,725 389 5,12S 5,132 436 1,044; 1,925; 1,615 | 459 268! 71 I 418 1,048 2,016 1,617 50S 265 75 July. 6,443 6,006 437 5,167 5,229 464 1,021 2,060 1,811 530 294 August. jS^- Octo- ber. Novem- ber. 6,900; 6,446 i 454 i 5,221 5,19S i 6,771 6,326 445 5,448 5,192 507 1,127! 2/17S 1,917 564 330 519 1,123 2,125 L866 '551 336 94 7,110 i 6,626! 4S4 5,492 5,158' 6,826 6,339 487 5,159 5,070 522 1,154 2,143 1,793 604 331 90 515 1,0S2 2,169 1,799 604 tss 50 Per cent mini- ;! mum Decern- j is of her, :j maii- !' mum. 6,7S9 6,315 474 4,971 4,636 473 986 8,755 1,814 570 224 58 84.3 8L9 71.9 84.7 83.0 7S.0 85.4 69.8 83.4 74.5 66.1 40.6 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 1914 1909 California. , Kansas..... Total. 6,495 5.089 4,936 446 1,072 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 12 8 10 1,291 340 214 157 Be- tween 48 and 54. 54. Be- tween 54. and 1,021; 772 459 1,470 792 135 185 284 1,416 2,53S 503 Over 60. 736 647 1,137 285 Total. Michigan !2,063 New York :1,728 Ohio 535 Texas :277 West Virginia 1 71 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figure* not available, 664 MANUFACTURES. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. I Estab- 1 Ush- ments. United States 1919.. 1914.. California I Kansas..! Michigan New York Ohio Texas West Virginia Wage earners (average number). 6,495 5,089 446 1,072 2,063 1,728 535 277 71 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments.! 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. Estab-| lish- ments. 6to20 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments, Wage earners, 103 192 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 438 853 130 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 1,479 1,090 228 314 326 292 157 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. Estab-| lish- ments Wage earners. 2,423 2,247 405 662 329 227 Over 250 wage earners. uS? 1 Wo*e 2,017 647 2 I 274 1,072 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF 1 ESTABLISHMENTS AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 All classes 1 86 98 6,495 5,089 $37,513,821 $14,070,333 $21,486,030 $7,797,303 12 22 18 20 35 2 1 8 34 249 2,016 1,139 3,049 44 166 553 26,520 105,077 819,554 f S,363,886 \ 6,822,518 I 21,376,266 55,168 220,818 1,167,780 22,721 53,510 493,831 f 4,442,790 \ 4,226,187 I 12,246,991 46,497 140,634 673,957 $5,000 to $20,000 9 $20,000 to $100,000 15 $100,000 to $500,000 29 J 4,326 | 12,626,567 • | 6,936,215 $500,000 to $1,000,000 10 11 All classes 100.0 Less than $5,000 14.0 $5,000 to $20,000 10. 5 $20,000 to $100,000 17.4 $100,000 to $500,000 , 33.7 $,500,000 to $1,000,000 '11.6 $1,000,000 and over 12.8 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 jj 100.0 100.0 0.4 Ij 0.1 0.6 1.6 0.2 1.8 8.3 , 2.3 S.6 if 20.7 1 s». 7; 19.7 \ se.o il 57.0 J Table 8—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes. Individual Corporation All other Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Cen- sus year. Value of products. 1919 1914 1909 86 98 124 6,495 5,089 4,936 $37,513,821 14,070,333 11,327,834 1919 1914 1909 9 13 25 50 98 109,171 160,000 637,438 (l) 1919 1914 1909 67 70 84 6,180 4,860 <*) 36,604,513 13,655,000 10,345,414 1919 1914 1909 10 15 15 265 131 0) 800,137 255,000 344,982 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Per cent distribution Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 10.5 13.3 20.1 77.9 71.4 67.8 11.6 15.3 12.1 Average number of wage earners. Value of products. 95.2! 95.5! 4.1 2.6 I 0.3 1.1 5.6 97.6 97.0 91.3 2.1 1.8 3.0 'Figures not available. SALT. 665 Table 9—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OP ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Primary power, total.. Owned Steam i Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting. 1919 426 370 320 50 49 7 381 381 1,126 381 745 1914 3,54 309 309 195 195 553 195 35$ 1909 !|- 478 397 345 345 1919 43,187 35,345 34,309 29,399 4.910 981 55 7.842 6,706 1,136 239 1 si :i 15S !j 2,842 6,706 1,136 1914 25,757 24,900 24,900 3,250 3,250 7,742 3,250 4,492 1909 27,263 26,008 25,118 25,118 f2) 7S2 105 1.255 1,241 14 3,425 1,241 2,184 Per cent distribution. 1919 100.0 81. R 79.4 68.1 11.4 2.3 0.1 IS. 2 15. 5 2.6 100.0 85.5 14. 5 1914 100.0 S*. S 85.8 11.2 11.2 100.0 42.0 58.0 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other'' owned power. : Not reported separately. 1909 95.4 92. 1 92. I 2.9 0.4 4.6 4.5 0.1 100.0 36.2 63.8 Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 ipounds). United States. 1919.. 81,251 1914.. 85,894 California Kansas Michigan Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). Coke i (tons, '2,000 pounds) I Gaso- I line and | (Fuel oilsI other I(barrels).| volatile; i 1 oils ; (barrels).; Gas (1,000 cubic feet). An thru- j cite I ; (tons, i 2,240 j Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 Coke ; (tons, Fuel oils 2,000 I (barrels), pounds). pounds).' pounds). 957,447 714,402 6,920 535 162 128,035 471,462; 533 126,581 55,443 17,046 i 45,085! New York 869,339 I Ohio == = === I Texas 35,03S i 947 100 i West Virginia.. 31,538 35,927! All other states . 16 1.S00 4.571 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (barrels). 44 153.640 119,210 63,436 15,970 5,532 16,045 60,000 'Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 11 presents comparative statistics of products for 1919, 1914. and 1909, Table 11.—PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 900 'k',158 I 1919 1914 Number of establishments 861 98 f Products, total value 537,513,821 j $14,070,333 Salt: Tons (2,000 pounds) 6,882,902' U, 872,656 Value $27,074,694 | $10,271,358 Average value, ton > $3.93 $2.11 1909 1919 I 124 !| Bromine: Pounds 1,854,971 i 576,991 569,725 $11,327,834 ■] Value $1,234,969 $203,094 $57.600 = ,! Average value, pound $0.67, SO.So $0.10 j Calcium chloride:3! 4,195,628:! Tons (2,000 pounds) 26,123 19.403 12,853 $8,311,729 | Value $321,596 $121,766 $63,198 $1.89 i Average value, ton $12.31 $43.28 $4.92 i All other products, value $3,882,562 $3,474,115 j $2,895,307 1 Includes solar salt, Porto Rico. 1 Calcium-magnesium chloride marketed in the United States, production from natural brine; not including that obtained in the manufacture of soda. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 12 gives comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 13 is a detailed statement, by states, for the year 1919. 666 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1910, 19 H, AND 1909. i Wage earners (aver- age Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. STA*tE. ! Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Wages. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. United States 1 1919 1914 ! 1909 86 98 124 6,495 5,089 4,936 43,187 29,007 27,263 $7,353 3,041 2,531 $16,028 6,273 5,203 $37,514 14,070 11,328 California 1919 ; 1914 j 1909 24 22 19 446 347 402 2,976 2,079 1,228 537 262 212 1,084 397 242 2,286 1,215 746 Kansas : 1919 '1914 1909 12 9 10 1,072 8,719 4,791 3,387 1,145 274 1.88 2,207 661 619 6,193 1,334 1,106 m 451 ; 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 12 15 27 2,063 1,434 1,363 10,321 8,316 6,628 2,539 991 745 6,339 2,067 1,643 14,054 4,421 3,653 '1919 1914 1909 16 26 33 1,728 1,510 1,525 7,219 6,540 9,923 1,784 816 765 3,911 1,365 1,195 9,099 3,554 2,897 Ohio.. Texas.. West Virginia. All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver* age num- ber). 535 813 648 277 140 162 71 117 110 303 261 275 Primary!Wa^ horse- j power, j Cost of mate- rials. iValue of prod- ucts. 8,259 4,937 4,034 447 | 1,092 I 515 | 335! 2,945 j 1,02) I 1,281 E xpressed in thousands. $675 $1,380 $2,668 441 1,204 2,197 361 1,090 1,807 307 480 1,016 7o 227 425 82 216 407 66 121 213 51 94 169 46 69 131 300 506 1,985 131 25S 755 132 229 581 Table 13.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- berof estab- lish- ments! United States California Kansas Michigan New York Ohio Texas West Virginia All other states 3... PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 7,6 540 1,331 2,513 1,851 591 30S 92 356 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 40 Sala- ried offi- cers, i super- in; tend-! ents, and [ man-; lagers.: 317 Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Number, 15th day of— Male. Fe- male. Aver- age num- ber. 595 | 235; 6,495 25 142 257 118 16 12 4 21 446 1,072 2,063 1,728 535 277 71 303 Maximum | Minimum month, j month. Oc 7,110 |My 5,994 No 509 Oc 1,154 De 2,255 Au 1,917 Oc 1 604 Se 336 Au 96 Je 393 De 986 Mh 1,923 Fe 1,598 Ap 450 No 222 Fe 39 WAGE EARNERS, DEC. 15, OR NEAR- EST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 7,023 16 and over. 482 994 2,274 1,851 570 333 Male. 6,514 Fe- male. 434! 939 I 2,110 1,739 j 505! 43 55 154 109 65 35 20 Under 16. Male. Fe- male. 2 | io" Capital. $47,725,231 4,068,367 5,807,406 12,804,398 15,367,068 4,525,920 1,046,991 847,944 3,257,137 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. $1,344,648 $1,211,438 94,605 238,071 413,813 338,291 139,147 32,590 28,770 59,361 38,395 255,114 490,017 320,623 4(5,275 17,742 8,196 35,076 United States. California , Kansas Michigan New York Ohio Texas....... West Virginia All other states.'— expenses—continued. Salaries and wages- Con. Wage earners. $7,353,420 537,358 1,144,736 2,539,083 1,784,269 675,207 307.094 65,802 299,871 For con- tract work. $31,496 4,771 24,000 2,225 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $171,416 38,995 610 1,350 5,690 4,019 120,752 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $1,810,391 53,715 506,067 511,348 466,575 109,421 28,732 3,364 131,169 For materials. Principal materials. $11,339,924 959,415 1,540,197 4,207,499 2,877,244 932,947 310,544 68, ,538 443,640 Fuel and rent of power. $4,687,867 125,045 666,322 2,131,420 1,033,258 447,442 169,915 52,583 61,882 Value of products. $37,513,821 2,285,927 6,192,693 14,053,799 9,098,775 2,667,780 1,016,031 212,832 1,985,984 Value added by manufac- ture. $21,486,030 1,201,467 3,986,174 7,714,880 5,188,273 1,287,391 535,572 91,711 1,480,662 Primary horsepower. Total. 43,187 O wned. 2,976 8,719 10,321 7,219 8,259 1,656 1,092 2,945 Steam engines (not tur- bines). 29,399 Steam tur- bines. 4,910 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 981 755 6,533 5,538 6,298 6,930 990 875 1,480 240 744 1,743 650 950 433 150 783 Wa- ter pow- er.* 55 Rent- ed.* 7,842 1,193 1,442 3,038 155 374 200 1,440 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab* lish- ments report- ing. 8,065 410 845 1,582 2,651 2,039 308 35 295 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. » All other states embrace: Louisiana, 2 establishments; Nevada, 1; New Mexico, 1; and Utah, 6. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). DRUGGISTS' PREPARATIONS, PATENT MEDICINES AND COMPOUNDS, AND PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. GENERAL! General character of the industries.—Separate statis- tics have been compiled for these three allied indus- tries. Druggists' preparations include, in the main, articles of manufacture for use by druggists in com- pounding medicines to be dispensed upon physicians' prescriptions. Patent medicines and compounds are those sold under the protection of a patent, copyright or trade-mark, or prepared according to secret formula, including those of a proprietary character though not necessarily patented. Perfumery and cosmetics em- brace toilet preparations, toilet waters, cold cream, etc., and perfumes. Each establishment is classed according to its principal products in one of these industries, but in many cases an establishment manu- factures products pertaining to more than one branch, and there is also a large production of these commodi- ties by establishments that fall under other classified industries. With respect to a specific product, the report aims to giye the total production irrespective of the classification of the establishment. Drug grinding is a closely allied industry and the statistics pertaining to estabhsliments engaged pri- marily in the grinding of drugs are given at the end of the report. Comparison with earlier censuses.—Table 1 presents the comparative statistics for the industrial group, and for the three industries constituting the industrial group, for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive, with percentages of increase for the census periods. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 presents the statistics relating to number of establish- ments, wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture for the industrial group, by states, ranked according to value of products. The only change in rank among the leading 10 states since 1914 is with respect to Illinois, now second, which ranked third in 1914, Michigan then being second. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners, as given in Table 3, is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." The table presents the statistics for the industrial group and for the component industries. Statistics for states will be found in Table 16. Wage earners, by months.—Table 4 gives the total i number of wage earners, by months, for the industrial ; group for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for the component ; industries for 1919 and 1914. These industries give employment to a large number of females and the statistics are given, by states, for the combined indus- ! tries for all wage earners and for females. The ; figures reflect the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, during the census year. The fluctuation in employment during 1919 did not differ materially from ; 1914 and 1909. The proportion of females employed ; in 1919 ranged from 44.2 per cent of the total state \ number in Iowa to a maximum of 64.3 per cent in Maryland. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows that in i 1909 only 20.8 per cent of the wage earners were : employed in estabhsliments where the prevailing hours j of labor were 48 per week or fewer. In 1914 the pro- j portion was 25 per cent, and in 1919 it increased to : 60.1 per cent, with 16 per cent in the "44 and under" I group. On the other hand, 7.6 per cent of all wage | earners in 1909 were in establishments where the pre- i vailing hours of labor per week were 60 or more. This j dropped to 5.4 per cent in 1914, with a still further I reduction to 1.4 per cent in 1919. j Size of establishments, by average number of wage ; earners.—Table 6 shows that in 1919, 75.7 per cent of : the establishments employed not exceeding 5 wage [ earners, inclusive of those where the work is done by the proprietor or proprietors. In 1914 the correspond - | ing proportion was 82.6 per cent, and in 1909,83.6 per | cent. The preponderance of small estabhshments is j most pronounced in the "Perfumery and cosmetics" j industry, where the groups of "No wage earners," and " 1 to 5 wage earners" comprised S0.1 per cent of the estabhshments in 1919. In the 14 Patent medicines and compounds" industry, 72.2 per cent were of this character; and in "Druggists' preparations," 58.S per cent. In 1919 there were 21 establishments which employed over 250 wage earners, these establishments reporting 33.4 per cent of all wage earners. In 1914 there were 12 establishments of like character with j 24.5 per cent of the wage earners; and in 1909, 9 estab- j lishments with 22.7 per cent. Considering the group (667) 668 MANUFACTURES. as a unit, the establishments averaged 11 wage earners per establishment in 1919, 7 in 1914, and 6 in 1909. The reports from this industry include a large num- ber of establishments owned by individuals or by firms, and this condition is reflected in the relatively large number of establishments that employ few or no wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The grouping by value of products in Table 7 reflects the general increase in values. The average value of products per establishment for the industrial group increased from $38,970 in 1909 to $43,872 in 1914, and to $108,531 in 1919, the 1919 increase being essentially due to the advance in prices, which accounts for the changes from lower to higher groups. The establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of druggists' preparations show the highest average values per establishment, namely, $218,690 in 1919, $115,408 in 1914, and $117,223 in 1909. Next comes the perfumery and cosmetics industry with an average value of $104,769 in 1919, $34,071 in 1914, and $33,128 in 1909; and then patent medicines and compounds with $86,000 in 1919, $35,296 in 1914, and $29,518 in 1909. Character of ownership.—Table 8 showTs the classifi- cation of the establishments according to ownership. The industry includes a large number of individual establishments, and likewise those classed as "All other/7 chiefly firms. The decrease in the total num- ber of establishments in 1919 as compared with 1914 is mainly in these two groups, the decrease of 255 estab- lishments consisting of 140 owned by individuals, 109 of the "All other" class, and 6 by corporations. The "Corporation" group, however, employed 86.5 per cent of the wage earners in 1919 as compared with 82.3 per cent in 1914 and 79.4 per cent in 1909; and reported 87.4 per cent of the products in 1919, 83.2 per cent in 1914, and 78.5 per cent in 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the power statistics for the industrial group for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for the three com- ponent industries for 1919 and 1914. Electric^power is a growing factor, and of the total primary power, 72.4 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, this including electric motor equipment operated with purchased current, specified as rented, and secondary electric or that generated by the estab- lishment, as compared with 62.1 per cent in 1914 and 43.6 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the consumption of fuel, by kinds, for the industrial group and for the component industries in 1919 and 1914, and by states for the group for 1919. Figures for gas include both natural and manufactured. DRUGGISTS' PREPARATIONS, ETC. 669 Table- 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, AND 1889. 1919 1914 The Industrial GRour. Number of establishments.. ! 3,560 Persons engaged i 63,985 Proprietors and firm members !2,304 Salaried employees 23,264 Wage earners (average number) j 38,417 Primary horsepower j 40,571 CapitaL. . | $278,294,501 Salaries and wages j 74,378,463 Salaries.... i 44,484,709 Wages :29,893,754 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture6 DRUGGISTS' PREPARATIONS. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower.. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture& PATENT MEDICINES AND COMPOUNDS. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages - Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture *. PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. Number of establishments Persons engaged '. — Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower . • Capital Salaries and wages > Salaries Wages - Paid for contract work * Rent and taxes. ». ■. - Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * 1,107,217 23,976,047 170,104,918 386,369,132 216,264,214 524 22,569 283 6,718 15,568 12,698 $102,129,257 25,480,411 13,318,486 12,161,925 78,918 5,796,899 55,138,475 114,593,486 59,455,011 2,467 31,970 1,648 12,878 17,444 25,677 $143,498,611 38,485,025 24,736,212 13,748,813 803,210 15,574,70S 88,819,417 212,162,255 123,342,838 569 9,446 373 3,668 5,405 2,196 $32,666,633 10,413,027 6,430,011 3,983,016 225,0S9 2,604,440 26,147,026 59,613,391 33,466,365 3,815 45,856 2,725 17,629 25,502 28,872 $127,721,551 35,587,443 22,877,868 12,709,575 222,925 3,109,070 66,339,943 167,372,129 101,032,186 416 14,508 229 5,002 9,277 8,417 $46,638,09S 11,799,490 7,044,982 4,754,508 27,901 739,139 22,934,73? 48,009,654 25,074,931 2,903 25,927 2,112 10,487 13,328 18,542 $71,436,840 20,039,539 13,364,371 6,675,168 175,617 1,867,077 35,940,434 102,463,374 66,522,940 496 | 5,421 i 384 j 2,140 1,913 $9,646,613 3,748,414 2,468,515 1,279,899 19,407 502,854 7,464,786 16,899,101 9,434,315 1909 3,642 41,101 2,802 15,404 22,895 25,659 $99,942,150 26,904,013 17,007,339 9,896,674 364,723 2,050,454 50,375,665 141,941,602 91,565,937 1904 2,777 32,248 2,293 9,483 20,472 17,008 $75,607,029 17,888,264 9,974,946 7,913,318 254,171 * 1,442.351 39,494^289 117,435,874 77,941,585 375 14,408 225 s 4,693 j 9,490; 240 10,304 155 2,739 7,410 9,580 i 6,102 $37,767,112 j $25,152,363 10,028,713 i 5,870,281! 4,158,432 j 66,575! 487,876 i 17,847,006 | 43,958,479! 26,111,473 i 2,838 | 5,967,095 3,174,181 2.792,914 5,321 « 352,065 13,419,635 31,782.250 18,362,615 22,476 j 2,219 9,227 1 11,030 j 14,704 $55,386,674 14,233,422 9,489,401 4,744,021 274,978 1,245,011 26,894,628 S3,771,154 56,876,526 2,245 IS,770 1,S62 5,928 10,9S0 10,092 $45,611,640 10,275,541 5,923,674 4,351,867 244,820 * 905,908 21,293,051 74,520,765 53,227,714 4,217 358 1,484 2,375 1,375 $6,788,364 2,641,878 1,647,657 994,221 23,170 317,567 6,634,031 14,211,969 8,577,938 292 3,174 276 816 2,082 814 $4,S43,026 1,645,628 877,091 768,537 4,030 < 184,378 4,7SI,603 11,132,859 6,351,256 1899 1889 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 2,154 (3) 8,094 19,028 , 12,707 $56,172,646 15,175,024 8,265,413 6,909,611 (s) <*) 31,949,890 88,790,774 56,840,884 3,089 (2) (a) 4,600 10,485 3,439 $25,460,538 7,910,581 3,613,992 4,296,589 (2) (2) 15,571,187 43,910,120 28,338,933 173 « 1,805 | I (2) 1 (3) | (*> 1,982 i 5,658 i 3,813 j $16,004,640; 4,229,124 j 2,222; 5.84 I 2,006,540' <*)■ ! (') <*) (l) 10,814,432! 2,411,851 22,714,8S9 I 6,659,797 11,900,457! 4,247,946 1,719 1,127 (3) ' <») 5,304 1 2,332 11,606 I 7,058 8,223 j 2,92S $36,677,833 j $18,596,823 9,619,559 | 5,094,202 5,285,134 < 2,138,819 4,334,425; 2,955,383 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1889- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 -6.7 4.8 31.1 28.9 -30.3 39.5 1L6 27.5 -15.4 -2.7 22.2 32.0 14.4 62.4 ""17.2 ""76.7) 50.6 11.4 11.8 7.6 40.5 j 12.5' 50.9 33. S 269.5 117.9; 27.8 32.2 34.6 120. 6 ! 109.0 32.3 i 50.4; 17.9 91. S 94.4! 34.5; 70.5; 20.7 128.7 135.0' 28.4 I 25.1; 14.5 60.8 396.7 , -38.9! 43.5 67L2 | 51.6 i 42.2 156.4; 31.7 27.6 23.6 105.1 130.8 , 17.9 1 20.9 32. 3 102. 0 114.1 j 10.3 | 17.5 j 37.1 100.6 26.0' 10.9 | 56.2 as. 7 -90.4 i 55.6; 0.7 j 39 S 1,909 2,031 , 34.3! 67.8; iU 38. 2 31. 0 3.8 178. 6 -2.2 28.1: .50.9 1 119.0: 51 -12.1 23. 5 57.0 50.2 60.0 57. 2 7,376. 5 246. 1 $4,624,814 1,938,700 1,099,014 S39,6S6 115-9 89.0! 155.8 17.7 20.0 14,3 68.1 84.9 48,9 41.1 42,8 39.2 118.1 102.2 139.0 182.9 684. 3 140.4 138.7 137. 1 -58,1 51. 5 28.5 9.2 -4.0 (2) (*) 18,000,441 58,988,181 40,987,740 (3) (a) 808 1,764 671 $3,490,173 1,326,341 757,695 I 56S,646 J Ca) <*> i 3,135,017 , 7,087,704 I 3,952,687! (a) (3) 11,030,910 32,620,182 21,589,266 157 (a) (s) 359 1,396 460 $2,238,901 877,679 376,159 501,520 (s) (s) 2,128,420 4,630,141 2,501,721 14.7 74.2 -2.9 71.4 86.6 14.8 i 238.6 i 177.8 | 160.5! 211.2 | 1,059.8; 417.9 i 250.3! 252. S' 254.7: 15.6 28.6 7.3 44.2 22.0 39.1 42.1 41.9 49.8 28.7 -16.2 58.3 32,5 18.9 10.0 1,151.2 as. 6! 33.0 as. 3 4P 2 24.1 39.9 54.3 348.4 241.1 1,80.1 -15.0 2.3 26.4 30.6 52.5 23.3 15.4 19.7 1 -22,0 -4,8 19.2 22.8 13.7 55.7! 11.8 127.4 30.9 20.8 as; -5.4 (8) 38.5 26.1 45,7 1 22.7: 180.8 100.9 29.0 21.4 1 24.4; 97.2 92.0 40,8 38.5 1 6.8 88.8 85.1 40.8 60.2! 12.1 f 147.1 106.0 40.7 9.0; 0.4 46.7 357.4 —36.1 12.3 734.2 50.0 37.4 i 147.1 33.6 26.3; 18.3 63.2 107.1 22.3 12.4 26.3 80.8 85.4 17.0 6.9| 29.9 $3.9 46.9 32.9 29.7! SI. 9 14.1: 68.9 , 40.2 2*4, 474.9 I 72.2! 17. S! 27.7 35.1 1.0 125.0 18.0: («) 2L3; 45.9 38.8 55.9 24.1 i 51.1 15.8 101.4 35.2! 13.4 52.5 57.1 60.7 47.3 53.1 58,0 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. « Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. • Includes custom and neighborhood shops. 670 MANUFACTURES. Table 2—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States.... New York Illinois Michigan Pennsylvania.. Missouri Massachusetts. Ohio New Jersey Maryland Indiana Tennessee 3,560| 680 314 107 332| 201 139 267 112| 76 118 93 WAGE EARNERS. is 3S,417 9,2181 2, S12| 4,751 3,3991 1,786 2,390 1,695 2,420 1,461 1,877 1,004 100.0 24.0 7.3 12.4 8.9 4.6 6.2 4.4! 6.3" 3.8 4.9 2.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. $386,369 101,457 39,060 34,945 26,374 21,325 20,327 18,922 18,715 15,806 14,035 11,092 S+3 100.0 26.3 10.1 9.0 6.8 5.5 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.1 3.6! 2.9i VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. S216,264| 56,021 22,2701 20,2551 15,123 12,948 11,716 11,507 8,274 7,377 7,841 6,199 SI 100.0 25.9 10.3 9.4 7.0 6.0 5.4 5.3 3. 8| 3.4 3.61 2.9 Iowa Minnesota North Carolina. Connecticut... California Georgia Wisconsin Texas Kentucky Louisiana Washington... Rhode Island.. All other states. 114 75| 31 38| 137 54| 61 68 38 25 30 27 4231 WAGE EARNERS. 746 646 213 431 577 244 232| 301 256j 171 47 40j 1.700 §3 1.9 1.7 0.6 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 4.4 VALUE oy PRODUCTS. 3 £ pi o 1,269 I 3 1,706 1,335 1,185 580 783 923 £5 5,115 5,115 1,694 1,789 1,130 1,354 2,631 oxa 'SMOixvHVjaHd T : 6'6 (l) (l) (t) its 6*8* e'6i 2'i 97 0*001 (T00I I 0*61 I 0 75 ;:vi : **1 6*6 own o'OS 6**8 6*TT to 1*0 OTOt 9*52 | 9'8* I ric ! fr*9 0 "001 6'Zt 0*11 6*53 O'TI 9 7. 9*0 O'OOI 2 7* 2*91 3*93 8 71 1*8 O't 0*001 6*19' 5*11 8*81 S*9 6*1 *ro 0*001 8*1* ffl T"*2 5*01 9*6 1*0 (0 (l) *'99 3 'To 1*6 17. 0 *O0T I'Oo **9T 6*88 s*6i 9*1 (l) 6*19 9*6 8 To T7T 8 7 S'O 0*001 t 1*82 ; 6 *of I 6*6T Z'L to 9*12 ! 5*81 1 0*88 ! **1I j 8*9 : n 0*001 0*001 "i e*s* f i 9 **T Ij S*93 I 0 71 17 ! 9*0 0*001 i 9 7* i 5**1 I 6*92 ! 0*21 | 1*8 ! 6*0 0*001 6*69 **8I 8*61 8 "9 1*1 Z'O \ 0*001 li * *98 I^ { \6'52 3*11 : **9I 9** : 0** l'l >: CO o'ooi o'ooi };:" •**I* i 9*07 !■*"071 i8*9 (0 I*S8 S*It 8*92 * *9l 0*9 6*1 0 *00T 0 *00I S'O *'0 8*S 1*91 9*08 **** (0 0*001 87 17 8 71 8'12 1*12 6*12 9*0 6*0 9*9 0*91 8*52 8 79 (0 I 0*00T 0*001 L'l 8*1 9*01 8 73 9*97 2*88 O'OOI I 0*001 0*001 ;| f9f 599 s J;; 622 t89 8' 899'598 il U6'TI2' (0 998*99**88 11 696'lT2£H z'n I! 6SS 085*8 mm I 588 m TOT'668'91 L'888 '92 1 ^'916'91 J I6Z? m 921 '8*14i TO*'189'I 815'288 ^o9'9I8'99 0*6'225'99 289 201 25 j 920 929'02 *£6 069*81 1! *6S'SIi,'9T 988 128'28 i!! 966'i69'*8 28* 161'91 |i 108'5*1'61 69* 688 8 (i5*0'l0l'i 909'961 fI j; (0 i 109£TI6'2 8SS'2*8'82T || *9l'lLl'8S *iS '89* 'oOI 168 '819 '69 0SS'06S'06 , I80'9SZ'08 II Uf *S0'I9 J| 088'*£*'52 ZfL 86**9 8*2'816'I | 999 I \19L 51* (0 j 9TI 918*2 j £68 7 i I 896'T I 289! 699'I i 186 li 8*2 li 29! (0 90*'9 62* (0 992'291'312 l! 080 'IT 092/2 129 '9 {j 6*£'2' *65'l fOL 828'81 j 5£2'£S5*SI i 850'**Z,'8 j T28'T86'2 82* 969 (0 *68 591 8i*'TU'92 I86'*i0'92! TT0'95*'69 09*'218 829 i*8 ***'98I 961 '9*Z 29i'02I 185'2*1 526'818'02 988f90I '** 00* '*89 'it *I9'989'9 291 '91£ (Z 969'858'52 j 8I5'Si2'S0I , m'860*6* {! m.:mil}\ 181'862 'LI 808 '8** '9 698'888'2 158 029 22 698'52* 5 801'155 I £S6'59S'I6S 98l'280'l0r*i *12'*92'9I2$ *161 6161 '3BillDVA£LNVK aaaav 3I1TVA 525 855 *S j812**69'* I, 969'1*9'II i828 528*5 1901*221*1 CO 928'192 61*'896'8* | *59'600'8* 808 OSS 19 j' 56*'158 '91 X 1ST'869'22 / 881'911'l: Ill'108 'I 2*0'982 :j (0 98*'869'HI I j 06**6 112*6 8-08'* 188 '2 { 1*2'I 262 199'389 III '229 85*'*8I 168'891 085 '88* 691 022 581'899 082*982' *18 '091' 85*'Si*' 892'229' 209 1*6 I*It! 621 718 19TSI 61* 090 029*121 990**91' 881 '861' 116'18*' 898*969' *8I *same I pounds. | ^ Poimds VaIue ments, : pounds. 4S1,059 j 23,161 457, 898 : $15,416,028 23S,132' 1SS | 237, $44 3,929,606 (' 38,122 1,075! 37,047 5,906,201 6,933; j 6,933 1,310,883 3,295 j !3,295 473,322 2 each ^ California, Colorado, New Jersey, and Oklahoma; and 1 each in District of Columbia, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, South Dakota,'"Utah, and Wisconsin. ''' Table 14.—PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919 AND 1914. i Cen- 1 sus i year. United States 1 1919 i 1914 Per cent of increase Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 3,839 4,092 Total value of products. $418,221,150 176,747,080 136 druggists' preparations, Biological products, serums, vaccines, toxins, etc. Alabama | 1919! 1914 ( California 1919 ! 1911 Illinois I 1919 ; 1914 Indiana ;1919 ! 1914 Iowa. : 1919 \ 1911 Maryland 1 1919: ! 1914: Massachusetts -.j 1919; ; 1914 Michigan ;1919 : 1914 Minnesota i 1919 1914 28 . 32 148 142! 333 i 391 124 S 162; 120 i 99 I 154 '179 112 155 81 I 107 I $15,876,358 I 6,223,475! 155 Tinctures, fluid extracts, medicinal sirups, etc., not otherwise accounted for. $38,679,454 13,900,402 179 419,846 I 230,628 ', 4,407,222 1 2,519,741 1 41,714,235 j 15,580,958 j 14,119,227 I 5,766,270 j 10,800,656! 4,868,245 J 15,880,471 6,445,569 21,999,285 8,630,115 35,576,067 || 16.51S, 480 j j 7,312,060 1. 4,926,555 j! 379,452 j (') 345,762 i 160,619 j 1,820,628! 209,132 j 2,026,791 I 503,191 I 1,703,473 • 1,364.893 j 0) I (') 1919 210 24,117,769 799,531 1914 236 10,713,205 376, 875 New Jersey 1919 142 23,008,622 | 0) 1914 136 8,6.54,192 1 New York 1919 733 109,504,004 1,316,149 1914 852 43,057,468 312,744 Ohio 1919 288 19,734,075 (') 1914 268 7,983,411 Pennsylvania 1919 359 35,515,359 1,810,650 1914 354 17,828,762 1,647,664 1919 101 11,252,844 148,353 1914 86 5,015,227 0) Wisconsin 1919 66 2,766,646 1914 63 1,443,730 12,766 1919 760 40,092,702 4, 974,622 1914 74t 16,564,624 1,635,591 53,130 24,520 139,905 84,847 1,924,771 491,399 2,815,949 1,707,914 134,510 8S,893 476,916 1,088,504 2,666,636 459,859 8,360,209 706,389 0) 12,085 1,360,681 774,638 (l) 114,269 9,253,067 4, 835,653 0) 732,665 6,210,615 1,653,525 1,106,514 474,985 267,912 23,376 740,643 626,881 Pills, tablets, powders, etc., not otherwise accounted for. $37,803,903 10,903,056 247 Alkaloids, synthetic preparations! (mcluding coal-tar medicinals, and phar- maceutical metals and their salts). S24,736,513 18,348,806 35 Patent and Patent and proprietary proprietary medicines, compounds. $162,473,807 83,455,264 415,650 379,504 ■ 8 4,461,279 1,053,753 118,513 157,229 2,244,430 1,283,160 150,363 0) 548,874 10,850 (lj 5,808,163 381,204 5,218 1,423,188 485,534 0) 344,708 6,359,328 1,108,646 701,483 0) 1,904 633 300 0) 1,190,585 208,897 2,642,776 0) 1,386,628 1,221,769 3,949,324 1,229,602 8,129,173 1.54S, 835 8,187,864 2,107,225 964,343 324, 231 12,484 0) 3,717,349 2,550,700 8,791,368 3,851,696 363,193 113,579 26,780 0) 37,574 42,578 (0 66,014 752,269 189,183^ 160,040 -- 31&,77tf $46,351,234 16,514,352 181 254,774 159,005 1,256,105 1,080,774 15,646,594 7,966,158 5,090,226 2,179,637 5,312,249 3,025,574 6,675,741 i 3,526,967 i ! 10,055,491 ( 4,980,881 j 10,255,031' 3,710,705 , 3,389,623 2,834,458 14,381,023 6,009,810 6,090,947 3,373,046 41,724,974 21,383,575 8,211,951 4, §13,034 9,122,961 5,923,204 6,666,542 3,325,871 1,039,487 839,128 - 8, ©23>437 Toilet prep- arations, j A11 rtf, „. cosmetics. $69,449,056 19,160,407 $22,850,825 8,241,318 177 52,105 21,629 1,297,407 427,331; 7,859,460 2,799,881 1 510,217 i 219,896! 286,433 249,789 619,477 440,362 3,807,031 1,075,128 1,245,843 316,470 1,059,591 397,928 1,497,139 736,965 3,847,210 1,458,709 9,723,949 3,569,503: 3,515,340 1,062,373; 2,298,466! 954,154' 510,653 106,057 353,745 72,936 7,867,168 2,605; 241 45,445 7,625! 704,712 i 274,298 j 10,095,574 1,852,055 321,909 98,700 1,435,263 590,129 564,054 j 452,196! 3, 749,679 j 1,220,523; 3,582,427 S 991,538 j 905,907 j 514,549! 0) (1} 111,039 1,262,282 1,099,864 1,165,505 0) 1,056,536 0) 1,730,902 0) 297,360 63,482 3,368,273 0) 1,545,226 1,067,262 1,638,899 803,585 607,136 0) 4,579,407 816,199 2,063,654 440,598 26,708,960 7,507,864 4,459,868 1,792.069 4,532,300 841,555 780,480 0) 2,103,072 848,704 1,460,878 399,115 1,726,681 436,690 804,128 490,645 795,533 255,990 $0,948 5,959,334 1 Included tn "All other states." DRUGGISTS' PREPARATIONS, ETC. 677 GENERAL TABLES. Table 15 gives the comparative statistics for the prin- cipal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909, for the industrial group and for the component industries, and by states for the group. Table 16 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919, for the three branches of the industry. Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States: The industrial group. Druggists' prepara- tions. Patent medicines and compounds. Perfumery and cos- metics. California. Connecticut. Georgia. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maryland. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1911 1909 1919 1911 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1911 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 3,560 3,815 3,612 524 416 375 2,467 2,903 2,838 509 496 429 137 126 38 43 64 51 45 50 314 363 359 118 156 113 111 94 100 38 15 19 25 25 21 76 83 83 earners (aver- age num- ber). 38,417 25,502 22,895 15,568 9,277 9,490 17,444 13,328 11,030 5,405 2,897 2,375 Pri- 'Wages, fmary j horse- i Cost of !Value of j mate- I prod- . rials. ! ucts. I power, i I Expressed in thousands. 40,571 28,872 25,659 12,698 8,417 9,580 $29,894 12,710 9,897 12,162 4,755 4,159 25,677 13,749 18,542 6,675 14,704; 4,744 $170,105 66,310 50,376 $386,369 167,372 141,912 55,139 22,935 17,847 88,819 35,940 2,196 1,913 1,375 3,983 26,147 1,280 7,465 994 I 5,634 577 32S 310 431: 327 j 237 244 155 210 2,812 1,844 1,869 1,877 864 801 746 418 358 256 376 2-80 171 65 111 1,461 1,053 1,193 723! 598; 347 , 4S5 • 206; 381; 142 206 i 84 3,905! 2,573 3,234 j 1,518 1,129 642 503 307 83S 147 42 46 68 1,936 1,424 683 507 i 180 I 148 i 1,93.6 1,187 639 295! 1,566 125 i 761 SS i 4SS 131 j 63! SI i 2,436 1,066 805 1,125 415 354 658 229 133 142 149 93 i 84 1 21 29 j 1,018 I 432 429 1,068 592 442 16,7S9 5,097 4,413 6,195 2,095 1,460 4,655 1,667 1,065 749 755! 756; 123' 132 j 131 I 8,430 , 2,389 2,167 114,594 48,010 43,959 212,162 102,463 83,771 Massachusetts Michigan. Minnesota.. Missouri. 59,613: 16,899 14,212 !' New Jersey. 4,151 !j 2, 496 \ 1,519 i! New York. 4,775: 2,063 i 1,312; 3,681 j 1,219 1,421 39,059 15,032 13,114 14,036 5,740 4,344 10,658 4,828 3,401 2,327 2,163 2,123 1,006 401 363 15,806 5,970 5,548 North Carolina. Ohio. Pennsylvania. Tennessee. Texas. Washington. Wisconsin. All other states 1919 139 2,390 1914 162 1,381 1909 151 1,183 1919 107 4,751 1914 142 3,369 1909 159 3,249 1919 75 64-6 1914 99 613 1909 101 475 1919 201 1,786 1914 212 1,090 980 1909 185 1919 112 2,420 1914 129 1,271 1909 111 1,005 1919 680 9,218 1914 &T6 5,699 1909 743 4,728 1919 31 213 1914 26 74 1909 26 60 1919 267 1,695 1914 252 1,032 1909 261 905 1919 332 3,399 1914 324 2,833 1909 367 2,761 i 1919 93 1,001 ! 1914 82 648 | 1909 76 433 '1919 6S 301 1 1914 61 116 j 1909 59 145 i 1919 30 47 ; 1914 32 45 j 1909 18 3S i 1919 61 232 I 1914 62 278 ; 1909 62 269 j 1919 450 1,740 ! 1914 446 1,623 1909 392 1,295 I ;Cost of Value of Pn_ I Wages, j mate- prod- mary!! rials. ucts. horse- i.. _ ...... i _ power. | Expressed in thousands. 1,981 1,586 1,376 2,642 2,694 2,270 2,345 1 945: 741; 2,058 887 90S 3,207 2.223 M78 - 8.975 • 5,549 5,423 198' 17 28 1,670 1,949 1,563 3,603 2'. 495 2,619 1,011 | 802 I 418 j 108! 9-7 j 51 j 101; 94! 95! 275 219 2 232 i;?4s 1,909 | SI. 905 $8,612 '696! 3,323 566 j 2,727 4,151! 14,690 1,994 | 7,003 1,509 I 4,941 414 i 285 1 188! 1,652 I 616 I 432 153 27 IS 1,297 479 2,987 1,233 i 1,145 549 I 219 14S | 208 52 j 62 • 3,159 2.341 l'.690 1,280; 8,376 532 . 2,926 415 j 2,536 10,441 3, 147 2,089 7,180 i 45,437 2.977 16,912 ^226! 12,589 60 j 172 i 131 i 118; 1 1,490! 738 506 1,597 260 216 7,417 3,018 1,888 11,251 6,474 5,310 4,892 1,821 l.;3U 997 2SS 411 220 142 106 1,105 510 445 10,090 j 19,892 3,494! 9.041 2,523! 7,543 678 MANUFACTURES, Table 1,6.— DETAILED STATEMENT. The Industrial Group. United States. DRUGGTSTS' PREPARATIONS. United States California Connecticut District of Columbia- Georgia Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania. Rhode Island.. Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states5. PATENT MEDICINES AND COMPOUNDS. United States Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut. District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas — Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island... South Carolina. Tennessee Nam ber of estab-| lish- mentsl 524 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 22 23 90 25 26 15 24 43 20S 83 90 27 28 17 19 55 97 70 51 142 4 29 6 81 403 27 202 17 16 234 15 63,985 ,569 284 35 47 72 979 1,844 374 2S5 22 1* 19 1,198 2,573 3,991 217 977 1G1 1,294 3,358 6 835 3,235 36 276 145 34 29 46 179 31,970 93 105 550 82 282 107 113 334 3,696 749 1,541 122 355 176 63 1,054 1,072 2,146 906 16 2,098 13 252 19 1,487 7,429 379 1,705 133 197 1,773 60 24 1,325 Clerks, etc. Pro- prie- tors and Sala- ried offi- cers, su- perin-j Wage earners. firm jtend- mem-l ents bers. and ! man- lagers. Male. Fe- male. L 2.304 !5,156 10,141 (7,967 283 jl, 371 ; 3,032 |2,315 ! 11 1 18 | 20 13 i 1 7 : 4 3 ! 1 10 ! 1 1 7 : 8 2 ! 15 1 68 | 214 179 15 ! 81 ; 118 221 ; 7 ; so ; 55 28 i 9 60 ! 20 12 ; 4 3 1 1 3 i 2 1 3 1 i H 75 294 122 7 125 295 447 7 112 326 327 2 1 33 6 34 24 102 133 72 '2 27 32 11 ! 6 .86 99 109 '■' 4? 263 559 281 ; 21 46 142 101 i 34 97 586 303 ! 7 3 8 3 ! 14 37 65 24 1 1 16 14 5 7 7 2 8 1 2 8 2 1 12 27 29 10 1,648 3,025 5,915 3,938 12 17 17 4 33 7 5 7 66 74 60 74 5 13 11 14 18 28 36 38 10 11 14 22 21 10 14 10 34 47 49 37 124 301 964 708 53 83 109 84 ! 68 131 776 173 i 23 15 21 22 i 17 31 49 30 i 10 28 18 9 1 17 4 7 43 72 145 95 56 115 118 179 41 223 248 2-12 29 82 175 159 7 2 1 79 207 513 259 2 2 6 27 25 59 34 3 4 1 38 117 185 126 193 706 1,172 96 812 16 32 23 128 171 309 208 23 8 29 9 28 25 26 19 217 171 201 195 10 6 9 12 6 3 2 2 47 97 240 178 Aver- age num- ber. 38,417 222 21 32 54 503 1,409 234 184 14 12 15 696 1,699 3,219! 142 | 646' 89 994 j 2,210! 1 | 525 I 2,215 I 15! 136; 109 j 18 , 20; 33; 101 I 43 53 276 39 162 50 58 167 1,599 420 393 41 228 111 30 604 1,392 461 1,040 3 107 11 1,021 4,546! 212; 889; 64 i Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Fe 16,359 Minimum month. Ja Fe Mh3 Mvs Ja Ja Jv («*) (4) (4) No Fe 235 34 35 55 581 1,617 258 236 14 12 15 756 2,097 No 3,317 Jy » 152 Oc 3 666 Ap 3 130 Ja 1,184 My 2,279 (4) 1 Mh Oc Ap I'o Se 624 2,312 20 160 132 Oc 20 Se 23 {*) 33 Jy Fe* Ja No 3 No OC 3 De No De 1,666 De 494 57 58 317 51 195 55 64 Se No Ap De Se 418 45 271 132 37 735 Oc No ! No 1,501 j Jy 541 I Fe* 7 ; Oc» i 112 Ja 11 ! Je 131 ! Jy a 12 Mh 1,087 Fe De De De Oc 989 !! Oc 23 jj De 11 !De 765 I; De 5,125 220 1,026 78 126 1,055 34 14 826 Je 14,941 Oc No Au Ja3 Je Au Fe De (<) (4) (4) Au Au Ap Ja Je No3 Je De a (4) No Je Mh Fe Ja Fe Fe3 (*) 20S 14 26 53 425 1,289 205 123 14 12 15 636 1,446 3,145 123 618 47 872 2,119 1 478 2,045 11 109 74 16 18 33 Jy 16,607 Ja 3 Je Je AP Ap 29 49 258 29 145 Je 45 Ja 53 Jy 136 Ap 1,530 Ap 363 Ja Oc My Mh 363 37 158 100 23 Je 663 Je 522 Jy 1,256 Ja 396 Au3 5 Jy Jy3 No Ja* Jy 961 1 83 10 902 Jy 4,122 Ja 204 Je 8 818 Ap 59 My 88 Au My s Ap Fe 936 20 9 716 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAR- EST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 140,749 233 27 31 53 501 1,338 251 144 16 12 15 703 1,848 3,309 148 601 70 997 2,251 1 493 2,298 18 159 115 20 22 33 110 56 57 307 55 194 51 62 185 1,675 516 429 42 209 132 39 734 659 1,485 444 6 1,114 11 HI 9 1,102 4,808 218 1,036 1,055 28 12 854 16 and over. I Under 16. Male. ; Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. 18,509 121,501 7,667 i 7,981 90 20 633 192 137 4 7 191 864 1,459 51 370 32 526 1,064 219 1,217 14 77 54 8 > 15 I 26 72 | 143 7 13 40 196 705 59 7 12 1 3 10 503 952 1,850 97 287 7 416 1,146 1 274 1,042 4 82 61 12 7 9,002 28 30 160 26 142 21 20 81 842 158 239 17 148 41 17 318 397 645 201 1 432 8 85 6 609 !, 186 57 512 13 24 525 24 7 364 9,418 27 27 147 29 52 30 42 103 768 340 185 23 60 66 22 378 250 838 237 5 644 3 25 3 407 2,576 160 520 75 72 519 3 5 486 101 j 128 3 7 3 1 3 2 3 16 6 16 3 1 29 10 14 2 45 27 18 21 137 239 1 1 18 1 47 17 1 4 16 2 1 9 15 7 23 5 2 3 3 13 25 1 27 59 35 11 1 2 2 11 1 2 2 Capital. i Includes water wheels#nd turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). s Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purclmsed) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. DRUGGISTS' PREPARATIONS, ETC 679 BY STATES: 1919. EXPENSES. iSalaries and wages. Officials. Dollars. 19,491,811 Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For con- tract work. ■ Dollars. Dollars. !Dollars. 24,992,898 129,893,754 11,107,217 4,899, 050 57,994 9,420 29,940 23,861 260,501 304,797 172,741 173,706 5,030 2,380 240,691 761,357 549,113 72,933 226,134 71,594 1S3,970 921,962 148,943 403,020 5,115 124,745 46,126 9,320 2,000 26,900 04,757 111,554,701 32,791 13,100 159,676 23,912 249,714 24,952 17,859 94,496 1,511,586 293,061 264,563 112,560 98,088 99,306 23,236 316,443 481,893 660,907 308,258 4,200 798,182 2,100 56,737 6,038 440,742 3,281,276 176,665 550,689 18,514 95,306 547,193 i 9,229 i 8,000 1 461,503; 8,419,436 [12,161,925 44,113 9,055 5,800 20,070 505,445 637,075 175,798 39,406 150 200 1,300 640,878 812,636 1,180,893 40,668 319,692 73,188 237,088 1,471,372 359,605 1,605,777 20,030 108,506 58,275 181,549! 18,207 I. 23,405 !. 28,097 i. 446,461 | 775,487 \ 266,330; 233,697 i 6,690 9,5% 6,532 461,614 1,307,006 2,830,077 86,040 j 332,861! 89,999; 502,737 i 1,S23,1S7' 1,134 j 395,284 I 1,997,516! 11,610 83,552 88,701 20,141 1,050 885 150 108 420 7,229 33,832 10,058 142,339 17,926 72,453 10,783 35,749 98,836 2,418,493 197,814 1,180,392 64,058 80,922 30,410 8,873 360,953 370,279 683,520 4,53,160 600 1,147,376 2,000 110,062 1,752 394,971 2,535,672 162,691 680,054 66,551 51,980 577,258 16,717 4,050 720,306 14,609 22,862 I 1,205 35,969 j.. 81,116 S03,210 26,101: 45,404 j 246,108 30,008; 158,934 25,690! 35,009 91,034 1,217,052 327,920 332,404 32,798 125,181 50,879 19,930 524,700 530,058 1,204,359 295,073 2,552 886,379 2,675 i 90.562 9.349 829,990 3,676,076 i 151,936 j 688,601 30,809 90,605; 867,263 | 20,656 6,049 j. 405,045! 300 2,409 1,198 1,044 441 425,236 19,472 3,476 2,075 75 3,008 23,570 11,612 10,565 3,000 116,167 3,309 8,464 87,712 17,181 8,051 1,500 15 17,249 84 1,029 Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. Dollars. 2,603,135 |21,372,912 499,513 1 5,297,38<3 16,765! 2,010 2,066 3,202! 47,712; 21,656 19,009 , 14,008 i 1,770; 1, 100; 515 i 20,256! 22,061; 14,441! 8,961 ■ 21,572 9,552 4,669 i 206,107: 100 10,248 25,500: 3,021! 1,9S6! 2,149! 2.600: '700 5,355 10, 422 50,992 1,3] 9 1,692 4,282 196,094 340,681 104,400 67; 847 278 637 1,182 298,938 784,156 2,207,430 5,102 99,176 20', 515 74,282 547,725 19 56,440 304,139 1,514 47,429 27,840 S, 480 428 16,080 28,289 1,471,482 114,103,226 6,20* 6,626 41,222 8,376 I 8,621 9,365 7,801: 13,481! 163,072 25,895 26,606 i 4,569 7,202 i 7,014! 4,175 1 14,614 65,542 49,883! 34,621! 660 104,561! 90 11,831 1,700 34,303 ■ 507,0S4 5,033: 75,092 4,165 8,436 103,539 I 6,140 3,390 25,948 i 6,122 875 109,784 9,135 94,062 49,438 15,244 14S, 050 1,270,437 ISO, 777 174,596 39,373 651,159 64,122 7,551 612,356 746,304 333,938 448,773 30.5 1,574,892 212 19,557 1,305 171,827 4,277,653 779,206 556,002 5,599 25,861 464,051 1,966 1,827 653,259 I Value of i products. Principal materials. Fuel and j rent of ij power. Value added by manufac- ture. Primary horsepower. Owned. ; Total. ! : Inr.er- Steami nal- ■ Steam ! com- tart tur' bus- Vnot i bines \' tur- bines).! tion en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.' Rent- ed.* Dollars. !Dollars. ; Dollar*. Dollars. j: j 168,209,030 jl,895,888 |j3S6,369,132 216,264,214 j| 40,571 iilS, 182 j .54,451,977; 686,498 114,593,486 59,455,011 !; 12,698 i 697,386 46,454! 181,620 207,334 2,071,500 4,579,350 1,996,225 2,753,071 36,365: 14,090! 34,026 I 3,340,882 j 4,913,010 I 9,880,817! 252,765 2,565,586; 326,705 i 3,012,482 ■ 8,-500,728 1 2.695 i 1 773,505! 4,719,348 52,196 1,187,640 177,906! 44,299 I 87,417; 135,763: 860,812 I 5,566 3,943 797 409 41,667 62,427 14,894 9; 463 250 175 306 20,995 39,859 115,376 5,439 24,000 6,926 7S.662 120;436 69 15,999 89,077 1,260 5,129 2,73S 1,543 1,743 12,345 5,000 531 951 55 .20,852 4,292 Elec- j trie horse-1 power 1 gener-; ated in estab- lish- \ ments j re- j port-: ing. 87,732,309 ;1,087,108 103,744! 106,280 985,566 93,281 1 343,990 j 98,793; 386,854; 686,957 11,153,41S I 1,366,529! 1,933,126 I 181,918 1 642,92S I 314,076; 112,103 I 4,755,072 1 3,019,198 1 4,143,426 2,696,968 11,728 5,145,822! 15,317 458,711 17,462 1 5,028,284 , 24,377,522 1,592,479 i 4,296,307 218.450 574,032 5,545,753 81,993 98,955; 3,294,105: 511 945 14,999 1,505 16,418 834 489 5,977 101,018 16,827 20, 776 3,145 43,350 1,151 1,598 30,915 3S,149 69,350 25,095 86 44,996 226 5,742 1,554 131,965 263, 777 2,112 50,481 900 5t4S0 66,562 3,777 105 20,588 1,187, 841 71,324 313,692 433,590 4,888,548 9,257,192 3,070,077 3,694,847 69,468 43,769 61,475; 6,408,804 9,989,720' 23,903,856 618,798 4,S31,651 928,975 5,334,918 18,000,192 7,918 3,941,307 12,606,051 119,727: 1,893,092! 770,506: 129,314 1 283,475 347,117 1,388,242 484,8-89 20.922 131,275 225,847 2, 775,381 4,615, 1,058, 932; 32. 29. 27, 3,044, 5.036. 13,907, 360, 415 95=8 313 853 504 143 927 851 663 594 95 128 16 1,031 161 106 1 704 757 1,471 88 1 18 j 16! 9 211 361 2,242,065 j 1,060 595,344 1 93 2,243,774 I 1,436 9,379,028 ! 2,113 5,154 I ..' !. 151,803 ,797,626 66,271 700,323 5S9,862 83,472 194,315 199,009 522,430 422 1,821 14 54 46 12 63 212,162,255 T23,342,S3S 297,540' 258,242 2,3.82,734 j 262,109 1,9-85,223 193,285 151,017 1,382,169 167,323 1,624,815 480, 738, 2,8SS, 25,395, 4,481, 6,34S, 513, 2,209, 786, 312, 411 214; 2S4! 228 247 551 j 381 I 571' 408 342 380, 350. 2,195, 14". 140. 3; 097; 4,394, 32S, 1,523, 471, 198. 784 871 350 792 891 649 318 293 181 641 10,156 53 ;14,693 ;j 4,621 8.878,122 j 4,092,135 9,107,958 1 6,050.611 9,948,329 \ 5,735! 523; 6,302.629 j 3,580,566 29', 499 1 17,685 14,590,676 9,399,858 34,943! 19:400 1,111,298! 646,845 59,760; 40, 744 8,548,141; 3,3,87,892; 57.957,977 ! 33,316,678 4,883.436 j 3,288,845 10,860,925 6.514,137 454,577 , 235,227 1,063,828 j 484,316 11,913,284 6,300,969 214,880 * 129,110 160,403 61,343 8.2,74,714 i 4,960,021! 15 20 597 27 LS4 102 34 122 2,642 469 864 46 296 24 1,210! 1,196 j 1.026 2", 234 I 40 15 60 720 140 185 280' 105 636 610 6 8! 242: 1,705 |ri,19? 5d 25 6,230 198 1 1.069 23! 162; 1,632! 15! 6! 935 15 20 463 27; 184 62 5; 50 1,838 319 606: 44! 16 24 1,096 411 413 2 221 635 . 4 392 506 8 10 151 9 10 1 6 !. 90 10 8 11 3 12 1 13 62> 79 433 14 610 -. 147 508 15 "*500" 540 i 431 50 16 40 1 47 6 17 901 . s 2; 149 345 18 10 1. 22 61 19 565 . 8 . 863 "314' 20 1,439 . 674 515 21 22 135 . - 2>0 14 23 1,425 41 355 1,086 24 14 . 25 r 54 26 "is"' ; 33 27 7 ! 38! 39 2 | 40 817 I 41 200 J 42 93 ! 43 ; 44 ""422 ::::::yi4-: \'i 1 i...; 86 759 1 m 1 1! 139 | i 1 j1 100 f i 573 1 199 415 2,520 193 632 22 66 734 15 6 835 45 46 47 4^8 50 49 842 50 51 52 103 53 54 55 *467* 56 57 1; 1,511 58 n""26l' 59 60 l; 61 |, 130 62 1 RA 63 65 1 66 * Same number reported throughout the year. *All other states ©mbraca: Alabama, 3 establishments; Arkansas, 1; Colorado, 3; Mississippi, 1; Montana. 1; New Hampshire, 3; North Dakota, 1; Oklahoma 4- South Carolina, 3; South Dakota, l;West Virginia, 2; tJtah, 1; Vermont, 1. '' 680 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—DETAILED STATEMENT, PATENT MEDICINES AND COMPOUNDS— continued. Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia.. Washington West Virginia Wisconsin !50 All other states * PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. United States 569 California Colorado Connecticut. Georgia. Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kentucky. Louisiana. Maryland. Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island.. Tennessee Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states . PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE Clerks , etc. INDUSTRY. Wage earners. ! WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAR- EST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 16 and over. Under 16. Num- ber of estab- Sala- Pro- prie- ried offi- cers, Number, 15th day of— Capital. lish- ments tors and firm mem- bers. su- perin- tend- ents, Total. Male. Fe- male. Aver- age TotaL Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. and man- agers. num- ber. Maximum month. Minimum month. Dollars. 736,690 52 340 64 32 49 18 177 Je 214 De 119 226 166 58 2 • 9 31 3 3 1 1 23 Jo 25 Fe» 22 25 15 10 63,069 1,428,110 1,551,762 14 238 424 4 22 32 52 44 22 29 138 301 Fe 146 My 347 Ap 119 Oc 201 138 300 58 217 80 81 39 18 ""2 1 15 39 5 6 2 3 23 Mh 36 Jy3 14 38 36 1 1 183,127 82,507 968,287 326,556 30 6 2 8 2 12 De3 14 Jy3 11 14 4 10 50 7 310 102 43 1 43 16 34 45 66 6 124 34 Mh 142 Au 111 125 51 71 51 51 2 1 i 569 9,446 373 760 1,194 1,714 5,405 No 6,162 Ja 4,721 6,076 1,840 4,102 46 88 32,668,633 ! 32 162 32 18 9 24 79 No 3 S6 Ja 63 106 39 67 372,393 3 9 3 1 1 4 (5) 4 (6) 4 Ja 205 J a 3 20 5 2 3 207 12 46,037 1,847,554 165,195 4,371,602 6 327 59 2 5 18 11 39 11 20 9 248 23 De 288 Se3 26 287 21 59 9 ""z "'"l8' 1 6 i 75 1,390 40 129 112 399 710 De 815 Ja 605 815 207 574 10 24 : io 66 6 8 3 1 48 Se 3 49 De 28 50 15 22 13 118,219 730,555 13,097 210,117 215,785 9 225 10 19 61 16 119 De 137 My 109 137 26 111 8 ! 4 19 3 2 14 (*) 14 Mhs 51 No a 72 (6) 14 Je3 45 Ja' 54 14 6 ! 5 1 8 77 124 3 4 10 10 10 17 6 48 66 51 72 13 14 35 58 1 2 l 27 i 18 142 11 17 17 10 87 Ja 95 Fe 80 88 26 58 4 571,230 565,248 172,401 1,079,869 3,563,38$ i 21 i 18 222 197 11 8 25 10 14 32 15 140 43 Oc 169 Se 50 Ja 101 Fe8 35 163 52 60 23 97 28 4 2 1 121 ! 23 284 16 18 31 119 100 No 107 Au 89 102 25 77 15 513 3 35 35 35 405 No 448 Fe 376 418 167 249 2 179 36 3,978 657 12 406 5 112 30 2S2 62 2 29 498 126 1 37 624 158 1 2,462 281 No 2,878 No 364 (6) 6 No 207 (8) 2 Ja 2,125 Ja 196 (6) 6 Ja 178 (6) 2 2,749 367 7 210 864 93 1,S47 272 2 19 1 1 1 19 1 1 4 13,704,509 1,778,353 54,596 1,202,672 8,042 ! 3 2 33 6 195 3 59 36 4 3 112 2 3 2 146 21 ! 10 \ 7 145 3 13 13 13 103 Oc3 115 Ja 92 103 35 73 I 362,072 120,849 14,614 386,749 991,487 40 3 9 12 1 15 Au 18 Ja3 13 15 7 8 ! 8 11 4 2 1 4 De 6 Mh 2 6 3 3 5 143 4 10 15 39 75 No 87 Je 51 86 17 66 66 3 ! 28 233 22 22 11 50 128 144 78 1 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 1 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants) 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. DRUGGISTS' PREPARATIONS, ETC. 681 BY STATES: 1919—Continued. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Clerks, etc. Dollars. 84,446 2,100 78,297 97,413 6,016 18,480 106,162 45,657 3,391,951 27,671 480 66,770 25,074 471,781 4,206 117,013 1,664 9,045 39,410 43,202 59,934 21,315 160,983 142,817 1,603,829 277,721 2,105 165,299 33,220 10,163 700 52,414 55,135 j For ; con- _r I tract Wage j work. earners. Dollars. 107,583 13,214 82,961 262,444 32,864 15,340 101,101 53,117 3,983,016 79,774 1,846 118,191 11,776 772,710 21,621 59,301 6,759 23,066 31,450 68,265 116,688 33,206 60,954 318,791 1,680,676 213,129 6,890 121,977 1,791 60,581 11,747 3,525 35,383 122,919 Dollars. 19,796 271 1,032 225,089 500 3,107 Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. Rent or factory. Dollars. 15,654 1,795 1,130 20,558 2,682 3,168 22,662 7,968 632,140 18.502 900 4,300 5,720 91,021 3,872 6,SS0 1,007 3,300 4,561 1,250 13,307 135 20,511 1,964 12,101 1,314 10,088 22,499 216,250 342,191 21,160 1,320 19,986 350 625 4,549 3,764 1,355 7,331 150 11,290 Taxes. Federal, state, county, and' local. Dollars. 32,072 864 222,935 325,191 2,236 1,339 21,696 1,275 Principal materials. I Value of |i products. Value added by manufac- ture. Fuel and n rent of power. Total. Owned. Steam en- ii gines j; (not i! tur- | bines). Inter nal- 1 Wa- i Rent- Steam com-! ter | ed.3 tor- ;bus- pow-; bines, tion j er.i \ en-; j gines. Elec- tric; horse- ] power j gener-; "a ted j in! estab-1 lish- j ments i re- , pjort- j mg. i Dollars. 645,875 82,884 904,526 831,411 107,271! 153,956 673,670 451,569 Dollars.; 1,162: 1,031 1 14,587 31,036 j 5,078! 484 7,145 35,152 1,972,300 j 26,024,744 j 122,282 3,961 881 48,331 15,463 283,650 2,404 14,950 98 3,013 4,102 133,543 32,201 5,154 27, S72 148,237 716,319 224,923 1,646 15,227 65 73,259 9,026 360 15,029 192,586 240,190 13,089 1,148,817 166,055 3,405,086 168,550 685,985 25,668 93,514 279,335 600,922 474,034 176,054 589,734 2,175,343 12,136,036 1,272,546 75,514 826,733 7,125 383,469 16S, 805 19,110 274,088 618,942 Dollars. , 1,455,162! 116,413 j 1,948,703 I 1,871,789 | 1S9,494 j 269,172 j 1,516,296; 1,060,362 j Dollars. 808,125 32,498; 1,029,590 1,009,342 77,145 114,732 835,481: 573,641 58! 87 j 18; 570; 87 i 2 I 140 i 455; 2,486 • 201 5,999 1,214 16,345 953 4,459 145 296 2,369 900 | 7,268 2,3SS! 6,067; 14,183 i 38,461 j 6,477'; 232 j: 3,S43: 36!: 963! 229 i 61 i 2,019 I 4,688 580,901 i 24,032: 2.718,711 I '358,843! 8,775,561 297,405! 1,239,587 j 48,060 • 176,319 i 521,491 j 1,229,460 i 1,092,499 i . 34S,293 I 1,902,228 | 4,831,705 338,225 10,742 1,563,895 191,574 5,354,130 127,902 549,143 22; 247 82,509 239,787 627,638 611,197 169,851 1,306,427 2,642,179 25,499, 4,119, 104, 1,854, !6, 207 i 975 I 712 \ 332 I 13,324, 2,840, 28, 1,023, 10 952 966 756 147 923,8 279, S 37, r ,843 ,841 ,074 • ,245 1,852,759! 539, 110, 504, 1,229. 411 807 903 138 129 31 4 173 11 348 j IS ^ 104 * 15 I 22 28 , 145 24 103! 66! 632 j 179! 1 1.50 j 52 !| 4 r 2 20! 61 I 500 j 59,613,391 ; 33,466,365! 2,196 II 295 295 34 105 30 J i ::::::: 1 30 1 j 15 :6 45 1 J 1 55 j 2S i' 1 1 '1 12; i • 1 47 87 16 69 10 2 130 275 T ii :1 I , 2 ;! 130 I 3 |l 8 I 4 ; i 5 6 :!-- 7 «18 1,867 !| 31 , 4 I 6S 11 i 348; IS! 74! 3 15! 28: 115! 24: 103 63 611 134 i 1 67 52 4; 20 49 ] J 10 . 11 '! 12 .! 13 . 14 J 15 J 16 -1 17 J IS J 19 . 20 J 21 J 22 J 24 -| 25 .i 26 29 30 31 32 33 1 34 * All other states embrace: Idaho, 2 establishments; North Dakota, 2; South Dakota, 3. 5 Same number reported throughout the year. • All other states embrace: Alabama, 3 establishments; District of Columbia, 2; Florida, 2; Kansas, 2; Maine, 4; Montana, 1; Nebraska. 3; New Hampshire, 1; Nortfc Dakota, 1; Oregon, 2; Vermont, 1; Virginia, 6. DRUG GRINDING. Comparative summary and detailed statement.— Powdered or pulverized drugs are the principal prod- ucts of establishments under this classification, which includes the grinding of drugs, charcoal, roots, herbs, gums, licorice root, etc. The statistics in Tables 17 and 18 are confined to the independent drug-grinding establishments, and do not cover drugs ground and used by establishments engaged in the manufacture of druggists' preparations or patent medicines and compounds. Table 17.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, AND 1889, Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1914 1 31! 29 2, 27 1,661; 16 298' 1,347! 1,280 22 199 1,059 1,152 16 214 922 1,111 23 107 981 0,725; $14,991,135; 4,972 $8,434,036 3,322 $5,187,214 2,866 $4,991,218 2,323,779: 935,484 352,123 583,361 732,456 268,32,8 464,128 637,780 154,683 483,097 797,642 1,526,137 111,651 910,931: 11,556,480! 16,937,098 j 5,381,218 35 5,000 55,339 3,453,720 6,006,999 2, 553,279 91,883 5,215,287 8,080,118 2,864,831 1 3 43,709 3,024,305 5,145,522 2,121,217 1909 1899 775; 29 | 102 i 644: 4,697! §2,837,911! 418,446 | 126,623 i 291,823; 12,050 I 343,963; 3,315,228 i 4,308,144 I 992,916 f I PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1 A minus sign (-) denotes decrease; percentages are omit to i whore ha>e i 2 Figures not available. Ie (2) "321 290 132 39 168 197 278 1,833 $6,379,910 2,309 $1,616,682 1,218 $1,365,438 849 $723,004 1,048 $576,286 465 $102,223 $67,755 620,003 228,790 391,213 238,607 105,335 133,272 184,495 61,505 122,990 109,713 40,002 69,711 86,148 24 733 61,415 37,492 (3) 24.030 2,000 148,658 3,903,417 5,698,403 1,794,986 1,500 14,106 1,564,835 2,313,606 748,771 20 9,295 1,255,478 1,737,234 481,756 (s) C*) (*) # <5,339 1,110,470 1,464,662 354,192 (2) 588,594 813,495 224,901 (a) 129,735 255,847 126,112 125,167 248,858 123,691 PER CENT OF INCREASE.I 1914- 1919 -25.7 13.3 -36.2 28.9 -20.6 294.6 159.8 117.2 193.5 33.3 953.9 149. 4 146.3 139.7 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 1889- 1899 1879 1889 6.6 72.2 -14.1 119.7 -21.4 (») (•) 89.6 18.4 43.5 88.9 -19.0 25.5 125.4 463.8 50.9 56.0 29.3 71.3 8.4 68.2 53.8 76.4 27.4 61.7 13.5 129.8 51.8 24.6 33.2 55.4 13.1 18.6 36.0 88.7 80.0 57.5 353.7 218.0 78.3 3.6 2.8 2.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted when base is less than 100. 3 Figures not available. 1 Figures not strictly comparable. 4 Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OP PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. New Jersey.. Michigan II II 78 WAGE EARNERS. \] © d f> § u 321 100.0 157! 62 48.9 19.3 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 3 w a i|i VALUE ADDED BY MANTJFACTURE. 181 135,698 100.0 ,$1,795 54.2 16.7 2 i 860 282 +^ o «! SST3 100.0 . ■a i; OS; P3 l 47.9! 15.7 Connecticut Indiana .... All other states. II IS WAGE EARNERS. > 3 ^3 3 8.1 4.1 19.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. B 2 a 473 179 1,007 3 8.3 3.1 17.7! |VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. §13 222 154 277 +» o 12.4 8.6 16.4 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations- Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. -j 1919 1914 | 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 493 435 408 123 147 91 74 116 73 15 IS 8 34 13 10 Male. 451 399 390 Fe- i male. I 122 145 91 74 115 73 15 17 8 33 13 10 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 91.5 91.7 95.6 99.2 98.6 100.0 100.0 99.1 100.0 100.0 94.4 100.0 97.1 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 8.5 8.3 4.4 0.8 1.4 5.6 '2.9 !l PERCENT Cen- Fe- male. OF TOTAL. ! CLASS- sus Total. Male. 1; \ year. Fe- male. || Clerks and other subordinate salaried Male. 1919 49 28 21 57.1 42.9 1! employees. 1914 39 25 14 64.1 35 9 1: . 1909 27 22 5 81.5 18.5 1919 321 301 20 93.8 0.2 jj 1914 249 229 20 92.0 8.0 !! 1909 290 277 13 95.5 4.5 1919 318 298 20 93.7 6.2 1914 249 229 20 92.0 8.0 1909 290 277 13 95.5 4.5 Under 16 years of age 1919 3 3 100.0 i ESSENTIAL OILS. 685 Table 4.—WAGE EARNEKS, BY MONTHS, FOB STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of miniTrmm employment by italic figures.) ; Average i number i em- ployed j during j year. NUMBER EMPLOYED ON THE 15TH DAY OP THE MONTH OE NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. j Per : cent STATE. ! ■ mini- mum j is of ; raaxf- : mum. January. Febru- ary. March.-1 April. May. June. July. August. S^ 3tem- >er. October Novem- ber. Decem- ber. ! I 1 i United States: 1 i 321 299 284 15 202 211 299 284 15 199 215 295 1 279 I 16 I 215 i 310 i 278 263 15 218 395 m m 292 272 20 288 317 360 337 23 287 £06 396; 373 23! 359! 370 346 24 307 303 340 316 24 253 338 320 297 23 231 336 329 307 22 206 233 69.2 68.1 62.5 55.4 ; 52.2 Males ; 301 Females 20 20 223 3S0 1914 , I 249 1909 1 290 234 j 26 46 46 46 21 16 / ». 9 33 9 i 40 i 9 47 31 28 38 19.6 Indiana 13 29 ! 2.1 62 ! *7 \ 141 47 143 47 1S8 47 149 P 150 66 151 97 158 116 86 161 48 168 48 178 4& 184 i 40.5 1 75.0 157 163 j 1 s Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE—; IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE HOURS OF LABOR PEE WE THE ' PREVAILING EK WERE— STATE. Total. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. STATE. Total ; 44 1 Be- ; Be- \ tween 48.1 j 48 54. 1 and: | 54.; Be- tween 54 and 60. and un- der. Over j 60. ; and i**^ «o 0ver 48.i 54. 60. i : i and 1 aer- ! 48. e0" 60. United States. 1919.. 321 249 5 2 140 26 51 54 41 21 1 83 Connecticut. i 26 ......!....:. ! 2 17 13 j 3! 1914.. 1909.. (*) il 132 172 34 43 Tndiniia. _ i 13 290 (* 13 9 Michimin 62 i j li 2 i 49 1 NewJersev i 157 ill 45 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 1 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. lto5 6 to 20 21 to 50 wage wage wage earners, earners, earners, inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. 51 to 100 STATE. _ A , Wage earners (average number). wage earners, inclusive. Estab- | lish- ! ments. i Establish- i ments. Establish- j Wage :Establish- ments, j earners. ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. | United States 1919.. I 78 321 249 32 6 37 54 5 66 92 115 4 39 3 3 115 95 1 86 1914.. 1 105 Connecticut . i 9 26 8 9 1 17 13 13 Indiana.... --I 22 13 62 157 9 Michigan.... | 29 20 7 11 1 6 1 2 45 70 New Jersey !4 i; l ;.: 1 86 J ;: 686 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PBODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. .... 1909 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. "l909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 All classes 78 105 6S 321 249 290 $5,698,403 $2,313,606 $1,737,234 $1,794,986 $748,771 $481,756 Less than §5,000 32 27 9 6 1 4 71 20 10 3 1 44 12 7 19 16 17 61 62 29 64 40 108 90,544 257,369 319,701 / 1,415,124 \ 13,615,665 146,100 195,040 432,808 70,594 120,316 249,908 51,109 184,275 139,855 / 525,732 \ 1894,015 86,365 92,092 72,089 44,573 62,579 111, 107 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } * / 112 \ 1157 } « 78 | 1,539,658 1,296,416 } 498,225 263,497 $500,000 to $1,000,000 All classes. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. ioo.o: ioo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0; 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.0 67.6 34.6 19.0 11.5; 9.5 7.7 2.9 5. 2 1. 0 64.7 17.6 10.3 5.9! 24.5 5.0 i 24.9 5.3 I 11.6 22.1 13.8 37.2 1.6 4.5 5.6 6.3 8.4 18.7 4.1 6.9 14.4 2.8 10.3 7.8 11.5 12.3 9.6 9.3 13.0 23.1 54.7 } - { 21:11> 39.o / 24.8 \ 63.5 } 66.5 1 29.3 \ 49.8 | 66.5 26.9 74.6 1 Includes the group "$1,000,000 and over." Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number Average I Number Average CHARACTER OF Census of es- number Value of ! CHARACTER OF Census of es- number Value of OWNERSHIP. year. tablish- of wage products. OWNERSHIP. year. tablish- of wage products. ments. earners. ments. earners. All classes 1919 78 321 $5,698,403 Percent of total: 1914 105 249 2,313,606 Individual 1919 65.4 14.3 13.6 1909 68 290 1,737,234 1914 61.9 27.7 8.8 1919 , 51 46 777,691 1909 64.7 59.3 28,2 1914 65 69 202,974 1919 21.8 69.5 83.3 1909 44 172 490,642 1914 15.2 51.8 79.9 1919 . 17 223 4,744,092 1909 16.2 32.8 68.0 1914 16 129 1,848,654 1919 12.8 16.2 3.1 1909 11 95 1,181,309 1914 22.9 20.5 11.3 Ail other 1919 10 52 176,620 1909 19.1 7.9 3.8 1914 24 51 261,978 1909 13 23 65,283 Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam engines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors.. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented ' -. Generated by establishments reporting.. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 70 1914 1909 74 74 147 24 57 52 Ml 7 4 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 1,833 1,691 1,512 129 50 142 142 492 142 350 1914 1909 2,309 j 1, 959 I il,608! 251 100! 350 "356" 181 'lki' i 979 39 71 129 104 25 104 104 Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 100.0 92.3 82.5 7.1 2.7 7.7 7.7 100.0 28.9 7L1 100.0 84.8 10.9 4.3 15.2 "i5.*2 100.0 *i66."6" ioo.o 89.4 80.4 3.2 5.8 10.6 8.5 2.1 100.0 100.0 i Includes turbines. ESSENTIAL OILS. 687 Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. Anthra- cite ; (tons, 2,240 lbs.) Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 lbs.) United States Connecticut .1919.. 1914.. 8,943 3,959 303 5,3S4 5,568 500 Gasoline (barrels)J i (barrels). 4,001 159 Gas , (1,000 cubic feet). 7,296 343 ; Authra- i Bitu- cite | minous (tons, '* (tons, 2,240 lbs.) |2,GO01bs.) : Fuel oils I (barrel1?). Gasoline and other] volatile oils (barrels). Indiana . j 12 549 Michigan i 668 . New Jersey.. :8,450 590! All other states 1 178 3,077 I 4,000' 21 163 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). L296 6; 000 ^Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 11 presents comparative statistics for products for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Refined oil of peppermint as reported for 1919 shows an average unit value of $7.97 per pound as compared with $2.28 in 1914 and 11.86 in 1909. In like manner, oil.of spear- mint, crude, carries an average unit value of $4.86 per pound for 1919, as compared with $2.52 for 1914 and $2.49 for 1909; black birch an average value of 13.44 is shown for 1919, $1.64 for 1914, and $1.52 for 1909; and witch-hazel extract shows an increase from $0.61 per gallon 1909 to $0.63 in 1914 and to $0.92 in 1919. Table 11.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1914 Number of establishments. The classified industry Establishments reporting subsidiary prod- ucts (other industries) Total value of products The classified industry, all products Subsidiary products of other industries. Oil of peppermint: Crude (for sale as such)— Number of establishments. Pounds Value Refined- Number of establishments. Pounds Value Oil of speannint (crude): Number of establishments Pounds. Value Oil of black birch: Number of establishments Pounds Value - 187 107 74 78 105 68 6 9; 2 $5,897,469 | $2,565,361 $1,773,304 5,698,403 1 2,313,606 199,066 J 251,755 | 1,773,304 51! 269,6si $450,981 138,042 254,793 5493,157 $353,076 98,191 109,198 $782,979 $248,541 36,700 $68,098 1909 Oil of s Number of establishments. Pounds- Value- Oil of cedar: Pounds Value Oil of cloves: Pounds Value Oil of lemon: Pounds Value Oil of nutmeg: Pounds... Value Oil of sandalwood: Pounds Value Other essential oils s Witch-hazel extract: Gallons Value. 29,990 $145,749 1 9 !. 21,568 | $74,290 i 94,209 $238,074; 33,400 $S3,2S3 All other products, value. 41,178 $67,691 67,053 $102,045 \ 1919 1914 1909 6 194,317 $158,414 (a) (3) 9,629 $29,148 (*) (*> 220,977 $680,218 (*) (a) 33,608 $61,687 (*) (*> 48,114 $68,472 (a) CO""' 21,326 $207,759 $1,698,861 (2) $382,100 (*) $407,398 675,345 $620,075 917,690 $575,938 691,823 $419,793 $876,660 $699,941 ! $241,706 i Distributed by states (87)—Michigan, 29; Indiana, 22; Connecticut, 10; Tennessee, 6; New York, 5; New Jersey, 4; California, 3; Pennsylvania, 3; Virginia, 2; Ken- tucky^ New Hampshire, 1; and Ohio, 1. »Includes, 1919, oil of apricot, bay, belladonna, bitter almond, camphor, copaiba, celery, coriander, cubeb, erigerou, henbane, mare's tail, mustard, orange, orris root, parsley, patchouly, peach, pimento, tansy, vetiver, wintergreen, wormwood, etc. 688 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Table 12 gives the comparative statistics for the number of establishments; average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, cost of materials, and value of products, for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 13 is a detailed statement, by states, for 1919. Table 12.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. i Num-! Wa«e I Cen-lberof,™ sus lestab- (ayer 1 year, lish- ^ 1919 . : 1914 1 1909 , 78 i 105 i 68 1 321 249 290 1,833 2,309 1,218 $391 133 123 j $3,903! 1,565 1,255 i $5,698 2,314 1,737 Indiana i 1919 22 1 13 39 15 25 179 1914 , 29 j 61 43 30 18 102 1909 8 15 60 5 2 21 Cost of !Value of ^ . i Wages.; mate- ! prod- Primary; rials, j ucts. horse- j power. 1 Expressed in thousands. Michigan. All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage [ age num ber). horse-' I power. 62 38 54 716 619 365 246 1,079 150 1,647 221 793 Cost of Wages, mate- | rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. 319 86 101 $669 , $951 226 1 492 415 486 3,209 1,321 4,568 1,720 1,230 Table 13.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. i United stales. Connecticut Indiana Michigan New Jersey All other states 3 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 493 48 41 115 192 97 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 74 Sala- Clerks, etc. cers, j super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Wage earners. \\ Number, 15th day of— Aver- j age . 11UJ?" Maximum | Minimum oer* r month. month. 49 28! 21: 321 ! Au 396 ; My 274 4 1 12; 13 I 19 i 3 i 26 13 62 157 63 Ja i Se Au Do 46 1 Jyi 9 47 1 De> 0 116 I Ja i 47 184 i Mh 138 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 16 and over. Total. Male. : Fe- j male. Un- der • 16, male. 441 25 3 51 49 ■, 117; 184 1 68 - 49 1 2 i 49 i !, 114; 3 , 161 20 i 3 Capital. $6,379,910 544,305 57,095 974,755 4,466,823 336,932 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. §151,144 12,600 1,000 55,451 43,684 38,409 Clerks, etc. 877,646 13,683 38,631 10,909 expenses—continued. Salaries ! and ! wages- Continued. Wage earners. Rent and taxes. For materials. For ; contract work. Rent of factory. United States.. .1 Connecticut' Indiana I Michigan! r Jersey "" er states a $391,213 i 82,000 j $25,835 19,791 !25 15,535: I 252 56,849 2,000 i 79 214,214 , '16,000 84,824 1 9,529 Federal, I state, 1 Principal county, materials, and local. $1.22,773 | $3,808,067 Fuel and rent of power. i Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. 1,572 j 5,431 I 11,857 , 87,361 I 16,552 | I 244,383 20,623 659,599 2,183,691 699,771 $95,350 6,035 4,729 9,291 44,439 30,856 $5,698,403 472,315 179,288 951,250 3,088,225 1,007,325 $1,794,986 221,897 153,936 2S2,360 860,095 276,698 Primary horsepower. Total. 345 39 715 411 3243 Owned. Inter- j Steam j J**'' , engines i l Water. 'gines. 1,512; 129 185 1 10! 690! 406 i 221 Elec- trie _ji horse- ! power i goner- i ated Rent- ed, elec- tric. in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 350 50 | 25 I 5 62 5 340 1 Same number reported for one or more other months, 'one reported for one or more other months. ^ther states embrace: California, 1 establishment; Kentucky. 1; Now York, 6; Ohio, 1; Pennsylvania, 3; Tennessee, 1; Virginia, 2. ? water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). EXPLOSIVES. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report covers the commercial manufacture of the various explosives. Establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of cartridges, detonators, fuses, etc., are in- cluded under "Ammunition,'' and those making colored fires, rockets, and similar products under "Fireworks." The general statistics do not include establishments operated by the Federal Government, but the statis- tics for the Federal establishments will be found in Table 11. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the general statistics for the industry for the census years 1879 to 1919, inclusive- Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 gives certain general statistics, namely, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture for states, ranked according to value of products. In this and other tables New Jersey ranking first, Mis- souri third, and several other important states can not be shown separately, and are therefore included in the group "All other states." Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is estimated by the method described in the "Ex- planation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 13. Wage earners, by months, for states.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 4, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accord- ance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Females constituted but 2.1 per cent of the average number employed in 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures in Table 5, show a very material decrease in the average hours of labor per week for the industry. In 1919, 87.6 per cent were employed in establishments where the pre- vailing hours of labor per week were 48 or less, whereas in 1914 but 10.1 per cent were in establishments of this character,and in 1909,3.4 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909,87.3 per cent of all wage earners were in establishments where the hours of labor were 60 or more per week, this percentage decreasing to 27.1 per cent in 1914 and to 6.7 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Comparative figures are not available for the prior census years. Table 6 shows the group employ- ing "1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive," is the largest in number of establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The average value of products per establishment as shown in Table 7, increased from $373,000 in 1914 to 8784,000 in 1919, though this increase is largely due to enhanced values, and this factor accounts in the main for the changes from lower to higher groups. Character of ownership.—The establishments are essentially under corporate ownership. In 1919 only two were owned by individuals and three by firms. The corporations reported 99.S per cent of the wage earners and 99.9 per cent of the products. The con- ditions at prior censuses were substantially the same. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 8 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 76.1 per cent were utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, either purchased or generated, as compared with 55.8 per cent in 1914 and 51.9 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 9 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914, and gives separately the amount consumed in states re- quiring considerable quantities of fuel for manufac- turing explosives. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889 AND 1879. TER CENT OF INCREASE. I 1S99 1SS9 1879 Number of establishments.- Persons engaged Proprietors and firm mem- bers Salaried employees , — Wage earners (av. number).. Primary horsepower Capital. Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including inter- nal revenue Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture8.. 2 lis; 15,429; 2 111! 2S! 20l 6.152i 2,099! 9,249j 6,3061 51,635 45.77S! $133,247f6S4| $71.351!414! 25,719,210! 7,795,623j 13,244,224 3.307". 335 12,504.986! 4,488.28s! 30,542i 7,645 2, 737.975 45,911.; 049 92,474,813 46,563,764 §50. 7.058; 21 7ft:' 274 (301 976 976 606 370! 065! 322,132 25,626)539 41,432.970 15,806,431 1, 124 ,1.13 24' .259 .,800! 29,665 542,307; 163 5,105,824 1,797,050! 3,SOS,774 2,450 97 5,293j 76S 4,502 19.195 $19,465,846 3,298,203 914.44' 2, aS3i 7561 7,65$ 146,662; 22.811,5481 40,139,661! 17.32S.113l s-81,075 & 70,511 17,203,667 I0,334;974l 29.602.8S4 17,125,4181 12,399,217 6,790,444 1914- 1919 69! (s) (3) (3) 2,353j 10,674! S13.539.478i 1.549.510t (*)'! (s) (3) J (») 5.4S1,?23 11", 352,615 5'. 870,892 l,340j (3V I £0,5S5,185 675,4141 <»)' (3) (s) \ (3) | 3,271,5491 5; 802,029' 2,530,4801 0.6 83.1 40.0 193.1 46.7 12.8 86, 230.3 300.5 178.6 299.5 750.0| 79 123 194.6| 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 19.4| -4.8| 175.1 0.5' 60.1 42.2 43.4 191. S 4.3 149.4 119.6| 12.3 3. -8.8! -30. 6 . -0.8 -12.5 -40. S 8.2! -3.6 IS. 6 6.5 -36.9! 30.1! 25.1 1889- 1899 1S79- 1SS9 4. 67. 28. 54. 117. 54. 96. 38. -68. 79 43. S; 112 32.6 35.6 39. S 82. 105.6 129.4 88.5! 67.6 50.8! 95.7 15.7! 132.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes deorease. Percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 'Represents 122 plants in 1919, 116 in 1914, and 124 in 1909. 1 Figures not available. 111367—23- -44 < Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. • Value of products, less cost of materials. (689) 690 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. Pennsylvania California si &5 WAGE EARNERS. Av- erage num- ber. 9,249 1,217 611 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 13.2 6.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thou- sands.) $92,475 11,446 6,408 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 12.4 6.9! VALUE ADDED BV MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $46,564 5,344 3,555 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 11.5 7.6 Illinois Ohio All other states £3 WAGE EARNERS. Av- erage num-| ber, 454 304 , 663 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 4.9' 3.3 72.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $3,780 2,790j 68,051 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 4. 3.01 73.6 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $1,514 1,317 34,834 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 3.3 3. Si 74.8 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. AU classes.. Cen- sus year. Proprietors and officials. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Proprietors and firm members...! 1919 I 1914 ! 1909 Salaried officers of corporations. ..! 1919 1914 Superintendents and managers...; 1919 i 1914 i 1909 Total. 15,429 8,425 7,058 1,549 350 242 28 20 21 131 92 06 1,390 238 155 | nfate. 13,433 ; 1,946 7,948 I 477 6,787 I 271 1,521 , I 342 I 232 1 14 15 . 13 I 126 90 , 64: PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 87.4 94.3 96.2 98.2 97.7 I 95.9 50.0 76.0 61.9 96.2 97.8 97.0 1,381 I 9 237 1 i 99.6 155 i !100.0 Fe- male. 1.8 2.3 4.1 50.0 25.0 38.1 3.8 2.2 3.0 0.6 0.4 Clerks and other subordinat esalaried employees. Wage earners (average number). Cen- sus year. 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. Total. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 | 1914 1909 4,631 1,769 542 9,249 6,306 6,274 9,349 6,298 6,267 Male. 2,903 1,379 488 9,059 6,227 6,067 9,059 6,219 6,060 Fe- male. 1,728 390 54 190 79 207 190 79 207 PER CENT OP TOTAL. Male. 62.7 78.0 90.0 97.9 98.7 96.7 97.9 98.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 37.3 22.0 10.0 2.1 1.3 3.3 2.1 1.3 3.3 Table 4.— WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. (The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females 1914 1909 California Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania Average number em- ployed during year. 9,249 9,059 190 0,306 6,274 611 454 304 1,217 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 11,809 11,362 447 6,398 5,813 1,011 491 355 1,490 Febru- ary. 9,903 9,654 249 6,168 5,737 779 469 297 1,192 March. 9,509 9,239 270 6,218 5,771 692 474 279 1,114 April. May. 8,922 , 8,776 j 146 i 6,154' 6,604 j 8,721 8,578 143 5,917 5,893 574 476 j 278 1,094 575 429 259 1,117 June. | July. August. 8,606 | 8,469 i 136 5,910 6,138 8,706 8,585 121 5,877 6,407 509 i 558 446 433 261 | 284 1,101 1,126 8,937 8,820 117 6,947 6,548 567 463 316 1,219 Sep- tember. 8,994 8,854 140 5,990 6,680 518 472 334 1,275 Octo- ber. 8,946 8,788 158 6,129 6,799 Novem- ber. 531 439 354 1,269 8,984 8,804 180 7,014 6,899 521 444 323 1,317 Decem- ber. 8,952 8,779 173 7,950 7,106 497 41£ 318 1,290 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 72.9 74.5 26.2 73.9 77.5 49.2 83.9 70.7 73.4 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. United States... 1919.. 1914.. 1909 California.. Total. 9,249 6,306 6,274 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 62 (s) Be- j tween! 48 | 54. and 54.! ,048 635 216 192 216 1,399 11,288 373 Bi tween | 54 and 60. 107 1,272 205 624 1,624 15,344 Over 60. 136 Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania. Total. 454 304 1,217 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 4S.i Be- tween| 48 and 54. 270 98 614 Be- tween! 54 and 101 62 60. Over 180 54 270 »Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 1 Corresponding figures not available. EXPLOSIVES. 691 Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States California Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania 3 ©X3 9,249 611 454 304 1,217 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYTNG- No wago earn- ers. . m 1 to 5 j 6 to 20 wage 1 wage earners, earners, inclusive. : inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, Mrri^ inclusive. | eamer:> Over 1,000 wage SB © 38; --5 und .. Consumed in snooting wells, pounds Received for contract work, shooting wells Consumed in works where produced, lbs... Blasting powder- Number of establishments + Kegs (25 pounds) Value Unit value, keg Gunpowder, black- Number of establishments4 Pounds Value Unit value, pound Other explosives, named in order of value, wit h iium- • ber of establishments (1919)—smokeless powder (7), guncotton (2), nitro- gelatin (3), nitrostarch (3). fuse powder (4), trinitro- toluol (3), ammonium nitrate (3), and fulminat- ing mercury (1)— Pounds Value All other products, value 27 212,529,733 $37,230,704 $0.175 15 30,622,923 $5,499,177 $0. IS 70 11 *67 50,361.210 714,684j $301,863 $0.42 7,621,915 $3,434,835 48,024,611 411 7,406,991 $12,168,473 $1.64 11,730,0941 $2,096,h79 $0. 18 1914 57,744,670 $24,936,595 $6,806,5871 26 223,667,630 $20,553,653 $0,092 20 18,113,601 $1,604,072 $0.09 5S 32 27 65,302,883 3,785,474 $950,611 $0.25 (e) 0) 61,517,409 48 8,296,947 $8,459,113 $1.02 8 7,685,036 $977,455 $0.13 21,076,624 $7,100,478 $1,787,588 1909 26 220,145,791 $20,998,820 $0.095 13 9,607,448 $863,209 $0.09 49 23 26 74,212,980 3,923,313 $863,360 $0.22 (fl) 0) 70,2S9,667 38 9,339,087 $9,608,265 $1.03 12,862,700 $1,736,427 $0,135 7,464,725 $3,913,787 $2,155,7931 1904 0) 130,920,829 $12,900,193 $0.10 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (l) 52,013,764 7,935,936 $1,620,117 $0.20 (8) 0) 44,077,828 0) 8,217,448 $7,377,977 $0.90 (M 10,383,944 $1,541,483 $0.15 6,303,825 $4,256,193 $1,906,921 1 Figures not available. a Strength 66°; varying strength in prior years. 8 In addition, explosives (guncotton and fulminating mercury) to the value of $129,514 were produced by establishments not engaged primarily in the manufacture of explosives. « Distribution by states, 1919: Dynamite, 27: Pennsylvania, 7; Missouri, 4; Now Jersey, 3; California, 2; Illinois, 2, Michigan, 2; Washington, 2; and 1 each in Alabama, Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wisconsin. Permissible explosives, 15: Missouri, 3; Pennsylvania, 3; California, 2; New Jersey, 2; and 1 each in Colorado. Illinois, Montana, Utah, and Washington. Nitroglycerin. 70: Pennsylvania, 13; Oklahoma, 8; Ohio, 7; West Virginia, 6; Illinois, 5; Kentucky, 4; Missouri, 4; New Jersey, 4; Texas, 4; 2 each in California, Kansas, Michigan, and Washington; and 1 each in Alabama, Colorado, Montana, New York, Utah. Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Blasting powder. 44: Pennsylvania, 12; Illinois, 4; Ohio, 4; 2 each in Alabama, Indiana, Kansas, New Jersey, Tennessee, and West Virginia; and 1 each In Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin. Gunpowder, black, 7: Ohio, 2; and 1 each in Delaware. Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York. * Number manufacturing nitroglycerin for consumption, 67; for consumption in the manufacture of dynamite, 27; for shooting wella, 40 (Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 4; New York, 1; Ohio, 6; Oklahoma, 7; Texas, 4; Illinois, 3; Pennsylvania, 6; West Virginia; 6; and Wyoming, 1). «Included above with "Sold as such." EXPLOSIVES. 693 The figures show an increase of 15 per cent in the total quantity of explosives for 1919 as compared with 1914, the output in 1914 being slightly less in quantity than that reported in 1909. Including the production of Federal establishments, figures for which are given in Table 11, the total production in 1919 was 558,847,332 pounds. The aggregate pro- duction of dynamite and permissible explosives was 243,152,656 pounds, valued at $42,729,881, as com- pared with 241,781,231 pounds, valued at 822,157,725, in 1914. The so-called permissible explosives are those which are approved by the United States Bu- reau of Mines as suitable for use in mines where dust or gas explosions are likely to occur. They were first- reported at the census of 1909. The principal states in the manufacture of dynamite were New Jersey, Missouri, Pennsylvania, California, Wisconsin, Washington, and Michigan, in the order named, these states producing 87.3 per cent of the total production, the first three named states pro- ducing more than one-half of the total. The leading states reporting permissible explosives were New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Missouri, in the order named, these states producing a little more than four-fifths of the total. Nitroglycerin,—The bulk of the nitroglycerin manufactured is consumed by the producing establish- ments in the manufacture of dynamite and similar explosives; 85.2 per cent of the total production was so used in 1919; 93.4 in 1914; 94.7 in 1909; and 84.7 in 1904. The table shows a consumption of nitro- glycerin in well shooting, the companies engaged in shooting wells, 40 in number, manufacturing the nitroglycerin. Over 95 per cent of the nitroglycerin sold as such was reported by establishments located in Oklahoma, Kentucky, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, in the order named. The leading states reporting blasting powder in 1919 were Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Kansas, in the order named, these states producing 75.3 per cent of the total production. Practically j all of the black gunpowder was reported by Ohio, i New York, Delaware, and Massachusetts, in the order named, these states reporting 92 per cent of the total. Manufactured guncotton was confined to two establish- ments. The total production of smokeless powder by all establishments in 1919, including those operated by the Federal Government, was 47,683,193 pounds, as compared with 12.684,072 pounds in 1914 and 6,315,067 pounds in 1909. Federal establishments.—Table 11 presents the statistics bearing upon the principal materials and products for the Federal establishments in 1919 with production figures for prior censuses. Table 11.—Federal Establishments. PRINCIPAL MATERIALS -1919. Sulphur tons.. Nitrate of soda tons.. Cotton pounds.. Diphenvlamin pounds.. Nitrocellulose pounds.. ■ Phenol pounds..; Grain alcohol gallons, .i MADE AND CONSUMED. j Sulphuric acid, 100° - tons.. Nitric acid, 100° tons..; Ether pounds., j Cellulose nitrate pounds.. j PRODUCTS. Explosives: 1 1919 pounds..; 191-1 pounds.. 1909 pounds.. 1901 pounds.. Smokeless powder--! 1919 pounds.. 191-4 pounds.. i Other— I 1919 ammonium pierate pounds... 1914 pounds.. j Quantity. 2,582 j 4,400 ,412,000 I IS, 490! 25,045 j 133,500 i 484,953! 6.440 2,600 1,9SS; 3S0 3, 536,500 4,683,927 5. 072,387 1,471,042 1,105,082 4,4S6,777 4,998,537 197,150 73,850 Cost. $70,130 286.99S 195', 162 11,093 7,648 61, 724 374,3S9 Valve. $2,223,614 1,632,335 656, 969 567, 804 2,082,470 141,144 GENERAL TABLES. Table 12 gives statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, for the principal items; number of establish- ments, average number of wage earners, primary horse- power, cost of materials, and value of products. Table 13 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown without disclosing the operations of individ- ual establishments. Table 12.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. i ; Num- | Cen- j ber of ! sus !estab- ! year, j lish- : !ments. Wage InX 1 horse- num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. United States 1 1919; us! y> 249 51,635 *12,505 $45,911 $92,475 I 1914 j in i 306 j 45,778 i 4,4SS 25,627 41,433 i 1909 1 S6; 6 274 | 2,8,601 \ 4,304 22;812 40,140 Illinois j 1919 j 9 i 454 1 1,710 393 2,205 3,780 i 1914! 9' ■m 2, OSS 194 1,655 2,582 .J 1919! ! 1909 S 290 1,828 190 935 1,469 Ohio 12 , 304 4,086 417 1,474 2.790 ! 1914! u! 311; 5,640! 18S 972 1,439 ! 1909' 11 358 i 2,692' 204 1,104 I', 719 Cost of: Value of Wages, mate- prod- rials, ucts. Cen- sus year. Penusjivama.. All other states. Wage ber of ^"5* Primary, est-ab- 'flVAr-' lish- ments. (aver- age num- ber). horse- power. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 26 1.217 33 1,037 27' 1,033 71 58 40 7,274 4,592 4.593 Cost of Valued ! mate- prod- 1 rials. ucts. Expressed in thousands. 6,S97 5,831 4.594 38,936 32,218 19,487 £1.584; 710 I 629 10,111 3,390 3,281 $6,103 1 $11,447 4,107 6,003 4,OSS 6,388 30,069 74,458 18,893 31,409 16.685 30,564 694 MANUFACTURES, Table 13.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United State: California Illinois Kansas Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania All other states 2.. Capital. $133,247,684 12,612,729 4,294,438 1,402,974 4,349,334 1,292,118 15,037,033 94,259,058 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. $6,286,185 $6,958,039 367,032 149,360 567,466 168,665 81,599 191,002 37,420 116,191 83,056 486,387 4,927,749 18,373 764,366 5,285,558 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—1 Continued United States California Illinois Kansas Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania All other states *— Wage earners. For contract work $12,504,986 |$30,542 947,109 393,133 88,533 417,024 149,013 1,583,890 8,926,28 i 2,451 28,091 Rent and taxes. Rent of] factory. $15,714 435 2,905 5,454 2,370 4,550 For materials. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Principal materials. $2,722,261 $43,194,669 327,872 37,036 45,332 170,728 41,616 352,640 1,747,037 Fuel and rent of power. i$2,716,380 2,670,924 2,181,021 490,363 1,387,511 537,048 5,821,596 30,106,206 181,457 84,315 15,771 86,151 11,477 281,385 2,055,824 Value of products. '$92,474,813 407,547 779,743 955,150 790,301 063,310 446,493 032,269 Value added by manu- facture. $46,563,764 3,555,166 1,514,407 449,016 1,316,639 514,785 5,343,512 33,870,239 Primary horsepower. Total. 51,635 7,209 1,716 616 4,086 439 6,897 30,672 Owned. Steam engines |(not tur- bines). 23,304 875 1,595 616 2,077 439 3,957 13,745 Steam tur- bines. 10,372 1,400 500 38 8,434 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 40 Wator| pow- 1,433 125 405 903 Rent- ed (elec- tric). Elec- tric horse- i; power is gener- ated in jj estab- lish- es ments report- ing. 16,486 4,8 115 1,509 2,483 7,570 22,819 1,720 905 1,676 405 1,179 16,265 1 Represents 122 plants. * All other states embrace: Alabama, 2 establishments; Arkansas, 1; Colorado, 2; Delaware, 1; Indiana, 2; Iowa, 1; Kentucky, 4; Massachusetts, 1 (4 plants); Michigan, 2; Minnesota, 1; Missouri, 5; Montana, 1; New Jers ey, 10; New York, 2; Tennessee, 2; Texas, 4; Utah, 1; Washington, 2; West Virginia, 8 (9 plants); Wisconsin, 2; and Wyo- ming, 1. 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irresp ective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). FERTILIZERS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report covers the manufacture of commercial fertilizers. It does not include fertilizer materials used without special manu_ facture, such as phosphate rock, farm manures, etc. neither does it include crude cottonseed, the products of cottonseed-oil mills, nor tankage from slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, when used direct. Large quantities of these products, however, are used as ma- terial by the fertilizer factories, and as such are in- cluded in this report. Comparative summary.—Table 1 summarizes the sta- tistics for the censuses from 1879 to 1919, inclusive, with percentages of increase. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 presents the more important statistics for the in- dustry, by states, ranked according to value of products. Some of these states, namely, Massachusetts, Michigan; Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Washington, in- cluded with "All other states/' ranked higher than some states shown in the table. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months.—Statistics shown in Table 4 are designed to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial con- ditions existing during the year. Figures are given separately for all states reporting over 800 wage earners. Comparatively few females are employed as wage earners, only 1.6 per cent of the average number. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures presented in Table 5 emphasize the tendency toward the shortening of the hours of labor. Of the total number of wage earners employed, only three-tenths of 1 per cent were in establishments where the prevailing hours per week were 48 or less in 1909, and 1.2 percent in 1914, while in 1919 this proportion was 9.1 per cent. On the other hand in 1909, 93.4 per cent were in the 60 hours per week and over groups, and in 1914, 71.5 per cent; whereas in 1919 these groups carried but 34.7 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The figures in Table 6 show a drift toward larger establishments. Although there were fewer establishments than in 1914, the figures showing a decrease of 23.5 per cent in number, yet the wage earn- ers in 1919 exceeded those in 1914 by 15.3 per cent. In 1914, 4.1 per &ent of the wage earners were in estab- lishments employing fewer than 6 wage earners, and 11.7 per cent were in establishments employing over 250 wage earners; whereas in 1919 but 2.2 per cent of all wage earners were employed in the lower groups, and 19.3 per cent in the groups of over 250 wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 7 shows that this classification was materially influenced by the advance in values for 1919 as compared with the pre-war censuses. The average value of products per establishment for all classes for 1919 was approxi- mately $468,000, as compared with $195,000 in 1914, and $189,000 in 1909. Character of ownership.—Table 8 presents statistics based upon the character of ownership, or legal or- ganization, of establishments in the industry foi 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for the principal states. Of the 600 establishments, 482, or 80.3 per cent, were owned by corporations in 1919, and these employed 96.2 per cent of the wage earners and reported 96.1 per cent of the products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the statistics concerning power.. Electric power is a growing factor; purchased electric power constituted 63.4 per cent of the total primary power in 1919, as compared with 41.5 per cent in 1914 and 19.4 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents the statistics for fuel consumed, by kinds and by states, for 1919 and 1914. (695) 696 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture5 i 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 j 1879 600 784 550 399 422 390 364 32,522 219 6,007 26,298 28,301 373 5,113 22,815 21,950 323 3,317 18,310 16,091 294 1,613 14,184 13,654 361 1,712 11,581 (2) (2) (2) (2) 8, 598 a 9,026 125,939 $311,633,259 114,281 $217, 064,890 64,711 $121, 537,451 47,989 S6S, 917,264 38,680 $60,6S5,753 28,240 $40,594,168 (2) §17,913,660 30,934,732 11,571,600 25,363,132 17,774,447 7,242,442 10,532,005 11,882,815 4,405,636 7,477,179 7,061,139 1,933,992 5,127,147 6,310, 261 2,124,972 4,185,289 4,671,831 (2) (2) 2,648,422 (2) (2) 171,318 S, 475,314 185,040,522 281,143,587 96,103,065 192, 859 1,271,417 107,954,644 153,196,152 45,241,50S 36,935j 43,632 816,242i * 326,177 69,521,9201 39,287,914 103,960,213; 56,541,253 34,438, 293| 17,253,339 23,493 < 384,611 2S,958,473 44,657,385 15,698,912 (2) <2) (2) <*) 25,113,874 39,180,844 14,066,970 15,595,078 23,650,795 8,055,717 1914- 1919 -23.5 14.9 -41.3 17.5 15.3 10.2 43.6 107.8 59. S 140.8 -11.2 566.6 71.4 83.5 112.4 * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. 5 Value of products less cost of materials. PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 42.5 28.9! 15- 5 54.1{ 24.6j 76.6! 78.6 49.6| 64.4j 40.9| 1899- 1904 37.8 36.4 9.9 105.6 29.1! 34. 8| 76. 4j 68.3: 127. 8 45.8! 422.2, 55.8, 55.3: 47.4! 31. 4' 99.6! -15.3 *76."9| -5.5 17.8 -18.6 -5.8 22.5 24.1 13.6 11.9 -9.0 22.5 35.7 26.6 9.9 1889- 1899 8.2 (3) 37.01 49.5 15.3 14.0 11.61 1879- 1889 7.1 * Exclusive of internal revenue. (') 126.6 76.4 61.0 65.7 74.6 Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- Imentsj United States| Georgia.. Maryland...... South Carolina North Carolina Virginia New Jersey— Ohio Alabama Florida Pennsylvania.. Tennessee . Illinois - 600 144 45 50 45 43 19 23 40 24 31 10 12 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 26,296 4,152 3,102 2,765 2,077 2,354 1,740 1,197 1,136 1,390 1,021 821 953 Per cent dis-! tribu- tion. 100.0 15.8 11.8 10.5 7.9 9.0 6.6 4.6 4.3 5.3 3.9 3.1 3.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount Per Amount Per (ex- cent (ex- cent pressed dis- i 1 pressed dis- ■3 • in thou- tribu- in thou- tribu- sands). tion. sands). tion. $281,144 100.0 $96,103 100.0 47,480 16.9 1! 16,713 17.4 1 37,014 13,2 2! 12,319 12.8 2 30,412 10.8 3 1 10,983 11.4 3 27,551 9.8 4 8,945 9.3 4 22,891 8.1 5! 8,693 9.0 5 15,758 5.6 6! 3,947 4.1 8 14,042 5.0 7! 5,971 6.2 6 11,625 4.1 8; 4,049 4.2 7 10,686 3.8 9 i 3,528 3.7 10 8,731 3.1 10I 2,886 3.0 11 6,842 2.4 11! 2,830 3.0 12 6,160 2.2 12 | 2,437 2.5 13 Num- ber of estab-j lish- ments! Indiana :13 Louisiana \ 6 Maine \ 10 Mississippi \ 9 California j 17 Connecticut ! 6 Texas j 9 Kentucky ;4 Delaware 7 All other states..! 33 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- ago num- ber. 328 584 174 370 284 188 190 81 41 1,348 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 1.2 2.2 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 5.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount] (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $4,713 4,197 4,055 3,627 3,610 3,599 1,593 1,000 630 14,928 Per cent! dis- i j tribu-j a tion. I 5 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 5.3 Amount] (ex^ in thou- sands). $1,980 1,563 978 959 1,077 1,042 492 265 < 120 4,326 Per cent dis- tribu-| tion. 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 4.5 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 32,522 28,301 21,950 2,133 1,930 1,323 219 373 323 623 642 406 1,291 915 594 Male. 31,292 27,713 21,547 2,086 1,906 1,313 209 357 316 592 635 401 1,285 914 593 Fe- male. 1,230 588 403 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 96.2 97.9 98.2 97.! 95.4 95.7 97.8 95.0 98.9 99.5 99.5 99.9 Fe- male. 3.8 2.1 1.8 1.2 0.8 4.6 4.3 2.2 5.0 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 4,093 3,556 2,317 26,296 22,815 18,310 26,228 22,785 18,243 Male. Fe- male. 3,318 3,090 2,042 25,888 22,717 18,192 25,820 22,687 18,125 775 466 275 408 98 118 408 98 118 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 81.1 86.9 88.1 98.4 99.6 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 18.9 13.1 Hi 9 1.6 0.4 0.6 1.6 0;4 0.6 FERTILIZERS. 691 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number j; em-: 1 1 ployed | ;ppvni during ;jJanuary, ary March. NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OB NEAREST REPRESENTATTVE DAY. April. May. Sun, j July. AugtBt. ^ Octot.,, ^ XT United States: 1919 Males... Females 1914 1909 ! Per ! cent ! mini- i mum is of : maxi- ; mum. Pennsylvania. Tennessee. Virginia | 2,354 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Cen- sus vear. Alabama. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 Georgia !1919 ! 1914 Total, |22,815 18,310 Florida. Illinois. Louisiana. Maryland 1919 1914 j 1,136 1,416 1,390 i 781 j i4.152 |3,S33 '953 1919; 1914 1919 1914 584 i 408 3,102 1,991 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 574 (f) (2) (3) (2) 140 (a; 18 (-) Be- I tween! 44 | 4S.1 and i 48.! Be- tween] 48 and 54. 2111 1,608 921 <2) | 2811 500 (a) i 51j 22 0) 21 (2) (2) i 174! 0) (2) 126 4 178 41 670 10 56 121 Be-; tween 54 60. and 60. 3,624 2,656j 332 10.23S 8,395 i 725 j 3,061114,282«2t 035! 806114,502;2,597 i 150 31 181 271 32 542 2 422 146 102 635 109 Over 60. 508! 303 102 |l, 020' 427: 650; 100 | 399: 2,068 • 1,298! '837 12,163 221 i 167! 175 250 334 j. 206 129 1,130 1,246 121 1,633 j On- New Jersey 1919 1914 North Carolina 1919 ; i9i4 Ohio j 1919 '1914 Pennsylvania j 1919 1914 South Carolina 1919 1914 i Tennessee 1919 1914 Virginia 1919 1914 1,740 1,530 2,077 1,690 1,197 1,005 1,021 1,110 2,765 2,050 , 821 706 , 2,354 2,470 j IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE P REV AILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. Be- Be- ! Be-! 1 ; 44 and un- der. tween 44 48.1 tween 4S 54, 54 ! 60. n™ ! and. i 60- and 4S. and 5L • 60.! (■') 63 (2) 76 13 68 356 11.074; 26 i 66 I 197; 104 46 ;1.236 167 •(V)" 5: 20 IS ', ss: 9 j 116 j 66 32; 18! 204 j 76 | ....11,408: 397 66! 501! 983 95 | 66 j 37! 38; 646 I 114 1 13 I3) (2) 20 | 33 3$6 88 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. s Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. 2-03: 536; 315 , 635 12 1,024' 39 !1,704! 792 j "365 1,507 241 383 772 ,1,151 124 1.527 143 53 126 61 174 1 15 21 82 163 ! Est*b-i eSnlrs ■ li3 i Si 3,946 3,385 382 167 754 67 6S 173 36 444 198 104 473 57 313 5,705 6,448 7 I 1 16 10 j 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. Over 5O0 wage earners. II "go 9 521 76 1,154 149 438 | 248! 6S1! 591 j 9,420: 7,206 11 i 12 7 1 3.S60 2,676; 2 1, 205 439 I 142 j 626 | Si 3 i ?l 149 1,072 i 1,682 112 444! ! 49S I 307 793! 355: 34Q 1,094 343 i 1,256 582 1, 205 1,086 2; 584 1 25*1 j 698 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 600 Less than $5,000 i 16 $5,000 to $20,000 1 59 $20,000 to $100,000 !143 $100,000 to $500,000 j 202 5500,000 to $1.000,000 | 94 $1,000,000 and over ;£6 1914 784 50 130 225 59 24 1909 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 26,296 54 95 j ISO 211 10 18 172 957 4,816 6, 237 24, 096 1914 22,815 1909 18,310 73! 67 430 j 295 2,497 j 1,828 14, 308 j 13, 330 5,507! 2,790 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 1914 $281,143,587 $153,196,152 1909 47, 8S1 748,054 7,986,830 50,761,280 69, 281,192 152, 318, 350 139,999 1, 499,136 15,329,941 56, 559,037 42, 904,832 36, 763,207 $103,960,213 134,901 1,103,092 8,668,258 76,746,170 17,307,762 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 $96,103,065 21, 324 294, 571 2,324,991 16,0S2, 679 26, 249, 213 51,130, 287 1914 j 1909 $45,241,508 63, 587 497,622 3, 799,132 28,697,899 12,183,268 $34,438,293 65,962 402,193 2,762,302 25,800,348 5, J07,488 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 2.7 9.8 23.8 33.7 15.7 14.3 6.4 9. S i 16.6 | 17.3 j 37.8 32.7 (l) 0.3 i 0.4 1.9 1.6 10.9 I 10.0 (l)! 0.1 0.3 I 1.0 2, 8 j 10.0 / IS. 1 1 36.9 \ 24.6 1 28.0 54.2 24.0 0.1 1.1 8.3 ! (l) 0.1 1.1 0.2 1.2 8.0 $5,000 t o $20,000 0.5 2.6 j 13.3 \ 17.2 66.4 | 0.3 i 2.4 U 16.7 j\ 27.3 1 53.2 $20,000 to $100,000 8.4 $100,000 to $.500,000 | 62.7 72.8 | 73.8 16.6 | &3.4 26.9 $500,000 to $1,000,000 74.9 $1,000,000 and over 3.1 l.S 24.1 15.2 15.7 i 'Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. STATE. Cen- sus year. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— * Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. United States. 1919 1914 1909 55 94 95 482 582 369 63 108 86 Alabama 1919 ~ 2 36 68 2 1914 5 7 California 1919 2 14 1 1914 1 14 1 Florida 1919 22 2 1914 2 19 1 Georgia 1919 13 112 19 1914 22 168 40 Illinois 1919 1 10 1 1914 1 9 2 Indiana 1919 3 10 1914 | 4 7 3 Louisiana.... 1919 6 1914 6 Maine 1919 1 6 3! 1914 ; l 5 2| Maryland 1919 1 6 32 7 1914 ! 9 29 10 Mississippi.. 1919 1 2 9 1914 1919 ! 2 9 New Jersey... 13 4 1914 4 14 5 North Carolina... 1919 1914 3 4 39 33 3 Ohio 1919 1 22 1914 3 20 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 8 15 16 16 16 South Carolina... 1919 1914 3 2 46 52 1 Tennessee 1919 2 8 1914 1 12 2 Virginia 1919 1 40 2 1914 4 51 2 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 26,296 22,815 18,310 1,136 1,416 2S4 196 1,390 781 4,152 3,833 953 696 32S 193 584 408 174 155 3,102 1,991 370 379 1,740 1,530 2,077 1,690 1,197 1,005 1,021 1,110 2, 765 2, 050 821 706 2,354 2,470 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 377 447 354 15 J 16 Cor- pora- tions. 25,291 21,537 17,166 AH oth- ers. 62S S31 790 26 39 | 44 | 2 53 »6 a 103 1,099 1,366 268; 3 196 i ! 1, 390 763! 3,829 i 3,502 312 167 5S4 408 131 103 3,008 1, 847 370 1 379 1,701 1, 415 2,002 1,611 i 1,197 999 2,712 2, 044 i 821 595 2,32-4 2,367 137 35 282 281 1 43 1 52 1 39 37 20 65 1 111 130 Per cent of total. Indi-| Cor- vid- j pora- uals. i tions. 1.4 2.0 1.9 I 96.2 94.4 93.8 1.1 5.6 2.3 j 1.0 1.3 4.9 9.3 1.6 4.2 2.0 3.1 0.6 3.8 4.0 1.0 0.3 4.2 96.7 96.5 : 94. 4 100.0 100.0 97.7 92.2 91.4 100.0 97.4 95.1 f*6.5 100.0 100.0 75.3 66.5 97.0 92.8 100.0 100.0 97.8 92.5 96.4 95.3 100.0 99.4 94.2 I 90.2! All oth- ers. 2.4 3.6 4.3 3.3 2.5 6.8 7.3 2.6 24.7 33.5 1.4 3. 1 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.6 2.0 98.1 1. 99.7 i 100.0 84.3 98.7 95.8 15.7 1.3 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. 11,624,913 10, 869, 679 3,609, 704 2,330,761 10,685,819 6,995,051 47,479,842 29,045,903 6,159,S17 3,775,287 4,713,067 1,135,794 4,197,285 2,818,455 4,054,69S 1,583, 4S1 37,014,097 13,9S6,704 3,626,674 2,059,786 15,758,105 11,197,690 27,551,316 10,307,856 14,042,055 7,245,998 8,731,281 6,177,610 30,411,575 13,824,659 6,841, 797 4,372, 427 22,891,353 11,350,12^ O f establishments owned by- Individ- I Corpora- uals. j tions. $4,412,170 2,477,012 1,907,199 j$270,173,402 144,912,161 98,006,672 $6, 558,015 5,806,979 4,046, 342 119, 650 2 356,794 63,095 522,780 461,049 142,560 62,409 480,472 409,025 171,174 726,637 384,074 a 34,674 432,283 226,342 a 512,062 2 81,586 1 includes the group "Individuals," > Includes the group "All others." 2 776,373 1 Includes the groups 11, 173, 238 10,231,495 3,252,910 *2,330,761 UO, 685,819 6,931,956 44,705,560 26,225,456 3 6, 159,817 3,742,619 4,570,507 1,062,509 4,197,2S5 2,818,455 3,741,687 1,316,998 36,104,218 13,162,182 3,626,674 1 2,059,7S6 15,091,537 10,792,490 26, 471,882- 9, 882,332 1 11, 042,055 7, 211,324 8,032,642 5,658,021 29,899,513 13, 743, 073 1 6,841, 797 4,121,727 22,482,233 10, 573, 747 All others. 1 451,675 518, 534 2,251,502 2,359,398 1 32,668 "i6"876 1 313,011 1 266,483 429, 407 415, 497 1 666,568 234,026 352,797 41, 450 266, 356 293,247 1 250,700 1 409,120 Per cent of total. Indi- Cor- vid- I pora- uals.: tions. 1.6 1.6 1.8 96.1 94.6 94.3 1.1 9.9 0.9 1.1 1.6 3.0 5.5 All oth- ers. 2.3 3.8 3.9 96.1 94.1 90.1 100.0 100.0 99.1 94.2 90.3 100.0 99.1 i 97.0 93.5 100.0 100.0 92.3 83.2 97.5 94.1 100.0 100.0! 95.8 96.4 3.9 4.8 4.7 8.1 0.9 "i."6 2.6 j 3.7 I 96.1 95.9 I 100.0 0.5 I 99.5 5.0 3.7 1.7 0.6 6.8 92.0 91.6 98,3 99.4 100.0 94.3 98.2 93.2 7.7 16.8 1.2 3.0 4.2 2.1 1.3 0.4 3.1 4.7 5.7 1.8 'Individuals" and "All others.' FERTILIZERS. 699 Table 9.— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam i Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. 1919 125,939 1914 114,281 1909 Per cent distribution. 1919 ! 1914 i 1909 64,711 100.0 loao: 46,053 40,482 39,274 1,208 4,862 709 79,886 79,886: 66,476 j 60,353 (*) <*) 5,786; 337 47, SQ5 47,450 355 51,967 49,777 (a) («) 1,825 365 12,744 12,579 165 36.6 32.1 31-2 0.9 3.9; 0.6 1 63-4 63.4 58.2 52.8 5.1 0.3 41. S 41.5 0-3 761 438 323 93,111 79,886 13,225 65,266 47,450 17,816 19,238 12,579 6,659 100.0 fc5.8 14.2 100.0 72.7 27.3 i Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. * Not reported separately. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. 100.0 80.3 2.S 0.6 19.7 19.4 0,3 100.0 65.4 34.6 I Cen- sus vear. United States :1919 ! 1914 Per cent of in- I crease.» Alabama !1919 1914 I California i 1919 '1914 Connecticut. Delaware Florida Georgia.. Illinois.. Indiana. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine. 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 I 1919 i 1914 1 1919! 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- j Bitu- cite i 'minous (tons, i (tons, 2,240 1 2.000 pounds), pounds). Coke • Fuel (tons, oils 2,000 ! (bar- pounds).} rels). 12,749 349,612 13,451 | 433,359 -5.2 -19.3 29,981 31, 893 125 26 127 150 33 1,217 282 8,526 7,250 14,496 22,807 25,756 18,458 5,403 4,175 1,671 7,242 2,788 320 775 G&sc- { line and i Gas other; (1,000 volatile cubic oils j feet). (bar- j rels). Cen- sus 1 year. Anthra- Bitu- cite1 minous (tons, (tons, 2,240 2,000 pounds), pounds). Gaso- 1 line Coke Fuel ; and Gas (tons, oils < other (1,000 2,000 pounds). (bar- ; volatile cubic rels). oils (bar- , rels). feet). 1,306 j 64,442 2,033 -35. S 27,851 156.5 6,933 54,397 I1 Maryland 1919 i! (J) 49,631 !| j 1914 i! (2); 9.6 !| ;jj ==!== I Mississippi I 1919 131 I j! !1914 1 27,204 25,314 11,610 j 13,588 i (2) 195! 12,203 (s) j 20 19,435 2,216 1,420' 1,564 | 3,989 | 3,973: \ 20 . j 2 623 !. ! ^ j- '986; ; (2)! 140 334 (2) 72 (3J 125 31,500 18,373 225 10 (a) New Jersey ■ 1919 j ; 1914! North Carolina I 1919 j I 1914! Ohio | 1919 1914 Pennsylvania | 1919 I 1914 South Carolina 1919 1914 5,545; 8,279 Tennessee. Texas 1919 1914 1919 1914 394 2,391 Virginia 1919 1 | 1914! All other states I 1919 | I 1914! 1,209 954 3,912 1.582 3,151 170 157 | (2) 6,245 i . 25 (*) 47,276 !■ 39,290 527 987 1 195 (*) 103: 20,285 ii 26,466! 139 230 i 1,217 1,323 (2) 25,826 !. 34,519 ;|. 32.726!; 50,267'! 20,162 il. 25,017 j;. 13,530 t 27,333 jj. 22 94 200 1,983 46 28,656 il. 56,284 !|. 35,494;! 54,351 H. 107; 60 154: 2,987 |. 2r 10,193 [ 20: 2,418 i 305! 6,059! 3,436 i (5) Is) 532 (2> 8,681 11,153 414 19,050 360 (2) i 158 j (2) . 138 (s) | 400 1.334 300 »Includes some semianthracite coal. 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. 700 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL Certain additional information concerning the quan- tity and value of materials and products for the industry is collected, by means of supplemental schedules, data for which are presented in Tables 11 to 13. Materials and products.—Table 11 presents compara- tive statistics for materials and products, and number of establishments, for the census years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Prior to the World War, the con- STATISTICS. sumption of potash salts in the manufacture of fertili- zers had increased rapidly, but the consumption in 1919 was but little more than one-half of that in 1914. The average unit cost, however, was $67.80 in 1919 as compared with $24.10 in 1914, and $28.50 in 1909. The imports of potash of all kinds and for all purposes in 1919 was 45,112 net tons, valued at $3,616,100 as compared with 242,909 net tons, valued at $8,743,973 in 1914. Table 11.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY, COST, AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. [Ton, 2,000 pounds.) 1919 1914 | 1909 1904 i 31,145 $920,614 448,885| $3,939,2631 347,104 $3,008,183 190,493 $1,891,073 274,992 $18,653,390 529,973; $12,774,113 270,459 $7,714,367 122,107 $3,606,701 32,900 $3,905,784 177,372! $6,497,304! (2) (2) (2) (2) 79,482 $2,753,126 39,232 $1,684,998 (2) C") (2) 17,560 S902,843 108,580 $1,740,241 (2) (2) (*) (2) 11,751 $1,199,814 507 $28,287 (2) (2) (2) (2) 133,299 $9,891,823 s 204,282 $2, S23,223 (2) C-) (2) (2) 9,085 $96,569 $39,067,532 4,437 $54,17J $20,543,915 (2) (2) CO $14,161,497 2,050 $10,310,151 $306,523,899 $169,017,550 $111,871,481 $63,008,593 $281,143,587 $153,196,152 $103,960,213 $56,541,253 $25,380,312 $15,821,398 $7,911,268 $6,467,340 8,237,011 S2S4,544,523 $34.50 8,432,206 $153,260,212 $18.20 5,618,234 $100,089,971 $17. 80 3,591,771 $56,928,034 $15. 80 4,756,440 $200,106,419 5,612,421 $121,676,386 3,523,759 $74,109,307 2,385,201 $44,325,882 5,712,158 4,416,022 3,062,834 1,670,978 2,395,672 $46,221,930 3,316,486 1,692,705 $14,778,654 2,723,317 1,223,969 $13,744,831 1,838,865 786,767 $7,821,096 884,211 119,609 $3,828,417 67,585 $1,367,005 270,128 $2,713,513 (2) (2) 965,290 $34,387,757 1,059,495 $15,438,167 600,378 $9,522,320 419,803 $4,781,056 1,877,394 1,405,768 995,384 717,406 308,817 $3,639,010 1,568,577 129,053 $768,873 1,276,715 153,449 $928,582 841,935 24,502 $194,578 692,904 47,542 $3,170,691 62,930 $1,915,530 78,484 $2,006,724 (») (2) 6 116,414 $169,42C 6 245,082 $231,869 * 291,653 $143,607 (2) (2) 8 2,118,092 $1,831,194 2,445,026 $778,337 3,218,393 $810,93S (2) (2) 44,597,83? $2,227,112 $2,171,05? 41,054,76f $1,413,166 $1,131,243 $1,209,331 ) 7 $8,308,986 (2) 2 (s) (a) $2,015,03:: (2) \2) (2) 7$6,755,86C $7,891,651 ) $5,885,981 Number of establishments.... Fertilizer industry Manufacturing fertilizers as sub- sidiary products MATERIALS. Total cost 600 |$193,034,3891 The fertilizer industry Other industries producing fer- tilizers as subsidiary products. Cottonseed meal; Tons Cost Tankage and ammoniates, not elsewhere specified: Tons Cost Fish: Tons Cost Ammonium sulphate: Tons Cost Cyanamid or lime nitrogen: Tons Cost Nitrate of soda: For acid manufact ure- Tons Cost For mixed fertilizer- Tons Cost Phosphate rock: Tons! Cost Bone discard: Tons Cost Raw bones: Tons Cost Steamed bone: Tons Cost Ground bone, raw: Ton? Cost Pyrites: Tons Cost Sulphur: Tons Cost Sulphuric acid: Purchased— Tons Cost Made and consumed, tons Superphosphate: Purchased— Tons Cost Made and consumed (acid phosphate), tons Basic slag or Thomas phosphate powder: Tons Cost Guano: Tons Cost 1919 1914 1,238 1909 1904 843 552 784 4541 $119,222,003 $185,040,522 $7,993,867 230,526 $12,530,636 $107,954,644 $11,267,3591 325,234 $8,419,383 550' 293; i $73,165,544 399 153 $69,521,920 $3,643,624 689,753! 8S7,934| $29,949,569| $20,131,1411 273.252| 250,110; $5,878,634] $3,lll,99Jj 135,882' 149,924 $12,659,005| $9,015,163 16,926 j 2,5,911 $1,329,149! $1,176,119| 842,557) $17,200,611 242,045 $3,066,613 65,592 $3,732,112 $39,287,914 (2) $2,376,448 00 $7,539,200 (2) $847,142 10,540 $600,856 21,732; $1,692,6141 15,1 $704,5 (2) (2) 89,816 (2) (2) 42,213 j $3,916,320 $1,760,432 130,683 $10,091,790 147,050 $6,807,228 2,247,325 $17,926,097 2,080,961 $11,222,992 1,549,497 $8,828,834 888,571 $4,244,554 12,769 $252,726 3,395 $35,007 (2) (2) (2) (2) 81,304 $3,093,364 64,590 $1,603,353 (2) (2) (2) (2) 59,227 $1,815,554 55,067 $1,178,959 (2) (2) 16,471 $707,034 25,139 $593,226 <*) (2) 8 398,602 $3,919,050 613,842 $3,590,235 456,574 $2,831,994 342,962 $2,020,759 221,558 $5,669,331 2,041 $42,716 4,236 $68,924 4,210 $92,234 636,632 $6,683,061 1,568,577 728,889 I $4,387,317 ! 1,276,715 620,708 $3,460,132 841,935 197,865 $1,084,304 692,904 1 1,200,182 $18,485,969 3,316,486 1,096,178 532,886 $9,301,5011 $5,175,957 I 2,723,317 1,838,865 il,394i $118,768 33,053 $893,933 16,190 $144,213 120,128 $445,416 (2) (*) (2) (2) 320,559 $2,912,010 884,211 8 8 Kainit: Tons Cost Potash salts: Tons Cost Muriate of potash- Tons Cost Sulphate of potash- Tons Cost Double manure salts- Tons Cost Nitrate of potash or saltpeter- Tons Cost Other potash salts- Tons Cost Hardwood ashes: Tons Cost All other materials, cost products. Total value Fertilizer industry Fertilizers, subsidiary products of other industries Fertilizers: Value Average unit value, ton Complete and ammoniated fertilizers- Tons Value Superphosphates <— Production, tons For sale- Tons... Value Concentrated phosphates- Tons Value Other fertilizers- Tons Value Sulphuric acid (basis of 50° Baume): Production, tons For sale- Tons Value Made and consumed, tons., Fish scrap: Tons Value Pyrite cinder: Tons Value Oil: Gallons Value Bone black: Pounds Value Glue, value Grease, value All other products, value 1 Includes 94 cottonsoed-oil mills, 32 grease and tallow rendering establishments, 51 slaughtering and meat-packing plants, and 32 establishments distributed among 13 other industries that produce wastes of fertilizer value. 2 Figures not available. * Includes 17,430 tons reported as "potash salts." < Includes fertilizers reported as ammoniated fertilizers but containing both superphosphates and potash, viz: In 1919,1,271,215 tons; 1914, 1,519,156 tons; 1909, 522,389 tons; and 1904, 775,987 tons. * Not including 116,987 tons in 1919; 155,634 tons in 1914, and 72,402 tons in 1909, of no value. * Includes fish oil, 1,759,174 gallons, $1,441,989; neats'-foot oil, 165,195 gallons, $131,745: cottonseed oil, 193,723 gallons, $257,460. »Includes chemicals (soda products, acids, etc.) to the value of $1,039,008 in 1919, and $400,597 in 1914. FERTILIZERS. 701 Sulphuric acid.—The industry is a large consumer 1 of sulphuric acid, and of the total production by all establishments, totaling 5,491,528 tons on the basis of 50° acid, 2,168,825 tons, or approximately 40 per cent, were used in the manufacture of fertilizers, and the bulk of this was manufactured by the consuming establishment. Table 12 shows, by states, the quantity of sulphuric acid made and consumed by establishments in the industry, together with the quantity purchased, by states. Of the total quantity consumed, 72.3 per cent were manufactured within the industry, and 27.7 per cent were purchased in 1919 as compared with 63.7 per cent manufactured and 36.3 per cent purchased in 1914. In addition to the sulphuric acid made and consumed within the industry, 308,817 tons were manufactured and sold. Assuming this to have been sold to fertilizer plants within the industry and in- cluded in the quantity of sulphuric acid purchased, the industry would appear to have produced more than seven-tenths of the sulphuric acid consumed in the manufacture of fertilizers. Table 12.— CONSUMPTION OF SULPHURIC ACID, BY STATES: 1919 AND" 1914. United States- Alabama Florida Georgia Cen-, sus , year, j Total (tons). 1919 j 2,108,825 1914 l 2,005,604 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Louisiana 1919 ! 1914 I Maryland i 1919 ! 1914 | 1 l Mississippi !1919 j 1914 113,189 150,452 47,231 46,615 322,806 386, 818 81,362 66,334 442,411 304,509 61,250 51,576 MADE AND CONSUMED. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 119 128 Tons. I Pur- I chased (tons). 1,568,577 1,276,715 96,611 72,242 47,231 45,506 252,899! 282,176! I 62,845 31,016 330,928 110,568 43,352! 42,406 600,248 728,889 16,578 84,210 69,907 104,642 18,517 35,31S 111,483 193,941 17,89S 9,170 New Jersey. Ohio- Tennessee . All other state 'Cen- sus year. MADE AND CONSUMED. Pur- chased (tons). Total (tons). Num-! ber o f estab- lish- ments. Tons. ; 1919 : 1914 S3,420 127,712 4: 6 73,239 88,041; 10,181 39,67] ! 1919 ; 1914 167,503 160,143 11! 110,590; 129,507! 56,913 30,836 12 j i 1919 j 1914 187,072 107,993 ; s! 88,360 i 73,242 j 98,712 34,751 1 1919 ; 1914 6 i 218,594 190,715 ! 14; 13; 164,835 53,759 30,388 160,327; ! 1919 1914 96,981 89,775 4: S2.374! 70,750; 14,607 19,025 4; i 1919 ! 1914 112,462 116,683 i 8 \ \ s! 95,236; 93,071 j 17,226 23,612 1919 1914 234,544 200,279 1 11! i 17 1 120,077 j 78,063 114,467 122,216 Products, by principal states.—Table 13 gives de- tailed statistics of fertilizer products, by kinds and by states, for 1919 and 1914, the states being ranked according to tonnage in 1919. The figures show a slight decrease in total tonnage for the census interval, with an increase in value and average unit value for all classes of fertilizers, increasing from SI8.20 in 1914 to $34.50 in 1919. 702 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919 AND 1914. PRODUCT AND STATE. Fertilizers, total. Georgia Maryland South Carolina.. North Carolina.. Virginia Ohio New Jersey Alabama Ulinois Florida Tennessee Pennsylvania... Louisiana Indiana Mississippi California Connecticut Maine Kentucky Texas Delaware All other states. Average unit value, ton. Maximum Minimum Complete and ammoniated fer- tilizers Georgia South Carolina.. Maryland North Carolina. Virginia New Jersey Alabama Ohio Florida Illinois Pennsylvania... Louisiana Indiana Tennessee Connecticut Maine Mississippi California Texas Delaware Kentucky All other states. Average unit value, ton.. Maximum Mininium 1919 Tons. 8,237,011 $284,644,523 1,423,712 1,209,676 845,802 794,135 532,837 498,376 405,552 384,021 275,326 254,556 243,498 224,152 162,926 142,762 122,726 74,224 57,610 54,784 29,820 29,784 16,551 454,181 State. Maine. New York Tom. 4,756,440 1,004,717 545,642 486,104 463,161 361,802 256,403 208,872 206,084 175,746 156,057 152,529 94,359 87,065 75,458 55,445 52,980 51,898 45,433 12,848 12,175 • 3,794 247,868 State. Maine... Indiana. Value. 49,219,786 35,005,810 31,367,837 31,902,546 20,358,826 13,594,361 15,225,445 11,677,053 9,067,939 9,96-1,055 6,721,564 7,193,126 5,228,313 4,385,106 3,909,981 3,835,358 3,578,737 4.041,271 926,192 1,217,490 585,925 15,537,802 34.50 73.77 25.21 $200,106,419 39,855,409 24,218,733 20,937,554 21,096,283 16,329,418 11,990,054 7,704,149 6,496,781 8,618,976 5,173,346 5,226,781 3,556,830 2,707,669 2,816,787 3,471,617 3,934,620 2,120,381 2,600,055 507,612 465,965 135,227 10,142,172 42.07 74.27 31.10 1914 Tons. 8,432,206 $153,260,212 1,749,465 875,996 733,753 635,230 541,690 339,353 475,821 687,043 294,802 246,506 329,457 276,088 221,434 56,889 159,263 69,977 59,156 51,465 67,379 35,685 25,201 500,553 State. Conn.. Term. Tons. 5,612,421 1,155,559 491,076 516,958 458,295 375,256 353,310 403,135 218,601 200,663 251,654 171,461 132,287 41,318 164,109 49,533 50,554 95,359 44,456 32,807 21,888 14,926 369,216 State. Calif... Illinois. Value. 30,408,787 13.488,984 14,005,858 11,702,757 9,524,113 6,313,075 10,281,447 10,983,528 4,565,435 6,290,067 4,408,922 5,296,917 3,696,424 1,049,526 2,383,019 2,094,371 1,948,194 1,590,756 959,366 845,375 505,918 10,917,373 18.20 32.93 13.38 $121,670,386 24,387,229 11,199,158 10,013,331 9,999,225 7,576,028 8,723,747 8,111,405 4,496,321 5,720,326 4,095,958 3,818,919 2,558,982 787,466 2,871,655 1,661,628 1.574,590 1,867,251 1,639,686 794,488 471,093 316,786 8,991,116 21.68 36.88 16.28 PRODUCT AND STATE. Superphosphates and concen- trated phosphates Maryland Georgia South Carolina.. North Carolina.. Ohio Virginia Alabama Tennessee New Jersey Florida Louisiana Mississippi Illinois Indiana Pennsylvania... All other states. Average unit value, ton. Maximum Mbiimum Other fertilizers.. 1919 Tons. Tons. 2,515,281 635,856 341,515 249,145 206,231 187,164 152,305 146,677 121,122 93,350 68,902 59,856 51,159 43,003 41,467 12,054 105,475 State. Pa Florida. Tons. 965,290 North Carolina. Ohio Maryland Georgia Illinois Pennsylvania... New Jersey South Carolina.. Tennessee Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Virginia California Indiana Florida Louisiana Connecticut All other states. Average unit value, ton.. Maximum Minimum 124,743 105,128 87,716 77,480 76,266 59,569 55,799 51,015 46,918 28,472 25,726 19,669 18,730 15,403 14,230 9,908 8,711 1,732 138,075 State. Calif.. N. Y. Value. $50,050,347 10,661,824 6,228,256 4,899,295 5,210,407 4,719,899 3,416,931 2,947,952 2,572,765 1,827,494 1,127,428 1,309,030 995,700 835,494 1,019,089 310,611 1,968,172 19.90 25.77 16.36 $34,387,757 5,595,856 2,377,681 3,406,432 3,136,121 3,059,099 1,655,734 1,407,897 2,249,809 1,332,012 1,024,952 784,965 793,900 612,477 1,042,519 658,348 217,651 362,453 94,794 4,575,057 35.62 67.68 13.24 1914 Tons. Terns. 1,760,290 228,045 459,783 182,407 147,694 69,927 76,130 230,494 47,327 82,674 36,701 52,713 62,518 23,899 59,978 State. Ohio!!"! Miss Tons. 1,059,495 29,241 50,825 130,993 134,123 32,961 80,728 39,837 60,270 118,021 53,414 52,453 90,304 9,749 10,094 9,142 36,434 9,503 111,403 State. Calif.'."!! Tenn 1 Included in "All other states." FERTILIZERS. 703 GENERAL Table 14 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909 a compara- j tive summary, by states, for number of establishments,; aggregate number of wage earners, primary horse- j power, cost of materials, and value of products. Table 14.—COMPARATIVE SUMMAR" TABLES. Table 15 presents for 1919 the detailed statistics for the industry for such states as can be shown with- out disclosing the operations of individual estab- lishments. r, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Wage Cost of Value of STATE. Cen- sus Num- ber of estab- earners (aver- Primary horse- Wages. mate- rials. prod- ucts. year. lish- age num- power. ments. ber). Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 600 26,296 125,939 $25,363 $185,041 $281,144 1914 784 22,815 114,281 10,532 107,955 153,196 1909 550 18,310 64,711 7,477 69,522 103,960 1919 40 1,136 5,90S 1,044 7,576 11,625 1914 80 1,416 546 8,077 10,870 1909 42 1,233 4,484 392 4,264 6,423 1919 17 2.84 2,423 317 2,532 3,610 1914 16 196 J.586 158 1,860 2,331 1909 15 226 1,579 155 1,796 2,313 1919 6 18S 753 204 2,556 3,599 1914 10 329 I,6S9 185 1,477 1,972 1909 12 295 1,273 137 1,091 1,573 Delaware 1919 7 41 225 28 510 630 1914 9 64 295 2S 382 510 1909 10 134 805 52 452 860 Florida 1919 24 1,390 4,368 1,103 7,158 10,686 1914 22 781 3,070 367 4,656 6,995 1909 12 589 1,710 21S 2,875 3,878 Georgia 1919 144 4,152 20,561 3,336 30,767 47,480 1914 230 3,833 19,097 1,406 21,220 29,046 1909 110 2,770 10,4SS 921 10,944 16,800 Illinois 1919 12 953 3,090 755 3,723 6,160 1914 12 696 3,739 398 2,350 3,775 1909 11 444 2,145 225 1,425 2,3S6 1919 13 32S 2,123 306 2,733 4,713 1914 14 193 1,293 95 747 1,136 1909 15 123 1,012 62 254 456 1919 6 5Si 2,317 452 2,634 4,197 1914 6 408 1,948 171 1,932 2, SIS 1909 6 295 1,178 127 1,324 1,757 1919 10 174 616 150 3,077 4,055 1914 8 155 973 68 1,195 1,583 1909 5 95 323 36 431 597 ! Num.1 Wa^e I year. Maryland '1919 J 1914 1909 j Mississippi 1919 , 1914 , 1909 j New Jersey 1919 j ; 1914 I ; 1909 j North CaroLina :1919; 1914 I 1909! Ohio 1919 j 1914 i ■ 1909; Pennsylvania 1919 1914 | 1909; South Carolina 1919 i 1914; 1909! Tennessee 1919 1914 j 1909! Texas 1919! 1914 1909 | Virginia.. All other states. 1919 j 1914 1909 I 1919 j 1914 ■ 1909 45 4S: 41 , 9 \ iSj 19! 23! 45 41! 34 , 23 i 24 j 31 i 47; 48 | 26 Primary] horse- power. 10 i 15! 12 ) 3,102 1,991 1,439 370 379 449 1,740 1,530 1,208 2,077 1.690 933 1,197 1,005 841 1,021 1,110 1,224 2,765 2,050 1,851 821 706 559 190! 101 9! 2,354 I 2,470 i 1,956 1 1,429 1,712 1,637 Wages- Cost of Value of mate- prod- rials, ucts. 16,400 7,242 5,324 2,316 2,809 1,823 6,639 5,S29 2,459 9,592 S, 155! 3,132 7,179; 4,739 3,059 i 5,077 4,647 5,174; 10,197 7,576 4,766 3,646; 3,752 2,152 , 1,404; 522 j 53 13,260 | 19,577 5,560; 7,845! 8,631! 6,212; Expressed in thousands. $3,561 : $24,695 1,052 | 9,968: 617; 6,963' 2S5 155 141 2,093 814 541 1,850 734 393 1,501 590 368 1.150 608 575 2,124 803 671 713 329 204 190! 63 i 2,456 > 1,051! 760 1,745 911 879; 2,668 1,605! 1,385 11,811 7,587 5,6S5 18,606 7,704 4,183 8,071 1 4,627 2,535 i 5, 845: 4,170 4,613 19,429; 10,316 5,629 4,012 2,592 2 122 1,101 , 366 49 14,198 7 ,996 i 5,389 11,339 7,123 6,113 S37,014 13,987 9,673 3,627 2,060 2,125 15,758 11,198 7,672 27,551 10,308 6,316 14,042 7,246 4,435 8,731 6,178 6,543 30,412 13,825 9,025 6,842 4,372 3,249 1,593 638 57 22,891 11,350 8,035 15,928 10,998 9, 7S7 704 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- I ber of estab- i lish- ments! United Stales ■ 600 Alabama 40 California 17 Connecticut 6 Delaware 7 Florida 24 Georgia 144 Illinois 12 Indiana I 13 Kentucky | 4 Louisiana i 6 Maine j 10 Maryland: j 45 Mississippi ■ » New Jersey 19 North Carolina , 45 Ohio 23 Oregon-.... 3 Pennsylvania 3i South Carolina 50 Tennessee 1° Texas •} Virginia 43 All other slates, i | 30 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Sala- Clerks, etc. ried Pro- offi- prie- cers, tors super- Total. and in- firm tend- Fe- mem- ents, Male. male. bers. and man- agers. 32,522 219 1,914 3,318 775 1,402 7 110 120 29 469 3 32 129 21 266 4 25 39 10 68 9 12 4 2 1,718 2 99 174 53 5,342 77 380 633 100 1,120 3 39 104 21 435 3 32 50 22 116 2 10 14 9 677 27 51 15 243 7 18 28 16 3,865 26 217 392 128 431 31 25 5 2,076 6 88 205 37 2,509 12 139 234 47 1,539 1 99 190 52 9 1 2 1,315 26 82 137 49 3,279 5 198 267 44 957 2 33 86 15 222 3 21 6 2 2,768 7 140 219 48 1,696 13 80 211 50 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 26,296 1,136 284 188 41 1,390 4,152 953 328 81 584 174 3,102 , 370 1,740 2,077 1,197 6 1,021 2,765 821 190 2,354 1,342 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Mh 38,357 Mh 2,212 No 315 308 60 Mh Mh 1,663 Mh 8,512 Se 1,246 628 149 Se Se Mh 1,124 261 3,701 592 2,222 3,487 2,185 7 1,359; 4,763; 1,334! 277' 3,029 j Ja Mh Mh Mh Ad Se Ap Ja Mh Ap Jy Ap Minimum month. Je 21,071 Je Se Oc Ja 737 257 132 18 Au 1,070 Au 2., 535 De 786 258 66 299 Fe Fe Je No No Je Au Je Se Au Je Oc Je Se De 121 2,668 241 1,465 1,418 870 5 777 1,787 512 119 1,841 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 16 and over. Total. 30,071 1,326 299 172 51 1,578 4,555 861 300 69 749 170 3,119 346 1,663 3,468 1,312 7 901 i 3,587 625 351 3,279 1,283 Male, 29,565 1,306 290 172 51 1,532 4,464 861 296 69 657 167 3,087 346 1,644 3,457 1,302 7 894 3,567 621 351 3,221 1,203 Fe- male 428 20 Un- der 16 male. 78 Capital. $311,633,259 12,224,284 3,543,351 3,804,994 452,810 15,938,567 59,482,762 6,430,846 3,268,585 728,757 4,215,019 3,347,807 35,236,201 4,738,555 20,052,967 29,963,822 11,649,854 10,950 8,657,049 33,221,052 9,189,393 963,528 25,710,704 18,801,402 Salaries and wages. Officials. $5,870,938 267,540 95,761 88,988 23,585 269,376 1,065,761 160,862 116,686 27,980 80,679 49,134 784,276 86,880 255,244 499,044 299,365 1,800 253,448 573,187 104,789 41,735 480,229 244,589 Clerks, etc. 15,700,662 208,769 151,369 69,094 3,267 306,467 1,051,854 172,492 87,647 26,058 84,406 48,851 670,652 36,568 287,894 421,621 318,067 250,481 502,917 162,554 7,849 455,051 376,734 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—Con. Wage earners. United States. $25,363,132 Alabama California Connecticut . Delaware Florida Georgia— Illinois.... Indiana Kentucky. Louisiana.. 1,043,507 317,350 203,521 28,233 1,102,556 3,336,110 754,809 306,255 67,237 451,672 Maine i 150,405 Maryland. '3,561,181 Mississippi I 284,818 New Jersey i 2,092,764 North Carolina j 1,850,365 Ohio 1,500,901 Oregon !7,192 Pennsvl vania < 1,149,672 South Carolina 2,124,157 Tennessee i 712,941 Texas !189,676 Virginia | 2,456,294 All other states i j 1,671,516 For con- tract work. $171,318 822 11,899 72,208 60 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $345,582 $8,129,732 614 27,385 231 2,922 36,567 82,514 967 2,062 2,421 42,600 4,800 3,108 43,459 7,859 300 14,561 19,294 700 | 10,749 5,064 37,405 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. 366,852 41,233 73,183 1,643 182,259 1,552,768 73,501 111,855 16,967 104,199 36,368 781,275 159,357 277,276 961,205 486,137 16 121,587 1,209,272 187,212 6,242 1,089,945 289,380 For materials. Principal materials. $181,599,677 Fuel and rent of power S3,440,845 7,427,033 2,482,550 2,537,882 506,692 7,005,422 30,448,840 3,582,444 2,698,571 728,867 2,572,364 3,068,019 24,271,436 2,6.12,394 11,487,483 18,331,083 7,909,525 13,551 5,577,840 19,179,399 3,875,261 1,070,001 13,915,308 10,297,712 149,377 49,731 18,516 3,371 152,483 317,810 140,242 34,890 6,564 61,972 8,957 423,282 55,654 323,553 274,737 161,718 865 267,207 249,669 136,296 30,775 282,886 290,290 Value of products. Value added by manu- facture. $281,143,587 $96,103,065 11,624,913 3,609,704 3,598,886 630,405 10,685,819 47,479,842 6,159,817 4,713,067 999,946 4,197,285 4,054,698 37,014,097 3,626,674 15,758,105 27,551,316 14,042,055 31,170 8,731,281 30,411,575 6,841,797 1,592,718 22,891,353 14,897,064 4,048,503 1,077,423 1,042,488 120,342 3,527,914 16,713,192 2,437,131 1,979,606 264,515 1,562,949 977,722 12,319,379 958,626 3,947,069 8,945,496 5,970,812 16,754 2,886,234 10,982,507 2,830,240 491,942 8,693,159 4,309,062 Primary horsepower. Total. 125,939 5,908 2,423 753 225 4,368 20,561 3,090 2,123 370 2,317 616 16,400 2,316 6,639 9,592 7,179 58 5,077 10,197 3,646 1,404 13,260 7,417 Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 39,274 Owned. Steam tur- bines. 1,208 2,499 285 215 145 2,130 2,701 580 440 157 455 70 2,257 588 4,450 3,060 3,399 40 2,464 1,990 1,320 i 405 1 7,576; 2,048 j Inter-) nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 4,862 733 150 150 Water| pow- 158 20 10 812 961 56 5 112 395 962 48 163 I 765 260 709 79,886 73 Rent- ed.a 250 3,251 2,118 538 70 1,426 16,899 2,335 1,627 213 1,862 541 13,298 1,728 1,794 5,420 3,262 15 2,342 8,044 J 2,326 .! 999 4,919 4,859 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated iq estab- lish- ments report- ing. 13,225 1,258 198 1,382 47 5,684 877 747 1,462 10 458 1,000 1 Includes Arkansas, 2 establishments; Colorado, 2; Iowa, 1; Kansas, 4; Massachusetts, 2; Michigan, 1; Missouri, 3; Montana, 1; Nebraska,!; Nevada, 1; New Mexico, 1; New York, 6; Rhode Island, 1; Washington, 3; West Virginia, 1. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; othor power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). MANUFACTURED GAS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The census report on the gas industry covers establishments, both private and municipal, engaged in the commercial manufacture of gas delivered through mains, for illuminating, household, and industrial purposes, together with Pintsch gas, which is used principally for lighting railway cars and is delivered direct from the plant to pressure containers on the cars. In accordance with the above definition the production of gas for the exclusive use of the establishment pro- ducing it is not included, and the report does not cover blast-furnace gas nor that of by-product coke ovens. A considerable amount of the latter, however, is purchased by commercial gas plants and used as an ingredient in manufactured gas. The statistics for acetylene sold in containers b}7 establishments having no distributing mains, formerly included in the report on manufactured gas, will be found in the section of the report on the chemical industry, pertaining to com- pressed and liquefied gases. Nonmanufacturing es- tablishments which buy gas for distribution to con- sumers without change or treatment are omitted as engaged in mercantile operations only. The products of the gas industry include not only the various kinds of gas—coal gas, carbureted water gas, mixed coal and water gas, oil gas, acetylene, gasoline (cold-process) gas, and enriched natural gas— but their by-products, such as coke, tar, ammonia, naphthalene, and light oil and derivatives, benzol, toluol, solvent naphtha, etc. Very few gas plants carry their operations as far as the segregation of the tar and oil derivatives. A product now shown for the first time is enriched natural gas, or natural gas mixed with a certain pro- portion of manufactured gas. No plant reported at this census the production for sale of straight water gas or 1 'blue gas." Statistics for the industry were presented at the census of 1849 and at each subsequent census except that of 1879. A brief historical sketch of the industry is contained in the report for the census of 1889. Comparative summary.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics of the industry for each census from 1889 to 1919, inclusive, and shows percentages of increase for each five-year period. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 summarizes the more important statistics for the industry, by states, ranked according to value of products. 111867—23 45 Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is estimated by the method described in the ('Expla- nation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 31. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 4, are intended to show the steadiness of employment , or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Fe- males constitute but six-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number, and were reported in relatively few cases. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows a marked shortening of the working day since 1909. In that year 88.6 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 and over, and 73 per cent where they were "Over 60." The movement toward short- ening the hours of labor reduced these percentages in 1914 to 52.5 and 31.4 per cent, respectively, and in 1919 to 25.4 per cent for establishments working 60 hours per week and over and to 13.4 per cent for over 60 per week. On the other hand, the hour groups of 48 per week and less constituted but 1,3 per cent of the total number in 1909. 6.7 per cent in 1914, and 35.9 per cent in 1919. The change is notably marked in Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Analysis of Table 6 discloses the fact that in 1919 the average number of wage earners for all plants was 42 as compared with 34 in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 7 shows that, measured by value of products, the growth has been in the higher groups; those with products 4'Less than $5,000" and "$5,000 to 820,000," showing progressively for each census fewer in number of establishments, wage earners, and value of products. The average value of products per establishment was $129,000 in 1909, $172,000 in 1914, and $322,000 in 1919, though the increase in average value added by manufacture was relatively much less—$88,000 in 1909, $112,000 in 1914, and $168,000 in 1919. Character of ownership.—Table S presents the statistics bearing upon the character of ownership, or legal organization, of the establishments in the in- dustry; municipally owned establishments, 57 in number in 1919 and 138 in 1914, are a factor. The statistics for the municipal plants will be found in Table 29. (705) 706 MANUFACTURES. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 23.2 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power purchased or generated by the establishments reporting, in 1919; 15.8 per cent in 1914; and 13.5 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents the statistics for fuel, by kinds and by states, for 1919 and 1914. The statistics include fuel for all purposes, both as material for gas making and for boilers and retorts. The figures for the fuel used as materials in gas making are shown in Table 12, and by states in Table 15 These relate to the purchased fuel and do not include products of the plants that are made and consumed. The figures for gas include both natural and manufac- tured gas (purchased), chiefly natural gas. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, AND 1889. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture * Gas production—1,000 cubic feet 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 1,022 1,284 1,296 1,019 877 742. 63,328 27 63,993 78 20,123 43,792 51,007 277 13,515 37,215 40,043 71 9,406 30,566 28.363 (») 20,393 42,908 5,904 22,459 (J) (*) 12,996 238,467 $1,465,056,265 215,715 $1,252,421,584 128,350 $915,536,762 73,101 $725,035,204 31,797 $567,000,506 26,475 $258,771,795 $77,931,081 325,172,453 $52,758,628 $44,330,684 $17,529,020 $26,801,664 $33,316,068 $12,385,371 $20,930,697 $25,521,616 $8,463,699 $17,057,917 $17,709,796 $5,273,500 $12,436,296 (») $8,499,625 $463,280 822,889,015 SI57,550,882 1329,278,908 $171,728,026 344,119,811 $551,760 $13,388,969 $76,779,288 S220,237,790 $143,458,502 203,639.260 $114,570 $7,836,275 $52,427,844 $166,814,371 $114,386,527 150,835,793 $288,452 •$6,250,790 $41,193,951 $125,144,945 $83,950,994 112,549,979 (J) (>) (») (>) $20,605,356 $75,716,693 $55,111,337 67,093,553 $14,037,087 $56,987,290 $42,950,203 36,519.512 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 -20.4 -1.0 1.3 -2.0 10.5 17.0 75.8 43.6 96.8 -16.0 71.0 105.2 49.5 19.7 69.0 1909- ! 1904- 1914 I 1909 -0.9 25.5 -71.8 48.9 17.7 68.1 36.8 33.1 41.5 28.0 381.5 70.8 46.4 32.0 25.4 35.0 27.2 27.4 290.1 43,7 21.8 75.6 26.3 30.5 46.3 22.7 -60.3 25.4 27.3 33.3 36.3 34.0 1899- 1904 16.2 59.3 36.1 129.9 27.9 44.1 60.5 37.2 99.9 65.3 52.3 67 7 1889- 1899 18.2 72.8 20.1 119.1 46.3 46.8 32.9 28.3 83.7 * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. J Figures not available. » Exclusive of internal revenue. 4 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber ol estab- lish- ments WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Rank. - | VALUE ADDED BY , MANUFACTURE. | Rank. | 8TA.TE. Aver- age Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent dis- tribu- tion. ex- pressed ex- pressed in thou- sands. num- ber. dis- tribu- tion. Rank. in thou- sands. dis- tribu- tion. Louisiana 4 250 0.6 27 $2,636 0.8 23 $1,467 0.9 22 Nebraska 20 291 0.7 26 2,446 0.7 24 1,311 0.8 23 Florida 14 418 1.0 23 1,989 0.6 25 I 1,006 0.6 24 Tennessee 10 474 1.1 21 1,801 0.5 26 960 0.6 25 Alabama 12 522 1.2 18 1,646 0.5 27 884 0.5 26 North Carolina.. 22 341 0.8 24 1, 521 0.5 28 844 0.5 27 Maine 13 220 0.5 28 1, 381 0,4 29 734 0.4 28 New Hampshire. 13 209 0.5 30 1,195 0.4 30 666 0.4 29 Delaware 7 145 0.3 33 1,053 0.3 31 604 0.3 30 South Carolina.. 10 219 0.5' 29 947 0.3 32 472 0.3 33 Ohio 15 162 0.4 32 887 0.3 33 530 0.3 31 Utah 4 172 0.4 31 790 0.2 34 495 0.3 32 9 63 0.1 38 691 0.2 35 341 0.2 34 South Dakota... 12 80 0.2 37 613 0.2 36 294 0.2 35 Montana 6 63 0.1 38 487 0.1 37 290 0. 2 36 Vermont 9 87 0.2 36 486 0.1 38 264 0.2 37 7 122 0.3 34 411 0.1 39 207 0.1 40 Kansas 7 52 0.1 39 400 0.1 40 245 0.1 38 North Dakota. 5 43 0.1 40 384 0.1 41 229 0.1 39 10 90 0.2 35 340 0.1 42 180 o.i 41 4 35 0.1 41 241 0.1 43 150 0.1 42 West Virginia... 3 29 0.1 42 96 0) 46 44 0) 43 Ail other states3. 11 845 2.0 4,715 1.4 2,538 1.5 United States. New York Illinois Pennsylvania... Massachusetts.. California New Jersey..... Michigan Indiana Missouri Connecticut Wisconsin Maryland Iowa Minnesota Rhode Island... Washington — Texas Virginia Georgia Oregon Colorado Num- ber of estab-' lish- S merits 1,022 42,908 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- num- ber. 8,409 4,430 3,324 2,654 2,444 2,083 2,846 1,902 1,318 1,270 1,294 875 727 707 670 637 643 475 486 334 448 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 100.0 19.6 10.3 7.7 6,2 5.7 4.9 6.6 4.4 3.1 3.0 3,0 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount ex- in thou- sands. $329,279 iioo.o 69,339 36,930 31,598 24, 231 20,441 20, 317 17,993 12,454 11,113 8,347 8,153 6,448 5,738 5,518 4,478 3,680 3,614 3,150 3,005 2,927 2,649 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 21.1 11.2 9.6 7.4 6.2 6.2 5.5 3.8 3.4 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount ex- pressed in thou- sands. $171,728 28,169 19,038 14,268 13,458 12,441 12,943 9,723 5,843 8,117 5,157 4,578 3, 590 3,096 3,110 2,405 2,074 2,027 1,693 1,486 2,109 1,648 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 100.0 16.4 I 11.1 8.3 7.8 7.2 7.5 5.7 3.4 4.7 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.8 L8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. * Includes District of Columbia, rank 16, according to value of products. MANUFACTURED GAS. 707 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CLASS. Cen- sus year. Total. PER CENT OF TOTAL. : ;| r : Cen- j | p class. { sus Total.! Male, j year. ■ j !maie' i PER CENT OF TOTAL. Fe- male. ^ nSe. ! 1 Male. !!!! i I 57,164 1 6,164 61,156 | 2,837 49,231 1,776 1 Clerks-and other subordinate salaried ! 1919 j 16,969 ! employees. j 1914 j 17,214 11,088 : 5,881 1 65. 3 34. 7 14,593 2,621 ! 84.8 15.2 9,121 1,685 84.4 15.6 All classes 1919 1914 1909 63,328 63,993 51,007 90.4 95.6 96.5 9.6 4.4 3.5 j 1909 I 10,806 Proprietors and officials 1919 1914 1909 3,451 2,987 2,986 3,417 | 34 2,968 1 19 2,967 < 19 99.0 99.4 99.4 1.0 0.6 0.6 Proprietors and firm members 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 27 78 277 901 954 990 2,523 1, 955 1,719 27 76 273 882 941 981 2,508 1,951 1,713 100.0 97.4 98.6 97.9 98.6 99.1 99.4 99.8 99.7 1 Wage earners (average number) 1919 42,908 1914 43,792 1909 37,215 42,659: 249 ; 43,595 I 197 37,143; 72 99. 4 0.6 99.6 0.4 99.8 0.2 2 4 19 13 9 15 4 6 2.6 1.4 2.1 L4 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.3 16 years of age and over 1919 1 42,887 1914 | 43,764 1909 ; 37,198 1919 | 21 1914 28 1909 17 42,638 | 249 43,567 197 37,127 71 21 i 99.4 0.6 99.5 as Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Under 16 years of age 99.8 0.2 100.0 28 1 •' 100.0 I j 16 1 94.1 5.9 Table 4,—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. IThe month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. : Per cent em- ployed during i ! j mini- mum is of STATE. Janu- ary. Feb- ruary. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem-, Decem- ber. ! ber. year. March. April. May. : June. July. August. i ! maxi- mum. United States;. ! 1919 42,908 43,793 42,220 41,649 41,750 42,122 j 42,338 43,237 43,231 | 42,554 43,754 44,068 i 44,280 I 93,8 Males 42,659 43,483 41,932 4i, m 41,491 41,879 , 42,114 42,967 42,972 j 42,298 43,543 43,860! 44,076 1 93.7 Females 249 310 288 256 259 243 224 270 259 1 256 211 208 i 204 65.8 1914.... 43,792 41,603 41,017 41,488 44,276 47,204 1 47,572 46,962 45,772 i 44,213 42,999 41,404 j 40,994 < 86.2 1909 37,215 33,115 ss,m 34,314 37,422 39,456 40,412 40,225 38,486 | 37,800 38,065 37,566 | 37,122 80.8 Alabama 522 507 524 526 520 496 497 550 528! 519 518 521 j 558 I isTi California 2,444 2,208 2,079 2,140 2,336 2,378 2,452 2, SOS 2,490 , 2.436 2,714 2,851! 2,736 72,9 Connecticut 1,270 1,269 1,256 1,257 1,244 1,278 1,300 1,289 1,331 1,289 1,249 1,229 ) 1,249 i 92.3 4,430 4,986 4,558 4,414 4,268 4,382 4,262 4,341 4,432 i A, 258 4,391 4,395 j 4,473 85.6 1,902 1,945 1,925 1,882 1,816 1,785 1,841 1,935 1,987: 1,965 1,938 1,966 j 1.838 89.9 727 727 696 714 732 729 711 71S 728 748 730 741 i 750 92.8 Maryland 875 803 749 7S8 767 747 854 967 988! 977 988 962! 960 74.7 2,654 2,739 2,729 2,680 2,686 2,726 2,687 2,696 2,656 I 2,424 2,606 2,581 2,638 ! 88,5 Michigan 2,846 2,557 S,S87 2,478 2,569 2,679 2,754 3,032 2,984 j 3,018 3,274 3,145 I 3,275 72.9 Minnesota 707 661 6S2 639 699 751 783 701 681! 706 744 751! 736 1 80.7 1,318 1,419 1,373 1,305 1,291 1,289 1,365 1,280 1,287 1,289 1,320 1,333! 1,365 : 89.1 New Jersey 2,083 2,303 2,176 2,012 1,9*4; 2,057 2,077 2,1SS 2,062 i 2,029 2,029 2,067 2,0?2 83.5 8,409 8,636 8,351 8,336 8,389 8,514 8,425 8,500 8,420 j 8,076 8,238 8,583 8,440 : 93.5 3,324 3,532 3,518 3,405 3,363 | 3,262 3,256 3,265 s,m i 3,275 3, SOS 3,224 \ 3,257 9L3 Rhode Island 670 1,001 948 844 766 624 558 545 508 | 542 555 563 586 l 50.7 643 640 637 621 633 603 597 622 625 i 668 692 685 693 1 86.1 637 558 555 539 566 1 57S 591 629 646 1 731 772 742 759 69.0 Wisconsin 1,294 1,228 1,174. 1,207 1,310 I 1,341 1,341 1,351 1,343! 1,313 1,320 1,286 1.314 i 86.9 i 708 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND CITY. United States. Alabama5. California.. Connecticut. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 Illinois 1919 1914 Indiana I 1919 1914 Iowa ...i 1919 | 1914 Maryland i 1919 1914 Massachusetts... Michigan 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 42,90SI 43,792 37, 2151 2,444 2,317 1,270 1,209 4,430 3,890 1,902 1,668 727 768 875 1,234 2,654 3,182 2,846 2,349 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Be- Be- Be- 44 tween tween tween and 44 48.1 48 54. 54 60. uver un- and and and DU. der. 48. 54. 60. 55 59 15,309 555 2,788 13,254 5,119 5,769 (*) b) 2,914 133 9,213 8,548 9,248 13,736 <*> 474 21 1,049 2,716 5,806 27,149 93 28 80 235 166 17 2,298 6 3 13 30 (5) (3) 1,530 397 34 42 311 60 31 286 223 409 261 (a) (') 94 50 53 214 798 4 619 6 75 3,032 252 442 (3) (2) 15 100 2,801 125 849 6 7 13 828 79 969 (a) (2) 12 53 636 503 464 3 68 7 173 162 46 268 (2) (3) 27 14 126 322 279 2 803 8 16 46 (*) (2) 3 1,124 46 61 8 1 633 42 16 1,954 (2) (2) 329 22 749 437 1,645 3 1,203 5 6 667 852 110 109 967 270 1,003 INDUSTRY AND CITY. Cen- sus year. Minnesota 1919 1 1914 Missouri 1919 1 1914 New Jersey New Yprk Pennsylvania Rhode Island Texas Washington. Wisconsin... 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 707 1,038 1,318 1,342 2,083 2,205 8,409 10,090 3,324 2,796 670 605 643 613 637 630 1,294 1,240 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. 44 and un- der. 48.1 54. 60. Over 60. 6 (3) 22 (J) 5 13 1 8 18 631 633 6 43 28 331 69 7 116 18 1,108 (3) (3) 19 11 6 1,126 180 5 1,418 43 140 255 23 199 (2) (3) 7 3 102 46 233 1,814 8 6,919 267 68 462 537 306 109 (2) (2) 3 7,527 305 866 1,122 3 63 36 6 175 669 2,203 175 (3) (2) 6 114 41 2,170 459 7 504 159 (2) (3) 64 47 492 2 252 28 38 35 290 (2) (2) 6 141 7 89 370 156 425 56 (3) (2) 63 76 18 84 383 6 34 47 612 449 76 76 (3) (3) 38 27 44 350 781 1 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. 1 Included with "All other states," in 1914. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States. 1919. 1914 Alabama - California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Texas Washington Wisconsin 1,022 1,284 si Sc$f> 03 g 42,908 43,792 522 2,4-14 1, 270 4, 430 1,902 727 875 2,654 2,846 707 1,318 2,083 8,409 3,324 670 613 637 1,294 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. to £3 lto5 wage earners, inclusive. is 392 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. ai2 1,156 1, 529 24 74 2 75 53 119 28 27 59 34 38 26 77 117 325 341 3,690 3,803 32 243 100 215 102 117 46 203 278 95 94 124 327 308 7 66 22 145 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. to S 151 127 4,918 4,155 23 149 182 515 427 229 25 387 220 25 169 515 314 37 118 99 299 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 03 ° s 7,000 6,109 1,128 1,168 1,074 739 360 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. .£3 # c3 § to S c3 a 4,241 5,897 760 Over 1,000 wage earners. 840 I 504 I 10,086 10,184 2,750 1,189 1,014 3, 730 1,403 709 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. ! NUMBER OF i ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes. 1919 ! 1914 1909 j 1919 1914 1,022' 1,284! 1,295 ' 42,908; 43,792 Less than 15,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... 74! 180 455: 208 48 57 285 320 436 177 27 39 356 371 369 i 64' 532 1 4,160 7,732 i 5,122 25,298 i 271 1,151 5.145 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 37,215 |, $329,278,908 \ $220,237,790 \ $166,811,371 5171,728,026 $143,458,502 j $114,386,527 297: 1,364! 4,930; 13,274; 17,350 160,543 2,389,388; 21,489,375 '46,808,456; 35,035,040! 223,396,106 582,774 3,817,647 j 20,032,768 i 42,568,602! 17,842,850 135,393,149 764, 347 4, 445, 249 16,863,S5l 48,345,467 96,395,457 j 37,958 1,122,025 11,506,282 26,240,590 \ 19,238,041 J 113,583,130 2-29,051 2,228,239 ) 12,850,279' 40,117, 718 88, 033,215 324,348 2, 732,484 10,933,845 33,709,342 66,686, .508 PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 !7.2 $5,000 to $20,000 !17.6 $20,000 to $100,000 44.5 $100,000 to $500,000 1 20. 4 $500,000 to $1,000,000 j 4.7 $1,000,000 a nd over 1 5.6 22.2 24.9 34.0 13.8 2.1 3.0 100.0 27.5 28.6 i 2S.5! 13.3 j 22! 100 0 100 . 0 100.0 | 100.0 j 100.0! 100.0 1 \ 100.0 j 100-0 100- 0 0.1 1.2 9.7 / 18.0 \ 11.9 590 0.6 2.6 11.8 o.s! (i) 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.7 2.7 6.5 i 9.1 10-1 / 14 2 19- 3 \ -x. n \ 10.6 8-1 J 29 0 67.9 61.5 57.8 : (i)! 0-2; 0.3 0.7 1 1.5 i 2-4 6- 7! 9-0 9 5 3.7! 13.2 | } .33.0 35-7 j { if; 1 } 25 0 j 29 5 52.0 46.6 j ; 66 1 61.3! 58.3 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 Total ;1,022 Individual j 113 Corporation I 951 All other :*5S 1914 1,284 1909 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. 1919 1914 1909 J_ NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1,296 ($329,278,908 34 1,101 149 48 1,091 157 1,349,820 325,164,125 2,764,963 j$220,237,790 i$166,814,371 | Perceni j Individual.. Corporation All other.... 99,016 114,851 218,306,024 J 165,108,539 1,832,750 1,590,981 ! 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 ; loo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 \ 100.0 100.0 i 1.3 2.6 3.7 0.4 , 0.1 1 93.0 85.8 $4.2 9S-8 99.1 99.0 \ 5.7 11.6 12.1 O.S O.S L0 1 Distributed by states as follows: New York, 3 establishments; and 1 each in California, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. 2 Distributed by states as follows: Iowa, 7 establishments; Minnesota, 7; Virginia, 5; Georgia, 4; Michigan, 4; Maryland, 3; North Carolina, 3; South Dakota, 3; 2 each in Florida, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; and 1 each m Alabama, Arizona, California. Connecticut. Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, New Jersey, North Dakota, and Wisconsin. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. 1919 Primary power, total Owned Steam1 Engines - Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors.. Rented Electric Other Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting... 5,095 3,682 3,518 2.S6S 650 151 13 1,413 1,413 1914 2,349 1,341 1,008! 1909 3,521 935 236 Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 ! 238,467 213,370 128,350 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 ! 205,091 197,321 14S,393 194,032 179,S7S <*) 125,456 115,514 86.0! 82.7: 62.2; 9i.o; 97.7 95.6 1 4S.92S <*) C!) (2) 2a 5 j 84.4 J 7,574 13,729 , 425 7,12S 2,814 3.2 1 0.1; 6,4 | 5.6 ! 196 a 2 | 2,1 33,376 i 33,363 : 13 19,335; 19,271 67 2, $94 2.723 171 14.0 i 14.0 9.0 1 9.0 j (») | 2.3 2,1 0.1 «; j 55,403 ! 33,363 i 22,040 37,881 1 19.271 18,610 i 17,336 2,723 i 14,613 i 100.0; 100.0! 49.6 j 50.4 i 100.0 15.7 84,3 60.2 1 39.8 I j_ i ! 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. 3 Not reported separately. 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 710 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED/ BY STATES: 1919, AND 1914. United States. Alabama'. Arizona*.. California.. Colorado Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 Anthracite1 (tons, 2,240 pounds). Connecticut... | 1919 1914 Delaware* Florida Georgia. Idaho *. Illinois. Indiana.. Iowa Kansas *. - Kentucky *.. Louisiana *. Maine* Maryland... Massachusetts. Michigan...... Minnesota Mississippi * Missouri Montana*.. Nebraska *. New Hamsphire3.. New Jersey New York.. North Carolina*. North Dakota Ohio* Oregon * 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 Rhode Island South Carolina3. South Dakota*. Tennessee Texas. Utah * Vermont *. Virginia... Washington. West Virginia *. Wisconsin...... All other states. 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1,388,467 947,261 223 41 40,870 47, 342 15,173 3, 360 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 77,309 8,601 2,697 132 3,403 894 3,891 4,218 63,069 116, 577 16,801 45 407 90 208 4,658 151,379 159,480 713,681 481,047 1,610 148,083 87,443 15,694 11,646 550 2,864 2,021 4,555 264 417 28 822 425 76,541 67,145 7,383,687 6,078,299 82,699 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1,497,435 1,084,217 2, 851 255 138,045 224,434 128,693 6,301 38,473 103,074! 81,131 I 9,544! 619,318 i 445,792 | 830,850! 657,483 , 82,823 108,992; 8,713; 15,543 i 24,488! 48,341 I 52,898 | 27,414 i 572,102 I 546,118 834,391 622,240 116,96S 130,552 23,466 702,610 330,095 17,072 17,423 19,306 100,905 115,9.88 1,012,831 1,145,803 59,303 15,839 43,067 4,492 523,280 412,849 179, 406 109, 341 19,064 8,635 99,406 63,275 25,606 15,983 35,812 7,930 116,855 147,841 163,504 116,493 3,685 343,322 242,174 29,012 629,787 3,054 47,148 5, 273 19,198 9,339 6,300 1,288 487, 850 355,214 48,769 22, 903 81,222 35,229 643 1,110 32, 817 11,628 Fuel oils (barrels). ! ! Gasoline and ! other volatile oils i (barrels). 19,069,171 13,482,655 895 119,862 81,595 3,832 9,851 16,550 26,564 1,194 24,807 92,826 1,730 28,496 8,825 107, 560 27,543 142,888 112,98S 4,011 625- 2,692 785 180, 280 115,817 4,682 9,505 7,852 239 13, 386 42,728 21,136 2,023 365 19,309 1, 629 2,162 14,563 17,920 12,870 1,897 127, 635 50,467 87,244 3,004,166 2,667,663 42,347 483,278 213,866 77,004 48,867 101, 095 66,341 1,644 2,147, 811 1, 939,987 182, 348 152,170 398,128 172,719 12,405 5,634 143,407 15,142 16,084 286,911 1,785,175 557,485 411,562 116,564 204,251 267, 451 3,391 194,082 286,489 7,984 130,291 22,536 1,023,324 876,820 5,101, 564 3,987,246 24,733 1,620 12,754 585,235 1, 537,456 287,712 113,823 110,873 24,110 54,548 57,124 45,767 213,413 142,051 12,352 16,971 143,931 82,432 111, 132 74,633 96,397 41,559 362,341 1,105,916 126,629 (3) (3) 17,756 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). (3) 127 (2) 1 8,607 11,512 (3) 196 (3) (3) 240 5,684 (2) (3) 17,762 1 (2) (3) 1,162 (3) (3) (a) 2,400 23,401 5,554 4,353 (3) (a) 17,824 7,237 149 "■(»)" (a) *(SV" (3) "*(>)■' 641,288 2,710, 576 304,868 1,886,765 969 6,461 50 4, 748 12,167 234, 574 ""2*705 450 598 5,018 40, 494 *i9,"666 96 27,825 51,117 790 29,880 170,912 533,697 1 Includes some semianthracite. 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. * Included with "All other states" in 1914. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Establishments, by kind of gas manufactured.—The number of gas-manufacturing establishments in opera- tion in the United States in 1919 and 1914 is shown in Table 11, classified according to kind of gas produced. •svo aaHnxovjnMVH TU '^Id^-rcdes pps pus 9ps or su3 ijo pn« sb3 |«oo pajiodej itraurqsnqt^SQ auo i •A'pxmtjdgs pps pur? epcni seS tio pas s«3 j9}tJAv ptre rsoo paxfnx poiiodai ^irotrnpnq^so auo » •ursnoasij\i ptra 'noi3urqsttj& <99ss9tni9jJ 'ptreisi apo^ia 'sjireAiiiSttTraj '«2[suiq9M 'ptreiAjun aT tpro i ptre '.oyqo Pn« <5t-*°JL A9K 4^ossnxrpH 'ba\oi 'mreipni 'spujni 'Brnioijrco uj qora g tiosief Ave^ m £ reiSio^o ax £ istsxex > :m9snipsssBR m * .'ijiiossjk n| g :s&onoj so pa^tjooj 'sidafKiaoa nr sbS passaidraoa Snxrps 'strrenr Surcnqp^sTp $normA\ sitrcjd of sapnpui« "ZMJi A9M 's^suKpN 'pnossiK '^osDuuryj in qo«9 x pg^eooi s^treidssS n^iq * prre isotptys i£ Suonre p9}nq|i}STp sjuuid sea qosirnj X9 sspnpui» *^ino snrora qSnojqi 3uwnqp;sic[ e ♦sa^s £8 Suonre peinqp^sxp sjircid s«8 qosiuTj gg sopnpuii •A^uredas pps pun apwn s«3 jo spuR oa\^ pa}joa*9j s?n9urqsiiq^89 9AT£ t EX Z S 8 si 8 Oil I 3 f f 6T i iT ! Zl I 01 J 05 ! ZZ —i 05 » 6T6T H6X 616T H61 6*61 H61 6161 H61 6161 H61 6161 H61 6T6I H6T 6T6I *161 6T6T H6X 6T61 t!6X 6T6I H6X 616 X Hbl 6161 H61 6I6T H61 6T6I tI6T 6T6T rI6T 6161 H6T 616T H61 6X6X H6X 6161 f-161 6T6T H61 ! 6161 I H61 ! 6X61 ! H6T 6X6X H61 6X6X H61 6I6X H6I 6161 H61 6X61 H61 6X6X H61 j 6X6X ! -epxiojnso uoSaiQ no^SnrqsB^ :juiOYer Bp"BA©N ma suozpy *"Oorx9K OpT5lOp3 — SurtnOA"^ ou^PI TNIVXiiiiOK SBX9X *«uiotrBi3io "* EU^ISTTIOI :TTaLK:a3 hlaos isa^ -iddississrft *"9eSS9UTI9X ^0141193; :TT3XKao am os isra ■s^uani! -qST[ i -JB9A" -qe^sd j sns ;o jsq j -U9o "^PT-iorj «i3ao9£) EtnpjSQ q^nog CUlpJ^3 q)J0£sI snn3jTA ercnSjiA -eiqnmpo jo iop^sia ptrejA'-rBT?: :OLLNT*IEy Hinog ^sejq9M j •p9nuTjuo3 j •3J.V1S a NY NOISIAia Carbureted water gas. •syd io a nth is aamesvio Mixed coal and water gas. j Gasoline (cold-process) gas. Other gas (enriched natural). -O80 ;o J9q Acetylene. •aiYxs qny woieiAia sns -qB?S9 Coal gas. Oil gas. •JB9A" 'S^jnQur —saxYis aaiiKn. fl61 6161 ^3'T 330'11 0£f W ££3 ifl 061 £5X \ LZli zz L :sNoisiAia DiH«ivHOoao 59Xs pUBl3ua Ai9^ 6161 311 09 81 ^£ Z 1 H61 KI Lf ZZ 9£ 8 8X e oijuBfty 9lppiK 6X61 033 6SI SZ 8Z £1 LI 9 f-161 £i3 e^x Of IS 81 n 51 --•Ibj;u9o q^JOM ittR f-X6X 6X6X 993 t£3 se £01 26 Zf 19 8 01 ££ Zl 81 Z 6 S9 ••r«j;uao qiJO^j jssay H61 6X6X 183 191 86 L6 SZ IZ £X 61 8 £ 91 fl Zl W :::: omreny q;nog 6161 801 8* LZ 02; OX 8 fI61 1S1 OS 1£ ex OX 5X '• -p3iiu9Q q;nos %sv% 6161 6£ s IZ 11 5 H61 Lf 5 $z S z - - p3i}uao q^nog %so/& 6161 E£ n e 6 6 X H61 i£ 9X f f aiwjunoyi 6161 6£ 9 Zl 8 ex f-161 i£ XX 9 ex X OUTOCJ 6161 08 £ ox 09 8 IdNYlONa A\3N H61 88 £ ox £ 89 6161 £1 £ 9 X X f-161 il f 9 1 X S 9JTqfidureH Ai9^ 6161 81 L z I I H61 fl 9 z z I z ^U0UIJ9 \ 6161 6 L X 1 tl61 6 X X •••sjw9sntp«ss«j^ 6161 ie zi 6 IZ £ 1 mx 19 ex si ZZ £ 8 X pueisj opoqn 6161 f 1 £ — fl61 9 s £ X ^nopoeuuoo 6161 ZZ ei 9 I ^161 iS H X / £ 3[JOA AV9M 6161 96 9* 91 £ 11 f H6X X£l se ee ex 9 OS — jCOSJGf Ai9£J 6161 8£ IS z 9 S £ X H6X Zf fZ e 9 5 X BIU^AIA^UUQ J 6161 98 S9 6 S € — :*TYHIK30 HXSON -ISYg ^161 66 69 8 OX i 6 mo 6161 ei f X E H6t es 6 z £ f- Busipui 6161 £5b 01 ZZ 11 X 8 z ^161 09 11 OZ OX 61 sioaiTII 6161 Oi is 6X QZ f X I H6t 9L es 0Z fl £ s s rreSnpiH 6X61 69 65 9 9 9 6£ X£ IZ Z ■ H6X 8 oX X X U]SUOOS|AV 6161 ^£ si Zl 1 I 6X61 f!6X £S Lf ei ex 9 f t 1 z Zl .... BPS9UTTIH 8 11 Z H61 Lf £ Z £ OX LI .... 6I6t 89 8t S 6 X I 6 mi £11 8* 6 T 01 & pnossypt 6161 93 • 81 8 £ I .... H61 5€ fl 8 X € 6 n<>wa q^°N 6161 9 Z Z I ^161 6 S X X f wjo^d n^nog 6161 El 01 X I ?161 it L I X Z z f .... >T6T (IKY 6T6I :S31YIS QNY SNOISIAIQ OIHJVHOOaO AS 'SVO JO aNI2 AS 'SXNaHHSnSVXSa dO WRQWaH—'IT aiavx 712 MANUFACTURES. During the five-year period the total number of plants decreased 20.4 per cent. In regard to this decrease certain contributing factors should be con- sidered. One is the centralizing tendency by which establishments formerly manufacturing independently are acquired by public-service corporations and turned into distributing stations supplied from larger and more centrally situated plants, or find it to their ad- vantage to cease manufacturing and to purchase gas from other establishments for distribution. In both these cases the plants concerned are not included in the census canvass. Another factor in the case of town and village gasoline gas and acetylene plants is the deterrent effect of the increasing use of electric current on the installation of gas plants capable of meeting a demand to which the production of gasoline gas and acetylene was no longer adequate. Four states—Colorado, North Carolina, Oregon, and Wyoming—show an increase in the total number of gas plants in operation, while in 10 states the number remained the same as in 1914. The following tabular statement shows the per cent of increase and decrease in the number of establish- ments and the quantity of gas produced, for each kind of gas: PER CENT OF INCRE ASK,1 1914 TO 1919. Total gas Mixed coal and water gas Carbureted water gas Oil gas Coal gas Acetylene (sold through mains). Gasoline (cold-process) gas Number of estab- lishments. Quantity of gas' produced. -20.4 51. 5 29.3 108.5 -6.7 0.9 — 10.5 -6.6 -15.9 -23.6 -70.4 -65.9 -80.4 -8S.7 i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Materials and products.—The special schedule used in collecting data for the industry called for a detailed report of the quantity and cost of the materials and fuel consumed during the year and of the quantity and value of all products manufactured. These figures are brought together in Table 12, which shows the total for the United States of each important material and product, for the years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. The table shows also the unit cost and value for the principal items based on the quantity and the cost or value of same. Table 12. -Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, 1919 1914 MATERIALS, Total cost S157,550,882 $76,779,2SS| Coal used for gas making: Anthracite- Gross tons !1,307.383 Cost | $11,326,268! Average cost per ton ; $8.66' Bituminous— !| Net tons i 6,193,527: Cost !$32,412,349 Average cost per ton j $5.23) 6,116,672 $20,872,617 $3.41 1909 $52,427,844 4,940,598 $16,304,832 $3.30 1901 $41,193,951 4,431,774 $14,607,485 $3.30 Table 12.—Detailed Statistics op Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. materials—continued. Coke (purchased) used for gas malring: Net tons Cost Average cost per ton Oil used for gas making: Gallons Cost Average cost per gallon Oil used for enriching gas: Gallons Cost Average cost per gallon Benzene or benzol: Gallons Cost Average cost per gallon Benzine, gasoline, and naphtha: Gallons Cost Average cost per gallon. Calcium carbide: Pounds Cost Average cost per pound Lime, cost Oxide or purifying mat erial. cost Gas purchased (43 establish- ments): M cu.ft Cost Average cost per M cu. ft Coke oven (16 est.)— M cu.ft Cost Average cost per M cu. ft Coal (5 est.)— M cu.ft Cost Average cost per M cu. ft Mixed coal and water (6 est. )— M cu. ft Cost Average cost per M cu. ft... Carbureted water (10 est.)— Mcu. ft Cost Average cost per M cu. ft... Natural (8 est.)— Mcu. ft . Cost Average cost per M cu. ft — Boiler fuel, cast Retort ana bench fuel, cost Water, cost All other materials, cost Amount paid for lamps and ap- pliances purchased for sale 1919 | 1,335,322 ! $11,781,932 I $8.82 PRODUCTS. Total value. Gas: For sale— Mcu. ft... Value Average value, M cu. ft... Plant consumption and loss, M cu. ft Coal gas— Mcu. ft Value Average value, M cu. ft... Carbureted water gas— Mcu. ft Value Average value, M cu. ft... Mixed coal and wat er gas— Mcu. ft Value Average value, M cu. ft... Oil gas— M cu. ft Value Average value, M cu. ft... Acetylene- Distributed through mains— Mcu. ft Value Average value, M cu. ft Delivered in containers [ cu. ft. Value Average value, M cu. ft.... Gasoline (cold-process) gas— M cu. ft * Value Average value M cu. ft.... Other gas (enriched natural) «— M cu. ft Value Average value, M cu. ft 163,652,910 $6,1.83,438 $0. 038 718,020,458 $44,546,711 $0. 062 14,155 $3,107 $0.22 111,923 $35,504 $0.32 1,049,221 £45,977 $0,044] $26,281 $1,075,7481 67,105,518 $22,612,816 $0.34' 23,995,064 $3,784,539 $0.16 15,041,980 $9,343,107 $0.62 31,748 $31,524 $0.99 14,932,670 $7,476,894 $0.50 13,104,056 $1,976,752 $0.15 $7,722,000 $854,754 $576,599 $7,800,498 $10,546,900 $329,278,908 308,-140,473 [$282,288,778 $0.92 35,679,338 8,029,749 $10,496,613 $1.31 90,796,299 $83,603,451 $0.92 179,871,832 18161,199,670 $0.90 15,421,836 $18,747,496 $1.22 1909 964,Sol $4,.500,2891 $4. 66 715,418,623 ►$24,720,998 $0. 034 388,1461 $54,653 $0.14 998,3531 $169,020 $0.17 31,749,491 $887,937 $0.027 (2) (2) 28,351,074 $8,883,0161 $0.31 $3,784,911 f2) $5,512,723 $7,393,224 •■$220,237,790 203,639,260 |$175,065,920 1 $0.86 1,121,108 10,509,946 $10,726,514 $1.02 90,017,725 $74,516,534 $0.83 86,281,339 $72,012,021 $0.83| 16,512,274 $15,044,509] $0.91 5,077! $69,647 $13.72; 14,868 $194,019 $13.05 121,696 $2,317,605 $19.04! 20,428 181,4121 $41,169: $254,718 $2.02 $1.40 14,295,252,. $8,070,732 . $0.56i. 591,919 $2,667,706 $4, 51 578,309,411 $17,105,9811 $0.029 253,837 $27,543 $0.11 1.093,874 $212,226 $0.19 6,080,465 $195,836 $0.032 (2) (2) 16,769.705 $5,416,601 $0.32 $2,369,13l| (2) $2,590,052 $5,537,936 $166,814,371 150,835,793 |$138,615,309 $0.92 1,730,563 19,985,253 $18,065,841 $0.90 * 81,144,568 $70,802,780 $0.87 40,775,283 $36,953,543 $0.91 1904 435,534 $1,602,762 $3. 68 410,989,564 $15,015,602 $0. 036 (2) (2) (2) (2) 2,696,571 $937,252 $0.35 $2,298,168 <2) $2,718,797 $4,013,885 $125,144,945 112,549,979 |$112,662,568 $1.00 1,363,757 12,693,034 $12,868,604 $1.01 < 55,402,968 $48,903,620 $0.88 40,980,414 $45,605,263 $1.11 , , 3,441,352 $12,111,458: $5,141,460 $1.39; $1.49 25,186^ 7,881 $361,348 $104,267 $14. 35! $13. 23 216,643, $320,339 $1.48 24,330 $39,354 $1.62 (See footnotes at end of table.) MANUFACTURED GAS. 713 Table 12.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. 1919 products—continued. Coke: Production, net Ions For sale- Net tons Value Average value, ton Made and consumed, net tons Used in gas generators For retort and bench fuel.. Used otherwise Tar: Coal-gas tar- Production, gallons For sale- Gallons Value Made and consumed, gal- lons Waf er-gas and oil-gas tar- Production, gallons For sale- Gallons Value Made and consumed, gal- lons Ammonia: Ammonia liquors- Gallons Value Anhydrous ammonia- Pounds Value Ammonium sulphate— Pouuds Value Hydrocarbons: Gallons Value Light oil and derivatives: Crude light oil- Production, gallons For sale— Gallons Value Made and consumed, gal- lons Secondary light oil- Gallons". Value Benzol- Crude, gallons For sale- Gallons Value Made and consumed, gal- lons Refined (pure)— Gallons Value Toluol- Crude, gallons For sale- Gallons Value Made and consumed, gal- lons Refined (pure)— Gallons Value Solvent naphtha- Gallons Value Other refined oils- Gallons Value Drip and holder oil: Gallons Value Naphthalene: Crude- Production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds Refined- Pounds Value Pitch: Production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds Retort carbon: Production, pounds — For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds. Lampblack (gas-house): Production, pounds For sale- Pounds Value Made and consumed, pounds. 207,944,060 34,239,800 $107,201 173,704,260 1914 1909 1904 j 4,278,533- 2,458,166! 1 $17,822,894 | $7.25 1,820,367 ! 663,265. j 730,315. I 426,787. j 65,824,282 i 61,969,577: | $2,647,813; | 3,854,705 i 105,318,339 '58,557,947, ; $2,012,723 ! 46,760,392; 23,393,320 $1,674,449 3,582,565; 2,631,9971 2,281,835 $8,719,920 $3.80; 1,300,730! 1,640,994 $5,723,215 $3.50 991,003 2,714,152 1,732,929 $5,195,461 $3.00 931,223 1,846,024' $150,596! 5,073,945 $205,101; 491,559 $46,910; 6, 491,113 285,071 $34,369 6,206,042 662, 897 $45,841 3,738,844 | 76, 816 $14, 974 3,662,028 3,147,751! $.561,732 | 214,270! 4,146 j $1,623 j 165,612 $94,247 187,034 $43,689 567, 252 $88,959 2,659,080 $137,957 1,757,317 521,459 $6,8-11 1,235, S58 911,710 $45,585 13,966,731 13, $34,551 i $92,988 132, ISO 12,145,336 1,136,575 $9,370 11,00S, 761 153,311,196; 109,930,055 125,938,607 7 78,339,880; $3,252,765 $1,875,549? 27,372,589j 31,590,178! 50,737,762 37,277,864 $1,235,4421 $725,702! 82,288,299 67,515,421 $2,064,343 14,772,878 6,216,618; $134,196 (2); $35,902 . (3) $44, 509 $972, 992 .$20,815,871 j$12, 786,097 Table 12.—Detailed Statistics or Quantity and Value: 1919. 1914, 1909, and 1904—Continued. 1909 1904 products—continued. Other by-products, value :$697,494 Gas lime, value j $205 Spent oxide, value $32,35S All other products, value j $3,055,869 Receipts from rents and sales of j lamps and appliances: Rente \ $1,763,187 Sales i $15,595,155 }$10?977,-; $7,043,390 $*,249,5M 1 Includes 966 tons of cannel coal, valued at $S,S1S. 3 Figures not available. 3 In addition, the following products of gas manufacture were produced com- mercially by 5 establishments in 1919 and 6 in 1914, engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture: 1919 1914 Quantity.' \ alue. Quantity. Value. Total value $121,761 j $158,743 Gas (M cu. It.) 64,199; 112,480 .5*3,939 j 131,979 Coal 17,576 29.158 41,744! 45,394 Carbureted water 36,325 66,717 10,154- i 16,011 Oil 10,298 16,605 i Acetylene (compressed) !5,041 | 70,574 Coke, net tons !913 I 6,017 2,287 | 9,356 Tar, gallons 23,200 j 1,635 35,100 2,076 Receipts from lamps and appliances ;1,629 j 15,332 «Includes for 1909, 1,726,052 M cu. ft. of straight water gas, valued at $1,289,031: and for 1904, 715,5-50 M cu. ft., valued at $832,440. 5 Included in chemicals in 1919 census; 311,390 M cu. ft., value $7,140,757, reported by 50 establishments. * Enriched natural gas not reported prior to 1919. 7 In addition, 13,813,058 gallons of tar were produced for which no value was reported. Fuel used for power purposes and for heating retorts is not included with materials used in gas making, and its cost is shown separately. Quantity and cost are shown for each kind of gas purchased as a material, and the number of establishments purchasing each kind. Though the increase in the quantity of materials used has been fairly uniform during the three five-year periods covered, a great difference is apparent in the cost in 1919 as compared with that in 1914. While the quantity of coal used increased 22.6 percent, that of pur- chased coke 38.4 per cent, and that of oil 23.2 per cent, the total cost of coal increased 109.6 per cent, that of coke 161.8 per cent, and that of oil 105.2 per cent. The difference between the cost per gallon of oil for gas making, 3.8 cents, and of that for enriching gas, 6.2 cents, is to be explained by the fact that four- fifths of the oil gas in the United States was made in California, where the transportation cost is relatively low, while much of the oil used for enriching carbureted water gas was consumed by plants situated far from the source of supply. The purchase of gas for mixing has increased greatly since the previous census. In keeping with the relative and actual increase in the sale of mixed coal and water gas, the larger part of the gas purchased as a material was coal gas and coke-oven gas bought by plants manufacturing carbureted water gas, and carbureted water gas bought by plants manufacturing coal gas, for the purpose of mixing. Natural gas, the use of which as an ingredient in mixed gas has not appeared at any previous census, formed about one-fifth of the purchased gas. 714 MANUFACTURES. The decrease in calcium carbide is due in part to the transfer to the chemical industry of establishments selling acetylene in containers. The total value of the products of the gas industry in 1919 was 49.5 per cent greater than in 1914, while the value of gas alone was 61.2 per cent greater. The average unit value of all gas, which had dropped to 86 cents per M cubic feet in 1914, rose in 1919 to approximately 92 cents, which was also the average value in 1909. The total quantity of gas produced for sale was 51.5 per cent more in 1919 than in 1914. About nine- tenths of this increase was in mixed coal and water gas, which represented 58.3 per cent of the total. The production of coal gas decreased 23.6 per cent, while that of oil gas was 6.6 per cent less in 1919 than in 1914. In regard to the quantity of gas produced for sale it must be borne in mind that of the gas reported as pur- chased, under "Materials," 30,006,398 M cubic feet was the product of gas-manufacturing plants. As this was an ingredient in the gas sold by the purchasing establishments it entails a duplication in the total. The average selling value of coke increased over 90 per cent, that of tar over 50 per cent, and that of ammonia liquors over 200 per cent, during the period from 1914 to 1919. The greater part of the coal-gas tar produced-was sold, while nearly half of the water- gas and oil-gas tar was consumed in the producing plants, chiefly as fuel. A small proportion of the establishments broke up coal-gas tar for the segrega- tion of the derivatives, some of which were sold in their crude form and some refined. Nearly all the crude benzol and toluol produced was refined in the producing plants, while over a third of the naphthalene was sold in the crude form. By-products, gas and coking industries.—In this con- nection Table 13 is introduced to show the gas and other by-products of the coking industry—the by- products of retort coke ovens—in 1919 and 1914, as reported by the Geological Survey. These by-products—tar, the ammonia products, benzol, toluol, solvent naphtha, naphthalene, etc.— are to be considered in conjunction with the output reported by the gas industry and are assembled in Table 14. Table 13.—Coke-Oven By-products: 1919 and 1914. [Geological Survey.) Total.. Gas M. cu. ft. Tar galls. Ammonia: Sulphate lbs. Liquor galls. Anhydrous or free am- monia3 lbs. Benzol products: Crude light oil... galls.. *MS3&::-.!S-.: Solvent naphtha.galls. Other refined oils, galls.. [ crude ...lbs.. Ire fined I lbs. Other by-products * Produc- tion. 415,642,265 288,898,764 544,231,985 (*) 50,535,639 I 92,356,750 44,060,970 17,006,532 Naphthalene^ 1,160,136 3,915,489 575,885 3,549,998 2,763,271 1919 Sales. Quantity. Value. 193,073,979 1217,980,143 I' ;557,619,631 (2) 51,646,744 44,697,615 18,403,909 1,353,827 3,625,978| 127,483 4,038,455 2,663,585 i$63,696,868 16,685,007 6,919,265 21,075,718 (2) 5,692,950 7,776,1 3,783,552| 355,990 552,853 18,358 82,244 109,120 645,142 1914 Quantity. 61,364,375 109,901,315' 170,763,9061 5,938,233; 25,370,509 $6,009,583 '2,867,274 4,696,590 658,497 Value. 997,007 1 Exclusive of coke breeze, production of which amounted to 1,839,291 short tons, valued at $2,442,541. 2 Included in figures for Anhydrous or free ammonia. 8 Includes liquor and sulphate sold on pound basis of NH3. * Figures not available. Table 14.—Gas and Coke-Oven By-products: 1919. Tar (coal-gas tar) gallons.. Ammonia: Sulphate pounds.. Anhydrous or free ammonia...pounds.. Liquor gallons.. Crude light oil gallons.. Benzol: Crude gallons.. Refined gallons.. Toluol: Crude gallons.. Refined gallons.. Solvent naphtha gallons.. Other refined oils gallons.. Naphthalene: Crude pounds.,, Refined pounds.. Combined produc- tion. 354,723,046 549,305,930 52,381,663 23,393,320 98,847,863 47,799,814 20,154,283 214,270 1,325,748 4,102,523 1,143,137 5,307,315 3,674,981 The gas industry. 65,824,282 5,073,945 1,846,024 23,393,320 6,491,113 3,738,849 3,147,751 214,270 165,612 187,034 567,252 1,757,317 911,710 By-product coke industry. 288,898,764 544,231,9S5 '50,535,639 (») 92,356,750 44,060,970 17,006,532 1,160,136 3,915,489 575,8?5 3,549,998 2,763,271 1 Includes liquor and sulphate sold on pound basis of NHj. 1 Included in figures for anhydrous or free ammonia. Materials, by states.—Table 15 shows, by states, the quantity and cost of the principal purchased mate- rials used by gas-manufacturing establishments dur- ing 1919 and the quantity of materials which were produced in the plants where consumed. MANUFACTURED GAS. 715 Table 15.—Principal Materials, by States: 1919. PURCHASED MATERIALS. Coal, anthracite, for gas maMDg Connecticut Delaware Illinois Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont All other states... Coal, bitiirninous, for gas making. Alabama Colorado Connecticut Delaware Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states... Ccal, cannel, for gas making Coke, purchased, for gas making.. Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Pennsylvania South'Carolina... South Dakota Texas Virginia Wisconsin All other states... OII for gas making.. Ariiona California Illinois Massachusetts... Missouri New Jersey New York , Oregon. .— Pennsylvania... Tennessee Texas All other states., Quantity. Gross Ions. 1,307,383 38,633 15,128 77,309 3,289 91,663 62,090 5,384 134,288 663,654 132,996 4,532 5,002 73,415 Net ions. 6,192,561 82, 133, 196, 92, 325, 776, 64, 6, 48, 11 561; 746; 82, 22, 631, I4, 15, 26, 881, 55, 37, 4, 371, 177, 1, S3, 18, 34, 8, 103, 149, 318, 84, 621 232 648 895 704 905 322 705 860 265 832 472 507 461 648 662 853 390 090 056 463 421 026 769 492 545 056 366 389 434 386 048 423 471 228 916 966 Cost. $11,326,268 5375,708 114,298 820,813 38,453 828,482 569,695 63,277 1,124,776 5,573,154 1, 052,819 45,728 49,956 669,109 $32,403,531 1,335,322 7,791 12,457 8,547 486,049 38, OSS 64,339 101,933 3,164 15,655 23,125 28,750 8,361 94,245 127,148 4,041 2,511 176,607 9,505 7,852 41,696 13,76S 12,12S 47,562 Gallons. 163,652,910 3, 126, 950,846 520,238 729,524 633,663 184,101 853,965 342,943 636,931 696,603 255,433 845,273 003,390 421,132 642,715 1,208,236 7,274 4S1,341 58,957 1,795,927 3,680,368 432,202 42,377 79, 824 374,085 66,085 3.970,104 3,846,952 637.116 140, S44 1.307,170 97,611 120,694 141,164 4,571,270 '321,550 174,646 31,047 1,923,994 1,292,180 11,037 400.309 133,907 170,029 51,312 559.245 890,367 1,778,954 541,506 S,81S §11,781,932 Table 15.—Principal Materials, by States: 1919—Contd. 65,368 170,346 90,549 4,507,997 383,573 723,323 907,394 32,561 142,200 247,743 369,103 77,128 643,687 784.518 39,3SS 23,241 1,13$,759 101,357 104,238 459,869 119,785 123,996 524 , 809 $6,183,438 219,619 4,9121499 45,178 53,753 12,076 60,736 20,626 464,228 57,212 18,970 35,940 282,601 purchased materials^—continued. Oil for enriching gas Alabama Colorado Connecticut. Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine. Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York*. North Carolina... Ohio. Pennsylvania.. Rhode* Island... South Carolina- South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas. Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states. Benzene or benzol for gas making. Benzine, gasoline, and naphtha.. Iowa New York All other states.. Calcium carbide. Illinois Indiana New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... All other states.. Oxide or piuifying material. Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa. Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts— Michigau Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire-. New Jersey New York North Carolina... North Dakota— Ohio... Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... South Dakota.... Tennessee Texas Utah.. Virginia Washington Wisconsin. All other states .. Quantity. Gallons. 718,020,458 2, 1, 14, 3, 2, 5, 102, 9, 12, 2, 50, 256, 1, 76. 6. 483,904 955,365 054.015 035'. 093 217,585 441,222 332,320 088,528 346,948 234.905 904; 825 766,783 888.508 534; 211 110,314 874,667 385,510 552,526 194,952 299,706 088,705 137,090 523,353 937,061 006,966 130,619 201,358 600,904 798,435 835,966 125,049 623,586 969,942 339,537 14,155 111, 923 39,050 20.841 5?; 032 Pounds. 1.049,222 74,700 176,640 156,000 275,367 74,100 292,415 Cost. $44,546, 711 198,255 145,282 1,050.201 216; 706 203,666 457,985 6,217,016 634,587 842.006 12,317 74,451 1,167,619 2.664.958 1,388', 635 739,572 601,S93 26", 430 447, 445 169.671 2,419,022 17,1.17,110 96,423 38,108 3,397,603 412,420 167,694 96,027 181,189 464,739 64,708 529,405 336,538 351, 752 1,617,277 $3,107 $35,504 14,099 5,109 16,296 $45,977 3,477 6.329 4,867 16,127 2.555 12,622 $1,075,748 3,078 9,573 50,880 1,764 36.017 10,111 6.638 2,370 137,577 27,390 14.543 i;024 1,944 7,670 25,316 81.440 Si; 285 32,252 1.427 39,854 I, 114 6,043 2,492 57,084 203,481 2,032 313 3,836 18,081 114,668 10,628 1,255 1,977 5,621 14,091 4,394 II, 953 2,813 24,632 17,087 716 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—Principal Materials, by States: 1919—Contd. PURCHASED MATERIALS—Continued. Gas purchased California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states MATERIALS PRODUCED AND CONSUMED IN SAME ESTABLISHMENT. Coke Used in gas generators For retort or bench fuel Used otherwise Alabama Colorado Connecticut Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Coal-gas tar Connecticut Georgia Indiana Massachusetts Michigan Montana New Jersey New York Rhode Island Virginia All other states Water-gas and oil-gas tar California Colorado Connecticut Georgia Illinois Massachusetts Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas All other states Gas used on premises Indiana Missouri New York Rhode Island All other states • Quantity. Mcu.ft. 67,105,518 12,312,002 6,104,903 1,198,137 2,126,472 6,339,273 13,054,951 14,150,700 11,819,080 Net tons. 1,820,367 663,265 730,315 426,787 37,775 38,175 87,473 43,308 2,429 67,981 91,735 16,692 I, 952 3,691 13,599 3,375 233,117 269,357 42,221 5,218 82,257 5,004 3,442 II, 721 368,773 15,511 8,456 1,236 46,108 39,696 32,374 9,060 15,295 51,770 71,076 78,951 21,539 Gallons. 3, S54,705 889,557 654,727 121,905 660,767 125,298 126,436 523,667 222,492 157,4-13 127,378 245,035 46,760,392 882,835 195,520 1,140,030 341,123 1,219,126 4,081,272 138,563 618,351 733,827 31,778,968 1,061,239 484,548 225,832 832,343 3,026,815 Mcu.ft. 7,491,158 3,968,967 2,023,272 230,144 474,974 793,801 Cost. 22,612,816 1,773,440 1,206,773 216,164 675,698 1,442,076 8,774,408 6,802,314 1,721,943 Owing to the increase in the unit costs of the various materials, as shown in Table 12, the differ- ence between the material costs in 1914 and 1919 bears no definite relation to the actual growth of the in- dustry. Any comparison, therefore, between con- sumption of materials and other aspects of the industry must be based on quantities. New York was the heaviest user of coal for gas making, consuming 51 per cent of the anthracite and 14 per cent of the bituminous. Illinois led in the consumption of purchased coke, using 36 per cent of the total. California consumed 77 per cent of the oil used for gas making, while 36 per cent of the oil used for enriching gas w&s consumed in New York. Of all coke produced, 43 per cent was consumed in the producing plants, and the amount of this coke made and consumed was 36 per cent greater than that of coke purchased. Products, by states.—Table 16 shows, by principal states, the quantity and value of the chief products in 1919. Table 16,—Products, by States: 1919. PRODUCT AND STATE. GAS, TOTAL (FOR SALE) Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire.., New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Mixed coal and water gas Alabama Colorado Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Now Jersey Now York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Quantity. Value. Mcu.ft. \ 308,440,473 $282,288,778 212,748 360,729 145,377 005,498 133,336 773,368 996,777 097,916 89,364 520,788 195,804 047,690 140,026 175,841 680,716 252,886 177,864 603,149 195,651 226,624 618,192 235,339 644,175 780,86S 313,949 730,459 768,736 147,754 660,726 556,215 662,922 879,860 612,981 330,886 382,539 745,958 528,608 279,076 595,359 450,219 238,943 184,557 179,871,832 1, 1, 4, 1, 31, l! 18, 15) 4, 12, 37, 15, 2, 1, 106,684 826,270 018,912 445,957 299,551 183,339 338,52S 132,994 509,168 853,155 506,768 321,574 356,206 153,512 851,253 342,412 481,429 290,365 227,705 409,849 216,201 1,353,023 651,307 19,885,050 2,020,345 7,052,752 936,757 1,477,058 2,665,166 196,190 32,446,256 6,761,689 4,982,122 345,713 278,131 1,045,830 5,463,505 21,500,458 14 150,239 4,9SS, 929 314,628 6,830,202 394,872 2,137,335 1,071,259 18,62*3,771 62,362,211 1,195,703 293,332 748,278 2,329,590 28,113,111 3,504,749 821,262 544,832 1,478,701 3,411,326 650,450 427,440 2,934,745 3,053,993 6,232,033 6,611,435 161,199,670 1,164,485 1,746,915 4,500,532 1,714,872 27,594,140 3,866,123 1,514,241 18,812,440 12,627,207 4,473,345 12,220,623 28,441,162 516,432 15,023,901 3,462,115 1,323,285 635,350 2,529,169 2.671,172 4,149,985 12.210,176 MANUFACTURED GAS. 717 Table 16.—Products, by States: 1919—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Gas, total (for sale)—Continued. Carbureted water gas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Maryland.. Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio.... Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Texas ~ Vermont Virginia Wisconsin All other states - Oil gas Arizona California Illinois Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas All other states Coal gas Alabama Colorado Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Enriched natural gas California All other states Acetylene, distributed through mains Illinois Indiana New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states Gasoline (cold-process) gas Iowa... New York All other states Coke (for sale) Alabama Colorado Connecticut Georgia Idaho • Illinois Quantity. Mcu.ft. 90,796,299 IS, 6, 96,880 100,212 770,480 604,991 528,562 131,266 332,973 560,171 157,581 175,253 460,963 121,441 162,883 181,112 620,330 583,715 667,034 917,795 154,243 69,919 345,693 501,343 323,635 948,768 206,311 113,515 646,697 262,528 15,421,836 336,803 12,023,777 43,390 40,378 26,388 48,717 22,805 2,481,915 37,021 13,737 76,472 270,433 8,029,749 103,445 76,742 112,8-89 S5,473 525,819 1,175,489 127,191 128,729 102,026 85,567 543,480 959,328 172,447 185,887 187,246 464,290 252,926 292,283 42,208 126,33S 183,411 157,918 1,177,122 761,495 14,295,252 13,120,640 1,174,612 5,077 319 778 244 2,297 35S 1,0S1 20,428 9,447 1,69S 9,283 Net tons. 2,458,166 13,869 56,526 43,67S 14,S03 3,863 123,631 Value. 83,663,451 119,471 2,501,020 928,977 903,214 681,766 3,420,400 1,342,9S2 3,142,977 250,510 277,989 1,823,317 164,861 243,807 1,634,390 2,092,217 759,286 5,991,646 33,096,884 259.140 103,'814 12,656,636 619,143 527,865 2,254,867 311,762 135,935 799,472 6,619,103 18,747,496 596,683 12,877,573 267,875 151,116 190,3S0 244,297 75,279 2,205,074 241,211 116,851 254,901 1,526,256 10,496,613 166,047 106,199 188,547 164,161 692,626 1,127,695 199,344 161,636 200,411 144,517 712,932 1,252,092 230,176 259,180 255,971 717,860 373,807 354,633 77,S67 186,5S9 199,914 263,096 1,267,032 1,194,2S1 8,070,732 7,003,595 1,067,137 69,647 7,221 10,053 6,619 27,040 4,774 13,940 41,169 18,184 3,986 18,999 17,S22,S94 116,364 259,933 553,281 91,044 25,780 S95.054 Table 16.—Products, by States: 1919—Continued. product and state. Coke (for sale)—Continued. Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri. Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode" Island Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Coal-gas tar (for sale) Alabama Colorado Connecticut Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts — Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina -. Ohio Oregon Peniisylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin, All other states ■ Water-gas and oil-gas tar (for sale) Alabama Arizona (Mifornia Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana ■ Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina . — — South Dakota Tennessee Texas.. - ♦ — Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Quantity. Mcu.ft. 493,744 22,347 1.948 4,773 15,349 3,155 149,252 238.411 12,628 9,434 401,227 4,112 6,982 5,677 240,026 23,583 13,607 1,763 202,953 so;lsi 23,820 1,506 7,238 14,436 35,220 138,948 43,476 Gallons. 61,969,577 726,295 1,556,207 1,574,315 401,246 85J, 938 3,250,659 5,797,675 640,738 89,201 135,018 521,872 106,001 6,010,657 8,290,451 1,161,648 202,069 5,343,911 10,300 18S,500 729,533 10,790,125 441,899 421,061 37,S96 3,946,159 1,752,159 673,387 188,567 377,446 724,855 1,360,512 3,538,452 894,825 58,557,947 Value. 3,886,995 224,082 19,011 32,261 143,693 17,156 917,228 1,997,534 97,117 52,853 2,566,789 37,015 58,770 36,823 1,449,765 157,467 82,766 12,963 1,293,786 678,477 143,322 11,946 42,904 83,930 243,383 1,164,199 429,203 2,647,813 24,252 88,058 103,295 16,764 3,861 135,443 266,939 27,758 4,189 7,965 20,109 4,793 282,296 291,739 52,557 13,854 215,292 1,012 7,669 22,018 489,489 16,848 19,142 3,020 157,136 60,278 23,139 12,129 15,439 25,654 74,760 137,404 33,512 2,012,723 17,406 288 2,847 4,214 16,527 6,896 5,804 421,960 23,329 53,877 169,210 99,755 40;94S 77,537 38,303 5,136 9,671 6S6 185,979 455,756 879 1,854 2,637 214,034 2,110 8,382 491 894 8,121 23,585 43,675 20,552 49,385 718 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—Products, by States: 1919—Continued. PRODUCT AND STATE. Receipts from rents and sales of lamps and appliances Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York. North Carolina... North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina -.. South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states... Quantity. Value. 17,358,342 120,882 32,217 265,507 68,030 404,651 107,831 242,898 152,174 14,871 2,480,501 438,370 403,572 30,111 20,019 140,398 783,794 1,082,150 1,258,047 289,910 29,557 404,931 38,891 253,246 40,515 1,425,887 3,580,695 148,053 5,703 24,346 196,234 914,125 146,875 73,261 67,421 144,291 153,181 70,404 24,868 70,819 171,688 511,326 526,092 Of all gas manufactured for sale, 25 per cent by quantity and 22 per cent by value was produced in New York, which also ranked first in the produc- tion of carbureted water gas and mixed coal and water gas. Indiana and Wisconsin each reported nearly 15 per cent of the total production of coal gas. California and Oregon together produced 94 per cent of the oil gas, and 45 per cent of the acetylene sold through mains was in New York. Table 17 shows, for the total gas production and for each kind, the number of establishments and the quantity produced for sale in 1919 and 1914, for the principal states arranged according to production in 1919. Table 17.—Gas Production, by Kinds, and Number of Es- tablishments, by States: 1919 and 1914. All Gas. United States New York Illinois Pennsylvania CaliforniA Massachusetts New Jersey Michigan Indiana Missouri Maryland Wisconsin Connecticut Minnesota Iowa Rhode Island Texas NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS. 1919 1914 1,022 1,284 96 131 70 75 oo fift OO w 66 57 51 61 38 43 59 59 53 60 26 35 16 18 34 47 22 27 23 47 68 113 4 6 25 27 GA3 PRODUCED FOR SALE: M CUBIC FEET. 1919 308,440,473 76,730,459 36,520,788 33,662,922 25,145,377 20,177,864 18,343,949 16,603,149 8,195,804 7,648,192 7,252,886 7,238,943 6,133,336 5,195,651 4,047,690 2,879,860 2,745,958 1914 203,639,280 54,776,737 27,066,585 14,718,834 15,192,904 13,431,185 12,774,402 6,986,926 5,602,717 6,432,786 4,083,192 2,884,187 4,439,924 4,400,936 3,310,866 2,415,708 1,597,882 Table 17.—Gas Production, by Kinds, and Number op Es- tablishments, by States: 1919 and 1914—Continued. All Gas—Continued. Virginia Oregon Washington Georgia Colorado Nebraska Tennessee Alabama Florida New Hampshire Delaware North Carolina Maine Ohio South Carolina Arizona South Dakota Vermont Montana Mississippi Kentucky North Dakota Kansas All other states coal gas. United States Wisconsin Indiana Michigan Massachusetts Illinois New York Ohio North Carolina Missouri Mississippi Virginia Minnesota Washington Kentucky Iowa Pennsylvania Georgia Alabama Maine Maryland All other states CARBURETED WATER GAS. United States New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Illinois Iowa Connecticut Texas Nebraska Massachusetts Indiana Missouri Wisconsin . Florida New Hampshire Georgia South Carolina South Dakota Vermont Maryland Minnesota - North Carolina Michigan Virginia Ohio All other states MIXED COAL AND WATER GAS. United States New York Illinois Massachusetts Michigan Pennsylvania Wisconsin Indiana Connecticut Rhode Island.. Virginia Washington Colorado Iowa Alabama North Carolina... All other states NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS. 1919 1914 233 190 277 430 147 GAS PRODUCED FOR SALE: M CUBIC FEET. 1919 2,595,359 2,556,215 2,450,219 2,097,916 2,005,498 1,644,175 1,382,539 1,212,748 996,777 780,868 773,368 768,736 680,716 660,726 612,981 360,729 330,886 279,076 235,339 226,624 175,841 147,754 140,026 6,802,529 8,029,749 1,177,122 1,175,489 959,328 543,480 525,819 464,290 292,283 252,926 187,246 185,887 183,411 172,447 157,918 128,729 127,191 126,338 112,889 103,445 102,026 85,567 965,918 90,796,299 38,917,795 18,345,693 5,667,034 4,131,266 2,560,171 2,100,212 1,948,768 1,620,330 1,460,963 1,382,973 1,181,112 646,697 604,991 583,715 528,562 501,348 323,635 206,311 175,253 162,883 154,243 121,441 113,515 69,919 7,287,469 179,871,832 37,321,574 31,299,651 18,132,994 15,509,168 15,153,512 5,409,849 6,183,339 4,018,912 2,851,253 2,290,365 2,227,705 1,826,270 1,338,528 1,106,684 356,206 36,845,922 MANUFACTURED GAS. 719 Table 17.—Gas Production, Establishments, by States OIL OAS. United States California Oregon. Arizona All other states. ACETYLENE. United States.. New York Indiana Pennsylvania... Illinois All other states. GASOLINE GAS. United States Iowa New York All other states. ENRICHED NATUBAL GAS. United States., California All other states. by Kinds, and N%»jr "of 1919 f and 1914—Contused. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS. 1919 19141 77 165 gas.pkod; D FOE BALE: IC FEEL 1919 15,421,836 12,023,777 2,481,915 336,803 579,341 5,077 2,297 778 358 319 1,325 20,428 9,447 1,698 9,283 14,295,252 13,120,640 1,174,612 1914 16,512,274 13,916,848 1,680,381 163,864 751,181 14,868 3,129 1,736 6S9 632 8,682 181,412 67,925 8,722 104,765 The figures show a decrease in total production in three states only, Kentucky, North Dakota, and Ohio. In more than half the states, coal gas shows a decrease, while only four states, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, and Ohio, reported less carbureted water gas in 1919 than in 1914. An increase in the pro- duction of mixed coal and water gas was general, no state showing a decrease. Mixed coal and water gas.—Table 18 shows, by geographic divisions, the total production of coal gas, and of carbureted water gas, including that sold as such and that entering into the composition of mixed coal and water gas. The largest proportion of coal gas sold as such, 41 per cent, is shown for the West South Central divi- sion, while the largest portion entering into the pro- duction of mixed gas, 97.4 per cent, is found in the Middle Atlantic division. The proportion of all water gas that was used in the production of mixed gas ran as high as 93.5 per cent in the East South Central division, while in the West South Central division it dropped to 8.5 per cent. Table 18.—TOTAL PRODUCTION OF COAL GAS AND CARBURETED WATER OAS: 1919. United States New England Middle Atlantic.... East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central Mountain Pacific COAL GAS. Sold as such. Total production, M cubic feet. 101,425,198 12,451, 31,599, 35,796, 10,859, 4,554, 1,989, 281, 2,456, 1,437, Constituent of mixed gas. M cubic feet. 9,159,519 378 751 094 j 220.! 134 243 302 859 217 841,164 817,497 4,604,389 773,144 802, 300 548,907 115,388 412,514 244,216 Per cent of total. M cubic feet. 9.0; 92,265,679 Per I cent of total. 91.0 2.6 12.9 7.1 17.6 27.6 41.0 16.8 17.0 i 11,610,214 30,782,254 1 31,191,705 j 10,086,076! 3,751,834 j 1,440,336; 165, 914' 2,044,345 i 1,193,001 j 93.2 97.4 87.1 92.9 82.4 72.4 59.0 S3.2 83.0 Total production, M cubic feet. 20S,726,631 21,010,044 109,044,894 41,749,754 11,574,619 16,878,821 1,542,763 4,595,174 962,367 1,368,195 CARBURETED WATEB GAS. Sold as such. Constituent of mixed gas. M cubic feet. Per j !Per cent I M cubic j cent of feet. of total. I , total. 99,264.592! 47.6 109,462,039 4.950,260 6$;657,937 6,717,100 6,439,296 7,903.332 100,737 4,203.255 1S6,167 106,508 23.6 63.0 j 16.1 j 55.6 46.8: 6.5 91.5 1 19.3 i 7.8 16,059,7S4 40.386,957 35,032,654 5,135,323 8,975,4S9 1,442,026 391,919 776,200 1,261,687 52.4 76.4 i 37.0 83.9! 44 .4! 53.2 1 93.5 j 8.5 j; 80.7 j 92.2 i MIXED COAL AND WATER GAS. Production, M cubic feet. Constituents: Per cent. i Car- Coal ibureted water gas. 201,727,718 45.7 54.3 27,669.998 71,169,211 66,224,359 15,221,399 12,727,323 2.882,362 '557,833 2,820,545 2,45H,6SS 42.0 43.3 j 47.1 1 66.3 I 29.5! 50.0 29.7 I 72.5: 48.6 j 58.0 56.7 52.9 33.7 70.5 50.0 70.3 27.5 51.4 Quality of gas.—At the census of 1914, out of 1,284 establishments covered, 1,055 reported the candle- power and 811 reported the heating value in British thermal units. In 1919, out of 1,022 estabhshments, only 389 reported -eandlepower, while 737 reported heating value. This illustrates the tendency resulting from the use of the incandescent mantle, by reason of which heating value instead of luminosity is becoming the standard of measurement. Table 19 shows the number of estabhshments and the quantity of gas, by geographic divisions, for specified groups based on the quality of gas in terms of British thermal units. While, in 1919, as in 1914, the group "575 to 625 B. t. u." has the largest number of estabhshments, the group "550 to 574 B. t. u." shows a relatively large in- crease, indicating that the prevailing standard is lower than in 1914. In agreement wi th this is the decrease in both of the higher groups. 720 MANUFACTURES. Table 19.—HEATING VALUE—PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO QUALITY, BRITISH THERMAL UNITS PER CUBIC FOOT, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919. Thousand cu. ft. United States: 1919 1,022 1914 1,284 New England 112 Middle Atlantic 220 308,440,473 203,639,260 East North Central.... 231 West North Central... 161 South Atlantic 10S East South Central 1 39 West South Central..32 Mountain 39 Pacific SO 30,931,720 128,737,330 69, 219, 410 19,154,374 19,394,939 2,997,752 4,507,251 3,345,886 30,151,811 QUALITY NOT REPORTED. LESS THAN 500 B. T. U. 3 Thousand j j§j] cu. ft. ;g.53 S3,410,753 (0 270, 75,981, 3,832, 484, 1,475, 722, 160, 96, 740 583 1 574 989 1 199 576 180 149 763 Thousand cu. ft. 330,938 5,027 4,911 20,57S 221,448 78,974 500 TO 549 B. T. U. 550 TO 574 B. T. u. 2 a-a 82 a 10 ~45~ 2 5 15 6 4 1 3 1 Thousand cu. ft. II 22,441,655 | 206 0) I 61 20,728,829 9,928! 579,667 i 317,102 | 220,619! 347,284; 22,654 199,945 15,627: Thousand cu. ft. 73,449,002 C1) 4,457,200 4,829,548 37,909,936 2,875,330 7,926,207 754,132 348,581 558,117 13,789,951 575 TO 624 B. T. U. 2 388 538 23 92 104 54 47 8 10 17 33 Thousand cu. ft. 98,593,537 C1) 5,447,513 33,355,064 25,761,563 13,985,731 9,670,362 1,115,917 3,754,388 2,293,115 3,209,884 625 TO 649 B. T. u. 650 AND OVER, B.T. U. = 3 II ll Thousand cu. ft. 15,676,831 *1 14,104,818! 8,475 1 1,481,394 i 45,286; 36,858! Thousand cu. ft. 14,537,757 0) 27,438 456,3S9 1,122,168 4,917 57,266 37,265 82,728 12,749, 586 1 Figures not available. 1 Under 550 B. t. u. Table 20 shows, by states, g&s production distrib- uted by kind and by British thermal-unit groups. The highest average heating value (631 B. t. u.) appears in Pennsylvania for mixed coal and water gas, and the lowest (540 B. t. u.) in Massachusetts for the same gas. Table 20.—HEATING VALUE—PRODUCTION, BY KINDS OF GAS, FOR LEADING STATES: 1919. KIND OF GAS AND STATE. MIXED COAL AND WATEE OAS. United States New York Illinois Massachusetts.. Michigan....... Pennsylvania. All other CARBURETED WATER GAS. United States New York Pennsylvania. New Jersey... Illinois Iowa All other COAL GAS. United States. Wisconsin Indiana Michigan Massachusetts., Illinois All other. United States. California. Oregon.... Arizona... All other.. GAS PRODUCED FOR SALE BY ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTING QUALITY IN B.T. U..' 1919. Quantity (million cu. ft.). 143,038 4,427 29,058 18,133 14,847 15,123 61,450 46,075 9,772 4,703 5,644 3,968 2,298 19, 690 1,177 1,124 742 543 404 2,978 i 14,481 11,648 2,472 309 52 Per cent of total. 79.5 Aver- age B.t.u. 11.9 92.8 100.0 95.7 99.8 98.4 50.7 25.1 25.6 99.6 96.1 89.8 92.9 6.8 592 566 540 595 631 599 590 554 602 575 580 570 100.0 95.7 77.4 100.0 76.8 81.6 96.8 97.1 100.0 91.7 29.7 600 556 583 571 567 602 562 560 671 603 600 ! Less than 500. 222 217 21 21 B. t. u. groups—million cu. ft. 500 to 549. 18,725 16, 429 142 2,154 3, 222 48 3,164 117 17 65 4 252 550 to 574. 46, 832 23 28,135 1,085 774 1,543 15,272 9,831 18 3,011 11 2,024 1,139 3, 628 575 to 599. 600 to 624. 17,949 3, 621 854 619 1,920 196 10,739 14,954 44,788 124 12,011 * 32," 584" 15, 836 8,875 1,384 1,868 55 2, 772 1,542 759 143 38! 330 I 748! 13,812 | 11,387 j 2,403 188 348 388 66 562 48 625 263 5,487 71 1,047 8,343 2,6 1,177 60 234 62 14 1,131 539 213 33 272 21 625 to 649. 14,015 659 13,356 1,497 1,438 650 and over. 697 28 513 210 29 146 128 210 54 210 GAS PRODUCED BY ESTABLISHMENTS NOT REPORTING B. T. U. Quantity (million cu. ft.). 1 Not Including Plntsch gas, of which 448 million cu. ft. was produced for sale. 36,834 32,895 2,242 662 31 1,004 44,721 29,146 13,643 23 163 262 1,484 1,062 51 217 122 672 i 493 342 28 123 Per cent of total. 20.5 88.1 7.2 4.3 0.2 1.6 49.3 74.9 74.4 0.4 3.9 10.2 7.1 13.3 4.3 22.6 23.2 18.4 3.2 2.9 8.3 70.3 Table 21 shows, by geographic divisions, the num- ber of establishments reporting candlepower, classi- fied by groups, for 1919 and 1914. In 1909, 92 per cent of the establishments reported candlepower; in 1914, 82 per cent; and in 1919 only 38 per cent. MANUFACTURED GAS. 721 Table 21.—ILLUMINATING VALUE—NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS REPORTING CANDLEPOWER: 1919 AND 1914. Ci^NDLEPOWEE GROUPS.1 Census year. number; ofestab-; | DIVISION, hsh- monts. Not re- porting candle- power. Under 15. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. J 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Over 25. i United States 1919 1914 1909 1,022! 633 1,284; 229 1,296! 105 27 24 23 20 26 15 84 28 96; 91 93' 226 207 10 i 54 1 48; 54 151 170 | 12 51 53 38 86 101 2 16 31 5 16 3 13 100 241 194' 146 j 15 29 1919 , 112 134 85 IS 5 3 3 2 fi! 3! 1 35 1 3 1914 1919 1 15 20 32 7 19 4 5 3 2 1 7 Middle Atlantic 220 145 3 5 3 12 3 12 4 22 2 4 1 4 1914 273 51 5 5 25 7 23 10 43 26 47 3 7 6 15 1919 231 266 159 43 10 10 1 3 27! 59 | 11 10 45 1 10 1: 1 1914 30 13 28 4 7 2 2 20 1919 161 70 90 6 6: 24 43 3; 33 3 7 3 1914 2S1 1 4i 15; 43 4 20 3 13 6 5 6 2S 1919 108 58 1 2' 9 3 14 o 12 3 2 1 1 1914 121 11 2 o \ ! 17 i 6 27 10 18 6 6 3 13 1919 39 47 19 3 1 2 6': 6 i 2 3 i: 1 '1914 1919 j 15 1 5 11 2 4 32 37 17 5 1 1 6 5 1 . 1914 1919 j 4! 1 7 1 9 2 2 6 39 37 27 3 2! 4; 3 3 : 1914 2 4 i 5' 2 7 2 6 3 3 1919 SO 8S 53 ! 5 , 2 7 1 o 4 4 2 1914 5 2 2 i ! 11 10 31 s 6; 1 1 4 1 Per 5-foot burner?. Distribution—Table 22 shows the quantity of gas sold, used on premises, and unaccounted for, by kind and by geographic divisions. This information is not available for prior censuses. Table 22.—Distribution of Gas Produced, by Kind, and by Geographic Divisions: 1919—Continued. Table 22. -DlSTRIBUTION OF GAS PRODUCED, BY £lND, AND BY Geographic Divisions: 1919. KIND AND DIVISION. KIND AND DIVISION. Total [production! l(M cu. ft.). United States. 344,119, Sll Mixed coal and water gas Carbureted water gas Oil gas Coal gas Other gas 201,727,718! 99,264,5901 18, OOS, 181 9,159,5191 15,959,803 Mixed coal and water gas: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... West South Central... Mountain Pacific Carbureted water gas: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West N orth Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... West South Central... Mountain Pacific Oil gas: New England.... Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central.., South Atlantic SOLD. For illu- minating, household, and indus- trial pur- poses. 1271,579,422! !36,S61,053 165,4SS, 341 70,391,2701 15,309, 111 7,691,337 12,699,363 14,333,491 20,405,029 112,725 338,412 1,621,396 27,669,998 71,169,211 66,224,359 15,221,399 12,727,323 2,882,362 557,833 2,820,545 2,454,688 4.950,260 68,657,935 6,717,100 6,439,296 7,903,332 100,737 4,203,255 186,167 106,508 78,754 108,543 74,016 92,991 49,020 22.935,463] 53,489,661 57,476,231 12,478,167 11,530,316 2,449,096 495,906 2,405,796 2,227,705 4,300,117 44,134,253 5,308,441 5,899,509 6,785,339 81,051 3,606,568 179,304 96,688 78,754 108,543 71,764 78,670 49,020 For dis- tribution by other compa- nies. 2,639,056 11,492,193! 218,1171 27,915 6,210 237,272 18,796,269 1,043,855 24S 327,385 Used on. Unac- prem- counted ises. for. ,491,15S!2S, 1SS, ITS 7,017,680,14,838,206 294,137! 8,174,154 93,S47i 2,492,498 74,2131 1,055,557 11,281 1,627,763 595.69L 194,089 [4,096,903 2,046,131 41,492 11.676 2,320 4,95S 24,420 IS, 161 168,356] 15,564! 29,813 39,053 242| 21,529 1,2081 2111 1,499,788 5,993,268 4,433,108 669,186 1,155,515 421,590 53,397 409,791 202,563 394,710 5,559,057 349,240 509,726 751,555 19,444 575', 158 5,655 9,609 Oil gas—Continued. East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific ^J^w England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central.... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central— Mountain - — Pacific Other gas: New England Middle Atlantic East N orth Central West North Central— South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific SOLD. Total ! Forillu- productionjl minating, !(M cu. ft.).[jhousehold, jiandindus- ! trial pur- !! poses. 23,154j 94,647! 455,155 17,031,901; 841,164 817,497, 4,604,389: 773,144! 802,300 548,907; 115,388 412,514 244,216| 1,02; 5,157 1,130,769 16,705 475 *25S,*3i: 'i4,*547,"323| 23,1541 93,91S 412,321 14,392,967! For dis- tribution by other compa- nies. Used on prem- ises. 112,725j Unac- counted for. 729 5,295! 37,539 88,525! 2,437,684 740,251 660,528 50,824! 3,849,715,: 280,326! 646', 956j 7,262; 702; 404. 444,451j. 97,4Sl|. 348,465i. 201,086!. 10,872! 6,481 39,993! 7, IIS' 1,985 4,590 374 1,697; 1,103; 5,061;. 970,961 . 15,647!. '475'. 207,16Sj ! ii,"499,"24ii"if"62i,"396l 6,828! ISO! 90,041 99,664 434,355 111, SOS 97,911 99,866 17,533 62,3-52 42,027 220 89 152,980 "878 50,753 3,840! 1,422,843 2,225 14,321 » Of this, 23,621,320 M cu. ft. were reported as sold for industrial use, but as many gas plants were unable to report gas sold for industrial use separate from that for illuminating and household use, this figure does not represent the total industrial use of gas. Of the total production in 1919, 78.9 per cent was sold direct to consumers, and 10.7 per cent to other companies for distribution, while 2.2 per cent was used by the producing companies for heating retorts, lighting, etc., and the remainder, S.2 per cent, reported as "unaccounted for", covered loss through leakage, etc. It was found impossible to obtain accurate data in regard to the gas used industrially, as many producers were unable to give segregated figures for household and industrial use. The amount reported as sold for industrial use, 23,621,320 M. cu. ft., does 111367—23- -46 722 MANUFACTURES. not, therefore, represent the total, though it is probable that it covers the greater portion, as the companies which gave segregated figures were as a rule those situated in the chief industrial areas. Consumers and population.—Table 23 shows the number of consumers reported, and the population of the territory served, for states and for geographic divisions. For the United States the ratio is 1 con- sumer to 5.2 persons in the territory supplied. The highest ratio of consumers to population was in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions, where it was 1 to 4.7 while the lowest was in the East South Central division, 1 consumer to 11.1 of the population* Illinois shows the highest ratio, 1 to 4, and Oklahoma the lowest, 1 to 17.4. Gas rates.—Table 24 shows the number of establish- ments and the amount of gas sold under certain speci- fied rate groups, by states and by geographic divisions. It is difficult to make a satisfactory tabulation of the rates charged for gas, owing to the difference in rate scales, some companies basing their charges on a flat rate per thousand cubic feet, while others use a sliding scale, the rate varying in inverse ratio to the quantity of gas consumed. In cases where practically the entire output of a plant was sold at one rate or at rates within the limits of a rate group, the quantity was tabulated under the rate charged for the bulk of it, even though charges were computed on a sliding scale. On the other hand, the output of establishments basing their charges on a sliding scale so graduated that the preponderating portion of the gas could not be tabu- lated in any one of the rate columns, is included in the "sliding scale" column. Of the total gas produced for sale, 51.3 per cent was reported by 6.7 per cent of the establishments at less than $1 per thousand cubic feet, while 6.8 per cent of the establishments reported one-tenth of 1 per cent of the gas at over $2 per thousand cubic feet. The latter includes the acetylene plants. The largest num- ber of establishments under any one group was 229, or 22.4 per cent of the total, under the group "$1.55 to $2.00," with 1.6 per cent of the gas sold. Table 23.—Number of Consumers and Population of Terri- tory Supplied, by Geographic Divisions and States: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States. . Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia.. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada... Pacific: Washington Oregon California Population of territory supplied. Number of consumers. 8,253,165 42,991,579 1,071,576 3,199,457 1,837,125 619,667 475,808 91,705 128,461 118,649 710,717 5,078,115 15,098,982 8,765,615 3,336,070 3,408,156 1,018,038 1,120,085 925,842 4,240,676 32,201 35,667 15,526 205,800 225-, 900 83,000 661,106 95,967 3,042,232 451,200 231,209 1,069,983 1. 852,874 646,953 699,630 8,234,956 2,724,014 4,140,012 16,961 226,198 1,004,177 387,685 202,104 260,094 1,357,618 4,122,159 2,019,781 1,005,963 158,928 152,732 221,213 .! 6,091 14,002 62,041 4,660 822,091 826,554 1,132,262 45,826 94,100 382,837 32,400 i 24,558 158,465 1 76,676 1 68,509 2,979 27,437 i 17,565 1 58,875 I 40,744 158,800 843,860 423,664 557,000 29,750 361,082 189,000 520,000 325,000 8,083 ! 41,971 j 32,993 93,920 370,147 427,971 126,000 8,658 765 8,000 426,000 15,000 671,085 ! 52,927 862 ! 73,907 I 11,226 i 4,821 ! 1,461 66,302 j 2,280 ! 12.970 j 17,061 ! 2,528 107,500 43,000 22,000 412,016 27,000 125,036 '92,956 69,188 ! 548,573 169,000 20,290 719,000 418,000 3,103,676 Table 24.—RATES (NET) CHARGED FOR GAS—QUANTITY OF GAS SOLD, BY RATE GROUPS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919. H » United States j 1,022 New England • 112 Middle Atlantic -..-j 220 East North Central j 231 West North Central | 161 South Atlantic 108 East South Central i 39 West Sooth Central !32 Mountain. 39 Pacific 80 Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 308,440,473 30,931,720 128,737,330 69,219,410 19,154,374 19,394,939 2,997,752 4,507,251 3,345,886 30,151,811 UNDER $1.00. 211 EB\ Gas sold I Jj i (M cu. ft.). 158,311,552 22,244 82,152,867 27,636,997 11,109,679 11,674,914 653,269 12,000 1,582,073 23,467,509 $1.00 TO $1.25. ^■2 147 Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 51,480,925 17,731,928 17,814,200 4,872,691 3,940,718 2,542,610 1,563,651 876,020 527,559 1,611,548 $1.30 TO $1.50. £■2 z1 Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 153 9,760,603 1,160,791 2,678,423 841,970 854,145 1,352,440 206,325 2,397,672 189,315 73,522 $1.55 TO $2.00, £•3 Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 4,917,831 1,019,076 1,184,280 629,219 970,360 512,079 186,892 42,552 210,213 163,160 OVER $2.00. Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 305,045 135,209 19,975 5,472 7,653 15,475 12,605 26,240 82,416 SLIDING SCALE. si 234 Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 64,889,371 10,809,249 8,776,617 34,090,875 1,777,790 3,224,188 314,216 1,098,462 755,623 4,042,351 RATE NOT REPORTED. Gas sold (M cu. ft.). 18,775,146 47,223 16,110,968 1,142,186 494,029 73,233 73,399 67,940 54,863 711,305 MANUFACTURED GAS. 723 Equipment.—No attempt was made to .collect data in regard to production equipment, but certain data were asked for relative to the distributing systems. Table 25 shows the capacity of the gas storage holders, by states and by geographic divi- sions, in 1919. Of the total gas storage capacity in the United States, 38.8 per cent was reported from the Middle Atlantic division, which reported 41.7 per cent of the gas sold. Table 25.—Gas Storage Holders, by Geographic Divisions and States: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States. Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain. 136,623 324,419 174,005 58,201 47,931 10,503 19,336 6,912 Pacific !57,111 Holder capac- ity. Mcu.ft. 835,041 New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York.... New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Illinois Indiana Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas 3,987 3,004 1,156 90,002 15,677 22,797 210,160 53,335 60,924 5,723 91,350 22,764 37,002 17.166 15,452 10,774 26,350 610 756 3,914 345 division and state. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana. Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington. Oregon California Holder capac- ity. M.cu.ft 2,035 20,715 8,100 3,900 173 2,098 1,215 5,764 3,931 786 2,370 6,321 1,026 220 7,636 60 11,420 975 410 130 2,635 100 805 1,815 42 6,847 6.581 43,683 Distributing1 mains.—In Table 26 the miles of transmission and distributing mains reported in 1919 are tabulated, by states and by geographic divisions. New York ranked first, Illinois second, and Cali- fornia third in miles of mains, while in total quantity of gas produced these states ranked first, second, and fourth, respectively. The geographic division with the largest mileage was the Middle Atlantic, with 30.7 per cent of the total. Table 26.—Distributing Mains, by Geographic Divisions and States: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. Miles. United States 1919.. j 69,742 1914.. j 5S,727 Geographic divisions:; New England !8,109 Middle Atlantic I 21,445 East North Central 15,836 i West North Central I 5,778 South Atlantic '4,512 , East South Central 1,247 West South Central !1,578 j Mountain '1,410 I Pacific !9,827 j ;! New England: I j Maine !326: New Hampshire.. I 317; Vermont j 134 j] Massachusetts i 4,78.1 !j Rhode Island j 739 \\ Connecticut i 1,812 !j Middle Atlantic: i! New York. !12,119! New Jersey I 4,724 • Pennsylvania i 4,602 j East Noeth Central: S Ohio 650! Indiana 2,904! Illinois 1 7,506 j Michigan.. 3,085; Wisconsin 1,691 j West Noeth Central: i Minnesota 1,250; Iowa 1,745! Missouri 1,726; North Dakota 7S j South Dakota 179 j Nebraska 684 > Kansas 86 DIVISION AND STATE. j Miles. South Atlantic: Delaware 222 Maryland 96 y District of Columbia 550 Virginia. 6vy West Virginia 36 N orth Carolina 4 9 i South Carolina 235 Georgia 606 Florida 697 East South Central: Kentucky 226 Tennessee 'Alo Alabama Mississippi 211 West South Central: Arkansas ^ Louisiana 474 Oklahoma 15 Texas 1,073 Mountain: Montana 121 Idaho . 84 - Wyoming 21 Colorado 675 New Mexico 40 Arizona 167 Utah. 2i33 Nevada 39 Pacific: Washington 1,276 Oregon 1,247 California 7,o04 Stoves and heaters.—Table 27 shows the number of gas stoves and heaters connected with mains at the end of the year, by states and geographic di- visions for 1919, 1914, and 1909. These figures are not to be taken as complete, as several large pro- ducers stated that the data were not available in 1919, and the same condition prevailed in the pre- vious years. In so far as they are shown, they cover only the heating attachments connected, or known to be connected, by the company reporting. The per cent column indicates the proportion which the gas produced by estabhshnients reporting stoves and heaters bears to the total gas (excluding Pintsch gas, gasoline gas, and acetylene) produced for sale in 1919. 724 MANUFACTURES. Table 27.—Stoves and Heaters Connected with Mains, by Geographic Divisions and States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1919 Number of establishments. DIVISION AND STATE. Total num- ber, i United States.... New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont. T Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nobth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois * Michigan Wisconsin West Nobth Central: Minnesota Iowa - Missouri North Dakota South Dakota j Nebraska I Kansas 1 South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland and Dis- trict of Columbia.. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi: West South Central:! Arkansas ■ Louisiana! Oklahoma j Texas Mountain:! . Montana! Idaho! Wyoming' Colorado! New Mexico' Arizona - -..' Utah! Nevada i Pacific: i Washington...; Oregon j California I Num- ber re- port- ing stoves and heat- ers. Per cent which gas pro- duced for sale by es- tablish- ments report- ing stoves and heaters is of total.1 911 801: 65.1 11 11 , 100.0 12 11 98.4 9 8 95.8 48 42 51.5 4 3 , 94.6 21 18 , 81.1 79 61 56.9 30 21! 16.8 .78 74! 59.7 13 10 | 46.1 45 38! 77.0 64 60 I 98.3 58 46' 85.1 33 31! 32.4 20 i8 i 8.7 57 55 i 99.3 24 19 I 9.4 4 4 1 100.0 11 n i 100.0 18 18 j 100.0 5 5! 100.0 6 6! 100.0 14 12 i 63.0 15 15 100.0 3 3! 100.0 20 19! 97.9 8 8 100.0 16 14 1 76.5 13 12! 98. C 9 9 ] 100.0 7 7 | 100.0 11 11 1 100.0 7 7i 100.0 1 i: 100.0 3 3 100.0 1 i! 100.0 21 19! 90.3 j 5 5 i 100.0 3 3 1 100.0 2 2 i 100.0 10 7 1 96.1 2 2 100.0 9 6 I 86.4 3 100.0 2 2 100.0 12 10 99.4 10 6; 97.8 54 44 j 70.3 NUMBER OF STOVES AND HEATERS CONNECTED WITH MAINS AT END OF YEAR (A3 REPORTED). 1919 1914 1909 - 5,469,126 5,16S,924 3,603,435 37,206 35,057 13,217 28,172 31,722 11,677 6,002 21,965 346,775 73,786 245,417 19,301 8,943 168,442 17,228 68,936 167,415 103,369 827,176 80,752 733,543 9S4,590 346,551 500,417 1,114,126 29,552 410,243 12,455 195,220 754,393 82,896 87,341 19,1S4 169,507 620,911 276,653 141,720 15,951 97,998 437,447 185,218 91,208 20,263 166,868 28,494 42,779 136,482 139,422 8,588 11,286 71,317 3,020 22,736 82,282 119,592 3,752 6,635 49,199 449 6,446 16,679 76,191 6,215 20,914 15,244 7,104 185,302 08,731 3,073 44,236 30,362 57,387 66,352 132,713 47,985 2,928 21,711 18,629 53,744 40,502 74,725 27,065 465 5,230 6,024 36,221 20,550 6,389 77,822 55,515 13,190 68,393 50,063 32,531 10,860 19,085 29,567 17,354 7,661 765 103,375 1,088 116,313 1,255 55,375 6,077 20,432 4,484 52,978 3,062 45,190 12,116 5,395 1,550 105,985 1,900 10,649 20,583 1,809 8,604 4,048 1,042 2,766 1,607 92,789 1,883 8,127 188 60,459 18,725 1,820 651 3,2,37 9,376 864 119,284 58,399 512,254 91,504 47,231 371,671 33,750 22,924 183,897 1 Not including Pintsch gas, gasoline (cold-process) gas, and acetylene. Gas and electric light and power,—Table 28 shows the number of establishments which operated elec- tric light and power plants in conjunction with the manufacture of gas, by states and by geographic di- visions, in 1919 and 1914. While a decrease of nearly 12 per cent is evident in the total number operating electric plants, the relative number so engaged in- creased from 30 per cent in 1914 to over 33 per cent in 1919. Table £8.—Establishments Operating Gas and Electric Light and Power Plants in Conjunction, by geographic Divisions and States: 1919 and 1914. NUMBER OPER- DIVISION AND STATE. United State; Geographic divisions: New Englnad Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central.. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia* North Carolina South Carolina . Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California number of I ATING GAS AND establishments. electric PLANTS IN CONJUNCTION. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1,022 1,284 341 385 112 134 39 52 220 273 j 63 73 231 266 : 83 84 161 281 i 54 52 108 121 ! 24 30 39 47 14 23 32 37 8 11 39 37 18 14 80 88 i 38 46 13 17 1 3 6 13 14 ! 4 5 9 9 I 4 4 51 61 ! 16 21 4 6 • 1 2 22 27 j 11 14 96 131 ! 37 46 38 43 ! 8 4 86 99 j 18 123 15 25 4 5 53 60 1 16 16 70 75 ! 39 38 59 59 ; 7 8 34 47 17 17 23 47 ! 9 8 68 113 20 19 26 35 12 14 5 9 1 2 12 17 2 3 20 48 i 8 5 7 12 2 1 7 8 16 18 ! 5 6 2 3 17 22 3 3 3 5 1 22 20 8 6 10 12 4 4 17 19 2 5 14 14 2 5 10 13 5 7 10 12 3 5 12 14 3 6 7 8 3 5 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 2 2 5 I 3 25 27 5 5 6 6 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 10 8 4 3 2 2 2 2 9 9 7 6 4 4 1 1 2 3 1 1 12 13 4 4 11 9 4 6 57 66 30 36 Municipal establishments.—The establishments owned by municipalities are operated mider condi- tions somewhat different from the commercial com- panies, and the statistics therefor, though included in the other tables, are presented in Table 29 in detail. The gas works of Philadelphia, though owned by the city, are operated by a private corporation and are not here included. The decrease of 81 in number of establishments in 1919, as compared with 1914, is in the town and village acetylene and gasoline plants of the North Central and South Atlantic states. MANUFACTURED GAS. 725 Table 29.—MUNICIPAL ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments 1.. Number manufacturing:' Straight coal gas Carbureted water gas Mixed coal and water gas. Oil gas. Acetylene Gasoline (cold-process) gas.. Number operating gas and electric light and power plants in con- junction Persons engaged Salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages.. Salaries Wages Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture4. MATERIALS. Total cost. Coal used for gas making: Net tons Cost Coke, purchased, used for gas making: Net tons Cost Oil used for gas making and enriching: Gallons Cost Gasoline for gas making: Gallons Cost Calcium carbide: Pounds Cost Fuel for boilers and retorts, cost Amount paid for lamps and appliances purchased for sale. All other materials, cost Total value. Gas: M cubic feet Value Straight coal gas— M cubic feet Value Carbureted water gas— M cubic feet Value Mixed coal and water gas— M cubic feet Value.... Oil gas— M cubic feet Value Acetylene— M cubic feet Value Gasoline (cold-process) gas— M cubic feet Value Coke: For sale- Net tons ■ Value Made and consumed, tons — Tar: Gallons Value All other products, value Receipts from ronts and sales of lamps and appliances. Miles of mains. UNITED STATES. 1910 1914 57 138 11 11 18 3 4 31 71 18 6 2 8 12 14 16 066 93 573 5-12 112 430 2,693 $7,858, 740 2,224 $5,554,187 $771,452 $105,172 $666,2S0 $337,659 $65,918 $271,741 $1,366,703 $2,778,069 $1,411,366 $717,371 $1,757,017 $1,039,646 $1,366,703 $717,371 66,965 $395,767 74,944 $256,579 8,680 $90,754 5,709 $28,685 ( 5,442,952 $-129,850 3,790,220! $182,559 53,621 $18,820 746.371! $130',000 263,200 $11,532 1,612,275! $33,508 $39,363 $37,412 $343,205 $30,270 $16,634 $39,136 $2,778,069 $1,757,017 2,186,039 $2,520,698 1,636,371 $1,579,886 307,962 $361,131 252,438 $237,377 414,166 $543,405 227,926 $173,384 1,411,699 $1,510,614 996,452 $910,861 37,596 $66,145 22,195 $28,123 1,762 $14,500 4,477 $50,321 12,854 $24,903 132,883 $179,820 18,345 $116,549 46,610 22,996 $82,536 1,463,299 $58,306 1,179,843 $33,117 $15,235 $67,281 $37,404 $24,074 ■ 829 927 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 5 5 5 5 8 26 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 i -j 3 4 3 1 9 1 2 14 3 5 1 1 2 248 32 216 193 45 148 7 8 2 SO IS 62 42 10 32 2 5 6 249 174 10 13 266 $955,690 272 $273,137 $2,526,077 $1,353,060 $104,764 $84,280 $292,426 $28,973 $263,453 $124,222 $24,539 $99,683 $5,006 $4,017 $315 $3,702 $54,612 $23', S65 $60,747 $19,665 $2', 381 $17,287 $2,600 $2,406 $288,979 $653,314 $364,335 $167,021 *473.620 $306', 599 $25,308 $32,107 $6,799 $10,831 $24; 103 $13,272 $150, US $313,482 $163,364 $70,625 $101,004 $30,379 $2SS,979 $167,021 $25,308 $10,831 $150,IIS $70,625 25,477 $166,800 I 1,500 $12,750 I 717.751! $62,399! 27,124 $119,165 I 610 L $2,709 j. 537 .414! $27,277 j 728 j $7,011! 377 $2,020 84,123 i $4,"&0 j $1,615 $1,480 $43,935 $653,314 450,237 $597,086 5,651 $13,067 87,000 $103,000 357,586 $481,019 $722 $8,031 $9,117 $473,620 383,813 $390,291 44,600 $44,600 4,746 $6,317 334,467 $339,374 4,890! $31,465 11,513 L 386,857 1 $18,781 $5,918' $64 j 208 S,S94 $32,939 335,051 $7,992 $31,548 $10,850 178,800 i $7,244 j $3,506! "$2*787" i 62,928 $2,517 1.430; $429 j 736,000 i $5T060 j $389' $140 j $2-76 I 13,533 |. $63,806 j. 1,780 $is; 739 353.862 $28,122 11.220 $3,894 34,000 $1,564 $16,410 •$712 j $16,871 $32,107; $24,103 [ $313,482 21,131 $32,107 13.093! $23,932 j 19.918 $23,561 12,158 $15,19S 210, .829 $249,932 73,000 $90,540 77,034 $90,923 58,190 $63,372 1,213 i *S,546 700 IS, 204 235 $530 $171 23 185 $1,827 2,420 $3,270 5,471 $43,121 j 508 154,796 $8,087 $1,410 $10,932 1 Distribution, by states: NowE:" *' Middle 2 Value of products less cost ol materials 1,809 $8,503 383,657 $14,109 151,949 $27,758 207,400 $7,022 $5,637 $146 $7,450 $101,004 100,749 $98,54-8 70,261 $49,092 898 $10,516 29,590 $38,940 14,667 $440 $1,516 $500 Michigan, 1; Wisconsin, 12. 726 MANUFACTURES. Table 29.—MUNICIPAL ESTABLISHMENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. Number of establishments Number manufacturing: Straight coal gas Carbureted water gas... Mixed coal and water gas... Oil gas Acetylene Gasoline (cold-process) gas.. Number operating gas and electric light and power plants in con- junction Persons engaged Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower., Capital Salaries and wages.. Salaries Wages Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture2., MATERIALS. Total cost. Coal used for gas making: Net tons Cost Coke, purchased, used for gas making: Net tons Cost.... Oil used for gas making and enriching: Gallons Cost Gasoline for gas making: Gallons Cost Calcium carbide: Pounds Cost Fuel for boilers and retorts, cost Amount paid for lamps and appliances, purchased for sale. All other materials, cost Total value.. Gas: M cubic feet Value Straight coal gas— M cubic feet Value Carbureted water gas— M cubic feet Value Mixed coal and water gas— M cubic feet Value Oil gas— M cubic feet Value Acetylene— M cubic feet Value Gasoline (cold-process) gas— M cubic feet Value Coke: For sale- Net tons Value Made and consumed, tons.. Tar: Gallons Value All other products, value Receipts from rents and sales of lamps and appliances. Miles of mains. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. West North Central. 1910 1914 20 40 9 31 1,203 $630,922 $39,127 $8,287 $30,840 $87,968 $137,798 $49,830 $87,968 1,670 $11,816 1,308 $12,527 292,706 $34,218 42,401 $14,926 26,400 $1,404 $7,154 $5,923 $137,798 82,019 $134,051 13,260 $19,888 58,192 $90,712 133 $1,818 10,434 $21,633 3,325 81 975 $481,042 $38,531 $3,928 $34,603 $150,584 $217,230 $66,646 $150,584 1,155 $6,583 229,618 $9,773 592,992 $101,813 476,875 $15,260 $8,066 $791 $8,298 $217,230 142,617 $215,173 29,205 $41,047 8,571 $14,259 1,783 $19,517 103,058 $140,350 $558 $3,189 $151 $1,906 259 South Atlantic. 1919 15 258 24 234 853 $3,300,341 $325,616 $36,135 $289,481 $760,355 $1,532,095 $771,740 $760,355 22,247 $129,074 4,092 $46,738 3,500,710 $276,183 24,000 $1,320 $10,678 $33,996 $262,366 $1,532,095 1,358,119 $1,408,715 189,943 $204,974 172.022 $235,209 995,923 $966,223 231 $2,309 6,846 $35,230 30,878 881,267 $29,021 $7,257 $51,872 371 1914 184 35 149 746 $3,089,083 $134,009 $29,514 $104,495 $300,399 $887,736 $587,337 $300,399 43,805 $123,621 2,135 $10,890 2,429,057 $125,939 192,000 $6,166 $15,406 $7,104 $11,273 $887,736 941,338 $806,335 166,701 $161,034 111,556 $61,730 661,985 $571,487 1,098 $12,084 12,626 $45,275 788,025 $22,751 $3,829 $9,546 334 East South Central. 1919 I 1914 19 2 17 2 $228,000 $13,660 $2,070 $11,590 $22,869 $43,128 $20,259 $22,869 3,310 $17,260 $1,224 $4,385 $43,128 26,108 $32,662 26,108 $32,662 23 6 17 14 $223,948 $13,804 $4,233 $9,571 $13,796 $38,829 $25,033 S13,796 3,638 $11,773 $50 $422 $1,551 $38,829 1,138 $6,733 386 40,379 $2,417 $92 $1,224 41,137 $31,743 41,137 $31,743 1,476 $4,322 42,100 $1,934 $830 27 Mountain (Arizona). 1919 7 2 5 90 $65,000 $5,990 $1,050 $4,940 $18,177 $42,356 $24,179 $18,177 216,000 $14,476 $3,701 $42,356 21,178 $42,356 21,178 $42,356 Pacific (California). 1919 7 4 3 20 $47,946 $5,015 $2,192 $2,823 $12,929 $23,789 $10,860 $12,929 277,800 $9,692 $3,237 $23,789 16,418 $23,789 16,418 $23,789 l Distribution, bv states: West North Central, 1919—Minnesota, 7 establishments; Iowa, 8; North Dakota, 1; South Dakota, 2; Nebraska, 2; 191*1—Minnesota, 28; Iowa, 34; North Dakota, 1; South Dakota, 5; Nebraska, 11; Kansas, 2. South Atlantic, 1919—Maryland, 1 establishment; Virginia, 5; Georgia, 4; Florida, 2; North Carolina, 3; 1914—Maryland, 1; Virginia, 7; West Virginia, 1; South Carolina. 1; Georgia, 5; Florida., 2. East South Central, 1919—Kentucky, l establishment; Alabama, 1; 1914—Kentucky., 1; Alabama, 2. * Value of products less cost of materials. MANUFACTURED GAS. 727 GENERAL TABLES. Table 30 gives comparative statistics for the prin- cipal items—number of establishments, average num- ber of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials and value of products—for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 31 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 30,—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- ! rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 1914 1909 1,022 1,284 1,296 42,908 43,792 37,215 233,467 215,715 128,3.50 $32,759 $157,551 |$329,279 76,779 ! 220,238 52,428 ; 166,814 26,802 20,931 1919 12 522 333 544 762 ! 1,646 1914 14 214 461 129 387 i 1,125 1909 13 259 599 133 214 687 1919 9 63 590 85 350 691 1914 9 59 646 41 90 267 1909 8 20 153 20 47 137 1919 57 2,444 24,545 2,754 8,000 1 20,441 1914 66 2,317 22,054 2,023 3,422 1 13,578 1909 74 1,666 7,502 1,408 2,604 | 8,927 1919 10 448 736 565 1,001 j 2,649 1914 8 387 1,379 303 562 1,588 1909 10 306 646 191 636 1,472 Connecticut 1919 22 1,270 3,071 1,687 3,190 8.347 1914 27 1,209 5,0S9 827 1,471 < 746 1909 2S 926 4,100 557 1,005 3,446 Delaware. 1919 7 145 107 186 449 1,053 1914 8 125 158 75 205 570 1909 5 128 333 76 109 364 Florida 1919 14 418 1,074 422 9S3 1,989 1914 14 349 968 183 338 1,049 | 1909 12 210 746 113 182 585 1919 17 486 1,344 499 1,519 3,005 1914 19 560 1,999 279 653 2,021 1909 15 459 689 206 368 1,425 1919 4 35 402 41 90 241 1914 4 44 224 32 52 171 1909 3 35 27 27 52 113 Illinois 1919 70 4,430 21,912 5,372 17,892 36,930 1914 75 3,S90 31,058 2,659 8,035 28,171 1909 78 6,301 18,385 2,967 6,210 21,052 1919 .53 1,902 8,378 2,138 6,612 12,454 1914 60 1,668 3,707 958 2,611 6,393 1909 53 928 5,845 508 1,102 3,147 j 1919 68 727 5,316 846 2,641 5,738 j 1914 113 768 5,394 497 1,638 4,066' 1909 117 806 2,043 380 1,111 2,893 i 1919 7 52 557 64 155 400 1914 12 62 1,544 37 66 225 1909 12 36 275 22 57 20S 1919 10 90 312 74 160 340 1914 13 232 1,178 131 190 5S9 1909 15 386 991 206 315 1,004 1019 13 220 463 267 647 1,381 1914 17 220 490 152 292 769 1909 19 216 349 120 212 549 1919 16 875 2,831 1,272 2,S58 6,44$ 1914 18 1,234 1,677 39S 1,405 4,157 1909 18 476 1,555 220 629 3,223 1919 51 2,654 18,827 3,557 10,774 24,231 1914 61 3,182 11,462 2,141 5,951 15,752 1909 64 2,292 7,371 1,250 3,810 11,074 1919 59 2,846 13,593 3,965 8,270 17,993 1914 59 2,349 4,935 1,584 3,356 10,441 1909 55 1,771 6,055 1,096 2,129 6,748 1919 23 707 5,908 869 2,408 5,518 1914 47 1,038 4,670 646 1,681 4,159 1909 42 848 3,538 292 820 2,874 1919 7 122 228 100 204 411 1914 8 113 196 56 111 292 1909 8 101 148 39 86 256 1919 26 1,318 8,772 1,539 2,996 11.113 1914 35 1,342 16,351 844 2,143 7,197 1909 29 941 3,635 636 1,223 4,638 Montana. Nebraska.. New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio. Oregon PennsylTania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington. Wisconsin... All other states. Cen- sus Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age Primary horse- power. Wages Cost of mate- rials. Value of Drod- ucts. year. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 6 6 5 63 170 172 129 $99 58 $197 $487 266 190 59 ! 95 | 77 1 4S ! 41 1919 1914 1909 20 48 43 | 291 1 354 j 400 : 1,639 1 328 I 1,620 1 227 j 1,015 I 209 1,134 2,446 1,928 1,415 j 606 i 445 1919 1914 1909 1 209 | 244 | 293 ! 513 j 220 1 228 j 147 ; 106 j 529 1 324 | ISO 1,195 ! 14 I 14 j ™ 842 581 1919! 38 1914 1 43 1909 j 47 2,083 1 2,205 i 1,917 1 14,757 j 10,397 6,717 2,375 761 S53 j 7,375 ! 4,075 j 2,S5o 20,317 14,020 9,837 1919 1914 1909 j 96 '131 | 8,409 | 10', 090 | 6,422 54,291 44,637 30)0S9 10,893 5,927 I 41,170 ! 21,560 j 15,018 69,339 52,816 42,347 i ul j 4; 364 1919 1914 1909 j 22 1 341 ! 20! 210 I 14' 151 j 1,086 j 329 : 102 j 62 1 677 252 123 1,521 716 369 ! 705 j 308 1919 1914 1909 1 5 i 43 1 52 66 60 I 155 29 j 109 13! 78 384 j 273 199 ! 6 28 i 65 1 52 1919 1914 1909 15 162 j 822 1,353 2,165 225 262 431 : 358 j 887 1 480! 1,432 ! 827 j 3,080 ! 25 38 398 6/36 1919 1914 1909 11 9 334 385 260 ! 1,910 1 353 : 2,482 l 310 ! 1,483' 194 818 j 404 200 2,927 1,523 909 8 ! 16,671 , 12,552 9,374 > 1919 1914 1909 86 99 99 3,324 2,796 3,119 4,241 1,420 1,501 17,330 '6,440 4,099 31,598 16,745 15,840 1919 1914 1909 4 6 8 670 605 412 '2,335 1,731 719 834 477 2,073 834 530 4,478 2,462 i;833 303 1919 1914 1909 10 219 136 127 950 509 207 195 68 52 474 169 114 947 496 334 12 12 1919 1914 1909 12 17 17 SO SO 108 473 651 318 83 57 64 320 136 120 613 380 278 1919 1914 1909 10 12 11 474 506 422 1,868 655 613 421 292 164 841 518 357 1,801 1,571 1,232 1919 1914 1909 25 27 27 643 613 3,622 1,759 1,090 623 354 288 1,587 768 545 3,614 2,185 1,644 575 1919 1914 1909 4 4 3 172 208 167 638 720 291 196 141 10S 295 279 168 790 617 366 1919 1914 1909 9 9 9 87 136 1,543 153 90 32 43 222 122 100 486 337 278 59 70 1919 1914 1909 17 22 21 475 533 378 1,S75 1,488 1,116 667 306 217 1,457 750 431 3,150 2,150 1,472 1919 1914 1909 12 13 12 637 630 465 2,969 2,568 1,479 838 487 1,606 759 661 3,680 2,369 1,684 273 1919 1914 1909 34 47 49 1,294 1,240 1,063 7,869 11,159 3,278 1,556 722 583 3,575 1,816 1,389 8,153 5,295 4,001 1919 1914 1909 18 24 29 L124 i;027 1,059 4,663 2,796 2; 549 1,269 628 595 3,397 1,574 1,190 7,447 4,479 4,053 728 MANUFACTURES. Table 31.—DETAILED STATEMENT, United States. Alabama— Arizona California... Colorado Connecticut. Delaware.. Florida... Georgia... Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 22 I Missouri ; Montana Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oregon 32 I Pennsylvania., 33 ! Rhode Island.. 34 i South Carolina 35 ! South Dakota. 36 ! Tennessee 37 I Texas 38 I Utah 39 i Vermont 40 | Virginia 41 | Washington 42 j "Wisconsin 43 ( All other states4. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 63,328 568 122 3,721 528 1,785 219 509 663 5S 7,737 |r 2,633 l! 1,052 |! 79! 118 jf.. 309 i!.. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 1,505 3,314 4,044 1,028 160 1,866 89 451 302 3,859 12,766 417 69 221 540 4,823 906! 303! 124 I 544! 876 236 137 j 583 j 858! 1,749 j 1,457 j Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- lend- ents, and man- agers. 3,424 18 19 167 31 109 21 38 47 12 2S2 147 101 14 15 32 57 204 208 73 15 106 9 43 33 188 599 34 9 31 36 246 47 33 14 36 62 11 26 38 38 104 71 Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. 11,088 5,881 19 9 27 13 769 340 36 13 224 182 33 19 35 18 86 43 7 4 1,972 1,053 329 254 135 as 9 4 6 7 33 24 385 184 179 277 362 626 157 91 10 13 185 256 14 3 77 39 35 25 1,219 369 2,934 821 22 20 14 3 12 16 98 72 900 351 68 121 30 21 11 12 108 62 32 21 12 12 29 41 104 79 155 195 182 80 "Wage earners. Aver- n um- ber. 42,908 522 63 2,444 448 1,270 145 418 486 35 4,430 1,902 727 52 90 220 875 2,654 2,846 707 122 1,318 63 291 209 2,083 8,409 341 43 162 334 3,324 670 219 80 474 643 172 87 475 637 1,294 1,124 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 44,2 De Fa No De Au Au Ja De De An De Se Au No 558 66 2,851 521 1,331 160 456 541 40 4,986 1,987 750 56 105 245 Qc» 988 Ja 2.739 De 3,275 Je 783 De 133 Ja Au De So Ja Ja Je Oc Ja De Ja Ja Mh Se 1,419 68 323 227 2,303 8,636 384 51 175 414 Minimum month. Mh 41,549 My Oc Fe Fe No 496 60 2,079 404 1,229 My 133 Je 392 Ja 436 Fe 31 Ap 4,258 My 1,786 Fe 696 No Ap Jy 48 81 204 Mh 738 Se 2,424 Fe 2,387 Fe 632 Mh 106 Je Mh Fe Ja Ap Se Oc Mil8 De Ja 3,532 i No 1,001 i Au 224 ! Fe 90 | Ja 8 1,265 59 250 190 1,924 8,076 322 37 152 261 3,223 508 215 68 Jy 3 487 ! Fe 461 De 693 j Je 597 Je 201 j Ap 141 Je8 95 Fe8 81 j Ja Oc Jy 532 Ap 772 Fe 1,351 Fe WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 44,2S0 443 i 533! 1,174 j 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. 44,058 558 60 2,705 521 1,249 141 439 496 39 4,479 1,836 816 51 j 89 218! 959 | 2,612 j 3,286' 734! 134 1,307 63 324 219 2,073 8,440 332 43 154 414 3,360 586 223 .475 I 688 i| 177 |j 84 !] 496 ;| 760'! 1,301 !| 1,256 J 558 60 2,702 521 1,225 110 439 495 39 4,435 1,830 813 51 89 214 956 2,608 3,282 727 134 1,302 63 324 212 2,065 8,380 332 43 153 414 3,350 582 223 80 475 685 177 84 496 760 1,297 1,243 200 I 16 44 Under; 16. i Male. 60 Capital. Dollars. 1,465,656,265; 7, 1, 62, 10, 27, 7, ft 1, 172, 575, 613, 207, 973, 214, 728, 850, 103, 981, 854, 500! 634 i 518 i 023 j 357 j 319 i 130 1 421 979 32,999,981 | 20,600,750 1,402,948 1,981,327 4,431,373 34,832,759 77,030,109 60,125,709 21,461,659 1,190,879 51,942 192 1,815,946 12,476,927 3,551,515 105,766,467 447,549,070 6,617,981 1,005,972 6,500,838 14,549,796 91,878,192 15,592,065 2,511,189 1,834,545 13,546,480 15,404,524 6,566,099 2,015,227 9,800,819 23,986,656 32,882,014 27,701,486 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and watermotors (operated by water from city mains). i Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). •SVD aaHflXOVJIlNVM 632, •smuora joqijo ejotn jo oho joj peqjodoa jeqmtiu oxa«g e • -qsn -q-e;sa in peje -ssjoq <»I3 *6I6I :S3XVXS AS NATURAL DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. GENERAL Sr. General character of the industry.—The census j classification covers establishments engaged primarily j in the manufacture of natural dyestuffs as distinguished! from the artificial or synthetic dyes, that is, from j forest products, woods, barks, berries, etc., and also j tanning extracts and liquors, including chrome j tanning solutions, and mordants, assistants and sizes, j Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the gen- j eral statistics for the census years 1879 to 1919, inclu- j sive. At prior censuses the industry included the arti- j ficial dyestuffs and mineral colors and dyes. The j manufacture of artificial dyestuffs, however, chiefly I concerns the coal-tar products industry and estab- j lishments engaged in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes are included therein, although at prior censuses they were not segregated from the natural dyestuffs and extracts. At the census of 1869 the industry was repre-' sented by 73 establishments with products valued at $2,878,609. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— The general statistics are presented in Table 2, by states, ranked according to value of products. It is largely centered in the Atlantic and Eastern states, 70 per cent of the production being reported by Atlantic Coast states. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners as shown in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 4, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. The fluctuation in number of wage earners per month is relatively small. The females employed as wage earn- ers constituted but 1.7 per cent of the total number. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics presented in Table 5 show a reduction in the hours of labor per week, though the movement is not as pronounced as in some of the other industries. In 1909, 77.3 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were "60 or over." In 1914 the proportion was 73.4 per cent, and in 1919 it dropped to 65.2 per cent. On the other hand, in 1909 only 5.7 per cent were em- ployed in establishments where the hours were fewer than 54 per week, and the percentage for this group increased to 9.1 per cent in 1914, and to 17.4 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of relatively small units, see Table 6, the average number of wage earners per establishment being 30 in 1919, 25 in 1914, and 22 in 1909. In 1919 the establishments employing over 100 wage earners were 14 in number, with 48.6 per cent of the wage earners; and in 1914 there were 6 with 30. 9 per cent. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The grouping by value of products, as shown in Table 7, reflects the general increase m values. The average value of products per establishment; increased from $111,000 in 1904 to $149,000 in 1909, to $184,000 in 1914, and to $373,000 in 1919. The ratios of value of product per wage earner at the several censuses is an index of increase in values. This ratio in 1909 was $6,656 per wage earner, in 1914 $7,263, and in 1919 it averaged $12,378. This increase in values accounts in the main for the changes from lower to higher groups. Character of ownership,—The preponderance of corporate ownership is shown in Table 8. The establishments owned by corporations employed 95.8 per cent of all wage earners and reported 92.5 per cent of the value of products in 1919 as com- pared with 92.1 per cent and 91.4 per cent, respec- tively, in 1914, and 89.7 per cent and 91.2 per cent in 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the statistics concerning power. The total horsepower reported in 1919 shows an increase of 11,030 horsepower, or 47.4 per cent, over that re- ported for 1914. This increase, however, is largely in rented power, which constituted 7.9 per cent of the primary power in 1919 and 3.2 per cent in 1914. The total electric power as utilized in 1919, including elec- tric motor equipment operated with purchased cur- rent, specified as rented, and secondary electric or that generated by the establishment, constituted 24.3 per cent of the primary power in 1919 as compared with 11.8 per cent in 1914 and 7.5 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents the statistics for fuel consumed, by kinds of fuel, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and by states for 1919, (730) NATURAL DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. 731 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged — Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture5 1919 144 j 5,205 , 59 | 804! 4,342! ! 34,320 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 7,055,528 2,320,914 4,734,614 225,880 2,521,380 34,592,698 53,744,283 19,151,585 112 3,551 56; 656 , 2,839 j 23,290 107: 3,015! 65' 553; 2,397 22,213 3,150! 82 361: 2,707 17,671 . , . . . . (2) $38,689,038 $21,283,974 ;$17,934,545 $14,904,150 |$7,839,034 118,645,458 $2,3%700 77: P! (2); 229 1,647 11,409 3,001,959 2,233,705 1,873,282 1,100,051 1,388,843; 942,326 i 608,790 312,109 1,613,116 1,291,379 1,264,492 i 787,942 62 (s) (s) (s) 2,111 11,896! 1879 (2) (2) (») 992 2,487 225,582 13,237,995 j 20,620,336 7,382,341 4,738 106,415 9,683,651 15,954,574 I 6,270,923 2,675 * 77,639 6,829,340 10,893,113 4,063,773 4,745,912 7,350,748 2,604,836 1,289,987 512,097 252,336 (3) 1,037,651 (s) 6,500,928 , 3,918,741 9,292,514 5,253,038 2,791,586 1,334,297 1914-; 1909- 1904- 1S99- 1889- 1879- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 46.6 22.6 1 52.9 47.4 81.8 135.0 67.i: 193.5 8,982.4 1,017.7 161.3 . 160.6 159.4 , PEE CENT OF INCREASE.* 7.8! 18.6 | IS. 4! 4.8 IS. 7 ■53. 2 i -11.5 i 2o.7 20.3 34. 4 1 19.2 47. 4 i 54. 8 i 24.9 I 2.1 ■ 57.6 64.4 70.3 95.1 60.5 (») -4 1 -9. 3 -14.7 23.7 -24.1 -47.5; 112.0 i 36.7; 29.2 l 17.7 1 77.1 41.8 46.5 54.3 43. 9 -27. 0 65. 9 48.2 -20.9 76.9 56.0 -6.7 109.2 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted whore base is less than 100. * Figures not available. » Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials, Table 2— PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States...: 144 New York !27 Virginia 17 Tennessee 1 10 New Jersey 17 WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. . VALUE ADDED BY 'MANUFACTURE. gga;la s |ggs a»-s ®t2 , (V eta ! ca 1 « 4,342 100.0 .... $53,744 jlOO.O . S19,152 593 i 13.7 j 1,002 23.1 I 1,037 I 23.8 385 8.9 3: 2 n 1; 5 i! I 9.561 i 9,426 i 7.562! 5,924 | 17.8 i 17.5 i 14.1; 11.0 3,628 4,493 3, S89 2,375 100.0 18.9; 3 23.4 1 20.3 2 12.4 4 Massachusetts.. Pennsylvania... North Carolina. Rhode Island... All other states. WAGE 5 EARNERS. s Xi. i ' Per cent distributio: Rank. O j > 5 < d § j 27 1 165 3.s: 7 12 426 9.8 i 4 5 335 7.7: 6 14' 66 L5 i 10 15 333 7. 7 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. c ^ a $5,811 | 3,800 2,444 | 1,024: 8,19 2 I 10. S' 7.1 4.6 1.9 15.2 ■ VALUE ADDED BY ! MANUFACTURE. P . C o^J d; := OT c ©1 ^ 3 o"i - O p_, -j 1 SI,33 6 93S 7S2 ( 358 1 1,353 7.0! 4.9; 4.1! 1.9; 7.1 |. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers., Cen- sus year. Fe- male. Total. Male. 1919 1914 1909 5,205 3,551 3,015 i 4,950 j 3,402 2,901 255 149 114 1919 1914 1909 418 270 264 ! 408 262 10 ,j 262 8 2 1919 1914 1909 59 56 65 1 55 50 64 4 6 1 1919 1914 1909 142 103 91 137 102 91 5 1 1919 1914 1909 217 111 108 216 110 107 1 1 1 PER CENT OF TOTAL. PER CENT Male. 95.1 95.8 96.2 97.6 97.0 99.2 93.2 89.3 98.5 96.5 99.0 100.0 99.5 99.1 99.1 Fe- male. 4.9 4.2 3.8 2. 4 3.0 0.8 6.8 . 10.7 1.5 3.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.9 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age.. Cen- sus year. Fe- male. OF TOTAL. Total. Male. 1919 1914 1909 445 442 ■ 354 274 330 27S 171. 61.6 74.7 i 78,5 . 38. 4 25.3 21.5 112: 76 , 98.3' 99.0 98.5 j 1919 1914 1909 4,342 2,839 2,397 4,26S 2,810 2,361 74 29 1.7 1.0 1.5 36; 1919 1914 1909 4,328 2,823 2,391; 4,259 2,796 2,355 69! 98.4 1 99.0 1 98. 5 j 1.6 1.0 27 36 1.5 1919 1914 1909 16: 9 14 6 5 2 643 j 87.5! 35.7 12,5 6 loco; 732 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919...-. Males... Females 1914 1909 Massachusetts New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Virginia Average number em- ployed during year. 4,342 4,268 74 2,839 2,397 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OP THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 165 385 593 335 426 66 1,037 1,002 4,278 4,208 70 2,719 152 370 549 363 433 64 981 1,015 May. 4,214 4,146 68 2,848 2,344 444 57 1,048 1,010 148 S32 534 360 406! S91 67! 61 1,020; 1,027 ! 1,000 June, j July. 4,336! 4,261 , 75 2,849 2,399 4,511 4,427 84 2,798 2,432 176 339 1 ■ &j 403! 60 | 1,103 1,015 I i 175 376 577 367 398 65 1,120 1,060 August. 4,472 4,392 80 2,785 2,478 180 409 578 373 417 65 1,066 1,044 Septem- ber. 4,454 4,376 78 2,917 2,453 182 426 602 356 416 71 1,041 1,015 Octo- ber. 4,360 4,291 69 2,989 2,324 182 437 636 258 435 72 991 1,015 Novem- ber. 4,488 4,417 71 2,967 2,450 185 460 684 263 463 78 1,060 Decem- ber. 4,438 4,354 84 2,917 2,439 194 454 743 841 453 81 983 968 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 91.0 91.1 81.0 89.1 92.5 65.5 72.2 71.9 64.6 84.4 70.4 87.6 87.3 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAELING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. 44 Be- and jtween un- 44 der. United States. Massachusetts. New Jersey— Total. 1919. 4,342 166; 193 1914J 2,839 m 1 (2) 1909., 2,397 (2) i (2) New York 593! North Carolina 1 335 I Pennsylvania 426 Rhode Island 66 Tennessee 1.037 Virginia i 1,002 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. lto5 6 to 20 21 to 50 wage wage wage earners, earners, earners, inclusive. inclusive. inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 STATE. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive Over 250 wage earners. — j&SK Estab- lish- ments. Estab- lish- ments. Wage Estab-1 Wage Estab- earn- ! lish- * earn- lish- ers. . ments. ers. | ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. Estab-1 Wage lish- f earn- ments. j ers. i Estab- lish- ments. Wage earn- ers. j United States... 1919.. 144! 4,342 112 i 2,839 9 4 59 37 161 | 29' 291 15 86 | 33: 383 20 510 662 18 12 1,268 832 13 i 1,836 6; 876 1 276 1914.. Massachusetts 27 i 165 17 385 27 593 5 335 2 1 2 18 4 58 5 j 49 2 15 i 8 1 82 2 28 7 . 75 3 2 1 1 58 53 92 34 i New Jersey. 1 65 1! 170 3 i 398 1 143 New York 12 1 North Carolina I | 1 12 2 17 1 3 2 i56 Pennsylvania 12 426 14 66 10 1,037 17 1 1,002 1 3 5 9 121 1 276 Rhode Island ! I L.-.....1 22 j 1 9 1 j 35 Tennessee 7 7 509 487 3 4 528 475 Virginia 1 4 17 1 2 j 23 i | NATURAL DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. 733 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes. Loss than $5,000 15,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 144 112 107 5 6 10 17 19 19 49 37 36 38 41 1 24 6 \ 42 11 3 1 1919 4,342 1914 1 32 200 1,097 1,488 1,524 3 49 308 1909 1919 1914 1909 !,397 $53,744,283 $20,620,336 | $15,954,574 12; 66 390 1,929 11,056 198,366 2,521,776! 11,263,383! 15,700,228 24,049,474 11,372 i 216,921 j 1,860,718 I 18,531,325 13,795,580 25,838 240,409 1,892,747 1919 1914 1909 $19,151,585 $7,382,341 ; $6,270,923 4,803 85,074 1,052,403 f 4.080,641 \ 5,848,609 | 8,080,055 6,264 15,571 110,230 105,736 670,451 832,605 | 6,595,396 5,317,011 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes !100.0 Less than $5,000 i 3.5! $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $L,000,000 and over 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 3.5 5.4 9.3! 11.8 17.0 17. S 34.0 33.0 33.6' 2G.4 36.6 ! 16.7 5.3 • 39.3! 7.6 2.7 J 1 loo.o ioo.o! 0) 0.7 4.6 if 25*3 1 1 34.3 \ I 35.1 J 0.1 1.7 10.9 S7.3 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 ioo.o; 0.5! 2.8; 16.3 i 80.4; 0) 0.4 4.7 21.0 21.0 ) 29.2 [ 44.7 J 0.1 1.1 9.0 0.2 1.5 11.9 0) 0.5 5.5 f .If 21.3 "I 8.4 U 30.5 } II 42. 2 J 0.1 1.5; 9.1! 89.3 | 0.2 L7 13.3 84. S 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Lndi-! ! vid- iuals. United States 1919. J 38 1914.. 25 1909.. 23 Cor- pora-] tions "L Massachus* • t ts !12 New Jersey I 2 New York j 6 Pennsylvania j 4 Rhode Island !9 Tennessee i Virginia !3 All other states | 2 All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. i :< Total. Indi- ■ Cor- I All Indi-i Cor- All: vid- pora- j oth- vid- pora- oth- 1 uals. : tions. ;ers. uals. tions. ers. Of establishments owned by— ! Per cent of total. I; Individ- Corpora- All ^f" j , All uals. t&s. others. ^^\^ 4,342 2,839 i 2,397! 156! 143 145 I 4,160 I 2,615! 2,151 26 81 101 6 95.8 0 I 92.1 1 89.7 0.6 2.9 4.2 $53,744,283 J 20,620,336 I 15,954,574 S3,406,538 1,144,266 946,201 $49,691,965 18,854,821 , . 14,55S,545 $645, 621, 449, 780: 6.3 , 92.5 249 | 5.5 ! 91.4! S28 i 5.9 I 91.2 1.2 3.1 2.8 165 38.5 593 426 66 1,037 1,002 668 38 i 128 • 23! »56! "itf'l 120 j 357! 570 i 418; 10 I 1,037 i 985 I 663 . 84.: i 72.7 92.7 j 96.1 ! 98.1 ! 15.2 .1100.0 : 98.3 .i 99.3 j 5,811,567 ; 5,924,057 j 9,560,583 1 | 3,800,246 j 1,024.287 I 7,561,944 ! 9,425,657 | 10,635,942 1,135,937 11.004,305 317,448 274,13S i 883,054 ""VS3."686~. 4,380,598 4,919,752 9,243,135 3,526,108 141,233 7,561,944 9,341,971 10,577,224 295,032 19.5 75.4 I 17.0 j 83.0 U 3.3 1 96.7 j. 7.2 92.8 !. »5S, .... 86.2 j 13.8; .... 1100.0! ....■! 0.9 i 99.1 i 718 I ;99.4 I 1 Includes the group "AH others." 3 Includes the group "Individuals." Table 9.— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total.. Owned Steam1 Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines. Water wheels and turbines... Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. NUMBER OF ENGINES OB MOTORS. 1919 256 232! 24; 9 3 294 j 294! 1914 306 8 224 218 539 i 294: 245 j 195 82 113 1909 270 8' 251 247 , 19; 19 106 19 87; HORSEPOWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 34,320 j 1914 23,290 , 1909 1919 1914 1909 31,603 31,289 28,316 2,973 201 113 2,717 2,692 25 22,543 22,032 (3) (*) 455 56 747 745 8,341 2,692 5,649 , 2,750 745 2,005 22,213 100.0! 100.0; 100.0 92.1 j 96.8 99.1 91.2 | 94.6; 97.6 82.5 8.7 0.6 2.0 0.1 a 3 a 2 1,4 7.9 3.2 0.9 7.8 3.2 0.9 3} Q-1 1 1,664 \ 100.0 1 100.0 i 100.0 191 32.3 27.1 11.5 1,473 57.7 I 72.9: 88.5 22,020 21,685: (s) (') 15 320; 193 191 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. 5 Not reported separately. 734 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. coal. 1 Gaso- line and COAL. Gaso- line , Anthra-! Bitumi- cite ! nous' (tons, i (tons, 2,240 i 2,000 lbs.). ! lbs.). , Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas; (1,000 j cubic! feet).; Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Fuel oils (bar- rels). and ; Gas other | (1,000 volatile cubic oils feet), (bar- rels).; other volatile oils Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). STATE. (bar. STATE. | j 13,585 330,092! 24,457 173,888 [ rels). United States.. .1919.. 2,325 25 3,705 227 91 0) 148, 848 187,673 North Carolina 36,781 10,693 1,672 114,715 109,292 21,913 1914.. Pennsylvania 398 33 5 24 721 Rhode Island 93 1,970 970 86 Massachusetts 1,447 i 4,067 1 1,153 1 10,080 j 8,830 20,879 1 165 643 682 382 Tennessee New Jersey 2,227 60 Virginia 1,724 7 New York 600 All other states 146,334 i 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials.—Table 11 presents the statistics for the principal materials consumed in the manufacture of natural dyestuffs and extracts in 1919. Table 11.—Materials: 1919. [Including forest products consumed by tanneries and establishments manufacturing dyestuffs and extracts as subsidiary products, and also including the consump- tion by tanneries and other establishments manufacturing extracts for their own consumption, as well as the materials consumed by the establishments that constitute the classified industry.) Total The classified industry: Dyestuffs and extracts, natural.. Other industries manufacturing natural dyestuffs and tanning extracts for consumption or as subsidiary products Forestproducts., Woods: Cnestnut Spruce Logwood Quebracho Fustic... Brazilwoods Barks: Hemlock Oak or oak and chestnut mixed. Chestnut-oak Black-oak Sumac leaves Myrobalans Divi-divi Mangrove Gambler Valonia All other forest products1 Starch Rosin, Gums other than rosin. Castor oil Dyes and extracts purchased for blending, etc.: Of coal-tar origin Other Fuel and rent of power. All other materials Quantity. Cost. $47,208,538 Tons (2,000 lbs.).' 1,559,405 i 787,498 366 54,806 9,228 5,134 3,175 309,917 261,519 61,155 10,353 7,832 8,354 5,200 2,078 342 303 32,145 45,924 14,503 85 Gallons. 225,234 34,592,698 12,615,840 7,347,284 6,833 1,943,704 566,498 215,227 137,360 5,017,827 5,076,356 916,391 134,117 534,129 488,982 398,337 125,750 92,237 22,303 1,138,151 4,820,447 2,167,395 56,159 356,919 444,006 890,374 1,675,726 12,636,020 Table 12 shows the consumption of forest products, by states. The figures cover the consumption by all classes of establishments so far as the reports are available. Table 12.—Materials—Forest Products, by States: 1919. 24,161,486 Total.. Virginia Pennsylvania.. j Tennessee i North Carolina. ! New York j Massachusetts.. j New Jersey ; All other states.. Tons. 1,559,405 422,463 218,881 343,126 184,124 34,056 34,351 15,899 306,505 Cost. S24,161,486 4,946,424 4,892,012 3,473,602 2,189,426 1,306,340 776,043 621,988 5,955,651 The principal forest products consumed in Virginia were chestnut-oak bark, chestnut wood, and logwood; in Pennsylvania, hemlock and black-oak bark, log- wood, fustic, Brazilwoods, mangrove, myrobalans, quebracho, sumac, and valonia; in Tennessee, chestnut wood and hemlock bark; in North Carolina, chestnut wood and bark; in New York, logwood, quebracho, spruce, and sumac; in Massachusetts, Brazilwoods, myrobalans, divi-divi, sumac, and gambier; and in New Jersey, logwood, fustic, Brazilwoods, and gambier. Products.—Table 13 presents the statistics for products in 1919 in comparison with 1914 and 1909. Dyestuffs and extracts made by dye and print works or by tanneries for their own consumption are not included. Figures therefor are not available. i Includes larch, Osage orange, wattle bark, archil, gallnuts, etc. NATURAL DYESTUFFS AND EXTRACTS. 735 Table 13.—PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. [Not including tanning extracts made and consumed in establishment producing.] 1919 1914 1909 Number of establishments 176; 133 124 The classified industry: Dyestuffs and j extracts, natural '144 112 10i Other industries 32 21 , 17 PRODUCTS. Total value \ *5G, 905,553 . 1 $21,382,689 \ 1 $16,788,676 The classified industry: Dyestuffs and StractaTrStural $53,744,283, $20,620,336 $15,954,574 Subsidiary products from other indus- tries....... - i $3,161,270 $762,353 $834,102 D?^turaL dyestufis. i $4,699, 111! $1,862,162 $1,135,694 Dyewood extracts—! Logwood— fi Number of establishments 10 » o Pound! esiaDU50menU3 32 751 757 28,989,962 22,317,248 value..!.**!!!*!!'.*.."!..! $3,292,512 $1,311,966, $991,974 Average value," 100 pounds.... $10.00 $4.50 $4. 45 Fustic— ,. Number of establishments *5 o; U Pounds 3,844,390 4,509,943; («) Value!..!!!! $355,029 $222,804 (») Average value, 100 pounds—! $9-25 $4.95 Quercitron— ;A , Number of establishments ^ _ *<> * ^ Pounds 1 6,745,979 3,844,882: (3) vaiife^.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! few" 472 $112,945 o Average value, 100 pounds— $4.50 $2.95 Other dyewood extracts—Brazil- woods, cutch, etc.— ^ Pounds 2,078,287 3,434,150 (3) Value!..!! $312,924 $90,934 (») All other, dyewoods ground or t^d:.&^JY^n0t.^:. $435,174 $123,513 $143,720 Tanning materials i $32,016,231 $7,898,672 $7,323,971 Extracts: Oak and chestnut—; Number of establishments a 34 /4; PcSds - 507,905,777 323,197,524 266,529,514 NorthCarolina."."!!!!!!!!! I 63,879,651 48,855,547 (*) Tennessee > 175,418,997 117,510,960 (») ySa !236 470>7 , 119,701,202 i (3) All other states!!..!! !32,136,762 j 42,129,815; (•) Tanning materials—Continued. Extracts—Continued. Oak and chestnut—Continued. Value Average value, 100 pounds Hemlock— Number of establishments Pounds Value Average value, 100 pounds Sumac- Number of establishments Pounds- Value Average value, 100 pounds Other terming extracts, quebracho, spruce, gambier, chrome tanning, myrobalans, divi-divi, and gall- ■ nuts, in order as to value— Pounds Value Other tanning materials Mordants: | Tannic acid- Pounds Value Other mordants i 1919 $18,663,125 $3.65 3 11 19,705,590 $879,366 $4.45 4,507,433 $253, OSS $5.60 1914 $4,130,042 $1.25 18,978,013 $.340,402 $1,50 4,512,361 $129,631 $2.90 170,846,336 I 109,597,041' $5,059,912 $2,944,906 $4,760,740! $353,691 Assistants; Turkey red oil- Pounds Value Other assistants Sizes; Dextrin- Pounds Value Average value, 100 pounds.. Gum, other than rosin— Pounds Value Average value, 100 pounds. Rosin— Pounds Value ■ Average value, 100 pounds. Other sizes 665.772 $52S;463 $690,17S 2,477,874 $319,050 $2,526,246 49,328,560 l $3,791,372! $7.69; 8,680,048! $634,595 $7.31 | 57,055,943 i $2,888,600 $5.06! $4,264,074 i 760,100] $234,630! $157,791 11,6-31.884 $820,491 $716,510 IS, 913,641" $705,584 $3.73 3,832,182 $205,282 $5.36. 20,717,118] $373,218 $1.80! $1,768,777J 1909 $4,321,637 $1.60 12.5SS,07S $280,4S7 All other products $3,947,633 » $8,639,572 3.148, 790 $107, 456 $3.40 $2,614,391 $598,516 1,814,506 $108,292 (3) 16,143,931 $610,999 $3.78 $1,835,046 *$5,176,158 1 Includes artificial dvestuffs and mineral colors or dves to the value of $5,252,693 in 1914 and $3,683,553 in 1909. 3 Distribution by sta'tes, 1919—Logwood, 10: New Jersey 3, Massachusetts^2, JPennsylvania_2,_ and 1 each in Maryland, New York, and Virginia; fustic, 5: New 1 Figures not available. GENERAL TABLES. Table 14 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Table 15 presents for 1919 the statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and by states, so far as they can be shown without disclosing the operations of in- dividual establishments. Table 14.—COMPAKATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- i sus year. UnitedStat.es 1919 1914 1909 Massachusetts 1919 1914 i 1909 ] New Jersey 1919 \ 1914 1909! New York 1919; 1914 • 1909 ■ Pennsylvania !1919 1914 1909 j j Cen- j sus ! vear. Num. i Wage ^f I earners ^iCaT I Cost of Value _ . WagesJ mate- of prod- Primary, riais^ ucts> horse- j I ments. ber). Expressed in thousands. 6S6 729 6S9 7.643 4; 065 4,119 Rhode Island 1919; 14 66 1914! 7 91 1909: 10 S7 Tennessee 1919 10 1,037 1914! 6 365 1909 ■ 6 336 Virginia ..! 1919 I 1914 1909 All other states 1919! 20 668 5,108 1914 1 19 551 5,353 1909 j 22 4S2 4,702 $75 52 S2 S95 173 156 17 1,002 10,03S 1,090 I 13 429 4,309 161 14 346 4,209 123 776 2S0 255 $666 512 632 3,673 770 642 4,933 1,138 6S6 8,500 1,509 1,003 $1,024 793 928 7,562 1,536 1,313 9,426 1,677 1,200 10,636 2,176 1,809 736 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. N11221- '.. ber of I estab- i lish- i ments.j j Pro ji prie- i, tors Total. I; and firm mem- i bers. I Sala- i ried ! offi- I cers, Isuper- i in- j tend- •| ents, and ! man- ! agers. United States 144; 5,205; Massachusetts !27 i| 277 | New Jersey 17 i 490 i New York 27 , 791 j North Carolina i 5 m 351 | Pennsylvania ;12 j 519 Rhode Island... 14 i 103 Tennessee ;10 i 1,109 Virginia 17 ; 1,112 All other states a j 15 j 453 59 359 Clerks, etc. j Wage earners. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Male. Fe- male. Aver- age num- ber. 274 j 171 I 4,342 32 I 55 i 80 11 i 29 7 40 55 50 34 I 28 1 73 I 33 \ 11 | 24 i 33 | 35 I 27 16 39 1 27 165 385 593 335 426 8 j 1,037 17 1,002 30 j 333 | Number, 15th day of- Total. Maximum month. Minimum month. Jy 4,511 De No De Au No De Jy 194 460 743 373 463 81 1,120 1,060 Ap 4,103 Ap Api Jei De My Fe i Ja Ap 127 332 534 241 391 4,565 186 454 744 346 452 78 983 971 351 16 and over. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. IMaleJ Salaries and wages. Capital. Fe- j male I ij Officials. 4,474 175 439 709 346 451 77 980 971 77 35 $38,689,058 25 2,261,813 4,056,912 9,218,733 1,649,705 3,721,936 784,674 6,425,456 6,527,445 4,042,384 $1,676,984 118,664 314,940 551,112 33,792 112,563 27,197 132,174 189,037 197,505 Clerks, etc. S643,930 91,095 103,775 131,529 6,011 78,223 26,016 57,327 75,274 74,680 expenses—continued. Salaries and ! wages- Continued. Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. Wage earners. For | Taxes contract; j Federal, work. Rent of j state, , ,,^,t,^ , factory, county, materials. I _.ft_ni. I and :Power i local. Value of products. Prindpa! j ™■ Value added by manufac- ture. Owned. Total. i ;Inter- Steam j j nal- : engines | Steam com- (not j tur- bus- tur- ;bines, tion bines).; en- gines Massachusetts 199,918 • New Jersey I 497,621 New York i 754,700 North Carolina \ 306,330 Pennsylvania j 445,579 Rhode Island j 74,016 Tennessee..... 894,619 Virginia | 1,089,676 All other states 2 471,552 22,183 15,238 29,274 United States ;$4,734,614 S225,880 $84,864 |S2,436,516 ;S32,916,972 |$1,675,726 j|S53,744,283 j$19,151,585 1 6,371 100,033 \ 9,334 125,847! 220; 2,244 152,958 88,119 1,028,216 I 37,239 66,222; 20,111! 458,519 J 477,781; 107,351! 4,422,910 3, 443,082 5,765,125 1,467,013 2,793,103 642,001 3,257,765 4,428,378 6,697,595 I 52,920 ij 105,885 !| 167,993 j| 194,514 Ij 69,419 i! 24,170 415,365 504,105 141,355 5,811,567 5,924,057 9,560,583 2,443,899 3,800,246 1,024,287 7,561,944 9, 425,657 8,192,043 1,335,737 2,375,090 3,627,465 782,372 937,724 358,116 3,888,814 4,493,174 1,353,093 34,320 11 28,316 773 2,312 3,615 3,138 4,145 7,643 10,038 1,970 319 435 2,676 2,663 3,893 374 7,100 9,243 1,613 2,973 201 1,150 i 373 475 I 25 510 420 45 157 Wa- ter pow- er.8 113 105 j! Elec- i! trie ij horse- ! power gener- ated in Rent- Ij est'ab- ed,* I hsh- ments Ireport- i! ing. 2,717 |j 5,649 421 727 566 95 ] 312 ll 29 || 255 I 312 ji 1,049 658 305 1,051 1,497 217 872 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 3 All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Georgia, 1; Illinois, 3; Louisiana, 2; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 2; West Virginia, 3; and Wisconsin, 1. 8 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plant6). PAINT AND VARNISH. GENEEAI STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The statistics | presented in this report include the industries desig- nated as (1) Paints and (2) Varnishes. The statistics for each industry have been tabulated separately, each establishment being classified according to the product of chief value. The first group includes establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of colors or pigments, as well as paints in paste form and already mixed for use. The principal products of establishments of the second group are mainly solu- tions of gums, resins, asphaltum, etc., in solvents, or vehicles, such as turpentine, linseed oil, alcohol, naphtha, benzine, etc. The industry embraces japans and lacquers, and the products are classified accord- ing to their character. There is considerable over- lapping between the two groups, and hence the tables showing products in detail are presented for the combined industry, since many establishments manu- facture both classes of products. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the gen- eral statistics for the combined industry for the census years 1879 to 1919, inclusive. Comparative summary for paint and varnish.—Table 2 presents the statistics for the combined paint and var- nish industries, and the respective branches, for 1919 and 1914, with the percentage each component is of the combined industry. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Statistics are presented in Table 3 for the chief factors: Number of establishments, number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, for all states for which the statistics can be reported separately, ranked according to value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners, and other statistics for the combined industry in Table 4 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 5 are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 6 shows that, in 1919, 6,713 wage earners, or 31.2 percent of the total number, were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours per week were 48 or less. This is com- 111367—23 47 parable with 5.5 per cent in 1914 and 4.6 per cent in 1909. On the other hand, in 1919, only 3.4 per cent were in the " 60" and u Over 60" groups, as compared with 1S.4 per cent in 1914 and 27.9 per cent in 1909. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 7 shows that a large number of the establishments credited to the industry are found in the lower groups. Of the total number, 404, or 48.7 per cent, are found in the groups employing "1 too," or "no wage earners," in 1919, as compared with 53.1 per cent in 1914 and 56.8 per cent in 1909. On the other hand, the drift toward larger establishments is evidenced by the fact that 11 establishments, with 22.3 per cent of the wage earners, were in the groups covering over 250 wage earners in 1919, as compared with 8 establish- ments and 17.6 per cent of the wage earners in 1914, and 3 establishments with 9.4 per cent of the wage earners in 1909. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The average value of products per establishment for all classes, in 1919, was §410,056, as compared with 8182,030, in 1914, and §157,888 in 1909. The in- crease from 1914 to 1919 was to a large degree due to enhanced values, and, as a result, Table S, being based upon value of products, shows heavy gains in the higher groups at the expense of the lower groups. Character of ownership.—Although establishments under corporate ownership were in the majority, yet the industry included a considerable percentage of establishments owned by individuals or by firms and other forms of ownership of a nonincorporated character. These, however, were relatively small es- tablishments and employed but a small percentage of the wage earners, and represented correspondingly small percentages of the value of products. Table 9 shows that in 1919 the incorporated establish- ments constituted 75.7 per cent of the total number, as compared with 69.8 per cent in 1914 and 66.5 per cent in 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 10 gives the total horsepower reported for the industry ". Electric power is becoming more and more an important factor. Of the total primary power, 50.8 per cent was purchased electric power in 1919, as compared with 27 per cent in 1914 and 13.9 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the consumption of fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for gas include both manufactured and natural gas. (737) 738 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE COMBINED INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture6... 830 34,030 298 12,225 21,507 85,199 $239,775, 836 50,640,787 26, 522,628 24, US, 159 729, 885 8,399,760 217,112, 372 340, 346, 803 123, 234, 431 25,682 391 9,208 16,083 70,611 $129, 533,935 24,369,021 14,188,733 10, ISO, 2SS 91, 602 1,647,370 SS,465,757 145,623,691 57,157,934 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 'Figures not available. 1904 791 j 21,896 j 456! 7,200 14,240 I 639 16,480 439 4, 40S 11,633 1899 600 13,819 412 3,710 9,697 56,162 41,28S! 30,443 $103,994,908 $75,486,214 j$60,052,674 18,649,074 I 11,941,059 10,378,361 5,677,451 8,270,713' 6,263,608 91, 549 977,751 79,015,555 124,889,422 45,873,867 146,734' < 665, 568 j 59,826,674 j 90,839,609 | 31,012,935 I 9,942,241 5,016,651 4,925, 590 197,055 * 621,975 44,738, 517 69,562,235 24,823,718 1889 522 (*) (a) (3) 8,189 24,640 $45, 318,146 7,354,687 (3) (3) (') (2) 32, 736,195 54,233,681 21, 497, 486 1879 325 (a) (3) (*) 5, 056 (2) $17,333,392 2,498,971 (3) (a) (3) 20,762,236 29,111,941 8,349,705 PER CENT OF INCREASE .1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 3.8 1.1 23.8 6.5 32.5 -23.8 32.8 33.7 17.3 -14.3 27.9 12.9 32.9 3.9 63.3 22.4 19.3 6.6 18.8 20.0 20.7 S5.1 25.7 24.6 36.0 37.8 35.6 25.7 107.8 86.9 136.9 30.7 36.7 23.1 56.2 82.8 32.0 20.1 13.2 27.2 696.8 409.9 145.4 133.7 115.6 0.1 68.5 12.0 16.6 24.6 -37.6 -25.5 (3) 32.1 37.5 47.9 (3) 33.7 30.6 24.9 1889- 1899 14.9 (8) 23.6 32.5 35.2 (3) 36.7 28.3 15.5 1879- 1889 3 Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. & Value of products less cost of materials. (3) 194.3 (32 57.7 86.3 157.5 Table 2.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR PAINT AND VARNISH: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments Persons engaged - Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 1 830 34,030 29S 12,225 21,507 85,199 $239,775,836 50,640,787 26, 522,628 24,118,159 729, 885 8,399,760 217,112,372 340,346,803 123, 234,431 1914 800 25,682 391 9,208 16,083 70,611 $129,533,935 24,369,021 14,188,733 10,180,288 91,602 1,647,370 88,465,757 145,623,691 57,157,934 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF— Paint. Varnish. PER CENT OF TOTAL. Paint. !Varnish. 1 Value of product less cost of material. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States New York Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania New Jersey Michigan Missouri California Massachusetts Indiana Maryland Minnesota Nebraska Colorado Texas West Virginia Louisiana Washington Georgia Iowa Oregon Maine All other states Number of estab- lish- ments. 830 148 83 94 104 63 30 37 46 33 23 17 17 5 7 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 21,507 3,872 3,178 2,929 3,279 1,994 1,212 991 737 591 267 263 144 58 76 52 132 34 29 37 10 15 6 1,611 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 18.0 14.8 13.6 15.2 5.6 4.6 3.4 2.8 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 C1) o.i ) 7.5 Rank. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount. $340, 346,803 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 06,243,534! 54,787,301! 50,477,810 | 38,845,266 \ 31,815,368 | 20, 527,096 16,558,775 11,846,040 9,806,874 4,315,023 3,466,120 2,897,742 1,307,556 1,168,001 1,019,069 864,447 767,342 486,783 362,476 268,434 238,579 166,940 22,110, 227 19.5 16.1 14.8 11.4 9.3 6.0 4.9 3.5 2.9 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.5 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount. $123,234,431 26,625,526 17,285,753 18,170,959 13,345,065 11,005,200 8,819,015 5,486,124 4,164, 459 4,133,496 1,514,655 1,012,753 1,015,707 625,338 479,419 504,489 468,773 252,157 219,696 155,245 108,808 87,382 41,179 7,713,233 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 21.6 14.0 14.7 10.8 7.2 4.5 3.4 3.4 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.3 Rank. 14 13 17 21 19 22 25 26 27 31 33 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 PAINT AND VARNISH. 739 Table PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE COMBINED INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PER CENT CLASS. Cen- sus Total. Male. Fe- male. OF TOTAL. year. Male. Fe- male. All classes 1919 34,030 28,831 5,199 84.7 15.3 1914 25.682 22,777 2,905 88.7 11.3 1909 21,896 19,496 2,400 89.0 11.0 Proprietors and officials 1919 2,971 2,871 100 96.6 3.4 1914 2,135 2,091 44 97.9 2.1 1909 2,016 1,960 56 97.2 2.8 Proprietors and firm members... - 1919 298 285 13 95.6 4.4 1914 391 379 12 96.9 3.1 1909 456 422 34 92. 5 7. 5 Salaried officers of corporations... 1919 1,101 1,052 49 95. 5 4. 5 1914 852 830 22 97.4 2.6 1909 793 773 20 97.5 2.5 Superintendents and managers... 1919 1,572 1,534 3S 97.6 2,4 1914 892 882 10 98.9 1.1 1909 767 765 2 99.7 0.3 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years of age. Cen- sus year. Total. Male. Fe- male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. 1919 1914 1909 9,552 7,464 5,640 6,476 5,849 4,436 3,076 1,615 1,204 67. 8 78.4 78. 7 2L6 21. 3 1919 1914 1909 21,507 16,083 14,240 19,434 14.S37 13', 100 2,023 1,246 1,140 90.6 9.4 92. 3 92,0 1919 1914 1909 21,43S 16,036 14,159 19.436 14;797 13,037 2,002 1,239 1,122 917 92.3 92.1 9.3 1919 1914 1909 69 47 81 48 40 63 21 7 IS 69.6 85.1 77-8 30. 4 14.9 22.2 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimnm employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females Paint Males... Females. Varnish Males... Females. 1914 1909 California Illinois Michigan Missouri New Jersey.. New York Ohio Pennsylvania Average number em- ployed during year. 21,507 19,484 2,023 17,485 15,843 1,642 4,022 3,641 381 16,083 14,240 737 3,178 1,212 991 1,994 3,872 2,929 3,279 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY Janu- ary. F|j£u" I March.' April. May. ! June. ! Per , cent - - ■ — - 1 mini- j !' !m^mi July. August; October J N°vem"] Decem' i iS °f ber. ber. !maxi- mum. 19,711 17,927 1,784 i 16,094' 14,652 1,US , 3,617 J, £75; 342 15,723! is, £es j 19,707 17,876 1,832 16,070 14,57S 1,497 3,637 3,302 555 77 I 16,277 13,835 19,946 18,060 1,886 16,262 14,716 1,546 3,684 3,344 340 16,593 14.360 597 • 3,051 1,100 811' 1,878 S,493 2,598 3,053 651 S, 016 1,059 857 1 1,829 3,52S! 2,648 I S,047 63S 3.050 1,088 SS4 2, Sit? 3, 570 2,682 3,106 20,424 18,446 1,978 16,625 15,004 1,621 3,799 3,442 357 16,852 14,635 j 20,905: 18,891 I 2,014 i 17,071 1 15,422 1,649! 3,834 I 3,469 1 365 j 16,905 j 14,692 I 21,311 19,232 2,079 17,351 15,651 1,700 3,960 3,551 379 16,870 14,5S2 703 3,022 1,137 99$ - 1,819; 3,657 j 2,776 i 3,150 719 3,02S; 1,186; 987 J 1,907! 3,795' 2,912 i 3,188' 731 3,021 1,162 978 1,951! 3,945 j 3,014 j 3,2SS I 21,972 19,873 2,099 17,891 16,181 1,710 4,081 3,692 '3S9; 16,030 I 14,202 22 429 20,292 2,137 IS, 170 16,432 1,73S 4,259 3,S60 399 22,679 i 20,545 I 2,134 1 18,339 , 16,633! 1,706! 4.340: 3,912 j 428! 15,821 15,872; 14,141 14,236 j 22.927 20! 804 2,123 1S.5SS 16,887 1,701 4.339 3,917 422 15,564 14,444 22,917 20,833 2,084 18,593 16,918 1,675 4,324 3; 915 409 15,288 14,296 23,156 21,030 2,126 18,766 17,047 1,719 4,390 3,983 407 15, S01! 14,231 , 773 3,103 1,167 1,054 2,009 4; 051 3,052: 3,424 SZ6 til I 3,13S 3,362' 1,2S2 l',2S9: 1,104 1,113! I 2,088 4,062 3,089 3,41S 2,120 I 4,097 3,023 j 3,438 I 820 1 3,4-08! 1,386 1,107! 2,164 j 4,038: 3,075 I 3,413; 808 3.379: 1,346' 1.068 j 2,171: 4,096 j 3.154! 3.380 j 799 3,558 1.352 931 2,182 4,132 3,125 3,438 85.1 85.0 83.5 85.6 85.5 83.0 82.4 82.2 78.3 S9.9 90.0 72.1 84. 8 76.4 72.9 83.0 .85.3 82.4 S&6 Table 6. -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. STATE AND CENSUS YEAR. United States: 1919 Paint industry... Varnish industry. 1914 1909 California:a 1919 Illinois: 1919 1914 Michigan: 1919 1914 Missouri: 1919 1914 New Jersey: 1919 1914 New York: 1919 1914 Ohio: 1919 1914 Pennsylvania: 1919 1914 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WXEK WERE— * Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 1 Corresponding figures not available. * Not shown separately in 1914. 740 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 Paint industry... Varnish industry- 1914 1909 California Illinois Massachusetts. Michigan Missouri S30 601 229 800 791 New Jersey I 63 New York j 148 Ohio !94 Pennsylvania !104 S3 ea C 21,507 17,485 4,022 16,083 14,240 46; 83; 33! 30 i 37! 737 3,178 591 1,212 991 1,994 3,872 2,929 3,279 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING- No wage earn- ers. earners, inclusive. "-St? i "I © 31: £5 49 355 960 33 256 670 16 99 290 40 385 935 38 411 1,017 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 219 151 68 217 191 3; 10 28! 31 11 j 13 j 15 j 22 j 61 i 38 I 46 90 I 88 28! 32 I 38 ( 57 i 166 | 110! 129 I bag 2,509 1,706 2,354 2,056 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 251 to 500 wage ! wage earners, \ earners, inclusive. !inclusive. 96 214 j 123 78 128 | 207 | 453 296 I 274 MS 3,097 2,264 833 2,664 2,551 11 106 403 47 85 180: 383; 585 369 j 372! be 53 3 3 i -0 £ 8 l§fl 3,977 3,413 564 2,761 2,588 12 5 2 4 I ! 4 i 11 I 3 i 173 843 393 170 269 310 776 225 566 b0<3 £8 ■3s 6,163 4,942 1,221 4,532 4,682 778 395 376 757 1,606 958 250 bog *9 2,919 2,608 311 2,281 715 501 to 1,000| wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. 272 I. 452 280! 286 971 j 658 I IS 852 852 556 631 1! 852 1,030 1,030 1,030 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1 AVERAGE NUMBER OF i WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 ! 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 $340,346,803 | $145,6243,691 All classes 830 800 791 21,507 16,083 14,240 $124,889,422 S123,234,431 $57,157,934 $45,873,867 Less than $5,000 53 114 230 273 68 92 85 1S9 261 195 37 33 104 175 273 34 54 418 1,538 82 386 1,734 133,873! 209,101 1,266,394 j 2,125,922 12,160,855! 12,790,449 / 68,563,851 1 46,347,266 \ 47,000,247 25,391,487 211,221,583 i 58,759,466 244,517 2,034,695 13,241,833 66,092 560,182 4,469,576 J 26,099,102 \ 16,338,826 75,700,653 105,631 993,197 4,866,301 121,015 961,382 5,516.438 $5,000 to $20,000 • 177 ! 940 if 4,136 \ 2,842 13,378 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } 213 | 7,835 7,133 | 65,259,238 } 28,454,103 23,689,490 $500,000 to $1.000,000 26 6,238 4,905 44,109,139 22,738,702 15,585,542 All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to §100,000... $100,000 to $500.000.. $500,000 to $1,0 ,0,000 $1,000,000and over.. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100. o 1 100.0 6.4 I 10.6 13.7 23.6 27. 7! 32.6 32.9 i 24.4 8.2 i 4.6 11.1! 4.2 100.0 13.1 22.2 34.5 26.9 3.3 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 1(30.0 ioo. o; 100. 0 0.2 0.8 4.4 f 19.2 \ 13.2 62.2 0. 3! 0.6 2.6 i 2.7 9. 6 j 12. 2 0) 0.1 0.2 1.5 1.6 1 0.1 0.5 3.6 0. 2 j 0.3 1.7; 2.1 8.5 | 12.0 0.4 3.6 8.8' 10.6 }• 48.7 50.1 / 20.1 \ 13.8 62.1 17*!} »■» / 21.2 \ 13.3 61.4 | 49.8 51.6 38. 8 34.4 40.4; 35.3 39. 8 j 34. 0 i i_ _ _ i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. .STATE AND CENSUS YEAR. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— |Indi- I vid- uals. United States: 1919 Paint industry Varnish industry.. 1914 1909 California: 1919 Illinois: 1919 1914 Michigan: 1919 1914 Missouri: 1919 1914 12 Cor- pora-! tions 59 All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 21,507 17,485 4,022 16,083 14,240 737 3,178 2,110 1,212 878 991 699 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 529 411 118 827 910 Cor- : All pora- ' oth- tions. ; ers. I 20,237 i 741 16,370 j 704 3,867! 37 14,489 1 767 12,087 !1,243 685 3,081 1,959 1,203 874 985 I 592 I Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 2.4 2.9 5.1 6.4 4.9 2.G 1.2 Cor- All pora-1 oth- tions., ers. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. 94.1 93.0 90.1 90.1 84.9 3.4 4.0 0.9 4.8 8.7 j$340,346,803 1 250,714,379 83,632,424 145,623,691 124,889,422 11,840,040 54,787,301 24,488,449 20,527,090 8,306,609 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. $7,968,219 1 5,146,101 2,822,118 5,791,435 7,530,788 536,651 1,430,281 922,581 i 238,937 i Includes the group "All others/ 16,558,775 5,791,895 * Includes the group "Individual!.1 1 135,405 199,024 Corpora- tions. $320,828,085 1 241,017,967 79,810,118 133,240, 662 106,349,811 11,100,747 52,749,977 23,503,708 20,288,159 8,282,642 16,423,370 5,692,871 All others. $11,550,499 10,550,311 1,000,188 6,591,594 11,002,823 208,642 007,043 62,160 » 23,967 Per cent ol total. Indi- vid- uals. 2.3 2.0 3.4 4.0 6.0 2.6 3.8 1.2 0.8 1.7 96.3 96.0 99.2 98.3 All oth- ers. 3.4 4.1 1.2 4.5 8.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 741 Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. vTTATE AND CEN8U3 TEAR. New Jersey: 1919 1914 New York: 1919 1914 Ohio: 1919 1914 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Indi-i Cor- All vld- !pora- oth- juals. tions ers. 12 | 12 J 27; 39 I 10 1 i 17; 22 | 32 j 48 43 109! 91 77 72 64 | 62 | AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS. In establishments Total. 1,994 1,737 3, 872 3, 450 2,929 2,107 3,279 i 2,043 | owned by- Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 147 I 300 j 129 1% Cor- pora- tions. 907 61S 878 039 ,060 355 ~.r All oth- ers. 129 314 Indi-1 Cor- All vid- ;pora- oth- uals. tions. ers. 25 38 90 92 1.7 2.4 0.9 1.4 3.9 7.4 95.i 93-. 2.7 4.5 3.3 9.1 0.9! 1.8 Total. $31,815,308 16,086,717 66,243,534: 31,884,421 50,477.810 i 19,320,576 38, 8 J5,266 I 10,004, 616 i VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Of establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Individ-! Corpora- uals. i tions- All others. '•' Indi- Cor- ' Ail vid- pora-j oth- uals. tions.' ers. $677,670 j 830.179,481 $958,217 387,707; 15^002,843 j 696,267 2,628,370' 60,840,215 2,774,943 - 2,334,950 j 2b, 554,871 j 2,994,594 509,351! 49,393,102 I 575,357 227, 772; 18, 719,880' 37S, 924 925,379' 36,024,687 1,895.200 99S; 521 | 14,176,902 j 829,193 2.1-94.9 2.4 93.3 4.0 91. S 1.0 97.9 1.2 96.9 2.4 92.7 6. 2 88. 6 3.0 4.3 4.2 9.4 1.1 2.0 Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Amount. iTirnary power, total.. Owned Steam 1 Engines Turbines.. Intenial-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors . Rented...... Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914; 1909 ; 1919 1914 1909 j 1919! 1914 1909 _ j. 1 2,159 \ 1 3,612 1,378 85,199 70,611; 56,162 j 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 444 578 | 651 41.559 4S,533 47,487 j 4S.8; 68,7 84. 6 351 439 1 510 37; 967 43,881' (3) 42.191 1 44.6 - 62.1 75,1 338 (2) I C-) i 34,647 Is) 1 40.7 , 13 (2) j (2) 3,320 C2> (?> 1 3.9; 67 107 \ 110 2,573 3.226 3,290 i 3.0 j 4.6 5.9 26 32 , 31 ■1.019 M26! 2,006! 1.2! 2.0 3.6 1 3,16S 1,581' 727: 43,640 22,078! 8,675! 51,2 31.3 15.4 3,16S 1,581; 727' 43,268 19,035 , 7,814 50. S i 27.0 13.9 372 3,043 861 . 0.4 | 4.3 1.5 4,690 2,804 1,353 • 64.241 1 34.917! 17,037! 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 3; 168 1,581 727 43; 268 19,035: 7,814 j 67.4 54.5 45.9 1,522 1.223 626' 20.973 15,882 9,223 32.6 j 45.5 54.1 1 Figures for horsepo.ver include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. 3 Not reported separately. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States: Paint and varnish Paint industry Varnish industry Paint and varnish Per cent of increase 5. California— Connecticut. Illinois. Indiana. Kansas.. Kentuoky. Maryland-. Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Cen- sus year. 1919 i9ii 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 93,545 76,186 17,359 SI, 566 14.7 An- thra- cite 1 (tons, 2,240 lbs.). Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 440,717 406,8S9 33.828 301', 554 46.1 111 296 1,361 3 21 22 13 4 1,688 89,248 72,456 1,903 32,635 1,414 9,144 6,300 5,972 19,289 19,582 765 2,729 Coke (tons, 2.000 lbs.) 36,319 17.047 19; 272 25,461 42.6 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 51,213 51,312 2,901 23,584 134.6 41 20 8,153 4,212 432 1,137 803 2,245 3,836 2,598 28 68 Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils i (bar- rels), i Gas (1,000 cubic feet). I 17,214 6,000 8,670 5,126 350 1,821 261,291 738 |207,610 1,083 ; 53,681 (*) 366,695 - -28.7 (2) 35 31 (3) 231 120 12,761 10,617 2,418 2,727 66 317 138 6,653 36 628 2,131 S25 Missouri New Jersey... New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Tennessee Texas Vkginia West Virginia. Wisconsin All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1914 ibst ! lbs*>- ! 6.825 20,921 iS3,648 j48,696 : 8,772 ! 13 !21,S72 : 9,703 4 6,423! 37,485 i 20,613 I 54. 542 j 49,062 j 26,79S i 19,199 25,524 18,026 105,604 65,SS6 -I 2,178 1,031 1,520 15,330 i 13,785 120 799 9,860 28,029 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 1,219 211 3, 595 3.. 113 6,76S 4,707 7,191 3,540 2,69S 2,040 62 68 103 Fuel oils (bar- rels). I 12.V6S 1 5,087 60 834 375 247 9 2,293 i 561 165 2,727 50 17,092 20 , (3) I 100 i (s) I 380 I (*) 601 (3) 67 («) Gaso- line and other Gas vola- (1,000 tile cubic oils feet). (bar- rels). 0) 162 (s) 254 1,138 68,773 10.451 7,826 4,048 60,160 223,179 75,678 107,042 301 88 1,6S6 9,423 1,303 15,427 1 Includes some semianthraclte coal. 9 Included in figures for fuel oils. * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 742 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Table 12 presents statistics of materials and products for 1919, in comparison with 1914 and 1909. There is a considerable production of paints and varnishes by establishments falling under other industry classi- fications, which are here included, and the figures for specific products represent total production irre- spective of the industry classification of the producing establishments. Table 12.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. 1919 Number of establishments. Paint industry Varnish industry Subsidiary paint and varnish products, other industries MATERIALS. 1909 Varnish industry, cost Other industries, producing: paint and varnish as subsidiary products, cost ... Pig lead: Tons (2,000 lbs.) Cost 886 857 863 601 229 585 215 58$ 203 ■56 57 72 8223,091,742 $88,980,635 $79,136,194 1 $165,604,116 $71,588,364 16,877,393 $62,458,250 I 16,557,305 1 51,508,256 | 5,979,370 514,878 120,639 Grain alcohol: Gallons— Cost Wood alcohol: Gallons— Cost Linseed oil: Gallons— Cost China wood oil: Gallons Cost Cottonseed oil: Gallons Cost Corn oil: Gallons Cost Soya-bean oil: Gallons Cost Other oils (fish oil, tar oil, kerosene, creosote, parilla, hempseed oil, etc.): Gallons Cost Benzol: Gallons Cost Turpentine: Gallons Cost 192,558 $22,159,573 2,985,735 §1,724,112 244,561 $303,998 27,037,192 $43,721,595 6,196,134 $10,254l039 16,506 $24,028 55,074 $76,739 2,753,173 $3,630,634 8,749,494 $3,373,988 1,665,605 $400,162 6,081,902 $6,961,982 150,762 $11,488,113 1,061,324 $436,509 ! 987,451 j $422,122 j 150,163 $12,380,524 356,225 $226,724 1,325,807 $693,362 24,481,623! O) $12,049,218! 0) 0) 8 0) 0) 8 0) 0) (0 (0 ■8 0) (0 materials—continued. Bosin: Pounds Cost Copal, damar, or kauri: Pounds Cost Shellac: Pounds Cost Other gums: Pounds Cost Fuel and rent of power, cost . All other materials, cost PRODUCTS. Total value Paint industry, value Varnish industry, value Paint and varnish subsidiary products of other industries, value Colors (pigments), value Paints in oil, value Water paints and kalsomine, value. Varnishes and japans, value Fillers: Liquid- Gallons Value Paste— Pounds Value Pry— Pounds Value Putty: Pounds Value Linseed oil, raw: Gallons Value Linseed oil, boiled: Gallons Value Other oils: Gallons Value Bleached shellac: Pounds Value Dryers: Gallons Value All other products, value 1919 1914 1909 85,917,127 $5,411,192 ! 18,235,774 $3,250,165 48,902,000 | $4,797,944 | (') (».) 7,785,319 $4,653,619 17,116,381 $1,873,210 4,122,151 111,150,555 1,592,230 5S, 194, 499 $1,306,297 64, 529,287 $381,916,186 $149,173,400 $127,472,819 256,714,379 83,632,424 112, 408,742 33,214,949 94,572, 005 30, 317, 417 41,569,383 3, 519, 709 2,583,397 72,457,266 168,525,448 5,351,918 86,814,800 17,450,482 70,582,461 2,202,281 36,142,256 18,134,869 57,380,539 1,981,161 31,758,735 2,605,285 $1,835,573 965,636 $670; 033 1,166,533 $828,393 15,508,344 $1,480,529 1 49,587,548 f $1,318,720 65,148,395 $1,199, 595 1,473,164 $71,285 66,681,514 $3,164,25-4 69,828,017 $1,250,421 67,767,34 R $1,169,6&3 1, 693,414 $2,888,623 2,230,988 $1,201,839 2,098,696 $1,106,181 611,126 $1,044,814 572,561 $306,569 1,379,025 $806,846 3,50-4,333 $3,115,999 $999,392 8.799,191 $5,955,732 8,654,514 $1,806,802 3,905,593 $772,240 408,572 $511,485 $28,698,460 1,047,140 $257,725 $14,984,419 (*) (V) $12,334,577 1 Figures not available. In some cases the products reported include sub- sidiary products that fall under other industry classifi- cations. The value of same, so far as they can be identified, amounted in 1919 to $4,886,038. The net product balance, therefore, for the combined indus- tries, crediting subsidiary products from other indus- tries, and debiting subsidiary products to other indus- tries, will be $377,036,151. The table presents the materials in detail, quantities and cost, but carries under "Products" group totals for colors, paints in oil, water paints and kalsomine, and varnishes and japans. The detailed statistics for these groups will be found in Table 13. Table 13 gives the detailed statistics for products for 1919 and 1914, distributed by states, together with the number of producing establishments. PAINT AND VARNISH. 743 Table 13. -DETAILED STATISTICS OF PRODUCTS—QUANTITY, VALUE, AND NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. PRODUCT AND STATE. Colors (pigments) 1 — White lead, dry For sale Illinois Pennsylvania New York All other states Made and consumed.. Zinc oxide3 Pennsylvania... Illinois All other states. Lithopone* For sale New Jersey Pennsylvania Illinois All other states Made and consumed.. Lead oxides For sale Missouri Pennsylvania All other states Made and consumed... Carbon black 6.. Barytes Vermilion (true) . Fine colors (not else- where specified) New York All other states l1^ 4J Quantity. Pounds. 262,959,465 80,454,977 22,630,278 12,787,614 5,401,781 39,635,304 17 {182,504,488 16 1279,321,235 4 [223,465,331 4 ! 13,931,600 8 41,924,304 Chrome yellow, orange,, or green Reported as- Chrome yellow Orange or green New York All other states — Chrome yellow, orange, or green.... Iron bulT or other earth colors Pennsylvania New York All other states 11 I 5! 6 Prussian blue Illinois New Jersey All other states Other dry colors New York New Jersey Illinois Pennsylvania All other states 154,622,275 151,200,696 55,124,026 36,043,537 16,414.656 43,618,477 3,421,579 165,106,671 162,474,216 58,591,582 41,785,966 62,096,668 2,632,455 905,192 39,906,000 327,454 6,681,210 3,191,719 3,489,491 9,494,$00 2,370,648 2,985,630 2,405,482 580,198 4,138,472 I 202,181,787 124,746,769 19,189,948 58,245,070 944,649 156,928 193,309 594,412 37,447,782 8,894,287 9,809,241 6,471,972 501,790 Pulp colors, sold moist. Pennsylvania New York New Jersey All other states Other mineral colors.. Paints in oil In paste form (ground in oil) White lead Illinois New York 13 | 11,770,492 30,084,301 15,359,815 10,335,6S1 2,272,615 2,116,190 38,263,989 237,358,672 75,793,862 39,321,030 6,318.-504 1,942;033 1,146, .S04 .502,625 2,727,042 [24,082,299 19,736,298 1,293,349 3,052,652 Value. $72,457,266 9,757,559 3,615,545 2,306,186 1,025,759 2,810.069 12,748,344 3,702,075 3,448,004 5,598,265 49,046 455,257 237,S25 2,384,054 1,458.683 925,371 2,081,440 612,310 666,705 478,412 1SS,293 802,425 3,778,942 2,433,231 425,966 919,745 645,179 | 118,594 | 86,471 j 440,114 5,480,028 2,346,911 1,975,482 369, 727 114,005 673,903 3,262,284 1,335,181 1,307,541 271,266 , 348,296 1,176,505 i I 1168,525,448 49,183,229 25,606,609 7,992,259 4,322,900 1914 PRODUCT AND STATE. ^1 Quantity. Value. 81 1% 33: 1919 Quantity. Value. Pounds. .! Paints in oil—Contd — i ■$17,450,482!! In paste form (ground 20 :279,269,860 :in oil)—Contd. 18 ; 71,643,812 3,697,702: White lead—Contd 3 : 16,783,007 9-50,147 .'i Ohio 4 . 10,295,241 517,772 1 Pennsylvania. . 3 I 12,341,619 631,642' Missouri 8 | 32,223,945 1,598,141 ■; California 20 1207,626,048! j New Jersey 1 'i Massachusetts. —!: Indiana — i (3) (3) Tennessee —; , ;Ali other states Pounds. 17 35,408,775 23 28,837,497 10 . 28,733,270 10 15,950,033 7 7,137,979 7 1,012,726 6 .538,893 5 241,750 30 4, 3S2, 857 7 48,972,062 , 7 48,972,062' 3 22,710.825 —! (*)' (3) 4 26,261,237 1,857,510 877,184 1 (a) («) 980,326 ! 61,335,290 ! 53,642,588 ; 3,224,070! I 18,107,863 i 37,310,655 i ; 2,692,702: (8) 3,281,716 232,180 930,4% 2,119,040 I 214 (3; 46,920,380 325,922 322,759 200,134 6,914,513 913,004 2,513,300 , 450,419 4,401,213 462,585 13,771,726 j 1,318,863: 5,747,317 | 641,534' 8,024,409 1,959,878 6,034,-531 (*) 92,896,956 28,791,520 (s) 64,105,436 1,239,382 (3) (s) (s) 95,616,993 14, S44,816 7,023, 877 2,311,282 58,130,582 13,306,436 22,110,527 4,767,853 11,336,894 4,125,114 1,880,666 (3) 281,417,563 73,019,593 63,805,600 677,329 183,356 493,973 (s) 797,819 j 199,576 (s); 598,243; 357,077 I c)! 3,616,445:! 1,274,060:! 816,963 i 297,932 933, a^2 • 293,62S 1,054,290 180,066 583,417 157,406 , 133,401 i (3) 70,582,461 29,038,181 18,141,444! 5,000,591! 3,795,370 j Already mixed lor use. ,508 Ohio !68 45 72 60 34 19 23 36 Illinois New York Pennsylvania... New Jersey..... Michigan Missouri California Wisconsin Kentucky Massachusetts.. Indiana.. 13 16 17 Minnesota 10 Maryland j 10 Nebraska 5 Colorado 7 Texas !7 Tennessee 1 7 Rhode Island j 4 Connecticut I 4 Virginia !7 Washington j 5 Iowa I 4 West Virginia !3 Kansas 6 Georgia | 3 Florida j 4 All other states j 14 1914 !-|<£: Quantity, j Value 111 S4r 140,545 3,252,483 i 2,899,186 1,717,362 700,927 93,902 62,026 31, 568 Pound*. \ 29,011,498 $1,910,042 41,526,000 2,470,a52 34,389,924 ! 2,180,674 11,635,836 711,944 12,210,626 I 668,300 2,914,735 > 171,563 832,890 53,369 102,779; 7,855 393,451 j! 50 j 11,965,082 ; 1,171,654 Zinc oxide 121; Maryland 4 • New Jersey $ New York" 13 California , 15 Missouri s 1 Pennsylvania.." 16 Illinois 10 Massachusetts 4 Tennessee 5 Ohio 12 Colorado *; Indiana 3 All other states -0 All other paints in paste form 281 New I'ork 3^ Ohio i 37 Illinois 34 New Jersey 14 Pennsylvania 40 Wisconsin 5 Michigan 6 California :19 Massachusetts 13 Missouri 16 Minnesota i 5 Kentucky ;6 Maryland ;4 Indiana 9 Tennessee °; Virginia ;4 Colorado \ *> Texas !4 Allother states 22 , 14,342,051 4,041,000 4,482,877; 1,903,214 I 1,583,491 667,550 593,115 218,562 193,519 123,400 60,538 9,804 2,500 462,481 146,5^8,395 30,180, 770 18,014,708 22, 563,497 15,296,177 14,727,206 5, oil, 847 11,053,7a5 6,731,721 5, 794.632 5,20i; 378 1,824,672 1,819, 826 1,772.S7S 1,237', 153 1 073 4S0 1 57$.129 295,583 207,776 1,683,257 Gallons. 59,646,832 12,154.953 11.237.001 6,282.237 5,055,630 5,072,462 4,092,597 3,267,734 3,170,928 1,431,803 1.086,667 914,214 732,328 708,729 937,949 474,205 433,179 536,031 285,456 224,842 253,190 162.043 153,000 141,049 103,132 133,553 63,566 20,315 513,004 1,770,751 491,082 409,625 315,970 221,421 93,224 79,160 36,443 27,404 20,940 10,665 1,221 432 63,164 158! 4 I 36 I 21,805, 5,683, 3, 244, 2,701, 2,205, 1,588, 1,266, 1,165, 957, 776, 610, 329. 312', 195, 173 166 151. 51, 31 195 869 1301 534 j; 38 07i 571 917! 435! 930; 716 4S1 ! 17 509; 13 088 095 014 313 560 j; 003 I 1 j!- 007; 569 11: 9,551,840 (s) 2,944,815 1,239,995 1,143,578 322,352' 1,746,243 963,116 54,949 29,943 215,583 (*)! 62,050; 829,216 1 129,042,658 22,202,906 13,024,015 19,308,740 9,333,604 28,190,754 4/165,767 7,485,471 4,107,727 3,459,871 3,311,460 1,785,554 4,224,946 443,160 1 767 362 201 977 (3) 89,252 5,940,092 119,342, 24,787, 21,965, 13,541, 10,341, 9,442; : 8,651, 1 6,368, 5,679, i 2,180, ! 2,031, 1,956, : 1,773. 1 1,712", 1,461, 1.131, 942, 874, ! 849! 500; 1 498, 405, 314, 236, ! 213; 145 139", ! 36, 1,129, 219 '448 950 j 58 838 34 790 I 63 233 i 68 801 i 23 S66 I 17 023 1 20 394 | 26 209 6 067 I 13 821 j 15 750 . 14 431 1 342 487 018 51S 434 762 026 867 816 018 537 S4S 167 649 557: Gallons. 40,745,563 8.281,233 8', 467; 040 5'. 112,356 3,099,564 2,967,518 2,546,901 1,845,557 1,421,680 775,426 1,018,286 748,594 372,032 1,000,859 645,097 192,043 304,827 184,250 264'. 976 438,634 209,287 129,010 107,468 82,634 (3> i5) 103,250 (*) 427,006 730,918 C3) 230,500 82,350 74,502 25,180 179,632 53,745 4,378 3,044 22, 436 CO 4,700 50,451 10,165,819 1,9S5,570 1,064,064 1,365,922 1,108,394 1,404,036 333,873 731,917 474,396 343,960 403,319 183,966 255,950 35,567 138 469 19 341 n 7,761 309,314 41,544,280 8,551,040 7,818,936 5,948,25$ 2,862,000 2,S03,SS8 2,807,279 1,712,959 1,410,498 835,129 964,162 907,359 395,234 1,103,033 709,066 ! 215,959 I 347,045 202,256 352,784 413,246 271,656 123,010 138,326 76,683 112,674 (>) 461,800 1 Aocording to the reports of the U. S. Geological Survey, in 1919,155.64$ tons of zinc and lead pigments, valued at 525,810,671: and in 1914, 106,791 tons, valued at S9,97S,710, were made direct from ores. Figures for natural mineral pigments for 1919 are not. available, but in 1914, 66.766 tons, valued at $633,390, were marketed. »In addition, in 1919,6,185,602 pounds of zinc oxide (comprising 4,299,602 pounds, valued at $374,188; and 1,886,000 pounds made and consumed, in the producing establish- ments) were produced by chemical establishments. Total production of zinc oxide, 1919, 235,5106,837 pounds. • Figures not available. * Marketed production of tithopone as reported by Geological Survey, 1919, 7$,365 tons ^2,000 pounds); 1914, 32,819 tons. »Production of carbon black by establishments in the paint industry. Total production of carbon black (from natural gas), 52,056,940 pounds; value, $3,816,000. 744 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF PRODUCTS—QUANTITY, VALUE, AND NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. FRODUCT AND STATE. If If Water paints and kal- somine Dry or in paste New York. Illinois New Jersey California Missouri Ohio Michigan Pennsylvania All other states Mixed for use.. Varnishes and japans... Oleoresinous varnishes. New York Ohio New Jersey Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Pennsylvania Massachusetts California Kentucky Missouri Indiana Minnesota Virginia All other states — Spirit varnishes, not tur- pentine New York Massachusetts New Jersey Illinois Michigan Indiana California Pennsylvania Ohio Missouri Wisconsin Rhode Island Virginia All other states 1919 Quantity. Damar and similar tur- pentine and benzine varnishes Illinois. Ohio New York Missouri Kentucky New Jersey Indiana...*. Pennsylvania Massachusetts Michigan California 106,797,920 51,599,620 12,420,067 12,728,872 16,820,120 5,318,935 2,648,200 2,664,371 1,301,477 1,296,258 Gallons. 359,129 Pounds. Value. •5,351,918 4,549,113 2,009,629 835,785 596,092 532,936 194,576 156,285 113,693 48,348 61,769 28,116,160 5,367,111 5,115,175 3,40i,S10 4,594,475 3,249,205 929,001 1,503,725 843,566 729,730 878,82-8 451,543 214,320 218,000 159,319 460,352 2,974,118 1,047,442 331,589 422,421 226,408 150,121 122,404 95,828 135,386 109,390 97,935 48,325 33,888 1,526 151/455 6,356,387 1,282,830 1,045,715 1,429,054 412,207 416,447 318,326 264,310 429,204 2,53,133 199,268 113,642 802,805 86,814,800 40,044,863 9,358,203 7,218,545 5,544,201 5,134,512 4,785,119 1,488,902 1,419,140 1,378,323 946,123 890,000 590,777 286,885 276,482 244,719 482,932 8,105,537 2,695,855 1,842,935 940,042 614,215 277,728 277,135 272,214 259,474 242,753 202,242 162,346 99,206 3,678 215,714 10,273,773 2,374,486 1,857,080 1,843,012 642,311 635,320 537,918 512,826 492,851 437,779 388,161 173,603 S3 24 Quantity. Pounds. 61,904,258 31,191,409 11,304,884 12,818,350 (l) 487,763 1,500,616 0) 305,499 4,295,737 Gallons. 297,173 17,801,438 4,866,219 3,26S,124 2,626,073 2,762,458 1,362,907 C1) 458,946 493,918 481,647 C1) C1) 365,050 0) 0) 1,116,096 2,964,172 809,382 711,774 128,380 608,528 44,212 69,366 85,003 196,892 97,209 18,026 C1) 26,674 (l) 168,726 3,297,371 680,592 151,659 185,225 78,050 893,882 636,665 67,627 309,268 58,854 99,296 42,645 Value. $2,202,281 2,055,180 1,051,983 409,069 362,259 0) 44,800 45,569 14,070 127,430 147,101 136,142,250 18,762,399 5,061,508 2,887,622 3,979,321 2,775,662 1,894,621 (l) 394,964 435,114 364,021 (l) 0) 298,872 (l) (l) 670,694 3,0,80,425 811,9-14 705,702 211,300 638,934 48,401 80,337 96,079 180,969 84,001 14,777 0) 48,831 (l) 159,144 2,865,256 738,051 172,309 205,780 22,891 743,730 337,521 65,172 285,705 61,227 106,916 29,076 PRODUCT AND STATE. Varnishes and japans— Continued. Damar and similar tur- pentine and benzine varnishes—Continued. Maryland Tennessee All other states Pyroxylin varnishes. New York All other states.. Drying japans and dryers- "New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Illinois Michigan Kentucky Massachusetts California Missouri Wisconsin Indiana Virginia Tennessee All other states Baking japans and lac- quers New Jersey Ohio New York Illinois Michigan Kentucky Pennsylvania California Missouri Indiana All other states Other products of the varnish group; asphal- tums, brewer's pitch, gloss oils, lithographic varnish, removers, substitutes, varnish stains, etc New York New Jersey Illinois r Connecticut Michigan Massachusetts Ohio Wisconsin Pennsylvania California Indiana Kentucky All other states 1919 Quantity. 3 I 3! 15 I i 10 3 7 195 21 28 29 32 21 5 5 4 13 8 3 3 3 4 16 Gallons. 65,848 1,200 125,203 500,061 14,106 485,955 5,940,969 748,191 594,514 842,920 1,024,305 822,984 458,678 457,115 240,956 212,936 90,736 79,965 91,980 64,000 13,830 197,859 5,375,220 1,612,972 970,759 552,572 616,102 81S, 144 400,487 112,087 106,938 28,270 31,158 125,731 Value. $117,389 3,225 257,812 923,464 28,124 895,340 5,558, 851, 837, 708, 688, 678, 447, 366, 221, 164, 110, 100, 72, 65, 16, 229, 5,877 1,938; 1,046' 836! 736 640, 300, 93 67! 44; 15, 157 16,030,578 5,601,550 1,995,542 1,899,477 1,226,116 1,169,557 803,732 747,290 729,936 620,181 230,379 179,356 54,576 772,886 1914 II II is 3 Quantity. Gallons. 0) 0) 852,571 405,858 446,713 6,560,406 593,142 789,772 1,228,184 1,610,416 759,252 294,857 271,593 227, 111 107,320 76,163 263.716 338,88C 4,888,816 458.539 651,462 1,029,721 j 201,410 372,631 1,410,190 35,807 32,775 288,710 407,571 Value. 1 Figures not available. PAINT AND VARNISH. 745 GENERAL TABLES. Table 14 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Table 15 presents for 1919 the detailed statistics for the two branches of the industry, paints and varnishes, by states, so far as they can be shown without dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 14.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Wage Cost of Value I Cen- Num- ber of earners Primary Wages. mate- rials. of prod- ucts. STATE. sus estab- horse- year. lish- ments. age power. num- ber). Expressed in thousands, j! United States 1919 830 21,507 85,199 $24,118 S217,112 1340,346 | 19H 800 16,083 70,611 10,180 88,465 145,624 1909 791 14,240 56,162 8,271 79,016 124,889 j 1919 46 737 3,734 930 7,682 11,846 i 1914 38 392 1,587 310 2,872 4,082 i 1909 35 396 1,387 275 2,652 3,758 j 1919 4 37 110 37 207 362 j' 1914 6 27 322 11 162 225 ji 1909 7 35 95 16 172 222 j Illinois 1919 83 3,178 14,012 3,221 37,502 54,787 1914 72 2,110 9,908 1,300 15,477 24,489 1909 74 1,792 7,108 1,114 12,902 20,434 |; 1919 23 257 944 236 2,800 4,315 1914 22 178 793 122 922 1,4S2 1909 18 200 521 74 683 1,108 I 1919 4 10 90 16 160 268 1914 4 25 226 14 94 156 1909 4 18 170 13 85 154 1919 17 263 711 279 2,453 3,466 1914 9 145 453 82 669 1,02S 1909 12 127 450 55 700 1,001 Massachusetts 1919 33 591 1,644 592 5,673 9,807 1914 34 490 1,411 301 2,621 4,876 1909 41 428 1,819 251 2,075 3.469 1919 17 144 652 133 1,782 2,898 1914 15 144 1,065 98 1,061 1.684 1909 14 164 420 101 889 1,489 [ Num- Cen- ber of stis estab- year. lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. Wages. Tost of | Value mate- j of prod- rials, i ucts. i Expressed in thousands. Missouri. New Jers< New York.. Ohio. Texas. All other states. 1919 1914 , 1909 37 | 34! 32 | 9-91 4,388 2,775 2,706 $1,287 1 111,074 393! 3,749 366 I 4,698 $16,559 5,792 6,828 5! 599! 6S5 i 1919 ! 1914 1909 6 j 4! 5S! 67! 112 234 400 54 45 68 682 624 849 1,308 958 1,254 425 1919 1914 j 1909 63 60 63 1,994; 1,737; 1,493: 7,321 7.505 5', 924 2,305 i;071 844 20,810 9,941 8;226 31,815 16,0S6 12,767 1919 1914 1909 148 150 147 3,872! 3,450 1 3,047 | 13,838 14,64S 10,857 4,119 2.282 1,863 39,618 IS; 592 17,895 66,244 31,884 23,559 1919 1914 1909 94 95 2,929! 2; 107 i 1,535 j 10,450 8,721 5,572 3,1,87 1,295 904 32,307 11,340 8,570 50,478 19,327 13,617 87' 1919 1914 1909 104: 114 3,279 2,643; 1,992; 13,866 11.691 9', 862 4.120 25,500 10,400 9,201 38,845 16,005 14,020 114: 1,591 1,102 1919 1914 1909 8 8 52 35 316 165 67 55 21 14 515 159 49 1,019 2S4 84 5; 21; 1919 1914 1909 144 3,115 i 12,SS9 8,941 8,779 3,547 1,244 1,211 2S,34S 9,783 9,370 46,330 17,266 16,125 132 - 134' 2,024; 2,195 , j 1 746 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, Total. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Pro- prie- tors and Ann mem-1 bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Wage earners. Fe- male. Aver- num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 16 and over. Male, Fe- male. Under 16. Male Fe- male! Capital. PAINTS. United States. California Colorado Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Alton esota Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio 1 Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states3— 601 26,645 915 155 94 4,365 293 30 307 374 418 1,800 244 1,464 119 1,881 3,989 3,569 4,430 185 92 162 53 183 626 897 1,941 87 13 17 271 37 35 29 36 119 30 108 16 143 278 228 306 23 11 21 4,735 15 49 35 998 63 9 58 52 78 423 72 326 30 241 602: 788 ■ 582; 21; 18! 21 24! 142 i 79 I 2,258 80 16 5 441 31 3 19 20 27 233 20 126 15 155 236 340 344 11 17,485 716 76 37 2,640 158 10 195 258 275 1,019 117 898 58 1,332 2,835 2,197 3,144 126 52 104 29 132 372 705 De 18,766 Au 804 Ap 84 Oc 40 De 3,002 Se 173 Jy 3 11 Au 223 Au 2% De 29S Oct 1,167 Je 125 Se 1,006 My 66 No 1,446 No 2,996 No 2,379 Se 3,290 Oc 133 No Fe Je Au De 62 108 31 168 75 Fe 16,070 Ja3 581 De 69 Ja 34 Ap 2,482 Fe 147 Jaa 8 Ja 159 Ja 175 Mh» 250 Fe 887 No 101 Ja 737 Ja 51 Ap 1,230 Ja 2,564 Ja 1,930 De 2,927 Mh 117 Ja My Ja Ap Fe 38 26 94 313 18,716 762 73 39 2,825 160 II 200 294 311 1,124 112 927 58 1,429 3,001 2,349 3,313 129 55 107 32 167 475 763 16,931 688 60 36 2,539 136 11 141 258 286 1,004 85 845 53 1,339 2,616 2,098 3,180 119 52 106 29 96 421 733 1,724 71 13 3 2M 24 59 36 24 118 27 82 5 251 102 10 3 1 3 71 44 30 20 T! 1 [$177,314,815 7,051,672 1,289,008 412,611 27,648,999 1,284,378 203,758 1,386,528 2,142,270 2,223,528 12,174,996 | i 1,948,735 i 9,278,089! 891,730 i 15,175,523 25,081,398! 23,193,526 31,685,058 785,796 432,172 1,088,074 373,637 691,060 5,152,930 5,719,343 VARNISHES. United States.. California— Connecticut. Illinois Indiana Maryland— Massachusetts. Minnesota... Missouri New Jersey.. New York Ohio Pennsylvania— All other states5. 229 7,385 42 41 1,087 205 12 556 452 51 141 1,038 1,948 1,272 253 287 732 1,741 4 11 111 31 52 47 8 16 87 176 107 45 37 7 11 282 50 2 119 119 11 26 205 506 267 50 818 I 4 I 2! 150; 24 1 92 5 76 209 153 19 13 21 15 538 316 193 27 93 662 !,037 732 135 149 De 4,390 De 28 No 23 Oc 588 De 120 (<) 5 Fe 342 No 222 De 29 Je 108 Oc 756 De 1,137 De 819 De 160 Ja 3,617 4,445 Ja Ja Fe Ja (<) Jy Ma Ap3 Mh Fe 12 11 471 69 5 277 169 26 71 569 Fe 919 Ja 668 Ja 117 28 18 562 124 5 306 206 29 106 787 1,146 819 150 159 4,028 23 18 501 114 5 272 187 28 79 718 1,051 735 145 152 59! 10 $62,461,021 143,808 287,576 753,274 291,853 44,966 097 926 408 004 308,564 807 625 343,913 22,131,282 9,262,919 1,955,066 1,621, 245 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 2 Same number reported for one or more other months. • AU other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Connecticut, 5; Delaware, 3; District of Columbia, 1; Florida, 4; Kansas, 5; Louisiana, 2; Maine, l; Now Mexico, 1; North Carolina, I; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 2; Rhode Island, 4; South Carolina, 1; Utah, 2. •HSINHVA QNV XNIVJ I 'upsuoosiAV •i«9t£ ^rioqSnoxq^ pe^jodei jeqnmii eicreg , 51 fl St i £1 It 01 6: £19 ZSS S§5 051 IS 1 i 69 ; TS9't ! 565 'I ! *6S "!sss • :ee ! £55 'J StS ■ !05 Sot I, 056 ■ !15 'I! 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J "H3LM.(M j ! i;! •se3BM pire sajjepBg •sax^ pue ^ooh i' ; oiij S' ; "39I3 \ -ja^odosjoq iliinnuj \ ; -jejmreui Aq pepp^ otitba \ -«sjoq j j •spnpoid; i ;o enpBA!! jtripa^;; i^Ai. -jbu ureajs i 93tSAl j 'ST[J9I0 ■3[J0M ^ isssss ; ~cl^s9! p^usa s^aqjki -inoo s©tn§u9 , 1 -Tjsn! -39ja) pn« -sriq; pxre mm°& ;^n9Tn| -(ou; -our' uoi%: -mi: i i •{WO[ pHB j '\ i -uoaoi;isioi -net -$9uiq i is! i 2rr| li -sgrtrtS ! • i '6161 :S3XVXS AH LINSEED OIL. GENEKAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—Keports were received at the census of manufactures, 1919, from 26 establishments engaged primarily in the expressing of oil from flaxseed, with cake and meal as by- products. There was also a considerable production of linseed oil reported by establishments in the paint and varnish industry. The production figures aim to cover the total production. Comparative summary.—Table 16 gives the general statistics for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive. At the census of 1879 the industry was represented by 81 establishments, with products valued at $15,394,- 000; in 1869, 77 establishments with $8,882,000; in 1859, 94 establishments with $5,982,000; and in 1849, 168 establishments with products valued at $1,949,000. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 17 summarizes the more important statistics for the industry, by states, ranked according to the value of products, New Jersey, which ranks third, being in- cluded with "All other states." Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wTage earners in Table 18 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms.'; Figures for the states will be found in Table 26. Wage earners, by months.—Table 19 is designed to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Very few females are employed in this industry as wage earners, the average number constituting but 2 per cent of the total number. Prevailing hours of labor.—As shown in Table 20, the majority of the wage earners fall under the higher groups, over 60 per cent being in the groups "60" and "Over 60" hours per week in 1919, though this propor- tion is materially less than was the case in 1914, when it was nearly 95 per cent. (748) Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The figures in Table 21 show a growth in size of establishments for the period 1914-1919, and com- paratively few are found in the lower groups. In 1919 the average number of wage earners for all plants was 84, compared with 59 in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.— Measured by value of products, the establishments also are found in the higher groups. No establish- ment reported in 1919 products less than $100,000, and of the 26 establishments, 2 reported products in excess of $100,000 but less than $500,000; and 2 with products in excess of $500,000, but less than $1,000,000. The remaining establishments, 22 in number, reported products in excess of $1,000,000, aggregating $118,729,553, or 98.4 per cent of the total amount for the industry. These establishments employed 2,119 wage earners, or 97.5 per cent of the total number, and showed value added by manufac- ture to the amount of $19,756,094, or 98.5 per cent of the total for the industry. In 1914 there were 15 establishments in the "$1,000,000 and over" group, with 1,292 wage earners, products valued at $40,233,000 and value added by manufacture, $4,417,000. Character of ownership.—Only 2 establishments in 1919 were not under corporate ownership, these being firms. In 1914, of the 25 establishments, 21 were cor- porations, 1 was owned individually, and 3 were firms. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 22 presents statistics concerning power. Elec- tric power is a growing factor, and in 1919 purchased electric power constituted 46.5 per cent of the primary power, compared with 39.5 per cent in 1914 and 23.7 in 1909. In addition, a considerable portion of the owned power is utilized in electric generation. Fuel consumed.—Table 23 presents statistics for fuel consumed, by kinds and by states. LINSEED OIL. 749 Table 16.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number; Primary horsepower 17,021 Capital $73,9.54,065 26 2,751 4 574 2,173 Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages 4,461,672 1,409,403 3,052,269 Paid for contract work * 6,201 Rent and taxes 1,299,8-58 Cost of materials 100,577,538 Value of products 120,038,100 Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials 20,060, 562 1914 25 1,998 10 •500 1,488 15,511 S39,872,712 2,053,286 925,117 1,127,169 10,242 140,594 39,555, 408 44, 882,538 '5,327, 130 1909 29 1,753 9 292 1,452 1 13,211 §18,931,829 1,632,474 739,862 892,612 20,000 94,520 31,034,576 36,738,694 5, 704,118 1904 30 1, 518 13 156 1,349 9,473 S9, 849, 695 ], 208,943 423,309 785,634 * 50.337 23,153,151 27,577,152 4,424,001 1899 (*) <*) 285 1,328 8,491 $15,460,512 1.139,558 '4*5,247 693,311 (.2) (*) 24,395,775 27,184', 331 2,78S, 556 PEE CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 14.8 46.0 13.6 85.5 117.3 52.2 170.8 -39.5 S24.5 154.3 168.8 276.6 1909- 1914 71.2 2.5 17.4 110.6 25.3 2-5. 2 26.3 -48.8 48.7 27.5 22. 2 -6.6 1904- 1909 15.5 87.2 7.6 39.5 92-2 35.0 74. S 13.6 (2) 87.8 34.0 33.2 2S.9 1899- 1904 -45.3 1.6 11.6 -36.3 6.1 -5.1 13.3 (*) -5.1 1.4 58.7 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. - Figures not available. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. Table 17.—PBINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. New York I 93 WAGE EARNERS. Per Aver- cent age dis- num- tri- ber. bu- tion. 2.173 s 100.01 582 | 26.8 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $120,638 35,595 Per cent dis- trl- bu- tion. 100.0 29.5 VALUE ADDED BY MANTTACTURE. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $20,060 6,20S Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 30.9 WAGE EARNERS. ...i Minnesota =H Ohio 1 I, All other states VALUE OF PRODUCTS. ; Per Aver-i cent age dis- Dum-i tri- ber. ; bu- | tion. 483 | 22.2 270 : 12.4 S38 i 38.6 Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. ^ j pressed ; £f M !\m thou-1 ai § j: sands). !l 3 !: $33,238 ' 27.6 2;! $4,442 4 | 9,369 j 7.S ; 4 !| 1,608 ... i 42,436 ! 35.2 "..' 7,802 bu- tton. 22.1 8.0 38.9 Table 18.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 2,751 1,998 1,753 117 108 Male. 2.541 116 0) Cl) 47 0) 65 (l) Fe- male. 210 C1) 0) 0) 1 0) "6V PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 92.4 99.1 100.0 "97.Y ioo'o Fe- male. 7.6 0.9 2.1 aried employees. '!Cen- ! j PER CE NT OF TOTAL. ! sus | year. Total. Male. Fe- 1 1 male, j Male. Fe- male. e sal- 1 1919 | 1914 461 402 '295 i C1) 166 1 (l) 64.0 36.0 ! ) | 1919 | 1914 2,173 1,488 ; 2,130 i MS7 43 1 9a 0 2.0 0.1 99.9 j 1919 ! 1914 2, m 2,130 ; 1,487 43! 1 98.0 99.9 2.0 0.1 1 1,488 1 Figures not available. Table 19.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The mouth of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic United States: 1919 Males Females.. 1914 Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. Minnesota.. New York. Ohio 2,173 2,130 43 1,4SS 483 582 270 figures.1 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 2,119 2,052 67 1,770 46T 631 295 Febru- ary. 1,963 1,905 58 1,680 453~ 532 276 March. April. 1,S£5 1J6S 63 j 1,614! 449~! ft I 1,907 1,874 33 1,352 454 I 467 268 May. : June. 2,101 2,078 1,274 416 \ 524; 272 2,137 2,114 S3 1,104 476~ 508 264 July, i August. B,465 2,434 31 1,118 577" 665 269 2,333 2,302 31 1,236 517~ 686 B4* Sep- I tember.! Octo- ber. Novem- ber. 2,395 2,365 30 1,289 498 740 255 2,211 I 2,308 2,163; 2,255 48! 53 1,733 j 1,853 500! 533! 257! 492 585 274 Decem- ber. 2,312 2,256 56 1,833 503 649 Per cent mini- mum is o f maxi- mum. 74.0 72.4 34.3 59.6 ~72~T 54.6 84.1 750 MANUFACTURES. Table 20.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States 1919. 1914. Minnesota Total. 2,173 1,488 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAIL- ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 48. Be- tween! 48 and 54. 28S 1 25 Be- [tween 54and| 60. 515 60. 904 220 248 Over 60. 441 1,189 New York.. Ohio Total. 582 270 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAIL- ING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 48. 198 Be- tween 48and| 54. 54. Be- lt ween I 5-1 and: 60, 194 66 Over 60. 190 90 Table 21.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 101 ass,!-: STATE. Wage earners (average number). 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. inclusive. earners. Estab- lish- ments. 1 Wage mentsJ^11^- Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. United States 1919.. 26 25 2,173 1,488 1 | 5 3 5 41 81 6 8 192 282 8 7 566 465 7 3 1,031 401 1 1 338 258 1914.. 1! 1 Minnesota 6 6 3 483 582 270 1 2 1 50 46 o 2 2 137 153 156 2 3 1 296 383 114 New York 1 Ohio ! i Table 22.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam engines (not turbines) Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented—Electric Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 223 1 189 312 189 123 1914 162 104 58 1909 116 110 59 51 HORSEPOWER. 1919 1914 17,621 9,425 i 9,175' 250 | 8,196 j 9,024 115 250 6,122 10,875! 8,196 2,679 I 6,122 2,167 1909 Per cent distribution. 1919 I 1914 I 1909 13,211 100.0 10,080 1 9,720; 160 L 200' 3,131 j 53.5 52.1 1.4 46.5 3,931 3,131 800 100.0 75.4 24.6 100.0 60.5 58.2 0.7 1.6 39.5 100.0 73.9 26.1 100.0 76.3 73.6 L2 1.5 23.7 100.0 79.6 20.4 Table 23.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). STATE. Anthracite Bituminous 8TATE. Anthracite Bituminous (tons, 2,240 lbs.). (tons, 2,000 lbs.). (tons, 2,240 lbs.). (tons, 2,000 lbs.). TTnftftrl Statfts 1919 31,893 13,660 73,871 85,402 85 131 757 26,447 22,393 1914.. Ohio 15,292 36,165 85 Minnesota 37500 22,414 All other states 6,000 757 LINSEED OIL. 751 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Table 24 presents the statistics for materials and products for the census year 1919. Detailed statis- tics of production were not reported at the prior censuses. Table 24.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS: 1919. [Tons, 2,000 pounds.] MATERIAL AND PRODUCT. Value. MATERIAL AND PRODUCT. Value. MATERIALS. Total cost. Flaxseed: Consumption tons Linseed-oil mills- Tons Cost Average unit cost, ton Estimated consumption by establishments in other indus- tries, manufacturing linseed oil, tons Other oil materials (not flaxseed), copra, castor beans, etc., cost — Fuel and rent of power, cost All other materials, cost PRODUCTS. Total value Linseed-oil industry, all products Subsidiary products of other industries (paint and varnish).. $100,577,538 631,458 604,258 $89,584,459 $148.2o 27,200' 56,143,670 $669,479 , $4,179,930; $124,494,503 i 120,638,100; 3,856,403 j i products—continued. Linseed oil: | Raw oil- Total production, gallons For sale- Gallons , Value Produced for consumption (including boiling) in same establishment, gallons Boiled oil— i Gallons Value Linseed cake- Tons Value Linseed meal- Tons Value Vegetable oils, other than linseed (products of linseed-oil mills):1 Gallons Value. All other products, value. 55,121,234 32,243,931 $50,84.7,956 22,877,303 22,156,323 $36,762,221 244,803 $15,S19,433 164,338 $10,615,777 6,997,972 89,388,802 $1,060,314 i Includes the following vegetable oils, products of linseed-oil mills (not total production of same): Coconut or copra, 4,363,953 gallons, valued at $6,176,845; castor, 540 927 gallons, valued at $951,157; soya bean, 212,102 gallons, valued at $399,526; peanut, 188,270 gallons, valued at $313,419; other, and unclassified vegetable oils, 1,692,720 gallons, valued at $1,547,855; total, 6,997,972 gallons, valued at $9,388,802. The statistics given in the report on "Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils, 1919," for linseed-oil produc- tion and flaxseed consumption, compiled from quar- terly reports, exceed somewhat the figures given in the above table. The consumption of flaxseed, 1919, as given in said report, was 691,737 net tons, and the production of linseed oil 58,821,792 gallons, which amount of linseed oil exceeds the quantity reported for the census of manufactures by 6.7 per cent. This may be due to duplications in certain quarterly re- ports or possibly to establishments that made and consumed linseed oil, without marketing any of the product, and not being reported as manufacturers thereof. 752 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Table 25 gives for 1919 and 1914 a comparative summary, by states, for number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, cost of materials, and value of products; and Table 11 presents for 1919 the detailed statistics for the industry, by states. Table 25.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. 1 United States 1919 1914 1909 26 25 29 2,173 1,488 1,452 17,621 j$3,052 15,511 1 1,127 13,211 | 893 $100,578 39,555 31,035 $120,638 44,8S3 36,739 Minnesota 1919 1914 6 6 483 400 4,102 j 647 4,467 j 326 28,796 11,279 33,238 12,357 j New York Ohio All other states I Cen- sus year. Num-| ber of estab- lish- ments! 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Wage earners | (aver- age num- ber). Primary j horse- power. 582 538 270 150 838 400 5,951 5,147 1,516 1,603 6,052 4,294 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. [Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $888 378 275 116 1,242 307 $29,387 14,121 7,761 3,642 34,634 10,513 $35,595 16,687 9,369 3,958 42,436 11,881 Table 26.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Minnesota , New York Ohio All other states PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Num-j ber of estab- lish- ments! Total. 2,751 617 754 357 1,023 Sala- ried Pro- offi- prie- I cers, tors ;super- Clerks, etc. and firm mem- bers. ln- tend- ents, and man- agers. 113 ..J 30 2 I 32 ... 17 2 34 Male. 65 Fe- male. 166 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 2,173 483 582 270 838 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Jy 2,465 Jy 577 Se 740 Ja 295 Minimum month. Mh 1,825 My Mh 416 404 Au 248 WAGE EARNERS DEC. J 5, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 2,318 504 706 250 858 16 and over. Male. 2,263 498 704 246 815 Fe- male. Capital. $73,954,065 19, 64S, 821 29,338,293 3,822,151 21,144,800 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. $836,465 342,482 165,139 89,725 239,119 Clerks, etc. $572,938 125,260 172,392 96,106 179,180 expenses—continued. Salaries i and j wages— (Continued Wage earners. United States Minnesota New York Ohio •All other states 1 33,052, 269 646, 813 888,347 275, 212 1, 241, 897 For contract- work. $6,201 6,201 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $4,256 612 3,644 Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local $1,295,602 333,945 531,132 105,992 324, 533 For materials. Principal materials. $99,908,059 28,623,332 29, 216,719 7,696, 538 34,371,470 Fuel and rent of power. $669,479 172,652 170,342 64,214 262,271 Value of Value added by products, manufac- ture. $120,638,100 !$20,060,562 33,237,740 I 4,441,756 35,594,760 9,368,779 42, 436,821 6,207,699 1,608,027 7,803,080 Primary horsepower. Total. 17,621 4,102 5,951 1,516 6,052 Owned. Steam engines (not tur- bines). 9,175 2,480 1,706 850 4,139 Wa- ter pow- er.1 250 Rented (elec- tric). 8,196 1,622 3,995 606 1,913 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 2,679 79 365 250 • All other states embrace: Illinois, 2 establishments; Iowa, 2; Kansas, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Washington, 1; and Wisconsin, 2. 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). BONE, CARBON, AND LAMP BLACK. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The census classi- fication covers establishments engaged primarily in the carbonization of bone in retorts, producing bone black, "char," or animal charcoal; in the manufac- ture of carbon black by the imperfect combustion of natural gas; and of lampblack from the smoke of the imperfect combustion of coal or wood tar or petroleum, rosin, etc. The production of ivory black by the carbonization of ivory scrap and waste is also included. At censuses prior to 1909 the industry was known as "Bone, ivory, and lamp black." Comparative summary.—Table 27 gives the gen- eral statistics for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive. At the census of 1889, 24 establishments were reported, with products valued at $1,030,030; in 1879, 18 estab- lishments and $661,376 in value of products; in 1869, 9 establishments and $193,800 in value of products; in 1859, 24 establishments and $376,710 in value of products; and in 1849, 5 establishments with $42,250 in value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The total number of persons engaged in the industry in 1919 was 826, comprised of 675 wage earners, 108 proprietors and officials, and 43 clerks. Of the total number em- ployed, only 2.2 per cent were females, most of whom were clerks. Wage earners, by months.—The largest number of wage earners reported for any month of 1919 was 695 for October, and the smallest 654; 94.1 per cent of the maximum, was reported for January. Prevailing hours of labor.—The majority of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were in excess of 54. Of the 675 wage earners only 17.3 per cent were reported for establishments working 54 or less hours per week. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 28 presents the statistics by size groups according to number of wage earners. The average for all establishments was 19 in 1919, 13 in 1914, and 8 in 1909. Size of establishments, by value of products.— The average value of products per establishment increased from $40,500 in 1909 to $54,206 in 1914, and to $176,749 in 1919. Table 29 shows a general advance from lower to higher groups for 1919 as com- pared with 1914, due essentially to advance in values. Character of ownership.—There were 26 establish- ments in the industry in 1919 under corporate owner- ship, with products valued at $4,698,012, or 75.9 per cent of the total for the industry., 6 owned indi- vidually, with 17.6 per cent of all products; and 3 by firms, with 6.5 per cent. In 1914, 18 establish- ments under corporate ownership had products valued at $1,075,098, or 73.5 per cent of the total, and 7 were individual establishments, and 2 were firms. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 30 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 26.4 per cent was purchased electric power in 1919 as compared with 4 per cent in 1914. Fuel consumed.—The industry is a large consumer of natural gas. In 1919 the consumption as reported was 49,495,995,000 cubic feet of gas, together with 6,661 net tons of bituminous coal, 25 long tons of anthracite, and 1,200 barrels of oil. The fuel consumed in 1914 included 19,470,270,000 cubic feet of gas, 1,872 net tons of bituminous coal, and 375 long tons of anthracite. Table 27.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1S99. 1 PEE CENT OF INCREASE 1919 1914 1909 1904 1S99 - 1914- 1909- 1904- 1S99- 1 1919 1914 1909 1904 Number of establishments 35 27 27 25 15 ■ 826 437 302 25$ 123! 89.0 4-L7 17.1 109. 8 Proprietors and firm members 30 17 7 11 17 j 76.5 142.9 -36.4 -35.3 Salaried employees 121 SI 67 47 21: 49.4 20.9 42,6 123.8 Wage earners (average number) 675 339 228 200 85: 99.1 48. 7 14.0 135.3 Primary horsepower 1,857 1,S16 1,023 1,085 365 1 2,3 77. 5 -5.7 197. 3 Capital $9,790,167 $4,995,400 $1,841,966 $1,663,143 $782,247 1 96,0 171.2 10,8 112,6 1,120,718 336,001 227.660 153,649 69,757 i 233,5 47.6 48,2 120.3 312,356 105, ISO 78,333 48,490 23,650 ■ 197. 0 34.3 61.5 105. 0 SOS, 332 230,821 149,327 105,159 46,107 I 250.2 54.6 42.0 128.1 4,500 350 891! 177,1S6 21,995 22,351 a 12,156 8,885 705. 6 -i.6 83,9 38.8 Cost of materials 2,848,059 686,240 444,60S 203,396 105.712 315.0 54,3 118.6 92.4 Value of products 6, 186,204 1,463,569 1,093,494 647,717 359,787: 322.7 33.8 68,8 80,0 3'. 338,146 777,329 648, S86 444,321 254,075 j 329. 4 19. S 46.0 74.9 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 8 Value of products less cost of materials. 111367—23 4S ^753) 754 MANUFACTURES. Table 28.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments. BONE, CARBON, AND LAMP BLACK. Wage earners (average number). Per cent distribution. Number of establishments. BONE, CARBON, AND LAMP BLACK. Wage earners (average number). Per cent distribution. CLASS. CLASS. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total 35 27 27 675 339 228 100.0 100.0 100.0 Establishments employ- ing—Continued. 6 to 20 wage earners... 21 to 50 wago earners.. 'Over 50 wage earners. Establishments employ- ing— 16 6 3 10 1 2 9 2 183 173 280 130 44 124 118 60 27.1 25.6 41.5 38.3 13.0 36.6 51.8 26.3 1 to 5 wage earners.. 10 14 15 39 41 50 5.8 12.1 21.9 Table 29.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 ! 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 I 1909 1919 1914 1909 1 All classes 35 27 27 675 339 228 $6,186,204 $1,463,569 j $1,093,494 $3,338,145 $777,329 $648,880 Less than $5,000 1 2 3 7 11 3 7 13 4 } 6 { ^ 2 33 99 94 j- 25,881 / 12,543 \ 88,015 447, 723 915,288 7,114 86,163 519,114 481, U03 } 11,971 / 8,397 \ 53,995 285,308 429,629 4,502 56,624 306,517 281,243 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 15 117 114 i 555 92 221 805,883 15,354,440 405,602 l 2,920,572 $100,000 to $500,000 6 All classes. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,9 11.1 11.1 5.7 25.9 25.9 42.9 40.8 48.2 48.6 22.2 14.8 100.0 16.9 182.2 100.0 2.1 5.6 27.1 65.2 100.0 0.9 14.5 100.0 0.4 13.0 186.6 100.0 100.0 0.9 0.6 6.0 7.9 30.6 47.5 62.5 44.0 12.2 487.4 100.0 100.0 1.1 0.7 6.9 8.7 36.7 47.2 55.3 43.3 1 Includes the group "$1,000,000 and over." Table 30.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. Num- ber of en- gines or mo- tors, 1919. HORSEPOWER. Per cent distribution. Num- ber of en- gines or HORSEPOWER. Per cent distribution. POWER. Amount. POWER. Amount. 1919 1914 1919 1914 mo* tors, 1919. 1919 1914 1919 1914 Primary power, total 85 1,857 1,816 100.0 100.0 Electric 34 34 491 491 81 73 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.1 9.9 Rented Owned 51 9 42 1,366 455 911 1,713 502 1,211 73.6 24.0 49.6 94.3 27.6 66.7 Generated b3r establishments reporting Steam engines (not turbines) 34 34 491 491 103 73 30 26.4 20.4 5.7 4.0 1.7 Other BONE, CARBON, AND LAMP BLACK. 755 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Table 31 presents the production statistics for bone, carbon, and lamp black for 1919 in comparison with 1914 and 1909. The statistics include production by all classes of establishments, those producing carbon, bone, or lamp black as a subordinate or subsidiary product, as well as those included within the classified industry. The figures, however, do not include black pigments made and consumed by paint manufacturers and marketed in paint or other form, the production of such intermediates not being reported separately. Table 31.—PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments. The classified industries: Carbon black Bone black Lampblack Other industries PRODUCTS. Total value. 1919 The classified industries: Carbon black (all products) 2S$»*p»*»*) Subsidiary products from other industries (fer- tilisers and paints) 29 $8,462,363 3,934,233 2,251,971 2,276,159 1914 $2,971,633 1,463,569 1,508,064 1909 $2,160,552 1,093,494 1,067,058 i products—continued. Carbon black: Number of establishments * Pounds Value Average value per 100 pounds Bone black: Number of establishments' Pounds Value Average value per 300 pounds. Lampblack: Number of establishments » Value* All other products 1919 32 52,056,940 $3,816,000 $7.30 1914 20 22,869,000 $918, on $4.00 47,508,000 i 44,509,000 $2,372,524 I SI,532.000 $5,00; $3.45 SI,390,719 | 883,120 1 12 $503,856 1909 18 $625,514 32 $439,707 24,098 1 Distribution by states, 1919: Carbon black (32)—West Virginia, 16; Lousiana, 7; Pennsylvania, 2- and 1 each in Kentucky, Minnesota, Montana, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming. Bone black (9)—1 each in California, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Lampblack (5)—Pennsylvania, 3; Massachusetts, 1; and New Jersey, 1. 3 Includes for 1919, $480,387 the value of 3,393,4S0 pounds, and $910,332 quantity not reported; total quantity estimated 9,827,000 pounds; and for 1914, $215,212 the value of 4,786,394 pounds, and $2SS,644 quantity not reported; total quantity estimated 11,200,000 pounds. 756 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLES. Table 32 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909 the compara- tive statistics for the United States and for West Virginia. Table 33 presents for 1919 the statistics in detail for the United States and for Louisiana and West Virginia, the only states for which detailed statistics can be given. Table 32.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States. West Virginia.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 675 339 228 242 161 101 Primary horse- power. 1,857 1,816 1,023 393 1,016 641 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $S08 231 149 252 106 66 S2, S4S 086 445 1,231 3-87 249 $6,1S6 ■ 1,464; 1,093 All other states. 2,407 851 i 596 | Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. 433 178 127 1,464 800 382 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value &• prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $526 125 83 $1,617 299 196 $3,779 613 497 Table 33.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. Num-| ber of [estab- lish- ments United States Carbon black Bone and lamp black Louisiana West Virginia All other states a PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 826 528 298 156 298 372 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, jsuper- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male.! Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 675 422 253 129 242 304 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Oc Oc De 444 260 Oc i 140 Fe 258 Minimum month. Ja 658 Ja 403 Se 243 Ju No 121 229 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 684 424 260 134 236 314 16 and over. Male. 682 424 258 134 236 312 Fe- male. Capital. $9,790,167 8,177,386 1,612,781 2,891,015 4,223,057 2,676,095 Salaries and wages. Officials. $265,813 137,035 128,778 29,221 74,230 162,362 Clerks, etc. $46,573 25,893 20,680 10,950 10,994 24,629 Salaries and wages-Con INDUSTRY AND STATE. United Stat&s Carbon black Bone and lamp black Louisiana West Virginia All other states2 , expenses—continued. Wage earners. $808,332 4.92,642 315,690 134,968 282,179 391,185 For contract work. $4,500 4,500 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $3,515 1,295 2,220 4,500 875 2,640 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $173,671 139,569 34,102 53, .589 33,672 86,410 For materials. Principal materials. $1,461,364 618,824 842,540 178,377 369,020 913,967 Fuel and rent of power. $1,386,695 1,333,902 52,793 284,816 862,124 239,755 Valuo of products. $6,186,204 3,934,233 2,251,971 1,002,490 2,407,136 2,776,578 Valuo added by manufac- ture. $3,338,145 1,981,507 1,356,638 539,297 1,175,992 1,622,856 Primary horsepower. Total. 1,857 712 1,145 240 393 1,224 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 455 80 375 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 911 632 279 40 40 375 200 353 358 Rent- ed (elec- tric). 1 Same number reported for one or more other months a All other states embrace: Kentucky, 1 establishment; Massachusetts, 2; Montana, 1; New Jersey, 1; Oklahoma, 1; Pennsylvania, 5; and Wyoming, 1. PETROLEUM REFINING. General character of the industry,—This industry embraces the establishments engaged primarily in the refining of crude petroleum by distillation. It does not include the compounders of refined or partly re- fined petroleum products, nor the production of gaso- line from natural gas at the wells, known as casing-head gasoline. This is to a certain extent a manufacturing operation, but it is closely related to the operations of the wells and the establishments are not classed as manufacturers. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents general statistics for the census years 1879 to 1919, inclusive. Principal states, ranked by value of products.— Table 2 summarizes the more important statistics for states, ranked according to value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 18. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 4, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Fe- males constituted but 2 per cent of the average num- ber of wage earners in 1919. Figures are given for all states reported separately. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures presented in Table 5 emphasize the movement toward fewer hours of labor. In 1909, 37 per cent, and in 1914, 41.8 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were " 60 or over"; whereas in 1919 but 4 per cent were in these groups. On the other hand, in 1909 only three-tenths of 1 per cent were in establishments where the pre- GEffERAL STATISTICS. vailing hours per week were fewer than 54; in 1914 this percentage had increased to 8.2 per cent, and in 1919 to 63.5 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—In 1919 the average number of wage earners for all plants was 1S4, as compared with 144 in 1914. Table 6 shows the growth as a whole has been largely in the higher groups. The establishments employing over 500 wage earners represented 9 per cent of the total number and reported 69 per cent of the wage earners in 1919, as compared with 8 per cent of the establish- ments and 62 per cent of the wage earners in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Meas- ured by value of products, the growth, as shown in Table 7, is largely in the higher groups, though this is to a certain extent due to the high values in 1919. The average value of products per establishment in- creased from 81,612,000 in 1909 to 82,252,000 in 1914 and to 85,100,000 in 1919. Character of ownership.—Table 8 presents the sta- tistics bearing upon the matter of ownership. The industry is almost entirely under corporation control. The "Corporations'' group reported approximately 99 per cent of the value of all products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 45.5 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, as compared with 30.6 per cent in 1914 and 9.S per cent in 1909. This includes purchased electric power and secondary elec- tric, or that generated by the establishments reporting. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents the statistics for fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas, though chiefly natural gas. Table 1—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1S79. PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 Number of ostablislimetits... Persons engaged Proprietors and firm mem- bers Salaried employees Wage earners (av. number). Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products SI, 632, Value added by manufacture5. j $384, Crude petroleum usedtbarrels).; 365, (2) (2) 11,403: 32,536: $77,416,296! $27, $6,959,47$! §4, 'CO | (s) (s) (s) $67,918,' S85,001,198! S43, S2l.070.043j $17,082,475; §8, 52,011,005 30,662,629-j 17, 1914- 1909- 1901- 1S99- 1889- 1S79- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 IS89 81, S i 136. 4 86. 8 — 11.3 J) 6 1.5'\ 7 112.0 35.2 64.4 132. 2 82.1 -16. 9 37. 5 (») 86. 0 42.3 96.2 27.4 11.0 259. 4 79.0 33. 5 43.0 23.1 *'18376 326. 4 98.3 8.2 49.1 2*2.0 59, 5 237. 3 100. 9 44. 2 50.4 362. 7 97. 3 — 1. 6 368.0 320. 2 142.9 21Q 5 2, 844. 9 185.6 i3) 283. 7 63.2 43.0 35. 5 5t. 4 94.1 311. 9 67. 2 35. 4 41.2 45. 8 94. 5 441. 0 •V\5 5. 9 69.0 23.4 96. 2 91. 0 58.4 80.3 28. 8 69. 6 76.0 i A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than UK). a Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. 1 Exclusive of internal revenue, > Value of products less cost of materials. (757) 158 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States New Jersey Texas California Pennsylvania... Oklahbma Num- ber of estab-l lish- mentsj 320 WAGE EARNERS. num- ber. 58,839 10,178 8,224 5,132 8,235 4,612 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 . 17.3 14.0 8.7 14.0 7. 8 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $1,632,5331 280,995 241,757 213,292 178,826 150,673 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 17.2 14. 8| 13.1 11.01 9. 2 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount! (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $384,625 58,108 48,879 71,416 43,844 23,524 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0| 15.1 12.7 18.6 11.4 6.1 Louisiana Illinois Kansas Ohio Missouri All other states.. Num ber of e-stab-l lish- mentsl WAGE EARNERS. Aver- num- ber. 2,841 2,448 2,221 2,431 9301 11,637 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 4. 8 4.2| 3. 8 4.1 1.6 19.71 Amount (ex- VALUE OF PRODUCTS. thou- sands). 575,024 64,549 63,786 43,283 24,610 295,738 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 4.6 4.0 3.9 2.6 1.5 1S.1 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. |Amount| pressed in thou- sands). $25,420 10,495 12,450 11,325 3,495 75,669 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 6.6 2.7 3.2 2. 0. 19.8i Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Oen sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 73,473 31,077 16,640 839 671 59 52 42 510 251 211 :, 238 536 41S Male. Fe- male. 69,511 30,622 16,251 3,962 455 389 2,778 833 661 47 37 494 250 207 2,229 536 417 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 94.8 98.5 97.7 99.0 99.3 98.5 93.2 90.4 88.1 96.9 99.6 98.1 100.0 99.8 Fe- male. 5.2 1.5 2.3 1.0 0.7 1.5 6.8 9.6 11.9 3.1 0.4 1.9 0.4 "6." 2 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1911 1909 Total. 11,777 4,872 2,040 58,889 25,366 13,929 58,849 25,326 13,886 40 40 43 Male. 9,031 4,582 1,820 57,702 25,207 13,770 57,662 25,167 13,727 40 40 43 Fe- male. 2,746 290 220 1,187 159 159 1,187 159 159 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 76.7 94.0 89.2 98.0 99.4 98.9 100 0 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 23.3 6.0 10.8 2.0 0.6 1.1 2.0 0.6 1.1 Table 4—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females 1914 1909 California Illinois Kansas Louisiana Missouri New Jersey.'.., Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Texas Aver- age num- ber em- Sloyed uring year. 58,889 57,702 1,187 25,366 13,929 5,132 2,448 2,221 2.841 930 10,178 2,431. 4,612 8,235 8,224 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. 64,342 52,760 1,592 25,068 13,319 54,883 53,499 1,384 25,053 13,079 54,822 53,620 1,202 25,833 12,962 55,935 54,823 1,112 25, .565 13,076 57,705 56,603 1,102 25,138 13,206 59,018 57,913 1,105 25,572 13,617 61,079 59,916 1,163 25,849 14,156 60,550 59,413 1,137 24,946 14,221 61,489 60,323 1,166 25,516 14,434 62,507 61,465 1,042 25,773 15,032 61,739 60,621 1,118 25,211 15,249 62,599 61,478 86.8 85.8 65.5 96.2 84.9 1,121 24,868 14,805 5,066 2,S54 2,273 2,062 825 4,894 2,377 2,276 2, 474 799 4,753 2,477 2,222 2,600 817 4,737 2,424 2,190 2,733 947 4,785 2,380 2,362 2,859 1,068 5,024 2,416 2,160 2,899 1,111 5,222 2,488 2,220 2,955 1,254 5,386 2,439 2,152 2,933 252 5.399 2,374 2,242 2,964 975 5,295 2,524 2,092 3,075 955 5,417 2,589 5,606 84.5 90.9 8S.6 61.4 20.1 2,189 3,182 1,096 2,534 2,274 3,356 1,061 9,330 2,416 4,482 8,134 6,724 9,218 2, 431 4, H60 8,220 7,323 9,025 2,351 4,421 8,017 7,648 9,198 2,831 4,464 8,157 7,553 9,901 2,356 4,560 8,158 8,100 10,322 2,389 4,573 8,404 7,8«7 10,620 2,524 4,677 8,512 8,511 10,772 2,556 4,823 8,405 8,870 10,708 2,495 4,770 8,353 8,854 11,301 10,992 2,449 4,714 8,168 9,018 10,749 2,397 4,781 8,038 9,280 79.9 91.2 90.8 94.2 72.5 2,477 4,699 8,254 8,940 4 PETROLEUM REFINING. 759 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. California.. Illinois Kansas Louisiana 3. Missouri3.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 Total. 58,889 25,366 13,929 5,132 1,930 2,448 1,072 2,221 890 2,841 930 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. (2) Be- tween | 44 and 48. 48.1 701 (2) b) (2) 31,059 1,241 3,417 1,239 312 (1,200 2,455 Be- tween| 48 and 54. 54. 5,444 848i 118 20 1,568 892 4,907) 12,621 8,670| 27 261 249 Be-; tweeni 54 | 60. and , 60. i 14,251 572 56 2,502 611,894 1,750 |8,098 3,261 1,562 i 41 541 954 j 15 302 ! 278 348 21 i Over 60. 367 12 521 31 612 New Jersey— Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania.. Texas Cen-; sus l Total year, j 1919 10,178 1914 | 5,178 1919 ! 2,431 1914 ! 1,519 1919 j 4,612 1914 516 1919; 1914 j 8,235 4,902 1919 i 8,224 1914 ' 2,909 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween! 44 and 48. 116 4S.t 9,213 604 2,006 1 73 16,388 Be- tween, 48: and | 54. I Be- lt vr.?en i 54 ; and j 60. r 183 | .14,992! 1,029 S2S! 1S6 406 112 76 93 4,502 ....3,067 1,289 j 4 .. Jlt960 1.766 14 396 I Over 121 i 123: 314 i 64 i 212 162 414 36 i 35 j 678 575 ,11,259 107 941 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. s Corresponding figures not available. s Not reported separately in 1914. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. Wage earners (average number). ! ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— ! i STATE. Establishments. No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage; 6 to 20 wage earners, I earners, inclusive.' inclusive. i 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage 101 to 250 wage earners, earners, inclusive. 1 inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 j over 1000 ! Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. W age earnors. Ms Wago earners. Wage earners. 59! 2,019 I 44; 3,258 , 32 5,347 42 | 1,410 j 13 i 831 i 12 • 1,990 |i United States....1919.. 320 176 58,8S9 25,366 2 46 152 80 90 57 1,051 695 19 6,517 13! 4,693 13 9,003 5, 729 15 6 31,542 9.93S 1914.. 25 S California 45 13 29 10 4 5,132 2,448 2.221 2,841 930 1 11 1 4 36 5 14 4 157 56 9 266 4 3 2 1 319: 11 109 237 | 2; 302 136 i 2 i 252 93; 1 | 196 3; 1,194 1 2S0 3 863 1 ■ 657 1 2,394 Illinois 2 i 1,568 1; 636 Kansas 15 12 6 3 146 71 5 1 173 42 Louisiana \ 1 | 892 i 2,439 Missouri 38 ; i 264 j 1 New Jersey 9 11 66 53 39 10,178 2,431 4,612 8,235 8,224 3 2 j 1,234 1 j 59S 4 8,680 1,029 1,203 4,133 6,287 Ohio 1 2 24 10 13 275 120 2 IS 16 93 651 526 lfi7 4 | 698 1 1 1 Oklahoma 7 5 11 22 14 36 5 14 8 394 10! 1,776 936 3 484 599! 2! 271 1 i 291 3! 1,307 1 264 Pennsylvania 1; 715 1 i F,?n Texas 8 80 5 3 ! i i Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. || VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. i! 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1 1909 320 176 147 5S,SS9 25,366 13,929 $1,632,532,766 $396,361,406 $236,997,659 $384,624,411 $71,096,897 i $37,724,257 Less than $5,000 4 6 21 65 56 168 2 20 107 / 680 \\ 1,640 56,440 10,996 64,720 1,383,278 / 17,462,094 *\ 39,503,729 j 1,574,107,949 1 1.843 16', 269 259,137 f 2,122,261 \ S. 386,3-56 373,83S, ,545 $5,000 to $20,000 i 10 27 59 26 54 16 17 57 221 87,594 1,669,133 16,107,841 17,175, Oil 361.321,824 200,158 1,524,305 28,038 , 62, 811 426,474: 299,158 $20,000 to $100,000 25 205 $100,000 to $500,000 }" } 2,166 22,978 2,015 | 26,595,548 } 6,446,389 6,088,243 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 35 11,636 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 208,671,648 64,195,996 31,274,045 100.0 ioao 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.1 100.1 1 100.1 Less than $5,000 1.3 1.9 (s) (a) 0.2 f 1.2 \ 2.8 95.8 (s) (s) 1 $5,000 to $20,000 i 5.7 15.3 33.5 14.8 30.7 10,9 17.0 0.1 0.4 1.6 (*) 0,1 j (") 1 0.2 $20,000 to $100,000. 6.6 20.3 17.5 52.5 0.8 0.1 0.4 4.1 4.3 91.2 0,6! 0,1 0. 6 ] 0. 8 $100,000 to $500,000 } 48.3 } » f 1.1 } H.2 j 88.0 { °d } 9.1 | 16. 1 90. 3 82.9 $500,000 to $1,000,000 14.5 \ 2,4 96.4 23.8 90.6 83.5 97.2 1 Includes the group "Less than $5,000" for 1914 and 1909, s Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 760 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBEE OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Cen- sus year. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Of establishments owned by- Per cent of total. STATE. Total. Total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. AU oth- ers. United States 1919 1914 1909 8 6 4 297 155 131 15 15 12 58,889 25,366 13,929 196 137 99 58,521 24,944 13,678 172 15 12 0.3 0.6 0.7 99.4 98.3 98.2 0.3 1.1 1.1 $1,632,532,766 396,361,406 236,997,659 $9,466,587 2,442,105 1,992,431 11,617,693,917 389,378,595 232,539,969 $5,372,262 4,540,706 2,535,259 1 0.6 0.6 0.8 99.1 98. 2 98.1 0.3 1.2 1.1 California 1919 1914 1 44 5,132 1,930 15,132 1,907 213,292,194 55,527,651 1213,292,194 54,917,623 100.0 98.9 2 32 4 1 1 123 98.8 1.2 i 610,02S 11.1 Illinois 2 1919 12 2,448 3 2,448 64,548,642 8 64,548,642 100.0 Kansas2 1919 28 1 2,221 3 2,221 63,785,520 3 63,785,520 100.0 Louisiana 2 1919 10 2,841 2,841 100.0 75,023,726 75,023,726 100.0 Missouri2 1919 4 930 930 100.0 24,610,532 24,610,532 100.0 New Jersey 2 1919 9 10,178 10,178 100.0 280,994,553 280,994,553 100.0 Ohio 1919 1914 11 7 2,431 1,519 2,431 1,519 | 100.0 100.0 43,282,801 11,169,189 43,282,801 11,169,189 100.0 100.0 Oklahoma 1919 1914 1 65 23 4,612 516 i 4,612 516 100.0 150,673,458 13,014,372 i 150,673,458 13,014,372 100.0 100.0 1919 1914 6 4 41 34 6 10 8,235 4,902 164 123 7,993 4,528 78 251 j 2.0 I 2.5 97.1 92.4 0.9 5.1 178,825,632 52,875,101 5,796,115 2,204,024 169,785,472 46,654,960 3,244,045 4,016,117 3.2 4.2 95.0 88.2 1.8 7.6 Texas * 1919 35 4 8,224 8,168 56 i 99.3 0.7 241,757,313 240,830,554 926,759 99.6 0.4 1 1 Includes the group "Individuals." 2 Figures for 1914 not available. 8 Includes the group "All others." Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 6,703 2,499 2,142 238,906 128,468 90,268 100.0 100.0 100.0 Steam i 3,127 2,460 2,256 204 647 20 2,130 1,818 2,138 2,039 187,521 144,743 f 95,020 \ 49,723 42,647 131 113,837 94,052 89,955 84,085 78.5 60.6 / 39.8 \ 20.8 17.9 (3) 88.6 73.2 99.7 93.2 Engines } (2) (*) } (3) } (3) Turbines Internal-combustion engines 300 12 99 18,298 1,487 5,870 14.2 1.2 6.5 Water wheels turbines and motors 3,576 3,576 369 369 4 4 51,385 51,385 14,631 14,353 278 313 28 285 21.5 21.5 11.4 11.2 0.2 0.3 (*) 6,665 3,576 3,089 1,464 511 4 108,625 51,385 57,240 38,614 14,353 24,261 8,808 28 8,780 100.0 47.3 52.7 100.0 37.2- 62.8 100.0 0.3 99.7 Generated by establishments reporting 369 1,095 507 i Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. J Figures not shown separately in 1914 and 1909. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. PETROLEUM REFINING. 761 Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. California. Illinois Kansas Louisiana3. Missouri3... New Jersey. Ohio. Oklahoma Pennsylvania.. Texas. All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 1,105,503 1,367,429 632,960 953,106 39,198 254,896 302,994 17S, 449 110,439 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 3,619, .534 2,045,485 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 319,563 157,621 Fuel oils (barrels). 23,649,032 7,455,918 22,030 i 533,215 „ 290,899 !j 58,352 2,330 109,703 174,163 69,587 418,777 244,739 91,798 2,762 711,580 587,025 1,521,946 836,511 3,192 3,630 66 58,440 3?310 127,25$ 36,701 J 1,969 1 3,433 482 32,008 23,696: 14.203 10,701 78,701 1 57.364 3.113,980 2,471,640 809, 885 259,939 1,-555,484 436,949 278,346 661,115 3,680,753 78,641 52,248 15,989 2,632,184 143,2S2 1,662,660 S3,561 6,203,637 2,437,135 2.998.740 1,52$; 782 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 67,489! 26,919.052 10,993,746 0) 0) 0) 3,378,968 896,940 419,966 3,102.277 1,398,469 7,275 1 17,198 267,781 0) 31 137,170 188,311 C1) 573 11,847,807 2T 976,649 (l) i 344 2.602,740 3', 484.065 0) 1,902 954,618 0) 57,048 2,967,453 1,361,565 0) i Included in figures for fuel oils. 3 Included with "All other states " in 1914. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials.—Table 11 presents detailed statistics of materials for 1919 in comparison with 1914, 1909, and 1904; and Table 12 gives the statistics for crude petro- leum consumption, by fields, for 1919 and 1914. Table 13 assembles the statistics for the marketed production of crude petroleum and the consumption by the refineries in 1919 and 1914, distributed by fields. Products.—Table 14 gives, with as much detail as the returns permit, the statistics for products, quan- tities, and values for the four census years. The aggregate value of all products of the refineries in 1919 was an increase of 312 per cent over the total for 1914. In addition to the gasoline product of the refineries, there was a large production of casing-head gasoline, the output as reported by the Geological Survey for 1919 being 340.647,000 gallons, valued at $63,608,900, as compared with 42,652,632 gallons in 1914, valued at §3,105,900. The annual growth in casing-head gasoline has been heavy since it was first reported in 1911, 426,000 gallons. Equipment.—Table 15 presents the statistics for the equipment of the refineries in stills, agitators, chilling houses, filter houses, and presses, and also storage tanks, for 1919 and 1914. Distribution of establishments.—Table 16 shows the distribution of the establishments, by states, grouped by geographic divisions, and also the number of estab- lishments reporting the several classes of products. 762 MANUFACTURES. Table 11.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND COST OF MATERIALS: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Total cost. $1,247,908,355 Crude petroleum used: Barrels (42 gallons) Cost Average unit cost, barrel.. Distillates purchased and re- run: Barrels Cast. Casing-head gasoline, pur- chased: Barrels Cost Casing-head gas (wet natural gas): Th housand cubic feet... Cost 1919 365,271,803 $867,646,4751 $2.38 43,074,982 $151,824,598 6,952,215 $59,857,628 16,671,322 $1,256,834 1914 $325,264,509 191,262,724 $249,727,856 $1.31 9,455,300j $24,395,541 0) 1909 $199,273,402 $139,387,213 120, $152, 775,439 307,040 $1.26 0) (0 1904 66,982,862 $107,487,091 $1.60 0) 0) 0) Sulphur: Tons (2,000 pounds) Cost Pyrites: Tons.. Cost Sulphuric acid (purchased):3 Tons Cost Caustic soda: Pounds Cost Other chemicals, cost Fuller's earth, cost Containers, and materials therefor: Wooden, cost Metal, cost Fuel and rent of power, cost. All other materials, cost 1919 5,241 $136,82S 26,275 $224,700 503,920 $10,327,060 45,270,896 $1,736,670 $663,660 $2,375,729 $34, 801,732 $26,193,075 $53,505,109 $37,358,257 1914 $206,053 290,455 $3,519,552 22,216,000 $361,421 (l) 0) $12,944,471 $7,292,207 $13,567,284 $13,250,124 1909 $4,003,198 8 $8,937,421 $8,037,4671 $8,376,383 $17,611,893 1901 $2,304,635 0) C1) }$17,870,348 $5,139,934 $6,585,205 i Figures not available. 3 In addition, there was made and consumed in 1919,18,140 tons, and in 1914, 38,440 tons. Table 12.—CRUDE PETROLEUM, CONSUMPTION, BY FIELDS: 1919 AND 1914. Total Mid-Continent ■ California Appalachian (Pennsylvania grade) Illinois Gulf Lima-Indiana Colorado and Wyoming Other United States Foreign: Mexican ■ Other 1919 Quantity. Barrels (42 gallons). 365,271,803 181,039,564 74,200,751 29,828,701 10,888,115 16,396,712 1,737,865 12,772,958 63,626 38,295,267 48,244 Per cent of total. 100.0 49.6 20.3 8.2 2.9 4.5 0.5 3.5 10.5 Cost. $869,745,304 496, 109, 126, 33, 28, 21, 48, 405,420 655,774 127,716 127,519 906,551 031,639 530,593 135,452 738,033 86,607 1914 Quantity. Barrels (42 gallons). 92,462, 41,901, 21,196, 17,672, 5,787, 2,564, 3,441 6,235,245 Per cent of total. 3.3 Cost. $249,727,856 121,188,411 30,157,013 50,019,939 30,137,986 6,080,907 4,286,588 2,088,700 5,768,282 AVERAGE COST PEE BARREL. 1919 $2. 38 2.74 1. 48 4.23 3.04 1.76 2.90 1.69 2.13 1.27 1914 $1.31 1.31 0.72 2.36 1.71 1.05 1.67 0.61 Table 13.—CRUDE PETROLEUM, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION AND REFINERY CONSUMPTION, BY FIELDS: 1919 AND 1914. Per cent Marketed production (barrels). Consumption by refineries (barrels). con- sump- tion is of pro- duc- tion. Consus year. 1919 1914 12,436,000 21,919,749 10,888,115 17,672,279 87.6 80.6 1919 1914 20,568,000 13,117,528 16,396,712 5,787,313 79.7 44.1 1919 1914 3,444,000 5,062,543 1,737,865 2,564,742 50.5 50.7 1919 1914 13,584,000 3,790,940 12,836,584 3,441,893 94.8 90.8 United States. Mid-Continent California Appalachian (Pennsylvania grade). Census year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Marketed production (barrels). 377,719,000 265,762,535 196,891,000 97,995,400 101,564,000 99,775,327 29,232,000 24,101,048 Consumption by refineries (barrels). 326,928,292 185,027,479 181,039,564 92,462,637 74,200,751 41,901,651 29,828,701 21,196,964 Per cent con- sump- tion is of pro- duc- tion. 86.0 69.6 91.9 94.4 73.1 42.0 (l) 88.0 Illinois. Gulf. Lima-Indiana. Other fields—Colorado,Wyoming, etc. 1 Consumption in excess of production. PETROLEUM REFINING. 763 Table 14 —DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Total value. Naphthas and lighter prod- ucts: Gasoline— Gallons Value Naphtha- Gallons Value Benzine- Gallons Value Other- Gallons Value Iuiiminattng oils: Gallons Value Fuel oils: Gallons Value Distillates- Gallons Value Gas oils- Gallons Value Residual fuel oil- Gallons Value Partly refined oils, sold for rerunoing: Gallons. Above fuel oil Fuel oil Below fuel oil Value Lubricating oils: Gallons Value Pale or paraffin; viscosity less than 100° Univer- sal; or flash under 400° F.; closed cup— Gallons Value Red or neutral; viscosity 100° Universal or higher; or flash 400° F. or over; closed cup (not including cylinder oils)—) Gallons Value 1919 $1,632,532,766 3,648, S679, 392, $65, 67, $10, 97, $11, 2,305, $235, 7,767, $318, 646 $36; 1,393, $76, 5,727, $205, 590,635 867,064 282,320 077,854 491,006 015,853 262,837 045,284 489,735 663,055 900,556 124,339 652,618 548,107 623,486 3S3,453 624,452 192,779 428,346,637 79,895,749 109,503,858 238,747,030 $29,268,849 821,580,400 $196,242,439 124,372,754 $28,238,302 212,357,564 $44,583,095 1914 $396,361,406 1,195,412,100 $106,140,170 264,626,100 $15,779,137 1,935,274,800 $96,806,452 '3,734,092,050 $84,017,916 457,491,650 $15,999,342 755,558,400 $22,805,340 2,521,042,000 $45,213,234 0) 517,838,800 $55,812,120 93,422,100 $8,084,650 116,352,500 $12,426,023 1909 $236,997,659 1904 $175,005,320 540,327,500; $39,771,95f 1,674,789,900:1 $94,547,010! 1,701,728,850] $36,462,8S3! (l) 537,294,250! $38,884,236 161,961,500 $9,473,975! 30,744,200 $2,255,924 290,546,450 $21,314,837 ,356,754,700 $91,366,434 360,471,400 $9,205,391 C1) 0) (l) C1) (') 0) 314,912,550 $23,553,091 82,220,000 $6,210,279 25,202,100! $1,942,153 I Lubricating oils—Continued. CyUnder oils— Gallons Value All other lubricating oils, including compounded (except cylinder) oils,— Gallons Value Liquid asphaltic road oils: Gallons Value Residuum or tar: Gallons Value Greases: Gallons Value Petrolatum- Gallons Value Lubricating greases- Gallons' Value Axle grease— Gallons Value.. Paraffin wax: Gallons Value Acid oil: Gallons Value Asphalt, other than liquid asphalt: Tons Value Coke: Tons Value Reclaimed or separated acid sold: Tons Value Candles, value Other special products, value. All other products, value 1919 1914 1909 1904 235,345,952 $59,036,506 102,949,100 $13,703,772 79,378,950 $9,482,568 68,333,050 $9,332,299 249, .504,130 $64, 3&4,536 205,115,100 $21,597,675^ 265.209,600 $17,671,769 139,157,400 $6,068,360 98,036,511 $4,491,388 1134,844,350 | $4,017, S58 89,350,400 $2,215,623 159,396,050 $3,138, 361 29,163,394 $1,522,797 28,147, .534 $11, 896,6.55 14,006, 400 $3,536,491 6.915,100 $1, 567,647 10,121,950 $1,394,130 10,230,287 $3,750,028 6,078, 0.50 $1, 2i3,388 0) 0) (*) 0) 12,599.628 $6,043i 741 4,980, L50 $1,624,949 0) 0) (l) (1) 5.317,619 2,948,200 $668,154 0) 0) 0) C1) §2; 102,8S6 67,976,676 $28,348,437 57. 538,800 $8,897', 106 47,341,500 $9,388,812 39,703,400 $10,007,274 45,600,039 $992,907 C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 927,151 $12,500,157 465.157 $4,867,213 233,328 $2,724,752 0) 0) 798. ISO $3,928,345 213,777 $818, 889 O) $507,695 (l) $149,653 136,320 $687,302 89,792 $491,3S0 133,215 $402,295 165,104 $400,480 $2,939,519 $6,813,647 $13,106,875 $1,402,945 $8,507,993 $5,265,736 j$10,524,747 $14,475,669 1 Figures not available. Table 15.—EQUIPMENT: 1919 AND 1914. Stills, number Capa-city (gallons).. Steam- Number Capacity (gallons.. Fire- Number... Capacity (gallons).. Pressure- Number ^Capacity (gallons). Agitators: Number Capacity (gallons) Chilling houses for paraffin; Number Capacity (gallons) 1919 6,935 174,295,000 1,061 27,550,000 4,394 130,115,000 1,4S0 16,630,000 1,083 52,427,181 105 4,712,000 1914 3,639 (0 612 17,892,000 3,027 84, SS2,000 0) 0) 0) 0) 770 1919 -I- Filter houses: Number Capacity (gallons) Hydraulic or other presses: Number Capacity (gallons) Storage tanks lor: Crude petroleum- Number Capacit y (gallons) Refined petroleum products- Number Capacity (gallons) Fuel oil— Number Capacity (gallons) Other- Number Capacity (gallons) 1914 357 0) 11,381,452 0) 645 459 6,258,924 0) 2,183 1,014 1,511,889,000 530,202,000 11.380 6,967 2,152,820,000 lf 042,836,000 1,822 807 1,069,813,000 343,132,000 5,546 4. ill 655,346.000 646,608,000 1 Figures not available. 764 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—ESTABLISHMENTS, DISTRIBUTED BY PRODUCTS, FOR STATES, GROUPED BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1919. Number of petroleum refineries Naphthas and lighter products: Gasoline Naphtha Benzine All other Illuminating oils Fuel oils: Distillates Gas oils Residual fuel oil Partly refined oils sold for reranning.. Lubricating oils: Palo or paraffin Red or neutral Cylinder All other ■ Liquid asphaltic road oils Greases: Petrolatum Lubricating greases Axle grease ■ United States. 279 97 39 22 241 137 161 245 43 56 NEW ENGLAND. Rhode Island. MIDDLE ATLANTIC. New York. New Jersey. Pennsyl- vania. EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Ohio. 49 11 21 5 9 1 1 1 46 8 25 4 16 5 19 6 17 1 17 7 21 4 36 2 20 7 2 1 16 2 3 1 2 Indiana. Illinois. WEST NORTH CENTRAL. Minne- sota. Mis- souri. Kansas. 29 10 1 11 16 28 Number of petroleum refineries. Naphthas and lighter products: Gasoline Naphtha Benzine All other IUuminating oils Fuel oils: Distillates Gas oils Residual fuel oil Partly refined oils sold for rerunning.. Lubricating oils: Pale or paraffin Red or neutral Cylinder All other Liquid asphaltic road oils Greases: Petrolatum Lubricating greases Axle grease • SOUTH ATLANTIC. EAST SOUTH. CENTRAL. Dela- ware. Mary- land. Vir- ginia. West Vir- ginia. Ken- Ten- tucky. nessee. WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Arkan- sas. Louisi- ana. 10 Okla- homa. 66 II. Texas, 34 MOUNTAIN. Idaho. Wyo- ming. Colo- rado. Utah. Cali- fornia. 31 11 4 10 16 31 19 40 2 6 5 3 7 6 GENERAL TABLES. Table 17 gives comparative statistics for the princi- pal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 18 is a detailed state- ment, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 17.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States., California.. Illinois. Kansas. New Jersey. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Wage earners (aver- age Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- sus Primary horse- year. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 320 176 147 58,889 25,366 13,929 238,906 128,468 90,268 889,750 19,397 9,830 $1,247,908 325,265 199,273 $1,632,533 396,361 236,998 1919 1914 1909 45 38 29 5,132 1,930 930 60,307 22,309 5,630 8,179 1,716 801 141,877 38,170 13,898 213,292 55,528 17,878 . 1919 1914 13 9 2,448 1,072 5,106 2,607 3,484 899 54,053 12,408 64,549 16,893 1919 1914 1909 29 13 18 2,221 890 324 10,950 4,423 1,150 3,065 752 186 51,336 7,185 2,817 63,786 8,923 4,077 1919 1914 9 8 10,178 5,178 36,040 26,498 18,024 4,001 222,886 79,392 280,994 90,877 Ohio.. Oklahoma. Pennsylvania.. All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num ber of estab- lish- Imentsl 23 Wage oarners (aver- age num- ber). 2,431 1,519 1,659 4,612 516 75 8,235 4,902 2,900 23,632 9,359 8,041 Primary horse- power. 7,383 4,920 4,324 24,477 3,304 231 22,606 37,522 35,212 72,037 26,885 43,721 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Valuo of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $3,246 1,025 1,028 5,910 432 54 11,960 3,219 1,861 35,882 7,353 5,900 $31,958 9,924 8,145 127,150 9,591 575 134,981 44,384 47,440 4B3,667 124,211 126,398 $43,283 11,169 10,754 150,673 13,014 1,055 178,826 52,875 53,088 637,130 147,082 150,146 PETROLEUM REFINING. 765 Table 18.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num-I ber of es- tab- lish- ments] United States... California Illinois... Kansas... Louisiana Missouri New Jersey Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Texas All other states1 320 PERSONS ENGAGED EN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 73,473 6,530 2,932 2,654 3,143 1,070 11,991 4,890 6,213 10,621 9,767 13,672 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-| bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 2,748 400 84 150 37 48 458 70 313 423 252 513 Clerks, ete. Male. 9,031 782 313 190 231 81 1,070 2,044 957 1,249 1,017 1,097 Fe- male. 2,746 215 85 91 34 11 285 345 330 680 264 406 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 58,889 5,132 2,4© 2,221 2,841 930 10,178 2,431 4,612 8,235 8,224 11,637 Number, 15th day of— month. De 62,599 De No My De Jy Oc Au Au Jy De 5,606 2,589 2,362 3,356 1,254 11,301 2,556 4,823 8,512 9,280 Minimum month. Ja 54,342 Ap Ja Oe Ja Au Mh Ap Fe Mh Ja 4,737 2,354 2,092 2,062 252 9,025 2,331 4,380 8,017 6,724 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 62,660 5,564 2,558 2,402 3,356 1,061 10,757 2,400 4,797 8,023 9,204 12,538 16 and over. Male. 61,492 J 1,126 Fe- male.! Un- der 16. Male! 5,451 2,507 2,401 3,342 1,059 10,575 2,372 4,787 7,860 8,963 12,175 113 51 14 2 153 28 2 161 241 361 Capital. $1,170,278,189 84,015,443 36,342,555 51,629,201 49,851,959 13,399,315 203,292,144 46,545,550 152,529,830 140,154,231 153,227,300 239,290,631 Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. $11,315,491 $15,303,533 1,436,958 396,509 615,527 249,884 151,866 1,816,366 359,868 1,629,943 1,763,412 809,679 2,085,479 1,428,619 677,877 399,015 543,493 115,986 1,929,267 2.441,744 2', 023,780 2,331,111 1,295,996 2,116,645 Salaries and] wages—Con. United States... California Illinois Kansas Louisiana....... Missouri . New Jersey.. Ohio............. Oklahoma .Pennsylvania.... Texas Ml other states1 expenses—continued. Wage earners. $S9,749,637 8,179,397 3,483,872 3,065,412 4,388,047 1,388,663 18,023,734 3,245,959 5,909,664 11,960,122 11,757,668 18,347,099 For contract work. $2,352,306 644,530 5,583 122,020 500' 27,784 619,612 251,928 680,349 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $125,909 17,667 5,260 23,200 3,996 2,898 700 330 22,960 16,099 2,045 30,754 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $78,282,638 9,33S,806 2,786,198 1,533,082 6,108,906 123,978 17,898,614 3,819,640 1,188,857 15,380,629 1,711,403 18,392,525 For materials. Principa materials $1,194,403,246 136,823,769 50,550, SSI 48,118,618 48,638,652 19,620,118 214,618,316 29,997,014 122,435,363 130,071,762 184,617,478 208,911,275 Fuel and rent of power. $53,505,109 5,052,876 3,502,477 3,217,151 964,731 1,494,934 8,268,059 1,961,063 4,714,359 4,909,443 8,260,485 111,159,531 Value of products. I$l,632,532,766 213,292,194 64,548,642 63,7S5,520 75,023,726 24,610,532 280,994,553 43,282,801 150,673,458 178,825,632 241,757,313 295,738,395 Value added by manufac- ture. $384,624,411 71,415,549 10,495,284 12,449,751 25,420,343 3,495,480 58,108,178 11,324,724 23,523,736 43,844,427 48,879,350 75,667,589 Primary horsepower. Total. 238,906 60,307 5,106 10,950 7,138 2,545 36,040 7,383 24,477 22,606 27,543 34,811 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines).! 95,020 26,221 : 3,457 I 4,515 ! 1,651 \ 1,140 12,843 i 4,175 !! 9,32S 9,962 2,767 18,961 Steam tur- bines. 49,723 |42,64 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.* Rent- ed (elec- tric). 381 22S 1,863 1,600 1,390 14,391 1,170 5,524 5,495 10,375 7,306 12,939 75 2,225 3,820 15 8,806 155 3,523 4,540 2,700 3,849 131 51,385 j 157,240 20,636 1,346 2,346 67 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated ines- tab- lish- ments re- port- ing. 1,SS3 6,102 2,609 11,701 4,695 1,973 5,167 1,901 5,702 1.273 3,868 192 1,718 S,9S6 15,400 11,060 1 All other states embrace: Arkansas, 1 establishment; Colorado, 5; Delaware. 1; Idaho, l; Indiana, 3; Kentucky, 3; Maryland, 4; Minnesota, 1; Missouri, 4; Ne York, 6; Rhode Island, 1; Tennessee, 1; Utah, 1; Virginia, 1; West Virginia, 5; and Wyoming, 7. a Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). SOAR GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The establish- ments under this classification, including the soap de- partments of slaughtering and meat-packing plants, manufacture hard and soft soaps, liquid soaps, etc. In addition, there is a considerable production of soap by establishments in other lines of manufacture, and the soap products of such establishments are included in the detailed statistics of products. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the sta- tistics for the census years 1904 to 1919, inclusive, with percentages of increase. Prior to 1904 soap and candles were combined, and as a combined industry it runs back to the census of 1859. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 summarizes the more important statistics for the industry, by states, ranked according to value of prod- ucts. Some of the states which can not be shown sep- arately ranked higher than some of those given in the table, notably Ohio, which was first in value of prod- ucts; Kansas, fifth; Nebraska, thirteenth; and Texas, seventeenth. Though establishments were reported from 35 states, the industry is largely centralized, the leading states being Ohio, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Kansas, and Massachusetts—three states of the Middle West and three of the North Atlantic. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in this table is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for the states will be found in Table 15. Table 3 shows the proportion of female wage earners increased from 25 per cent of all wage earners in 1914 to 29.1 per cent in 1919, and similar gains are shown for the female employees in the salaried groups. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics presented in Table 4 are designed to show the steadiness of em- ployment, or the reverse, in accordance with the indus- trial conditions existing during the year. Females constituted 29.1 per cent of the average number of wage earners in 1919, with a maximum of 45.8 per cent of the total in Wisconsin. The percentage was also high in Missouri, 40 per cent, and in Illinois 37.4 per cent. The statistics show a greater range between minimum and maximum employment for 1919 than for prior censuses. In Missouri the minimum was but 55.7 per cent of the maximum, while in Indiana employment was fairly steady and the minimum was 85.5 per cent of the maximum. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures shown in Table 5 emphasize the tendency toward the shorten- ing of the working day. In 1909, 66 per cent, and in 1914, 57.7 per cent of the total average number of wage earners were in establishments where the prevail- ing hours of labor per week were in excess of 54; whereas in 1919 but 10.3 per cent were in this class. On the other hand, in 1909 only 4.9 per cent were in establishments where the prevailing hours per week were 48 or less; whereas in 1914 this percentage had increased to 7.2 and in 1919 to 63.4 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The figures in Table 6 show the growth in the size of establishments during the period 1914-1919, the average number of wage earners for all plants in 1919 being 59 as compared with 38 in 1914. In 1914 there were 7 establishments each of which employed over 500 wage earners, aggregating 6,159. In 1919 there were 11 establishments of this character, with 12,484 wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Meas- ured by value of products, it is apparent that the in- crease in number of establishments is in the higher groups, though this grouping is materially affected by the high level of values in 1919 as compared with 1914. Table 7 shows the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. The average value of products per establishment increased from $265,000 in 1909 to $345,000 in 1914 and to $910,000 in 1919. Character of ownership.—Table 8 presents the statis- tics concerning the character of ownership, or legal or- ganization, of the establishments, for the United States and the principal states. The figures show growth for the "Corporations" group, which in 1919 averaged ap- proximately $1,390,000 in value of products per estab- lishment as compared with $467,000 in 1909; whereas the other two groups combined, "Individuals" and "All others," averaged $64,000 per establishment in 1919 as compared with $80,000 in 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the statistics concerning power. The rated horsepower in 1919 was slightly less than that reported in 1914, the decrease being in steam power. There is shown a material increase in rented electric power and also in electric power generated by the es- tablishments reporting. In 1919 the rated capacity of all electric motors was nearly double the capacity re- ported for 1914. In 1919, 90.9 per cent of the total primary power, whether owned or rented, was utilized in the form of electric power, as compared with 47.5 per cent in 1914 and 45.3 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents the statistics for fuel consumed, by kinds and by states. (766) SOAP. 767 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members . Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages - Paid for contract work Rent and taxes.... Cost of materials Value of products Value added By manufacture3 Soap production pounds Hard soap v.-;--; Other soap (soft soap, liquid soap, and special soap articles) 1919 348 28,919 183 8,300 20,436 33,710 §212,416,886 $35,399,914 S14,171,851 $21,228,063 $639,688 $6,06S,675 $238,518,858 $316,740,115 $78,221,257 2,419,410,000 2,308,612,000 110,798,000 1914 371 19,839 252 5,415 14,172 35,737 $92,871,533 $14,779,629 $6,691,692 $8,087,937 $18,916 $1,021,534 $88,866,788 $127,942,441 $39,075,655 2,121,230,000 2,064,228,000 < 57,002,000 1909 420 18,393 329 5,065 12,999 28,360 $71,951,109 $11,732,431 $5,505,549 $6,226, S82 $119,609 $541,003 $72,179,418 $111,357,777 $39,178,359 1,854,286,000 1,794,249,000 < 60,037,000 1904 436 14,501 399 3,058 11,044 20,228 $54,816,301 $8,265,243 $3,502,572 $4, 762,676 $28,504 *$413,430 $43,625,608 $68,274,700 $24,649,092 1,430,509,000 1,380,610,000 « 43, S99,000 FEB CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914-1919 1909-1914 1904-1909 -6.2 j 45.8 i —27 4 53.3 44.2 -5.7 123. 7 139.5 111.8 162.5 1,207.7 494.1 168.4 147.6 100.2 14.7 12.5 94.4 11.7 7.9 23.4 6.9 9.0 26.0 29.1 28.0 21.5 29.9 59.1 88.8 23.1 14.9 -0.3 14.4 15.0 -5.1 -3.7 26.8 —17.5 65.6 17.7 40.2 31.3 41.9 57.2 30.7 319.6 30.9 65.5 63.1 58.9 29.6 29.4 36.8 [ A minus sign( —) denotes decrease. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. 8 Value of products less cost of materials. « Reported as soft soap. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of estab-| lish- Iments! United States. New York New Jersey Illinois Massachusetts Pennsylvania California Wisconsin Missouri Indiana 348 "WAGE EARNERS. Av- erage num- ber. Per cent [distri- bu- tion. 20,436 4,159 2,889 2,270 1,008 1,214 608 691 652 540 100.0 20.4 14.1 11.1 4.9 5.9 3.0 3.4 3.2 2.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $316,740 50,S44 37,3S2 25,734 18,730 16,063 11,295 8,909 8,556 5,678 Per cent distri- bu- tion. 100.0 16.1 11.8 8.1 5.9 5.1 3.6 2.8 2.7 1.8 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $78,221 13,060 10,035 6,250 7,556 5,710 2,983 3,189 2,888 2,608 Per cent |distri-| bu- tton. 100. Oi. 16.7 12.8 8.0 9.7 7.3 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.3 Connecticut... Rhode Island.. Iowa Minnesota Colorado Washington. Louisiana Utah All other states Num- jber of jestab-j lish- [ments WAGE EARNERS. Av- Per i erase bu- ber- tion.: 445 117 82 46 11 10 24 4 5,666 2.2 j 12 0.6 ; 14 0.4 15 0.2 : 17 0.1! 0.1! 0.1! 0)! 27.7; VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount j Per (ex- ;cent pressed !distri- in thou- sands). $5,145 1,944 1,427 S22 135 98 70 14 123,894 bu- tion. 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 (l) 0) (x) 0) VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount ( Per (ex- | cent: pressed dism- in thou-! bu- sands). !tion. $2,967 6SS i 434: 200: 31: 50: 31 s 19,533: 3.8 0.9 0.6 0.3 0) 0.1 | 21 (l) !23 (l) i 29 25.0 ... 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 3.-PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes -. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 2$, 919 19,839 IS, 393 1, 526 823 963 183 252 329 365 286 274 97S 285 360 Male. 19,827 14,671 13,780 1,426 799 925 171 236 306 343 280 265 912 283 354 Fe- male. 9,092 5,16S 4,613 100 24 38 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 68.6 74.0 74.9 93.4 97.1 96.1 93.4 93.7 93.0 96.7 93.3 99.3 98.3 Fe- male. 31.4 26.0 25.1 6,6 2,9 3.9 6.6 6.3 7.0 6.0 2.1 3.3 6.7 0 7 1.7 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 6,957 4,S44 4, 431 20,436 14, 172 12,999 20,197 13,964 12,664 239 20S 335 Male. 3,911 3,237 3,269 14, 490 10,635 9,588 14, 368 10,532 9,429 122 103 157 Fe- male. 3.046 1,607 1.162 5,946 3,537 3, 413 5,829! 3,432 3, 235 117 105 178 PER CENT OF TOTAL. | Male. Fe- male. '56.2 ! 66.8 : 73.8 43.8 33.2 26.2 70.9 75.0 73.7 29.1 25.0 26.3 71.1 28.9 24.6 25.5 75.4 74.5 51.0 49.0 49.5 46.9 50.5 53,1 768 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The mouth of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 1909 California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey - New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin States employing a large proportion of females. Illinois Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Wiscpnsin Average number em- ployed during year. 20,436 14,490 5,946 14,172 12,999 60S 2,270 540 1,008 652 2,889 4,159 1,214 691 317 261 893 ,181 279 316 Janu- ary. 20,590 14,57S 6,012 14,212 12, 337 633 2,383 531 915 716 2,863 4,293 1,128 672 870 244 294 904 1,235 235 354 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OE NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Febru- ary. 18,789 13,266 5,523 14, 325 12,671 632 2,222 517 85S 513 2,702 3,847 1,072 744 788 241 177 894 1,181 225 354 March. 18,055 12,880 6,176 14,427 12,885 593 1,969 542 855 U8 2,662 3,842 1,061 666 707 240 163 874 1,159 233 223 April. 17,96S 12,774 5,189 14,461 12,843 May. 19,223 13,753 5,470 14,418 12,476 545 1,970 525 7S6 527 2,696 3,869 1,105 584 725 229 180 S52 1,186 262 196 624 2,144 543 882 637 2,773 4,052 1,137 629 780 277 256 862 ,199 266 176 June. 20,932 14,856 6,076 14,138 12,653 622 2,236 550 2,909 4,237 1,250 803 279 264 905 1,228 291 284 July. 21,759 15,434 6,325 13,893 13,001 634 2,374 553 979 804 3,024 4,329 1,256 676 884 310 328 904 1,234 283 August. 22,567 16,091 6,476 13,927 13,105 603 2,451 567 1,052 785 3,150 4,497 1,331 717 918 339 342 893 1,210 304 343 Septem- ber. 22,653 16,169 6,484 14,160 13,250 2,507 585 1,121 3,111 4, 512 1,363 772 991 342 275 945 1,161 298 438 Octo- ber. 22,080 15,541 6,539 14,286 13,475 625 2,474 555 1,257 667 2,991 4, 372 1,342 767 970 481 279 928 1,128 315 425 Novem- ber. 21,229 14,946 6,283 14,106 13,649 645 2,341 512 1,274 681 2,894 4,203 1,284 743 893 411 285 898 1,162 326 350 Decem- ber. 19,392 13,592 5,800 IS,711 13,650 632 2,179 600 1,221 685 • 2,893 3,855 1,249 762 847 411 299 857 1,089 310 360 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 79.3 79.0 79.1 94.8 90.4 81.2 78.1 85.5 61.7 55.7 84.5 85.2 77.1 68.5 Per ct. av. is [of state. 37.4 31.4 40.0 30.9 28.4 23.0 45.7 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES- 1919 AND 1914. United States. California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. (20,436 14,172 12,999 608 244 2,270 2,144 540 315 1,008 460 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. 2,456 <*) Be- tween 44 and 832 (2) (2) |9,667 1,027 635 318 (2) 134 (2) 7 (2) 714 (2) (2) 31 (2) (2) C;)' Be- tween| 48 and 54. 4,474 3,446 1,786 877 5 156 23 231 194 487 1 76 199 Be- tween 54 and 60. 905 1,514 1,802 6,371 [3,849 136 137 161 24 42 110 757 1,300 29 127 20 128 60, Over 60. 7 4,73i 79 621 10 184 Missouri New Jersey... New York Pennsylvania. Wisconsin Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 652 521 2,889 2,057 4,159 3,168 1,214 1,159 691 272 ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween! 44 and 48. (2) (2) 25 (2) 589 (2) (2) (2) (2) 2 (2) 8 («) Be- tween 48 and 54. | |2,206 17 13,090 '100 319 637 17 11 378 543 1,609 508 1,265 121 74 660 21 54. 254 389 138 131 31 204 Be- tween! 54 and 60. 118 355 246 1,389 142 137 12 234 60. 20 150 283 4 107 Over 60. 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. earners number). No wage earn- ers. lto5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. STATE. i 3 wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. I? Establish- ments. ii la Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- 1 ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. § I •sg £§ aps *i |a United States.. ,1919.. 348 371 20,436 14,172 49 43 153 166 390 396 70 90 853 1,033 31 29 981 1,017 12 957 1,125 14 17 2,187 2,763 8 5 2,584 1,679 7 4 4,756 2,386 4 7,728 3,773 1914.. 27 608 9 6 26 8 94 2 65 14 1 109 1 313 3 Illinois 29 2,270 12 28 7 71 4 111 2 162 2 300 2 1,598 Indiana 10 540 6 18 1 11 1 24 1 181 1 306 Massachusetts 27 1,008 3 11 19 8 104 2 77 i 96 1 141 1 571 Missouri 7 652 3 7 1 13 2 378 1 254 New Jersey 16 2,889 6 22 2 24 2 77 3 202 1 118 1 306 1 2,140 2,974 New York 56 4,159 1,214 7 27 70 10 142 5 139 2 153 2 305 1 376 2 Pennsylvania 53 8 30 84 10 123 2 76 1 119 1 256 1 556 Wisconsin.... 11 691 3 3 3 4 67 1 631 SOAP. 769 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OP PRODUCTS: 1919.. 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1914 | 1909 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. j 1909 1919 ' 1914 ! 1909 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 1914 '1 1 i 348 371 420 20,436 14,172 12,999 $316, 740,115 $127,942,441 $111,357,777 || $78,221,257 $39,075,655 1 $39,178,359 Less than $5,000.... 69 64 78 80 21 36 82 82 102 65 11 29 104 102 110 32 141 432 / 1,272 \ 1,188 j 17,371 60 200 763 •S3 264 834 130,132 756, 872 3,966,415 / 17,917,731 \ 13,571,081 280,397,884 185,506 879,269 4,916,756 14,351,125 7,316,314 100,293,471 253,674 1,089,754 5,362,689 | 27,740,013 76,911,647 62,374 334,509 1,342,732 / 6,393,243 \ 5,294,596 64,793,803 98, .548 1 130, 996 3S9,719! 468, 411 1,687,374 i 1, 80S, 374 | 8,311,788 10,460,303 28,588,226 i 26,310,275 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500.000 \ 82 } 2,711 3,980 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 22 10,433 7,838 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 100.0;! 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Less than $5,000 19. 8 18.4 22. 4 23.0 6.0 10.3 22.1 22.1 27.5 17.5 3.0 7.8 24. 8 24.3 2<3.2 0.2 0.7 2.1 / 6.2 \ 5.8 85.0 0.4 1.4 5.4 0.6 2.0 6.4 (x) 0.1 0.7 3.8 0.2 j 1.0 I 0.1 0.4 0.3 1.0 4.3 0.3 1.2 4.6 $5,000 to $20,000 0.2 1.3 $20,000 to $100,000 4.8; L7 $100,000 to $500,000 | 19.5 } 19.1 30.6 f 5.7 \ 4.3 11.2 5.7 } 24.9 69.1 f 8.2 \ 6.8 82.8 } 21.3 73.2 26.7 $500,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over 5.2 73.6 60.3 88.5 78.4 67.2 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table*8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. STATE. Cen- sus year. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Of establishments owned by— j Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. TotaL Individ- j Corpora- uals. tions. All others. 1 Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions, All oth- ers. United States 1919 1914 1909 87 106 142 222 200 201 39 65 77 20,436 14,172 12,999 299 484 801 19,780 13,039 10,607 357 649 1,591 1.5 3.4 6.2 96.8 92.0 81.6 1.7 $316,740,115 127,942,441 1 111.357,777 U, 517,647 3,829,844 5,302,283 $30-8.620.995 120,009,032 93.937,697 $3,601,473 j 4; 103, .565 12,117,797 1 L4 3,0 4.8 97.4 93. 8 84.4 1.1 3.2 10,9 4.6 12.2 California 1919 T i 15 5~ 608 591 i 17 150 97.2 2.8 2.2 | 11,295,294 11,048,199 1247,095 | 1 396, 242 i 97.8 2.2 1.5 Illinois 1919 1914 7 24 18 44 2 2,270 2,144 2 39 2,220 2", 105 1.8 97.8 98.2 | 25,733,832 j 21,420,035 3 247,769 25.337.590 21,172,266 1.2 98.5 98,8 Indiana, .... . ..... . 1919 1 9 540 1540 100.0 5,678,183 i 5,678,183 100.0 Massachusetts 1919 7 15 5 1,008 9 989 10 0.9 98.1 1.0 18,729,572 126,236 IS, 520,896 82,440 0.7 98.9 0.4 Missouri 1919 1914 1 2 6 652 521 i 652 3 521 100.0 100.0 8,555,927 4,919,685 i 8,555,927 3 4,919,685 100.0 5 2 100,0 New Jersev 1919 1914 2 2 12 12 2 2 2.8S9 2,057 * 2,889 *2,057 100.0 100.0 3 37,381,759 3 16,692,406 100.0 16,692.406 100.0 New York 1919 1914 10 20 44 2 9 4,159 3,168 2 114 140 4,045 3,024 2.7 4.4 97.3 95. 5 50.843, .837' 27; 526,199' 2 2,186,7115 I)693,793 48,657,132 2o, 793, S57 : 4.3 I 6.2 93.7 36 4 "6.T 36,549 93.7 0.1 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 29 26 15 11 9 13 1,214 1,159 86 105 949 732 179 322 7.1 78,2 63.2 14.7 27.8 16,063,276; 10,098,393 l 969,691 621,632 13,276,366 7,678,032 1,817,219 1,798,729 i 6.0 6.2 82.7 76,0 11. 8 17.3 9.1 Wisconsin 1919 4 7 691 13 678 1.9 98.1 S, 90S, 906 102,255 8, .806,651 I 1.1 98.9 1 Includes the group "Individuals." a includes the group " All others." 3 Includes the groups "Individuals" and "All others." Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. ! HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 t 1,350 846 696 33,710 35,737 28.3a") 100.0 100,0 100. 0 253 240 229 11 12 1 414 465 446 25,02S 24,787 22.352 2,435 201 40 30,091 29, .805 (J) (*> 25,038 24,538 74.2 73.5 66.3 7.2 0.6 0.1 84.2 83.4 8-8.3 86. 5 399 Engines (\} Turbines 10 14 120 166 245 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.9 Water wheels and turbines 5 5 255 Electric 1,097 1,097 432 432 231 231 8,6S2 8,672 10 5,646 4.014 1,632 3,322 1,974 1,348 25.8 25.7 15.8 11.2 4.6 11.7 7.0 4.8 Other Electric 4,177 1, 902 1,196 30,649 16,960 12,839 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 Rented 1,097 432 231 8,672 4, 014 1, 974 28,3 23.7 15.4 3,0S0 1,470 965 21.977 12,946 10, 865 71.7 76.3 84,6 * Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. * Figures not available. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent, 111367°—23 49 770 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States. California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 .1919 1914 Anthracite 1 (tons, 2,210 pounds). 107,932 S3.37S 9,353 316 77,733 52,564 16,343 27, S74 1,519 2,446 2,891 154 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 606, 515, 16 ,297 99, 112, 12, 10, 8, lli 20, 27, 6, 9, 94, 107, 38, 26, 4, 315, 204, 055 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1,082 2,850 111 27 2,753 3 1 Fuel oils (barrels). 93,853 36,150 79,560 34,851 4 621 355 1,263 510 6,426 2,245 168 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). (») (2) 122 (2) 2,701 (2) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 12,023 70,948 188 169 224 3,343 96 50 72 6,190 2,229 4,009 2,4S6 15,925 2,740 49 3,779 41,133 1 Includes some semianthracite. 2Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials and products.—Table 11 shows the statis- tics for the principal materials and the products for 1919, 1914, and 1909; also the number of establish- ments involved. The statistics for materials relate only to establishments maniifacturing soap as the chief product, which constitute the classified industry. Establishments in other industries that manufactured soap as a subsidiary product did not report the mate- rials used in soap manufacture. The table gives the statistics for certain intermediates made from pur- chased materials and consumed in soap manufacture in the same establishment. The statistics for products embrace all soap products, inclusive of those made by subsidiary soap establishments. The expense for fats and oils, including fish oil and fatty acids, in 1919, constituted 49 per cent of the cost of all materials, as compared with 62 per cent in 1914 and 57.3 in 1909. The item "All other materials" includes materials consumed in the manufacture of products other than soaps, such as cottolene, lard substitutes, edible oils, etc., as well as boxes and containers. The production of hard soaps as reported in 1919 is an increase of 11.6 per cent in quantity and 117.3 per cent in value over the corresponding figures for 1914, the increase for the period 1909-1914 being 15 per cent in quantity and 14.7 in value. The soap estab- hshments reported a total production of 49,498,627 pounds of refined glycerin, of which 2,121,476 pounds were consumed in the establishments producing. The total production of refined glycerin by all manu- facturing establishments, including those in the chem- ical and other industries, was approximately 129,000,- 000 pounds, which, however, includes some refined glycerin from imported stock. The schedule used called for the quantity and value of the different classes of hard soaps, but some manu- facturers could not furnish separate values for the different classes, and there was some confusion due to the fact that the distinction between the different kinds is not clearly- marked. The figures for pow- dered soap, sold as such, include 67,453,534 pounds of scouring soaps and cleaners, valued at $4,355,345. The returns were tabulated as reported by the manufacturers. The bulk of the item "All other hard soaps "—95 per cent of same—was reported under this head without other indication as to kind or character. Table 12 shows, by states, for 1919 the quantity and cost of the principal materials and Table 13 the quantity and value of the soap products by states. SOAP. 771 Table 11.—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS; DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND COST OR VALUE: AND 1909. 1919, 1914, 1919 Number of establishments The soap industry Establishments * manufacturing subsidiary soap products .'. MATERIALS.^ Total cost.. Animal fats, tallow, grease, etc.: Pounds Cast Red oil (commercial oleic acid): Gallons Cost Other, including fish oil, fatty acids, etc.: Gallons Cost Vegetable oils: Coconut oil— Gallons Cost Palm-kernel oil- Gallons Cost Cottonseed oil- Gallons Cost Other vegetable oils: Gallons Cost Soap stock: Pounds Cost Rosin: Pounds Cost Caustic soda: Tons (2,000 pounds) Cast Soda ash: Tons Cost All other materials Produced in tcorks ivhcre consumed A Red oil, gallons Tallow, pounds Cottonseed oil, gallons... Caustic lye, gallons Sodium silicate, pounds.. Glycerin, pounds Framed soap, x^ouiids— 439 348 $238, 51S, 858 406,411,643 $54, 985,298 3,227,386 $2,598,366 4,087,0S7 $3,059,407 24,349, 831 $28,217,738 606,807 $691,962 7,483,977 $8,274,155 a 11,320,861 §13,293,975 112,353,679 $5,773,182 119,529,661 $7,S36,73S 80,279 $5,700,421 92,219 $3,390,866 * $104,696,750 1, 552,179 67,113,763 23,800 2S, 552, 086 98,603,15S 40,472,470 834,19S,44S 1909 513 371 142 526 420 106 1919 1914 1909 PRODUCTS. $88, 866,786 Total value.. $72,179,418 Soap industry (all products ) Subsidiary soap products from other industries 2 546,289, 571 $32,565, 899 13,225,330 $9,406,5S3 15,903,691 $6,700,688; «123,032, SS6 j t £6,456,784 j 185,310,786 $4,067,992 55,320 SI, 936,575 140,983 81,997,575 $25,734,690 3,653,557 5,331,000 24.1,095 22,777,000 43,197,255 2,156,591 618,096,000 M13,969,787 $23,341,905 11,856,337 | $5,875,294 I 24,221,712 j. $9,7lS,9SS SI < 94,050,892 $2,453,609! 207,296,447 $4,362,412 52,172 $2,212,232 121,016 $2,281,787 $21,933,191 3,128,736 16,664,000 2,390,098 15,804, 000 37,466,246 5,879,279 524 775,000 Hard soaps: Quantity, pounds Tallow,loots, and olein soap.. Toilet soap Dye soap Powdered soap, sold as such.. Soap chips...." All other hard soaps Value Soft soap: Pounds Value Liquid soap: Pounds Value Special soap articles: Pounds Value Lye: Pounds Value Glycerin:7 Crude, for sale- Pounds Value Refined, pounds For sale— Pounds Value Produced and consumed, pounds Stearin: Pounds Value Candle pitch, tar or stearin pitch: Pounds Value Red oil (commercial oieie acid): Produced For sale- Gallons Value Hade and consumed, gaDons.. Candles: Poimds ■ .Value ■ Glue: Poimds ■ Value Tankage: Tons - Value Perfumes and toilet preparations All other products $337, 879,913 $135,304,499! $115,455,190 $316,740,115 $21,139,798 2.308,612,000 1.072,390,000 '179, 350,000 2,455,000 472,610,000 181, 837,000 399,970,000 $227,415,154 64, 463,000 $3,925,060 10,033,000 $1,255,213 30,225,000 S3, 204,249 16,301.000 $1,789,291 18,228,447 $2,482,779 49, 498,627 47,377,151 $11, 461.213 2,121,476 3,139,683 $825,402 5.211,377 '$91,336 1,985,386 433,207 $476,146 1, 552,179 5,483,173 $818,676 35, 448 $2,929 14,356 $492,083 $12,635,206 8 $71,005,176 $127,942, 441 $111,357, 777 $7,362.058 $4,097,413 2,064,228,000 1.092,034,000 169,926,000 («) 367,744,000 97,74*3,000 336^ 778,000 $104, 464, 542 57,002, 000 $1,697,424 (•) CD 1,794,249, 000 1.051,-549J>30 111, 571, 000 301,176,000 ► 329,953,000 $91, 064,466 60,037,000 $1,269,1S7 (f) $832,654 23,346,000 $.891,265 12,745,336 $1,817,536 I 34,831,082 \ 32,674,491 j $5,775, S87 j $706,177 $6,790,282 2,156,591 5,879,279 (6) $150. 492 (6) $6, 804,508 $12, 870,191 $15,625,078 * Reported in pounds as •'foots.' * Includes other materials as follows: i Not including those consumed in soap manufacture by establishments mak- ing subsidiary soap products. 3 Reported in pounds as "tallow, grease, and other fats." 3 Comprises the following oils: Galtons. Cost. Castor 362,746 $463, 745 Corn 298,118 341,087 Linseed £8,785 55,962 Olive 124, 644 264, 896 Palm 2,302,463 2,415; 798 Peanut 407,359 506,490 Sova-bean 7, 786,746 8,0S2, 380 Other vegetable oils 1,163,617 8 Includes food products-lard substitutes, edible oils, etc., cottonseed products, and hardened oil—to the value of $55, $2,014,378; cleansing and polishing preparations, $354,521; and other miscellaneous products, $12,930,566. Quantity. Hvdrogenatjed oils, pounds 17,316,625 Sodium silicate, tons (2,000 pounds) 106,087 Caustic potash, tons 1,543 Borax, tons , S»0 Talc, etc., tons 42, ,0b Other constituent materials - ■ 6 Figures not available. . . 7 Total production of refined glycerin, all industries, ui 1919—69,4b4,298 pounds (includes 2,121,467 pounds made and consumed): Crude glycerin made for sale. 21,402,735 pounds. See report on Chemicals. '05,711; patent medicines and compounds, Cost. $1,765, 895 2,041,784 605,505 129,470 677,215 564,963 772 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—PRINCIPAL MATERIALS, BY STATES: 1919. MATERIAL AND STATE, Animal fats, tallow, grease, etc California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York* Pennsylvania Rhode* Island All other states Red oil (commercial oleic acid) Massachusetts New Jersey Pennsylvania All other states Other, including fish oil, fatty acids, etc Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York Wisconsin All other states Vegetable oils: Castor oil Illinois New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Coconut oil California Illinois Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Corn oil Illinois Indiana New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states Cottonseed oil California Illinois Minnesota Pennsylvania All other states Cottonseed soap stock Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York All other states Linseed oil Illinois Minnesota New Jersey New York All other states Olive oil Illinois Massachusetts Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All other states Olive-oil foots Massachusetts New Jersey New York Quantity. Cost. Pounds. 406,411,643 854,985,298 17,960,251 63,456,414 2,098,888 7,578,897 995,197 5,677,720 513,138 5,947,183 10,424,887 3,938,869 535,002 17,275,517 8,458,414 39,413,627 3,397,135 39,361, 781 75.761,378 27,838,675 4,067,950 126,696,018 Oallons. 3,227,386 2,598,366 142,304 2,017,193 157,422 910,467 174,555 1,520,076 163,346 740,3S9 4,087,087 3,059,407 64,143 38,217 155,893 93,563 41,785 188,198 903,162 38,799 1,793,900 1.363,946 40,133 2,424,755 362,746 463,745 243,821 37,916 26,034 26,430 28,545 295,349 45,957 38,817 33,827 49,795 24,349,831 28,217,738 1,901,568 2,977,200 1,910,385 3,503,773 1,220,348 2,942,904 1,636,622 4,650,939 519,532 1,531,169 10,302,066 951,066 2,140,070 1,329,081 3.915,038 424,256 1,966,845 8,744,707 298,118 341,087 45,880 30,317 32,348 93,664 42,354 49,555 57,778 28,701 36,598 103,423 50,924 63,663 7,483,977 8,274,155 876,184 512,623 72,652 88.400 5,934,118 1,049,363 719,360 71,358 100,925 Pounds. 108,389,245 6,333,149 4,948,000 12,450,160 6,488,717 2,616,243 8,668,140 14,366,112 10,882,730 52,917,143 Gallons. 38,7S5 517,552 368,191 185,433 437,535 642,801 862,284 1,934,204 55,962 14,444 6,635 3,013 7,732 6,961 18,573 9,293 5,065 11,832 11,199 124,644 264,896 27,281 22,122 10,000 35,884 11,533 15,165 2,659 Pounds. 3,964,434 72,997 19,787 27,500 95,244 18,442 26,146 4,780 825,182 368,997 1,146,278 376,954 87,403 218,282 70,868 MATERIAL AND STATE. Vegetable oils—Continued. Olive-oil foots—Continued. Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Palm oil. Illinois Massachusetts... New Jersey New York , Rhode Island... All other states. Palm-kernel oil New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.. All other states. Peanut oil. California Illinois New Jersey New York All other states. Soya-bean oil California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts... New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... All other states. Other vegetable oils. California Illinois Massachusetts... New Jersey New York All other states. Hydrogenated oils. Illinois New Jersey New York* Wisconsin All other states. Rosin. California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts... Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... All other states. Caustic soda California Illinois Massachusetts... New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... All otlier states. Soda ash. California Illinois Indiana , Massachusetts... New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.., Rhode*Island... All other states. Sodium silicate. . California Illinois Massachusetts.. Now Jersey New York Pennsylvania... Wisconsin All other states. Quantity. Pounds. 711,572 1,051,547 309,086 Gallons. 2,302,463 41,829 255,001 1,726,532 129,058 49,021 101,022 606,807 16,5.50 9,838 283,400 297,019 407,359 135,156 92,347 18,668 10,484 150,704 7,786,746 360,203 109,809 110,866 33,351 283,006 2,401,314 334,443 4,153,754 Pounds. 17,316,625 35,300 6,117,523 10,265,093 37,302 861,407 119,529,661 2,767,585 11,101,057 2,492,849 4,888,831 3,020,960 32,880,366 19,251,815 15,268,722 27,857,476 Net tons. 80,279 7,059 9,082 4,134 •8,889 13,142 5,835 32,138 92,219 4,717 9,205 8,607 3,126 22,764 14,907 4,798 2,901 21,194 106,087 6,155 8,889 1,088 6,146 14,285 7,516 3,341 58,667 Cost. $136, 244 67 2,415 54, 251 1,785 140 59 123; 691 25 13 322; 330; 506, 177 109 25; 17, 176, 8,082. 337 HO! 122, 41 345; 2,357 423; 4,343; 1,163. 149, 146, 276, 160; 127 301 1,765, 1,035; 562, 8. 152; 7,836, 166 684- 188, 294! 21 2,360! 1,161 1,069! 1,693! 5,700, 347 487! 315! 399! 1,103! 399! 2,647; 3,390, 211 265 317! 119; 743, 647, 202 109! 774, 2,041 186, 132, 35, 24i 29! 175, 60, 907, 199 582 848 798 099 759 712 983 885 360 550 269 624 519 490 879 567 629 092 323 380 047 081 939 758 882 782 318 573 617 744 870 655 897 201 576 773 579 766 738 214 433 516 343 656 715 973 049 271 439 299 298 530 994 221 733 795 072 571 546 007 482 436 784 857 575 078 222 167 008 578 299 SOAP. 773 Table 13—SOAP PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. KIND AND STATE. Hard soap California Illinois Indiana Massachusetts.. Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin All other states. Soft soap Illinois Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.., RhodevIsland... All other states. $227,415,154 Value, 191? QUANTITY (POUNDS). 1,110 993 ', 723 135 832 ,371 105 , 108 050 i, 127 3,925,060 53S, 516 213,088 726,008 860,692 169,213 256,822 1,160,721 2,308,612,104 1914 2,064/227,694 95,908. 9-50 406,660'. 887 65,829,215 89,206,812 75,340,094 307,034,378 394,770,526 137,482,021 45,363,990 691,015,231 64,463,471 7, 497,631 2,036,131 12,669,942 21,672,160 3,261,112 3,438,600 13, 887, 895 C1) 337, ,8-86,077 C1) 69,924,649 76,714,777 234, 543,027 419,323,945 168,858, 891 (l) 756,976,328 57,001,556 8,329,247 5, 456,908 3,074,715 19,012,016 6,624,125 3,728,631 10,775,914 1909 1,794,249,191 254,017, 401 (}) 67,179,247 93,639,378 199, 501,374 374,590,818 167,700,046 (M 637,620,927 60,036,670 10,291, 816 6,812,254 7,293,291 14,788, 812 9,690,079 2,050,567 9,109, Sol KIND AND STATE. Liquid soap Illinois New Jersey New York'. Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states Special soap articles. -. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York' Pennsylvania All other states QUANTITY (POUNDS). Value, 1919 SI, 255,213 10,032,92: 145, 008 121,926 325,317 121, 554 54,2,56 487,152 1,241. 229; 251, 277, 535, 296, 371, 1, 2S9, 331 717,177 2,470,092 1,454,183 507,500 3,594,645 30,227,719 8, 843,549 1,611,726 1,871,659 1,782,3.80 4, 967,751 3,632, 52S 7, 518,126 1 Included with "All other states." 3 Figures not available. GENERAL TABLES. Table 14 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909 a compar- ative summary, by states, for number of establish- ments, average number of wage earners, primary horse- power, wages, cost of materials, and value of products; and Table 15 presents for 1919 the detailed statistics for the industry, by states. Table 14.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Pri- mary horse- power. Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 34S 20,436 33,710 521,228 S238,519 $316,740 1914 371 14,172 35,737 8,088 8S',S67 127,942 1909 420 12,999 28,360 6,227 72,179 111', 358 California 1919 27 60S 1,520 610 8,312 11.295 1914 25 244 724 191 2,018 2,968 1909 23 166 477 115 i; 117 1,576 Connecticut 1919 6 445 1,054 423 2.178 5,145 1914 7 258 636 131 '771 1,672 1909 9 260 540 131 732 1,52S Illinois 1919 29 2,270 2,578 2,366 19,4S4 25,734 1914 27 2,144 6,108 1,255 15,253 21,420 1909 34 2,1SS 5,155 1,053 13.94S 20,1S1 1919 10 640 1,247 532 3,071 5,678 1914 12 315 66S 181 1,587 2,980 1909 11 126 366 54 552 '813 1919 7 S2 140 68 993 1,427 1914 S 115 290 71 976 1,418! 1909 9 150 270 5S 910 1,382 | Louisiana 1919 6 24 100 10 40 70! 1914 4 22 78 8 107 172; 1909 5 26 16 10 89 132 Massachusetts 1919 27 LOOS 2,785 984 11,173 IS. 730 1914 32 460 1,400 260 2,476 4,671 1909 38 458 1,379 227 2,377 4,283 1919 7 46 203 41 622 822 1914 6 46 185 24 463 614 Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.., Rhode Island.. . Washington1 .. Wisconsin.. All other states. Num- Cen- ! ber of sus j es tab- year. I lish- ments 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 S3 109 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 652 521 554 2,889 2,057 1,599 4,159 3,168 2,976 1,214 1,159 1,197 117 167 168 10 691 272 213 5,681 3,215 2,918 Pri- mary horse- power. 1.617 1,358 954 3,942 4,276 2,761 8,142 8,744 5,873 2,647 2,554 2,598 235 461 402 125 35 729 339 487 6,646 7,881 7.082 Wages. I Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $564 279 272 3,082 1.200 796 4,319 1,785 1,436 1,634 657 556 99 So 70 12 6 607 132 5,877 1,823 1,300 $5,668 2,811 3,055 27.347 10;760 7.084 37,784 19.869 15,612 10,353 6,601 5,947 1,256 929 939 48 32 5,720 1,369 '910 104,470 22,845 18,907 58,556 4,920 4,719 37,382 16.692 13,674 50,844 27,526 23,583 16,063 10,098 9,124 1,944 1.539 1,248 64 8,909 2,894 1,611 124,043 28,294 27,504 i Included with "All other states,'' 1909. 774 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments.! United States California Colorado Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Louisiana Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Utah Washington .'. Wisconsin.. All other states2— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem-| bers. 2S,919 819 19 586 3,039 663 135 36 1,553 84 943 4,213 6,565 1,530 167 7 19 1,390 7,121 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 183 Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. 1,343 3,911 3,046 35 1 35 123 27 14 3 108 6 29 104 436 76 2 33 294 125 1 48 462 26 5 264 22 139 773 620 98 25 3 490 727 30 1 57 174 12 1 185 7 122 441 1,333 92 3 1 1 172 408 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 10,436 608 11 445 2,270 540 82 24 1,008 46 652 2,889 4,159 1,214 117 4 10 691 5,666 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Se 22,653 No Mhi Oc Se Se Se Se No Au Jy Au Se Se Ja Jai De Se 645 12 487 2,507 585 95 33 1,274 57 3,150 4,512 1,363 132 5 18 772 Minimum month. Ap 17,963 My Jai J7 Mh De 524 9 380 1,959 500 Ap 57 My i 14 Ap 786 De 37 Mh 448 Mh 2,662 Mh 3,842 Mh 1,051 De Jy1 Mh My 108 3 6 529 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 20,290 621 10 484 2,493 501 29 1,189 44 687 2,896 4,195 1,192 108 5 19 764 4,965 16 and over. Male. 14,125 479 9 321 1,530 325 61 19 783 33 379 1,979 3,021 906 79 5 15 401 3, 780 Fe- male. Male. 142 1 162 892 169 10 370 11 291 853 ., 172 261 28 4 361 1,173 Under 16. Fe- maleJ 119 §212,416,866 Capital. 6,968,144 18,876 2,720,839 14,907,810 3,762,673 1,009,268 111, 268 14,902,772 453,144 3,952,212 24,971,427 48,552,626 11,654,472 932,497 135,203 99,590 7,704,943 69,559,102 $5,785,159 Salaries and wages. Officials. 236,552 172,921 447,811 79,939 31,295 8,157 367,966 17,846 123,725 878,987 1,448,120 299,673 101,655 3,680 168,052 1,398, 780 Clerks, etc. $8,386,692 280,660 2,220 128,840 837,439 160,954 69,750 5,348 391,135 41,810 246,651 1,568,260 1,828,558 261,294 50,976 750 4,132 948,569 1,559,346 Salaries and] wages—Con. United States California Colorado Connecticut Illinois... Indiana Iowa Louisiana Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Utah Washington Wisconsin All other states - $21,228,063 expenses—continued. Wage , earners. 610,405 13,010 422, 558 2,366,407 532,091 67,769 10,496 984,138 40,615 564,498 3,082,266 4, 318,587 1,634,122 99,395 4,383 12,047 607,124 5,858,152 For contract work. $639,688 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $268,543 $5,800,132 $234,698,114 ,$3,820,744 489 10,65*1 8,672 591,050 1,888 6,770 20,165 8,693 3,310 1,400 51,278 4,258 255 1,586 22,807 2,052 38,970 31,355 48, a58 20,924 3,735 235 360 2,896 25,571 147,819 122 285,317 156,780 382,657 38,248 634 1,104,860 18,198 301,229 887,924 657,989 136,229 85,894 315 818 160,199 1,434,900 For materials. Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. 8,150, 285 102,136 2,101,519 19,083,904 3,016,713 983,138 39,211 10,847,792 614,129 5,588,494 27,001,178 36,901,901 10,167,846 1,231,129 5,468 46, 216 5,663,795 103,153,261 161,812 2,034 76,616 400,004 53,888 10,290 442 325,440 8,045 79,279 346,054 882,303 185,101 24,813 229 1,894 56,493 1,206,007 $316,740,115 Value of products. $78,221,257 11,295,294 135,454 5,144,996 25,733,832 5,678,183 1,427,489 70,322 18,729,572 822,363 8,555,927 37,381,759 50,843,837 16,063,276 1,943,778 13,597 98,247 8,908,906 123,893,283 Value added by manu- facture. 2,983,197 31,284 2,966,861 6,249,924 2,607,582 434,061 30,669 7,556,340 200,189 2,888,154 10,034,527 13,059,633 5,710,329 687,836 7,900 50,138 3,188,618 19,534,015 Primary horsepower. Total. 33,710 1,520 36 1,054 2,578 1,247 140 100 2,785 203 1,617 3,942 8,142 2,647 235 35 125 729 6,575 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Steam tur- bines 22,352 2,435 30 835 1,050 174 100 597 130 1,393 3,826 4,965 1,691 ISO 20 100 690 Inter-, nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 2, '105 30 201 76 Wa- ter pow- er.3 40 Rent- ed.* 8,682 922 6 179 1,503 1,073 50 ,188 73 224 116 770 850 55 15 25 39 594 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 21,977 78 850 1,095 70 5 883 3,237 7,485 329 758 7,186 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 2 All other states embrace: Florida, 1 establishment; Georgia, 1; Idaho, 1; Kansas, 3; Kentucky, 2; Maryland,1; Michigan, 4; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 4; Nevada,1; New Hampshire 2; North Carolina, 1; Ohio, 28; Oregon, 4; Temiesseo, 3; Texas, 4; Virginia, 1; West Virginia, 1. a Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors ( operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shalt-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. GENERAL General character of the industry.—This report presents statistics for establishments engaged in the production of spirits of turpentine and rosin by the distillation of the semifluid exudation of certain species of pine trees. The crude materials are variously designated as crude gum, crude turpentine, and resin. The free-flowing sap which collects in the cup or box at the base of the tree is called "dip" and the gum or resin adhering to the chipped surface of the tree is called "scrape." The crude gum is derived principally from the long- leaf pine (Pinus palustris) which is indigenous to the coastal area extending from North Carolina to eastern Texas, and to a less extent from the Cuban or slash pine (Pinus caribaea) and the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). A relatively small quantity of turpentine is obtained from pine wood by destructive distillation or by the steam process. The establishments, 22 in number in 1919, which produced turpentine in this manner are treated as belonging to the wood- distillation industry, and the statistics therefor are not included in this report except in connection with the presentation of data for total production (see note 1, Table 12). Crude turpentine was collected by the early settlers of the eastern coast of Virginia and the Carolinas by practically the same method of boxing the trees as is employed to-day. They also extracted tar and pitch from resinous pine wood by means of sod-covered kilns or pits. The products were extensively used in the construction of wooden sailing vessels and boats and for that reason they were called "naval stores." The use of that term has been extended to cover not only tar and pitch, which are wood-distillation prod- ucts, but also spirits of turpentine and rosin. In recent years the demand for tar and pitch in the ship and boat building industry has diminished owing to the displacement of wood by iron and steel. Spirits of turpentine and rosin are now used chiefly in the manufacture of such commodities as paint, oil, var- nish, soap, paper, rubber, oilcloth, linoleum, sealing wax, fly paper, printing ink, lubricating compounds, medicinal preparations, and in cloth printing. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the more important data relative to the industry for the censuses from 1S79 to 1919 and gives the percentages of increase or decrease for each census. The large increases, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, in cost of materials used, and in value of products are due to the general rise in the cost of labor and commodities during and following the World War and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry during that period. The addition of the STATISTICS. Federal income tax since 1914 accounts for the large increase in "Rent and taxes." The relatively small cost of materials, 26.3 per cent I in 1919, as compared with the value of products is ! due to the fact that in this industry the greater part J of the cost of the materials is the compensation of the j employees engaged in gathering the crude gum and is | reported under the head of "Wages." The decrease of 14.6 per cent in the number of j establishments during the five-year period 1914-1919 | may be attributed primarily to the diminution in the i supply of pine timber in turpentine-producing states. The increase of 152.7 per cent in the value of j products for 1919 compared with 1914 was due to the | increase in unit values, as the production of spirits | of turpentine decreased 9,287.140 gallons and that of I rosin decreased 851,755 barrels. | States, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 pre- ; sents statistics pertaining to wage earners and prod- j ucts for the eight states producing naval stores, ; arranged according to their rank in production. ! In 1849 the industry was largely confined to the eastern part of North Carolina, which continued to be the leading state until 1S79, when it was outranked by South Carolina. In 1SS9 and 1899 Georgia led in value of products, but at the last four censuses Florida has ranked first and Georgia second, while North Carolina has dropped from first place during the early period of the industry in the United States to eighth place, producing in 1919 only about three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total output. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 3 shows, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the number of persons engaged in the industry distributed by class and sex, the average number of wage earners also being shown separately for persons 16 years of age and over and | persons under 16 years of age. The age classification i of the average number of wage earners is an estimate ; obtained by the method described in the 44 Explanation i of terms." The classification by sex for 1919 was reported separately but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial con- ditions as they existed during the several census years. The' turpentine and rosin industry is seasonal, the work being distributed as follows: Cutting boxes and hanging cups during the winter months, chipping and dipping in the spring and summer, and scraping and raking in the early fall. The largest number of wage earners is employed during the chipping and dipping season, the maximum force being required at (775) 776 MANUFACTURES. that time to gather the gum, to operate the distilleries, and to handle the products. Prevailing hours of labor.—In the turpentine and rosin industry the piece-work system of wage pay- ments is in general use, and the woodsmen usually work irregular hours. The classification of employees on the basis of preYailing hours of labor is therefore of doubtful significance. Figures presented in Table 5, however, indicate a tendency toward the short-ening of the working day of the wage earner. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The number of establishments which did not employ any wage earners increased during the two census periods shown in Table 6. This fact may be due to the stimulus caused by the great increases in the unit values of the products which were urgently needed during the war, the increased prices undoubt- edly being sufficiently attractive for a number of small operators to engage in the industry. The only other group showing an increase from 1914 to 1919 is the group employing from 101 to 250 wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The tendency of the industry to become concentrated in large establishments, or the reverse, is indicated by the statistics shown in Table 7. Of the 105 establishments which for 1919 reported products valued at more than $100,000 each, 42 were located in Florida, 22 in Louisiana, 21 in Mississippi, 8 in Alabama, 7 in Georgia, and 5 in Texas. Character of ownership.—The tendency toward the corporate form of ownership in this industry is shown in Table 8 by the increased proportion of the total number of wage earners and the total value of products reported by this group. Nearly one-half of the num- ber of establishments reported in 1919, however, were operated by individuals, and individual ownership predominated in all but three states—Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Little mechanical power is required for this industry, many establishments reporting none. The total primary power, as shown in Table 9, decreased 1,651 horsepower, or 40 per cent, from 1909 to 1914, and 165 horsepower, or 6.7 per cent, from 1914 to 1919. Practically all of the power is derived from steam engines and internal-combustion engines. The use of the latter type is increasing. Fuel consumed.—The principal fuel used in this industry is wood, chiefly waste timber, the quantity Table 1. of which was not reported. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage oarners (av. number)... Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture & Quantity of principal products: Spirits of turpentine (gals.) Rosin (bbls. of 280 lbs. gross).. 1919 1,191 31, 093 1,460 1,566 28,067 2, 303 $33,595,9S6 $19,215,737 $2, 242,856 |S16,972, SSI $425, 407 $854,328 S13,929, 8S8 $53,051,294 $39,121, 406 17,693,841 2,033,322 1, 394 38,294 1,621 1,856 34,817 2,478 $20, 744,872 $10,017,3S5 $1,434,415 $8, 582, 970 $532,113 $192,027 $5,535,561 $20,990,191 $15,454,630 26,980,9S1 2, 885,077 1909 1,5S5 44,524 2,567 2,440 39,511 4,129 $12,400,978 $11,018,750 $1,655,391 $9,363,359 $658, 006 $193,617 $4, 910, S38 |$25,295,017 $20,384,179 2-8,988, 954 3,263,857 1904 1,287 37, 526 1, 997 2,147 33,382 1,175 $6,961,185 $9, 534, 922 $1,152,222 $8,382,700 $51,843 * $62, 502 S3,774,637 $'23,937,024 $20,162,3.87 30, 687, 051 3,508, 347 1899 1,503 45,945 2,192 1,889 41, 864 '$11,847,495 $9,172,177 $778,694 $S, 393,483 $160, 309 <$99,632 $6,18*3,492 |$20,344, 888 [$14,158,396 37,733,500 4,348,094 1889 670 (2) 15,266 (2) $4,062,375 $2,933,491 (2 (2) $2, 874,693 $8,077,379 $5, 202,686 1879 508 (2) (2 (2) 10, 535 C2) si, see, 390 $1,623,061 (25 (2) $2,324,637 $5, 876,983 $3,552,346 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1889- 1879- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 -14.6 -12.1 23.2 -14.4 124.3 31.9 -18. 8 -14.0 18.6 -18.3 -9.9 -36.9 28. 5 — 8 0 -15.6 -21.1 13.9 13. 7 -19.4 -11.9 18.4 -20.3 174.2 44.9 -7.1 -40.0 251.4 35.7 61.9 67.3 78.1 -41.2 191.6 117.7 91.8 -9.1 15.6 4.0 212.7 80.7 56.4 -13.3 43.7 48.0 97.8 -8.3 11.7 -0.1 188.8 -20.1 -19.1 1,169. 2 -67.7 344.9 -0.8 209.8 -37.3 151.6 12.7 30.1 -39.0 115.2 23.7 152.7 -17.0 5.7 17.7 151.9 37. 4 153.1 -24.2 1.1 42.4 172,1 46.5. -34.4 -6.9 —5.5 —18.7 -29.5 -11.6 -7.0 -19.3 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 2 Figures not available. a The capital reported for 1899 included timber land, valued at $5,622,040. 4 Exclusive of internal revenue. 5 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United Stales. Florida Georgia Alabama Louisiana Mississippi Texas South Carolina North Carolina Number of estab- lish- ments. 1,191 452 441 174 33 45 10 22 14 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 28,067 ll774S 7,078 3,014 2,604 2,495 1,018 84 20 Per cent distribu- tion . 100.0 41.9 25.2 10.7 9.3 8.9 3.0 0.3 0.1 Rank. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thousands). $53,051 21,509 10,875 5,892 5,591 5,548 3,301 168 167 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 40.5 20.5 11.1 10.5 10.5 6.2 0.3 0.3 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex-| pressed in thousands), $39,121 15,650 7,930 4,108 4,211 4,257 2,783 105 77 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 40.0 20.3 10.5 10.8 10.9 7.1 0.3 0.2 •NISOH QNV HNIXNadHflX ILL '6061 P«« f T61 -lopun ptre 8f sapnpui t "axvxs TO°£ •japuTi ptre ft —anaAv H33av aad aoari 30 suqoh oxrnvAsaj aixx 3H3hav sxMajsrasnsYxsa ki 'fc put? st naaAvjeg ■09 Pn^ f§ uaa^ag; *Sf pus ff t'SF •f9 *09 "09 »AQ so;t3;s 6161 190'SS 988 L 9ff 901'8 609'S m 'f SOS 109'61 966 '91 S60'6 SS 6061 fI6I TI9 '68 IlS'fS («) 981 'ft 089'SI If 9 'Z OLl'Z SSI OSS OSI 691 i t93 (s) W 6o0'l unreqisrv" 6I6T flO'S Sf9 Sol isi 119 SSS 99 033 "I fI6I TIf '8 GO (5) ISO '3 m 391 Of 616 6ST '."GpuoLi 6I6T 99f'91 StI'IT ois'e 913 EST'I m li TIT o 081 S9S*S SI fI6T U) SSS'9 9-91 'l 99o f6S*I SOT- tjiSjoo*) 6T6I 811'6 SIO'l IfS'l So ozz (z SSS S6S f63 891' I si fT6T to (0 896 *S S9S 06 6Tf 001'f ss 6T6T fOO's 908*1 166 08 06S I9£ fT6T ZLf '3 (s) («) 1ST'I 011 8f6 m td-ClTSSTSSyp^ 6T6T 96f o 6f fl f 61 693 m t. fI6T SIS '8 G) (s) f 6f'I SOt 6 09 OfS'l II TJUIJOIBQ qilO^J 0161 96 T ST f fI6I 9f (s) (s) 6 s I is uuqojUQ qinos 6T6I fS 3 z H 19 fI6I TS3 (s) 1ST OS 91 89 6TGT 810 'I fSS 91 86f SSS II6I bite' I 1 i 60S -fui j9A«) saanjBa paUGj'BS 9^-BTTTpjOqriS J9qj0 pUB S5[J3lO T*0 31 2*1 81 8'0 2'66 I'O j S'66 O'T' 0 66 O'OOT o-ooi 6 "66 O'OOI o-ooi O'OOI 8'86 3'86 S'O j 8'66 8'0! I'66 f 0: 9'66 ^! •TV^XOX AO XN3D H3d[ 96 681 090'I 881'I 161'I III 6fl 189'3 109 'I 88t 'I 889'8 906'3 611CS 93f'ft S6I '88 f96'0€ 090'I SSI fI 861'I III 6fl 199 '2 129'I 09*'I 811'8 936'2 Z08 '2 fZQ ff f6S'8S 860'IS 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 ft6I 6161 6O6T fI6T 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 6061 fI6I 6161 siaSttn^in puv s)U3ptt9}iruadrig suoTjT?jodJOD jo sjaoqjo pau-Bfeg ■sjaqtnaui nug paB sjo^aijdojj sprpyjo pa^ sjoiaudojj •sass^pnY "JBOA sns -U93 *606T QKV f6I6I -'AHXSnaNI 3HX KI a30Y0M3 SKOSHaj—#8 ais^X 778 MANUFACTURES. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States. 1919 1914 Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Texas Estab- lish- ments. 1,191 1,394 Wage earners (average number). 28,067 34,817 174 452 441 33 45 14 22 10 3,014 11,748 7,078 2,604 2, 495 26 84 1,018 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. 179 218 Wage earners. 522 629 111 144 225 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. 551 631 82 197 250 2 11 1 Wage earners. 7,171 S.569 914 2,744 3,220 34 145 12 68 34 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. 330 419 43 172 90 11 Wage earners. 10,446 13,499 1,346 5,384 2,808 389 342 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 4,325 5,561 506 1,501 575 814 859 70 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 30 4,305 20 3,263 137 1,446 250 1,367 S61 244 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 1 Includes 1 establishment with 739 wage earners. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 All classes 1,191 1,394 1, 585 28,067 34, 817 39, 511 S53,051,294 $20,990,191 $25,295,017 S39,121,406 $15,454,630 S20,384,179 Less than $5,000 101 395 590 105 357~ 800 217 20 249 971 355 10 165 3,684 14,368 9,850 2, 370 15,987 11, 232 1,409 19,261 16, 412 279, 691 5,050, 453 24,865,620 22, 855, 530 1,076,043 8,494,419 7, 888,112 3,531,617 775, 812 11,216, 577 11,618, 484 1,684,144 184, 690~ 3, 594,627 18,169,299 17,172, 790 730,684 6,152, 268 5,933,919 2,637,759 530,619 8,933,708 9, 594,332 1,325, 520 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 and over 5,228 2,429 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes.. Less than $5,000.. $5,000 to $20,000... $20,000 to $100,000. §100,000 and over. 100.0 I 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.5 33.2 49.5 8.8 J5. b 57.4 15.6 1.4 15.7 61.3 22.4 0.6 0.6 | 13.1 51.2 | 35.1 100.0 67s~ 45.9 32.3 15.0 100.0 48.7 41.5 6.1 100.0 I 46.9 43.1 100.0 I IT 40. 5 37.6 16.8 100.0 I ZA~ 44.3 I 45.9 | 6.7 100.0 05~ 9.2 46.4 43.9 100.0 I 4-7 I 38.4 17.1; 100. 0 Z6 43.8 47.1 6.5 t Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana... Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Texas Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— Indi- vid- uals. 547 552 175 153 244 254 Cor- pora- tions 247 221 196 107 100 All oth- ers. 397 621 790 170 255 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 28,067 34, 817 39,511 3, 014 3, 411 U, 748 15,466 7,078 9,118 2, 604 2,472 2, 495 3, 275 26 45 84 221 1, 018 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 7,738 8, 57 L 11,022 957 1,175 3, 502 3, 425 3,06*4 3, 449 64 80 76 233 23 29 52 180 Cor- pora- tions. 11, 552 12, 812 9,130 1,151 881 4,257 5,292 774 835 2, 319 2,293 2, 0-47 2, 770 1, 002 * 809 All oth- ers. Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 27.6 24.6 27.9 31.8 34,4 29.8 22.1 43.3 37.8 2.5 3.2 3.0 7.1 88.5 64, 4 61.9 81.4 Cor- pora- tions. 41.2 36. 8 23.1 3872 25. 8 36.2 34.2 10.9 9.2 89.1 92.8 82.0 84.6 .4 jnoo.o All oth- ers. 31.3 38.6 49.0 30.1 39.7 34.0 43.6 45.8 53.0 8.5 4.0 14.9 8.3 3.8 135.6 38.1 >18.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. $53,051,294 20, 990,191 25, 295, 017 5, 892, 492 2, 047,132 21, 508,553 9, 573, 083 10, 874,714 4,607, 590 5,591,289 1, 858,391 5, 547, 813 1, 997,139 167, 410 146, 681 168, 383 151, 801 3,300, 640 608, 374 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. 1, 795, 939 642, 881 5,692,083 1, 961, 374 4,609,655 1,694,126 67,719 66,099 195, 307 155, 842 133, 810 107, 934 116, 908 103,130 Corpora- tions. $24,946, -448 8, 402, 036 6,144, 056 2,353,317 546, 710 8,428,667 3, 588, 009 1, 320, 380 447,636 5, 040, 448 1, 709, 584 4, 517, 664 1, 552, 057 16,200 All others. 3, 269, 772 * 608, 374 1, 743, 236 857, 541 7, 387, 803 4, 023,700 4, 944,679 2,465, 828 483, 122 82,708 834, 842 289, 240 17, 400 1 38, 747 51, 475 1 48,671 30,868 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 23.8 22. 5 27.5 30. 5 31. 4 26.5 20.5 42.4 36.8 1.2 3.6 3.5 7.8 79.9 73.6 69.4 67.9 Cor- pora- tions, 47.0 40.0 24.3 39.9 26.7 39.2 37.5 12.1 9.7 90.1 92.0 81.4 77.7 9.7 L 1 [noo.o 1 Includes the group "Corporations." 2 Includes the group "All othors.' TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. 779 Table 9.-NUMBEE AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. Primary power, total 0wne4 Steam Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric Other Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting. 1919 1914 ij Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 ; 1909 1919 1914 1909 | 2,303' 2, 47S | 4,129 100.0; 100.0 \ 100.0 543 522 1,214 53S 2,53 243 522 325 1,214 j! 2,257 2,478 1,152 j 1,343 1 1,669 (i)'! 1,296 0) (i) Ij 47: (\) 4,122 3, $77 9S- 0! 100.0 99. S 58. 3 1 67.4 i 93.9 56. 3 I 1 10 269 16 0) C1) (l) 2.0! 193 4 58 .! 8-S4 7*9 4 | 30 j 20 231 14 3a 4 1 31.8 5.6 1. 3' 0. S: 0. 3 5 5 'j 19 7 2.0!' 0.2 ; 27 j i ioc.0 j mo | 7 u 0:2 ! 1 1 19 i 2 i M!: 1 Not reported separately. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Crops worked and system employed.—The unit of measure in turpentine-woods operations is the "crop" which consists of about 10,500 boxes or cups. In extracting the resin from the trees, two systems are in use—the box system and the cup and gutter system. The essential feature of the box system is a cavity or "box" cut into the base of the tree to re- ceive the resin wThich is called "dip." This operation is followed by " chipping," which consists of reexposing the cambium layer by removing directly above the box a strip of bark and sapwood about three-fourths of an inch wide and from one-half to 1 inch deep. The chipping is done with a "hack," a specially con- structed tool, from either side diagonally downward terminating in the center and immediately above the box. The exposed surface of the tree the width of the box is termed a "face." A season's chipping extends the face of the tree upward a distance of about 24 inches. The dip is removed from the box by the use • of a flat trowel-shaped instrument called a "dipper." The cup system, now most generally used, differs from the box system principally in the substitution of a clay or metal cup for the cut-in box, the gum being conveyed into the cup by means of metal gutters inserted into the tree and leading diagonally down- ward. The chipping of the tree begins above the cup, and continues upward in the same manner as when the box system is used. After the chipping has extended up the tree for a distance, usually at the end of the first or second season, the cup and gutters may be raised, thus avoiding much waste by evapora- tion. Its chief advantage over the box system is that it causes less damage to the vitality and stability of the trees and secures a greater yield and a better quality of crude gum. The gum which hardens on the face of the tree is .called "scrape" and this is gathered at the end of the season by the use of a "scraper." Because of evapora- tion, "scrape" produces less spirits and more rosin than dip. The extent to which the box system is being sup- planted by the cup system is strikingly brought out by the figures showing per cent distribution for the three censuses. The box system for gathering crude gum predominated in all of the eight tinpentine-producing states in 1909. In 1919 four of the states used the cup system exclusively, and this was the more im- portant method employed in all of the states for gathering crude gum. Table 10.—Number of Crops Worked, and System Employed, by States: 1919, 1914, and 1909. I NUMBER OF CROPS WORKED. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Cen- j STATE. sus! year, j Total. By cup system. By box system. Cup j system, j Box system. United States 1919 12,141 10,503 11,$13 2,3S3 1,63$ 6,353 17,775 $6.5 13.5 1914 1909 IS,166 65,0 i 11. $! 35.0 SS.2 20,15$ Alabama 1919 1,385 1,353 32! 97. 7 2.3 1914 1909 1,693 1,410 309 S3. 3 15.9 16.7 $4.1 1,945 1,636 Florida 1919 5,410 4.594 S16 $4.9 15.1 1914 1909 S.950 9,923 5,627 1,114 3.323 $,$09 62. 9 11.2 37.1 ■s$. 8 1919 1914 1909 3.165 2,396 769 75. 7 24.3 5,044 6, ITS 2,548 '457 2.496 5,721 .50. 5 7.4 49.5 92.6 "Louisiana 1919 S93 $93 100. 0 1914 1909 943 633 903 27$ 40" 95.$ 43.9 4.2 56.1 Mississippi 1919 1914 1909 $22 1,135 1,053 $22 355 1 100.0 I 1.121 17 $71 i 9S. 5 ! 17.3 1.5 $2.7 i 9 1S2 ! 100.0 North Carolina 1919 i 1914 j 19*9 9 | 8 !. 39 60 ioo*6 i 2 96. S ! 1919 50 1 21 5$. 0 42.0 : 1914 12-5 271 | 16 109 271 12. $ $7.2 100.0 1909 l en 9 407 407 100. 0 j 1914 | 1909 234 93 1SS 41 46 ax 3 1 19.7 | 55.9 44.1 780 MANUFACTURES. Number and age of crops worked.—Timber wnich is undergoing its first period of working is called "first boxing" or "round" timber. After it has been worked four or five years it may be allowed to rest for about the same length of time or until the wounds heal and its vitality is restored so that it is in a Table 11.—NUMBER OF CROPS, YEARS WORKED, AND SYSTEM EMPLOYED, BY STATES condition to furnish another yield of gum. Timber, which after such a rest is again worked, is called "back-boxed" timber, the expression which refers to the cutting of new boxes having originated when the box system was the only one employed. 1919. NUMBER OF CROPS. STATE. Total. Virgin (first year). Yearling (second year). PullinS (th^}d sulse(Iuent Aggre- gate. First boxing. Back boxing. | First boxing. Back boxing. First boxing. Back boxing. First boxing. Back boxing. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. Cup system. Box system. United States Alabama 12,141 6,086 831 4,417 807 1,673 146 911 126 1,307 150 843 140 3,106 535 2,663 541 '1,385 5,410 3,165 893 1,081 2,489 507 893 29 637 151 272 2,105 1,889 3 179 618 163 461 152 569 3 51 392 428 253 447 141 149 12 105 31 71 373 365 1 665 1,581 214 175 14 427 84 150 1,340 1,096 2 123 413 Florida 105 36 27 29 106 Georgia 99 Louisiana 822 9 753 1 14 348 69 8 15 59 255 20 2 242 15 256 1 34 6 8 North Carolina South Carolina 50 407 14 7 2 3 2 73 2 4 15 4 12 202 10 3 Texas. 73 15 29 Materials used and products.—Statistics showing the number of establishments, materials used, and products are shown in Table 12 for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 12.- The number of establishments, quantity of mate- rials used, and quantity of products all show decreases for 1919 compared with the figures for the two pre- vious censuses. MATERIALS USED AND PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Texas Cen- sus 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1,191 1, 394 1,585 174 160 175 452 508 593 441 562 592 33 27 23 45 61 64 14 35 79 22 35 56 10 6 3 1, 432, 214 [2,194, 532 2, 376, 903 MATERIALS USED (CRUDE GUM DISTILLED). Dip (barrels 500 pounds). Total. 162, 562 227,695 236,279 567,105 975, 535 1,112,195 348,280 512,360 656,736 143,668 175,908 90,224 138,495 207, 876 127,102 4, 790 24,964 101,188 4,678 20, 034 37,479 62,636 50,160 15, 700 Gath- ered by establish- ments re- porting. 2 1, 411,005 2,134, 680 2, 248, 724 158,162 221,106 227, 474 562, 417 970, 712 1,110, 407 345,312 502,932 647,348 143,668 175,172 90, 224 134,123 198, 289 122, 626 730 5,033 10, 893 3,957 11,176 24, 052 62, 636 50,160 15, 700 Pur- chased.2 21,209 59,952 128,179 4,400 6,589 8,805 4,6-88 4, 823 1,788 2,968 9,428 9,388 736 4,372 9, 587 4,476 4,060 19,931 90,295 721 8,858 13, 427 Scrape (barrels 300 pounds). Total. 514,184 902,477 1,099, 789 57,156 110, 629 121,286 207, 782 427,484 513,924 95,197 178, 761 295,225 64, 790 74,181 43,164 54, 384 73,333 62,253 3,215 10,037 36,237 2,0,54 7, 697 21,900 29,606 20,355 5, 800 Gath- ered by establish- ments re- porting. 2 505, 575 878,763 1, 047, 849 55, 501 107,427 116, 767 207,246 425,370 513, 098 94,636 175,472 291, 005 64,790 73,871 43,164 51, 890 69,951 60,060 367 2,023 3,901 1,539 4,294 14, 054 29, 606 20,355 5,800 Pur- chased.2 8,609 23, 714 51, 940 1,655 3, 202 4, 519 536 2,114 826 561 3, 289 4,220 310 2,494 3,382 2,193 2, 848 8, 014 32,336 515 3, 403 7,846 PRODUCTS. 1 Total value. $53,051, 294 20,990,191 25, 295, 017 5, 892, 492 2, 047,132 2, 471, 999 21, 508, 553 9,573,083 11,937, 518 10,874,714 4,607,590 6,938,957 5,591, 289 1, 858,391 1,173, 848 5,547, 813 1,997,139 1, 474,629 167, 410 146,681 673,954 16S, 3S3 151, .801 406,286 3,300,640 608,374 217, 826 Spirits of turpentine. Gallons. 17,693,841 26,980,981 28,988, 954 $20, 667, 228 10,509,527 12,654, 22,8 2, 037, 005 2, 721, 777 2, 840, 242 6, 992, 489 12,363,232 13,809,785 3,997,310 6,228,041 8, 056,752 1, 885, 231 2,252,118 1,231,254 1,749,812 2, 385,054 1, 588,786 67,150 182,378 781,197 58, 440 201, 221 460,186 906, 404 647,160 220, 752 Value. 2, 443,940 1, 053,133 1, 253, 737 8, 238, 251 4, 820,679 5,847,478 4, 544,679 2, 489,145 3,556,965 2,070,871 835,5.09 592, 641 2, 011, 866 905,747 732,334 76,055 70, 843 369,587 6.8, 212 78, 233 205, 517 1, 213, 354 256, 238 95, 969 Rosin. Barrels (280 pounds). 2,033,322 2, 885, 077 3, 263, 857 ($31,881, 000 10, 329, 410 12, 576, 721 215, 784 294, 820 309, 763 868, 628 1,310,307 1, 555,749 419,090 621,306 904,103 201,608 269,274 139,486 207,114 275,205 192,508 7,296 23,6-11 83, 070 6,340 16,169 51, 401 107, 462 74,355 27, 777 Value. $503,066 151,254 64,068 3,406, 431 985,966 1, 214, 054 13,088, 444 4,695,561 6,057,524 6, 228,507 2,068,218 3,371,676 3,404,585 1,006,279 573,306 3,498,136 1, 081, 040 739,799 83,735 70,804 304,232 99,64S 72,377 199, 273 2, 071, 514 349,165 116, 857 Dross and other prod- ucts. Value. 42,121 8,033 4, 208 181, 858 56, 843 32, 516 101,528 50, 227 10, 316 115; 833 16,603 7,901 37, 811 10,352 2,496 7,620 5, 034 135 523 1,191 1,496 15,772 2, 971 5,000 1 In addition, in 1919, 1,534,333 gallons of turpentine, valued at $1,207,739, and 234,030 barrels of rosin, valued at $2,742,552, were reported by establisliments engaged in the distillation of wood. In 1914, 92,401 gallons of turpentine, valued at $36,617, and 8,027 barrels of rosin, valued at $44,734, wore reported'by establishments assigned to lumber and timber products, and 575,557 gallons of turpentine, valued at $194,183, and 51,825 barrels of rosin, valued at $198,165, were reported by establishments engaged in the distillation of wood. In 1909, 18,310 gallons of turpentine, valued at $7,482, were reported by lumber manufacturers, and 706,868 gallons, valued at $249,526, by wood- distillation establishments. r x, 2 For 1914 and 1909 the total quantity of dip and scrape purchased was reported but not separately, and the figures for those years are segregated on the basis of the total consumption of each kind. t, TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. 781 The very large increase in the total value of prod- ucts is therefore due entirely to the advance in the price of turpentine and rosin. The average value per gallon of spirits of turpentine distilled from gum was $1.17 in 1919, $0.39 in 1914, and $0.44 in 1909. The turpentine produced by distillation of pine wood shows somewhat lower averages per gallon, namely. SO.79 in 1919, $0.34 in 1914, and $0.35 in 1909. The average price per barrel of rosin produced from crude gum was $15.68 in 1919, $3.58 in 1914, and $3.85 in 1909. Only one state—Texas—reported a larger produc- tion of turpentine and rosin for 1919 than for 1914, the increase being 40.1 per cent for spirits of turpentine and 44.5 per cent for rosin. For 1919 and 1914 the weight of a barrel of dip was reduced to an estimated wreight of 500 pounds and that of scrape to 300 pounds. The weights reported ranged from 225 to 600 pounds and 180 to 600 pounds, respec- tively. In 1909 the weights reported ranged from 280 to 600 pounds for dip, and from 200 to 400 pounds for scrape, but as all the establishments did not report the weight per barrel, no attempt was made to reduce them to a uniform unit of measure. Diameter of trees worked.—The diameter of the trees worked in 1919 by 870 out of the total number of 1,191 establishments is shown in Table 13. Only 73 per cent of the total number of establishments reported this information, the percentage of the total number reported for each state being shown in column one of the table. While the data shown in this table are not complete, the tendency to bleed small timber for turpentine and rosin is clearly brought out. Table 13.—Diameter of Trees Worked: 1919. Per cent of DIAMETER (DfCHES). total num- , ber of estab-: Virgin (first year). V^rlme- Pullin? (third STATE. lish- 1 ments; report- j Mini- mum. Aver- 1 Mini- age, j mum. Aver- Mini- Aver- age. :mum. age. ing.! United States 73.0 9.0 13.3 9.3 13. 6 9.2 ■ 13.6 Alabama SO.O . 10.2 S.6 S. 5 10.6 10. S 10. 0 12.5 10.4 14.5 13. 1 12.7 IS. 3 16.1 17.0 13.3 17.2 10.1 14. 7 , 10. 7 13. 1! 8. 7 13.0! 9.0 18.5 | 10.6 16.3 1 10.4! 10.0 15.4 13.1 13.0 1S.1 15.8 17.0 14.0 17.3 ft?! S.9 9.0 10.8 10.7 Louisiana 39.4; 62.2 | Mississippi North Carolina 7,1 South Carolina 45.5 i 70.0 12. § 10.7 15. S j S. 0 17.3 10.3 Texas GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—The number of establishments, average number of wage earners, pri- mary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products, as reported for 1919,1914, a«nd 1909 for the turpentine and rosin industry, are shown in Table 14. Detailed statement, by states.—The principal gen- eral statistics secured by the census inquiry for 1919 for the turpentine and rosin industry are presented, by states, in Table 15. Table 14.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. N lim- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States.. Alabama. Florida. Georgia.. Louisiana.. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1,191 1,394 1,585 174 3.60 175 452 508 593 441 562 592 33 27 23 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 25,067 34,817 39,511 3,014 3,411 3,519 11,748 15,466 18,143 7,078 9,11S 12,787 2.604 2,472 1,688 Pri- mary horse- pow- er. 2,303 2,478 4,129 329 164 384 904 913 1,916 783 1,158 1,407 131 79 105 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $16,973 ,$13,930 ! §53,051 8,583 5,535 20,990 9'. 363 I 4.911 25,295 2,002! 850! 906! ,784 5,892 521 \ 2,047 486! 2,472 6.833 | 5,859: 21,509 4,015 i 2,584 I 9,573 4,316 | 1,969 J 11,937 4,178 j 2,944 I 10,875 2,101 1.173 i 4'. 60S 2.931 I 1,260! 6,939 1,627: 1,381 | 689 | 424! 420 I 158 I 5,591 1.858 i 1,174' ! Ceei- j sus vear. Num- ber of estab- lish- Iments. Mississippi 1919 1914 1909 North Carolina I 1919 | 1914 | 1909 South Carolina j 1919 ! 1914 ; 1909 Texas !1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 2,495 3,275 2,573 26 45 139 84 221 443 1,018 809 219 Pri- mary horse- pow- er. Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. j Expressed in thousands. 108 2S6 4 33 19 10 SI, 574 $1,290 669 580 5S1 349 15 10 2S 4S 42 101 696 207 80 91 98 4-S3 63 57 164 518 98 42 $5,548 1.997 1,475 167 147 674 16S 152 406 3,301 60S 218 782 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Sal- aried officers, super- intend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. 16 and over. Under 16. STATE. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Fe- male. Average number. Number 151 h day of— Total. Fe- male. Fe- male. Capital, Male. Maximum month. Minimum month. Male. Male. United States 1,191 31,093 1,460 1,347 214 5 25,067 Je 28,802 Ja 25,918 29,601 29,103 103 393 2 $33,595,986 Alabama 174 452 441 33 3,379 13,046 7,971 2,771 213 572 590 4 136 635 286 124 15 88 17 3S 1 3 3,014 11,748 7,078 2,604 Au 3,149 Oc 12,162 Jy 7,250 De 2,835 J a 2,781 Ja 10,582 Ja 6,763 Ja 2,234 3,137 12,451 7,445 2,815 3,107 12,114 7,422 2,798 11 34 11 17 18 302 12 1 1 1,992,090 15,525,831 3,693,142 6,271,338 Florida Georgia Louisiana 1 Mississippi 45 14 22 10 2,656 41 111 1,118 39 14 25 3 96 1 26 2,495 26 84 Au 2,685 No i 30 De 92 Ap 1,280 De 2,189 Jai 20 Ja 71 No 773 2,608 30 96 2,540 30 96 996 30 38 3,471,334 49,620 109,451 2,483,180 North Carolina South Carolina 2 Texas. 67 30 1,013 1,019 23 Salaries and wages. EXPENSES. Rent and taxes. For materials. Primary horsepower. POWER. STATE. For con- tract work. Taxes, Fed- eral, state, county, and local. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. Owned. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. Rent of Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. Total. In- ter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Rent- ed.4 fac- tory. Steam Steam tur- bines Water pow- er.* en- gines. United States $2,006,441 $236,415 S16,972,881 $425,407 $34,869 $819,459 $13,654,976 $274,912 $53,051,29,1 $39,121,406 2,303 1,29£ 47 88- 30 46 Alabama _:213,834 773,283 341,358 442,591 20,125 92,924 15,880 51,537 "2,~002,T90~ 6,832,835 4,177,639 1,627,637 ~377200 199,837 110,517 26,175 450 19,654 13,389 ~42",28jf 325,539 64,459 128,916 V?45,90f 5,755,424 2,855,868 1,364,167 ~38,382 103, 400 88,386 16,521 5,892,492 21,508,553 10,874,714 4,108,209 15,649,729 7,930,460 4,210,601 329 904 783 131 183 570 457 10 4 10 33 111 30-1 288 101 28 3 Florida- 20 3 Georgia 2 Louisiana 600 5,591,259 20 Mississippi 131,001 1,200 1,500 31,979 1,574,063 15,060 47, 534 695,923 51,003 125 550 776 148,968 776 1,175 107,344 1,276,579 86,784 61,725 508,528 13,822 3,624 1,408 9,369 5,547,813 167,410 168,383 4,257,412 77,002 105,250 2,782,743 78 4 10 64 20 2 58 2 10 10 North Carolina South Carolina Texas 101,674 23,970 3,300,640 54 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 2 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). a Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). WOOD DISTILLATION. GENEEAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report em- braces the establishments engaged primarily in the dis- tillation of wood for the recovery of the volatile prod- ucts, and the production of charcoal. Two distinct processes are employed—the destruction process and the steam process. In the former, the wood is heated to such a temperature that the fiber is destroyed and new products are created. In the latter process, the volatile substances are removed from the wood by the use of steam, which does not destroy the fiber. The industry is divided into two distinct branches—hard- wood distillation and softwood distillation. Measured by the quantity of wood used, the hardwood branch is by far the more important, consuming 82.2 per cent of the total quantity of wood used for distillation in the United States in 1919. This branch is confined practically to the Northern and Central states. Soft- wood distillation is carried on largely in the South At- lantic and Gulf states. The southern longleaf pine is the principal raw material used in /this industry. Several important establishments manufacturing wood-distillation products are operated in connection with the manufacture of lumber. These plants utilize the slabs, sawdust, and other waste products of the sawmill or timber camp. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the com- parative statistics for the industry for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive, with percentages of increase for each census period. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 shows the number of establishments, wage earners, value of products, and value added b}- manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products, 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is estimated by the method described in the "Expla- nation of terms.'1 No wage earners under 16 years of age were reported. Figures for states will be found in Table 17. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 4, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with, the industrial conditions existing during the year. The few females reported are negligible. Prevailing hours of labor.—In 1909, 96.4 per cent of the wage earners were employed in plants where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or over, and in 1914, 88.5 per cent were of this class. The figures presented in Table 5 show progress toward a reduction in the hours of labor per week, the propor- tion for wage earners employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 60 or more per week in 1919 having dropped to 69.3 per cent. On the other hand, in 1919, 14.9 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments where the hours of la- bor per week were fewer than 54, as compared with 3.7 per cent in 1914 and 1.8 per cent in 1909. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The average number of wage earners per establishment increased from 29 in 1914 to 43 in 1919. Table 6 shows that 11 establishments employed over 100 wage earners in 1919, representing 38 per cent of all wage earners, as compared with 3 establishments and 13 per cent in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—A grouping by value of products is necessarily affected by the general increase in prices for 1919 as compared with 1914, and this accounts to a considerable extent for the changes from lower to higher groups, as shown in Table 7. During this census period there was an increase of 229.3 per cent in value of products, yet the increase in quantity production, based upon cords of wood distilled, was but 38.4 per cent, and the increase in average number of wage earners 77.8 per cent. The average value of products per establishment was 881,000 in 1909, §104,000 in 1914, and 8283,000 in 1919. Character of ownership.—Table 8 presents the sta- tistics for establishments classified according to form of ownership. Corporations operated 86.1 per cent of the plants and accounted for all but 2 per cent of the products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 9 presents the power statistics for the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Electric power is a growing factor, and of the total primary power capacity, 30.1 per cent were utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, this including electric motor equipment operated with purchased electric current, specified as rented, and secondary electric or that generated by the estab- lishment, as compared with 26.2 per cent in 1914, and 5.9 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 presents the statistics for certain specified fuels, namely, coal, anthracite and bituminous, fuel oils, gasoline, and gas, by kinds and by states, for 1919 and 1914. No coke was reported by the wood-distillation plants. In addition to the fuels shown in the table, considerable quantities of charcoal and tar, for which there was not a ready market, were used as fuel. Moreover, the consumption of wood as a fuel was not reported. The amount re- ported as expense for fuel and rent of power in 1919 was §2,287,221, as compared with §1,024,479 in 1914. (783) 784 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Nmmber of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries acid wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Kent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture < 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 115 95 120 141 102 5,634 2-8 660 4,946 3,142 36 324 2,782 3,095 56 318 2,721 2,655 82 301 2,272 235 1,556 15,938 $42,334,503 10,045 $17,562,849 9,854 $13,017,192 4,620 $10,506,979 $6,729,127 6,632,256 1,322,567 5,309,689 1,968,011 403,189 1,564,822 1,818,059 355,211 1,462,848 1,364,314 297,528 1,066,786 913,509 213,025 700,484 327,473 1,260,325 20,059,651 32,545,314 12,485,663 72,260 146,533 6,495,570 9,882,537 3,3S6,967 15,536 69,442 5,875,851 9,736,998 3,861,147 21,970 » 50,869 4,847,770 7,813,483 2,965,713 3,455,015 6,001,023 2,546,008 PEE CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1919 1914 1909 1904 21.1 -20.8 -14.9 38.2 79.3 1.5 16.6 103.7 1.9 5.6 28.1 77.8 2.2 19.8 46.0 58.7 1.9 113.3 141.0 34.9 23.9 56.1 237.0 8.2 33.3 49.3 mo 13.5 19.4 39.7 239. 3 7.0 37.1 52.3 353.2 365.0 -29.3 760.1 208.8 111.0 10.5 21.2 40.3 229.3 1.5 24.6 30.2 268.6 -12.3 30.2 16.5 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages not shown where base is less than 100 or where figures are not strictly comparable. a Figures not available. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. STATE. estab- lish- ments. Per cent distribu- tion. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Average number. Rank. Rank. Rank. United States 115 4,946 100.0 $32,545 100.0 $12,486 100.0 16 1,586 32.1 1 10,651 32.7 1 4,858 38.9 1 44 6 1,211 24.5 2 5,542 17.0 3 2,288 18.3 2 412 8.3 4 2,005 6.2 5 909 7.3 5 4 155 3.1 6 780 2.4 7 402 3.2 6 4 78 1.6 10 629 1.9 9 293 2.3 8 All other states 41 1,504 30.4 12,938 39.8 3,736 29.9 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 5,634 3,142 3,095 399 221 255 28 128 76 73 243 109 126 Male. 5,514 3,108 3,064 392 215 249 25 32 50 124 74 73 243 109 126 Fe- male. 120 34 31 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 97.9 98.9 99.0 98.2 97.3 97.6 89.3 8S.9 89.3 96.9 97.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 2.1 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.7 2.4 10.7 11.1 10.7 3.1 2.6 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 139 119 4,946 2,782 2,721 4,946 2,782 2,721 Male. 204 111 94 4,918 2,782 2,721 4,918 2,782 2,721 Fe- male. 28 28 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 70.6 79.9 79.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 29.4 20.1 21.0 WOOD DISTILLATION. 785 Table 4t.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females. 1914 1909 Alabama Florida Louisiana Michigan Pennsylvania Average num- ber em- ployed during year. 4,946 4,918 28 2,782 2,721 155 412 78 1,586 1,211 5,833 5,809 29 1 3,531: 2,800! NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OE NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- Febru- j ary. ary. 5,718 5,691 27 3,359 2,868 151 l 846 I 77 , 1,739 1,559 | March. April. I May. June. \ July. August. ^ ber" "ST "ST" 5,345 5,316 29 2,887 2,807 4,650 4,621 29! 2,552! 2,754; 4,503 4,476 27 2,463 2,628 4,W 4,217 29 2,453 ] 2,563 4,541 4,514 2,519 4,533 4,510; 28 2,607; 2,478 4,6.58 4,630 28 2,664 2,604 4,934 4,907 27 2,721 2,707 5,042 5,014 2S 2r787 2,869 5,339: 5,31.1 i 28 l 2,926 1 3.053 I 143 354 l 77 1,773 1,500 139 382 77 1,710 1,369 186' 390! 77 j 1,453 1,125; 137 404 77 1,561 992 151 i 457 j 78! 1,621 I 973! 148! 436 79 | 1,581 1 1,028 I 152 | 445 79! 1,530 j 1,125 i 174 426 79 1,514 1,262 192 412 79 1,515 1,307 - Per cent mini- mum is o f maxi- mum. 72.6 93.1 68.9 81. 2 1S4; 503 1 79! 1,591 1,355! 70.8 6S. 8 97.5 81.4 6i3.1 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Alabama. Florida... Cen- sus Total. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1919 4,946 |2, 782 2,721 155 412 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK WERE— EN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 ' B»- 1 and*™*1 der. ^ 10 (2) (2) 48.1 Be- tween 48 and 54. 22 1 ! 162 8 42 Be- tween 54 and 60. 616 208 6 344 60. 1,724 1,221 1,023 Over j 60. Cen- j sus Total, year.! 44 and un- i der. Be- tween 44 ; and : 4S.! 4-S.i Be- tween i 4S: ! and '54. Be- I tweeni : 54 j • and; : 60. i Over i 60. 1,706 1,242 1,599 123 66 Louisiana 1919! 78 i Michigan j 1919 !1,586 j j 1914 , 645! !! i Pennsylvania j 1919 :1,2U' I 1914 '1,185 i 3 j 240 j (2) : (2) i 231 11 4 39 I 52 j 50 I 120 i 23 753 539 167 478 466 355 67S 4SS i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States ...1919.. 1914.. Alabama Florida Louisiana Michigan * Pennsylvania — Estab- lish- ments. 115 95 Wage earners (average number). 4,946 2,782 155 412 78 1,586 1,211 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— lto5 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. Ovi er 250 earners. Estab- lish- ments. 19 Wage earners. i Estab- ! lish- ■ ments. 422 j 467! 18' 14 j 18! Wage earners. Estab- ! lish- 'ments. Wage earners. < Estab- ! lish- ments. 1,212 i 829 20; 17 i 1,386 j 1,082! Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. 1,308 359 579 174 5! 16 203 | 535 59 52 386 4S3 115 337 5 Y\ \ crn n 1919 1914 16 10 1.586 645 1,586 645 100.0 100,0 10,651,181 2,678,151 10,651,181 2,678,151 100.0 100.0 1919 1914 4 4 36 34 4 1,211 1,185 70 33 1,117 912 24 240 5.8 2.8 92.2 77.0 2.0 20.3 5,542,215 3,417,199 334,392 100,505 5,129,911 2,680,503 77,912 636,191 6.0 92.6 78.4 1.4 18,7 8 2.9 Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 401 256 226 15,938 10,045 9,854 100.0 100.0 100.0 254 209 198 11 35 10 237 188 188 224 170 170 13,655 12,736 10,254 2,482 810 109 9,110 8,230 8,230 (*) 9,779 9,056 9,056 (2) 85.7 79.9 64.3 15.6 5.1 0.7 90.7 81.9 81.9 (2) 99.2 91.9 91.9 (2) (3) 33 16 25 29 741 139 462 261 7.4 1.4 4.7 2.6 147 147 19 19 2 2 2,283 1,533 750 935 935 75 75 14.3 9.6 4.7 9.3 9.3 0.8 0.8 291 147 144 128 19 109 39 2 37 4,811 1,533 3,278 2,630 935 1,695 580 75 505 100.0 31.9 68.1 100.0 35.6 64.4 100.0 12.9 87.1 Generated by establishments reporting 1 Figures for horsepower Include for 1909-the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. 1 Not reported separately WOOD DISTILLATION. 787 Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States Alabama Florida Louisiana Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds). | 40,677 38,994 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds), 308,747 196,594 938 3,579 4,235 Gaso- line and ; other oUs volatile oils (bar- rels). Fuel (bar- rels). 56,445 | 10,814 18 1 (i) i 4,403 i 22,467! 6,174; 2 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 1,798,302 1,521,666 Michigan Pennsylvania.. All other states Cen- j sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- ] Bitumi- cite j nous (tons, 1 (tons, 2,240 . 2,000 pounds). | pounds). ! 7,000 4,600 9,260 4;7§5 24,417 i 29,599! 105,1S9 47,103 96,818 107,150 97,9SS 42,34.1 Fuel ! Gaso- j ^line andj other! (btr- i™1^; : $ \ \ rels).; 3i 17,800 j 16,17S 15 C1) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 12 1,793,249 .... 1,431.016 223 I 47 (i) | S7,415 1 Included with figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Materials.—The schedule employed in the canvass of the industry called for quantity and kind of wood used and the quantity and cost of crude alcohol pur- chased in cases where crude alcohol was purchased for refining. Table 11 gives the data for cost of all materials and details for wood and alcohol for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 11.—Materials: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. MATERIAL. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Total cost . $20,059,651 $6,495,570 $5,875,851 $4,847,770 Hardwoods— 1,442,675 1,042,517 1,265,157 1,049,503 U,186,477 970,30S 1,149,847 1,01S,072 Cost $7,965,069 (>5 ('5 (*) Softwood (pine)— 256,198 72,209 115,310 31,431 Cost $1,593,977 (*) (a) Crude wood alcohol: Purchased— 7,360,390 5,665,446 7,135,614 (*) Cost $5,898,175 $1,408,124 $1,784,029 2,123,303 2,405,456 2,534,8S3 1,468,028 1 Includes 540 cords, cost $6,893, consumed in the manufacture of subsidiary wood-distillation products in other industries, not included in above total. a Figures not available. Wood consumed in distillation.—Table 12 gives the consumption of wood in distillation, by states, by all establishments, primary and subsidiary, for 1919. Beech, birch, and maple are the principal hardwoods for which returns are available. A few other species have been used from time to time, but they are of less importance, and in many instances were not reported separately, namely: Alder, ash, cherry, chestnut, elm, gum, hickory, ironwood, oak, and a few others not specified. The principal softwood is the longleaf pine, although other resinous woods have been used in limited quantities. Table 12.—Wood Consumed in Distillation, by States: 1919, ! Num- ; ber of | ! estab-; i lish-' ments. !! Per i, < cent | Cords, distri- : bu- i: tion.! Cost, i Ay- i erage : COSt i cord. Total- Hardwoods. ....!; 1,442,675 $9,559,046 j $6.63 87 j! 1,1S6,477 100-0 ij 7,965,069! 6.71 Michigan Pennsvlvania New York Wisconsin All other states *. Softwoods 15! 42 i 20; ?l 648,910 281,320 , 104,493 60.544 91,210; 54.7 4,307,797 j 23.7 l 1.882,795! 8.8 \>. '747.SS2 j 5.1 i: 519,131 507,464 I 7.7 6.64 6.69 7.16 8.57 5.56 Georgia Florida Alabama Louisiana J....... All other states3. 25 I; 256.19S 100-0 |: 1,593,977 j 6.22 "Til 11 103.964 86,065 41.416 IS, 005: 6,748 40.6 33.6 , 16.2 i 7.0 i 2.6 561,576 618,743 l 264,912 I 95,7SS 52,958 5.40 7.19 6.40 5.32 7. So 1 All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishments Connecticut, 1; Kentucky, 1; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, 1; Tennessee, 1: and West Virginia, 1. 2 Includes 1 establishment distilling sawdust. 3 All other states embrace: Michigan, 1 establishment; Mississippi, 1; North Caro- lina, 2; and Texas, 1. Products.—Table 13 gives comparative statistics of products for the years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. The principal basic products obtained from the hard- woods by distillation are crude wood alcohol, charcoal, acetate, tar, and tar oils, and the quantity of each that a cord of wood will yield depends largely on the kind and efficiency of the equipment used. Many of the plants are converting their primary products into more highly manufactured forms and some products that were wasted in the early stages of the industry are now saved. Of the crude wood alcohol produced, 6,980,693 788 MANUFACTURES. gallons were produced for sale and 2,123,303 gallons were consumed by the establishments reporting in the manufacture of refined wood alcohol and other derived products, such as formaldehyde, acetone, methyl acetone, ketone, etc. A considerable portion of the charcoal—26 per cent in 1919—was the product of plants operated in conjunction with charcoal iron blast furnaces, in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Connecticut. Table 13.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. • 1914 | - -"■ —' PRODUCT. 1919 1909 1904 Total value m, 625,305 % .10,529,829 £10,312,657 $9,037,313 The wood-distillation industry... I £2,545,314 $9,882,537 S9,736,998 37,813,483 Subsidiary wood-dis t i 11 a t i o n products of other industries §79,991 S647,292 $575,659 $1,223, S30 Wood alcohol: 9,103,996 9,602,431 9,307,583 8,282,286 For sale- 6,980,693 7,196,975 6,772,7Q0 6,814,258 $5,593,509 $1,605,880 $1,774,459- $2,201,961 Average unit value, gallon. $0. SO $0. 22 $0.26 $0. 32 Made and consumed, gallons . 2,123,303 2,405,456 2,534,883 1,468,02S For sale— 7,391,010 6,464,955 6,984,668 6,235,113 6,732,877 5,917,153 $S, 381,863 S2,709,369 $3,096,808 $3,455,625 Average unit value, gallon. SI. 20 SO. 43 $0.46 $0. 58 Made and consumed, gallons. 406,342 229, S42 C1) 0) Acetate of lime, pounds 168,956,432 166,084,523 0) 0) For sale- 153,910,349 163,521,577 141,478,296 110,383,997 $2,682,232 $2,138,909 $2,11S,443 $1,527,733 Average unit value, pound. 1.74 cents. 1.31 cents. 1.5 cents. 1.4 cents. Made and consumed, pounds... 15,046,083 2,562,946 C1) 0) Formaldehyde, acetic acid, ace- tone, methyl acetone, acetone oil, ketone, and acetate of soda, 12,076,322 (l) (l) 0) For sale- 2,677,881 2,965,354 C1) C1) 2,143,157 1,476,797 1,570,257 Value $481,820 $145,984 $113,225 Made and consumed, gallons. 534,724 1,488,557 C1) Tar oils: 803,440 >) Wood creosote: S240,805 C1) 0) (l) 1,152,655 2,073,057 2,549,190 0) Turpentine: $31,957 $38,872 $34,645 h 1,534,333 575,557 706,868 442,185 Rosin: SI, 207,739 $194,183 $249,526 $176,521 Barrels (280 pounds) 234,030 51,825 0) Value $2,742,552 $198,165 0) 0) Charcoal: Total production, bushels. 48,210,497 (l) (x) 0) For sale- Bushels 35,594,160 Value $5,304,638 [44, 827,836 [S2,829,571 39,952,235 $2,426,648 29,917,212 $1,487,165 Blast furnace consumption- Bushels 12,455,052 Value . $2,916,737 Made and consumed, bushels.. 161,285 C1) 0) Other wood-distillation products, $412,541 $441,399 $231,192 $138.„481 All other products, value $552, 590 $227,497 $267,711 $49,827 i Figures not available. , , Products, by principal states.—Table 14 shows the production of the principal products, by states; for 1919 and 1914. Table 14.—Products, by Principal States: 1919 and 1914. STATE. 1919 1914 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Gallons. Gallons. Wood alcohol, refined (for sale).. 6,984,668 $8,381,863 6,235,113 $2,709,369 Michigan 1,580,282 1,790,421 1,570,658 588,90S All other states 5,404,336 6,591,442 4,664,455 2,120,461 Wood alcohol, crude (for sale),kr. 6,980,693 5,593,509 7,196,975 1,605,880 2,526,429 1,966,805 4,235,636 904,700 2,2S2,790 1,831,729 1,593,134 364,507 2,171,474 1, 754,975 1,368,205 336,673 Pounds. Pounds. 153,910,349 2,682,232 163,521,577 2,138,909 64,611,564 1,003,496 57,756,234 718,753 52,322,435 996,337 77,140,287 1,043,636 36,976,350 682,399 28,625,056 376,520 Bushels. Bushels. Charcoal , 35,594,160 5,304,638 44,827,836 2,829,571 Pennsvlvania 12,379,527 1,858,620 17,726,774 1,318,109 11,739,953 1,746,597 19,152,454 960,414 All other states 11,474,680 1,699,421 7,948,608 551,048 Equipment.—Table 15 presents the statistics for equipment, retorts, ovens, kilns, and steam extractors, by states, for 1919. The wood-distillation industry has gone through several stages of development since it was established in the ,United States. Brickkilns were first employed to recover the con- densable gases which were lost in burning charcoal in pits. This kind of equipment is still being used, but a great step forward was made when the use of cylin- drical iron retorts, built in pairs, wras inaugurated. Large rectangular ovens or retorts represent a still later improvement, and these are being installed in many of the larger plants in place of the cylindrical iron retorts. Table 15.—Equipment: 1919. RETORTS AND OVENS. KILNS. STEAM EXTRACTORS. STATE. Total capac- ity, cords per day. Total capac- ity, cords per charge. Total capac- ity, cords per day. Num- ber. Num- ber. Num- ber. 1,0S7 5,148 167 10,070 132 870 itardwood distillation '......... 860 4,614 167 10,070 Michigan..... '. 180 235 373 10 62 1,282 665 130 8,200 Pennsylvania 1... .:. 1,998 82 587' 12 120 1,750 All other states1J i; 25 Softwood distillation....... 207 '534' 132 870 Alabama...i.. . 20 29 76 32 10 100 306 40 78 60 40 22 8 2 150 320 363 17 20 Florida..., Georgia........ . 1.':..:. ■\...i. i.. Louisiana • 60 * Includes Alabama, Connecticut, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia. 2 Includes Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. WOOD DISTILLATION. 789 GENERAL TABLES. Table 16 gives the comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 17 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 16.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States.. Michigan.. Cen- sus year. , lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num-! Wa&e 115 95 120 age num- ber). 4,946 2,782 2,721 Pri- mary horse- power. 15,938 i 10,045 9,854! Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value j of! prod- | ucts. I Expressed in thousands. XT !Wage!' I Cost 01 To. wTr I earners! Pri- :Wages.! mate- year. ■ lish-' a&e nor^ \\) (3) 18,257,998 89,827,785 71,569,787 1879 6,383 (2) (3) (a) 76,576 (2) ($35,039,939 8 12,683,897 41,810,920 29,127,023 FEE CENT OF INCREASE.! 1889- 1899 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 -23.3 -28.7 -8.5 -14.3 -16.6 -37.5 8.3 -17.4 -4.3 -38.1 3.8 -4.4 11.4 -19.0 25.7 12.0 11.2 -23.1 43.0 12.1 -6.5 30.2 3.1 2.7 25.2 36.9 42.7 56.0 53.2 64.8 61.0 8.6 17.8 7,0 26.1 37.9 24.3 38.9 62.0 36.0 -12.6 271.0 61.2 63.9 65.2 -5.0 19.5 20.0 2,3 97.2 25.8 38.7 24.8 20.3 42.9 2.7 43.6 41.7 41.1 -4.2 -1.7 (») 91.5 36.2 25.5 6.4 1.5 1879- 1889 (») 210.0 43.9 115.0 146. 0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. < Exclusive of internal revenue. 6 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—CLAY PRODUCTS—COMPONENT INDUSTRIES: 1919 AND 1914. BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. Per cent Per cent of the clay POTTERY. Per cent Per cent of the clay of products industry. of products industry. 1919 1914 increase,1 1919 1914 Increase,1 1914- 1911- 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 2,414 3,239 -25.5 87.7 90.9 340 350 -2.9 12.3 9.1 88,503 110,772 -21.9 73.8 78.8 30,692 28,758 3.1 26.2 21.2 Proprietors and firm members 1,649 2,721 -39.4 90.0 92.8 183 212 -13.7 10.0 7.2 Salaried employees 7,939 7,869 6.9 75.5 81.0 2,575 1,841 39.9 24.5 19.0 76,915 100,182 -23.2 73.4 79.0 27,934 26,705 4.6 26.6 21.0 405,746 442,813 -8.4 93.3 95.2 29,090 22,339 30.2 6.7 4.8 $355,848,355 $279,860,012 27.2 S4.2 86.2 166,757,970 144,704,081 47.3 15.8 13.8 94,096,992 65,453,573 43.8 72 A 77.2 35,823,710 19,372,687 84.9 27.6 22.8 15,840,907 10,546,155 50.2 72.5 79.6 6,003,432 2,706,357 122.0 27.5* 20.4 78,256,085 54,907,418 42.5 72.4 76.7 29,820,278 16,666,330 78.9 27.6 23.3 528,613 696,104 -24,1 81.8 94.2 117,384 43,106 172.0 18.2 5.8 5,234,049 1,862,619 181.0 64.8 85.6 2,839,987 314,126 804.0 35.2 14.4 67,488,113 42,723,178 68.0 76.4 78.0 20,794,076 12,031,556 72.8 23.6 22.0 208,422,920 135,921,445 53.3 73.6 78.6 74,919,186 36,942,606 103.0 26.4 21.4 Value added by manufacture8 140,934,807 93,198,267 51.2 72.3 78.9 54,125,110 24,911,050 117.0 27,7 21.1 1 A mlnusslgn (—) denotes decrease. «Value of products less cost of materials. (792) BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. GENEEAL i Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 3 shows the number of establishments, average num- ber of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products, 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 4 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 14. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 5, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. The females emplo}^ed as wage earners constituted but 1.5 per cent of the total number. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics presented in Table 6 show a very material reduction in the hours of labor per week. In 1914, 52.7 per cent of the wage earners were employed in plants where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or over, as compared with 34 per cent in 1919. On the other hand, 23.6 per cent in 1919 were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 48 per week or less and 10.9 per cent in 1914. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of relatively small units, as shown in Table 7, the average number of wage- earners per establishment being 31 in 1914 and 32 in 1919, no material change. In 1919 the establishments employing over 250 wage earners reported 9.2 per cent of the total number, and in 1914, 15.5 per cent. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The grouping by value of products necessarily reflects the general increase in values. The average value of products per establishment increased from $42,000 in 1914 to $86,000 in 1919, but the increase is | essentially due to high prices, for on a quantity I basis the production of the various products was, in I general, materially less in 1919 than in 1914. This ! condition accounts for the changes from lower to j higher groups, as shown in Table S. ; Character of ownership.—Table 9 presents the sta- | tistics for establishments classified according to form : of ownership. The industry includes a large num- ber of individual establishments, and likewise those classed as "All others," which consists primarily of j firms; but the decrease in the total number of estab- i Jishments in 1919 as compared with 1914 is chiefly ! in these two groups. The number of establishments ; owned by individuals shows a decrease of 42 per j cent and the '* All others" group 41 per cent, while the : corporations show a decrease of but 8 per cent. The | "Corporations" group employed 84.3 per cent of the j wage earners in 1919 and 80.6 per cent in 1914, and re- I ported 86 per cent of the products in 1919 and S3 I per cent in 1914. j Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— ! Table 10 presents the power statistics for the industry for 1919 and 1914. Electric power is a growing | factor, and of the total primary power, 32.9 per cent j was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, | this including electric motor equipment operated ! with purchased current, specified as rented, and ! secondary electric or that generated by the estab- I lishment, as compared with 20 per cent in 1914. In ! 1909 the industry, which did not include products other than brick and tile, utilized 7 per cent of the primary power in electric motors. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 presents the statistics ! for fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for j gas include both natural and manufactured gas, the | former being the chief factor in the natural-gas | states. (793) 794 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1919. §-3 United States-. 2,414 Pennsylvania., Ohio." Illinois Missouri New Jersey Indiana New York Iowa Kentucky California Texas Georgia... Kansas... Michigan. North Carolina. Maryland Alabama Tennessee Virginia Colorado West Virginia. Connecticut... 76,915 WAGE EARNERS. C3 ,Q 9 <0 *! 799 1.0 23 739 1.0 24 j 664 0.9 25 628 0.8 26 1 414 0.5 31 | 566 0.7 27! 440 0.6 29 I 354 0.5 33 402 0.5 32; 472 0.6 28 434 0.6 30 254 0.3 34 145 0.2 38 169 0.2 35 152 0.2 37 ! 140 0.2 39 i 109 0.1 40 ! 85 0.1 43 46 0.1 44 ; 99 0.1 41 | 156 0.2 36 i 23 (l) 46 | 139 0.2 1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS, rt <0 W H M M S2,293 1,818 1,783 1,679 1,241 1.156 1,144 1,074 1,065 925 741 704 505 465 386 308 303 223 195 188 181 64 312 l.i 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0) 0.1 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 3&f $1,484 1,293 1,227 1,036 851 900 766 825 633 534 445 305 360 294 227 231 150 153 132 127 43 226 1.1 23 0.9 24 0.9 I 25 0.7 26 0.6 28 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 & 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 4.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 l 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 86,503 110,772 85.764 Total. 5,999 6,705 7,503 1,649 2,721 4,285 1,664 1,560 1,118 2,686 2,424 2,100 Male. 84,075 108,644 85,234 5,871 6,548 7,353 1,578 2,602 4,149 1,613 1,526 1,107 2,680 2,420 2,097 Fe- male. 2,428 2,128 530 128 157 150 71 119 136 51 34 11 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 97.2 98-1 99.3 97.9 97.7 98.0 95.7 95.6 96.8 97.8 99.0 Fe- male. 2.8 1.9 0.7 2.1 2.3 2.0 4.3 4.4 3.2 3.1 2.2 1-0 0.2 0.2 0.2 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 3,589 3,885 1,733 76,915 100,182 76,528 76,447 99,327 75,258 468 855 1,270 Male. 2,446 3,103 1,434 75,758 98,993 76,447 75,303 98,179 75,178 455 814 Fe- male. 1,143 782 299 1,157 1,189 81 1,144 1,148 80 13 41 1 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 68.2 79.9 82.7 98.5 98.8 98.5 97.2 95.2 99.9 Fe- male. 31.8 20.1 17.3 1.5 1.2 0.1 1.5 1.1 0.1 2.8 4.8 0) i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent em- mini- STATE. ployed mum dur- ing Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- United States: year. mum. 1919 - 76,915 | 56,190 56,866 60,269 70,332 79,561 84,952 88,715 90,929 90,615 88,913 81,997 74,641 61.4 75,758 i 55,209 5L 892 59,317 69,319 78,474 83,804 87,496 89, 691 89,329 87,592 80,664 73,309 61.2 1,157 1 981 974 952 1,013 1,087 1,148 1,219 1, 238 1,286 1,321 1, 333 1,332 73.1 100,182 i 77,966 76,458 83,720 101,780 117,738 123,877 123,554 121,503 113,289 99,643 85,952 76,724 61.7 1,359 j 1,368 1,340 1,350 1,296 1,381 1,298 1,314 1,424 1,398 1,427 1,383 1,329 90.8 '99 ! 36 58 88 101 102 106 149 137 146 134 91 41 23.5 354 I 167 182 234 366 370 400 434 476 460 435 377 347 35.1 1,747 1 1,218 1,241 1,369 1,619 1,712 1,837 1,953 2,003 1,921 1,923 2,044 2,124 57.3 812 1 466 572 650 686 847 982 943 1,066 966 929 884 754 43.6 835 ! 393 393 443 752 1,061 1.130 1,149 1,122 1,062 992 828 695 34.2 &5 1 40 40 51 87 114 123 98 117 113 99 169 90 48 32.5 156 ! 139 142 149 154 160 149 156 166 161 169 158 82.2 J, 617 1 LS17 1,337 1,383 1,555 1,621 1,586 1,713 1, 775 1,802 1,872 1,819 1,724 65.0 109 I 44 43 44 72 145 184 180 167 146 114 92 77 23.4 BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. 795 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919—Continued. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky., Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri... Montana... Nebraska.. New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina... North Dakota— Average number em- ployed dur- ing year. NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 5,627 3,648 2, 452 1,136 2,349 434 254 1,207 739 852 ii 799 I 472! 4,469 j 145! 402 II 169:! 3,544 3,246 1,338 140 Ohio !12,060 Oklahoma 628 Oregon I 152 Pennsylvania i 15,897 South Carolina. 1 South Dakota. Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington— West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wyoming 23!' 1,265; 1,663 I 440 '< 1,331! 664 I 1,032; 414 I 46; 3,239 2,448 1,104 630 2,116 211 108 943 380 Febru- ary. 76 100 42 2,483 1,381 '752 j 114 j 9,433 1 346; 27! 15,710 , 403; 3! S22' 1,079! 261 \ 899 405! 788 i 3,257 2,621 1,223 713 1,981 117 981 347 521 381 348 3, 534 6S 155 45 2,190 1,264 759 114 9,452 502 29 14, 715 402 3 811 1,197 274 930 386 788 March. : April, j May. 3,842' 2,766: 1,908 822 j 2,090 249! 131 978 i 326 630 397 369 3,623 104 232 50! 2,325 i 1,488 950 118 10,163 543 34 14,637 482 $ 925 1,354 337 1,002 492 903 111 20 4,937 3,367 2,470 1,049: 2,363 466 167 1,034 536 769 616 480 4,172 161 409 136 2,732 2,444 1,446 121 11,193 618 92 15,048 528 22 1,084 1,627 377 1,224 544 993 252 45 June. : July. 5,768 3,931' 2,872g 1,120' 2,376 j 499 '■ 306 1 1,270 860! 1,029: 841 I 512 4,664 i 191 522 335 3.207 3,755 1,622 129 12, 217 710 129 15, 211 555 38 1,275 1,795 445 1,329 i 680 1,047 I 589 1 62 6.245; < 189 3,103 1,304 2,349 398 1, 275 1,034 1,082 1,077 540 4, 764 225 576 309 3,659 4,415 1,577 204 13,014 6S9 237 15,618 .563 39 1,480 1,831 530 1,4,55 755 1,158 738 77 6,629 4,192 3,131 1,337 2,631 529 393 1,275 1,109 1,046 1,146 555 4,885 261 613 320 4,077 4,606 1,703 208; 13,067 706 267 16,201 619 37 1,504; i;§so 554 i 1,559 837 1,198 727 76 August. Segt.m-1 6,879 4,289 3,199" 1,409 2,575 534 409 1,400 1,116 1,060 1,150 612 4,952 195 627 2S7 4,398 4,557 1,799 169 13, 510 758 275 16,685 701 30 1, 679 2,059 594 1, 614 818 1,183 709 75 7,005 4,495 3,144 1,398 2,747 I 549! 373 j 1,370 982 j 1,049 j If115! 573 i 5,026 j 137 i 008 i 201 1 4,408! 4,255 I 1,752! 134' 13,817 I '711 224 1 17,046 733' 29 i 1,609; 1,847 I 580; 1,663! 804 i 1,196 624! 70 i Octo- ber. Novem-1 Decem- ber. I ber.j« Per cent 7,443 j 4,404 2,995 1,374 j 2,702' 523 339! 1,383 I 838 i 950: 977 j 501 i 5,252 j 138 , 456 j 146 j 4,429! 4,016 i 1,565 162 13, 666 679 211 16,904 699 29 1,470 1,747 494 1,615 SIS 1,179 470 40 6,733 3,774 2.542 ],35S 2,166 483 181 1, 343 458 4,781 118 362 95 4,422 3, 577 1,25S 119 12, S17 641 157 16.576 579 1,30S 1,794 434 1,420 1,01S 349 29 0, 04/ 3,30i) 1,733! 1. IIS 470 126 1,232 660 . 381 i 4,503! 66; 164! 62; 4,198 3,194 I 873 J 88; 11,771 6:33 142 i 16,413' 52S 16 1 1,213; 1,746' 400 1,262 1 672 i 933! 209 , 46; Table 6.— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. United Stales.. 1919.. 1914.. Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and ud- der. 76,9151 100, 182; 1,971 I2) 1,359 i 99;! 354! I 1,7471 S121 Be- I tweeni 44 j and; 48. I 48.1 Be-! tweeri 48 - and 54.: 54. I Be- st ween; ! 54 I i and | 60.! 60. Over , 60. ! 50015,6761 6,971 16.312, 9,275 25,392? (*) 110,883' 4,489 is; 186 13', 844)51,0461 137 341 547| 46 72 46 236! 810' 121... 367; 47: 788 1,731 188 S2i. 5S|. 87j. 902L 13!. Mont-ana Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon 1,332! 755 . 1,721 . 466 . 615 . ! Pennsylvania.. !j South Carolina, j' South Dakota.. !> Tennessee 87 197 94 507; 13j 3 125| '! 510! 30i; i j 1,910! Texas Utah Virginia Washington.. West Virginia... Wisconsin Wyoming All other states.. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- j tweeni 4S.i 48; and j : 54.! Be- tween: 54; and 60.: 60. 60. 94 1 69 S1 3 . 54 j 115. 308; 1,067! 1,300, 1.165: '288: 767 4 307 . 537! 131 284 631 ..... 119, ss; 408 551' 28 76! 1.624 l,oS7 2,552; 15; 110 ., I 27 120j !13 '., 052 3.900 193 19; '339; US 19;! 3l| 3,049' l,245j 2, 30....... 35 '87. 2,370! 19 124; 355! 3951 22$' 595] 44' 49| !4| 39! *34! 197 37 374| 61 964 i 311! ...j 23j. 259! 780!. 1371 7i- 70; 92't 151! 267 5) 70 1 Includes 48 and under in 1911. 2 Corresponding figures not available. 796 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. I United States: 1919 1914. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana.. Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts— Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina... North Dakota.... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina... South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington-. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming .... 2,414 3,239 42 13 21 60 43 30 11 11 47 12 144 151 113 29 47 18 19 30 35 34 28 65 14 29 9 67 118 95 5 341 22 23 303 23 3 46 58 21 45 35 36 50 10 76,915 100,1S2 1,359 99 3-54 1,747 812 835 85 156 1,617 109 5,627 3,648 2,452 1,136 2,349 434 254 1,207 739 852 799 472 4,469 145 402 169 3,544 3,246 1,338 140 12,060 628 152 15,897 566 23 1,265 1,663 440 1,331 664 1,032 414 46 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 03 © 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 638 1,031 bO © £!3 1,792 2,928 44 12 12 29 41 4 19 13 38 20 107 188 160 2 26 5 18 30 7 28 15 35 38 21 29 1 16 48 93 1 306 10 28 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. to 0 736 to © 9,096 11,910 161 87 120 296 182 143 31 77 124 54 265 380 357 90 170 172 56 118 264 210 264 105 153 84 158 198 625 496 27 779 155 124 1,103 18 160 266 51 233 166 175 163 25 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 592 650 103 11 © £ to© £ pi 20,220 21,315 353 85 549 424 35 66 445 35 1,154 959 541 530 448 52 79 258 351 292 165 216 527 40 215 102 870 1,341 494 27 2,983 245 3,545 367 299 614 59 468 346 256 125 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. Wage earners, j i \\ age earners. I Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- - ments. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. 260 320 18,125 22,416 139 173 20,580 26,122 14 31 4,686 9,986 4 7 2,416 4,504 5 300 2 248 1 253 1 1,001 2 6 137 486 2 2 387 356 1 52 2 212 10 664 3 346 26 14 14 6 3 1,810 910 880 384 262 11 7 4 1 7 1,634 945 514 130 2 1 657 266 1,087 1 356 1 78 1 1 2 127 101 5 2 3 411 117 210 390 1 112 3 210 1 1 145 116 1,664 9 624 10 1 312 2 1,151 ! i 7 583 870 127 85 11 2 1 1,526 362 128 1 351 12 2 1 56 3 3,891 218 18 2,756 4 1,345 1 44 1 3,104 99 38 5,651 3 1,146 2 1,265 2 7 1 4 131 502 73 277 4 2 2 2 619 253 237 332 2 6 1 125 385 67 1 202 1 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 2,414 3,239 76,915 100,182 $208,422,920 $135,921,445 $140,934,807 $93,198,267 Less than S5.000 301 623 874 568 39 9 90T 668~ 3,804 19,413 40,660 8,377 4,093 2,641 10,848 35,473 858,127 6,744,2-13 43,800,044 ( 116,641,940 I 25,656,833 14,721,733 2,359,272 10,994,434 44,703,952 605,351 4,813,242 30,159,764 [ 79,842,346 I 16,617,829 I 8,896,275 1,789,845 8,140,098 30,598,125 $5,000 to $20.000 1,031 961 342 2 2 S20.000 to $100,000 1100,000 to $500,000 | 51,220 | 77,863,787 | 52,670,199 $500,000 to $1,000,000 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12X 25.8 36.2 23.5 1.6 0.4 27.8 31.8 29.7 10.5 0.1 0.1 o77 2.7 10.8 35.4 ~ o74_ —j 0.4 3.4 21.4 _9 j 25.2 ! 52.9 ! 10.9 5.3 4.9 3.2 21.0 8.1 32.9 1 8.8 32.8 $100,000 to $500,000 | 51.1 f 56.0 I 12.3 I 7.1 | 57.3 f 56.7 \ 11.8 | 56.5 $500,000 to $1.000,000 I 6.3 BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. 797 Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919. United States. 1919., 1914., Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California. Colorado.. Connecticut. Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho....... Illinois.... Indiana... Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana... Nebraska.. New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York , North Carolina.. North Dakota... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... South Carolina. South Dakota. Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington.... West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wyoming All other states. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— Indi- vid- uals. 1,415 1,536 Cor- pora- tions. 48 63 31 3 215 19 5 224 8 AU oth- ers. 401 677 76,915 100,182 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Total. 1,359 99 354 1,747 812 835 '85 156 1,617 109 5,627 3,648 2,452 1,136 2,349 434 254 1,207 739 852 799 472 4,469 145 402 169 3', 246 1,338 140 12,060 628 152 15,897 566 23 1,265 1,663 440 1,331 664 1,032 414 46 139 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 6,757 10,722 317 66 5 150 27 122 155 250 124 430 187 84 1206 46 120 140 68 122 127 37 144 508 67 194 527 297 492 47 611 147 285 375 13 324 53 12S 70 125 Cor- I All Sora- 1 oth- ons. ! ers. 64,857 I 80,770 5,301 8,690 956 133 264 1,556 767 684 30 3 32 1,292 85 4,428 3,322 2,056 930 2,195 314 214 1,107 579 618 625 114 3,919 129 289 102 3,252 2,201 763 8 140 10,961 573 82 14,461 23 936 1,209 399 574 1,004 284 21 130 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 8.8 10.7 Cor-! All pora-j oth- tions.l ers. 84.3 1 80.6! 6.9 8.7 124 75 23.3 66.7! 1.4; 8.6 3.3 14.6 ! 64.7 769 139 312 32 38 107 137 214 42 « 16 38 518 278 607 2 55 23 825 121 15.5 22.0 7.6 5.1 3.4 18.2 2.0 27.6 15.8 5.6 16.5 14.9 4.6 3a 5 11.4 18.7 39.6 5.5 16.2 22.2 4.1 30.9 3.8 26.0 22.5 22.5 3.0 24.3 8.0 2.7 16.9 54.3 70.3 33.3 74.6 89.1 94.5 81.9 35.3 84.6 79.9 78.0 78.7 91.1 83.8 81.9 93.4 72.4 84.3 91.7 78.3 72.5 78.2 24.2 87.7 89.0 71.9 60.4 91.8 67.8 57.0 [100.0 90.9 91.2 53.9 91.0 52.6 [100.0 74.0 72.7 90.7 70.8 86.4 97.3 68.6 45.7 93.5 6.3 24.0 2.3 2.2 3.5 79.5 4.6 13.7 3.8 12.7 2.7 5.1 12.6 17.1 45.3 0.9 11.0 9.5 2.8 16.0 20.8 5.0 8.8 15.1 5.2 21.4 3.5 4.8 6.4 4.8 5.6 14.5 *6.*5 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Of establishments owned by- Total. i II Individ- Corpora- \ All 'j uals. tions. j others. 1*208,422,920 !!$15,621,257 1 135,921,445 1 12,209,359 ,$179,095,183 -$13,706,480 112, 835,699 j 10,877,387 3,088,485 188,034 I, 073,969 5,211,390 2,504,658 2,294,001; 222,740 181,430 3,733,823 , 302,987 17,564,017 9,880,579 8,127,157 3,407,019 5,686,473 740,610 704,484 3,207.465: 1,817,512 3,339,381 2,293,396 925,222 II, 455,779 505,053 1,065,264 465,204 10,127,176 8,813,281 3,211,892 308,550 32,172,576 1,679,129 385,581 43,842,120 1,155,681 63,571 2,782,669 4,166,571 1,144,021 2,738,298 1,782,566 j 2,316,288! 1,240,606 194,851 311,361 533,817 152,744 14,295 499,079 96,927 322,607 1131,259 609,944 156,703 1,188,742 412,253 218,074 1552,696 j 106,343! 170,788 j 1134,880 j 166,166! 266,727 612,464! 58,450 | 240,011 j 1,408,645 | ""235^256*! 190,214 i 449,435 i 1,279,829! 632,471; 672,210 j 2,394,514 | 135,290 i. 930,994: 4,587,068 i 2,360,041 I 1,875,479! 91,481 j. 5 29,426! 2,924,205 | 246,284 L 14,006,185! 9,076,439 6,783,312! 2,854.323 '.. 5,363,918 | 569,822 ;. 569,604 2,997,103 i 1,488,411! 2,401,191 j 1,885,486 186,392 9,978,961 478,388 719,595 106,904 I 1,430,812! 319,019 j 641,676 764,203 20,605 513,333 132,646 141,028 207,778 i S2, $92 160,154 128,680 125,243 47,690 ; Per cent of total. Indi- Cox- AU vid- pora-; oth- uals. tions. ers. 7.5 9.0 85.9 83.0 17.3 81.2 1.3 9.6 3.9 95,915 I 14.1 i! 58.9 152,004 || 199,674 J 16.3 !| 18.7 2,369,090 ij 6.8 391,887 | 4.2 1,125,771 ! 2.7 !| 16.2 216,212 i 1.9 274,990 9,454,447 6,212,910 1,973,851 * 3 08, 550 44,196 62,374 325,726 349,460 498.819 6S; 173 * 26,665 110,413 ! 23.1 I 19.2 5.2 14.7 18.3 2.5 25.9 12.3 30,149,117 1,568,628 240,472 39,933,828 564,402 63,571 2,073,087 3,250,899 1,072,120 2,093,613! 223,294 1,320,542 605,570 1,351,249 * 110,501 38,205 2,477,480 272,260 67,906 151,469 51,296 131,352 1,544,384 I 105,536 2,275,260 L. 841,677! 191,151 111,959 i. 29d,SSl I * 15,480 22,1 40.9 4.4 14.5 19.7 23.1 18.3 LS 18.7 7.4 1.8 16.7 42.6 77.5; 18.7 1 86.7 | 88.0 i 94.2 j 81.8; 4L1! 16.2' 78.3 81.3! 79.7: 91.9: 83.5 83.8 94.3 76.9 80.9 93.4 1 81.9 j 71.9 | 82.2! 20.1 87.1 94.9 67.5 59.1 93.4 70.5 61.5 ilOO.0 93.7 93.4 62.4 91.1 48.8 100.0 74.4 7S.0 93.7 76.5 86.6 98.2 67.8 ! 57.4 I 95.0 6.6 8.0 5.2 12.0 2.4 1.9 4.2 'si's 5.3 13.5 4.0 13.9 1.4 3.4 9.8 15,2 53.9 0.6 5.1 10.4 2.2 15.0 18.9 4.2 6.6 5.6 23.6 2,4 3.6 4.5 4.8 5.9 15*4 'Y6 i Includes the group "All others." * Includes the group "Individuals." s Includes the groups "Individuals" and "All others." Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. Primary power, total Owned Steam Engines. Turbines Internal-combustion engines.. Water wheels, turbines, and motors NUMBER OF ENGINES OB MOTORS. 1919 6,587 3,179 2,769 2,727 42 409 1914 6,583 4,671 4,064 4,064 591 16 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 405,746 299,311 281,815 277,574 4,241 17,456 40 1914 442,813 377,785 357,285 357,285 20,145 355 Percent distribution. 1919 1914 100.0 100.0 73.8 85.3 69.5 80.7 68.4 80.7 1.0 4.3 4.5 0) 0.1 Primary power—Continued. Rented Electric Other Electric Rented Generated by establishments re- porting NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 3,408 3,40S 4,S38 3,408 1,430 1914 1,912 1,912 3,090 1,912 1,178 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 106,435 105,846 589 133,354 105,846 27,508 1914 65,028 64,695 333 88,406 64,695 23,711 Per cent distribution. 1919 26.2 26.1 0.1 100.0 79.4 20.6 1914 14.7 14.6 0.1 100.0 73.2 26. S i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 798 MANUFACTURES. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. Anthra- cite i (ton, 2,240 pounds) United States:! 1919 !128,252 1914 ;246,138 Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California. Colorado.. Connecticut. Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Micnigan Minnesota 100 431 650 300 4,949 20 178 4,956 94 635 Bitumi- nous (ton, 2,000 pounds). 6,894,745 8,566,947 125,617 2,290 2,398 5,432 83,076 13,077 4,956 20 141,231 5, 889 745,465 506,237 336,750 88,392 234,710 909 5, 516 88,526 16, 614 82,933 67,212 Coke (ton 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils , (barrels).] 34,510 1,290,682 19,250 65,375 ,1,849,583 (2) 1,321 Gasoline and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 10 237 100 10 3,531 1,918 411,306 22 240 4,422 2,069 1,002 ISO 416 168 78 30 300 30 166 153, 405 6,036 9,100 10, 474 300 51,930 156 114,122 65 2 192 1 533 1 69 146 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 10,009,521 15,472,771 953,681 407,969 3,171 583 , 3,429! 7,600 670 30 90 13 183 253 1,154, 527 308,261 65,228 Mississippi.. Missouri Montana., Nebraska , New Hampshire., New Jersey New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee... Texas Utah Virginia Washington. West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wyoming All other states. Anthra- cite i (ton, 2,240 pounds). 250 885 130 812 20,258 48,058 1,200 2, 453 36,426 2, 403 70 254 1,050 Bitumi- nous (ton, 2,000 pounds). 26,426 395,175 14, 931 27,970 3,937 199,878 117,713 77,833 15,165 1, 493, 487 27, 5S7 3,016 1,429,426 29,186 2,789 131, 686 30,725 28, 573 109, 420 54, 269 86,159 25,768 1,678 4,698 Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). Gasoline and other Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Fuel oils (barrels). volatile oils (bar- rels). 616 168 119,624 12 115 1 121 76 3,055 380 351 26 3,700 1,488 1,205 8,397 4,086 300 262 4,238 16 12 14,656 947 7,742 2,064 886,210 1,964,706 11,138 942 378 5 1,164 1,515 2,367,663 629 2 2, 872 6, 944 345,670 22 146 925,536 1,370 85 1,150 174 39 6 2 929,973 2,181 1,235 75 8,800 7,133 12,124 105 20,000 2 1 Includes some semianthracite. a Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS Products.—Table 12 presents comparative sta- tistics for products, by kind and states, for 1919 and 1914. The total value of products here given, from the reports of the Geological Survey, is not strictly comparable with the value of products for the industry as reported by the census in other tables. The latter includes all products of the establish- ments irrespective of their character, and the former includes production by establishments engaged pri- marily in other lines of manufacture. Table 12.—PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. [Reported by the Geological Survey.] Total value. Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California.. Colorado... Connecticut and Rhode Is- land Delaware and District of Co- lumbia. Florida G eorgia Idaho and Nevada Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana Maine . Maryland...... Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi. Missouri Montana... Nebraska... New Hampshire and Vermont New Jersey New Mexico... . New York North Carolina 1919 Quantity. Value. §208,403,514 3,077,766 18$,034 1,229,296 4,922,739 2,680,277 2,350,329 284,429 185,135 3,772,632 310,192 16,473,770 10,441,902 8,107,601 3,426,002 5,501,070 759,386 612,562 2,247,092 1,940,825 3,699,929 2,287,906 934,827 11,016,333 462,875 1,038,668 712,551 10,228,430 234,218 8,835,231 3,238,249 1914 Quantity. Value. $129,582,848 1,557,481 156,167 432,586 4,116,358 1,082,685 1,229,037 303,584 240,094 2,242,073 110,864 12,538,374 6,503,207 6,368,995 1,905,961 2,286,980 422,062 914,808 1,640,-017 1,462,453 2,434,872 1,944,886 . 515,797 6,074,340 440,519 640,955 473,913 8,353,296 205,914 6,923,141 1,447,994 North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Utah. Virginia Washington... West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming Common brick. Pennsylvania... New York Illinois Ohio North Carolina. Michigan New Jersey. Virginia Connecticut and Ehode Island Georgia Texas Tennessee California Maryland Massachusetts. 1919 Quantity. Thousands. 4,751,881 450,144 479,505 667,714 293,757 187,976 200,352 213,250 165,526 143,280 165,572 155,026 111,776 126,892 88,643 84,003 Value. §303,657 33,771,197 2,190,129 378,963 42,443, 802 1,058,196 73,571 2,882,740 4,357,673 1,143,134 2,724,629 1,766,362 2,711,098 1,203,757 194,350 63,584,748 6,780,052 6,374,979 5,675,936 4,083,877 2,822,813 2,734,503 2,489,876, 2,408,165 2,160,254 2,158,627 2,104,600 1,670,759 1,645,558 1,306,318 1,297,637 1914 Quantity. Thousands. 7,145,809 688,178 908,868 941,343 436,117 183,648 269,154 349,434 187,102 171,289 214,979 182,695 137,406 221,243 146,860 139,632| Value. $266,046 21,815,392 786,314 560,271 20,100,495 557,977 57,711 1,449,120 2,222,240 676,142 1,472,348 1,809,491 1,830,947 943,909 64,942 43,763,554 4,641,269 4,666,037 4,898,698 2,862,109 1,216,180 1,633,216 1,944,806 1,229,356 1,140,842 1,040,557 1,180,586 843,363 1,356,885 1,180,401 1,023,070 BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. 799 Table 12.—PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. [Reported by the Geological Survey.] Common brick—Con. Indiana Oklahoma Alabama Missouri , Arkansas . Wisconsin Iowa South Carolina. Mississippi Nebraska Colorado Louisiana Kansas West Virginia Kentucky Minnesota Washington New Hampshire and Ver- mont Utah Maine Delaware and District of Columbia Oregon Wyoming Idaho and Nevada.. Florida Arizona Montana New Mexico North Dakota. South Dakota., Vitrified brick or block. For paving Ohio Pennsylvania.. Illinois Kansas West Virginia. Indiana New York... Oklahoma... Colorado California.... Other states. Other purposes.. Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania.. New York Oklahoma Indiana Kansas Other states... Face brick.. Pennsylvania.. Ohio.. Illinois Indiana Missouri Texas New Jersey... Kansas Iowa Colorado Tennessee.. Georgia California... Utah Oklahoma. Wisconsin Washington West Virginia , Idaho and Nevada.. New York Other states Fancy or ornamental brick- Colorado, Ohio, Connecti- cut, Virginia, and Kansas.. Enameled brick , California— Other states. 1919 Quantity. Thousands. 102,817 99,697 86,465 82,010 64,465 71,904 66,632 67,331 57,115 62,194 55,357 50,547 62,189 46,079 53,215 56,010 44,436 33,959 29,270 19,536 13,006 13,435 10,581 14,052 16,067 11,744 13,302 13,059 7,672 4,419 489,242 392,526 104,972 62,899 64,184 26,431 29,094 21,700 9,365 9,069 3,405 624 60,883 96,716 20,519 24,060 3,305 8,072 5,148 5,285 6,530 23,799 791,068 190,309 148,747 104,090 67,817 32,278 25,767 24,611 30,429 20,603 16,011 11,533 11,517 7,688 7,790 8,114 6,447 3,528 4,297 2,650 2,709 64,133 2,198 14,166 1,254 12,912 Value. SI, 242,629 1,232,791 1,183,917 1,159,198 952,843 947,124 941,489 935,482 880,014 727,278 723,527 715,779 700,800 704,954 698,114 655,024 627,015 583,636 411,096 322,546 225,346 192,981 189,985 186,522 185,135 174,234 170,959 149,006 85,703 65,667 11,615,144 9,371,763 2,423,685 1,490,893 1,446,240 714,164 712,442 585,922 252,948 209,338 59,455 12,871 1,463,805 2,243,381 712,631 417,995 185,159 167,217 98,995 97,394 94,670 469,320 16,033,059 4,012,728 2,937,282 1,862,407 1,234,009 762,470 659,935 605,764 531,298 449,491 258,669 244,374 208,095 191,162 166,451 145,545 104,444 91,947 86,586 67,068 48,457 I,' 334,877 77,879 846,676 89,052 757,624 1914 Quantity. Thousands. 180,701 74,391 110,731 169,029 58,921 115,056 143,534 89,148 72,978 81,691 33,717 63,768 106,930 68,022 90,124 132,688 51,657 55,206 33,493 39,961 32,501 27,433 4,733 12,638 41,901 15,994 26,732 11,148 16,857 6,178 931,324 931,324 293,381 151,200 157,176 50,707 67,750 42,937 31,240 9,912 (l) 1,800 125,221 8) 810,395 219,923 "188,074 46,995 80,349 27,692 18,450 23,640 31,079 11,183 10,642 18,594 7,475 10,759 14,742 2,729 5,319 2,354 5,810 76,198 Value. $1,061,935 374,774 638,666 1,157,852 378,395 799,109 1,067,746 505,839 460,311 519,991 211,037 387,517 486.854 450,242 594,514 883,791 351,565 443,913 270,564 311,924 259,079 210,298 50,656 101,410 230,377 139,324 270,738 94,570 140,784 52,404 12,500,866 8 9,289,623 2,402,361 1,944,486 506,984 799,520 411,193 249,611 377,779 271,104 148,394 133,068 190,893 77,721 226,268 189,131 25,641 78,766 109,197 37,114 59,039 1,051,353 1,199,485 (s) 12,500,866 3,682,230 2,052,676 2,086,344 594,229 899,215 576,892 515,672 127,792 0) 39,705 1,926,111 (*) Drain tile. Iowa . Ohio Indiana.. Illinois Michigan. Minnesota. Utah Wisconsin. Tennessee. 1919 Quantity. New York,. Kentucky.. Missouri Colorado California Washington Oregon New Jersey Delaware and District of Columbia Pennsylvania West Virginia Other stat es Sewer pipe. Ohio Missouri Pennsylvania.. Georgia Indiana Iowa Illinois California Texas Washington. New York. Delaware and District of Columbia Other states Architectural terra cotta.. New Jersey New York Missouri California. Pennsylvania- Washington. Colorado Indiana Other states. Hollow building tile or block. Ohio Iowa Illinois New Jersey. Indiana Pennsylvania.. Minnesota Kansas California Texas Missouri.. Alabama.. Nebraska. New York... Washington. Montana Oregon Colorado West Virginia., Tennessee Other states... Tile (not drain).. Roofing Kansas California Other states. Tons. 1,241,168 $10,945,943 335,587 246,158 249,360 154,194 68,967 3,127,378 2,042,452 1,885,218 1,203,586 737,124 32,114 10,775 17,527 11,767 347,082 179,320 143,S99 128,961 11,269 17,265 10,218 8,669 113.859 10S,854 90,163 90,000 6,053 7,291 4,119 1,703 76,4S0 57,509 41,527 15,108 1,074 1,005 370 45.6S3 9,509 8,005 3,587 536,322 1,155,131 16,754,832 481,219 142,035 115,15 2 62,372 69,13S 6,198,589 2,086,278 1,296,815 927,467 918,845 43,698 47,833 33,106 27,796 IS, 823 902,008 824,002 671, S51 584,774 430,19S 2,900 58,000 0) C1) 111,056 Squares. 94,148 20,636 7,061 66,451 Value. 1,104,715 629,213 391,032 356,474 255,915 118,274 SO, 648 41,320 1,010,591 1,856,005 3,988,182 2,329,217 17,964,573 664,744 294,335 267,608 173,933 199,922 4,755,610 2,475,291 1,820,325 1,623,628 1,555,859 175,780 70,300 60,873 54,166 1,247,311 527,241 501,06S 444,299 45,6S0 44,869 31,706 38,025 438,601 361,555 293,111 275,796 20, S56 15,114 18,457 11,645 162,425 136,609 113,063 107,750 22,5S6 5,485 2,641 110,486 100,641 36,135 27,795 960,460 S, 137,452 1,283,901 315,593 154,035 814,273 1914 Quantity. Value. Terns. $8,522.039 3,180,836 1,589,565 1,332", 002 1,041,927 421,941 143,194 25,911 60,924 48,551 66,217 51,645 I43i 245 53,971 30,284 48,750 68,115 31,043 14,730 3,733 165,455 14,014,767 4,691,719 1,236,236 940,384 647,733 586,683 558,751 743,986 959,193 0) 462,898 C1) 3,187,184 6,087,652 1,620,791 889,468 478,006 535,735 362,348 220,788 (l) C1) 1,980,516 8,385,337 2,200,544 1,083,397 567,266 1,599,295 823,462 494,175 123,911 88,427 223,071 145,830 168,053 67,5S6 161,725 127,371 0) 38,353 472,871 5,705,583 1 Included In "Other states.'1 * Not reported separately; included above. 800 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. [Reported by the Geological Survey.] Tile (not drain)—Con. Floor Ohio New Jersey Indiana California Other states Ceramic mosaic.. Ohio New Jersey Indiana California Other states... Faience Ohio New Jersey.. California Indiana Other states. Wall Ohio New Jersey.. Indiana California Other states. Stove lining., Massachusetts. Pennsylvania.. Maryland Missouri Washington... Other states... Fire brick. Pennsylvania.. Missouri Ohio Kentucky New Jersey New York California Illinois Maryland West Virginia.. Colorado.. Alabama., Texas Indiana.. 1919 Quantity. Sq.ft. 7,790,967 2,298,344 1,469,765 982.655 187,605 2,852,598 7,471,767 2,258,018 2,224,840 968,350 389,918 1,630,641 1,550,121 729, 717 321,102 76,717 62,000 360,585 7,495,618 2,450,396 1,988,266 1,327,476 266,630 1,462,850 Thousands. 963,439 394,154 126,574 154,922 100,165 28,716 10,595 19,664 19,269 15,256 31,861 14,908 10,162 7,009 6,318 Value. $1,535,287 570,627 310,370 215,582 53,215 385,493 1,824,372 565,220 542,538 242,087 95,649 378,878 881,241 461,048 174,338 48,849 32,240 164,766 2,612,651 833,013 652,205 500,815 139,480 487,138 683,844 208,979 165,530 35,925 13,774 3,472 256,164 38,015,792 16,236,155 5,121,077 4,958,219 3,841,458 2,018,624 782,009 743,117 732,114 671,532 624,080 483,517 373,836 199,820 194,046 1914 Quantity. Sq.fi. Thousands. 816,784 298,183 76,177 102,735 58,780 34,545 7,797 13,560 15,416 12,448 17,796 10,606 8,721 4,860 3,723 Value. $520,585 159,924 129,419 21,393 C1) 209,849 16,427,547 5,774,677 1,554,431 1,833,740 1,075,158 897,442 321,048 358,526 274,106 243,043 146,668 209,368 167,021 82,838 93,900 Fire brick—Con. Washington... Massachusetts. Georgia.. .. Michigan...... Tennessee... Montana New Mexico. Other states. Silica brick. Pennsylvania.. Washington... Other states... All other brick and tile products Pennsylvania.. Ohio Indiana Oklahoma Illinois Missouri California New Jersey Texas West Virginia.. Kansas.... Arkansas.. Colorado... Minnesota. New York.. Michigan.. Maine Tennessee.. Kentucky... Washington. Iowa Maryland.... 1919 Quantity. Thousands. 3,889 1,585 4,030 1,242 2,348 938 1,056 8,788 211,420 160,058 443 50,919 Georgia Louisiana Massachusetts. Other states... Value. $153,170 95,S98 91,411 89,147 64,029 46,412 34,931 461,190 10,914,898 7,842,316 30,172 3,042,410 8,840,492 2,396,609 2,299,054 821,339 503,460 493,721 274,975 289,179 245,171 241,922 214,679 210,021 152,577 141,946 92,053 75,150 47,481 43,656 4,260 36,055 31,975 29,165 27,319 27,257 20,259 34,521 1914 Quantity. Thousands. 1,054 2,084 1,087 1,226 145,986 (2) (*) (2) i Included in "Other states." 2 Not reported separately. BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. 801 GENERAL TABLES. Table 13 gives the comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products, for the cen- sus years 1919 and 1914. Table 14 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 13.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Delaware Florida G eorgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of] estab- lish- ments 2,414 3,239 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 144 219 151 218 113 158 76,915 100,182 1,359 1,599 99 96 3.54 395 1,747 2,387 812 561 85 159 156 222 1,617 1,875 109 73 5,627 7,151 3.64S 4,689 2,452 3,163 1,136 1,216 2,349 2,234 434 583 254 467 1/207 1,721 739 1,124 852 1,719 472 551 4,469 5,188 Cost of J Value of Primary1 Wa?es-! ^f6" i Pr^" < horse- !nals- ! ucts-' power. Expressed In thousands. ! Cen- • sus iyear. !Num- Wage iiVtrz, earners oer of /avpr ie3teb- alp rJ^ iments ber). Cost of Valueof Primary :™?ff \ P™*" horse- power. rials. .Expressed in thousands. 405,746 442,513 $78,256 54,907 $67,4.88 42,723 $208,423 135,921 6,016 6,373! 2,052' 2,323! 11,557 12,453 4,595 3,559: 661! 767; 805 j 1,320 , 9,573 , 9,741; 764; 763; 40,098 i 42,397 20,883 | 28,643 I 18,335' 20,081 8,472! 7,239! 7,807 7,297 1,881 2,389 1,186 1,277 6,147 6,25S 3,026 3,378 6,047 9,794 5,224 7,664 1,702 2,435 15,132 14,747 102 71 . 369 161 1,884 1,704 864 376 71 I 84 I 1,194 I 739; 132 44 6,502 5,219 i 3,519! 2,647 | ! 2,994' j 2,169 1,222 I 723 | 2,002 I 860 j 337 j 171! 278 i 30S I i 1,099! 720! S16 i 680 i 1,181 | 960! 834! 764 | 365 j 193! 4,486 j 2,771 1,034 560 56 39 308 126 1,824 1,355 774 396 73 47 54 04 1,277 S2S 4,S30 3,601 3,437 2,316 | 2,639 j 2,021 ! 1,199 635 2,004 730 207 114 259 316 1,113 '498 524 417 SIS 836 S09 749 292 1SS 3,918 1,995 3,088' 1,622; 1SS 176 1,074 461: 5,211; 4,319 2,505 1,127 223; 173 i 181 2SS 3,734 , 2,394' 303 95 17, .564 12,434 9, SSI 7,218: 8,127 6,400 j 3,407' 1,953 5,686 2,203 741 396 704 741 3,207 1,645 1,818 1,459 3,339 2,474 2,293 2,152 925 513 11, '156 6,509 Montana I j 1914 Nebraska !™™ New Hampshire j ^ New Jersey' New York !}JJJ North Carolina j ^19 North Dakota | j 1914 ; »» Oklahoma; « j Pennsylvania I J*j}9 , 1914 South Carolina j South Dakota }9J? ; lyl4: Tennessee' T— ;ill! ^ i Sit v» j IfA Washington j 1919 West Virginia j 1919 Wisconsin j 1^ Wyoming ', J919 All other states j 1919 14 17 29 44 67 90 US 171 341 j 450 i 23; 42! 303! 356 i 23 | 31' 70 21 45 | 64 j 145 191 402 489 , 169 345 3,544 7,786 1 3,246 , 5,776 , 1,338 1.601 140 171 12.060! 16,238; 628 j 402 152 382; 15rS97 17,412 , 566 696 23 26: 1,265 1,640 1,663' 1,765 440 , 438 1 1,331 1,663; 664; 962 1,032 ,. 1,451 414 S2S; 46 47 974 1,485 2,139 1,488 . 2.631 3,577 4.56 641 17,523 19,103 20,228 26,467 6,503 7.959 901; 1,72S; 63,763! 67,161: 4,452! 3,231 j 1,166 i 2,894' 69,211 69,310 i 2.107' 2,950 , 244 j 265 4,377! 4,892 1 9,093 S,73S; 1,467! 2,646 3,967 | 5,852! 5,291' 5,404; 8,649! 7,245 j 3,807 3; 821; 1 644' 187 j 4,986 i 6,056: S194 183 , 479: 303 208 192 . 3,8,59 3,984 3,m 3,009: 1,045 •502 157 101 12,931' 9,798 -: 5SI 217 165 201 16,155 8, .869 3S7 2O0 23 15 983 704 1,336' 778 416 . 280; 1,085 , 614 ( 789 I 626! 1,053 i 1,088 1 397 j 417 i 74 i 26 j 1,113! 778 j 8200! 150 j 240! 169 j 105 114 2,778 \ 2,423 j 2,240 1.774 i I 1,006 j '493 j 81 I 59 j 9,961 j 7,20S! 643! 129! 92; 165 j 16,512 j 8,032 i 457 23S I 21 j 16 j SS2 I 505 1,334 j 916' i 244 \ 123 j 850: 513! 555 i 529; 563; 390 j 301! 549 40S $505 474 1,065 644 465 417 10,127 8,826 8, S13 6,267 3,212 1,507 309 270 32,173 23,376 1,679 496 388 521 43,842 22,731 1,156 579 64 38 2,783 1,633 4,167 2,316 1,144 625 2,738 1,493 1,783 2,027 2,316 1,977 1,241 1,114 195 55 2,605 1,778 111367—23- -51 802 MANUFACTURES. Table 14.—DETAILED STATEMENT, i Num- i ber of : estab- ; lish- !nients.| United States j 2,414 Alabama I 42 Arizona | 13 Arkansas I 21 California I 60 Colorado !43 Connecticut j 30 Delaware 11 Florida !11 Georgia i 47 Idaho !12 Illinois 144 Indiana j 151 Iowa 113 Kansas ----- 29 Kentucky • • • 47 Louisiana 18 Maine 19 Maryland 30 Massachusetts ;35 Michigan !48 Minnesota ■ 34 Mississippi j 28 Missouri i 65 Montana ;14 Nebraska ;29 New Hampshire 9 New Jersey j 67 New York I 118 North Carolina :95 North Dakota ;5 Ohio \ 341 Oklahoma \ 22 Oregon ;23 Pennsylvania ;303 South Carolina 23 South Dakota j 3 Tennessee :46 Texas 58 Utah I 21 Virginia ;45 Washington 35 West Virginia i 36 Wisconsin !50 Wyoming 10 All other states * 10 Total. 86,503 1,493 113 413 1,994 929 945 101 182 1,803 130 6,471 4,132 2,S54 1,267 2,596 506 300 1,341 830 972 929 547 5,017 180 487 197 3,963 3,620 1,540 152 13,548 705 187 17,438 625 29 1,424 1,905 505 1,471 771 1,151 512 60 168 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 1,649 17 22 7 110 111 97 8 29 10 12 12 18 43 27 37 29 9 39 25 80 102 3 239 7 22 144 21 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tond- ents, and man- 4,350 67 2 29 112 55 9 103 399 211 167 60 128 2S 20 75 45 48 54 33 186 16 34 13 198 187 84 615 38 11 738 32 4 64 125 29 72 59 67 32 4 15 Clerks, etc. Male. 42 3 237 112 106 43 58 22 9 29 19 14 32 1 248 6 130 68 13 1 404 23 1 467 4 2 41 71 5 19 19 26 6 2 1 Fe- male. 50 32 20 32 12 5 18 9 15 17 4 85 1 3 3 66 39 3 2 230 9 1 192 2 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 76,915 1,359 99 354 1,747 812 835 as 156 1,617 109 5,627 3,648 2,452 1,136 2,349 434 254 1,207 739 S52 799 472 4,469 145 402 169 3,544 3,246 1,338 140 12,060 628 152 15,897 566 23 1,265 1,663 440 1,331 664 1,032 414 46 139 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Au 90,929 Oc Au De Au 1,427 149 476 2,124 1,066 Jy 1,149 Je 123 Oc 3 169 Oc 1,872 Je 184 Oc Se Au Au Se Se Au Au Au Je 7,443 4,495 3,199 1,409 2,747 549 409 1,400 1,116 1,082 My Oc {J Au Jy Se Au Au Se Se Je Au Au Au Se I7 Je Je Au 1,150 Au 612 Oc 5,292 Jy 261 Au 627 335 4,429 4,606 1,799 208 13,817 758 275 17,046 733 39 1,679 2,059 594 1,663 1,198 738 77 Minimum month. Fe 55,8 Ap 1,296 Ja 35 Ja 167 Ja 1,218 Ja 465 Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe Fe Ja Ja Mh Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Ja Fe Fe Ja Ja3 393 40 139 1,217 43 3,239 2,448 1,104 630 1,981 209 108 943 326 498 348 335 3,452 68 100 42 2,190 1,264 752 114 Ja 9,433 Ja 346 Ja 27 Mh 14,637 Fe 402 Ja a Fe Ja Ja Ja Fo Ja a Ja Fo 3 811 1,079 261 386 788 94 5 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 88,099 1,489 128 444 2,287 931 825 124 155 1,855 116 6,932 4,2S6 2,768 1,324 2,389 555 290 1,308 899 973 1,041 606 4,947 155 543 163 4,358 4,045 1,718 114 13,230 716 285 17,034 27 1,526 1,900 474 1,592 821 1,164 661 105 207 16 and over. Male. 86,289 1,474 128 441 2,232 924 820 124 154 1,839 116 6,917 4,096 2,758 1,322 2,321 .543 290 1,285 890 963 1,018 588 4,934 154 536 160 4,075 4,031 1,670 102 12,672 715 281 16,769 581 27 1,508 1,891 466 1,592 815 1,107 651 103 206 Fe- male. 1,290 179 3 2 48 Under 16. Male. 20 1 1 1 266 14 497 1 1 126 1 61 3 133 7 Fe- male! 1 Includes water wheels and turbines urrespeetive of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). « Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). BRICK AND TILE, TERRA-COTTA, AND FIRE-CLAY PRODUCTS. 803 BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Dollars. 10,989,977 153,910 1.200 78,185 316,701 112,668 160,158 9,480 9,677 289,669 23,555 1,057,112 417,252 365,455 163,382 333,909 61,485 42,205 171,034 105,330 159*029 124,810 55,745 579,731 36,064 90,603 34,290 533,370 452,441 185,596 12,650 1,583,812 109,260 23.689 2,052,499 77,453 5,740 125,643 255,397 75,254 166,940 133,486 144,123 58,325 8,600 33,060 Clerks, etc. Dollars. 4,850,930 49,431 16,154 160,714 34,635 31,538 260 84,924 4,846 459,003 235,505 184,193 81,310 144,295 16,287 15,189 45,789 40,079 36,256 55,333 14 418 440,051 15,339 16,795 13,481 282,958 121,060 11,884 5,617 804,322 37,936 2,969 1,019,954 5,690 720 67,089 121,330 10,949 35,691 34,805 67,040 17,706 3,365 4,020 Wage earners. Dollars. 78,256,085 973,824 101,530 369,039 1,884,457 863,878 989,102 97,870 71,304 1,193,593 132,221 6,502,174 3,519,367 2,994,261 1,222,475 2,002,074 336,825 277,655 1,099,219 815,617 1,180,743 834,062 364,947 4,485,883 194,459 479,068 207,631 3,859,313 3,503,190 1,044,585 156,566 12,931,241 580,875 105,424 16,155,084 386,726 22,627 983,038 1,335,884 415,586 1,086,271 789,328 1,052,811 396,972 74,468 123,818 For con- tract work. Dollars. 528,613 8,500 130 10,045 47,790 5,164 1,200 8,976 17,604 48,448 25,489 8,144 200 1,200 329 54,550 9,010 73 1,125 393 6,022 44,721 4,000 2,133 97,632 1,983 69,950 100 12,164 18,190 422 2,650 1,250 "i9,"026" Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. ! Principal I materials. i Fuel and rent of power. „ Value of |J products. Dollars. Dollars. 425,078 |4,808,971 4,022 450 300 8,206 5,992 8,029 1,520 1,270 1,479 1,471 20,755 8.569 21,766 2,480 600 9,830 642 2,011 21,741 3,619 8,000 160 12,470 1,135 4,425 4,609 49,013 64,491 5,614 10,675 38,430 365 180 70,986 3,200 1,215 3,139 2,673 1,985 7,450 967 7,208 1,236 700 37,181 1,093 18,625 105,892 55,243 43,618 1,524 1,648 99,506 1,768 337,817 244,236 97,465 70,237 169,776 29,539 16,497 55,272 35,972 87,031 5L682 10,055 269,320 13,212 22,698 4,300 269,447 173,411 91,894 6,448 863,983 29,189 9,242 1,040,786 16,382 444 88,991 173,868 17,614 47,230 39,066 31,573 17,428 2,119 8,651 Dollars. | Dollars. 33,084,160 34,403,953 450,078 9,795 124,541 895,402 388,856 178,514 34,848 11,971 480,563 23,664 1,905,904 1,805,657 945,135 410,879 1,155,238 39,245 134,591 686,971 234,461 189,406 306,206 116,570 2,211,031 115,608 78,579 19,850 1,631,337 1,194,799 287,129 21,513 Primary horsepower. Value added by manufac- ture. Owned. Total. Dollars. I Dollars. .. 208,422,920 140,934,807 j405,746 583,769 45,848 183,894 929,049 384,937 284,979 38,004 42,046 796,506 47,866 2,923,932 i 1,631,311' 1,694,077 7S7,948 167,475 124,235 425,566 290,027 628,508 503,112 175,222 1,707,005 !j 84,314 161,892 85,554 1,146,904 1,044,664 718,495 59,707 4,577,945 5,382,726 235,176 408,264 26,581 I 65,139 10,164,224 174,415 1,500 365,867 428,738 110,743 268,381 185,384 307,777 125,218 3,133 20,737 6,347,407 282,717 19,427 516,085 905,316 133,501 582,106 369,834 477,600 264,436 39,278 64,459 3,088,485 188,034 1,073,969 5,211,390 2,504,658 2,294,001 222,740 181,430 3.733,823 302,987 17,564,017 9,880,579 8,127,157 3,407,019 5,6S6,473 740,610 704,484 3,207,465 1,817,512 3,339,381 2,293,396 925,222 11,455,779 505,053 1,065,264 465,204! 10,127,176! 8,813,281 1 3,211,892' 30S,550 j 2,054,638 Si 132,391 ij 765,534 j! 3,386,939 |! 1,730,865 j 1,830,508! 149,888 i 127,413!! 2,456,754! 231,457 i| 12,734,181 6,443,611 5,487,945 2,208,192 3,682,426 533,890 445,658 2,094,928 1,293,024 2,521,467 1,484,078 633,430 7,537,743 305,131 824,793 359,800 7,348,935 i| 6,573,818 2,206,268 227,330 6,016 17S 2,052 11,557 4,595 3,814 661 805 9,573 764 ! Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 277,574 Steam tur- bines. 1,927 3,550 3,180 1,570 536 617 5,202 60 jl 40,098 !| 28,913 1 20,883 |l 16,225 32,172,576 ! 22,211,905 1,679,129 i 1,035,686 385,581; 293,861 43,842,120 ; 27,330,489 1,155,6S1 698,549 63,571 2,782,669 4,166,571 1,144,021 2,738,298 1 1,782,566 | 2,316,288! 1,240.606 I 194,851 I 311,361 j 42,644 1,900,717 2,832,517 899,777 1,887,811 1,227,348 1,530,911 850,952 152,440 226,165 18,335' 8,472' 7,807 , 1,881! 1,186; 6,147 j 3,026 i 6,047 | 5,224 j 1,702' 15,132 j 2,139 2,631 | 456! 17,523 20,228 6,503 901 63,763 4,452 1,166 69,211 2,107 244 4,377 9,093 1,467 3,967 5,291 8,649 3,807 644 1,172 10,823 4,147 6,991 1,411 675 4,547 1,492 5,884 3,270 1,6S0 12,027 360 2,031 315 12,897 15,695 4,871 600 49,023 3,460 556 37,576 1,660 215 3,700 8,001 45 3,551 3,384 6,934 2,510 160 935 4,241 4,318 60 150 120 363 280 150 260 100 370 80 125 300 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. ! 17,456 ter! €*3- pow er.1 40 ♦332 207 451 1,481 72 83 38 69 90 67 22 210 135 41 45S 910 150 1 390 i 4,003 ! 503 10 1,395 ! 5,673 21 4 29 206 40 Flee-: trie horse- power gener- ated in !; estab- ; lish- i ments •report- ing. 106,435 ;27,50S 1,621 178 40 7,765 1,405 2,162 125 4,320 j 704 10,490 4,451 6,781 1,694 4S4 287 473 1,600 1,465 73 1,517 2,S95 1,779 385 3,623 1,357 10,347 489 600 24,567 426 25 635 881 1,422 356 1,897 1.033 1,178 ! 482 ! 235 222 76 10 111 30 4,745 994 586 150 2,513 20 686 10 15 7 545 2,288 65 2,179 1,125 5,818 1,005 20 2,705 i 37 143 ! 38 250 i 39 215 40 40 j 41 390 I 42 460 ! 43 S5 j 44 ! 45 I 46 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. * All other states embrace: District of Columbia, 2 establishments; Nevada, 1; New Mexico, 6; and Vermont, 1. POTTERY. GENERAL £ General character of the industry.—This branch of the clay products industries embraces the establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of pottery, comprising stoneware, earthenware, porcelain ware, china of various kinds, sanitary earthenware, and allied products. The general statistics for the in- dustry in 1919 and 1914 have been given in Table 2 in comparison with those for the brick and tile branch of the clay products industries. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 15 shows the number of wage earners, value of prod- ucts, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to the value of products in 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 16 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 26. Figures for 1909 are not given in Table 16 on account of a change in the basis of segregation of the pottery and of the brick and tile establishments, though given in Table 4 for the brick and tile industry. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 17, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. The wage earners include a considerable proportion of females, namely, 25.4 per cent in 1919 for the industry as a whole. In the leading states, those employing more than 500 wage earners, the percentage of female wage earners employed ranged from 13.1 per cent in Indiana to 41.2 per cent in Michigan. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures given in Table 18 show that the movement toward shorter hours of labor per week is not as marked as in the other branch of the clay products industries. In 1919 the number of wage earners employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 and over constitute 11.2 per cent of the total number, compared with 10 per cent in 1914; and 25.3 per cent of the total number in 1919 were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor were 48 per week or less as compared with 23.2 per cent in 1914. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The pottery industry, Table 19, is one of larger units than the brick and tile branch, the average number of wage earners per establishment being 82 in 1919 and 76 in 1914. In 1919 the establishments employing over 250 wage earners reported 33 per cent of the total number, and in 1914, 42 per cent. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The classification by value of products, as shown in Table 20, necessarily reflects the general increase in value. The average value of products per establishment in- creased from $106,000 in 1914 to $220,000 in 1919, but this increase is essentially due to high prices, and hence the changes from lower to higher groups. Character of ownership.—Table 21 presents the sta- tistics for establishments classified according to form of ownership. The "Corporations" group employed 93.7 per cent of the wage earners in 1919 and 94.4 per cent in 1914, and reported 94.8 per cent of the products for both 1919 and 1914. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 22 presents the power statistics for the industry. Electric power is employed quite extensively, either purchased or generated at the plants. Of the total primary power, 48.6 per cent was utilized as electric power in 1919, this including electric motor equipment operated with purchased current, specified as rented, and secondary or that generated by the establishment. In 1914 the total ratio of electric power to primary power, was 28.4 per cent, and in 1909, 9.7 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 23 presents the statistics for fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas. (804) POTTERY. 805 Table 15.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States Ohio New Jersey. West Viri— New Yorl Pennsylvania- Indiana.. , Michigan , Illinois California Maryland WAGE EARNERS. 2-° ZB 2 ^-3 27,934 100.0 11,339 j 5,717 3,445 I 1,8-58 1,868! 747' 708 i 652! 296: 246 j 40.6 20.5 12.3 6.7 6.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 1.1 0.9 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. $74,919 100.0 28,675' 16,226 i 10,112 4,726 j 4,565 i 2,624 2,113 j 1,852; 849; 497 38,3 21.7 13.5 6.3 6.1 3.5 2.8 2.5 1.1 0.7 VALUE ADDED BY ! MANUFACTURE. WAGE EARNERS. !| j j$54,125 100.0 ... j Massachusetts , 8 !j ===== ! Kentucky !5 36. 3 1 1 'Colorado.* , 5 l\ 23,4 I 2 j Texas 10 \\ 13.1! 3 j Alabama 10 ij 6.7 4 Washington 3 ,' 5.9 5; i ■! h Mississippi 4 |; 3.4 i 6 I Georgia 15 ;i 2.9' 7 .: North Carolina '10 I 2.7 8 :j South Carolina 3! 1.1 10 ,; All other states 23 0.7 11 ij: 19,663 12,645 7,074 3,644 3,212 1,846 1, 571 1,463' 591 3-50 I VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY j MANUFACTURE. ^55: g 149 0.5 13 $368; 0.5 12; $255 0.5 13 105 i 0.4 15 208 0.3 15: 140 0.3 16 95 0.3 16 200 , 0.3 16 , 166 0.3 15 40 i 0.2 17! 99 0.1 17 72 0.1 17 8 Cl) 26 33; 0.1 21; 26 0.1 21 10; C1) 24^ 23' 0) 23 | IS C1) 23 11 23 25 1 C1) 24 '1 15 a) 26 8 27 22 j 0) 25: 17 c1) 24 7 1 0) 29 I 15 (l) 29 , 12 (1) 29 5 1 a) 31 13 C1) 31; 8 i (l) 32 620 2.2 1,669 2.2 ■; 1,337 2.5 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 16.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. All classes.. 1919 1914 Proprietors and officials 1919 1 1914 Cen- sus year. Total. Male. i Fe- 'male. 30,692 I 22,925 I 7,767 28,758' 22,238 6,520 1,389 1,004 1,340 966 49 38 Proprietors and firm members— 1919 183 || 172 j 1914 212; 205 Salaried officers of corporations .. 1919 400! 387 i 1914 294 i; 281; Superintendents and managers... 1919 so6 ;| 781: 1914 498 1 480! ;| I PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 74.7 77.3 Fe- male. 25.3 22.7 96.5 96.2 3.5 3.8 94.0 96.7 96. S 95.6 96.9 96.4 6.0 3.3 3.2 4.4 3.1 3.6 : Cen- I sus ; year. Total. Male. Fe- male. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. 1919 i 1914! 1,369 i 1,049 1 745 695 20,837 20,577 PER CENT OF TOTAL Male. 621 354 ',097 1,128: Wage earners ^ average number). 1919 27,934 > ! 1914 26,705 16 years of age and over I 1919 . 27,584 20,608 6,976 ; 1914 j 26,424 20,411 6,013 Under 16 years of ago :1919! 350 229 121 i 1914 281 166 115 54.6 j 66.3! 74.6 . 77.1 Fe- male. 45.4 33.7 25,4 22.9 74. 7 I 25.3 77.2 22,8 65. 4 34.6 59.1 40.8 Table 17.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST RETRESEOTATTVE DAY. Per STATE. em- ployed dur- ing year. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. i! Octo- ber. ! Novem- ber. Decem- ber. cent ; mini- i mum \ is of i maxi- mum. March. April. May. June. 'July. August. United States: r 1 1919 27,934 26,431 £6,106 26,267 26,638 26,909 27,294 28,023 28,689 28,830 29,638 30,041 30,342 86.0 Males 20,837 19,660 19,441 19,557 19, 837 19,970 20,326 21,009 21,455 21,5.53 22,094 22,457 22,685 85.7 Females 7,097 6,771 6,665 6,710 6,801 6,939 6,968 7,014 7,234 7,277 7,544 7,584 7,657 93.6 1914 26,705 26,034 26,732 27,240 27, 301 27,099 26,668 26,565 26,754 26,963 27,188 26,737 26,179 93,6 8 5 5 8 8 8 10 9 9 9 9 9 7 50.0 California 296 306 307 297 2S4 267 S61 286 296 303 309 313 323 80.8 Colorado 95 97 91 96 85 82 86 87 95 96 112 119 94 68.9 8 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 8 9 16 20 14 10,0 652 755 750 756 774 700 651 693 459 462 542 605 677 59.3 Indiana 747 695 706 714 727 726 747 755 795 796 796 699 810 87.3 Kentucky 105 100 97 109 105 104 108 104 112 111 104 102 104 86.6 Maryland 246 255 231 BS8 239 241 257 245 246 246 252 254 258 88.4 Massachusetts 149 139 142 140 1SS 139 150 150 155 155 161 162 157 85,2 Michigan 708 865 721 674 713 748 648 700 658 679 693 673 724 74.9 Mississippi 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 5,717 5,196 4,973 4,953 4,988 5,190 5,431 5,722 6,124 6,214 6,446 6,598 6,764 73.3 1,858 1,671 1,686 1,707 1,790 1,831 1,859 1,894 1,931 1,948 1,966 2,016 1,997 82.9 7 5 5 6 6 7 7 5 10 10 10 7 6 50.0 Ohio 11,339 10,698 10,728 10,926 11,074 1.1,163 11,171 11,301 11,597 11,596 11,894 11,991 11,929 89.2 1,868 1,760 lt75S 1,758 1,819 1,784 1,836 1,897 1,950 1,933 1,998 1,975 1,954 87.7 South Carolina 5 / 1 4 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 1 14,3 40 B$ 27 32 34 37 53 63 54 46 "28 38 47 35. 5 10 2 2 2 / / 14 15 17 17 15 18 16 5.6 3,445 s,m 3,285 3,316 3,313 3,313 3,395 3,421 3,448 3,511 3,604 3,714 3,748 87.3 State* *howing large proportion of Peret. av. is female*. of state. Illinois 108 105 101 99 100 94 101 112 97 97 127 127 136 16.6 98 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 9S 98 98 9S! 13.1 292 400 308 280 301 312 253 273 250 246 312 250 319 | 41.2 1,155 1,065 1,006 1,011 994 1,063 1,108 1,142 1,223 1,221 1,302 1,351 1,374! 20.2 520 498 506 527 536 529 517 515 532 516 538 $36 28.0 Ohio 3,309 3,078 3,112 3,176 3,211 3,269 3,277 3,261 3,382 3,418 3,498 3,528 3,498 29.2 469 428 425 420 454 455 463 4S2 525 500 496 4S9 491 i 25.1 West Virginia 956 91S 937 944 932 931 960 936 935 966 1,001 1,009 1,008 27 8 i 800 MANUFACTURES. Table 18. —AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 '27, 934 1914 26, 705 Alabama.. California. Colorado -. Georgia... Illinois Tndiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan S 296 95 8 652 747 105 246 149 70S IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween: 44 48.1 and 48. 12, 320 752 3,996 10,840 (*) ,6,207 6,S46 Be- tween 48 and 54. 6,320 172 69 1 20 1 S7 477 1 63 26 *4S7 100 10 32 228 Be- j tween1 54 and 60. 2,385 2,142 60. 1,321 2, 5S2 59 145 2 Over 60. Mississippi New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania.. South Carolina. Texas Washington West Virginia.. Total. 11 5,717 1, 858 7 11,339 1, 868 5 40 10 3, 445 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— «i 1 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. fin !°ver 60- j 60. and un- der. 48.1 54. 10 144 321 1 i, 144 7S7 218 2,559 455 922 622 46 1 108 249 6 4 310 2, 895 4,352 733 2,733 919 1,015 214 2 1 4 2 5 33 10 532 1,734 768 61 350 I 1 Includes 48 and under in 1914- s Corresponding figures not available. Table 19.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. United States: , 1919.. 340 I 1914 350 j Alabama 10 I California 10 Colorado 5 i Georgia 1? i Illinois :14 , Indiana j 8 1 Kentucky ;o! Maryland ;4 1 Massachusetts ;8 t Michigan j 6 Mississippi i 4 , New Jersey , 53 . New York.... i 14 , North Carolina i 10 , Ohio 95 j Pennsvlvania ■ 22 | South Carolina 3 | Texas... *2 j Washington - 3 ] West Virginia 18 | 27,934 26,705 296 95 747 105 246 149 708 11 5,717 1,868 7 11,339 1,868 5 40 10 3,445 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. rr. <£> 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 65 99 j 112 232 6 to 20 i 21 to 50 I 51 to 100 wage earners, j wage earners, j wage earners, inclusive. inclusive. ! inclusive. "8 S £2 Is 615: 7.53 I 10 106 58 1,486! 1,454; to © 3,921 2,768 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. ca 2 225 45 116 31 637 136 56 157 60 283 56 90 62 71 1,177 1,672 263 61 74 • 62! 12,590 10,377 10 370 448 '145* "iho 2,670 610 5,082 1,063 ca © 03 rj 5,513 6,093 441 2,605 371 700 Over 1,000 wage earners. SI 2,685 i 3,800 1,012 1,228 551 785 1 i 1,012 i Table 20.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OP ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1919 ! 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1 340' 350 27,934 | 26,705 j $74,919,186 $36,942,606 $54,125,110 $24,911,050 75! 106 39 • 61 71 \ 74 110 , 91 35 , 15 10: 3 61; 167 233 1 573 1,954; 2,909 12,003 j\ on OfiQ 8,522 / *J'uey 5,161 j 2,967 ! 160,589 j 407,757 ! 4,021,309 :/ 30,473,572 !\ 24,530,231 1 15,326,728 223,918 734,247 3,485,938 17,999,418 10,277,906 4,221,179 121,223 265,268 2,825,302 21,797,430 18,003,075 11,112,812 176,782 556,094 2,452,857 } 18,653,265 3,072,052 VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $.500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 ana over... PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes !100-0; Less than $5,000 '22.1 \ $5,000 to $20,000 1 11.5 j $20,000 to $100,000 20.9 1 $100,000 to $500,000 , 32.4 , $600,000 to $1,000,000 10.3 1 $1,000,000 and over 1 2.9 j 100.0 I 30.3 17.4 21.1 26.0 4.3 0.9 100.0 0.2 0.8 7.0 43.0 30.5 18.5 100.0 0.6 2.1 10.9 75.2 11.1 100.0 0.2 0.5 5.4 40.7 32.7 20.5 100,0 0.6 2.0 9.4 48.7 27.8 11.4 100.0 0.2 0.6 5.2 40.3 33.3 20.5 100.0 "o77 2.2 9.8 74. ft 12.3 POTTERY. 807 Table 21.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919. AVERAGE NUMBEK OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. I NUMBER OF E8- 'TABUSHMENTS OWNED BY— In establishments owned by— Indl- Cor- vld- j pora- luals.; tions United States: 1919 1914 96 211 203 Georgia j 9 j Illinois j 4 I 10 Massachusetts j 5 < 3 New Jersey !7 i 42 New York*. I 4 I 10 North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania.. South Carolina. West Virginia.. All oth- ers. Total, i 27,934 26,705 i Indi- vid- uals. 8 652 149 5,717 1,858 7 11,339 1,868 5 3,445 1.044 811 3 44 43 204 20 2 460 176 5 Cor- All pora- i oth- tions. 1 ers. 26,175 25,213 715 681 608 i 106 5,207 1,838! 306 10,656 1,792 '2Y 445" 5 223 Per cent of total. Indi-1 Cor- I All vid- ;pora-1 oth- uals. I tions.! ers. 3.7! 3.0 93.7! 94.4 i 37.5 6.7 28.9 3.6 1.1 93.3 71.1 91.1 98.9! 28.6 | !71.4 4.1 ; 94.0 i 2. 0 4.1 ; 95. 9 | 100.0 100.0 Of establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. Individ- , Corpora- All uals. tions. others. Indi- Cor- ; All vid- pora-, oth- uals. tions.; ers. !$74.919,L86 , $2,342,2.52 $71,011,800 $1,565,134 36,942,606 j; 1,048,272 : 35,005,206 889,128 3.1 2.8 22,361 1,851,898 i 367.590 16,225;650 4,726,063 , 12,296 127,652 107,387 472,222 , 47,007 1,724,246 260,203 15,127.922 4,679; 056: 10,065 55.0 29.2 2.9 1.0 15,400 j 7,198 8,202 28,675,361 \\ 1,000,963 27,185,445 485,953 4.564,656;: 1 181,784' 4,382'. 872 '13,275 j 13,275 10,111,742'! *10,111.742 46.7 3.5 4.0 100.0 94.8 I 2,1 94.8: 2.4 : 45.0 93.1 i 70.8 93.2; 3. 9 99 .0; 53 . 3 94.8 i 1. 7 96.0 I loa'oT.! 1 Includes the group "All others." ^Includes the group ''Individuals." Table 22.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF j HORSEPOWER. | NUMBER OF HORSEPOWER. ENGINES OR' MOTORS. a.v,^.,„+ 1 Percent Amount. , ^^^0^; ENGINES OR •; MOTORS. Amount. ', ^ce^ distribution. POWER. POWER. j 1919 j 1914 1 1919 1914 j 1919 1914 1919 ! 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Primary power, total 1,555: 770 Owned j 293 336 Steam < 242 I 257 Engines !239 257 Turbines j 3 * Internal-combustion engines... 1 49 75 Water wheels, turbines, and I motors i 2 4 29,090 I 22,339 i 100.0 lOu.O 19,728 1 18,509! 18,124 j 385 1,113 106 18,733 17,089 17.0S9 , "i,"509" 135 Primary power- Rented Electric. Other... Continued. 67.8 S3.9 63.6 76.5 62.3 76.5 1.3 i! Electric 3.8 6.8 u Rented i! Generated by establishments re- 0.4 0.6 |i porting ". 1.2S3 1,263 697 11,263 434 I S24 263 434 434 9>3o2 3, 9,312 3", 50 oOti 32,2 f 16.1 604 32 0: 16.1 2 0.2 (i) 14,147 9,312 335 604 1 100.0 1 65.8; 100.0 56.9 4,835: 2,731 I 34.2; 43.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 23.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 1914 Alabama.. California.. Colorado.. Georgia.... Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts. Anthra- j Bitumi- cite ! nous (ton, (ton, 2,240 1 2,000 pounds).; pounds). 34,958 ! 610,562 44,461 j 577,774 468 36 100 2,050 2,534 40 2S,179 36,100 6,900 8,811 2,112 Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). 1.017 7S5 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 1 Gas- oline and other volatile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 40,590 i 1,263 16,645,388 70,903 j j8,348,257 3 1 19,513 j 2 i 1,791 I 22! 84,080 200 15 I 1,083 Michigan .... Mississippi New Jersey New York... North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania... South Carolina.. Texas Washington West Virginia... All other states.. Anthra- I cite (ton, i 2,240 pounds). Bitumi- nous (ton, 2,000 pounds). 28, 078 4.675 S10 863 16,008 300 145.964 36.256 12 225,764 44, SSI 35 L 10 1. ! 260 \\. Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). 28! 2»\869! 100 141 4:0 ! Gas- 1 oline Fuel ! and Gas oils j other (1,000 (bar- ! volatile cubir rels^). j oils 1 (bar- i reis). feet). 6,785 | 5,139 '118 24 I 3,081 |. *4*6ss! 16! 30 i 177 205 37 221 2S 44 1 15 290 49,189 479 648 147 ;3,882,784 315,280 "i7,"406 2,263,364 30,328 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. 808 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 24 presents comparative statistics for products, by kind and states, for 1919 and 1914. The total value of products here given, from the reports of the Geological Survey, is not strictly comparable with the value of products for the industry as reported by the census in other tables. The latter includes all products of the establishments irrespective of their character and the former includes production by establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture. Table 24.—PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. [Reported by the Geological Survey.] Total value. Alabama California Colorado Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Mississippi Missouri New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania.. South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia.. Other states Red earthenware.. Ohio Pennsylvania.. California New Jersey.. Kentucky... Missouri Washington. Texas Georgia Alabama Mississippi North Carolina . Otherstat.es 1919 19U i $77, 857,-762 j $35,398,161 Red and brown, white lined cooking ware—Ohio, West Virginia, and New Jersey, in order named Stoneware (not chemical) and yellow and Rockingham ware Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania.. Kentucky California Texas Alabama North Carolina. 16, 33, 923', 192, 23, 104, 066, 210, 487, 313, 096, 16, 20. 317', 633, 17, ,284, ,669, 13, 564, 95j 49 28, ,386, 253 377 97S 528 109 792 187! 049 325 874 334 817 529 900 355 240 017 127 275 646 324 ,994 074 ,500 158 1,298,311 293,249 232,880 74,222 34,235 19,889 19,817 18,110 7,563 5,780 5,122 2,728 2, 592 582,124 723,981 4,603,018 2,050, 864 808,188 394 230 318, 188, 152, 86, 25, 14, 16,542 345.303 61,257 20,961 780,575 1,152,07s 89,42,'. 206,483 219,104 265,194 15,060 2,944 8,131,356 2,155,792 12,796 15, 351,376 1,746, 501 10,668 97,195 58,747 (2) 3,930,464 728, 339 1,059,904 300,453 194,581 36,931 35,198 35, 731 2,243 (2) 12,724 16,487 4,800 (*) 1,477 419, 279 3,349,301 1,592, 483, 282, 53, (2) 44, ll, 11, 1919 Stoneware (not chemical)—Continued. Indiana Georgia Mississippi , Other states Chemical stoneware. 517,268 14,088 13,606 913,314 805,321 Ohio , Other states. White ware including C. C. white granite, semiporce- lain and semivitreous porcelain ware 270,138 535,183 Ohio West Virginia. New Jersey Pennsylvania.. Other states... China, bone china, delft and belleek ware.. New York New Jersey Pennsylva'nia.. Other states .. Sanitary ware, including bathtubs, washtubs, etc. New Jersey West Virginia. Ohio Indiana Pennsylvania.. California Other states... Porcelain electrical supplies (not including value of metal or other fittings; Ohio New Jersey New York West Virginia. Other states... Other pottery products.. Ohio New Jersey New York Illinois Pennsylvania.. California Massachusetts. Georgia Alabama Other states... 12,614,794 3,717,207 3,447,830 2,189,352 1,034,863 2,225, 542 i 5, 383,880 2,537,465 1,131,852 396,040 214,203 128.240 68,46C 37,742 3,660 3,000 863,212 1914 $39,000 4,474 14,510 812,534 (') 29,847,261 14,968,079 18,664,031 6,328,877 1,542,947 1,331,094 1,980,312 10,227,806 2,577,766 727,637 (2) 1,434,870 7,708,832 2,384,686 2,787,364 1, 870,542 1,317,127 1,733,799 784,604 1,076,043 (2) 524,039 14,872,364 7,874,269 7,931,371 1,678,760 1,301,024 1,190,622 622,635 561,666 1,586,286 5,058,204 872,987 619,931 739,132 (a) 247,770 336,245 4,130,270 1,472,359 905,878 940,029 (3) 812,004 1,631,652 1,138,725 256,108 54,851 8,745 15.737 15.952 11,345 130,189 i Includes saggers, made and used, to the amount of $2,115,637. * Included in "Other states." * Not classified separately in 1914. POTTERY. 809 GENERAL TABLES. Table 25 gives comparative statistics for the prin- cipal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919 and 1914. Table 26 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 25.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Alabama California Colorado Georgia , Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Michigan Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 340 350 15 , 14! earn- ers (aver- age num- ber). 27,934 26,705 296 177 652 1,459 747 770 149 138 708 339 Pri- mary horse- | power, Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. i Num- Cen-! ber of sus | estab- 'year, lish- iments. 29,090 $29,820 22,339 16,666 67 79! .547 548 164 125 31 95; 1,207! 1, 376 I 711 638 | 407 | 249 j 879 | 319 I 339 191 592 915 SSI 585 159 85 851 199 $20, 791 12,032 '$74,919 ] 36,943 |i 258 ,112 33 21 849 i 421 ;i Now Jersey 1919 1914 . New York... i 1919 } 1914! North Carolina 1919' 1914 i 389 358 778 314 112 j 37 542 126 200 67 22 27 1, 852 1, 788 2,624 1,312 368 170 2,113 j 435 j Ohio 1919! ! 1914 j Pennsylvania j 1919! ; 1914 i South Carolina. Texas West Virginia.. 1919 j 1914 1919! 1914 1 1919! 1914 All other states i 1919 | 1914 I 22 1 21 10 11 IS is 39 40 Wage I 1 Pri- ™l j mary num- :power" ber). | 5,717! 5,225 1,858' 1,691 7 11 11. 339 ll',096 1,868 1,564 5 10 40 46 3,445 3,339 992 729 6,116 3,724 1,671 1,009 10,131 9,271 2,198 1,639 31 53 212 128 3,007 1,6S0 1,700 1. 404 Cost of Wages, mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $6,732 3, m 1,981 965 3 3 11, 558 6, 689 1,761 3,993 2,147 S39 366 $3,581 SIS, 226 2,151 7,868 1,082 1, 301 4,726 1,954 15 13 9,012 28,675 4,968 1 15,292 1,353 695 27! 18: 3,038; 1,659 i 567' 265! 4,565 1,736 13 11 99 62 10,112 4,S21 2,427 945 810 MANUFACTURES. Table 26.—DETAILED STATEMENT, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States. Alabama.. California. Colorado.. Georgia.... Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts. 11 J Michigan 12 ' Mississippi -. 13 [ New Jersey.. 14 New York... North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania... South Carolina. Texas Washington West Virginia All other states6. 4 53 14 10 95 22 3 10 3 18 23 PERSONS ENGAGED m THE INDUSTRY. Total. 20 339 111 32 746 843 120 272 178 835 15 6,400 2,033 22 12,246 2,015 58 14 3,689 695 | 'Pro- i prie- ; tors and i firm i mom- i bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 183 | 1,206 Clerks, etc. Male. 748 Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 27,934 296 95 8 652 747 105 246 149 708 11 5,717 1,858 7 11,339 1,868 5 2: 40 1 I 10 42! 3,445 7 J 620 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. De 30,342 Je De No No Ap De Au De No Ja (<) 10 323 119 20 774 810 112 258 162 865 11 De 6,764 No 2,016 Au» 10 No 11,991 Oc 1,998 7 Je 3 De 62 18 3,748 Minimum month. Fe 26,106 Jaa Je My Ja Au Ja Fe Mh Ap Je ft Ja Ja 3 5 Ja 10,698 Fe 1,752 Ja» 1 Ja3 22 Ap 1 Ja 3,272 5 261 82 2 07 228 138 11 4,958 1,671 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 30,702 10 321 78 21 770 814 105 265 157 819 11 6,797 2,019 10 12,050 1,914 46 17 3,745 730 16 and over. Male. 22,717 10 307 45 21 624 702 93 189 131 487 11 5,326 1,459 10 8,506 1,400 3 44 17 2,708 654 Fe- male,. 7,579 247 Under 16. Male. 12 53 23 329 1,327 510 3,501 476 Fe- male. 129 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 3 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other powerincluded (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). 3 Same number reported for one or more other months POTTERY. 811 BY STATES: 1919. •53,929,097 Salaries and wages- Rent and taxes. Officials. Clerks, etc. $2,074,335 49,159 11,970 540 114,713 105,291 22,779 35,869 15,125 216,363 1,200 992,434 219,562 1,222,746 1 223,393 27,723 11,421 59,794 71,048 | 3,140 5,692 | 10,688! 67,913 j Wage earners. I For contract work. 329,820,278 $117,384 j$162,132 [$2,677,855 1515,400,705 '?5,393,371 3,116 | 874 | 604,569 89,394 496,235 146,295 820,230 94,723 100 3,043 420 224,081 31,789 M78 338,996 82,064 5,180 592,226 881,217 80,694 162,782 159,195 851,180 8,350 6,732,001 1,980,984 3,186 11,558,318 1,761,415 3,100 34,485 12,929 3,992,995 572,503 Eor materials. Rent of factory. Taxes, j i F£dafe?''i Principal ! F"i> a„f covmty, j materials. . ^ local. | 225 250 300 478 I 133 1,050: 5,939 1,365 4,807 355 j 103 3,126! 97,998 6,314 | 177,116 500 2,209 450 , 11,410 2,301 3,251 2,868 6,778 13,700 56,470 78,193 25,640 15,353 I 3,364 240 6,000 j 7,127! 8,400 j 550 j 32,989 • 5,080 | 53,977 341 457,355 154,953 43 886,527 269,299 112 1,237 35 460,998 90,012 3,827 , 180,613! 18,070 1 2,968 i 259,52$ | 621,508 I 39,551: 112,834 j 91,141 \ 394,878 j 7,908 2,583,948; 842,157 1,248 6,731,173 | 1,025,061 1,970 . 15,330! 5,286 2,285,360 j 176,348 I 3,218 77,663 16,524 2,271 129,164 156,462 27,809 34,312 21,236 147,083 1,780 996,831 239,483 Value of products- $74,919,186 |S54,125,110 Value added by manufac- ture. Primary horsepower. Owned. TotaL Steam en- ;! gines f (not I i tur- j u bines). ilnter- j nal- Steam com- tur- • bus- bines, j tion. | en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.* Rent- ed.s •: I ! ; Elec-! trie i horse-' power; gener- j ated in' estab- Iish- i ments; !report-| I ing.! 32,772; 849,243! 200,086 , 22,361 1 1,851, 898 '. 25,727 590,967 165,492 17,122 1,463,208 2,624,121 1,846,151 207,540 j 140,180 497,306! 350,160 3-67,590 \ 255,213 2,113,252 1,571,291 25,089 15,401 16,225,650 i 12,644,871 4,726,063 3,644,423 29,090 j 18,124 I 385 1,113 2,067; 15,400 12,085 2,281,268 28,675,361 19,662,920 327,612 ! 4,564,656 I 3,211,983 2,897 | 13,275 8,408 67 547 164 31 1,207 I 711 300 251 407 40 .... 40 .... 62 .... 14 745 505 300 240 330 , 879 | 520:! 40 !i 40 I 6,116 j; 3,960 i 60 i 1,671 1,225 1 2 359 11,785 98,621 I 4,389 j 28,074 j 752,700 ; 10,111,742 j 156,817 1,669,086 71,506 i 18,399! 7,073,682: 1,335,921 i 11 10,131 2,198 31 212 47 3,007 1,062 6,695 995 1,547 769 250 46 2 267 13 * Same number reported throughout the year. 5 All other states embrace: Arkansas, 1'establishment; Connecticut, 2; District of Columbia, 2; Nebraska, 2; New Hampshire, 1; Oregon, 2; Tennessee, 3; Utah, 1; Virginia, 2; and Wisconsin, 1. 106 ! 9,362 4,835 , 13 507! 102' 442 i 12 I 158 i 2,096 444 859 11 614 :2,687 22 106 1,075 6 25 55 45 943 280! 10 11 12 1,583 j 13 831 ! 14 Us 717 ! 16 41 i 17 i IS ! 19 \ 20 607 ! 21 27 ! 22 Florida, 1; Iowa, 1; Louisiana, 1; Minnesota, I; Missouri, 2; SAND-LIME BRICK. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry embraces the establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of sand-lime brick, a building material first segregated as the subject of an industry at the census of 1914. Comparative summary.—Table 27 presents the gen- eral statistics for the census years 1919 and 1914. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 28 shows the number of establishments, average num- ber of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture for the leading states, ranked according to value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 29 is an estimate obtained by the method de- scribed in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 38. Wage earners, by months—The statistics for wage earners, Table 30, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. The industry is closely allied to the building trades, and there is a wide range shown for the maximum and minimum months. Prevailing hours of labor.—The figures in Table 31 show a change toward shorter hours of labor. In 1914, 63.7 per cent of the wage earners, and in 1919, 53.2 per cent were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 60 or over. Size of establishments, by. average number of wage earners.—Table 32 shows that the average number of wage earners for all plants in 1919 was 16, as com- pared with 12.4 in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.— Measured by value of products, there is an apparent increase in the size of establishments, though this is essentially due to the high level of values in 1919 as compared with 1914, resulting in a change from the lower to the higher groups, shown in Table 33. The average value of products per establishment in 1914 was $22,093 and in 1919, $51,970. Character of ownership.—The establishments are almost all corporations, there being only one individ- ual establishment and one firm in 1919 and two indi- vidual establishments and two firms in 1914. The corporations reported 97.4 per cent of the wage earners and 98.6 per cent of the value of all products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 34 presents the statistics concerning power. Of the total primary power, 12.8 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919 and 6 per cent in 1914. Fuel consumed.—Table 35 presents the statistics for fuel, by kind and by states. Table 27.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919 AND 1914. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower.. 1919 32 600 3 93 504 4,358 Capital :$2,229,769 Salaries and wages 637,627 Salaries 135,773 Wages 501,854 $2, 1914 45 658 6 95 557 5,606 184,896 420,930 98,974 321,956 Per cent of in- crease,3 1914- 1919. -9.5 -22.3 2.1 51.5 37.2 55.9 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture2. 1919 $64,978 575,402 1,663,052 1,087,650 1914 $5,715 21,120 350, 484 994,199 643,715 Per cent of in- crease,1 1914- 1919. 208.0 64.2 67.3 69.0 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. 'Value of products less cost of materials. (812) SAND-LIME BRICK. 813 Table 28.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States. Michigan Minnesota New York Indiana All other states... 32 j 7! 3 4 i 3 15 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 504 Per cent distri- bution. Bank. 100.0 106 69 | 49 1 37 i 243 21.0 13.7 9.7 7.3 48.3 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. I Amount (expressed | in thou-; sands), j $1,663 I Per cent distri- bution. i Rank. 100.0 I 531 185 165 142 640 31.9 11.1 9.9 8.5 | 38.6 i VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. sands). I butlQn'; $1,088! 313 143 1 119 100.0 23.8 13.1 10.9 S.l 39.1 Table 29.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. I Cen- i CLASS. sus Total. year. | Male. All classes :1919' j 1914 j Proprietors and officials j 1919! ; 1914; Proprietors and firm members.. 1919! 1914! Salaried officers of corporations... j 1919 ! 1914 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 1914 600 658! 64 71 3; 24 1 |i 36 ji 41 !| II PER CENT OF TOTAL. Fe- male- Male. 586: 14 645! 13 63! 1 71 1 3 i 6; 25 | 24 i; 35 I 1 41 j 97.5 98.0 Fe- male. 2.5 2.0 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. 98.4 1.6 100.0 Wage earners (average number). 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.2 100.0 2.8; PEP. CENT OF Cen- sus year. Fe- male. TOTAL. Total. Male. X*1*- \ mate. 1919 32 20 12 62.5 37.5 1914 , 30 IS 12 60.0 40.0 1919: 504 503 1 99.6 0.4 1914 557 556 1 99.8 0.2 1919 1914 504 555 503 555 1 1 99.6 50.0 0.4 1919' 1914 2 1 50.0 Table 30.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.| Average I number j NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. em- i ployed dur- | ing year. 1 STATE. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August, Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. i ! i United States: 529 | 1919 504 S14 321 343 408 550 608 569 582 572 633 621 Males 503 $14 321 343 408 529 j 550 604 567 580 570 631 619 Females 1! 2 2 2 2 2 2 1914 557 | 404 S96 1 493 544 714 j 720 686 702 604 515 476 430 Michigan 106 j 69 1 62 48 46 95 120 125 86 12S 136 131 127 128 126 Minnesota 66 32 H 32 40 S3 87 88 101 101 SS New York 49! 36 £8 28 47 44 i 68 60 64 50 52 56 55 Indiana 37 | 16 17 30 53 52 | 45 49 42 34 35 36 35 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 49.6 49. S 55.0 ~33.8 23. S 41.2 30.2 Table 31.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY" PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. United States: 1919 1914 Indiana. Total. 504 557 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 48. 37 81 Between 48 and 54. 48 Between 54 and 60. S 85 111 60. Over 60. 268! 326! 12 1 29 Michigan... Minnesota., New York. 11 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOU RS : OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. 106 j 69! 49 j Between i 4S and I ! 54. 30! Between 54 and j 60. ! Over 60. 75 i 39 i 11 j 814 MANUFACTURES. Table 32.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— STATE. Wage earners (average number). lto5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earneri, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- Wage ments. ! earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. ! United States 1919.. 32 45 504 557 5 14 IS 53 18 I 235 23 j 298 9 8 251 206 1914.. Indiana 3 7 3 4 37 106 69 49 3 1 37 7 106 Michigan 1 1 8 Minnesota 2 1 61 25 New York 1 4 2 j 20 Table 33.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCT. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1919 1914 1919 All classes. $5,000 to $20,000. 0 ! 5 17 1 19 25 21 r 1 i 36 468 1914 557 11 135 411 §1,663,052 1914 $994,199 i 80,396 1,582,656 10,066 235,893 748,240 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1914 $1,087,650 $643,715 150,032 1,037,618 5,914 150,204 487,597 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 i 100.0 All classes 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 100.0 Leas than $5,000 11.1 42.2 46.7 2.0 1.0 23.7 75.2 0.9 23.3 75.8 $5,000 to $20,000 21.9 78.1 7.1 , 24.2 92.9 i 73.8 4.8 95.2 4.6 95.4 $20,000 and over Table 34.—Number and Horsepower of Types op Prime Movers: 1919 and 1914. 1 Includes the group "Less than $5,000." Table 35.—Fuel Consumed, by States: 1919. NUMBER HORSEPOWER. OF ENGINES POWER. OR MOTORS. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 63 66 4,358 5,606 100.0 100.0 40 51 3,818 5,267 87.6 94.0 Steam engines (not turbines).. 32 48 3,770 5,252 86.5 93.7 Internal-combustion engines... 8 3 48 15 1.1 0.3 Rented,, electric 23 15 540 339 12.4 6.0 Electric 26 15 560 339 100.0 100.0 Rented 23 15 540 339 96.4 100.0 Generated by establishments re- porting 3 20 3.6 COAL. Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). Gaso- line and Anthra- cite Bitu- minous Fuel oils (barrels). other volatile oils STATE. & 2*00(5 pounds). (bar- pounds). rels). United States: 1919 ..... 1,200 767 21,673 25,289 28 712 1,203 770 1914 0) Indiana 3,576 6,535 3,160 1,692 6,710 Michigan 12 20 7 28 Minnesota 23 3 New York. All other states 1,200 1,200 » Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 36 presents the statistics for prod- ucts for 1919 in comparison with 1914. The detailed figures are for marketed sand-lime brick as reported Table 36.—PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. by the United States Geological Survey and slightly exceed in value the value of products reported by the manufacturers to the Bureau of the Census. KIND AND STATE. j Sand-lime brick marketed in the United States: Q uantity thousands.. Indiana. thousands- Michigan .thousands.. Minnesota thousands.. New York. thousands.. All other states thousands.. Value Average value per thousand 1919 146,947 11,738 i 42,063 j 23,391 i 10,958 j 58,797 I $1,705,163 | $11.60 I 1914 172,629 16,288 42,465 19,958 18,347 75,571 $1,058,512 $6.13 KIND AND STATE. 1919 Common brick: Quantity thousands..' 145,277 Value !$1,682,966 Face brick: i Quantity. thousands..; 1,670 Value $22,197 1914 164,999 $989,249 7,030 $09,263 SAND-LIME BRICK. 815 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative statistics are presented in Table 37 for such states as can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 38 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 37.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States. Indiana Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage | earners Pri- (aver- j mary age !horse- num- i power, ber). I I 504 | 557! 4,3.58 5,606 37 53 517 490 i 0031 of! ftf ! ucts. Value Expressed in thousands. $502 322 $575 350 $1,663 994 .53! 30 j 142 K^-higan All other states. Cen- sus I year. 1919 1914 1919! 1914 Num- Wage earners ber of /avp_ lish- age ments. Pri- mary horse- ! Cost of , Wages.! mate- ! I rials. Value of ! prod- ucts. num- j power, ber). 1 'Expressed in thousands. 7 12 22 29 106 j 136' 361! 368 j 815 1,392 3,026 3,724 i $147; $218! $531 87 j 95 | 265 309 1 304! 990 205 j 225; 654 Table 38.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Indiana Michigan Minnesota New York All other states3... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments 32 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 600 45 123 S6 56 290 I Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. ; Clerks, etc. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REP RESENT AT1VE DAT. EXPENSES. Wage earners. 16 and over. "Under 16. j Salaries and wages L Capital, jj I I Number, 15th day of- Male. I Fe- ! male. 61 j 20 12 504 6! 1 1 37 14 , 3 106 S i 5 4 69 6! 1 49 v\ 13 4 243 Aver- ^i1?" i Maximum; Minimum Der> !; month. I month. No 633 Ap 53 Au 136 Oc » 101 Je 68 Ja 314 Ja Mil Mh Total. Male. 691 35 |j 137:! 106 i 70 J! 343 689 35 137 104 70 343 Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. j Officials. Clerks, : etc. $2,229,769 11 $110,995 ' $24,778 196,883! 428,081: 242,626 1 99,938 j 1,262,241 j 12,222 1 30,865 'j 12,405 | 7,448 j 48,055! 1,626 2.348 8,720 500 11,584 Salaries and wages—Cod United States Indiana Michigan Minnesota New York All other statess expenses—continued. Wage earners. $501,854 46,407 146,855 67,249 46,182 195,161 For con- tract work. Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. Principal j materials.! ^ $34,979 $29,999 34,516 i 463! 1,126 18,076 2,388 229 8,180 $440,763 $134,639 41,754 184,736 29,133 35,244 149,896 11,505 32,995 13,021 11,724 65,394 Value Value of I added by products, manufac- ture. $1,663,052 141,759 530,669 185,130 165,471 640,023 $1,087,650 88,500 312,938 142,976 118,503 424,733 Primary horsepower. Total. 4,358 517 S15 599 500 1,927 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 3,770 517 750 545 475 1.4S3 Steam tur- bines. Inter- Rent- nal- ed com- (elec- bus- tric). tion en- gines. 60 25 25 430 Elec- tric horse- Jpower gener- ated in estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. 10 "io 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. • All other states embraoe: District of Columbia, 1 establishment; Florida, 2; Georgia, 1; Idaho, 1; Louisiana, 1; Massachusetts, 2; Ohio, 1; Pennsylvania, 1; South Dakota, 2; Tennessee, 1; Texas, 1; and Wisconsin, 1. CEMENT. GENERAL General character of the industry.—This industry embraces the establishments engaged in the manufac- ture of the hydraulic cements comprising Portland, natural, and puzzolan cements. Comparative summary.—Table 39 presents the gen- eral statistics for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909, with percentages of increase for the census periods. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 40 shows the number of establishments, average num- ber of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to value of products in 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 41 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the uExplanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 50. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 42, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. Fe- males constituted but 1.3 per cent of the wage earners. Prevailing hours of labor.—The comparative statis- tics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 in Table 43 show a very strong movement toward fewer hours of labor per week. The industry shows a comparatively large number of hours of labor per week considered in connection with other industries, for 41.2 per cent of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were over 60. In 1914, 66.2 per cent of all of the wage earners were in establishments of this class, and in 1909, 71.1 per cent. Very few of the wage earners were employed in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 54 or less. Although the percentage of such wage earners in 1919 was but 7, it was a material gain over 1914 and 1909. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of relatively large units, (816) STATISTICS. | as shown in Table 44. The average number of wage I earners per establishment was 208 in 1919 and 210 in ! 1914, no material change, but the 6 establishments employing over 500 wage earners embrace 25.1 per cent of the total number in 1919 as compared with 8 establishments and 22.6 per cent in 1914. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The | classification by value of products for 1919, presented ! in Table 45 considered in comparison with the prior censuses, necessarily reflects the great increase in values. The average value of products per establish- ment increased from $468,000 in 1909 to $765,000 in 1914, and to $1,425,000 in 1919, but the increase in 1919 is entirely due to high prices, for on a quan- tity basis the production was 8.7 per cent less than in 1914, and the number of wage earners employed was 8.6 per cent less in 1919 than the number reported in 1914. Character of ownership.—The 123 establishments comprising the industry in 1919 include 118 corpora- tions, 1 individual, and 4 establishments under other forms of ownership. The 11 Corporations'1 group com- prises 99.2 per cent of the wage earners and 99.4 per cent of the value of products, and the conditions with respect to character of ownership were similar in 1914 and* 1909. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 46 presents the statistics concerning power. The establishments in this industry use a large amount of electric power purchased from hydroelectric power companies or from other sources of supply, and like- wise generate considerable electric power. Of the total primary power, 70.7 per cent was utilized in the form of electric power in 1919, this including pur- chased electric power, specified as rented, and second- ary electric or that generated by the establishments. In 1914 the ratio of total electric power to primary power was 68.7 per cent and in 1909, 42.7 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 47 presents the statistics for fuel, by kind and by states. CEMENT. 817 Table 39.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments Persona engaged in the industry. Proprietors and firm mem- bers Salaried employees Wage earners (average num- ber) Primary horsepower Capital 1019 123! 30,247] 4,714 25,524i 488,808! $271,209,259! 1914 133 31,958] 101 4,032| 27,916: 490,402! 1909 135 29,511 17 2,719 26,775 371,7991 PEE CENT OF I! INCREASE.1 II 1914-i 1919 -7.5 -5.4| 1909- 1914 -1.5 8.3 -8.6j 0.3 i$243,485,046l$187,397,G08|j 11.4 4-3 31.9 29.9 Salaries and Salaries. Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture3 1919 1914 1909 , PER CENT OF ! INCREASE.! 1914- 1909- 1919 1914 690,721| 495,801; 194,920 206,204 190,3071 509,800! 264,910! 755,110: $24,257,623! 6,065,341i 18,192,282 346,381i 2,493,303! 51,986,798,' 101,7-56.444 49,769,646 $18,972,729! 76.0 3,653,067 56.6 15,319,662: 82.5 88,133!-30.1 729,088!: 14S-0 29,343,791:. 52.9 63,205,455!j 72.2 33, S4>1,664 92. 4. 27.9 66.0 18. S 293.6 242.0 77.2 61.0 47.2 » A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 40.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1919. ! o g WAGE EARNERS. VALTJE OF ! PR0DTJCT3. | VALUE ADDED BY ! MANUFACTURE. STATE. Number establishm* Average number. Per cent [stribution. Amount xpressed in uousands). Per cent Istribution. Amount xpressed in uousands). Per cent istribution. Rank. Rank. M ! i CD +-> a a PS United States.. 123! 25,524 100.0 ;$175,265 100.0 '$95,755 100.0; Pennsylvania 22 7,443 29.2 1 ! 54,540 31.1 1 ! 29,166 30.5 1 Indiana 5 i 1,953 7.6 2 : 13,363 7.6 2 7,499 7.S! 2 5 1 1,788 7.0 3 i 11,738 6.7 3 i 6,168 6.4 4 California 8 i 1,316 5.2 6 ! 11,258 6.4 4 i 7,144 7.5' 3 Michigan 11! 1,387 5.4 5 j 9,643 5.5 5 1 5,681 5.9 5 H! 1,574 6.2 4 ! 9,243 5.3 6 1 5,484 5.7 j 6 WAGE EARNERS. -i| ;— Illinois I 5 Iowa 4 Kansas 8 i Texas i 5 Ohio 6 WTashington 4 Utah 1 3 All other states '26 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Table 4,1.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers., Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 30,247 31,958 29,511 632 498 10 17 275 236 195 575 386 2S6 Male. 28,859 31,458 0) 853 629 (1? (>) 271 8 573 0) Fe- male. 1,388 500 0) C1) 8 4 8 PEB CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 95.3 98.4 99.3 99.5 100.0 Fe- male. 4.7 1.6 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.3 j Cen- ! sua year. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 3,S64 3,410; 2,238 j 25,524' 27,916 j 26,775 25,496 I 27,871! 26,709 j -28! 45 j 66 Male. 2,811 2,938 1,960 25,195 27,891 26,748 25,169 27,846 26,683 26 45 65 Fe- i male. I PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. ! Fe- ! male. 1,053 472 278 329 25 27 327 25 26 72.7 I 86.2! 87.6; 98.6; 99.9 | 99.9; 27,3 13.8 12.4 1.4 0.1 0.1 98.6! 1.4 99.9 I 0.1 99.9 I 0.1 92.9; "98." 5 "I 7.1 "i*5 111367—23 52 1 Figures not available. 818 MANUFACTURES. Table 42.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OP THE, MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent em- mini- STATE. ployed mum dur- ing Janu- ary. Febru- ary. Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- United States: year. March. April. May. June. July. August. mum. 1919 25,524 20,234 20,563 21,964 23,864 25,083 26,028 27,690 28,445 29,062 28,811 28,133 26,411 69.6 Males 25,195 19,945 20,301 21,729 23,580 24,791 25,715 27,349 28,097 28,670 2S,387 27,726 26,050 69.6 Females 329 289 262 236 284 292 313 341 34S 392 424 407 361 55.4 1914 27,916 21,127 25,131 26,246 28,498 29,330 30,105 29,864 29,932 29,948 29,199 25,581 24, 031 79.8 1909 26,775 21,167 22,119 24,058 25,983 27,337 27,786 28,474 28,052 29,782 29,970 29,044 27,528 70.6 California 1,316 1,169 1,201 1,160 1,168 1,283 1,304 1,363 1,333 l7385 1,385 1,494 1,607 72.1 Illinois 1,123 886 972 967 1,065 1,038 1,102 1,187 1,269 1,381 1,388 1,264 957 63.8 Indiana 1,953 1,462 1,558 1,713 1,917 1,972 2,042 2,001 2,176 2,475 1,839 2,102 2,189 58.7 1,017 636 536 704 976 1,083 \, 182 1,191 L275 1,310 1,283 1,169 959 40.9 Kansas 1,084 766 855 997 1,045 1,145 1,048 1,123 1,101 1,097 1,377 1,335 1,119 55.6 Michigan 1,387 968 1,018 1,143 1,291 1,436 1,486 1, 558 1,622 1,647 1,557 1,522 1,406 58.1 1,788 1,744 1,709 1,650 1,753 1,783 1,791 1, 855 1,892 1,837 1,918 1,886 1,638 85.4 New York 1,574 997 866 1,182 1,420 1,670 1,663 1,917 1,860 1,876 1,891 1,814 1,743 44.6 Ohio 655 534 602 563 647 599 707 737 756 736 743 691 645 66.4 7,443 6,422 6,310 6,383 6,766 7,012 7,508 8,027 8,106 8,355 8,368 8,089 7,970 75.4 641 607 562 619 676 616 600 638 649 676 677 688 684 81.7 Utah 280 m 182 233 253 290 299 304 341 352 334 305 295 48.9 436 242 278 366 432 456 476 509 549 524 520 462 418 44.1 Table 43.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. 44 Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. STATE. 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. Be- tween 48 and , 54. Be- tween 54 and 60. and un- der. 48.1 54. 60. Over 60. 48.1 54. 60. Over 60. United States: 1919 Kansas 1,084 1,387 1,788 1,574 655 7,443 641 280 436 42 246 417 135 661 970 647 767 408 2,396 137 95 25,524 27,916 26,775 13 (2) (*) 799 24 20 962 73 42 7,148 1,536 1,944 6,097 7,790 5,742 10,505 18,490 19,026 Michigan* 1914 JL 3 1 Missouri... 1,141 781 143 1909 New York 13 1 12 Ohio 104 8 California 1,316 1,123 1,953 1,017 297 15 520~ 928 449 86~ 413 180 88 787 Pennsylvania . 3 3,897 1,139 130 Illinois Texas...!.. 374 Indiana 362 1,054 Utah 88 181 97 255 Iowa 230 i Includes 48 and under in 1914 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. Table 44.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. TOTAL. Wage earners (average number). No wage earn- ers. lt0 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21. to 50 wage earners, inclusive. A ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— , 51 to 100 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. Establishments. wage earners, inclusive. STATE. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Ji . Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. 1 Establish- ments. Wage earners. •8 3 Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners. Wage earners United States: I0 1919 , 123 133 25,524 27,916 4 7 6 21 6 7 74 88 7 7 302 257 25 18 2,091 1,392 50 57 9,694 10,128 19 6,951 9,714 4 7 3,160 4,675 2 1 3,246 1,641 1 28 rnHfnmfft 8 5 5 4 8 1,316 1,123 1,953 1,017 1,084 i 1 35 1 86 5 2 894 421 1 301 688 811 734 Xti/I Jo n o 1 14 1 1 42 45 2 1 1 170 53 91 1 6 230 951 2 2 2 1 972 11 1,387 1,788 1,574 655 5 426 4 499 553 1,016 453 1 1 1 417 310 482 5 11 1 1 2 1 25 9 1 50 3 6 3 1 925 6 2 193 PoTinwlvftnift 22 5 3 4 7,443 641 280 436 1 3 1 8 3 2 3 1 228 136 280 99 10 3 1,728 605 4 1,641 1 589 2 3,246 1 45 2 292 CEMENT. 819 Table 45.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OP PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. {j VALUE ADDED BV MANUFACTURE. ;i 1919 1914 ! 1909 1919 1914 ! 1909 1919 1914 1909 ! 1919 1914 | 1909 1 All classes 123 133 i 135 25,524 27,916 26,775 $175,264,910 $101,756, 444 $63,205,455 |i $95,755,110 $49,769,646 j $33,861,664 Less than $5,000 2 1 8 4; 6 '} 5 / 9! 11 \ 66! 127 281 i 823 | 11,817 f 10,960 t 99,584 468,017 12,926,958 29,102,173 59,148,752 13,475 \ 5 115,349 / 1,116,288 256,229 / 4,947! 6,545 t 56,968 1 64,397 227,868 j 615,366 85,000 to $20,000 8! 10 $20,000 to 8100,000 9 1 21 i 118 '/ 1,785 i\ 3,976 i 19,640 427,066 / 7,862.005 \ 21,841^828 145,122,194 $100,000 to $500,000 22 31 59 41 A ju 40 / 84 31 14 } 13,373 15,815 } 33,520,319 { ^gljSt } 20,733,571 j 19,175,372 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 14,187; 9,999 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 28,440,024 79,014,187 28,746,292! 13,999.984 I 100.0 100.0 100.0 ! ioo. o 1 loo. o ioo. o 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 100,0 100.0 Less than $5.000 1.6 3.0 6.0 6.8 30.8 30.1 23.3 4.4 7.4 15.6 j, „ / 0) (») } <" J C) 0)! t 0.1 0.2 | 0. 5! 1.8 I 12.7 jl „ 0! 28.6 j/; 58.1! 45.0! 1! } « |{ <%. $5,000 to $20,000 0.8 6.5 17.9 25.2 48.0 1 0.2 0.5 1.0; 3.1 } 47.9 59.1 .50.8 37.3 0.2 1.8 $20,000 to $100,000 0.5 if 7.0 ll 15.6 '76.9 0.2 0.3! 0.5 $100,000 to $500,000 |62.2 f 4.5 { Al) 56.8 $500 000 to $1,000,000. i\ 12.5 82. S $1,000,000 and over 10.4 82.5 57.7 41.4 ■ I 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 46.— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 'HORSEPOWER. POWER. j Amount. \ Fer cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 i | 1919 1914 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 3,698 | 1,850 I 371,799! 100.0 4,686 j 488,808 490,402 100.0 100. 0 548 477 416 61 63 8 754 667 791 717 i 306,322 | 278,009 ! 198,353 j 79,656 ; 24,763 j 3,550 326,033 291,321 291,321 317,633 j 62.7 i 295,138 1 56.9 66.5 59.4 59.4 85.4 79.4 79.4 Engines 295,138 j 40.6 16.3 Turbines Internal-combustion engines 75 12 53 21 28,366 6,346 19,065 I 5.1 3,430 j 0.7 5.8 L3 5.1 0.9 Rented—Electric 4.13S 2,944 1,038 ! 182,486 164,369 54,166! 37.3 33.5 14.6 Electric 8.500 4,138 4,362 6,991 2,944 4,047 3.827 1,038 2,789 1 345,535 182,486 1 163,049 336.516 164,369 172,147 158,749 j 100.0 54,166 1 52.8 104.5S3! 47.2 100. 0 48.8 51.2 100.0 34.1 65.8 Rented Generated by establishments reporting * Includes 100 horsepower classified as "Other." Table 47.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. COAL. i 1 | Gaso- line Gas I (1,000 cubic feet). COAL. 1 Gaso- line Coke (ton, I 2,000 ! pounds). and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Anthra- cite (ton, 2,240 Bitu- minous (ton, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). Anthra- cite (ton, 2,240 Bitu-! minous (ton.; 2,000 j pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). STATE. i ! 1 STATE. pounds). i pounds). " United States: : Michigan 444,442 i 34,300 581 1919. 272,266 226,474 259,220 6,031,428 50,840 1,859,564 1,778 4.370,699 5,525,894 j 448;863! 342,356 i 196,305 j 1,623,085 | 9,666 1914 6,731,438 20,072 4,103 2,502,065 1,515,697 New York 10,869 121) 10 1909 4,815,758 0) 14,721,568 Ohio 500 California 1,035,561 L... 238,458 1,486 51,352 673 Illinois 389,612 i ! Texas 50,112 j 11,396 549,815 273,977 Indiana 523,653 454,502 195,432 | 275 1 ... 1 Utah.... i 6S,1S7 j Iowa 100 | Washington 77,634 I i,217,245! 26,500 42,510 I 2,500 144,160 49 j i,796,222 All other states 22,939 763 365 2,300,000 i Included in figures for fuel oils. 820 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 48 presents detailed statistics of products for 1919 and 1914. The industry was greatly affected in 1919 by the depression in building and construction work, and the states all show a decrease in the Portland cement output with the exception of Missouri, Michigan, and Texas, and in these states the increase was only nominal. Table 48.—PRODUCTS—1919 AND 1914. KIND AND STATE. Total value of products The cement industry Subsidiary cement products from other industries. Cement: Barrels Value Portland cement— Barrels Pennsylvania. Indiana Missouri Michigan California New York Illinois Iowa Kansas 1919 $175,264,910 175,264,910 81,306,524 $138,713,823 80,777,935 25,325,173 7,262,454 5,216,347 4,675,244 4,642,679 4,383,579 4,206,918 3,573,278 2,927,270 $101,850, 101,756, 94, 89,049, $82,204, 88,230, 26,570, 9,595, 4,723, 4,285, 5,075, 5,886, 5,401, 4,233, 3,431, KIND AND STATE. Cement—Continued. Portland cement—Continued. B arrels—Continued. Texas Ohio Oregon and Washington... Oklahoma Utah Other states Value Average unit value (barrel) Natural and puzzolan cement- Barrels Value All other products 1919 2,249,735 1,637,418 1,561,951 1,362,687 819,861 10,933,341 $138,130,269 $1.71 528,589 $583,554 $36,551,087 1914 2,100,341 1,962,047 <*) <»> 981,100 13,983,665 $81,789,368 $0.93 2 819,596 $414,728 $19,646,384 1 Included with "Other states." 2 Includes 751,285 barrels of natural and 68,311 barrels of puzzolan cement. GENERAL TABLES. Table49gives comparative statistics for the principal j terials, and value of products for the census years 1919, items, number of establishments, average number of 1914, and 1909. Table 50 is a detailed statement, by wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of ma- j states, for the census of 1919. Table 4=9.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. Wages. Cost of mate- rails. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Expressed in thousands. STATE. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 123 25,524 488,808 $33,195 $79,510 $175,265 New York 1919 11 1, 574 37,236 $2,087 $3,759 -$9,243 1914 133 27,916 490,402 18,192 51,987 101,756 1914 12 2 283 33,363 1,610 3,507 6,840 1909 135 26,775 371,799 15,320 29,344 63,205 1909 15 I, 443 24,385 810 800 2,409 California 1919 8 1,316 40,544 1,884 4,114 11,258 Ohio 1919 6 655 13,514 975 1,514 3,339 1914 7 2,420 46,550 1,759 3,381 7,699 1914 7 849 6,975 521 890 2,112 1909 8 2,407 28,892 1,650 2,182 6,504 1909 9 887 12,685 544 638 1,465 Illinois 1919 5 1,123 24,700 1,463 3,975 8,283 1919 22 7 443 98,058 9,594 25,374 54,540 1914 6 1,467 23,986 1,184 2,859 6,468 1914 26 7 910 132,894 4,428 15,827 29,081 1909 6 1,395 15,270 855 1,619 4,088 1909 27 8 080 102,904 3,875 10,108 18,855 Indiana . . 1919 5 1,953 44,315 2,682 5,863 13,363 Texas 1919 5 641 16,390 568 1,643 4,743 1914 7 2,354 43,048 1,355 4,993 10,107 1914 4 583 18,150 371 1,264 2,331 1909 11 2,318 28,191 1,280 4,159 7,022 Utah 1919 3 280 7,778 359 595 1,657 1919 8 1,084 21,247 1,327 3,362 6,700 1914 3 264 7,241 277 471 1,233 1914 ! 9 1,002 22,037 673 1,399 3,162 1909 12 2,143 61,754 1,359 1,556 4,682 Washington 1919 4 436 19,536 716 1,720 3,241 1919 11 1,387 35,470 1,739 3,963 9,643 1914 5 620 18,237 495 1,512 2,639 1914 17 1,340 24,158 975 2,408 4,529 1919 35 7 ,632 130,020 9,801 23,628 49,255 1909 13 1,306 21,773 826 1,403 2,915 1914 30 6 ,824 113,763 4,544 13,476 25,555 1909 34 6 ,796 75,945 4,121 6,879 15,265 CEMENT. 821 Table 50.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States.. California Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Utah Aiashington 1 other states3 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments.! 123 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 30,247 1,538 1,304 2,420 1,170 1,241 1,566 2,270 2,034 723 8,969 741 308 484 5,479 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, |super-i in- tend- ents, and man- agers, Clerks, etc. Male. ! Fe- male 850 2,811 il,053 Wage earners. Number, 15th day of- Aver- j I age :|: "iH?" |: Maximum j Minimum Der* I month. ; month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 16 and over. ;Under 16. Total. i; Male. ! Fe- • male.i 25,524 !j Se 29,062 j Ja 20,234 jj 26,895 71 120; 31 1,316 De 1,607 Ja 1,159 24 118 39 1,123 i Oc 1,388 Ja 886 108 259 100 1,953 Se 2,475 Ja 1,452 29 99 25 1,017 Se 1,310 Ja* 536 34 02 | 29 1,084 j Oc 1,377 Ja 766 78 81 i 19 1,387! Se 1,647 Ja 95S 59 243 1 180 1,788 | Oc 1,918 De 1,638 92 241! 125 1,574! Jy 1,917 Fe 855 19 35 j 12 655 I Au 756 Fe 502 95 1,072; 359 7,443 Oc 8,36S Fe 6,310 33 54 i 13 641! No 6S8 Fe 562 15 10! 3 280! Se 352 1 Ja 172 22 !S | 8 436 Au 549 Ja 242 171 369! 110 4,827 Male! 26,503 362 1,525 1,173 2,183 1,041 1,303 1,294 1,638 1,761 [ 646 j 7,993 I 677 i 288! 468 j 4,905! 1,499 1,165 2,089 1,025 1,294 1,277 1,585 1,741 644 7,909 677 2S1 463 4,851 Fe- male! Capital. Dollars. j| Dollars. 2 jj 271,269,259 jl4,031,334 EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. 31,097,607 13,065,675 11,814,207 11,747,401 8,690.142 h 10,540,992 1 2 1! 12,779,048 2 j 20,547,761 il 4,346,385 25 j 62,354,245 9,44S,0S6 3,488,664 6,200,923 65,148,123 312,976 216,052 305,175 94,261 110,60S Dollars. 5,464,467 278,942 259,338 571,724 194,482 235,520 203,492 155,121 211,720 418,377 265,114 324,984 73,056 j 66,931 1,391,345 2,054,980 126,500 41,153 64,138 i 615,744 | 135,479 19,019 40,745 708,825 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages —Con, Wage earners. United States.. Dollars, 133,194,920 California. Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Michigan Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Texas Utah Washington All other states2 1,884,477 1,462,737 2,682,173 1,515,337 1,326,976 1,738,993 2,310,336 2,086,603 975,029 9,594,037 567,650 359,263 716,093 5,975,216 For con- tract work. Dollars. 266,204 85,233 26,447 814 3,374 21,510 53,449 2,072 73,305 Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Dollars. 2,396,468 Dollars. 13,793,899 10,500 1,647,942 2,202 38, .537 1,719 "692*S72 40 2,656 Taxes.! j ^Prmcipalj™ C°™dy' jmatenals-j powen local. i Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. 223,982 115,319 306,907 245,010 117,764 204,450 182,261 294,867 43,810 1,168,463 217,540 52,563 57,180 563,783 Primary horsepower. Total. Dollars, j Dollars.! Dollars. \ Dollars. 48,439,204 |31,070,596 175,264,910 95,755,110 !|4SS,S08 1,983,891 2,537,451 3,871,335 3,467,156 2,049,878 2,094,766 3,481,732 1,850,628 615,907 16,289,28S 515,199 271,303 985,175 8,422,495 2,130,126 ■ 11,258,473 1,437,662 j! S,2S2',9S9 1,992,030 ji 13,362,808 1,712,930 11 8,121,014 1,311,800 i! 6,699,799 1,867,821 2,088,420 1,907,951 898,344 9,084,447 1,127,932 323,754 731,971 4,-155,408 7,144,456! 4,307,876 I 7,499,443; 2,940,928 1 3,338,121! I 9,643,454 5,680,867 I 11,738,161 ! 6,16S;009 ! 9,242,547 j 5,433,968 I 3,338,594 | 1,824,343 ! 54,539,872 [29,166,137 4,743,343 j 3,100,212 1,656,939 ; 1,061,882 3,241,114 1,520,968 29,395,803 116,517,900 40,544 24,700 44,315 17,331 21,247 35,470 j 35,170 i 37,236 I 13,514 ! 98,05S j I 16,390 j 7,778 ! 19,536 i 77,519 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Inter- ■ nal- Steam : com- tur- j bus- bines. ! tion 'en- gines. 195,353 I 79,656 24,763 [3,550 105 12.050 9', 240 13,725 13,832! 15,105 I 2,590 1 14,433' 5,225 I 79,671 i 6,200 14,141 3,600 400 15,600 1,215 8,650 1.000 12,759 125; 4,500 100! 32,152 j 11,591 25 6 7,015 6,050 SO 6,400 4*860 Wa- ter pow- er. 2,000 Rent- ed /elec- tric). Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. 1S2,4S6 40,414 6,450 20,934 163,049 10,949 19,609 17,953 10,803 2,460 j! 19,398 31,365 i 1,255 8,103 |! 14,885 7,209 i 3,498 5,606 l' 25,991 1,500 50 5,365 j 7,778 I 17,936 j 28,866 7,969 1,500 29,239 I 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. s All other states embrace: Alabama, 2 establishments; Colorado, 2; Georgia, 1; Kentucky, 1; Maine, 2; Maryland, 2 Minnesota, 3; Montana, 2; Nebraska, 1; New ersey , 2; Oklahoma, 3: Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2; Virginia, 1; and West Virginia, 1. LIME. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—-The present re- port embraces establishments engaged primarily in the burning of lime. Comparative summary.—Table 51 presents the comparative statistics for the industry for the census years 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, with percentages of increase for the census periods. Prior to 1904 the industry was combined with cement and wall plaster. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 52 shows the number of establishments, wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, by states, ranked according to the value of products in 1919. Although the majority of the states are repre- sented in the industry, yet the six leading states— Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Virginia—reported nearly 60 per cent of the products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 53 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 63. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners, Table 54, are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. The few females incidentally reported as wage earners are negligible. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics presented in Table 55 show a material reduction in the hours of labor per week. In 1909, 82.9 per cent of the wage earners were employed in plants where the prevailing hours of labor were 60 or over per week. This pro- portion decreased to 73.1 per cent in 1914, and still further to 64.3 per cent in 1919. On the other hand, but a fraction of 1 per cent was reported for estab- lishments in 1909 where the prevailing hours of labor (822) were 48 per week or less, and 1.7 per cent in 1914. In 1919 this proportion increased to 11 per cent. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The average number of wage earners per es- tablishment was 20 in 1914 and 24 in 1919. The ma- jority of the establishments are owned by individuals or firms and a relatively large number employ not ex- ceeding 5 wage earners. In 1919 the establishments employing over 100 wage earners, 23 in number, shown in Table 56, reported 32.8 per cent of all wage earners, and in 1914 there were 25 establishments of this character with 35 per cent of the wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—Com- parative figures for groups by value of products, pre- sented in Table 57 for 1919 and 1914, are necessarily affected by the general increase in values. The aver- age value of products per establishment increasd from $21,000 in 1909 to $29,000 in 1914 and to $71,000 in 1919. On a quantity production basis the industry shows a slight decrease. Character of ownership.—Table 58 presents the statistics for establishments classified according to form of ownership. The decrease in number of estab- lishments in 1919 as compared with prior censuses is essentially in the 11 Individuals,; and "All others" groups, the latter comprising chiefly firms, and the proportion of the business done by "Corporations" has progressively increased whether measured by number of wage earners or by value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 59 presents the power statistics for the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Electric power is a growing factor, and of the total primary power, 55.3 per cent was purchased electric power in 1919, as compared with 28.8 per cent in 1914 and 5.4 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 60 presents the statistics for fuel, by kind and by states. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas. anil 8S8 1*0 1*0 ro T'O ro T'O S'TS 8'fS zn -9£ I 0*001 0 -ooi O'OOT 6'66 6'66 6 '66 6"66 6*66 6'66 S'8i Z'Si 8*59 I I! j If I If | 60GT' 'I LZ \ LZ' H6T I | 8S |: CE 1 6T6T j' 8 \ m'Zl I 958'8T !606T! ST! 688'ST i S0*'ST *T6T i zi , oze'n j; sse'n; 6T6i j s I ess'si !; zes'ei 1 eoei i 81 I 91*'ST | 6S*'SI: tI6I i ST' 868'IT 'j SO*'IT !6T6T j" j I! j S6; St8 ZS* 6061' T8I! ZO* \ SSS: H6I j 69T; SSS j *6* i 6TCI l \\ d) (0 |!I O'OOT j *'I i 9"S6 aSt; jo sjuoa 91 .ropnfi "J3A0 pUll JO SJttaA 91 (i) 9S 8'* , w ! 6'* '! (i) "(j^imiin aSiuoAP) saonjiTO 93tiAV I1 S'E i! 9 8 (i) •s^OAO|(Inia; £ i pounds O'jtunpjoqns joqio put) s^joio |j Z'l 1 sns : -Q90 > -9{i3iir (0 *'Z6 2'56 (i) *'S6 I'S6 (t) S'Z6 *'96 Z'S6 £•86 (t) (i) 9 Zl (i) es (l) SS *8 Ci) SZT SIS (t) OTf 058 (t) *8I 0*S (i) ZZ* see d) 086 SS6 808 81 0*9'SI Ir9t«xn! we 618 SSe T6T 68T Z9Z m 009 6*e see4 t 800 'l 956 "ivxox JO 659'ST 5Z6'8I 558'ST 606T *T6I 6I6T 606T H6T 6T6T 606T *I6I 6T6T 606 T *T6T 6T6T 606 T *T6T 6I6T sj93tJirem pu« sinepirequpadns suotffeiodjoo jo sj9oujo pajJB[Bg 'sjaqmom ihjtj pu« sjo^udoj^ sjttpijjo pn*o sjoioudojj sesstfp nv I! s I ! sns; | "U90 | *606T QNY 'H61 '6161 ^AHXSiiaKI 3HJL NI aa0V0N3 SiMOSHad—'29 a™vj, *aua;Lov.iaNVK ia aaaav arnvA 86ZS 8S 9T i OIL 8 6 91 '9S9 8T L\ ; m L'\ SI \ G5f rT 6T LZf 8"T OS in o-i TS 9"0 ss { Of T ro ts ■ 65 S'O 08 LZ TO *e ! 9S ro 58 ! oes's 9"9 II •sxonaoaa jo aniYA ~z— L 9SS | 0 6 91 5 T6T ! rT IT 9 sss ! 6'T 9T 8 65T i rT OS 8 09T i rT 6T e 2,9 T ! 5T ST 9 05T i £-t TS f 91 ! ro 66 ! ST 9f 1 ro £S 8 fl jro S8 f £T I ro 8£ c ST T'O f£ 8S 9U 8'9 I? ^4U3S J9q;o [\y "**A9SJ9f Ai92v • ■"ooixaAva^i -etjOjiBQ t[giio"s nna STJSUB^Jy """UGqJtnus'BAY ^osoircrrj^ )uomJ9A Binjojn^O nt!3iqo!K • • *^norq.09"uiibo SBX9X ST j 8"S TT 8"S CT 5-S I Z *g 6 8"8 8 | 9'8 :.T S'S 9 9 5 8 5 8 I 9\Z S! 8'IT T • S8S TFT- T55 86* fU m STZ 805 5H'I S6S'T SH'T ss^'t ose's f99'f 8Z9'6T§ Ss O ya C3 •aanxovinjsrvK ia aaaav arnvA rs 8'S T-8 re se ee rs S'S 0'Z S'TT S'SS O'OOT S88 686 6*0'T 590 *T OOT'T 08T'I 6H'T SZS'l 060'S *TT'S 568 'Z TSO'* 9SS'Z 0Z6'88S •sionaoHj jo arnvA 6"S Z"8 T"* e*e 9-* re S"S 9'9 9 9 ff f'9 roT 8'SS 0 00T see 61* 89* 8ze zss zee T6S 09Z. 9T 5 98 ! TT !!ot !' OS ii ot ! LZ m 9T T05 i! ST LZL j 6 t6t't 08 685's I, 633 m 329 320 9 139 4 1,161 1,161 1,333 1,161 172 1014 1,103 676 643 643 123 10 427 427 519 427 92 1000 60? '628' 113 79 34 tiOftSEPCWEtt; Amount. 1010 61,736 23,140 19,946 18,732 1,214 2,944 250 28,596 28,695 32,155 28.595 3,560 1014 39,134 27,826 25,388 26,388 2,122 316 11,308 11,263 65 12,851 11,253 1,698 1000 27,671 26,174 24,271 24,271 1,462 441 1,497 1,497 1,560 1,497 1,063 1010 Per edit distribution. 1014 100.0 i 44.7 38.6 36.2 2.3 6.7 0.5 55.3 65.3 100.0 88.9 11.1 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. 100.0 71.1 64.0: 64.9 i 6.4 , 0.8 I 28.9 i 28.8 I 0.1 100.0 87.6; 12.4 j 1909 100.0 94.6 87.7 87.7 6.3 1.6 5.4 6.4 100.0 36.9 63.1 Table 60.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. COAL. Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). COAL. Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Anthra- cite 1 (ton, 2,240 Bitumi- nous (ton, 2,000 Anthra- cite 1 (ton, 2,240 Bitumi- nous (ton, 2,000 STATE. STATE. pounds). pounds). pounds). pounds). 1 United States: 1919 ! 102,788 60,159 New Jersey 705 200 606 32,175 161,673 195,0S0 2,126 43,393 24,745 2,219 14,669 41,627 218 57,112 76,141 872,910 677,071 21,301 82,447 5,519 (») 53,835 673,853 New Mexico 1914 New York 2,546 73 20 133 Ohio 534 264 6 5 52,316 390 Alabama 27,046 600 68,374 13,825 18,647 41,455 5,442 30,044 4,161 5,084 46,191 4 500 Pennsylvania 43,738 49,070 Arkansas 2,500 24 South Dakota California Tennessee 6 Connecticut 23 25 42 Texas 1,300 1,341 6,551 90 25 30 Illinois Utah Indiana Vermont Maryland 3,359 15 886 15,918 2,802 7,092 32 247 236 2,895 26 59 Virginia 2,696 3,119 6,292 3 15 69 Massachusetts Washington Michigan 7,135 31 West Virginia 54,388 3,163 35,977 18,688 629 Minnesota Wisconsin 200 4,527 901 137 Missouri All other states 67 i Includes some semianthracite. 2 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products.—Table 61 presents comparative statistics for products, by states, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The quantities and values are as reported by the Geological Survey. The census reports carry the value of all products. The containers, an important item in the value of products, not included in the figures as re- ported by the Geological Survey, are included in this table under the item "All other products." Further, the Geological Survey reports are based upon lime burned and sold during the respective years, while the products as reported to the census represent produc- tion, whether sold or carried in stock. Table 61.—PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Total value Lime: Tons (2,000 pounds) Value Average value per ton Quicklime- Tons Value Hydratcd lime- Tons Value All other products $33,970, 463 3,071,423 $27,643,000 $9.00 2,301,488 $20,482,600 769,935 $7,160,400 $2,327,4.63 1914 $18,390,805 3,380,928 $13,268,938 $3. 92 2,865,807 $11,029,022 515,121 $2,239,916 $5,121,867 1909 $17,951,987 3,484,974 $13,846,072 $3. 98 3,277,363 $12,932,922 207,611 $913,150 $4,105,915 LIME PRODUCTION, BY STATE.1 United States, Pennsylvania Ohio Virginia , Missouri West Virginia Michigan Alabama Massachusetts New York Wisconsin Tennessee Indiana Maryland Maine Illinois All other states 1919 3,071,423 779,608 512,614 223,768 180,749 174,167 145,783 135,095 131,762 126,404 123,620 116,346 1.07,460 103,563 96,582 65,000 48,902 1914 3,380,928 849,963 480,010 243,990 155,680 192,195 66,507 46,966 124,199 94,009 227,469 85,939 99,185 155,845 122,218 87,603 349,150 1909 3,481,974 881,439 343,754 164,695 182,460 89,569 83,108 75,268 136,546 134,732 268,250 79,903 99,325 125,436 178,564 104,260 537,665 1 Reported in tons of 2,000 pounds, LIME. 827 GENERAL TABLES. Table 62 gives the comparative statistics for the principal items, number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, cost of materials, and value of products for the census years 1919, 1914 and 1909. Table 63 is a detailed statement, by states, for the census of 1919. Table 62.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. i Wage earners (aver- age Cost of mate- rials. Value i , of I prod- i ucts. I Wage earners (aver- age Num- ber of estab- lish- Pri- mary horse- Wages. Num- i ber of 1 estab- ; lish- Pri- mary horse- Cen- sus year. I Cen- STATE. STATE. : SUS ments. num- power. | year. ments. num- power. ber). Expressed in thousands. 1 ! 16 ber). United States 1919 476 11,405 51,735 $10,8(59 $14,297 133.970 New York i 1919 335 2,3% 1914 627 12,429 39,134 6,040 7,558 18', 391 i 1914 1 23 310 720 1909 853 13,897 27,671 5,980 6,731 17,952 j 1909 33 465 781 A labama... 1919 10 291 809 305 641 1,149 j Ohio. 1 1919 ; 30 1,191 9,175 1914 14 390 871 147 196 398 ! 1914 ! 38 1,416 7,374 1909 15 411 723 136 182 426 '; 1909 ! 39 1,273 3, 872 i i Arkansas 1919 4 76 240 55 K2 ias : Pennsylvania ....J 1919 15S 2,539 12,554 1914 7 189 457 54 82 188 1914 ! 265 3.12S 8,725 1909 9 157 137 51 78 161 ', 1909 i 348 3,258 8,6S2 California 1919 8 159 345 170 281 .564 1 Tennessee : 1919 ! 16 527 1,117 1914 7 213 220 130 116 316 , 1914 ; 9 432 670 1909 15 410 558 234 212 609 j 1 1909 20 415 668 1 Connecticut. . . 1919 5 191 85 196 419 770 i Texas ! 1919 j 7 226 596 1914 10 284 476 158 265 489 ! 1914 S 262 439 1909 10 325 170 160 '275 553 j \ 1909 s 11 348 534 Illinois 1919 11 378 1,668 409 331 1,065 i 1919 12 45 166 1914 14 448 2,077 265 276 747 1914 : 10 49 10 1909 16 511 794 283 174 688 ! 1909 12 74 20 Indiana 1919 5 419 1,553 341 38S 939 'Vermont. ! 1919 S 160 132 1,141 1914 6 202 582 84 151 284 : 1914 ! 8 149 1909 10 440 890 175 182 447 1909 ; 11 185 248 Maryland . . . 1919 36 468 2,111 263 551 1, 019 ; Virginia 1919 i 37 750 3,149 1914 25 266 605 99 152 390 1914 ! 34 694 1,729 1909 43 397 942 128 132 420 ; 1909 35 716 924 j Massachusetts 1919 12 501 2,028 523 969 2,114 i Washington 1919 i 5 150 447 1914 11 474 997 231 370 817 ! 1914 6 154 384 1909 9 557 5S9 304 337 S64 i ! i 1909 : 12 1SS 215 Michigan. 1919 6. 222 1,195 L83 291 626 West Virginia '1919 1 9 727 3,700 1914 8 150 653 88 132 318 ] 1914 10 773 4,026 1909 11 157 265 So 134 327 i : 1909 13 514 1,000 Minnesota 1919 5 167 260 169 120 427 ; Wisconsin ! 1919 j 20 392 2.731 1914 5 223 328 127 '139 342 1914 30 828 < 032 1909 S 203 319 101 143 311 i 1909 I 43 776 I', 984 Missouri 1919 16 736 1,936 650 792 2,090 j All other states 1919 35 743 2,278 1914 19 531 1,593 277 409 S90 I 1914 i 48 835 1.928 1909 31 692 1,314 317 461 1,031 < 1909 ! so 1, 214 1,670 New Jersey 1919 5 12 65 11 i 9 26 ! 1914 12 46 S9 20 i 25 62 ! j 1909 19 211 312 ! 78 ! 73 201 j 1 Wages. fv,t,f! Value l ost Of c na,~ ucts. Expressed in thousands. $317 I 149 j 236 j 1,262' 777' 553 1, 404 1,259 474 535 $391 I $832 189 , 503 176 580 1,701; 4,021 706! 2; 334 59S 1,620 3,002; 1,393! 1,038 i 7,556 3,948 3,342 372 137 1 139 i 2-27! 105 j 123: i 63 j 37 \ 53 | 15S! 64 i 587! 273 , 232 144 112 1213 7SS 378 1SS 359 450 412 451! 1,100 I0S j 357 93 i 323 323 j 115! 143 I 43! 19 i 29 260 98 119 730 471 300 146 SO 109 907 434 224 417 827 507 1.052 805 1,012 798 347 390 140 71 115 459 189 250 1,875 995 856 341 250 376 2,395 980 644 1,130 1,570 1,272 2,316 1.606 2,216 828 MANUFACTURES. Table 63.—DETAILED STATEMENT, United States Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New Mexico New York Ohio Pennsylvania South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states3... Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 476 12 6 5 16 5 4 16 30 158 3 16 7 12 8 37 5 9 20 28 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 331 90 190 205 443 462 546 543 241 198 21 17 367 1,365 2,866 18 564 264 63 183 851 166 782 449 821 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 349 1 9 13 144 1 15 7 10 6 15 16 9 13 9 24 13 26! 21 I 7! 12 35; Clerks, etc. Male. 325 2! 15 j 68 I 118 1 15 18 6 12 57 10 18 32 50 Fe- male. 169 Wage earners. num- ber. 291 76 159 191 378 419 468 501 222 167 736 12 13 335 1,191 2,539 14 527 226 45 160 750 150 727 392 716 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Se 12,143 De Mh Ap Jy» Jy Oc Se No Au Jy Oc Ap No De Au i;315 Ap 2,616 Au a 16 Se 543 No 319 Je a 58 Se 179 Ap 854 No 185 Fe a 755 Je 437 Minimum month. Fe 10,370 314 My 282 $6 My 65 178 Oc 141 199 Mh 178 417 Ja 304 450 De 346 530 Oc 403 542 Mh 445 263 Mh 162 194 Fe 99 853 Ja 610 16 Fe 7 26 Mh* 6 400 My 293 Fe 958 Ja 2,440 Mh a 13 Je 494 Ja* Ja Mh Fe 171 27 138 684 Jy 125 Oc 697 Ja 292 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 12,052 325 88 157 199 387 391 489 533 227 184 760 16 24 391 1,197 2,653 14 554 318 48 166 812 174 716 373 856 16 and over. Male. 11,996 325 155 199 391 485 531 227 184 759 16 24 1,196 2,643 14 549 318 46 166 793 172 715 372 853 Fe- male.! 26 Under 16. Male. 30 Fe- male, 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply). 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. LIME. 829 BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. $1,366,422 44,202 11,870 22,835 19,723 56,722 34,211 37,150 52,974 23,150 32,160 63,309 1,245 32,460 182,774 298,217 1,891 31,669 37,536 8,100 19,722 121,636 20,585 59,865 54,382 98,034 Clerks, etc. $629,458 $10,869,196 23,749 3,655 15,811 6,277 34,087 26,913 16,985 23,900 10,286 13,620 62,231 1,020 22 8,262 125,265 70,109 2,011 7,511 17,120 1,684 2,835 24,025 10,983 56,116 19,396 45.5S5 Wage earners. 304,741 54,585 169,897 196,289 409,141 340,817 263,424 522,624 183,272 169,381 649,765 11,097 11,155 317,489 1,261,937 2,551,699 17,150 371,802 227,206 62,941 15S,309 586,844 144,254 788,410 358,643 736,324 For con- tract work. $70,430 2,271 417 450 2,105 8,320 4,008 14,966 1,888 3,562 1,316 2,979 3,600 11,107 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $88,937 3,753 220 685 393 3,372 2,777 200 250 1,225 100 30 178 47,437 636 300 2,097 2,381 879 6,940 2,115 12,969 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $896,563 $8,269,479 |$6,027,446 19,470 1,790 12,681 17,270 34,970 28,921 17,580 69,613 11,044 16,748 51,656 694 167 30,038 146,550 125,320 1,179 24,548 8,412 2,066 8,049 64,811 8,408 129,241 20,155 45,176 For materials. Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. 440,329 54,724 146,344 297,602 233,157 233,374 372,942 599,854 148,596 77,846 405,472 1,747 605 189,522 954,878 1,694,476 8,955 298,099 189,479 24,691 98,702 466,197 95,206 502,501 151,834 582,347 199,886 27,095 134,855 121,594 97,495 154,821 178,394 368,475 142,424 42,073 387,144 7,912 3,637 201,587 746,122 1,308,014 15,364 152,410 133,581 18,300 161,257 264,001 51,295 404,419 264,840 440,451 $33,970,463 Value of products. |$19,673,538 1,148,696 187,667 564,152 770,206 1,064,548 938,723 1,049,265 2,113,741 625,750 427,439 2,090,126 28,682 26,822 832,141 4,021,106 7,556,372 59,475 1,099,620 797,882 139,642 459,489 1,875,173 341,361 2,394,667 1,130,092 2,229,626 Value, added by manufac- ture. 508,481 105,848 282,953 351,010 733,896 550,528 497,929 1,145,412 334,730 307,520 1,297,510 17,023 22,580 441,032 2,320,106 4,553,882 35,156 649,111 474,822 96,651 199,530 1,144,975 194,860 1,487,747 713,418 1,206,828 Primary horsepower. Total. Steam en- gines (not tur- [bines). 51,735 809 240 345 85 1,668 1,553 2,111 2,028 1,195 260 1,936 65 2,386 9,175 12,554 55 1,117 596 166 1,141 3,149 447 3,700 2,731 2,223 Owned. 18,732 250 132 235 370 844 531 1,000 200 1,515 40 1,045 2,015 4,541 993 535 290 1,399 87 30 1,135 5S5 Steam tur- bines. 1,214 140 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 2,944 19 108 14 168 135 118 18 105 807; 775 247 30 24 6 124 60 15 150 j 846 79 Wa- ter pow- er.' Rent- ed (elec- tric). 250 j 28,595 400 30 110 85 1,29S 579 1,099 1,362 77 42 316 25 1,282! 5,578 7,736 25 55 I 40 I 706 1,741 j 309; 3,670 660' 1,409 I » All other states embrace; Arizona, 2 establishments; Colorado, 1; Florida, 2; Idaho, 2; Iowa, 2; Kentucky, 3; Maine, 4; Montana, 2; Nevada, 1; North Carolina, 2; Okl* homa, 2; Oregon, 2; Rhode Island, 1; and Wyoming, 2. GLASS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This industry embraces all establishments engaged in the manu- facture of glass from raw materials, but does not include those engaged primarily in glass beveling, bending sheet glass, engraving glass, making glass labels, staining and ornamenting glass, or making glassware from purchased "blanks." It does, how- ever, cover the reworking of glass when done by the establishment in which the glass is manufactured. The estabhshments in this industry are engaged in the manufacture of (1) building glass, which includes window glass, plate glass, and all varieties of cast and rolled glass; (2) pressed and blown glass, such as tableware, jelly glasses, tumblers, goblets, bar goods, lamps, chimneys, lantern globes, electric bulbs, shades, globes, and other gas and electric goods, opal ware, cut ware, decorated glassware and tubing; (3) bottles, jars, druggists' wares, demijohns, etc. Comparative summary.—Table 1 presents the statis- tics for each census since 1879, with percentages of increase for each census period. With few exceptions, increases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The large increases, how- ever, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to the general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1919 accounts for the large increase in "Rent and taxes." Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Table 2 summarizes the more important statistics of the industry by states, the states being arranged accord- ing to the value of products reported for 1919. The major portion of the glass manufactured in the United States is made in the factories in the four adjoining states of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana. These states reported for 1919, 69.5 per cent of the establishments, 69.1 per cent of the wage earners, and 72 per cent of the value of products. Pennsylvania was the most important state in the industry, producing 30.7 per cent of all the glass manufactured in the United States. , West Virginia ranked second; Ohio, third; and Indiana, fourth. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by age of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method de- scribed in the "Explanation of terms." The classifi- cation by sex for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the classification by age. Figures for individual states will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months.—As shown by Table 4, the number of wage earners employed in the industry ranged from a maximum of 85,416 in November to a minimum of 65,055 in July, the minimum number being equivalent to 76.2 per cent of the maximum. Figures for the principal states are given separately for 1919, while for the United States a segregation of sex is given for 1919 and males and females combined for 1919,1914, and 1909. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year, 53.9 per cent of the wage earners were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week as against 80.2 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 20.8 per cent of the total number of wage earners, as compared with 6.9 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 6 shows that 275 establishments, or 74.1 per cent of the total number for the industry, were in the several classes having fewer than 251 wage earners, while such establishments employed but 36.1 per cent of the total number of wage earners. On the other hand, the establishments employing an average of more than 250 wage earners represented only 25.9 per cent of the total number of establishments, but reported 63.9 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was sub- divided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of estab- lishments and value of products have been compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 7, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in this table show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the groups "$500,000 to $1,000,000" and "$1,000,000 and over" included .139 establishments, or 37.5 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed 56,533 wage earners, or 72.9 per cent of the total average number, and reported products to the value of $208,553,025, or 79.6 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 8 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 92.2 per cent of the total number of establishments in the industry in 1919, employed (830) GLASS. 831 97.4 per cent of the total average number of wage j earners, and reported 98 per cent of the total value of j products. During the five-year period 1914 to 1919 j the average number of wage earners in corporations; increased 4,332, or 6.1 per cent, and the value of prod- | ucts $137,662,585, or 115.7 per cent. j Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.—: From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an j increase in the total horsepower for the industry of j 44,291 horsepower, or 27.1 per cent. This increase, J however, is chiefly due to the gain of 38,527 horse- power, or 267 per cent, in rented power. The owned power increased only 5,764 horsepower, or 3.9 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows, by states, the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry in 1919 and 1914. Of the totals for the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry in 1919, Pennsylvania reported 25.2 per cent of the bituminous coal, 14.1 per cent of the fuel oils, and 41.4 per cent of the gas. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. PER CENT OF INCREASE.' 1904 1899 1889 1879 1914- 1909-1 1904- 1899- 1889- 1839- 1919 1914 1909 ! 1904 1899 1889 Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees Wage earners (average num- ber) Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture '»— 371 ! 348 , 363 399 83,656 60 6,076 ! 78,804 i 93 j 4,209 j 72,573 87 3,575 67,105 96 3,040 77,520 i 74,502 j 68,911 63,969 207,430 §215,680,436 i 163,139! 123,132 f 91,476 |S153,925,876 $129,288,384 ;$89,3S9,151 100,891,194 13,364,569 87,526,625 ; 55,204,723 ■ j 6,548,904; ! 48.655,819 | 44,293,215 4,993,591 39,299,624 41,228,441 3,940,293 37,238,148 '' I 240,750 10,003,005 90,780,124 261,884,080 171,103,956 i 150,185! 85,864 506,533 32,119,499 92,095,203 59,975,704 56,848 « 357,121 26,145,522 79,607,998 53,462,476 882,222 1 1 40,016.504! | 123,085; 019 j 1 77,06S,515 I (2); (2) 2,263 52,818 52,943 j 29,877,088 ■ 2.792,376 1 27,084,710 58,959! * 265.583: 16,731; 009 j 56,539,712! 39,808,703 i 294 (5) (■): 44,892 28,241 I 22,118,522 (2) C-) ('*) (2) 24,177 5,672 9,144,100 (*)' (3) (2) (2) ! (2) 12,140.985 8,028,621 41,051,004 i 21,154,571 28,910,019 i 13.125,950 6,6 —4.1 6.2 8.6 4.1 j 8.1 27.1 40.1! 60.3 1.033.8 97.3 , 112.8 122.0 32,5 19.1 82.8 24.6 104.1 31.1 79.9 23.8 ! 74.9 74.2 43.3 33.6 28.5 -9.0 S. 1 I 20.' f2); 34.0 21.1 • 17.7 34.6 | 44.6; 7.4! 26. 7 i 5i,o; 41.8 j 22.8! 15.7 j 12.2' 72. S 45.5 (3) 87.5 397.9 49.9 117.9 38. 0 35.1 141. 9 41.1 i 37.7 -3.6 1 34.5 56.3 j 40. S i 34.3 37. S 51.2 37.7 | 94.1 37.7 120.3 i A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 0 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of j estab- lish- ments! United States Pennsylvania... West Virginia -. Ohio Indiana Illinois New Jersey 371 102 77 44 35 14 21 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- n um- ber. 77,520 21,602 11,668 10,935 9,350 4,065 5,942 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 27.9 15.0 14.1 12.1 5.1 7.7 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed m thou- sands). $261,884 80,480 42,730 35,241 30,107 18,245 13,695 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 30.7 16.3 13.5 11.5 7.0 5.2 I I Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. $171,104 52,822 28,929 22,583 16,952 12.6S5 9,249 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 30.9 16.9 13.2 9.9 7.4 5.4 Num-j ber of: estab-! ! lish- I merits New York j 19 Missouri j 4 Oklahoma j 16 Maryland { 8 California i 7 Kansas j 5 Virginia j 4 All other states.! 15 WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Aver- age num- ber. : Per j cent dis- ! tri- ; bu- tton. 3,929! 2,034 j 1,692 I 1,755! 1,333 j 584 I 641 j 1,990 1 ^ , i dis- in thou-; SMM5s>-|tS£i. ! $12,996 I 6,927 i 4,751 i 4,032: 3,761 I 2,133! 831 I 5,955 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount pressed in thou- sands). Per cent | dis- tri- bu- tion. j $8,951! 4,367 2,839! 2,993 i 2,435! 1,527! 500 i 4,267! o. I 2.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.3 2.5 7 8 10 9 11 12 15 Table 3— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers., Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. S3,656 78,804 72,573 2,498 1,478 1,376 60 93 87 706 517 479 1,732 S68 810 Fe- male. | PER CENT 1 OF TOTAL. Male. 1 I 72,647 1 73,243 | 67,811 | 86.8 | 13.2 92.9: 7.1 1 93.4 1 6. 6 11,009 5,561 4,762 i 2,465 1 1,460 1,366 33 18 10 : 98.7! 1.3 98.8 1.2 ! 99.3 | 0.7 '56 4 93,3 j 6.7 i 97.8 2.2 ! 91 2 5 I 82 '94.3 1 5.7 1 6S9 505 475 17 12 4 ! 97.6 1 2,4 ! 97.7 2.3 | 99.2 j 0.8 1.720 864 S09 12 4 1 ! 99.3 i 0.7 ! 99.5 i 0.5 ! 99.9 0.1 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over.... Under 16 years of age Cen-; sus i Total, year, j 1919! 1914! 1909 1919 , 1914 i 1909; 1919 I 1914; 1909 j 1919 1914 1909 3,63S 2,824 2,286 77,520 74,502 68,911 76,107 72,510 65,350 1,413 1,992 3,561 832 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. United States: 1919 77,520 Males , 68,140 Females ;9,380 1914 74,502 1909 6S,911 California 1,333 Illinois !4,065 Indiana I 9,350 Kansas I 584 Maryland 1,755 Missouri New Jersey.. New York... Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania.. Virginia West Virginia. 2,034 5,942 3,929 10,935 1,692 21,602 641 11,668 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 16TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 74,571 65,438 9,133 83,002 72,931 1,512 4,260 9,908 396 1,609 2,025 6,574 4,190 9,S51 1,303 20,149 524 10,448 Febru- ary. 78,413 69,132 9,281 85,875 75,720 1,466 4,291 10,020 656 1,656 2,029 5,909 4,214 10,961 2,142 20,607 525 11,681 March. 79,693 70,234 9,459 86,461 78,921 1,46S 4,196 1,713 2,299 6,076 4,245 11,094 2,235 20,490 638 12,178 April. 79,450 70,003 9,447 85,644 77,692 1,450 4,249 9,454 717 1,866 2,243 6,274 4,139 11,517 2,297 20,477 660 11,572 May. 78,191 68,704 9,487 82,973 76,550 1,461 4,024 9,366 669 1,784 2,162 6,171 3,973 11,177 1,971 20,349 692 11,734 June. 74,719 65,236 9,483 74,347 73,038 1,212 4,086 9,18S m 1,875 2,148 6,120 3,991 10,943 1,400 20,496 692 10, 387 July. .65,066 57,164 7,891 55,433 40,222 951 4,014 7,884 199 1,749 1,692 5,045 £,696 9,077 18,809 700 9,664 August. 68,993 60,731 8,262 49,861 43,839 591 3,957 7,860 370 1,252 1,663 4,488 3,322 10,239 1,033 20,558 593 11,807 Sep- tember. 78,072 68,575 9,497 62,683 56,127 1,082 4,027 9,002 812 1,833 1,850 5,089 3,675 10,818 1,502 23,389 644 12,459 Octo- ber. 83,190 73,194 9,996 72,075 71,746 1,368 3,946 10,004 821 1,878 1,972 6,182 4,062 11,516 1,713 24,283 670 12,854 Novem- ber. 85,416 75,037 10,379 77,383 78,454 1,781 3,905 10,492 789 1,943 2,191 6,565 4,210 11,942 1,653 24,944 670 12,599 Decem- ber. 84,477 74,232 10,245 78,287 81,665 1,654 8,825 9,219 686 1,902 2,134 6,811 4,432 12,085 2,068 24,673 684 12,743 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 76.2 76.2 76.0 57.7 49.3 33.2 89.1 74.9 23.6 64.4 72.3 65.9 60.8 75.1 43.0 75.4 74.9 74.3 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States California Illinois Indiana Maryland Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 77,520 74,502 68,911 1,333 1,084 4,065 3,764 9,350 9,390 1,755 I, 184 2,034 2,248 5,942 5,784 3,929 3,089 10,935 10,997 1,692 1,270 21,602 23,606 641 606 II, 668 8,889 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE- 44 and under. 14,098 (3) 500 (*) 1,828 (3) 1,725 (3) (3) *(3')*' 1,136 (3) 204 (*) 1,197 (3) '258 (3) 4,002 (3) (3) 2,662 (s) Between 44 and 48. 7,174 (s) (») 277 386 744 (3) (3) . 2,723 (3) 126 (s) 1,172 (3) 222 (3) 1,321 (3) 48.1 12,205 11,358 833 203 1,513 180 2,985 590 933 140 325 11 942 864 '767 344 3,780 784 1,241 856 7,905 4,494 303 163 4,437 2,315 Between 48 and 54. 14,815 27,975 16,603 343 1,167 3,931 5,818 11,394 8,707 856 25 7 440 1,203 663 1,804 3,361 629 2,290 216 937 424 107 1,525 448 184 35 2,044 3,602 822 918 425 882 217 700 1,471 4,515 916 2,916 67 156 258 5,104 7,235 1,146 2,734 116 100 641 532 Between 54 and 60. 4,143 7,458 13,923 1,398 83 2,302 1,107 783 198 503 2,114 402 983 60. 4,603 10,743 10,764 320 1,821 1,908 1,754 171 151 56 65 2,276 1,361 2,859 676 1,128 Over 60. 771 4,727 7,556 308 409 4,170 i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. *Corresponding figures not available, GLASS. 833 Table 6—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States 1919 1914 California Illinois Indiana Maryland.. Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia I el 3* 371! 77,520 318 I 74,502 7 j 1,333 14 4,065 35 | 9,350 8: 1,755 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. Is 4 21 19 44 16 102 4 77 2,034 5,942 3,929 10,935 1,692 21, 602 641 11,668 21! 17! 303 251 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. ■M2 la 2 , 25 2 i 30 1! 17 99 | "45*! g§ 1,436 1,096 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 72 116! 125 j 43 I 479 | "470"; 20 101 t o 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Is I 6,362 5,542 121 126 j 19,891 j 20,060 198 j 183 I 77 \ 142 i 388; 796 j 424' 1,796! 1,441 3 2 1 2 j 4' 6 14 i 30! 4' 25 • 500 480 2,981 364 432 602 S31 2,154 1,235 4,929 641 3,826 22,137! 23 23,706 j 23 Over 1,000 wage earners. 14,424! 16,179 8 i 12,940 6: 7,652 3 1,102 i 1! 599 1: 1,760 9 2,791 3! 2,070 . 1 1,271 2 625 j 1 j 569; !. ! 1 1, 52 5 7 2,493 2 j 1,107; 1 1,457 1 274: 1 2,2S1 11 4,015 6 j 3,910: 21 7,248 i 4; 2,397 I 3 i 4,646 9 2,SS0 1 5 i 2,999 1 i. Table 7.— SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF i>'' VALUE OF PRODUCT. WAGE EARNERS. H VALUE OF PRODUCTS. j VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 jj 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 !j 1919 1914 1 i $123,085,019 j $92,095,203 | 1909 All classes 371 34S 363 77,520 74,502 68,911 j| $261,884,080 $171,103,956 j $77,068,515 S59,975.704 Less than $20,000 13 33 186 70 69 17 52 210 46 23 24 91 114 874 J 19,999 \ 16,723 39,810 243 2,424 209 4,647 ! 159,539 1,950,021 :/ 51,221,495 j\ 49,235,395 1 159,317,630 169,911 i 171,970 j 3,306,884! 5,691,849 i 71,677; 95,552 1.133.066; 2,157,023 / 34;3S1'.173 \ oo- w, \ 32,097.290 j ^29o.s24 103,420;750 j 23,520,116 111,629 3,751,833 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500.000 | 238 10 | 52,620 i;no:ll 1} s^*919 $500,000 to $1.000,000 53,931 45,377,554 $1,000,000 and over 19,215 10,124 40,684,449 j 16,696,465 j 10,734,688 All classes. Less than $20,000 $20,000 to $100.000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 3.5 8.9 50.1 18.9 18.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 HT 6jT 25.1 oT i.i 03" 3.3 14.9 60.3 13.3 6.6 6.7 78.3 14.7 } 65.6 / 25.8 \ 21.6 51.4 } 70.6 25.8 2.8 100.0 0.1 0.7 19.6 18.8 60.8 100.0 39.6 24.5 33.1 100.0; 100.0 100.0 0.2 6.2; 75.5 i 1S.1 i 0) 0.7 20.1 \ 18. S j 60.4 0.1 2.8 66.6 30.5 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. 100.0 0.2 6.3 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. United States. Individual., Corporation. Ail other. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (average num- ber). Cen- sus year. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. 1919 1914 1909 371 348 363 77,520 74,502 68,911 $261,884,080 123,085,019 92,095,203 $171,103,956 77,068,515 59,975,704 1919 1914 12 12 618 770 1,795,048 S92,991 1,182,286 596,735 1919 1914 342 313 75,468 71,136 256,643,158 118,980,573 167,380,720 74,165,662 1919 1914 17 1,434 2,596 3,445,874 3,211,455 2,540,950 2,306,118 23 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. I Cen- • sus I year. Per cent distribution Individual Corporation All other i Num-1 Wage I ber of! earners j estab- j (average i I lish- I mun- iments.; ber), i Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. 1919 j 3.2: O.S 0.7 0.7 1914 1 3.4 | 1.0 , 0.7 O.S 1919! 92.2 j 97. 4! 98.0 97.8 1914 j 89.9! 95.5 96.7 96.2 I 1919 j 4.6! 1.8 1.3; 1.5 1914! 6.6 j 3.5! 2.6 3.0 1 111367—28- 834 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER, POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 4,431 2,290 1,428 207,430 163,139 123,132 100.0 100.0 100.0 Steam» 1,034 435 411 24 371 228 227 1 1,051 661 1,122 765 154,474 99,140 80,715 18,425 52,877 2,457 2,452 5 148,710 105,061 119,707 98,971 74.5 47.8 38.9 8.9 25.5 1.2 1.2 91.2 64.4 97.2 80.4 Engines (2) (2) (2) (2) 8 8 8 (*) Turbines (') Internal-combustion engines — 385 5 4 1 356 1 43,448 201 200 1 20,731 5 26.6 0.1 0.1 16.8 Water (3) Water wheels and turbines Water motors 1 5 (3) (3) (3) 3,397 3,397 1,239 1,239 306 306 52,956 52,864 92 14,429 14,224 5 3,425 3,425 25.5 25.5 (s) 8.8 8.7 2.8 2.8 Other (8) Generated by establishments reporting 9,720 3,397 6,323 6,018 1,239 4,779 2,510 306 2,204 143,125 52,864 90,261 92,896 14,22-1 78,672 43,589 3,425 40,164 100.0 37.0 63.0 100.0 15.3 84.7 100.0 7.9 92.1 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. » Not reported separately. 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). STATE. Cen- sus year. An- thra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Fuel oils (barrels). United States 1919 1914 15,268 41,372 2,643,654 2,252,268 131,998 16,770 895,984 867,836 14,135 C1) 38,500,857 43,336,322 Per cent of in- crease * -63.1 17.4 687.1 4.9 -11.2 California 1919 1914 152,810 94,886 C1) 290,315 Illinois 1919 1914 3 418,860 397,550 120,000 52,657 286,976 30 Q) 200 Indiana 1919 1914 698 523,726 470,646 2,486 2,020 217,323 121,744 49 C1) 457,551 453,770 Kansas 1919 1914 75 699,315 758,611 Maryland 1919 1914 32 2,327 35,407 13,528 1,440 42 49,015 26,163 102 0) 20,550 58,505 Missouri 1919 1914 206,190 221,666 1,229 2,922 22,029 40,326 0) 800 1 New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania.. Virginia West Virginia.. All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 19t4 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 An- thra- cite (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 2,556 3,793 4,711 11,870 905 6,363 9,155 14,227 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 168,002 139,856 136,650 95,081 339,738 271,397 10 300 667,259 521,399 13,250 16,350 71,296 28,583 63,191 75,912 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). Fuel oils (barrels) 2,296 2,356 984 1,439 675 3,399 1,501 79 160 134,943 112,265 105,149 29,445 16,994 6,480 3,042 126,269 118,674 3,215 1,237 4,187 8,321 29,634 Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 0) 1,721 C1) 325 0) 167 0) 11,339 C1) C1) 106 C1) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 45,245 3,029 91,690 97,740 5.800,995 7,251,445 2,332,616 2,426,681 15,945,505 20,939,700 11,832,115 10,606,469 984,760 739,572 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. > A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. GLASS. 835 SPECIAL Certain additional detailed information concerning the quantity and value of products and the equipment for the industry is collected by means of supplemental schedules, data for which are presented in Tables 11, 12, and 13. Table 11 shows in detail the quantity and value of the principal products for the glass industry for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Table 11.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. 1919 1914 1909 1904 Products, total value 1 $281,884,080 $123,085,019 $92,095,203 $79,607,998 Building glass, value $83,713,115 $36,824,069 $26,308,438 $21,697,861 Window glass- Square feet 368,912,2)9 400,998,893 346,080,550 242,615,750 Value $41,100,724 $17,495,956 $11,742,959 $11,610,851 Obscured glass, including cathedral and skylight- Square feet 33,822,302 43,040,079 22,815,946 21,870,634 Value $4,300,30S $2,417,253 $1,358,574 $972,014 Plate glass, total cast, square 72,849,340 75,770,261 60,105,694 34,804,986 Polished- Square feet 56,823,749 60,383,516 47.370.254 27,293,138 Rough, made for sale- $33,348,279 $14,773,787 $12) 204; .875 $7,978,253 Square feet 788,742 131,492 205,690 17,784 Value $171,118 $25,859 $37,431 $3,529 Wire glass- Polished— Square feet 1,229,077 1,707,848 (2) (2) Value $635,543 $534,322 («) Rough, made for sale as such- Square feet 14,462,409 13,980,996 (2) (!) All other building glass, $2,271,099 $1,056,612 (2) value. $1,886,044 $520,280 $964,599 $1,133,214 Pressed and blown glass, value.. $70,748,861 $30,279,290 $27,398,445 $21,956,158 Tableware, 100 pieces 2,457,938 1,554,056 1,286,056 1,2S3,974 Jellies, tumblers, and goblets, 25,182,133 18,030,243 11,687,036 7,346,214 917,250 580,196 322,482 487,037 6,615,109 6,989,624 6,652,967 7,039,756 Lantern globes, dozens 1,985,741 1,363,562 952,620 1,765,247 Shades, globes, and other gas 12,313,307 2,016,800 1,541,449 S78,244 Blown tumblers, stem ware, 9,668,638 11,377,310 9,182,060 6,282,606 Opal ware, dozens. 2,155,972 4,636,051 3,095,666 1,091,208 549,170 297,957 206,336 83,736 Decorated glassware, dozens... 1,052,851 1,158,077 (2) (*) 725,675 583 377; 1,237 I Cen- sus I year. Missouri New Jersey. 1919 1914 1919 1914 New York j 1919 ! 1914 Ohio '1919 ; 1914 Pennsylvania j 1919 ! 1914 Wisconsin. 191 1914! Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PEE VAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 608 3-83 !i 2,.185ij 1,23611 10,74fi|| 6,627j| 4,264!l 2,277! 4,053 1,940! 2,778i! 1,122. Be- it ween I 48 and 54. (!) (2) 324 8 (2) (*) 155 215 (2> (2) 578 104 (s) (2) 185 120 (2) (s) 129' 6 579! 22; 432| 113; 7411 2,159! 484; 422 Be- 1 tween - 54; and! 60.! 60. j Over 400 . 2S2 . 370 276 445 800 27 ... 25!... 460 1,407 2,180 1,365. 2061 444 543 651: 63 .. 1,474.. 102 (2) 71 143! ! 902! 159! 107! 44, 481; 721 780: 944 528|. 64L 66 2,419 51 SSI 177|. 3|- 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Corresponding figures not available. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF W7AGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States..1919. 1914. Connecticut Illinois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin, ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING- e6 No j wage \ earn- ;! ers. w! 1,092 992 75 90 31 20 72 SO 21 67 213 92 125 36 75,051! 40,306 i C3 © to a 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 t o 20 j 21 t o 50 wage j wage earners, 1 earners, inclusive. inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 00 cn & C I, a 358 397 29,580 j 3,174 1,271 926 2,832 10,306 608 2,185 10, 746 4,264 4,053 2,778 3 I 4; ij 2 i 2 i 16; 4 i 5 1.030 205 6S 133 29 320 278 MS 3,6S9 3,159 18 37 11 9 23 23' 3; is; 55! 30 { 36! 13 1 199 461 120 109 264 281 30 189 627 344 389 155 jo c « a 168 114 \ o3 s> 5,291 j 3,664 j t£i o 101 to 250 251 to 500 wage wage earners* earners, inclusive. inclusive. S?2 i gc > z. ■: q S earners, inclusive. wage earners. ! 5,227 3,891 61! 39: 9,361 6,693 23 i 7,734 14 i 4,633 17 1 11,408 I 13 1 31,362 4 | 2,870; 9! 14,366 268 j 6 436 670 j 5 371 68 4 262 31 342' 2 170 ■ 397 j 9 649! 62 1 4 298 29 8; 5 406 , 999' 14 1,033; 526 6 387 7T2 7 514 182; 3 999: 1,236! 1,322 I '147! 158 j 5 862 1 7 I 1,231 12' 1,676 6 , 925 8 1,17$ 1: 145 1.123 312 600 3,114 342 1,471 515 21,921 648 1 603 I 1,222 j 3,432 1 543! 592 5,864 1 I 2,045 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT, All classes Less than J5.000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to SI.000,000 SI,000,000 and over.. All classes. Less than $5,000. $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to §500.000... $500,01X1 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVW^^EEEJA^R?.°F 1 VALUE 0F ™°I>TTCTS, !| VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. ! 1919 1914 1909 i 1,021 | 1919 1914 1909! 1919 1 1914 1909 , 1919 | 1914 1909 i $177,489,210 ! $46,712,251 1,092 992 75, 051 40,306 40,61S j S4S2,312,790 $162,199,019 $149,989,058! $50,760,646 97 j 214 203; 296 396 1 309 264 i 124 51; 21 81' 28 196 53 509 3,787 } 10.905 \ 5,653 54,144 200 1,263 4i839 j 13,198 20,806 238; 1,415! 5,450 | 276,470 2,333,629 19,504,055 1 .58,964,937 \ 34,905,365 366,328,334 562,539 3,338,002 14,058,956 30,615,443 14,162,344 99,461,735 537,452! 3,626,877; Hi .569, OSS 170,937 1,231,974 9,435,516 f 26,9.50,566 \ 13,86$, 477 125,$31,740 326.043 1,753,573 6,539,196 291,426 1,879,185 7,133,540 326 | } 148 24 327! 13,957! } 45,308,498 j 85,947,143; | 16,900,798 18,902,928 19,558 | PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 21,192,641 22,553,567 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 , ; 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 . 100.0 8.9 18.6 21.6 29.8 31.1 12. 5 2.1 2.8 19.2 31.9 32.0 0.1 0.5 0.6! 3.1 i 3.5; 12.0 j 13.4 j 0.1 0.5 4.0 0.3 2.1 8.7 0.4 0.1 1 0,7 0.6 0.7 | 3.8' 3.7 5.3 j 14.0! 14.1 36.3 24.2 4.7 7.4 0.7 5.0 / H.5 \ 7.5 72.1 2,4 9.7 } 14.5 | 32.7 34 4 f 12.2 \ 7.2 76.0 18.9 8,7 } 30.2 57,3 { *n) *.» 2.4 51 6 4S.2 | 61.3 70.9! 45.4 44.4 i 844 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—CHARACTER. OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. STATE. Cen- sus year. Total. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. United States.. 1919 362 555 175 75,051 3,216 70, 151 1,684 4.3 93.5 2.2 1914 396 412 184 40,306 3,028 35, 505 1,773 7.5 88.1 4.4 1909 415 417 189 40,618 2,821 35, 574 2,223 6.9 87.6 5.5 Connecticut 1919 20 48 7 29,580 353 29, 170 57 1.2 98.6 0.2 1914 18 42 7 16,781 341 16, 385 55 2.0 97.6 0.3 Illinois 1919 19 59 12 3,174 166 2, 737 271 5.2 86.2 8.5 1914 23 39 13 1,502 117 1, 265 120 7.8 84.2 8.0 1919 11 17 3 1,271 129 1, 117 25 10.1 87.9 2.0 1914 6 12 3 562 926 1 46 516 866 8.2 91.8 Maryland 1919 5 12 3 14 46 1.5 93.5 5.0 1914 4 9 2 392 1 45 347 11.5 88.5 Massachusetts ^. 1919 29 29 14 2,832 165 2, 399 268 5.8 84.7 9.5 1914 36 23 14 1,620 179 1, 321 120 11.0 81.5 7.4 Michigan 1919 16 55 9 10,306 94 10, 129 83 0.9 98.3 0.8 1914 14 40 10 4,731 187 4, 492 52 4.0 94.9 1.1 Missouri 1919 7 8 6 608 109 482 17 17.9 79.3 2.8 1914 8 7 3 383 33 342 8 8.6 89.3 2.1 New Jersey 1919 28 25 14 2,185 200 1 875 110 9.2 85.8 5.0 1914 25 22 14 1,236 161 961 114 13.0 77.8 9.2 New York 1919 75 100 38 10,746 938 9 492 316 8.7 88.3 2.9 1914 99 73 56 6,627 1,110 781 736 16.7 72.1 11.1 Ohio 1919 25 54 13 4,264 211 3 944 109 4.9 92.5 2.6 1914 28 42 14 2,277 197 1; 922 158 8.7 84.4 6.9 Pennsylvania 1919 44 61 20 4,053 480 3 432 141 11.8 84.7 3.5 1914 53 37 17 1,940 451 1, 285 204 23.2 66.2 10.5 Wisconsin 1919 12 22 2 2,778 i 75 2 703 080 2.7 97.3 1914 9 17 4 1,122 18 1 24 1.6 96.3 2.1 $482,312,790 162,199,019 149,989,058 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. 169,550,248 69,353,103 25,106, .507 7,570,456 5,638,482 1,560,897 5,057,684 1,173,364 16,943,199 5,958,863 62,708,335 16,868,725 8,208,474 3,047,306 14,412,106 4,686,427 66,562,045 23,964,582 27,801,760 7,843,092 33,496,320 9,779,626 22,509,723 5,409,260 $18,441,882 9,102,410 8,288,085 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. $453,075,796 146,925,064 134,981,702 1,778,516 952,446 1,160,854 354,258 475,246 i 124,456 112.341 i 104,944 897,410 493,440 596,193 607,450 778,012 99,514 1,275,436 605,657 4,446,507 2,669,315 1,353,885 532,955 3,558,592 1,876,018 i 534,551 94,261 Corpora- tions. $10,795,112 6,171,545 6,719,271 166,575,164 68,258,140 22,975,289 6,795,359 4,873,585 1,436,441 4,568,872 1,068,420 14,924,843 5,102,825 61,421,195 15,928,399 7,322,670 2,913,929 12,330,628 3,753,647 60,519,166 18,924,247 25,927,394 6,894,127 28,573,724 6,885,836 21,975,172 5,186,590 All others. 1,196,568 142,517 970,364 420,839 289,651 1,120,946 362,598 690,947 332,876 107,792 33,863 806,042 327,123 1,596,372 2,371,020 520,481 416,010 1,364,004 1,017,772 128,409 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 3.8 5.6 5.5 To" 1.4 4.6 4.7 8.4 8.0 2.2 8.9 5.3 8.3 1.0 3.6 9.5 3.3 6.7 11.1 4.9 10.6 19.2 2.4 1.7 Cor- pora- tions. 93.9 90.6 90.0 All oth- ers. 91.5 89.8 86.4 92.0 90.3 91.1 88.1 85.6 I 97.9 94.4 89.2 95.6 85.6 80.1 90.9 79.0 93.3 87.9 85.3 70.4 97.6 95.9 2.2 3.8 4.5 ~0/7 0.2 3.9 5.6 7.4 6.6 6.1 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.1 5.6 7.0 2.4 9.9 1.9 5.3 4.1 10.4 2.4 i Includes the group "All others." Tajble 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam i Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines. Water wheels and turbines... Rented. Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 9,117 358 233 195 38 104 21 8,759 8,759 11,227 8,759 2,468 1914 2,959 498 281 (>) (3) 186 31 2,461 2,461 4,709 2,461 2,248 1909 1,962 8 597 358 198 41 1,365 1,365 2,601 1,365 1,236 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 265,688 122,377 116,517 61,862 54,655 3,540 2,320 143,311 142,996 315 183~594 142,996 40,598 1914 122,700 90,301 78,639 8 8,371 3,291 32,399 31,673 726 64,868 31,673 33,195 1909 106,120 86,365 78,101 8 4,890 3,374 19,755 18,399 1,356 33,462 18,399 15,063 Per cent distribution. 1919 100.0 46.1 43.9 23.3 '20.6 1.3 0.9 53.9 53.8 0.1 100.0 77.9 22.1 1914 100.0 73.6 64.1 26.4 25.8 0.6 100.0 48.8 51.2 1909 100.0 81.4 73.6 4.6 3.2 18.6 17.3 1.3 100.0 55.0 45.0 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. 1 Figures not available. BRASS, BRONZE, AND COPPER PRODUCTS. 845 Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Connecticut Illinois Indiana Maryland J Massachusetts Michigan Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1200,719 127,828 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds) 115,871 79,797 3,129 1,812 27 6 3,358 12,211 8,338 2,629 498 Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 655,947 378,306 303,022 187,671 15,339 8,760 2,954 839 3,673 20,904 14,008 75,527 48,577 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds)! 131,113 75,812 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 893,223 310,910 15,299; 3,249! 4,105 i 4,623; 3,272! 1,656 i 390,023 125,653 33,443 20,410 3,469 304 Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 21,363 (l) 1,256 ! 15,528 | 2,710 i 493 j a3,560 , 24,103 I 30,216! 14,615 j 127,470 | 33,615 3,658| O) 5,475 0) C1) 70 29 0) 1,596 0) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 812,573 j 464,259 25,850 j: 28,761 i| 144,789 \' 5,937 j! 30,632 14,518 4,752 6,470 1,398 195,154 14,752 Missouri ».... New Jersey.. New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Wisconsin Cen- sus year. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 I pounds). 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 7,584 5,080 33,774 21,572 2,154 47 4,530 3,896 13,727 5,194 ji Coke Bitu-; (tons minous 1 2,000 (tons, ;pounds) 2,000! pounds).' Fuel oils (bar- rels). 597 j 17,596 17,891! 75,279 i 32,695 j 52,911 I 14,612 i I 25,233! 18,936 ■ ! j j 59,380! ! 26,418; Gaso- line- and other vola- tile oils Cbar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 1,923 ! 5,450 j 3,296 ! 10,144 i 8,244 16,634 6,568 28,343 i 12,545 | 3,633 1,209 24,336 31,235 16,900 87,569 24,292 42,113 6,018 | 42,826! 6,234 j 2,066 I 18,911: 60 4,027 125 O) 2,328 0) 3,808 0) 537 0) 156 C1) 7,697 10,869 60,300 52,444 102,692 207,507 161,700 108,991 22,536 3,610 i Included in figures for fuel oils. s Figures for 1914 not available. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Certain additional detailed information concerning the quantity and value of products for the industry is collected by means of supplemental schedules. In the foregoing tables statistics were presented for only those establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of brass, bronze, and copper products. There is, however, a considerable production of manufac- tured articles made from these metals by establish- ments under different classifications, such as bells, hardware, plumbers' supplies, wire, etc. Statistics for these establishments will be found under the cap- tions of the several industries named. Detailed statistics of quantity and value.—The prod- ucts of this industry can be divided generally into two major classes, viz: (1) Products that are available for remanufacture, such as castings, ingots, and bars, etc., and (2) finished products which reach the ultimate consumer in the same condition that they leave the factory. In this group are placed hardware and trimmings, electrical supplies, lamps, etc. Table 12 shows in comparative form for 1919 and 1914 the various kinds of products manufactured. The weight in pounds is shown for the various items of group 1, or the crude products as they might be termed, divided into brass and bronze, copper, and other metals. Items of group 2 show values for each kind of metal as well as the total value. Group 1, as a whole, reached a value of §384,868,473, or 79.8 per cent of the total value of products for the industry. Castings and machinery fittings, the largest item in the group, formed 27.2 per cent of the total: plates and sheets, tubing, and wire reported 21.3 per cent, 8.7 per cent, and 7.8 per cent of the total, respectively. Brass and bronze were the principal metals used in manufacture, 990,357,793 pounds, or 69 per cent of the total, being reported; 326,127,935 pounds was the con- tribution of copper, the balance being made up of nickel, aluminum, Babbitt metal, etc. The majority of the finished products in group 2 were made of brass and bronze also, being SS.8 per cent of the value reported. 846 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919 AND 1914. Toted1 Ingots and bars.. Plates and sheets Rods Tubing: Seamless Brazed Wire: Plain Insulated Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 WEIGHT IN POUNDS. Brass and bronze. 121,790,427 20,703,249 283,109,614 157,332,392 118,412,135 51,029,242 66,076,897 15,123,534 11,859,631 13,155,701 43,607,653 31,813,856 41,340 Copper. 17,605,166 2,326,292 S5F 319,088 50,982,631 53,687,553 20,658,551 39,820,839 12,234,161 269,202 690,500 98,718,301 51,965,246 14,509,737 5,384,175 Other metals or alloys. 20,629,787 3,823 45,336,816 14,408,852 207,189 238,224 467,672 689,069 5,296 2, 429,350 749,021 Value. |$482,312,790 162,199,019 30,490,628 4,791,708 102,S98,118 41,655,037 40,703,984 12,189,421 37, 530,4S5 10,268,980 4,596,422 3,645,810 33,932, 222 13, 486, 703 3,694,152 846,439 Castings and machinery fittings. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 Lamps 1919 , 1914 Electrical supplies I 1919 1914 Hardware and trimmings. Other manufactured arti- cles. All other products Amount received for cus- tom work and repairs. 1919 1914 1919 1911 1919 1914 1919 1914 WEIGHT IN POUNDS. Brass and bronze. Copper. (345,460,096 (») Value. $1,504, 406 561, 746 7,876,682 1,091,253 36,801,164 1,467,935 16,423,329 58,658,194 11,198,049 (3) Value. (3) $50,180 35,668 1,281,766 55,894 2,019,382 2,547,175 Other metals or alloys. 48,854,721 (s) Value. (*) $113,269 4,123,650 292,921 5,401,532 Value. $131,022,462 (8) 1,504,406 561,746 8,042,131 1,126.921 42,206,580 1,523,829 18,735,632 66,606,901 19,747,533 5,495,524 7,208,035 (*) 1 In addition, brass, bronze, and copper products to the value of $S2,978,676 in 1919 and $43,755,136 in 1914 were manufactured by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products. 3 Not reported separately. 1 Included with "Brass and bronze" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Products, by principal states.—Table 13 summarizes by states, ranked by their importance as shown by the value of products, the various groups presenting weight and value in 1919 and value only in 1914. Connecticut is the predominating state in all groups in 1919, manufacturing 41.5 per cent of the ingots and bars, 57.4 per cent of plates and sheets, 47.7 per cent of rods, 41.7 per cent of seamless tubing, 47.4 per cent of brazed tubing, and 75 per cent of wire. Table 13.—PRODUCTS, BY PRINCIPAL STATES: 1919 AND 1914. CLASS AND STATE. Ingots and bars Connecticut Pennsylvania... Illinois Ohio , New Jersey Michigan Massachusetts... Wisconsin All other states 2 Plates and sheets Connecticut Michigan.. New York Illinois. Ohio Massachusetts-.. New Jersey All other states 2. 1919 Weight in pounds. Brass and bronze. 121,790,427 82,286,972 5,021,642 8,289,857 6,488 2,971,243 803,339 646,762 548,800 14,735,319 283,109,614 173,440,123 48,913,066 17,084,000 6,846,382 4,915,643 1,919,986 2,120,494 27,869,920 Copper. 17,605,166 80,919 8,628,859 454,000 48,000 30,450 23,465 83,426 7,012 8,249,035 85,319,088 33,892,4811 11,024,913 8,823, 111 2,350,000 2,928,306 6,730,824 267,875 19,301,578 Other metals or alloys,1 20,629,787 4,061,168 14.941,503 54,000 10,000 1,160,406 39,674 4,000 42,000 317,036 45,336,816 44,382,979 358,901 594,936 Value. $30,490,628 12,652,643 6,628,361 2,158,545 1,360,119 689, U9 409,590 215,625 204,026 6,172,600 102,898,118 59,067,535 14,915,514 6,835,102 3,122,685 2,538,401 2,499,704 1,202,665 12,716,5121 1914 Value. $4,791,708 120,809 2,296,828 812,563 209,220 20,192 447,961 32,414 59,790 791,931 41,655,037 25,534,754 (3) 4,821,676 (3) h 1,506,144 557,086 9, 235,377 CLASS AND STATE. Rods Connecticut Michigan New Jersey Pennsylvania -.. All other states *. Tubing, seamless Connecticut New York Michigan New Jersey All other states3. Tubing, brazed Connecticut All other states. Wire, plain and in- sulated Connecticut New York AH other states. 1919 Weight in pounds. Brass and bronze. 118,412,135 69,955,697 13,550,045 3,006,821 1,173,0361 30,726,536 66,076,897 28,359,308| 11,713,' 2,023,317 3,636,500 20,343,782 11,859,631 5,694,941 0,164,6901 43,648,9931 37,148,909 4,144,309 2,355,775 Copper. 58,687,553 14,640,209 4,342,016 845,154 38,860,174 39,820,839 14,332,588 7,102,540 3,564,464 1,581,508 13,239,739 269,202 269,202 113,228,038 77,001,766| 14,514,534 21,711,738| Other metals or alloys.1 207,189 193,357 43 13,789 467,672 167,672 300,000 2,429,350 2,165,091' 264,259 Value. $40,703,984 19,434,431 4,320,418 888,247 358,549 15,702,339 37,530,485 15,653,209 6,550,536 2,014,230 1,079,317 12,233,193 4,596,422 2,178,587 2,417,835 37,626,374 28,237,038 4,066,065 4,723,271 1914 Value. $12,189,421 9,158,182 3,031,239 10,268,980 5,409,975 1,285,973 (») (*) 3,573,032 3,645,810 1,769,180 1,876,630 14,333,142 12,383,167 545,200 1,404,775 1 Consists chiefly of Babbitt metal, aluminum.and German silver. . 2 In the group '^Ingots and bars" the value of products is greater in New York and Washington than m some of the states shown can not be published without disclosing individual operations. The same condition prevails in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania m r - W&consin New York and Pennsyivanilin the group "Rods," and in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maryland, and Rhode Island in the group "Tubing, seamless." »Included with "All other states" to avoid disclosing individual operations. However, the data for these states Pennsylvania in the group "Plates and sheets," in BRASS, BRONZE, AND COPPER PRODUCTS. 847 Products of establishments engaged in other indus- ! and copper products that were manufactured in estab- tries.—Table 14 shows in detail for 1919 brass, bronze, | lishments engaged primarily in other industries. Table 14.— PRODUCTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN OTHER INDUSTRIES: 1919. Total. Ingots and bars... Plates and sheets. Rods Tubing, seamless. WEIGHT IN POUNDS. Brass and bronze. Copper. Other metal. Value. . !$82,978,676 \ 58,748,830 2,049,3(50 2,430,395 515,835 15,849,099 9,796,739 3,613,064 1,987,746 13,759,437! 511,345 2,893,604 1,239,538 WEIGHT IN POUNDS. Brass and j bronze. Copper. Other metal. Value. Wire, plain Castings and machinery fittings... Hardware and trimmings Other manufactured articles 4.984,900 395,263,700 9,994,700 540,215,473 16,911,809 90,787 : 1,256,883 6,237,036 Value. Value, j Value.!' §9,709,53-5 $2,109,676 1 11 11,819,211 1,917,694 4,219,618 '■ $165,720 j; 6,303,032 GENERAL TABLES. Table 15 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the brass, bronze, and copper industry. Table 16 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the brass, bronze, and copper industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately with- out the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber ol estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of Value mate- of prod- rials. | ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 1,092 992 1,021 75,051 40,306 40,618 265,688 122,700 106,120 $94,132 25,084 23,677 $304,824 115,487 99,228 « $482,313 162,199 149,989 California 1919 45 492 840 754 1,818 , 3,316 1914 36 247 400 230 487 951 1909 29 195 261 181 295 679 Colorado 1919 9 52 109 68 231 369 1914 7 36 75 26 54: 101 1909 5 42 52 36 75 145 1919 75 29,580 121,319 36,386 110,238! 169,550 1914 67 16,781 57,033 9,846 53,886 , 69,353 1909 80 16,817 50,034 9,667 47,864 66,933 Illinois 1919 90 3,174 5,847 3,856 15,690 25,107 1914 75 1,502 2,698 1,109 5,240 7,570 1909 79 1,688 1,859 1,136 4,148 6,842 Indiana 1919 31 1,271 1,514 1,485 3,234 5,638 1914 21 562 1,166 421 802 1,561 1909 21 468 503 292 774 1,379 Kentucky 1919 9 104 183 115 232 460 1914 9 59 166 39 73 137 1909 7 25 99 12 32 61 Maine 1919 5 19 58 17 50 S4 1914 5 31 70 26 42 84 1909 3 12 10 7 6 14 Maryland 1919 20 926 7,362 1,039 2,996 5,05S 1914 15 392 2,078 243 753 1,173 1909 17 219 243 93 432 74S Massachusetts 1919 72 2,832 15,511 3,506 9,367 16,943 1914 73 1,620 7,415 1,063 3,715 5,959 1909 85 1,791 6,407 1,115 3,663 6,042 Michigan 1919 80 10,306 27,912 14,579 38,849 62,708 1914 64 4,731 14,251 3,030 11,473 16,869 1909 60 4,771 11,622 2,450 8,993 13,890 Minnesota 1919 10 213 393 241 550 1,018 1914 9 99 154 as 242 359 1909 7 33 37 22 i 91 139 Missouri 1919 21 608 887 670 5,859 8,208 1914 IS i 3S3 523 264 1 2, .138 3,047 1909 18 ! 297 448 196 1,654 2,221 1 Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse-" power. Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. New Hampshiri New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania., Rhode Island.. Texas... Washington.... West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 67 61 66; 213 | 228 i 247; 92; 84 82 ■ 125 107 104 18 19 18 106 53 56 2,185 1,236 1,265 10,746 6,627 6,651 4,264 2,277 2,232 58 35 42 4,053 i;940 2,080 426 123 225 122 91 112 163 45 40 50 49 41 1,122 1,289 523 265 134 146 123 11,656 5,79S 4,431 32,352 13,667 I 13,397 10,915 4,393 4/214 250 138 66 10,577 4,57S 4,996 1,250 149 350 249 189 146 311 118 60 110 125 140 13.096 7,053 6,102 2,853 317 520 $104 30 29 2,595 760 719 12,245! 4,051; 3,951 5,894 I 1,557 | 1,372 I 34 49 i 5,161 I 1,260 I 1,234! 466 , 76; 118! 139 j 63 i 61 j 2S5! 42! 33 3,748 674 751 618 147 127 $189 50 45 8,469! 3,175 3,355 $478 99 102 14,412 4,6S6 5,131 39,965 66.562 15,215 i 23,965 13,139 j 22,184 16,178 4,190 3,533 275 59 41 21,427! 7,123' 5,605 1,853 210 549 1,016 351 309 1,006 84 60 190 103 101 15,331 4,395 3,514 9, $11 1,327 950 27,802 7,843 6,572 525 140 122 33,496 9,780 8,455 2.976 577 S28 1,467 495 518 1,608 ISO 136 367 193 193 22,510 5,409 5,387 11,651 1,668 1,268 848 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. INDUSTBY AND STATE. United States Brass and bronze. Copper All other California Colorado Connecticut • Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York..... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Texas Washington.. West Virginia Wisconsin All other states2 1,092 1,007 47 38 45 9 75 4 90 31 5 9 6 5 20 72 80 10 21 3 6 67 213 92 4 125 18 7 16 3 36 20 .PEBSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 186,106 73,533 10,219 2,354 614 67 33,352 32 3,883 1,396 39 130 59 27 1,051 3,217 11,630 252 722 6 122 2,611 12,301 5,019 72 4,995 481 150 212 65 3,091 510 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 751 700 29 22 Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- t ind- ents, and man- agers. 3,343 '2,989 260 94 |4,470 3,901 435 134 48 7 37 3 45 17 6 10 5 6 11 59 36 5 21 4 4 57 155 57 1 89 18 5 12 1 16 16 41 5 944 4 245 56 5 9 41 157 392 20 40 10 123 488 230 10 339 15 12 20 9 87 34 Clerks, etc. Male. 24 1 1,825 1 275 27 2 3 5 50 96 5S2 1 165 512 318 1 330 11 9 10 2 145 23 Fe- male. 2,491 2,148 271 72 75,051 163,795 9,224 2,032 9 2 966 1 144 25 1 4 23 73 314 8 7 1 81 400 150 2 184 11 2 7 3 num- ber. 492 52 129,580 23 3,174 1,271 25 104 43 19 926 2,832 10,306 213 608 2 106 2,185 10,746 4,264 58 4,053 426 122 163 50 65 , 2,778 7 i 430 Wage earners. Number, 15th day of—I Maximum month. No 82,382 Ja 70,115 Del0.911 Mh2,096 Ja 537 No 66 Ja 36,135 Ja * 37 De 3,565 No 1,502 Jy1 30 Au1 109 Oc 47 De 24 De 993 De 3,032 No 12,454 De 249 De 696 Jei 3 De 117 Ja 2,575 De 12,519 No 5,036 Mh i 65 De 4,482 Fe 500 Oc 136 Ja 195 De 60 Oc 3,016 Minimum month. Je 67,301 Je 57,260 Jy 7,321 Je 1,924 No 450 Jy 45 Ap 25,988 Sei 15 Je 2,765 My 11,117 Ja 8 Mh 98 Fe 34 Ja1 15 Mh 828 My 2,605 Je Jo My Oc: Je Je 922 192 555 1 96 1,968 Jy 8,245 Fe 3,681 Oc* 49 Je 3,645 Jy1 384 Je 110 Fe 70 Mh1 47 Mh 2,502 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15 OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 81,720 |68,951 10,689 20S0 64 30,891 18 3,558 1.425 29 106 46 25 993 3,040 11,307 256 688 3 116 2,388 12,606 4,983 52 4,479 397 125 171 60 2,931 467 74,669 62,522 10,229 1,918 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. 6,799 6,205 457 137 492 59 (27,340 1 18 3,303 1,351 25 105 46 25 939 2,960 10,402 243 668 3 113 2,305 11,132 4,773 52 4,341 371 111 168 55 2,807 462 2 1 13,476 Under 16. 237 70 4 1 51 59 900 13 13 3 71 203 132 19 2 5 111 Male. Fe- male, Capital. Dollars. 325,299,738 1270,637,860 43,659,485 11,002,393 1,451,941 124,184 127,028,693 116,105 14,381,095 2,260,491 142,626 250,289 84,013 88,933 4,539,936 12,253,619 40,284,256 800,171 2,395,835 3,350 368,712 12,542,950 49,827,746 16,887,641 283,288 21,815,742 1,666,978 259,090 453,884 262,563 10,722,111 4,003,496 Salaries and wages. Officials. Dollars. 13,560,148 12,008,636 1,170,698 380,814 142,537 11,985 3,703,098 14,300 1,007,981 216,980 19,312 31,090 11,371 1,820 147,034 606,719 1,814,957 56,460 177,515 26,790 506,241 2,145,625 1,001,777 28,010 1,201,234 53,399 46,020 83,874 24,730 377,9S4 101,305 Clerks, etc. Dollars. 10,056,528 8,702,904 1,042,468 311,156 42,362 4,120 4,206,239 5,779 513,688 38,801 2,608 5,563 4,359 810 106,342 237,158 1,405,332 19,238 121,823 2.600 276,725 1,258,120 755,044 6,774 624,217 34,208 16,980 13,073 10,142 299,297 45,226 INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States Brass and bronze. Copper All other California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana.... Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland. Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio. Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Texas Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states3 Dollars. 194,132,118 79,567,785 12,084,924 2,479,409 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages— Contd. Wage earners. Dollars. 419,868 415,772 2,962 1,134 754,168 67,686 36,386,425 21,726 3,855,753 1,485,221 33,910 115,090 50,949 17,064 1,039,207 3,506,249 14,578,780 240,771 669,995 3,164 104,307 2,695,454 jl2,244,627 5,893,721 96,289 5,161,263 465,957 138,793 284,880 64,828 3,747,872 607,969 For con- tract work. Dollars, 1851,814 |770,487 62,989 18,338 ,976 19,297 19,110 1,647 17,372 16,608 4,813 48,260 107,774 4,939 151," 964 20,608 ""566* Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. 34,720 6,310 40,312 670 150,819 11,970 280 1,290 3,191 880 17,365 38,662 72,722 6,700 9,336 576 13,024 30,721 259,684 43,639 5,770 65,883 6,177 8,035 10,127 608 9,755 3,689 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Dollars. 13,795,301 11,797,465 1,633,904 363,932 27,535 2,098 4,546,506 876 631,991 153,084 551 3,026 2,849 264 73,633 904,082 1,075,233 20,324 248,859 27 31,998 363,314 [2,696,960 903,828 50,024 871,025 77,737 13,579 9,506 6,766 1,030,419 49,307 For materials. Principal materials. Dollars. 292,136,779 224,374,033 58,447,508 9,315,238 1, 104, 1; 767,805 219,539 556,291 95,961 223,287 130,452 144,998 222,995 120,269 46,361 2,816,346 8,859,586 37,357,127 519,471 5,752,356 14,417 174,191 7,977,372 38,780,889 15,527,757 263,834 20,721,204 1,810,888 992,341 985,057 187,288 14,583,327 9,285,371 Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 12,686,801 10,571,104 744,817 370,880 50,661 11,083 15,682,102 1 3,383 466,409 103,603 8,072 8,961 5,595 3,172. 179,767 507,180 1,491,851 30,762 106,648 762 15,015 491,621 1,184,237 649,776 11,625 706,111 42,037 24,096 20,773 2,983 747,653 131,063 Value of products. Dollars. 482,312,790 389,550,094 78,338,948 14,423,748 3,316,347 368,643 169,550,248 159.477 25,106,507 5,638,482 224,916 460,385 234,769 84,349 5,057,684 16,943,199 62,708,335 1,017,680 8,208,474 27,158 478,020 14,412,106 66,662,046 27,801,760 525,105 33,496,320 2,975,561 1,466,867 1,608,367 366,685 22,509,723 11,003,578 Value added by manufac- ture. Dollars. 177,489,210 154,604,957 18,146,623 4,737,630 1265,688 201,494 53,157 11,037 1,497,881 138,021 59,311,855 60,133 9,416,811 2,404,427 71,846 228,429 108,905 34,816 2,061,571 7,576,434 23,859,357 467,447 2,349,570 11,979 288,814 5,943,113 26,596,919 11,624,227 249,746 12,069,005 1,122,636 450,430 602,537 176,414 7,178,743 1,587,144 Primary horsepower. Total. 840 109 121,319 27 5,847 1,514 51 183 60 68 7,362 15,511 27,912 393 887 7 134 11,656 32,352 10,916 250 10,577 1,250 249 311 110 13,096 2,708 Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Owned. Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.8 Steam tur- bines. 61,862 41,642 17,895 2,325 54,655 45,947 8,708 3,540 3,186 85 269 2,320 1,060 1,000 260 25,250 45,712 435 2,305 185 20 15 200 3,610 7,880 200 1,000 26 47 230 15 125 4,730 9,473 4 10 5,483 253 881 1,792 300 904 3,127 380 606 120 100 5,010 1,950 Rent- ed.* 143,311 109,659 25,469 8,183 16 840 109 617 27 642 514 51 168 60 58 137 639 802 393 7,919 250 6,844 750 249 311 10 6,136 2,708 Elec- tric horse- [power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments re- port- ing. 140,598 !29,634 10,372 592 27 3 60 671 497 5,697 835 1,621 350 4,534 1 Same number reported for on© or more other months. * All other states embrace: Alabama, 4 establishments; District of Columbia, 1; Florida, 1; Georgia, 4; Kansas, 1; Montana, 2; Tennessee, 2: Utah. 2: Vermont, 1: Virginia. 2. * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). « Chiefly electric motor operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). SMELTING AND REFINING. (NONFERROUS METALS.) GEffEBAL STATISTICS. General character of the industries.—The statistics presented in this report on the smelting and refining of nonferrous metals cover a group of six industries, as classified by the Fourteenth Census, namely, those comprising establishments engaged primarily in the smelting and refining of (1) copper, (2) lead, (3) zinc, (4) antimony, (5) tin, and (6) "metals not elsewhere specified.'' To avoid the disclosure of individual operations, the data relating to antimony, tin, and "metals not elsewhere specified" are combined in all cases in this report. The figures relating to copper, to lead, and to zinc are given separately. Among the "metals not elsewhere specified" reported at this census are cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, iridium, palladium, quicksilver, selenium, titanium minerals, and tungsten ores. In brief, this report covers the smelting and refining of the nonferrous metals, gold and silver being im- portant items among the products of copper and lead smelting and refining. The statistics pertaining to iron smelting will be found in the report on iron and steel, which comprises iron blast furnaces, ferroalloys, and the allied indus- tries, steel works and rolling mills, tin-plate and terne- plate, and wire. The recovery of metals from scrap, waste, etc., is not the subject of a special report, but the statistics for such establishments are included in the industries "gold and silver, reducing and refining, not from ore" for the precious metals; and "smelting and refining, not from the ore" for all others.! This report makes no mention of the metal by- products of other industries, although various estab- lishments engaged primarily in other lines of industry report some products of this nature. Comparability with previous censuses.—Heretofore the Census Bureau has issued no special report on j smelting and refining, except that on lead, copper, and zinc smelting and refining in the census of 1900. The figures given in censuses previous to 1900 are not strictly comparable with those of the present census. In 1870 smelting and refining were reported separately from the mining industry, but in 1890 they were reported as an adjunct thereto. In the 1900 and succeeding censuses, the crushing and milling of quartz, the separation of gold and silver from the ore in concentrating and separating plants have been considered to be so closely allied with the mining industry that the statistics of these operations constituted a part of the reports on mines and are not included in the reports on manufactures. I 111367—23 54 Mines, smelters, and refineries.—In several branches of mining the mineral products are subjected to manu- facturing processes at the mine, such as crushing, separating, washing, concentrating, burning, or cal- cining before being regarded as marketable commodi- ties. In such cases the mining schedules cover the entire work of mining the crude material and its preparation for the market. The distinction between mining and manufacturing industries was not clearly made prior to the census of 1899, and the statistics for smelting and refining were included with those for mines in such a manner as to make it impossible to obtain satisfactory comparative figures. Copper smelting and refining.—This classification includes establishments which smelt or refine copper ore or matte on toll as well as those smelting ores of their own production. The cost of materials and the value of products reported for establishments which treat ore or matte for others includes under cost of materials, the estimated value of the ore or matte treated, and under products, the value of the metals produced. In the smelting and refining of copper and lead, a large part of the value of the products consists of gold and silver content. The combined figures involve extensive dupli- cations, the value of the blister copper as it comes from the smelters being included in cost of materials for the refineries. Other smelting and refining industries.—As in the case of copper, separate statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909 are given, as a rule, in the following tables for the establishments that both smelt lead ores and refine the bullion, and for those that smelt only. In addition to refined lead, lead smelters and refineries produced as subsidiary products chemicals, gold, silver, and copper. Spelter and sheet zinc are the principal products reported for establishments included under the classi- fication " zinc smelting." The only comparable figures are those for 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, and 1899. The statistics are segregated for establishments whose product of chief value was pigs, bars, plates, and sheets of zinc, and for those reporting other zinc products. Summary for the group, 1919.—Table 1 presents the general statistics for the smelting and refining group and the constituent industries. Although copper smelting and refining has less than one-third of the total number of estabhshments in the combined group, it is to be credited with 67 per cent of the total value of products and with 54.1 per cent of the value added by manufacture. 850 MANUFACTURES. Comparative summary, copper, lead, and zinc.— Table 2 presents the general statistics for the copper, lead, and zinc smelting and refining industries severally and combined for the census years 1899 to 1919, inclusive. The group of "Metals not elsewhere specified," is not here included, as statistics therefor for prior census years are not available. The increases in wages, cost of materials, and value of products are in a great measure due to the change in industrial conditions brought about by the World War, and can not be taken as a true measure of growth. The increases in primary horsepower, however, and in the number of wage earners employed, evidence the growth of the smelting and refining industries. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—In Table 3 the states are arranged according to the value of products reported for 1919. Some of the states for which data can not be shown separately without disclosing the operations of indi- vidual establishments ranked higher in value of products than some of those named in the table. Persons engaged in the industries.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners, in Table, is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures for states will be found in Table 12. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics presented in Table 5 are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the several census years. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 6 shows a marked drift toward fewer hours per week, especially in lead smelting and refining. In that industry, in 1914, only 1 per cent of the wage earners were included in the groups "48 and under," as against 15.6 per cent in 1919. On the other hand, in 1914, the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 20.5 per cent of the total wage earners, as against 2.1 per cent in 1919. The smelting and retmmg of zinc shows the least change, 4.7 per cent of its wage earners being in the group "48 and under" in 1914, and 18.5 in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—As indicated in Table 7, the smelting and refining industries are characterized by rather large establishments. In 1919, 76.6 per cent and in 1914, 78.4 per cent of the establishments employed more than 100 wage earners each. . Size of establishments, by value of products.—Table 8 shows that the average value of products per estab- lishment in 1909 was approximately $6,100,000; in 1914, $7,600,000; and in 1919, $8,760,000. At the census of 1914, establishments valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted a single group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Character of ownership.—The establishments in- cluded in the smelting and refining industries are almost entirely owned by corporations. In 1919 only 2 out of a total of 111 establishments were owned by individuals or firms and in 1914 but 4 of the 88 establishments. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— The power equipment reported in Table 9 is that installed at the end of the year. In the smelting and refining industries an increase is shown at each census in both owned and rented power, particularly in the latter. In 1919 the rated capacity of all electric motors was more than double the capacity reported for 1914, the figures showing an increase of 110 per cent. In 1919, 60.4 per cent of the total primary power, whether owned or rented, was utilized in the form of electric power as compared with 50.7 per cent in 1914 and 36.7 per cent in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the consumption of the principal kinds of fuel, by industries and by states. The figures are inclusive of smelting fuel and that used for steam and power purposes. The figures for gas include both natural and manufactured gas, chiefly natural gas. Table 1.—SUMMARY FOR THE SMELTING AND REFINING INDUSTRIES: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower. Capital - Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Bent and taxes Cost of materials V alue of products Value added by manufacture2...... Total. Ill 44,271 2 4,649 39,620 459,479 $543,341,935 67,061,064 11,411,652 55,649,412 472,171 6,955.213 848,755,914 972,093,552 123,337,638 Copper. 34 19,654 2,309 17,345 321,610 $308,680,268 31,619,716 5,896,345 25,723,371 222.176 3,411,123 584,410,173 651,101,591 66,691,418 Lead. 25 7,354 915 6,438 52,565 $115,676,768 11,281,401 2,101,786 9,179,615 249,995 1,036,804 179,373,646 196,794,519 17,420,873 Zinc. 39 14,903 1,107 13,796 73,604 $98,757,355 20,244,747 2,461,469 17,783,278 1,777,687 70,014,728 104,122,938 34,108,210 All other.i 13 2,360 1 318 2,041 11,700 $20,227,544 3,915,200 952,052 2,963,148 729,699 14,957,367 20,074,504 5,117,137 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Copper. 30.6 44.4 49.7 43.8 70.0 56.8 47.2 51.7 46.2 47.1 49.0 68.9 67.0 54.1 Lead. 22.5 16.6 19.7 16.2 11.4 21.3 16.8 18.4 16.5 52.9 14.9 21.1 20.2 14.1 Zinc. 35.1 33.7 23.8 34.8 16.0 18.2 30.2 21.6 32.0 25.6 8.2 10.7 27.7 An- other.1 11.7 5.3 6.8 5.2 2.6 3.7 5.8 8.3 5.3 10.5 1.8 2.1 4.1 1 Includes "Metals not elsewhere specified." »Value of products less cost of materials. SMELTING AND REFINING. 851 Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC SMELTING AND REFINING: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 PEP. CENT OF INCREASE 1914- j 1909- 1904- 1S99- 1919 1 1914 1909 1904 i Total. ! ! Number of establishments... 98 88 95 103 117 I -7.8 — 12.0 Persons engaged 41,911 37,957 32,047 28,54S 25,648; 10.4 j 18.4 12.3 11.3 Proprietors and firm members. 1 5 10 8 15 1 4,331 3,219 2,330 1,687 1,121 j 34.5 1 3*. 2 38.1 50.5 Wage earners (average number) 37,579 34,733 29,707 26,853 24,512 8.2 16.9 10. 6 9.6 Primary horsepower 447,779 261,419 206,537 141,928 95,740 i 71.3 , 26.6 45. 5 48.2 Capital $523,114,391 $351,057,554 $271,512,727 $164,349,036 $139,354,138 i 49.0 j 29.3 65. 2 17.9 Salaries and wages 63,145,864 35,573,238 27,925,293 23,054,663 18,123,644 77.5 27.4 21.1 27.2 Salaries 10,459,600 6,590,093 4,888,581 2,996,463 2,150,018 i 58.7 i 34.8 63.1 39.4 Wages 52,686,264 28,983,145 23,036,712 20,058,200 15,973.626! 81.8' 25.8 14.8 25.6 Paid for contract work 472,171 226,228 68,882 161,825 45', 580 1 108.7 , 228.4 -57.4 255.0 Rent and taxes 6,225,514 2,063,265 2,339,348 2 1,902,565 2 391,839 j 201.7! -11.8 23.0 385.5 Cost of materials 833,798,547 572,744,382 510,724,661 382,723,480 279,655,350! 45.6! 12.1 33.4 36.9 Value of products 952,019,048 669,138,943 580,417,518 '451,398,354 35-8,786,472 1 42.3 | 15.3 28.6 25.8 118,220,501 96,394,561 69,692,857 68,674,874 79,131,122 j 22.6 j 38.3 1.5 -13.2 COPPER. | j Number of establishments 34 37 38 40 47 j I Persons engaged 19,654 19,594 16,832 13,562 11,816! o.3: 16.4 24.1 14.8 Proprietors and firm members 7 1 4; Salaried employees 2,309 1,863 1,197 809 4SS i 23.9 1 5-5.6 48.0 65-8 Wage earners (average number) 17,345 17,731 15,628 12,752 11,324; -2.2 , 13.5 22.6 12.6 321,610 194,980 158,126 85,828 66,242 j 64.9 i 23.3 84.2 29.6 Capital $308,680,268 $171,419,795 $111,442,654 $76,824,640 S53,063,395! S0.1 53.8 45.1 44.8 Salaries and wages , 31,619,716 19,767,215 15,814,891 12,354,425 9,483,926! 60.0 1 25.0 2S.0 30.3 Salaries 5,896,345 3,617,964 2,419,172 1,527.382 954,905 1 63.0 49.6 58.4 60.0 25,723,371 16,149,251 13,395,719 10,S27,043 8,529,021 59.3 , 20.6 23.7 26.9 Paid for contract work 222,176 168,195 34,050 117,401 45,580 31.5 394.0 -71.0 157.6 Rent and taxes 3,411,123 1,479,579 2,056,641 21,717,563 2 248,142 130.5 -28.1 19.7 592.2 Cost of materials 584,410,173 379,157,030 333,531,633 196,736,986 122,174,129 54.1 13.7 69.5 61.0 Value of products 651,101,591 444,021,958 378,805,974 240,780,216 165,131,670 46.6 17.2 57.3 45.8 Value added by manufacture 3 66,691,418 64,864,928 45,274,336 44,043,230 42,957,541 O c 43.3 2.8 2.5 LEAD. Number of establishments 25 22 28 32 39 Persons engaged 7,354 8,036 8,059 8,102 8,751 -8.5 -0.3 -0.5 -7.4 Proprietors and firm members 1 3 5 7 Salaried employees 915 648 635 524 425 41.2 2.6 21.2 23.3 Wage earners (average number) 6,138 7,385 7,424 7,573 8,319 -12.8 -0.5 -2.0 -9.0 Primary horsepower 52,565 29,734 26,954 32,648 16,952 76.8 10.3 -17.4 92.6 Capital $115,676,768 1143,249,321 $132,310,220 $63,822,810 $72,148,933 -19.2 8.3 107.3 -11.5 Salaries and wages 11,281,401 7,629,555 6,906,566 6,262,293 5,843,597 47.9 10.5 10.3 7.2 Salaries 2,101,786 1,495,281 1,475,914 887,602 754,913 40.6 1,3 66.3 17.6 Wages 9,179,615 6,134,274 5,430,652 5,374,691 5,088,684 49.6 13.0 1.0 5.6 Paid for contract work 249,995 10,258 14,832 37,934 2,337.1 —30 8 — 60 9 1,036,804 338,994 188,766 2 116,230 2 89,016 205.8 79.6 62,4 30.6 179,373,646 154,014,765 151,963,022 168,95S,076 144,195,163 16.5 1.4 -10.1 17.2 196,794,519 171,578,587 167,405,650 185,S26,839 175,466,304' 14.7 2.5 -9.9 5.9 ZINC. 17,420,873 17,563,822 15,442,628 16,868,763 31,271,141 -0.8 13.7 -8.5 -46.1 Number of establishments 39 29 29 31 31 14,903 10,327 7,156 6,884 5,081 44.3 44,3 4.0 35.5 Proprietors and firm members 2 3 2 4 1,107 708 493 354 20S 56.4 42.2 40.7 70.2 13,796 9,617 6,655 6,528 4,S69 i 43.5 44.5 1.9 34.1 73,604 36,705 21,457 23,452 12,546 100.5 71.1 -S.5 86.9 Capital $98,757,355 $36,388,438 $27,759,853 $23,701,586 $14,141,810 171.4 31.1 17.1 67.6 Salaries and wages 20,244,747 8,176,468 5,203,S36 4,437,945 2,796,121 147.6 57.1 17.3 5S.7 2,461,469 1,476,848 993,495 581,479 440,200 66.7 48.7 70.9 32.1 Wages 17,783,278 6,699,620 4,210,341 3,S56,466 2,355,921 165.4 59.1 9.2 63.7 Paid for contract work 47,775 20,000 6,490 138.9 208.2 1,777,587 244,692 93,941 ! 2($§772 2 54,6Si 626.5 160.5 36.6 25. S 70,014,728 39,572,5S7 25,230,001 '17,028,418 13,2S6,05S 76.9 56.8 4S. 2 28.2 104,122,938 53,538,398 34,205,894 24,791,299 18,188,498 94.5 56.5 38.0 36.3 34,108,210 13,965,811 8,975,893 | 7,762,8S1 4,902,440 144.2 55.6 15.6 ! 58.3 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is Iks than 100. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 3,— PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. STATE. Average number. Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. \ Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Rank, j Amount (expressed in thousands). Per cent distribu- tion. Rank. ■ United States Ill 39,620 100.0 $972,094 100.0 ! $123,338 100.0 New Jersey 9 5,220 3,112 13,2 2 256,945 26,4 1 16,673 13.5 2 Arizona 10 7.9 5 94.1S4 42,371 9.7 2 15,515 18,069 12,6 3 Pennsylvania 5 4,451 11.2 3 4.4 7 14.6 1 Illinois 10 5,264 1,642 13.3 1 39,047 4.0 9 9,493 7.7 5 Colorado 11 4.1 8 18,893 1.9 13 S,693 3.0 11 Indiana 4 574 1.4 17 9,620 1.0 17 1,949 1.6 14 4 1,032 647 2,6 11 9,218 0.9 18 1,259 S17 L0 18 Arkansas 3 L4 20 4,423 497,393 0.5 22 0.7 22 All other states 55 17,778 44.9 51.2 ! 55,870 45.3 852 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRIES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members— Salaried officers of corporations-.. Superintendents and managers.. - Cen- sus year. 1919 U914 U909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 Total. 44,271 37,957 32,047 1,214 523 539 5 10 106 129 131 1,046 Male. 43,33S 37,761 31,924 1,205 519 537 2 5 10 160 125 129 1,043 389 398 Fe- male. 933 1% 123 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 97.9 99.5 99.6 100.0 96.4 96.9 99.7 100.0 Fe- male. 2.1 0.5 0.4 0.7 3.6 3.1 0.3 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 3,437 2,701 1,801 39,620 34,733 29,707 39,618 34,689 29,668 2 44 39 Male. 2,801 2,520 1,686 39,332 34,722 29,701 39,330 34,678 29,662 2 44 39 Fe- male. 636 181 115 288 11 6 (3) PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 81.5 93.3 93.6 99.3 100.0 100 . 0 99. 3 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 18.5 6.7 6.4 1_ 0.7 (3) (3) 1 Includes only copper, 1 ead, and zinc smelting and refining. * Figures not available; included, if any, with males. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. (The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States: 1919 Males Females.. 1914 i 1909 i Copper smelting and refining: 1919 Smelting only Refining only Smelting and refining. 1914 1909 Lead smelting and refining: 1919 Smelting only Smelting ana refining8 1914 1909 Zinc smelting and refining: 1919 Pigs, bars, plates, and sheets. All other. 1914 1909 Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. Smelting and refining, metals not else- where specified: 1919 Arizona: Copper... Arkansas: Zinc California: Copper. Colorado: Zinc Illinois: Zinc Indiana Kansas Missouri New Jersey. Oklahoma: Zinc. Pennsylvania Utah: Lead 39,620 39,332 288 34,733 29,707 17,345 7,919 5,400 4,026 17,731 15,628 6,438 4,839 1,599 7,385 7,424 13,798 12,928 868 9,617 6,655 2,041 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 3,112 547 289 1,642 5,264 674 717 1,032 5,220 2,272 4,451 1,749 Janu- ary. 50,502 50,140 362 38,278 30,366 23,627 10,982 7,540 5,105 20,778 16,031 8,054 6,101 1,953 7,752 7,651 16,159 15,103 1,056 9,748 6,684 3,914 517 602 2,089 5,774 919 723 1,244 6,690 2,956 5,069 2,253 Febru- ary. 45,567 45,242 325 37,094 29,993 20,451 8,927 6,709 4,815 19,867 15,869 7,551 5,752 1,799 7,564 7,785 15,464 14,491 973 9,663 6,339 2,101 3,501 522 592 2,040 5,498 800 842 1,142 6,065 2,769 4,688 2, 003 March. 41,252 40,886 366 37,746 29,588 18,652 8,536 5,571 4,545 20,381 15,585 6,441 4,796 1,645 7,541 7,751 14,339 13,304 1,035 9,824 6,252 1,820 2,886 533 649 1,684 5,301 678 786 7£S 5,402 2,457 4,472 1,957 April. 39,616 39,332 284 38,054 29,840 17,616 8,088 5,318 4,210 20,811 15,656 6,402 4,746 1,656 7,560 7,671 13,815 12,772 1,043 9,683 6,513 1,783 2,764 430 1,821 5,183 747 722 729 5,328 2,057 4,502 1,813 May. 38,152 37,859 293 37,900 29,117 16,426 7,575 4,785 4,066 20,725 15,420 6,353 4,670 1,683 7,512 7,100 13,469 12,443 1,026 9,663 6,597 1,904 £,66£ 530 292 1,794 6,173 626 719 852 5,007 2,008 4,318 1,696 June. 36,110 36,796 314 37,916 29,456 15,742 7,186 L646 4,016 20,837 15,397 6,001 4,446 1,555 7,640 7,468 IS, £50 11,405 845 9,439 6,591 2,117 2,697 542 146 1,517 5,132 S80 701 967 4,817 2,000 4,182 1,614 July. 16,505 7,578 5,024 3,903 20,502 15,761 5,988 4,476 1,512 7,449 7,415 12,691 11,824 867 9,260 6,736 1,977 3,021 566 139 1,395 6,298 419 714 968 6,008 1.97£ 4,608 1,539 August 16,851 6,743 5,176 3,432 16,233 14,889 6,011 4,544 1,467 7,510 6,947 13,572 12,631 941 9,344 6, £13 1,991 3,162 580 123 1,371 5,400 550 698 1,054 4,845 2,149 4,572 1,600 Sep- tember. 15,754 7,118 5,207 3,429 13,568 15,943 6,7£3 4,167 1,556 7,147 7,476 13,807 12,881 926 9,667 6,825 1,979 3,218 562 1£7 1,341 5,273 551 706 1,092 4,767 2,032 4,621 1,585 Octo- ber. 6,170 4,593 1,577 7,089 7,121 13,095 12,697 398 9, 801 2,054 3,287 584 143 1,436 5,394 439 637 1,243 4,972 2,021 4,011 1,685 Novem- ber. 37,681 37,436 245 £8,636 29,947 16,284 7,627 4,853 3,804 t£.£95 15,704 6,255 4,824 1,431 6,779 7,260 13,034 12,439 595 9,562 2,108 3,178 579 157 1,596 4,716 450 668 1,264 4,913 2,312 4,120 1,745 Decem- ber. 37,948 37,705 243 30,167 30,090 15,788 7,544 4,867 3,377 13,340 15,480 6,307 4,953 1,354 7,077 7,451 13,857 13,146 711 9,750 7,159 1,996 3,054 587 163 1,620 5,027 429 688 1,106 4,928 2,531 4,249 1,698 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 71.5 71.4 63.7 74.8 92.4 65.0 61.4 60.3 66.2 59.0 92.9 71.1 68.3 69.3 87.4 89.2 75.8 75.5 37.7 94,3 86.8 67.0 68.0 78.7 21.1 64.2 81.7 41.3 75.7 57.2 72.3 66.7 79.1 67.2 1 Not including "Metals not elsewhere specified." 1 Includes " Refining only." SMELTING AND REFINING. 853 Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Total. j! 44 ;j and i! un- )! der ! Be tween ; 44 I and I 48. United States, i smelting and j refining (non- j ferrous metals): 1919 ..139,620 1914 8 |34,733 1909 s 29,707 CopjM er: 919. 231 8 I Be- tween] 48.1! 48 j and 54. 17,229 ;2,694 855 ,6,127 834 1914 17,731 1909 !15,628 Lead: j 1919 6,438 1914 1 7,385 1909 ;7,424 Zinc: i 1919 13,796 1914 j 9,617 1909 6,655 17,345 I ! 13,500 j f3) (3) 160 (3) (3) (*) C3) (3) 336 !2,225 203 397 ,11,002 i 25 |2,387: 395 447 3,902 606' 54. 1,343 1,591 549 1,343 864: 727 549 Be- tween 54 and 60. 60. Over i| 60. I 177 1,216 4,487 3,382 3,908 7,489 Metals not specified:'1 1919 elsewhere ! 2,041 |2,336 I 800 2,599 12,851 138 108 1,405 185 1,183 139 il, 071 2,043 1,177 1,123 ,3,455 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— rNDUSTRY and state. Total.; 44 and un- der. Arizona: Copper 3,112 Arkansas: Zinc ;547 California: Copper 2S9 Colorado 1,642 Illinois .....! 5,264 i Indiana 574 > Kansas: Zinc ;717 Missouri :1,032 NewJersev 5,213 Oklahoma: Zinc 2,272 / 160 Pennsylvania...... 4,451! Utah: Lead 1,749 ,! Be-; tween! 44 i 4SA and j 48. 231! 340 193 .| 35 .11,254 I 304 *23i*jl,919 I 677 I Be- tween! 48 and 54. 54. i Be- ; tween ; 54 1 and 60.; 60. Over ! 60. 513 i 3S 890 L 912 },029 547 289 ,607 [,613 303 413 441' 1,151 1 .435 i :'355 139 I 132 25 1,071 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 3 Not including " Metals not elsewhere specified." * Figures not available. < Includes antimony and tin. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. United States, smelting and re- fining (nonferrous metals): 1919 19141 er smelting and refining: 1919 1914 Lead smelting and refining: 1919 1914 Zinc smelting and refining: 1919 1914 Smelting and refining: metals not else- where specified: 1919 Arizona: Copper Arkansas: Zinc California: Copper. Colorado Illinois Indiana , Kansas: Zinc Missouri New Jersey Oklahoma: Zinc Pennsylvania — Utah: Lead 111 88 13 a a 85 > 3 39,620 34,733 17,345 17,731 6,438 7,385 13,796 9,617 2,041 3,112 547 2S9 1,642 5,264 574 717 1,032 5,220 2,272 4,451 1,749 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No [wage! ;earn-| ers. 1 to 5 I 6 to 20 wage ; wage earners, j earners, [inclusive, inclusive. •2 £ 11 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. a? © > « k a '13 1 I- 1; I I 3 a 'as United States Connecticut Massachusetts Illinois Pennsylvania 92 WAGE EARNERS. © s < a 9,294 43.4 14.8 8.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. all $29,305 13,904 4,194 1,941 1,724 -M O P 47.4 14.3 5.9 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE. fl § g § si1 sis $19,078 100.0 8,287 2,995 1,185 1,123 -u o! si s 43.4 15.7 6.2 5.9 WAGE EARNERS. 1=1 i , O © i S • O 2! New Hampshire .. 9 I 9S3 New York 19 497 ...j 10 . 418 ... 3 , 142 All other states 10! 752 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CLASS. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.... Salaried officers of corporations.... Superintendents and managers Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 10,389; 5,750 i 4,975; 432 I 135! 136 I 39 20 27 119 55 46 274 60 63 Male. 5,220 2,928 2,553 422 133 131 3S 19 26 118 54 44 266 60 61 Fe- male. 5,169 2,822 2,425 PEH CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 50.2 50.9 51.3 97.7 9S.5 96.3 97.4 95.0 96.3 99.2 98,2 95.7 97.1 100.0 96.8 Fe- male. 49. S 49.1 48.7 2.3 1.5 3.7 2,6 5.0 S.7 0.S 1.8 4.3 3.2 j Cen- ; sus ! year. Clerks and other subordinate salaried 1919 emplovees. j 1914 '■ 1909 Wage earners (average number)....... 1 1919 j 1914 1909 16 years of age and over i 1919 1914 1909 Under 16 years of age.. 1919 1914 1909 Total, ii Male. 663: 276 204 9,294 5,339 j 4,638 I 8,893 5,086 4,282 401 253 356 299 154 123 4,499 2,641 2,299 4,387 2,562 2,117 112 79 182 Fe- male. 364 122 SI 4,795 2,698 2,339 4,506 2,524 2,165 289 174 174 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male, 45.1 55,8 60.3 48.4 49.5 49.6 I Fe- ! male. 54.9 44.2 39.7 51.6 50.5 50.4 49.3 50.4 49.4 31.2 51.1 50.7 49.6 50.6 72.1 68. S 48,9 860 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The m)nth of maximum employment Is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH PAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE PAY. Per cent num- mini- STATE. ber em- mum ployed during Janu- ary. Febru- ary. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- United States: year. March. April. May. June. July. August. mum. 1919 9,294 9,008 8,994 8,949 8,824 8,823 8,925 9,314 9,587 9,525 9,692 9,835 10,052 87.8 4,499 4,301 4,280 4,241 4,244 4,256 4,381 4,429 4,681 4,702 4,769 4,875 4,979 85.0 Females 4,795 4,707 4,764 4,708 4,580 4,567 4,544 4,885 5,006 4,823 4,923 4,960 5,073 89-6 1914 5,339 5,497 5,474 5,445 5,421 5,405 5,268 5,318 6,199 5,288 5,279 5, 258 5,216 94.6 1909 4,638 4,370 4,424 4,567 4,668 4, 704 4,604 4,496 4,652 4,702 4,759 4,789 4,921 88.8 Connecticut 4,037 3,941 3,959 4, 054 3,971 S, 929 3,981 4,009 4,086 4,093 4,094 4,144 4,183 93.9 351 340 356 345 354 349 340 344 339 838 348 381 378 88.7 1,375 1,360 1,268 1,217 1,223 1,288 1,299 1,305 1,396 1,455 1,489 1,542 1,658 73.4 983 983 931 924 918 940 933 962 1,010 994 1,043 1,077 1,086 84.1 418 504 484 429 390 861 367 386 420 418 418 412 427 71.6 497 467 482 492 448 445 475 535 521 512 509 532 551 80.4 Pennsylvania 739 612 729 695 715 646 650 875 893 751 820 752 730 68.5 States showing large proportion | Per ct. of females. av. is ofstate. Connecticut 1,797 1,728 1,762 1,835 1,793 1,765! 1,781 1,834 1,866 1,842 1,806 1,785 lr772 44.5 250 243 264 249 259: 250! 239 , 242 239 238 239 271 267 71.2 751 813 732 680 677 736! 718 | 695 736 | 751 774 819 881 54.6 575 584 538 523 608 547 j 547 565 601! 581 618 639 649 58.5 242 300 295 255 | 231 207 215 i 233 257 i 236 229 218 228 57.9 New York 244 246 254 276 j 219' 219; 216' 260 256 I 241 225 243 273 49.1 556 463 581 552 556 473! 462 I 672 672! 535 619 550 547 75.2 i i Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States... Connecticut. Illinois8 Massachusetts.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 Total. 9,294 5,339 4,638 4, 037 3,068 351 1, 375 535 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— I 44 I Be" and itween un- der. 44 and 48. 104 (2) (2) 812 104 1, 372 20 24 129 Be- tween 48 and 54. I Be- ■ tween : 54 'and I 60. 12,612' 324 I 3,992 171 1,17S I 3,206 35! 423 i 1,815 115 I 124 I 3,765 127 | | 2,189 247 434 I .535 .53 764 2, 341 33 752 New Hampshire. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania8... Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 Total. 983 366 418 515 497 230 739 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. (3) 19 Be- | tween j 44 j and ^18.! (2) 48.i 8-10 78 Be- tween 48 and 54. 243 406 28 592 1 202 53 Be- tween 54 and 00. 150 514 14 60. »Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. * Figures not available for 1914. Table 6,—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States 1919.. 1914.. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania 92 §>fci ^ t> 9,294 5, 339 4,037 351 1, 375 9&3 418 497 739 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. It? m 9 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 14 in 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. CJ © & 3 268 15S 24 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 03 © 636 297 130 182 78 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. © g 692 500 352 "97" ""53* 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. © 52 £2 3,014 1,054 4 S 670 351 105 799 309 225 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. © E 1,245 977 1,245 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. . Over 1,000 wage earners. .a d cfl © w S si w 2,107 2,331 1,525 582 ^ PI £3 NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES. 861 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PBODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes Less than $5,000 15,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. number or ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 92 1914 1909 14! 23 | 32 j 6 10 "I AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1919 1914 1,294 5,339 12 i 72! 541 2,671 1,596: 4,402' 19 107 706 * 4,507 1909 4,638 VALUE OP PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANT7FACTUBE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 $29,304,995 | $7,890,879 $6,694,095 $19,077,796 31: 123 729 3,755 15,473 i 151,922 1,221,526; 7,851,583 S 5,491,630: 14,572,861 i 17,082 125,690 790,821 » 0,957,286 28,675 145,800 641,960 5,877,660 8,832 94,910 763,251 5,555.766 3:77i;006 s; 8S47 031 1914 $4,649,222 12,608 94.250 557,099 13,985,265 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 | 100.0; 100.0 100.0; 100.0 100.0 jj 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.7 i 12.2 20.4 ; 0.1! 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 ii 0.1 0.3! 0.5 15.2 i 20.4 , 26.5 0.8 i 2.0 2.7 0.5 1.6 2.2 1 0.5 2.0 2.4 25.0! 34.7 28.6 5.8 1 13.2 15.7: 4.2, 10.0 9.6 jj 4.0 12.0 i 12.1 34.8 1 30.7 24.5 23.7! 84.4! 81.0 26.8! 88.2 87.8 M 29.1 85.7 > 84.9 8.7 | 2.0; 17.2! 1 18.7; 19. 8 7.6! II 47.4' 49.7 46.6 1909 $4,365,421 23,086 106,188 529,217 3,706,930 * Includes the group "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. i Num-! » Cen- i ber of Value added "by manufac- ture. Value of products. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. year., Ush- !J^W imentsJ caraer3- 1 1 1919! 92 | 9,294 1914! 49 5,339 All classes. $29, 304,995 7, 890, 879 $19,077,796 4,649,222 Individual 1919 1 16 1 436 1914 | 4 23 1,203,319 24,019 757,001 19,279 1919! 66 8,749 1914' 39 1 5,235 Corporation 27,871,058 7, 750,5SS 18,167, 552 4,550,623 All other 1919! 10' 109 1914 1 6 . 81 230,618 106,272 153,243 79,320 ! 1 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Cen- , sus year. Num-, ber of1 : estab- i lish-; ments.! Average \ number ■ of wage earners, i Value of products. •; Per cent distribution: I Individual I 1919 I 1914 Corporation j 1919 ; 1914 All other J 1919 I 1914 17.4 j 8.2 71.7 79.6 , 10.9 12.2 < 4.7 i 0.4: 94.1: 9S.1; 1.2 I 1.5! 4.1 0.3 95.1 9S.3 as 1.3 Value added by manufac- ture. 4.0 a4 95.2 97.9 0.8 L7 Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total.. Owned Steam. Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines. Water wheels and turbines... Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 75S 43 28 25 3 1 14 715 715 1914 298 0) 1 10 261 261 1909 179 j 40 | 27 1 0) 139 139 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 8,467 4,951 4,125 3 492 633 4 S22 3,516 3,472 44 931! 715: 216! 393 , 261 , 132 j 197 139 5S 5,903 3,472 2,431 1914 4,813 3,984 3,359 0) 5 620 829 799 30 I 1909 4,542 3,644 3.102 0) 112X1 430 3Sf Per cent distribution. 1919 100.0 58.5 4S.7 41.2] 7.5] 9.7 41.5 41.0 0.5 2,447 ■ 799 1,648 I 1,667 S60 S07 100.0 58.8 41.2 1914 100.0 82.8 0) 0.1 12,9 17.2 j 16.6! 0.6; 100,0 32.7 67.3 1909 100.0 80.2 68.3 2.5 9.5 19.8 18.9 0.8 100,0 51.6 48.4 1 Not reported separately. 5 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED: 1919 AND 1914. Coal Anthracite tons 2,240 lbs.. Bituminous tons 2,000 lbs.. Coke tons 2,000 lbs.. 1919 25,813 4.420 2i; 393 16 1914 19,608 4,630 14,978 46 l_ Fuel oils barrels..! Gasoline and other volatile oils barrels.. Gas 1,000 cubic feet.. 1919 1,693 652 26,790 1914 1,139 C1) ,627 1 Included In figures for fuel oils. 862 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of quantity and value.—Table 11 gives detailed statistics of the quantities and values of the different varieties of products for the industry as reported at the censuses of 1919, 1914, 1904, and 1899. Statistics of this character were not called for at the census of 1909. The production of needles in the United States, consisting almost entirely of knitting-machine and sewing-machine needles, amounted to 264,060 thou- sands in 1919, valued at $6,015,839. Of this amount, 163,906 thousands, or 62.1 per cent, were knitting- machine needles, valued at $4,186,327. Common or toilet pins were reported in pounds and packs at the censuses of 1919 and 1914, but by the gross at previous censuses; therefore, no comparison can be made to show the increased quantity, but the value increased 499.2 per cent during the period from 1899 to 1919. Of the 92 establishments reported in 1919, 25 manufactured knitting-machine needles; 2, sewing- machine needles; 11, common or toilet nins; 10, metal hairpins; 10, safety pins; 12, hooks and eyes; and 38, snap fasteners and clasps. Connecticut reported $13,904,286, or 47.4 per cent, of the total value of all products manufactured in 1919; $2,260,239, or 81 per cent, of the common or toilet pins; $486,849, or 32.9 per cent, of the metal hairpins; and $347,239, or 41.7 per cent, of the hooks and eyes. The 9 establishments in New Hampshire practically confine their operations to the production of knitting-machine needles, in which it is the leading state, reporting a product in 1919 to the value of $1,639,088, or 39.2 per cent of the United States total. Connecticut ranks second in this variety of product, and was also the leading state in the production of safety pins. In 1919 "All other products" included eyelets, paper boxes, hook and eye tape, paper clips, laundry pins, brass goods, piano and player hardware, metal hose supporter trimmings, and machinery of various kinds for use in the industry. Table 11.—Detailed Statistics op Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, 1904, and 1899. Products, total value Needles: Total thousands Total value Knitting-machine— Latch- Thousands Value Spring- Thousands Value All other needles, including se wi ng-machine— Thousands Value Pins: Common or toilet— Total quantity Total value Made of steel wire— Pounds Value Packs of 3,360 Value Made of brass wire— Pounds Value Packs of 3,600 Value Hairpins, made of metal— Gross Value. Safety pins- Gross.. Value Hooks and eyes: Great gross Value Made of steel wire- Great gross Value Made of brass wire— Great gross Value Snap fasteners and clasps:6 Great gross Value Made of iron and steel — Great gross Value Made of other metals- Great gross Value All other products, value. 1919 $29,304,995 264,060 $6,015,839 121,1S4 $3,845,431 42,722 $340,896 100,154 $1,829,512 $2,789,735 2,798,633 $1,120,823 1,342,119 $400,379 740,797 $617,017 1,089,307 $651,516 24,310,433 $1,480,992 8,427,719 $2,977,498 745,819 $833,321 582,647 $654,321 163,172 $179,000 2,122,541 $7,438,551 1,080,276 $4,700,846 1,042,265 $2,737,705 $7,769,059 1914 $7,890,879 16S,734 $1,278,444 46,165 $492,387 47,934 $129,397 74,635 $656,660 $1,248, 641, $163, 1,825, $182, 1,186, $375, 1,638, $526, 9,242, $528, 4,744, $936, 1,076, $1,394, 654, $761, 421, $633, (fl) $2,503,908 1904 $4,750,589 204,505 $1,140,924 44,762 $422,655 47,921 $118,223 111,822 $600,046 a 132,632,232 VS1,129,006 1,704,900 $109,245 2,550,650 $829,386 (fl) $1,542,028 1899 $3,237,982 101,356 $1,027,949 39,764 $414,504 44,246 $114,660 77,346 $498,785 » 47,338,429 $465,605 1,189,104 $78,155 1,640,284 $354,294 (*) $1,311,979 * In addition, needles, pins, and hooks and eyes, to the value of $1,613,849 in 1919; $1,155,144 in 1914; $942,506 in 1904; and $536,742 in 1899; were produced as sub- sidiary products by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products. * Reported in pounds and packs of 3,360 and 3,600 Id 1919 and 1914. > Reported m gross in 1904 and 1899. *Included in *YA11 other products" in 1904 and 1899. • In addition, 428,775 great gross of snap fasteners and clasps, valued at $556,654, were manufactured in the button and other industries in 1919. • Included in "All other products" in 1914, 1904, and 1899. GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 12 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Detailed statement, by states.—Table 13 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES. 863 Table 12.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 9,294 5,339 4,638 4,037 3,068 2, 648 1, 375 53-5 366 438 Pri- mary horse- power. 8,467 4,813 4,542 4,355 3,235 3,190 980 390 459 247 217 ! Cost Of j mate- ! rials. [Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. $8,810 i$10,227 2,507 j 3,242 2,064 j 2,329 $29,305 7,891 6,694 4,209! 1,548; 1,311 j 1,337! 268 824! 159 | 171 I 5,617 j 2,339 1,697 J 1,199 | 190 I 155 47 38 13,904 5,109 4,236 4,194 577 1,705 260 275 Cen- sus year. New Jersey- New York. All other states. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Nl™-!eS£j Pri- mary horse- mrm- ;power, ber).; lish- ments, 10! 7; 7i 19 I 6 I 24 I 14; 18 418 515 j 557: 497 230 1 133 1,984 625 S62 571 329 524 620 187 157 MS2 425 454 Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Wages. Expressed in thousands. $351 215 230 $480 $1,204 201 184 597 620 420 92 50 648 102 93 1,664 307 290 1,669 225 302 2,128 363 317 6,634 1,041 1,273 Table 13— DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. United States Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania All ottier states 1 Total 10,389 4,542 465 1,492 162 1,021 463 574 824 B £ 3 q © I? C3 315 300 343,115 127,092 210,559 79,307 2,515 ! 132,556 971 | 47,785 265 229! 172 I 43 I 96 i 271 | 86 i 116! 344 j 281 202 95 3,008 8,805 25,773 564 4,530 175,985 3,240 5,519 30,483 45,882 14,708 13,585 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. cs © to S 219 51 214 51 lto5 wage earners, inclusive. & a 1,143 457 27 55 1,116 402 161 73 55 18 34 52 34 60 145 73 80 31 2,644 1,156 84 159 2,560 997 361 183 104 39 77 114 77 128 360 ISO 201 65 6 to 20 [ 21 to 50 wage I wage earners, j earners, inclusive. | inclusive. .a ri 03 © 632 321 595 247 I 03 © 7,349 3,745 487 942 6,862 2,803 551 751 415 153 354 558 377 254 950 719 603 235 10,918 5,369 2,077 1,491 8,841 3,878 684 1,181 §28 216 380 1,153 284 450 1,580 1,312 635 418 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 03 © w 169 03 s 12,231 6,083 2,926 2,3S2 9,305 3,701 206 1,576 933 156 496 2,702 138 354 1,363 1,848 699 672 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 03 © w 22,895 16,180 £3 8,155 7,564 14,740 8,616 353 2 1,615 2 3,017 17 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. IS II 29,937 18,377 1,079 4 5,067 I 22 546 342 1,339 3,790 1,852 1,025 15,215 8,703 14,722 9,674. 793 622 6,234 1,221 7,661 649 819 2,628 5,238 2,296 627 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Si © 2 too 37,064 15,607 12,900 7,501 24,164 8,106 2,877 3,427 Over 1,000 wage earners. w P w 54 20 33 14 21 I 923 i 11,080 | 1,1 858! 4,722 i 8,945! 859 j 2,204 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. j VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1 1 1 All classes 2,830 1,271 | 743 343,115 127,092 75,721 $3,080,073,979 $632,831,474 $249,202,075 $1,139,395,103 $276,623,5-14 $117,556,339 Less than $5,000 399 859 773 433 96 270 218 j 89 356 170 337 1 228 1 239 ! 2,286 1 9,558 If 21,139 !\ 11,978 ; 297,915 285 1,641 5,919 117 841 4,831 1,126,486 9,287,644 35,677,864 / 95,597,621 \ 67,250,339 2,871,134,025 615,026 3,814,757 15,948,577 66,279,738 20,984,032 525,189,344 240,866 1,937,965 10,760,970 693,183 5,669,720 20,942,831 / 46,627,401 \ 28,565,800 1,036,896,16S 398,063 2,351,440 8,675,055 137,971 1,098,508 5,886,751 $5,000 to 120,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500.000 } 26,735 24,340 | 65,875,412 } 39,059,028 32,057,814 $500,000 to $1.000,000.... $1,000,000 ana over 100.0 1 100.0 99 j 56 100.0 | 100.0 92,512 45,592 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, 170,386,862 226,139,958 78,375,295 All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 14.1 30.4 27.3 15.3 3.4 9.5 17.2 28.0 26.5 18.2 2.4 7.8 12.0 22.9 30.7 0.1 0.7 2.8 / 6.2 \ 3.5 86.8 0.2 1.3 4.7 0.2 1.1 6.4 (l) 0.1 0.6 2.5 0.1 0.8 4.3 0.1 0.5 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.9 5.0 $5,000 to $20,000 0.3 1.2 0.9 3.1 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500.000 } 26.9 | 21.0 72.8 32.1 r 3.1 10.5 3.3 | 26.4 68.4 r 4.i } 14.1 81.8 27.3 $500,000 to $1.000,000.... $1,000,000 and over 7.5 60.2 \ 2.2 93.2 83.0 \ 2.5 91.0 66,7 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. AUTOMOBILES. 8*71 Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United State?., Automobiles.. Automobile bodies and parts. California.. Illinois Indiana.... Iowa1 Massachusetts. Michigan Missouri New Jersey— New York Ohio..... Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin NUMBER OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Cen- sus year. ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. ! j Of establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. Total. | 1 :J Indi- vid- uals. Cor- jora- All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- j tions. | ah; fndi-! Cor- vid- pora- All oth- ers. :ions j others. uals.j tions 1919 1914 1909 1,115 1,248 736 478 467 178 103 343,115! 127,092 75,721; 6,307 1,851 1,641 333,866 123,759 71,568 2,942 1,482 2,512 1.8 1.5 2.2 97.3 97.4 94.5 0.9 1.2 $3,080,073,979! 632,831,474! 249,202,075] $2S,6S1,496| 5,730,714 4,184,686 $3,037,127,519 622,299,324 235,802,964 $14.264,964! 4,801,435- 9,214,42-5: 0.9i Q.91 1.7; 98. 6 9 *. 3 94 6 0.5 0.8 3.7 357 162 3.3 1919 1914 14 292 263 9 210,559 79,307; 209 286 210,181 78,892 1691 129 0.1 0.4 99-S 99.5 0.1 0.2 2,387,903,287! 503,230,1371 1,298,981 1,168,674 2,384,898,51o! 501,426,483 1,705.796! 634,980 O.li 99.9 0.2| 99.6 0.1 25 12| 0.1 1919 1914 1,101 332 956 473 458 166 132,556 6,098 1,565 123,685 44,867 2,773' 1,353; 4.6 3.3 93.3 93.9 2.1 2.8 692,170,692 129,601,337 27.382,515 4,562,040 652,229,009 120,872,841 12,559,168- 4,166,455! 4.0! 94,2 3.5j 93.3 1.8 47,785' 3.2 1919 1914 160 61 46 IS 59 19 3,008! 731! 796 215 1,851 364 36l! 152 26.5 29.4 61. s! 12.0 49.8! 20.8 1 44,362,046 1 2,45S, 843 3.814,705 634,683 38,640,285 1,457,262 1,907,058! 366,898! S.6i 87.1 25.8; 59.3 4.3 14.9 1919 1914 76 IS 124 29* 19 8,805! 2,545! 584 130 7,953 2,19S 26*!: 6.6 217; 5.1 90.3 S6.4 3.0 8.5 ! 104,883,442 2,918,279 4-11,607 99,975,559 9,994,802 1,989,60-1 581,753, 2.8 4.0 95. 3 90. 7 1.9 54 j 11,01S, 162 5.3 1919 1914 43 13 101 28 4 25,773 7,219 331 42 25,323 7,165 119 12 ! 1.3; 98.3 j 0.6' 99.3 0.5 0.2 ! 179,064,863 | 29,389,0$s : 1,033,368 177,529,137 29,269,556 502,358! 27,501'j 0.6 0.3 99.1 99.6 0.3 0. 1 69 ! 78.4 | 3,297.013 92,030 222,4oSj 1919 IS 16 9 564 71 442 51m 12.6 9.0 312,796 2,761,749 9.5 83. S 6.7 1919 1914 40 19 43 13 12 4,530j 3,439; 259 206 4,071 3,019 200 214 j 5.7! 89.9 | 6.0| 87.8 4.4 6.2 1 27,031,604 j 11,198,790 1 926,740 \ 6.57,088 25,416,410 9,942,047 688,454! 599,655; 3.4 5.9 94.0 2.5 5.4 35 SS.8 1919 1914 46 32 203 166 22 >1 175,985 67,538 653 151 175,217 67,252 115!! 0.4; 99.6 135|i 0.2! 99.6 0.1 i 1,620,383,356 \ 398,289,022 1 3,802,539 ; 520,618 1,616,065,035 337,394; 128 515,782-! 374,276§ 0.2 0.1 99.7 99.8 (*) 0.1 0.2 ! 1919 32 5 40 15 14 3,240 504 161 3,000 462 79 20 1 5.0! 92.6 1 4.4; 91.7 2.4 71,939,496 2,182,911 1 617,125 50,414 71,066,564 2,087,688 255,807' 44; 809! 0.9 9& 8 95,6 0.4 2.1 ; 1914 5 22 4.0 2.3 1 1919 1 1914 61 15 36 29 19 9 5,519 2,520 242 35 5,200 2,399 77 4.4! 94.2 1.4j 95.2 1.4 3.4 54,671,352 8,2 ,7, 416 1,028,583 91,366 53,279,996 7,971,181 362.773 174, S89 L9 LI 97.5 96.8 0.7 36 2.1 . 1919 j 1914 129 . 79 157 135 5S 33 30,483 12,122 676 513 29,485 11,379 322 230 2.2! 96.7 4.2! 93.9 ! 1.1 1 1.9 211,137*158 42,115/276 2,584.255 1,338,142 207,150,081 39,388,156 1,402,817 1,388,978 1.2 98.1 93.5 0.7 3.3 3.2 .; 1919 ! 1914 73 18 168 77 40 7 45,882 18,752 47F 45,016 IS,521 390 43 1.0 98.1 1.0; 98. S 1 0.9 1 0.2 379,436,478 85,710,585 3,050,545 846,119 374,178,326 84,747,433 2,207,605 117.033 ! as ; 1.0 98.6. 0.6 98.9 s 0.1 188 1919 ! 1914 85 26 82 87 35 17 14,708 3,0S3 592 125 13,921 2", 804 195 154 4.0' 94.6 4. Ij 91.0 1 1.3 113,820,134 | 10,084,083 2,196,432 110, 830,568 , 9,352,988 793,134 432,672 i 1.9 97.4 92,7 i 0.7 1 5 0 298,423 j 3.0 ; 4.3 23 10 59 31 13 2 13,585 97 3 39 13,465 4,850 23 0.7| 99.11 0.2 n 0 on 0 ! 119.380,641 18,478,196 400,623 1118,75€ 118,854,283 18,359,446 125,735 i 0,3 ; 0.6 99.6 0.1 j 1914 4,889 j 1 99.41 1 Not shown separately in 1914. 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. »Includes the group "All others.'' Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary powrer, total.. Owned • Steam Engines Turbines . Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. I HORSEPOWER. Rented Electric. Other... Electric... - Rented - Generated by establishments reporting- 1919 1914 1909 j Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 36,767 9,314 2,548 j 544,242 173,684 75,550 100.0 100.0 100.0 711 496 469 317 473 273 159,705 146,212 78,343 67,S69 12,927 566 70,719 60,233 46,612 39,325 C1) 29.3 26,9 14 4 40.7 34, 7 61.7 52. 1 i 446 i 50 ! 200 1 15 (») (V) 0) 0) (l) 0) 10,075 411 c1) 12.5 146 6 192 7,000 2.4 0.1 5.8 9.3 0.4 8 287 a2 36,056 36,056 8,845 8,S45 2,075 2,075 384,537 379,388 5,149 102,965 102,156 809 28,938 27,641 1,297 ?a 7 59.3 3S.3 36.6 1.7 69.7 0.9 58.8 0.5 49,122 36,056 13,066 11,218 8,845 2,373 2,932 2,075 S57 490,560 379,388 111,172 135,818 102,156 33,662 41,829 27,641 14,188 100.0 77.3 22.7 100.0 75.2 24.8 100.0 66.1 33.9 1 Not shown separately. . 872 MANUFACTURES. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. Automobiles. Automobile bodies and parts. California.. Illinois. Indiana.. Iowa. Census year. Massachusetts. Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania... Wisconsin All other states. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914- 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 49,169 31,393 17,133 13,697 32,036 17,696 1S9 28 953 375 132 2 125 30 1,894 1,814 1,843 3,188 97 68 3,801 3,264 11,949 11,241 579 7,640 19,286 1,133 506 1,561 7,815 1,049 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1,748,680 662,224 1,120,585 464,534 62S,095 197,690 675 34S 39,254 13,632 205,215 84,498 3,042 756 14,578 7,751 887,579 304,003 10,172 1,823 24,888 7,367 113,343 58,634 267,653 97,177 41,220 24,568 110,608 41,790 30,4.53 19,877 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 101,548 23,560 81,867 15,850 19,681 7,710 31 4 353 199 7,508 850 .79,958 16,297 30 25 860 2,604 5,443 1,411 827 529 5,880 1,462 359 109 Fuel oils (barrels). 1,255,749 384,248 853,998 270,115 401,751 114,133 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). 76,866 497 2,767 655 168,777 18,469 19 64 510 1,339 629,095 245,415 1,118 24,875 65,643 13,351 127,111 71,411 45,327 12,930 103,374 16,875 10,267 2,376 0) 161,2,86 0) 0) 28,371 0) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0)' 0) 0) 0) 0)' 0) 1 0) 0)' 1,071 3,307 23,417 658 78,519 4,402 32,160 6,405 19,849 11,189 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of number and value.—Table 12 shows, for 1919, the total number and value of all automobiles, chassis, and trailers, and the value of bodies and parts manufactured by establishments in which automobiles were the principal product and by those engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products. It also includes the value of all other products and receipts from repairs made by establish- ments in the automobile industry. Of the total number of automobiles manufactured in 1919, 9918 per cent were gasoline vehicles, which was practically the same (99.1 per cent) as in 1914, a slight increase (95.1 per cent) over 1909, and a con- siderably larger proportion than in 1904 (86.2 per cent). Table 12.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF NUMBER AND VALUE: 1919. Total value. Automobile industry Automobile bodies and parts industry Automobiles and automobile bodies and parts made as subsidiary products by other industries Passenger vehicles Roadsters Runabouts Touring cars. Closed cars All other Public conveyances, cabs, omnibuses, etc • Gasoline. 1,555,001 53,535 120,098 1,225,741 154,411 1,216 1,877 Elec- tricity. 2,073 2,073 Steam. 406 20 $3,105,411,047 Value. 2,387,903,287 692,170,692 25,337,068 1,324, 458,676 60,366,181 80,523,340 980,987,982 200,525,718 2,055,455 3,100,447 Government, municipal, etc Ambulances Fire department apparatus All other—mail delivery, tanks, street sweepers, oilers, etc Business vehicles Delivery wagons Trucks All other , Chassis. * Trailers All other products, including bodies and parts and repair work NUMBER. Elec- tricity. Gasoline. Steam. 2,778 391 751 8 1,630 120,671 17,272 102,185 1,214 192,383 15,686 8 1,102 850 252 42 15 » 1,361,959,144 i Includes 1,109 tractors valued at $1,953,753. AUTOMOBILES. 873 Automobiles made, classified according to use and type, by states.—In Table 13 is shown the total number of automobiles, classified by use and type, manufac- tured in the United States in 1919, 1914, and 1909, and for such states as can be shown separately without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. The manufacture of automobiles in establishments whose product of chief value was the complete vehicle, was reported by 315 establishments located in 33 different states. The great volume of the business, as shown by the table, was confined to a few states. The state of Michigan alone reported the manufacture of 689,056, or 40.9 per cent of all classes made in 1919, and also led all other states in each type of machine produced with 40.2 per cent and 49*3 per cent, re- spectively, of the total pleasure and business vehicles reported. Of the various classes of automobiles shown in this table, the touring car is far the most important in 1 point of number and of value, representing 72.8 per cent of the total number and 63.1 per cent of the total value of all machines reported in 1919. The greatest percentage of increase for the five-year period was shown in the manufacture of business vehicles, there being a gain of 39S.2 per cent in the number made and an increase of 410.9 per cent in the I total value of products. Table 13.—AUTOMOBILES MADE.. CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO USE AND TYPfi, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CLASS AND STATE 1914 1909 1919 1909 All classes:1 Passenger vehicles Touring ears Illinois Indiana Michigan , New York Ohio Wisconsin Closed cars Illinois , Indiana , Michigan New York Ohio Wisconsin Runabouts Michigan New York Ohio Roadsters Indiana Michigan New York Ohio All other varieties.. B usiness v ebicles Delivery wagons..., Michigan Now York Trucks California Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin All other varieties6 Illinois Michigan New York Ohio 1,683,916: 569,054 1,557,450! 1,226,127 57.524: 49;740' 509,830 j 76,971; 157,354 54,098! 156,594 I 8,372 i 6,325 ■ 54,573 13,805 , 2-2,349 7,213; 120,098.' 27,015 i 6,017: 12,137 j 53,535-1 2.926 731 I 1,963 632 I S69 I 543,679 451,267 j 2,686 13.034! 367,092 j 5,945 i 49,421 I 8^825: 10,809 j ^2 '■ 503 j 6,610 i 792 j 2.010 j (3>' j 81,603' 63, SSI 1,037 7,117 1.433 1 37 j 10 1 521 312; 126,593 v 121,S6S jT^ 76.114; 2; 059 w 6'.838 43,855; 5,440; 6,479 ,! $1,554, SSI, 496 $458,957,843 j $164,289,324 (s) 4,002 H 325 |j 439 n 1,539 ); 296 :i 1,072;; 36,204 18,173 1,097 2.900 144 406 135 1,917 5,807 1,216 « 5,. 548 126,436 25,375 4,725 18,122 "M91 1,862 12,912 1,295 401 1,320 511 139 102.437' 19,551 1,3x36 1,4-56 1SQ 5,011 1,072 2.8 3.572 445 43 421 0) 47,412 4,6*4 372 9.016 2.250 475 10.427 7,598 202 7.688 771 <») 8.910 677 1,324.458,670: 980)987,982 37,710,222 60,976,271 483,103,499 56,003,880 123,097,625 , 48,234,757 1 200.525,718 I 6,419', 553 9,728.908: 89.900,677: 21,510,692 30.913,944 7,976,349 80,523.340 32.622,730 3"256,166 8,673,108 60,366,181 i 5,285,021 . 37,208,278 2.556.512 L 7.341,309 . 2.055,455 . 230,422,820 , 16,570,473; 11.294.203 1,604,263 194,16*.484 3.380.927 8.814;354 i 6.212,756 j 847.152! 70,160,104 j 24,738,980 I 23.255,457! 18.176.703: 2X565,491 I 19,685.863 1,802,847 2,615,237 5,270,760 4,099,022 413,859,379 346.134,147 3.350.538 16,574,132 251,609,056 9,499,111 44,800.434 10,831,327 21,832.536 785,152 1.071,392 10,636,264; 2, SI1,947 i 4,251,172 j lJ)! I 45,892.696 I 33.307,852 j 1.434,925 4,783,840! ■ I c5>! 155,821,331 ^ 113,403,188 2,746,214 10,710,289 5.1.365,984 12,296 2*92 14; 307^60 (') 10,182,029 S96.110 772.401 3,803,616 1,174,335 2,526,891 28,030,479 13,399,937 1,539,659 2,948, 588 I3) 14.205,€35 45,098,464 8,447,993 4.749.889 l! 918,856 '970,569 319,071 846,639 282.989 34,774,336 i 3,165,512 410,417 1,810,824 ■ 46,955 788,107 109,492 v") 7/220,321 994.311 4.670,6iis' 889,724 13.611,631 386.945 1,772.095 1,168,596 I3) 5,574,239 3,363.625 77,103 (2) 30,192! 2S9,45S 2,495^887 j 1,020,183 1,312.283 1 290.200 1 Includes, in 1919, 4,660 automobiles valued at 57,794,495 made as subsidiary products bv establishments classified in other industries, but does not include, in 1914, 3,9S5 automobiles valued at §6,099.631, and, in 1909, 694 automobiles valued at $830,080 made in establishments of this character. 2 Excluded to avoid disclosure of individual operations, 3 Included with "Runabouts" in 1914 and 1909. * Includes 4,582 buggies^valued at $2,391,250. 6 Includes cabs, omnibuses, ambulances, fire department, mail delivery, tanks, patrol wagons, and other \ aiieties. Automobiles made, classified according to motive power and type.—Table 14 shows the number and value of the several kinds of automobiles, classified accord- ing to motive power, as reported for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Large increases are shown for the five-year period 1914 to 1919 in the number of gasoline vehicles of all kinds manufactured, the total number reported being a gain of 197.9 per cent over the output for 1914, Electric machines showed a decrease in the total num- ber reported of 31.S per cent, the only increase noted being 272.8 per cent for delivery wagons. The output of steam vehicles was practically the same as for 1914, showing an increase of 1.2 per cent. 874 MANUFACTURES. Table 14.—AUTOMOBILES MADE, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO MOTIVE POWER AND TYPE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. AH classes:1 1919 1914 1909 Touring cars: 1919 1914 1909 Closed cars: 1919 1914 .. 1909 Runabouts: 1919 1914 1909 Roadsters: 1919 1914 2 1909 a AUTOMOBILES. Number. Gasoline. 1,680,327 563,984 120,393 1,225,741 451,008 73,883 154,411 7,707 120,098 81,388 35,347 53,535 Elec- tricity. 3,183 4,669 3,826 3 243 2,073 3,102 1,914 143 496 Steam. 406 401 2.374 386 256 1,988 72 361 $1,554,881,496 458,957.843 164,269,324 Value. 346, 113, 200, 21, 10, 80, 45, 28, 987,982 134,147 403,188 525,718 83,2,536 182,029 523,340 892,696 030,479 60,366,181 All other passenger vehicles: 1919 1914 3 1909 Delivery wagons: 1919 1914 1909 Trucks: 1919 1914 1909 All other business vehicles:4 1919 1914 1909 AUTOMOBILES. Number, Gasoline. 4,888 17,272 4,139 1,645 102,185 18,428 1,090 5, 869 1,314 1,452 Elec- tricity. 660 850 228 217 252 ,121 276 8 72 20 Steam. Value. $2. 16, 4, 1, 194, 34, 3, 19, 5, 3, 055,455 205," 635 570,473 749,889 918,856 166,484 774,336 165,512 685,863 574,239 363,625 1 Includes, in 1919, 4,650 automobiles valued at S7,794,495 made as subsidiary products by establishments classified in other industries, but does not include, in 1914, 3,985 automobiles valued at §6,099,631, and, in 1909, 694 automobiles, valued at §830,080 made in establishments of this character. 2 Included with "Runabouts." 3 Figures not available. 4 Includes public conveyances, Government and municipal vehicles. Automobiles made, classified according to horsepower rating.—Table 15 shows that 71.3 per cent of the total number of automobiles manufactured in 1919 were rated as having from 20 to 29 horsepower, while the groups from 10 to 49 horsepower represented 99.6 per cent of the total number reported for the United States. Only two-tenths of 1 per cent were rated at less than 10 horsepower, and only one-tenth of 1 per cent at more than 50 horsepower in 1919, as compared with nine-tenths of 1 per cent and 2.3 per cent, re- spectively, in 1914. Table 15.—AUTOMOBILES MADE, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO HORSEPOWER RATING: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Total. All classes:1! 1919 11,683,916 1914 1 569,054 1909 | 126,593 Touring cars: 1919 1914 1909 Closed cars: 1919 1914 1909 Runabouts: 1919 1914 1909 Roadsters: 1919 1914 a 1909' 1,226,127 451,267 76,114 156,504 10,809 4,002 120,098 81,603 36,204 53, 535 HORSEPOWER RATING. Less than 10 h. p. 3,815 4,952 7,539 3 177 2,073 3,102 1,589 430 4,532 346 10 but less than 20 h. p. 250,713 45,022 29,353 216,395 29,584 5,415 12,325 781 847 10 9,851 17,548 13,453 20 but less than 30 h. p. 1,200,318 344,336 35,257 879,771 276,565 21,773 119,559 2,406 729 116,234 57,610 10,931 19,555 30 but less than 50 h. p. 226,580 161,722 51,218 129,026 133,323 45,926 22,332 4,128 774 3,784 13,519 3,029 50 but less than 90 h. p. 90 h.p. or more. 1,980 12,843 3,197 865 11,661 2,802 215 389 62 70 180 157 353 510 179 29 70 131 21 14 All other passenger vehicles: 1919 1914 3 1909 Delivery wagons: 1919 1914 1909 Trucks: 1919 1914 1909 All other business vehicles: < 1919 1914 1909 Total. 1,216 5,5-48 18,122 4,391 1,862 102,437 19,551 1,366 5,877 1,433 1,497 HORSEPOWER RATING. Less than 10 h. p. 907 850 228 263 546 1,122 56 10 but I 20 but less | less than i than 20 h. p. j 30 h. p. 833 3,712 | 2,3S4 i 2,125 I 878 1 5,948 2,502 317 84 . 179 636 I 365 4,102 747 624 59,002 6,802 286 1,262 206 549 30 but less than 50 h. p. 550 10,786 1,278 36,745 8,959 606 3,824 515 236 50 but less than 90 h.p. 90 h.p. or more 196 166 101 281 434 61 426 32 1 Includes, in 1919, 4,660 automobiles made as subsidiary products by establishments classified in other industries, but does not include, in 1914, 3,985 automobiles, and, in 1909, 694 automobiles made in establishments of tins character. 3 Included with "Runabouts." * Figures not available. < Includes public conveyances, Government and municipal vehicles. AUTOMOBILES. 875 GENERAL Table 16 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states.; the number of establishments, average number of | wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the automobile; industry. Table 16.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY TABLES. Table 17 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, for automobiles and for auto- mobile bodies and parts, showing each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. \ BY STATES: 1910, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. 1 Expressed in thousands. i United States . 1919 2,830 343,115 544,242 $491,121 $1,940,679 $3,080,074! 1914 1,271 127,092 173,684 101,927 3,56,208 632,831! 1909 743 75,721 . 75,550 48, 694 131,646 249, 202 California 1919 265 3,008 3,313 4,065 30,318 44,362 \ 1914 98 731 1, 457 600 1,234 2,459! 1909 41 478 305 368 700 1,470 Illinois 1919 229 S,805 15,098 1L, 139 73,954 104,883 1 1914 91 2,545 3, 421 1,946 6,288 11,018 1909 65 2,382 1,786 1,653 3,979 7,154 Indiana 1919 172 25,773 L39, 4S1 29,853 117,767 179,065 1914 86 7, 219~ T 12,137 5,027 18, 831 29,389! 1909 67 6,79L_- A 5,813 4,131 14,995 23,764 j Massachusetts 1919 96 4,530 4,441 5,829 16,282 27,032! 1914 66 3, 439 - 4,298 3, 016 5,642 11,199 j 1909 62 4,13S 2,896 2,793 5,491 11,359 j 1919 271 175,985 5 34,127 272,989 959,767 1,620,383 1 1914 205 67,538 '9,379 57,792 219,215 398,289 j 1909 113 25, 444 So, 938 15,491 53,8S2 96,651 i Missouri 1919 86 3,240 ■ 3,506 3,721 54,943 71,939 1 1914 25 504 626 3S9 1,207 2,183 1 1909 17 368 184 252 1,025 1,677 i j Num- I Cen- j ber of i sus i estab- I year.; lish I iments. I i Wage 1 num- Power- , ber).; Wages. Cost of (Value of mate- j prod- rials, ucts. New Jersey. New York... 1919 i 1914: 1909 j 1919 1 1914 l 1909 I Ohio.. Oregon. Pennsylvania.. Wisconsin. All other states.. Expressed in thousands. 344; 247 i 113! 5,519 2,520 1,024 , I 30,483! 12,122, 9,185 3,177; 1,311: [42, 474; \17,938 j 9,398 1919 1914 1909 2S1 102 75 45,SSSrr:' r9,039 JO, 249 4,433 1919 1914 17 6 46 35 [ 93 42 1919 1914 1909 202 80 44 14,708 B,363 t>, 130 E, 746 3,083 3,199 1919 1914 1909 95 43 30 13, bSo/y 4,8S9<; 4,298/ 892 |£>v27 \, 153 1919 1914 1909 656 169 92 11,551 / 3,715i/ 5,602'* L|, 230 6,003 7,587 S7,65S | 1,832 1 615 | 137,085 i 3,766; 892 S54,671 8,237 2,008 39,312! 8,958' 7,016 135,797! 21,976 i 14,908; 211,137 42,115 30,980 63,410 1 13,411 7,746 250,981 i 55,330! 18,522! 379, 436 85,711 33,839 71 118 '■ 259 115 32! 50; 18.849 | 2; 137 1,808 I 76,129! 5,558 i 4,051; 113,820 10,084 6,532 19,634 3,908 j 2,733! 75,176 | 10, 465 1 5,340 | 119,351 IS, 478 11,440 14.591 i 2.849 i 4, OSS! 112,362 | 6, 646 7,861; 153,706 13,554 17,328 876 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE Num- ber of estab- lish- ment* PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm ti em- bers. Sala- ried om- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Mate. Fe- male. Aver- age num- ber. Wage earners. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Male Fe- [male! AUTOMOBILES, INCLUDING BODIES AND PARTS. United States Alabama California Delaware Florida Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana New Jersey New York North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Utah Wisconsin All other states *>... 2,830 229 172 43 6 271 4| so! 6 116 344 5 281 17 202 IS 6 95 541 I 396,104 114| 3.8411 22 581 17 10,964 29,5291 720 56 5,293| 197,881 4, ir>i ill 6,625 36,4861 18 53,321 701 17,157] 225 69 16,3.53' 13,0451 2,165| 12,206| 9! 290! 8| 11 5! 141 102 3S| 3 95 2 65 T 101 24,354 8i 180 3 1! 3! I 63l| .,019; 53| 6i 241 215 267! 1,632 4! 2 163 1,442 221 1 16S; 5571 17; 6! 541 518 15 3! 560j 624 1 1 829 1,443 34 1 217 10,792 7 511 520 3,651 II 1,191 3| 4 1, 458 927 14,264 343,115j 1 l| 5os| 1,192j 31 61 236 6,229 lf 117 270 1,578 "2,"i83 ""533 11 696| 48' 89 3,008! 11' 44 7 8,805 25,773 564 40 4,530 175,985 56 3,240 4 5,519 30,483 12 45.882 > 46 14,708 179 .56 13,585 10,489 De 399,044 Ja 283,491 Oc 97 Mh » 83 No 3,475 Ja 2,212 Se a 12 Ja8 10 Je s 46 Mh 38 (<) 7 (4) 7 De 10,342 Ja 7,315 De 29,800 Fe 21,634 No 687 Ap 468 Au 48 Ja 28 De 5,316 Ap 3,825 No 206,635 Ja 136,212! Do 83 Ja 35! De 3,588 Ja 2,800. Je3 6 Fe3 2! De 6,373 Ap 4,83S| Oc 33,189 Ja 27,845 Oc' 16 Ja* lo! De 57,610 My 35,303! Jy 55 Ja 31 De 17,861 Ja 12,084| De 203 Fe 151 71 Ja 46 No 14,793 Fe 11,735 403,2091 111 3,492 11 44 8 10,338 30,818 653 45 5,637 205,753 821 3,602 4 6,402 32,794 15 58,604 50 17,958 208 39 14,609 11,932 386, .5041 15,986 111 !,394| 11 44 1,505 3 ,127 196; 39 484 1,9751 5,383, 197,826! 7, 78j 3, 31. 55, 17 354 1,216 151 .,8571 48 ',564 2,662 1 316 514 5.50 318 651i 68 22 109 12 50 230 *""2 65 AUTOMOBILES. United States California Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York. Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin A ll other states 0... 315 242,922 44 1,642! 4,455 12,162 151 1,267 142,9761 2,3S3 2,843 18,318 33,760 5,342 10,773 6,850 36 6,43ll 16,606 9,290 210,559; De 241,7091 Ja 174,63 4 243,128 1 234,916 821 234 368! 19! 108,857 Mha Ap Ja Ja Ja Ja» Mh Mb. Fo3 (<) Ja Fe £p Fe No Fe Ja Ja Je Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe3 Mh Je Mh Jaa Fe Ja Ja Ja Fe Je Oc3 Ja Fe Ja 83| 61 1,439 182 863 10 21 38 169 7 4,298 12,865 348 74 379| I 152 28 216 3,152 36,649 328 35 1,137 2 252 4 2,461 14,237 40 10 12,635 92 31 8,329! 151! 30| 4 377! 412| 46j Ja 3 105! Fe 2471 Fe 3,821 160,081| 111 111 1,953 238 1,504 11 30 44 213 8 6,353 17,692 553 119 389 196 45' 25li 4,177i 60,175 48i| 82j 1,618 4 488 41 3,746 17,446 42 15j 21,607 102 50 12,850 208 36 5 561 581 39 137 275 5,454 47 151,588 111 100 1,881 220 1,420 11 28 44 210 8 5,929 16,548 482 116 382 196 45 246 3,953 57,016 467 78 1,583 3 446 4 3,532 16,548 42 15 20,203 95 48 12,574 196 35 5 536 560 39 110 270 5,208 45 8,065 405| 1,081 59 3 6 5 179 3,107 11 4 27 1 41 1,319 7| 1 2311 12 27 5 235 2 363 65 1 . 4 . 2 20 14 55 12 . 44 52 . 1 . 45 . 11 21 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 'Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shalt-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). »Same number reported for one or more other months. •sanaoKOxnv 6i8 ■JB9^ eq!j ^noTjSnoiqj po^jodoj leqnmn 9tnBS * 'SiHYd (inv saiaoa anaowoxnv 1; , 1 'S93BM pn^ S9TJB]Bg •ST^TJ9^TOI 10 J I; •j9^odasioq XjBtnjjj ! '&m%! -OTSjiraunx 'spnpoid j £q pgpp^ jo 9Tq«A' arqsA !i -qB3sa *4n9H ur pejB -iana3 jaj&od -9SJoq; jo£ jo %mi pire pnj I \: *0}9 rS3[JOIO •SJ9UJB9 93«M JO iU9H "21JOAV pn« 'jC^tmoo '9}B3S i j 'J^MOd 1 •Sin penn^noo—6T6T :S3XVXS A3 'AHXSndNI 31IH0W0XI1V 880 MANUFACTURES. AUTOMOBILE EEPAIRING. Detailed statistics for the automobile-repairing industry.—At the census of 1919 reports were secured from establishments engaged in the repairing of auto- mobiles and the vulcanizing of tires, detailed statistics for which are shown in Table 18. The statistics shown for this industry do not cover the repair of automobiles in establishments engaged chiefly in the manufacture of automobiles, bodies and parts, or Ihe Table 18.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE PERSON3 ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. II I ! I' j jj !! Clerks, etc. , !!! I Sala-! ... i Num-; 1 ried i ber of' i| Pro-! offi-' estab-!, ;j prie-' cers,; ; lish- ij tors j super-1 meats Total. , and! in- j \ ;Aver. i ,; firm ; tend- , | Fe_ | age ,i mom-, ents, ; Male. , male> j ni^n. I |! bers. j and | j | DGr> j ;: !man- j I \ j. I agers. j | Wage earners. Number, 15th day of— Maximum j Minimum month. month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male Fe- male AUTOMOBILE REPAIRING United States. Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas.. California.. Colorado.. Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan... Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana... Nebraska Nevada Now Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee. Texas Utah Vermont.. Virginia... WastdDSton... West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming 15,507: 132 81. 79 1,648 401, 301; 15' 27i 79 195. 119 7851 358; 579 325; I 190! 1281 1611 212 279 259! 592J 76; 417- 255| I 499; 17l! 48 1 493 51 999 309 139 540 129 229 1,359 99 183! 362 163 334 125 83 116! 562! 1581 673; 1391 S2,635j 692] 374i 3951 8,827j 2,164; ! 1,590 61 285 380 1,216 546 4,627 1,454 2,311 1,392 923 779 665 1,617 2,057 1,454 2,935 289 2,014 90S 1,897 74 232| 2,393' 212; 8,8151 1,844! 500 3,463. 715; 1,163 7,6071 493 826 1,341 894' 1,8561 626! 430! 582 i 2,59ll 694. 2,844. 588. 1S,566| 3,288| 2,753| 2,967] 221 18! 13 186 90i 102 3 18| 12 54; 28| 194 64 81 33| 31 43] 29] 101 60| 48! 128 3! 95 32 32 4 9 90 3 457 151 201 144| 41 461 253] 14 47 13 38 86 42 11 23 119 38 9.f 24 22i 16; 5; 214! 64; 39; 3; 14 $i 36! "I 160 16! 51; 33; 10! 41| 19! 1171 85; 50! 72) 31 54] 21 20| 4 84 6 652 32 10 100 33 57 284 7 31 15 15 42 12 5 20 65 29 44 16 11 14 7 267 60 82 1 131 11 190 50 89 32 35 21 37 65 83 66 94 6 59 26 50 4 10 100 528 33 8 166 20 39 263 19 14 116 17 55,061 4S0 231 261 5,992 1,495 1,073 41 214 259 863 342 3,120 885 1,355 870 614 523 400 1,101 1,582 968 1,842 177 1,283 520 1,134 45 157 1,627 147 6,197 1,283 303 2,430 455 727 5,225 349 532 794 603 1,254 426 297 376 1,687 421 1,7381 363 Au 59,001] Ja 48,702 De De De 3 De Au Au Je Ja De De Je Jy Au Au Se De No Jy 3 De Jo Au Jy Au3 Se Jy Se Se Au Jy No Au De Jy Oc So Se Au Je De Au Jy Oc Au Jy Se Se Au Au Au 510 269 270 6,426 Ja Fe3 Ja 1,757 Ja 1,149 46 229 278 916 396 3;2S2] 951 1,532! 576 510 1.201 1,687 1,064 2,131 196 1,344 623 1,319 50 192 1,747 166 6,528 1,338 392 2,798 498 810 5,505j 381 588! 9361 6341 1,340] 506 345] 392 1,8401 481 1,909] 451 Ja De Je3 Fo Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Mh Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ap Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja Fo Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe3 Ja Ja 418] 211 250' 5,4831 1,261' 957 39 209 247 785! 291 2,918 779 1,119 814 543 457 286 995 1,378 774 1,453 157 1,173 413 35| 121 1,473 136 5,552 1,201 203 2,156 403 60S 4,797 319 493 625 549 1,133 304 233 357 1,456 351 1,4851 277 5S,0S5 511 279 276 6,491 1,487 1,113 37 209 288 921 356| 3,231 926 1,430 945 694 574 425 1,207 1,620 1,047 1,921 195 1,350 524 1,170 47 163 1,693 161 6,449 1,332 293 2,503 497 813 5,473 341 599 820 641 1,373 462 306 394 1,8*14 457 1,821 376 57,454 509 279 271 6,426| 1,477 1,091 37 209 287 904 353 3,191 919 1,409 938 692 567 421 1,201 1,596 1,032 1,911 188 1,338 524 1,164 47 161 1,665 161; 6,413| 1,313 2911 2,467; 490| 797 5,385 340 596 814 635} 1,353 458| 303 392 1,829 452 1,784 374 238 »Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). AUTOMOBILES. 881 vulcanizing of tires in factories classified as in the rubber-goods industry. Reports were secured only from establishments which were equipped with power-driven machinery necessary for extensive repair work, and garages and establishments which made only minor repairs with hand tools were, therefore, not canvassed. Allow- ance must be made for the fact that many of the estab- lishments from which reports were received included items covering the sale of accessories, etc., which could not be segregated because of the lack of neces- sary data. AUTOMOBILE-REPAIRING INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Wage earners. Rent and taxes. For: contract \ work, j Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Primary horsepower. Principal materials. Fuel and rent of Xjower. Value of products. Value added by mar,nfae- ture. AUTOMOBILE REPAIRING. Dollars. 6,237,721 48,114 21,459 20,277 353,012 170,153 179,260 4,962 35,522 25,180 95,44S 50,500 384,064 98,344 134,473 56,503 56,015 53,393 32,421 208,767 149,437 98,4851 207,516 2,100| 161,907 45,242 60,064 10,060 9,106 169,428 2,250 1,071,989! 307,808; 27,1561 271,286; 92,440 78,713; 527,49l! 25,257 75,109| 18,867| 70,261 147,831 66,120 17,270 32,440 219,555 53,962 148,624 42,080 Dollars, 5,265,3981 Dollars. 71,613,471 Dollars. Dollars. 1,409,553 7,846, 451 27,026 24,340 10,660 462,364 125,599] 106,3351 4,033 54,361' 14,728 54,159 27,333 321,854 51,193 121,874 46,487 36,676 32.S76 28,548 150,606 186,701 114,589! 119,399; 6,472! 88.622; 40;5961 I 56,9621 6,4701 9,740! 161,378: 4,950 1,197,146 82,830 15,524 230,647 58,417 80,884 523,794 25,630 35;191 36,287 23,128 61,704 20,817 16,365 36,729 145,848 43,727 113,553 20,246! 583,618 356,575 277,418 S, 299,952 1,955,265 1,333,965 50,577' 229,085 296,762 1,033,516 533,594 4,006,019 1,067,146 1,736,347 1,171,665 773,127 547,578 464,292 1,288,9091 2,044,4601 1,288,441 2,295,9421 215,637' 1,587,597 774,973! 1,553,81 79,432! 189,728! 2,144,190! 202,945| 8,087,997 1,702,371 367,920 3,311,759 602,8S9 1,027,133 6,864,510 390,368 631,369 1,154,2-45 668,462 1,46$,665 524,001 326,221 423,183 2,494,747 529,944 2,053,358 601,762 400 348,266 22,823 13,20$ 535 2,000 133 8,280 23,130 6,615 8, 811 18,980 386 2,240 37,201 9,500 15,982 44,932 3.273 52;312 17: 7,630! 12,866 170 92,910 16,240 1,173 38,435 3,735 405,020 146,049 100 976 2,592 583 2,569 300 36,906 4,925 16,353 237 5S, 583 48,006 31,7-14 1,048,230 194,409 172,541i 9,170 23, 0S0| 32,569| 99,001 I 47,024) 472, 873 105,417 187,961 99,809 74,053 41,423 35,836 100,753 203,359 114,734 247,594 23,360 202,309 98,655 126,059 10,440; 20,801! 242,635 17,232! Dollars. 1,808,906j , 193,816 128,784! 23,907, 283,977! 62,584 107,166 698,728 40,542 65,580 82,312 64,235 200,953 64, S67 IS, 465 55,142 276,852 55,647 183,358 40,876 16,366 7,253 3,927 162,642! 71,295) 34,597 844 5,826 6,750 25,755 12,2901 77,073' 26,9181 39,918 22,131 22,965 12,243 11,990 48,750 88,343 48.883 63,7551 7,062 26,1311 22,280 37,883 1,300 3,863 47,386 4,882 206, 497 35,445 18,161 86.497 14;90S 15,305 110,659 13.368 36', 223 27,922 16,064 41,465 8,090! 10,678; 13,502! 60,592] 15,796' 105,7061 10,72~! Dollars. \ Dollars.! Dollars. 84,013, 410 3,635,443 1 224,652,159) Dollars. ji 137,003.306; 82,691; 1.721' 42 17,571 132 63,225 615,619 350,295' 275,734, S, 963,093; 2,027,350; l,59S,716i 45,187! 388,905[ 231,318' l,047,855j 517,265' 5,881,7871 1,217,716! 2,187,167, 1,211,941 902,584j 623.975 439,244! 2.316,773 1,948,460 1,780.480 1,993;318 163.014 1,988,8-87 544,688 1,820,985 j 70, 462' 323,414j 2,204,678, 158,837j 10,041,435' 1,743.369) 505;501! 4,344,652, 869,346) 745,746i 8,068,450: 317,0501 788.879! 1,146,S65j 1,013,503| 2,lli;978! 563,591! 654,867; 781,7381 2,311,886! 811,614! 2,782,589! 570,604! 25,357:1 16,814 . 15,860 303,485! 94,9171 91,22*' 2,164j 12,719! 13,367, 41,524 25,627! 220, 797! 67,442 144,938: 63,4S0, 39,355'' 24,173' 2S.31S1 52; 524! 95,160! 82, 461! 170,650 13,111! 88,563; 60,597j 107,3091 4,603! 11,515! 107,6221 13,629; 342.062! 64; 2521 40,420' 149,745! 32,754: 44,360! 235,523: 19,845: 29.972! 85;173; 30,774j 73, '144: 25,791j 19,132: 18,928: i 103,136! 25,891i 158,677: 1,742,915! 1,013,243s S3S,8S6! 24,893,910 5,679,480 4, ,545,446! 140,632 884,002! 740,290 2,738,649; 1,445,754 13,951,423 3,352,031 5,806,835 3,288,214) 2.389,396 i; 548,329 1,276.609 4,874', 344 5,972,500 4,226,691] 9 282 481 '686', 164! 5,212,13"' 2,038, S36| 4,549.978! 221,372! 682,679) 6,129,747 494,597 25,310.34S! 5,002,291 l,23i; 981 10,245,4081 2,108, 455 2,604,602! 20.682.253' 1,081,085 1.984.432 3,346,613 2,329,353 5,301,804 1,537.194 i;S20;513 1,640,891 6,952,681! 2,299,659 6,864,739 1,660,287 1,101,939: 646,134!; 547,292') 15,627,332=! 3,557,213) 2,855, .502:' 93.281 482', 378! 495.605 1,649,270! 902,862 j 7, 848, .839 j 2,066.873 i 3,474,73$) I 2,012,793! 1,447,457 900,1S1 .809,047 2,505,047 3,928,850 2,363,750; 7,118,513' 510,039 3,134,687! 1,433,551! 2,621,684! 146,307,! 347,750- 3,817,447: 322,131) j 14,926.851 !j 3,194,670! 686.060 I 5,75i; 011! 1,206,355m 1.S14.4961) 12,318,280:! 744;190; | 1,165,581 2,114,575 1,2S5,076|: 3; 116,382 ji 947.812; 1,146,514:; '840,225i; ji 4,537,659 1,462,154;! 3,923,473 j! 1,053,42Si! ii 990 422; 605' 8,424! 2,229; 1,093: 40! 15S 590 1,181! 485 4,278 1,692 3,232 2,129) 1,261 S34j 773! 1,094; 1,424; 1.362: 2, 830! 472 1,976) 1,187) 2 822: mi 220! 2.083, '359j j 5,897! 1,748 767 i! 3,678 1,041)! 1,202 7, io:>i 342 851j: 2,082; l,02o! 1,6931 5961 459; 4091 2,311|' 1,071! 3,210' 31 6 101 202;!".!I1". 46: 2S: 10.. 101. 19.. 30, 8:. 4;. 180 4 621 50) 16! 14 10' 34| . 10' 297 35(. 183 . 482 494; 135 19:. 2 _ 97:" 296!. 26: 60S . 401 i. 803:. 522!. I 550 295 186 119 125 182 . 743!. 2481. 598,. 291; 1.062!. 9 . 20, 35 3881.. 91 .. 759 710! 323!. 735!. 452). 196j 1,431! 202L 867:. 218' 431!. 37!. in; 87). 22o! 459 72$ 259 691 3S7 422 7,932 1,696 948 21 156 2S7, 839 45S1 3,598 1,253 2,419 1,597 690 509 579 971 1,299 1,178 2.065 224 1.364 872 1,742 109! 165' 26.8; 51SI 1 5,090 i 1.020 :. '444! 2.763 '5S5;j 993)1 5,048') 261)|. 633]! 1,201!! TssiL l,22Sl) 549:' 324| | 322|i 2,a54! 6081 2,4371 548! 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10! 17 ...j IS ... 19 ...j 20 ...| 21 23| 23 8! 24 9| 25 l) 26 17 27 28 ...! 29 6s 30 ...; 31 2; 32 ...J 33 21 34 6! 35 10 36 3! S7 90; 33 ....! 39 113 , 40 19 41 .. J 42 21! 43 44 471 45 3: 46 ! 1 47 12j 48 17 49 13: 5-) 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. 111367—23- -56 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report presents statistics for establishments engaged in the manufacture of carriages, wagons, sleighs, sleds (ex- cept children's carriages and sleds), and parts. Some establishments which are included were engaged chiefly in manufacturing materials and parts, build- ing only a few vehicles, while others were engaged in repair work only. Carriages and wagons and materials were also made by estabhshments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products to the value of $13,920,648 in 1919 and $4,492,615 in 1914. The value of such manu- factures, however, is not included in the total value of products shown for the carriage and wagon in- dustry, except in Table 12. Comparative summary.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1899, with percentages of increase or decrease for each five-year period. With a few exceptions decreases are noticeable at each succeeding census since 1909. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." Summary of the industry.—Table 2 summarizes the statistics for the industry as a whole for 1919, and gives separate figures for the three classes of estab- lishments: (1) Factories engaged in manufacturing carriages and wagons, (2) factories making carriage and wagon materials, and (3) factories doing repair work only. Of the 2,544 establishments from which returns were received in 1919, 1,130, or 44.4 per cent, were engaged primarily in the manufacture of the com- plete vehicle and reported 69.4 per cent of the total value of products; establishments manufacturing car- riage and wagon materials reported 22.6 per cent, and factories doing repair work only 8 per cent of the total value of products reported for the industry. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Illi- nois, as shown by Table 3, is the leading state in the manufacture of carriages and wagons. In 1919 this state reported 10.9 per cent of the total number of wage earners, and 12.6 per cent of the total value of prod- ucts. Indiana, second in importance, contributed 9 per cent and 10.8 per cent, respectively, of these two items. Ohio, the third ranking state, and Ken- (882) tucky, fourth in rank, were not far behind the two leading states. Of the states engaged in the manu- facture of carriages and wagons, a great majority are located east of the Mississippi River, the only states of importance west of the river being Mis- souri, Minnesota, Arkansas, and Iowa, in the order named. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 4 shows the number of persons engaged in the industry as a whole and in each branch separately. The classifica- tion by sex, for 1919, was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 4 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms". Figures by states will be found in Table 16. Wage earners, by months, for states.—As shown by Table 5, the number of wage earners employed in the industry month by month ranged from a maximum of 25,766 in October to a minimum of 23,713 in April, the minimum number being equivalent to 92 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for all states in the combined industry reporting an average of over 350 wage earners, that could be shown without dis- closing operations of individual establishments, while for the United States the number of males and of females is also shown. Prevailing hours of labor,—Table 6 shows that the reduction in number of wage earners from 1914 to 1919 occurred in the groups in which the prevailing hours of labor were 54 per week or more. In 1914, 16.4 per cent were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week as against 34 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 24.9 per cent of the total wage earners, as compared with 21.2 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states.—Analysis of Table 7 discloses the significant fact that in 1919, 1,946 estabhshments, or 76.5 per cent of the total number for the industry, em- ployed fewer than 6 wage earners each, while only 3,011, of 12.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners, were employed therein, evidencing the predominance of small establishments based upon the average num- ber of wage earners. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. 883 Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with prod- ucts valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was sub- divided into "$100,000 to $500,000/' and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been com- piled, however, from returns for 1914. Table 8, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. In 1919 establishments reporting products valued at more than $100,000 employed 16,708 wage earners, or 67.7 per cent of the total average number, and reported products to the value of $90,884,218, or 76.9 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 9 shows that the individual form of ownership predominated in num- ber of establishments only. Individuals owned 64.2 per cent of the total number of establishments for the industry in 1919. Corporations owned only 14.2 per cent of the total number of estabhshments, but employed 72 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 77.8 per cent of the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 10, there was a decrease in the total horsepower for the industry of 47,883 horsepower, or 42.5 per cent, the decrease being throughout all types of power. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914, and gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel for manufac- turing purposes. In 1919, of the total reported for bituminous coal, Illinois consumed 21.1 per cent; of the total reported for anthracite coal, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts consumed 46.4 per cent. Table 1.-COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries. Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture < 1919 2,544 30,697 2,867 | 3,148 j 24,&82! 64,666! $96,924,074 30,897,04S 5,836,SS2 25,060,166 182,039 3,457,24S 63,097,129 118,228,541 55,131,412 1914 5,057 64,446 5,629 6.426 52', 391 112,549 $177,643,015 40,331.426 7,773,964 32,557,462 209,393 2,359,532 65,718,795 131,546,997 65,828,202 1909 5,492 S2,944 6,213 6,803 69,92S 126,032 $175,473,72S 45,555,126 7,960,207 37,594,919 253,512 2,096, S77 81,951,288 159,892,5-17 77,941,259 1904 5,5S3 90.751 6, 575 6,294 77,882 106,159 $152,344,657 44,943,700 6,581,021 38,362,679 249,327 * 2,081,834 77,527,911 155,868,849 78,340,938 1S99 6,792 (*) 5,026 73,812 83,771 $128,961,660 38,324,427 4,759,114 33,565,313 (4) (3) 66,771,919 138,261,763 71,483,844 PES CENT OF INCREASE/1 1914- 1919 1909- 1914 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 -49.7 -7.9 -1,7 -17.7 -52. 4 -22.3 -8.6 -49.1 -9.4 -5.5 -51.0 -5.5 8.1 25.2 -52.9 -25.1 -1Q.2 5.5 -42. 5 -10.7 IS. 7 26.7 -45.4 1.2 15.2 1S.1 -23.4 -11.5 1.4 17.3 -24.9 -2,3 21.0 38.3 -23.0 -13.4 -2.0 14.3 -13,1 -17. 4 1.7 46. 5 12,5 -4.0 —19. S •5.7 16.1 -10.1 -17.7 2.6 12.7 -16.2 -15.5 -0.5 9.6 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Figures not avaOable. s Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2,—SUMMARY OF THE INDUSTRY: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Total for the industry. 2,544 30,697 2, S67 3,148 21,682 64,666 S96,924,074 ESTABLISHMENTS ENG-VGED PRIMARILY IN— Manufac- turing car- riages and wagons. 1,130 19,249 1,265 2,265 15,719 34,666 |$71,701,095 Manufac- turing car- riage and wagon materials. 258 7,429 212 70S 6,509 23,700 IS17,971,206 Repair work only. 1,156 4,019 1,390 175 2,454 6,300 $7,251,773 Salaries and wages.. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value adtied by manufacture.. Total for the industry. ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED PRIMARILY IN— Manufac- turing car- riage and Manufac- turing car- riages and wagon materials. Repair work only. wagons. $30,S97,01S 5,836. SS2 25,060,166 $20,741,019 4,272,980 16,463,039 $6,972,315 1,305,544 5,666,771 $3,183,714 258,35S 2,925,356 182,039 3,457,218 63,097,129 117,149 2.505,433 44,912,172 82,013,326 37,101,154 17,448 635,084 14.734,673 26,765.316 12,030,643 47.442 316', 731 3,450,28 i 9,449,899 5,999,615 55,131,412 884 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. WAGE EAH.NHR.HS. VALUE OF VALUE ADDED BY O $3 PRODUCTS. MANUFACTURE. STATE. s§ CD £ si R M § i g +J o n •i § i i d +j © •i ®^ 8 £ •a 5 3 # S*5 q 33 Per< strib rt Amc expr thou za § Amc expr thou Pen strib & Mississippi 19 276 1.1 19 $1,105 0.9 19 $648 1.2 19 Alabama 42 307 1.2 18 1.073 0.9 20 557 1.0 20 Connecticut 56 168 0.7 22 677 0.6 24 352 0.6 23 Louisiana 24 166 0,7 23 491 0.4 26 271 0.5 26 Rhode Island 28 74 0.3 29 208 0.2 31 141 0.3 31 South Carolina. 19 63 0.3 30 183 0.2 32 107 0.2 32 Florida 13 57 0.2 31 166 0.1 33 97 0,2 33 Vermont 23 35 0.1 33 130 0.1 34 80 0.1 34 Oregon 4 17 0.1 37 77 0.1 38 47 0.1 39 Delaware 5 15 X).l 39 72 0.1 39 50 0.1 38 Montana 4 7 0) 40 65 0.1 40 31 0.1 41 Utah 3 16 0.1 38 41 V) 42 24 42 New Mexico 4 6 0) 41 31 C1) 44 21 0) 44 All other 655 4,648 18.8 20,876 17.6 9,706 17.6 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 4— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Carriages and Wagons and Materials. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.... Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers.. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. Carriages and wagons, in- cluding REPAIRS. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations., Superintendents and managers. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 30,697 64,446 82,944 4,276 7,716 8,844 2,867 5,629 6,213 555 981 1,166 854 1,106 1,465 1,739 4,339 4,172 24,682 52,391 69,928 24,594 52,253 69,397 88 138 531 23,268 51,913 63,607 3,690 6,879 7,627 2,655 5,289 5,701 390 752 853 645 838 1,073 Male. 29,441 62,173 80,536 4,172 7,583 8,706 2,790 5,526 6,103 535 951 1,143 847 1,106 1,460 1,089 2,972 2,991 24,180 51,618 68,839 24,101 51,482 68,315 79 136 524 22,388 50,120 61,827 3,595 6,763 7,521 2,585 5,198 5,613 372 727 837 638 838 1,071 Fe- male. 1,256 2,273 2,408 104 133 138 77 103 110 20 30 23 7 5 6.50 1,367 1,181 502 773 1.089 493 771 1,082 9 2 7 880 1,793 1,780 95 116 106 70 91 88 18 25 16 7 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 95.9 96.5 97.1 97.6 98.3 98.4 97.3 98.2 98.2 96.4 96.9 98.0 99.2 100.0 99.7 62.6 68.5 71.7 98.0 98.5 98.4 98.0 98.5 98.4 89.8 98.6 98.7 96.2 96.5 97.2 97.4 98.3 98.6 97.4 98.3 98.5 95.4 96.7 98.1 98.9 100.0 99.8 Fe- male. 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.4 1.7 1.6 2.7 1.8 1.8 3.6 3.1 2.0 0.8 0.3 37 4 31 5 28. 3 2 0 1 5 1 6 2 0 1 5 1 6 10 2 1 4 1 3 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.6 1.7 1.4 2.6 1.7 1.5 4.6 3.3 1.9 1.1 0.2 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Carriage and wagon ma- terials. Cen- sus year. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.... Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers... Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 1,405 3,730 3,440 18,173 41,304 52,540 18,110 41,220 52,213 63 84 327 7,429 12,533 19,337 586 837 I, 217 212 340 512 165 229 313 209 268 392 334 609 732 6,509 11,087 17,388 6,484 II, 033 17,184 25 54 204 Male. Fe- male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. 894 2,550 2,494 17,899 40,807 51,812 17,845 40,723 51,489 54 84 323 7,053 12,053 18,709 577 820 1,185 205 328 490 163 22-1 306 209 268 389 195 422 497 6,281 10,811 17,027 6,256 10,759 16,826 25 52 201 511 1,1S0 946 274 497 728 265 497 724 376 480 628 3 139 187 235 228 276 361 228 274 358 Male. 63.6 68.4 72.5 98.6 85.7 100.0 98.8 94.9 96.2 96.8 98.5 98.0 97.4 96.7 96.5 95.7 98.8 97.8 97.8 100.0 100.0 99.2 58.4 69.3 67.9 96.5 97.5 97.9 96.5 97.5 97.9 100.0 96.3 98.5 Fe- male. 36.4 31.6 27.5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 14.3 1.2 5.1 3.8 3.2 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.3 3.5 4.3 1.2 2.2 2.2 0.8 41.6 30.7 32.1 3.5 2.5 2.1 3.5 2.5 2.1 3.7 1.5 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. 885 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males... Females. 1914 1909 Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan , Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Teanessee Wisconsin Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year.' 24,682 24,180 602 52,391 69,928 2,692 2,216 . 493 1,977 491 367 1,155 1,169 1,327 2,213 1,584 1,665 1,498 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 23,809 23,365 444 52,594 66,687 2,753 2,261 419 1,937 413 402 1,135 J ,069 1,361 1,893 1,470 1,603 1,586 Febru- ary. 23,980 23,514 466 55,272 69,390 2,649 2,251 422 1,968 458 386 i,tis 1,082 1,361 1,998 1,511 1,623 1,500 March. 23,831 23,353 478 56,729 71,795 2,600 2,075 462 1,961 521 377 1,118 1.137 1,367 2,063 1,540 1,613 1,496 April. 23, 713 23,229 484 57,316 72,892 2,498 2,048 454 1,817 514 351 1,152 1,169 1,354 2,167 1,566 1,646 1,439 May. 23,937 23,440 497 56,3.86 73,240 2,468 2,102 483 1,880 524 335 1,150 1,166 1,367 2,212 1,568 7,593 1,409 June, 24,104 23,565 539 55,459 72,181 2,345 2,205 512 1,857 516 333 1,130 1,203 1,401 2,273 1,605 1,609 1,412 July. 24,778 24,240 538 53,942 69,61S 2,563 2,208 495 1,941 498 $27 1,163 1,196 1,381 2,302 1,598 1,671 1,435 August. 25,327 24,7S5 542 52,S71 68,326 2,684 2,275 500 2.004 '490 377 1,165 1,255 1,255 2,255 1,601 1,747 1,518 Sep- tember. 25,511 24,977 534 50,202 67,894 2,892 2,273 535 2,057 49S 369 1,121 1,230 1,252 2,334 1,583 1,735 1,528 Octo- ber. 25,766 25,275 491 47,357 67,949 3,021 2,303 534 2,061 481 375 1,199 1,191 1,272 2,318 1,579 1,736 1,564 Novem- ber. 25,763 25,25S 505 45,014 68,857 2,954 2,276 530 2,096 4S2 381 1,220 1,164 1,278 2,345 1,-564 1,664 1,576 Decem- ber. 26,665 25,159 506 45,550 ■ 70,427; Per , cent mini- mum : is of : maxi- mum. 92.0 91.9 SI. 9 78.5 90.9 2,877' 2,315 570 I 2,145! 497 1 391 1,194 1 1,166 1,275 j 2,396 I 1,583; 1,680 1 1,513 i 77.6 88.5 73. 5 84.7 78.8 81.3 9L2 85. 2 89.4 79-0 91.6 88.7 88.8 Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Now York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Wisconsin Census year. Total. 1919 1914 1909 2t,682 52,391 69,928 1919 1914 2,692 4,861 1919 1914 2,216 7,306 1919 1914 493 994 1919 1914 1,977 1,897 1919 1914 491 1,318 1919 1914 367 1,417 1919 1914 1,155 2,560 1919 1914 1,169 3,911 1919 1914 1,327 1,462 1919 1914 2,213 5,997 1919 1914 1,504 6,370 1919 1914 1,665 1,371 1919 1914 1,498 2,638 IN ESTABLISHMENTS "WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK WERE- 44 and under. (2) (a) Between 44 and 48. (2) (2) "(if "(if (2) (3) "(Y)" (3) (2) "(if "(if (s) "(if "(if 48.1 2.120 3,209 3,204 Between 48 and 54. 54. 123! 431 i 182! 300 1 21 I 123; 3 i 269 i 278! 31 i 66 96 269! 167 43: S: 67! S2S' 177 j 119! 19; 85 15 I 16 5,769 5.360 4, S75 1,656 240 313 492 7 142 $09 235 150 598 210 501 183 1,019 594 589 530 532 175 30 2,571 9, 780 11,659 115 Q2° 236 399 14 256 245 418 112 196 63 363 138 1,039 1 50 135 1,115 314; 24S! 50 | S9; Between 5-4 and 8,476 20,986 21,954 524 2,487 1,060 5,144 1S1 124 94 141 526 382 921 3'3 903 445 410 1,185 2,013 501 i 3,653 I 321 387 1.139 ], 921 5,238 12,958 27.771 261 77S 395 960 270 349 2-15 693 51 598 329 679 130; 751 I 22S ■ 1, 452; 117 i 1,080; 791; 616! 218; 531! Over 60. 9 98 465 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909, 3 Corresponding figures not available. 886 Table 7, - MANUFACTURES. i" ,—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States.. 1919. 1914. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts - Michigan Missouri New York North Carolina ■ Ohio • Pennsylvania • Tennessee ■ Wisconsin • cfloJ 2,544 5,057 24,682 52,391 107 2,692 100 2,216 68 493 71 1,977 50 491 46 367 122 1,155 274 1,169 109 1,327 152 2,213 356 1,564 66 1,665 124 1,498 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. t« a 485 509 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. .0 OJ CD "to 3 w 1,461 3,006 57 48 34 39 23 28 66 1S7 68 70 218 24 64 3,011 7,244 112 100 65 81 55 65 146 361 179 173 448 58 108 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 370 1,087 3,833 11,291 112 209 76 96 195 48 197 223 189 328 348 215 131 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. to H 112 271 fcficp * d 3,652 8,625 187 403 144 147 126 79 118 202 254 474 171 368 120 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. & d 04 CO to a cp e cm CD > s 5,122 7,911 227 335 89 134 115 175 403 121 314 535 597 447 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. %2 & d ca cp tsa cp 52 be CP »* d £*3 4,808 8,145 744 631 119 947 291 262 130 305 140 213 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. .3 w 33 d 05 CP t> a 2,457 3,729 621 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. ■o d ■as 03 rj 1,799 1,648 689 538 437 740 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 2,544 5,057 5,492 24,682 52,391 69,928 $118,228,541 $131,648,997 $159,892,547 $55,131,412 $65,828,202 $77,941,259 Less than $5,000 1,021 954 366 154 33 16 2,255 1,879 676 220 17 10 2,114 2,222 845 619 2,801 4,554 J 7,530 \ 3,766 5,412 2,842 9,638 12,933 2,954 12,708 17,187 2,671,195 9,405,712 15,267,416 / 34,468,683 \ 20,874,348 35,541,187 5,713,772 18,376,368 28,5S0,230 42,841,876 12,567,312 23,467,439 5,458,031 22,138,144 35,281,090 1,779,553 5,903,983 8,373,536 / 14,776,880 \ 8,827,979 15,469,481 3,869,385 11,867,599 15,003,673 3,530,630 13,930,594 18,420,065 $5,000 to $20,000 520,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 } 298 } 19,480 27,915 J- 73,089,147 | 24,060,845 32,662,798 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 13 7,498 9,164 23,926,135 11,026,700 9,397,172 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to$100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.1 37.5 14.4 6.1 1.3 0.6 44.6 37.2 13.4 4.4 0.3 0.2 38.5 40.5 15.4 2.5 11.3 18.5 / 30.5 \ 15.3 21.9 5.4 18.4 24. 7 4.2 18.2 24.6 2.3 8.0 12.9 4.3 14.0 21.7 32.6 3.4 13.8 22.1 3.2 10.7 15.2 / 26.8 \ 16.0 28.1 5.9 18.0 22.8 4.5 17.9 23.6 } 5.4 | 37.2 / 29.2 \ 17.5 30.1 } 45.7 15.0 } 36.5 39.9 9.6 17. S 41.9 0.2 14.3 13.1 16.8 12.1 ■STEvraaxvw qnv snoovm qnv saovranvo L88 aaawnx AO aovuaAV 'ivoA. sns -uao —as aaNj&o sxk3 HHsn a Yisa —j£q panAvo -joq |-ipiq —£q ponAio sinanrqsTiq^sa jo 'FlO? JO 19 J nv j -joo -Bjo'di -PJA -joq -ipiq -mo nv •spen -ipni ny 'nv I •ST^n -piATpui nv -ipni -■BJOCl j -plA •suoi} -plA 'sjo i'snot? -q)0 i -mod i 'Sid •snoi; I •SJ9 'ST*sn 2 81 i 021! 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I 0 0T H6I 6161 901 ££ ?t ?S 88 S89'S 86?'I SOS SSI OST'S SSS'I 9TS SL ?TT 5 6 9'SS I zs |jS-s TSS'tfS'i S9S'SS?'6 698'689 608'?SS eSl'OSS'9 STS'6?9'S i 69T 'tSS | ?*?'IS2 |s-s S?8 SI6 OS SS ! vos i !S'8 e > tnsnoosiAV. 99SS9nuaj, mcreAx^sunej oiqo uniiojTJO q^io^j i[iox M9M pnossipi treSiqoij^; s^iesnqo«ss^K ^on^n9T[ • ■' *BMOJ 'Bn^ipni stouttti 'fUl aKV 6T6I :S3XVXS Z8[ 'JIHSHSNMO ^0 HaXOVHVHO—#6 aia^X 888 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.-NUMBER AND HORSErOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 5,390 9,159 6,501 64,666 112,549 126,032 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 967 358 350 8 571 38 1,985 2,647 1,217 43,989 37,786 35,482 2,304 4,762 1,441 79,782 66,093 (3) (2) 100,715 82,925 (a) (f< 68.0 58.4 54.9 3.6 7.4 2.2 70.9 58.7 79.9 65.8 Steam1 7S2 Engines (2) (2) 1,109 94 (2) Turbines (*) 1,294 1361 Internal-combustion engines 10,557 3,132 13,120 4,667 9.4 2.8 10.4 3.7 Water wheels, turbines, and motors Rented 4,423 4,423 7,174 7,174 3,854' 3,S54[ 20,677 19,999 678 32,767 32,654 113 25,317 24,969 348 32.0 30.9 1.0 29.1 29.0 0.1 20.1 19.8 0.3 Other 5,325 4,423 902 8,238 7,174 1,064 4,S05 3,854 951 32,751 19,999 12,752 46,384 32,654 13,730 39,424 24,969 14,455 100.0 61.1 100.0 70.4 29.6 100.0 63.3 36.7 Rented Generated by establishments reporting 38.9 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. a Not reported separately. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Illinois. Indiana Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Wisconsin All other states Cen- sus year. COAL. Coke (tons. 2,000 pounds). Fuel oils (barrels). uasonneana other volatile oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1919 1914 8,678 47,516 180,258 379,432 8,626 12,269 32,165 64,567 11,720 145,747 234,191 0) 1919 1914 204 1,207 37,969 47,874 719 1,592 7,636 8,856 1,148 1,786 7,346 0) 1919 1914 56 169 22,788 82,752 2,090 2,966 12,000 22,511 100 5,052 8,313 0) 1919 m 6,804 29 204 116 1914 39 10,760 118 211 0) 997 1919 21,196 30,525 272 609 2,797 144 381 1,070 1,840 1914 13 (>) 1919 1914 732 867 1,638 5,240 2S 71 3 141 66 1,554 2,999 (l) 1919 74 2,3.85 11,006 1 3 300 480 1914 133 183 142 (') 1919 1914 163 675 4,811 7,504 126 163 1 188 1,939 4,129 379 0) 1919 1914 1,421 3,694 6,928 21,137 1,068 137 1,564 1,854 321 3,661 14,228 0) 1919 169 2,623 110 209 609 1914 95 3,320 438 330 0) 10 1919 1914 277 306 16,115 57,563 393 1,238 2,658 11,521 496 42,341 62,467 0) 1919 1914 1,873 34,768 7,280 29,641 288 1,431 479 9,066 454 8,402 100,508 0) 1919 1914 3 4,513 6,792 22 640 11 156 50 160 544 211 C) 1919 1914 177 154 22,225 23,422 2,149 1,656 541 1,269 6,202 711 1,436 (') 1919 1914 3,479 5,1S5 22,983 41,896 1,332 1,127 4,061 7,987 1,586 78,771 28,894 0) 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. 889 SPECIAL SI Detailed statistics of number and value.—Table 12 shows statistics for 1919, 1914, and 1909, regarding the number and value of vehicles and value of all other products and receipts from repairs, reported by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, parts, and repairs, together with similar statistics for establishments engaged prima- rily in other industries which incidentally reported the manufacture of carriages and wagons or parts and: materials. I Table 12.—Detailed Statistics of Number and Value: 1919, 1914, and 1909. KIND. Number. PRODUCTS. Value. Establishments re- porting 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 All products 2,666 5,2S6 5,613! $132,149,189 $136,039,612 $164,420,558 All vehicles 708,107 14,851 230,015 426,502 277 36,462 1,177,415 1,584,571 66, 468.654 / 1,665,010 \21,017,131 42,412,833 105,452 1,268,19S 72,283,698 94,037,900 Carriages }550,401 843,319 |34,193,36S 48, S35,053 Buggies Wagons 572,409 1,234 53,321 629,797 2,347 109,108 36,533,152 325,164 1,232,014 42,026,19S 944, SS2 2,231,767 Public conveyances. Sleighs and sleds All other products, parts, repairs, etc 1 62,865, 569 63,755,914 70, 382,658 Made bv establishments in the industry. Establishments re- porting 2,544 5,057 5,492 All products 118,228, 541 131,546,997 159, 892, .547 60S,833 13,704 202,105 356,837 191 35,993 1,124,903 1,519,238 56,174.332 j 1,562,023 \18,114.423 35,183; 807 76,957 1,237,122 69,324,182 90,694,145 Carriages }.538,071 82S.411 }33,329,879 47,756,118 Buggies Wagons 1 533,601 1,221 52,010 587,685 2,243 100, 899 34,506,942 279,6*3 1,207,705 39,932.910 939; 267 2,065,8-50 Public conveyances. Sleighs and sleds All other products, 62,054,209 62, 222,815 69,198,402 Made by establishments in other industries. Establishments re- porting 122 229 121 All products 13,920,648 4,492,615 4,52S, 011 All vehicles 99,274 1,147 27,910 69,665 83 469 52,512 65,333 10,294,322 f 103,017 \ 2,902, 708 7,229,026 28,495 31,076 2,959,516 3,343,755 1,078,935 2,093,28S 5.615 165,917 Carriages | 12,330 14,908 } S63,439 Buggies 38,808 63 1,311 42,112 104 8,209 2,026,210 45, 508 24,309 Public conveyances. Sleighs and sleds— All other parts, ma- terials, and repair work 3,626,326 1,533,099 1,184,256 i Includes 11,593 pushcarts and hand trucks valued at $295,561 in 1919. In addition to the $118,228,541 reported as the value of products by the 2,544 establishments en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, parts and supplies, in 1919, 122 establish- ments engaged primarily in other branches of industry reported similar products to the value of $13,920,648. Thus the total value of these products for 1919 amounted to $132,149,189, as compared with §136,- 039,612 for 1914, a decrease of 2.9 per cent. From 1909 to 1919 there was a decrease in the value of products of $32,271,369, or 19.6 per cent. There were 708,107 vehicles of all kinds manufactured during 1919, including those made as subsidiary products of establishments engaged primarily in other industries, as compared to 1,177,415 in 1914, a de- crease of 39.8 per cent, and a decrease of 876,464 vehicles, or 55.3 per cent in the number manufactured in 1919 as compared with the number reported in 1909. The 122 establishments which manufactured car- riages, wagons, and materials as a subsidiary product in 1919 were engaged chiefly in the production of automobile bodies and parts and agricultural im- plements. The increase in the value of products for such establishments is due to the fact that a num- ber of large companies, as the demand decreased for products of this industry, turned to other industries, carriages and wagons becoming a subsidiary product. Many factories discontinued manufacturing such products even as a subsidiary product. Detailed statistics of kind, number, and value,— Table 13 presents for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904 de- tailed statistics of all products manufactured by establishments engaged in the industry. The product of factories making parts to be used in the manu- facture of carriages and wagons is included in "All other products," of the table. This combination gives a complete product for the industry, although it involves a certain amount of duplication, as a part of the product of establishments manufacturing parts and supplies is used in the factories making carriages and wagons. The amount received for repair work for all establishments is included in the value given for "All other products." The total value of all products for the industry in 1919 was $118,228,541. Of this amount, the value of completed vehicles was $56,174,332, or 47.5 per cent. Of the total number of completed vehicles produced in 1919, wagons represented 58.6 per cent; carriages, buggies, and light pleasure vehicles, 35.4 per cent; and sleighs and sleds, 5.9 per cent. Of the total value of completed vehicles, wagons represented 62.7 per cent; carriages, buggies, and light pleasure vehicles, 35 per cent, and sleighs and sleds, 2.2 per cent. The manufacture of complete vehicles of all kinds hj establishments classified in this industry decreased 11.2 per cent in number and 6.5 per cent in value from 1904 to 1909, and 26 per cent in number and 23.6 890 MANUFACTURES. per cent in value from 1909 to 1914, while for the period of 1914 to 1919 the decrease was 45.9 per cent in number and 19 per cent in value. Table 13.—Detailed Statistics of Number and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. Products, total value. Complete vehicles of all classes: Number I 60S, 8331 1,12-1,903| Value :$56,174,332 $69,324,182 1919 1914 !$118,228,54l|$131,546,997 Carriages (family and pleasure): Number Value. Buggies and light pleasure vehicles: Number Value Wagons: Number Value Business- Number Value Light and package commodity, number Heavy and bulky commodity, number Pushcarts, number Hearses, number Street sprinklers, number Other business wagons, number. Farm(including carts and trucks)— Number Value Government, municipal, etc.— Number Value Ambulances, number Mail and mail-carriers' wagons and carts, number Patrol wagons (fire and police), hose wagons, and prison vans, number Public conveyances: Number Value Sleighs and sleds: Number Value AH other products, including parts and amount received for repair work, value2 13, SI, 562, 202, $18,114, 356, S35,183, 51, $6,919, 18,132 303, [S27,567, 2, $696, 1, 1,007 194 S76,957 35,993 SI, 237,122 $62,051,209 I 538,071 f$33,329,S79| 533,601 $34, 506,942! 139,621 $13,022,860 81,393 31,458 14,937^ 402| 197 11,234 384,663 $19,708,423 9,317 $1,775,659 346 5,549 3,422] 1,221 $279,656 52,010 $1,207,705 $62,222,815 828, $47,756, 587, $39,932, 154 $16,440^ 1909 $159,S92,547 1904 $155,86S,S49 1,519,2381 $90,694,14o 1,711,330 $96,955,018 937,409 |$55,750,276 6851 910S37, 107,190 32, 7, 1, 5, 429, $22,615, 3, $876, 1,912 2,243] $939,267 100,8991 $2,065,850 643,755 195,230 133,422 0) 71,733 31,956 6,089 642 157 22,845 505,025 0) 5,308 C1) 245 4,703 360 2,711 $1,314,952 127,455 $2,694,560 $69,198,402,158,913,831 1 Not reported separatelv. a Includes 1,659 automobiles, valued at $1,795,159 in 1919; 1,123, valuod at $574,925 in 1914; .544 valued at $569,119 in 1909; and 199 valued at $235,675 in 1904, manu- iactured in establishments devoted primarily to the manufacture of carriages and wagons. Comparative summary, by class of vehicles, by states.—Table 14 shows, by states, the number of the several general classes of vehicles manufactured by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of carriages and wagons during 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904, and the value of those manufactured in 1919. In 1914, 38 states reported the manufacture of 538,071 carriages, buggies, and light pleasure vehicles, as com- pared with 25 states reporting the manufacture of 215,809 in 1919, a decrease of 59.9 per cent in num- ber of vehicles. In 1919 the states reporting the manu- facture of wagons were 41, producing 345,244 vehicles, while in 1914, 43 states reported the production of wagons to the number of 533,601, a decrease of 35.3 per cent. Table Id.—Comparative Summary, by Class op Vehicle, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. CLASS AND STATE. PLEASURE VEHICLES. United States Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Michigan.. Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Wisconsin All other states WAGONS (BUSINESS, FARM, GOVERNMENT, ETC.)- United States Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina .... Ohio Pennsylvania. Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin All other states PUBLIC CONVEYANCES. United States SLEIGHS AND SLEDS. United States Iowa Maine Michigan Minnesota New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states NUMBER. Value, 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919. 215,809 538,071 828,411 937,409 $19,676,446 ~14,445~ 6,011 ~~20,071™ 81,477 143,042 13,844 31,925 ~~21,974 101,875 177,194 29,809 24,259 20,919 56,075 178,962 16,498 27,195 1,585,921 484,916 71,510 2,187 5,670,400 340,185 38,504 3,618,041 123 154 3,706 18,260 597 1,389 827 25,265 53,552 15,220 2,551 1,708 91,558 97,444 25,474 2,802 2,945 174,8S9 74,650 42,249 11,905 16,740 341,606 1,452,995 61,118 24,556 17,644 751 29,098 71,972 15,551 31,813 135,877 23,395 25,157 199,425 33,467 2,600,846 1,592,768 74,962 4,366 12,117 142 736 3,067 15,144 2,470 13,720 24,726 22,564 5,374 19,366 23,466 33,967 629,402 1,120,286 17,770 56,585 5,314 11,313 i 345,244 533,601 587,685 643,755 i 34,888,246 5,518 12,686 638 83 373 3,537 5,726 1,868 1,139 843 4,588 7,415 3,347 1,786 1,578 12,512 1,625 3,045 1,944 2,652 584,918 1,091,798 44,147 10,545 25,366 6,295 93,499 21,733 7,805 118,202 75,530 16,865 23,434 15,708 85,097 87,844 26,495 25,911 18,848 72,033 92,893 22,815 49,266 667,697 8,798,285 1,528,051 8,024 27,044 609,241 2,720,925 804 676 735 221 1,172 1,170 1,269 2,259 2,719 3,360 28,720 1,246 1,764 1,849 3,278 52,273 109,571 139,557 57,198 113,246 107,462 2,226 2,861 3,082 11,454 12,087 3,566 17,293 26 469 12,315 1,115 17,231 1,683 15,059 2,012 1,311,053 662,551 21,456 769 3,6S7 20,140 1,049 4,337 25,281 1,188 5,647 1,896,403 3,869 209,037 5,097 32,272 2,381 7,126 13,093 19,656 20,030 25,417 32,983 8,126 21,937 26,248 28,882 33,634 12,499 19,879 23,553 40,905 35,395 20,241 1,026,066 2,417,792 526,176 1,073,937 1,299,736 360 20,022 2,124 49,267 1,681 20,575 1,243 18,835 718 19,195 122,818 2,176,656 3,819 81,238 2,906 92,011 5,117 83,916 319,255 5,166,408 68,482 560 4,992 6,954 7,606 194 1,221 2,243 2,711 76,957 35,993 52,010 100,899 127,455 1,237,122 2,654™ 800 2,791 11,6.54 628 1,330 1,549 12,205 10,270 6,801 8,094 2,169 32,751 10,954 10,823 <«T~ 2,802 53,180 10,003 19,433 757864 41,447 141,346 334,399 28,904 657 178 16,236 395 3,907 2,404 11,221 2,323 7,589 3,210 17,720 7,589 8,479 5,551 15,365 12,042 16,502 11,938 557,681 29,041 * Excludes 11,593 pushcarts and hand trucks valued at $295,561. * Included in "All other states." CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. 891 GE1TEBAL TABLES. Table 15 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materia^ and value of products for the combined industry. Table 16 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, for "carriages and wagons, including repairs/' and for "carriage and wagon mate- rials," for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- Wage Cost of Value of Cen- sus year. ber of estab- lish- earners (aver- age Primary horse- Wages. mate- rials. prod- ucts. STATE. ments. num- power. ■ ber). Expressed in thousands. United States.. 1919 2,544 24,682 64,666 $25,060 $63,097 $118,229 1914 5,057 52,391 112,549 32,557 65,719 131,547 1909 5,492 69,928 126,032 37,595 81,951 159,893 Alabama 1919 42 307 912 296 516 1,073 1914 63 385 1,051 233 304 707 1909 35 424 991 194 303 684 1919 56 168 483 182 325 677 1914 84 452 945 311 411 996 1909 92 578 957 372 383 1,077 1919 5 15 29 22 23 72 1914 28 118 181 67 68 197 1909 25 163 204 81 124 290 1919 13 57 98 70 69 166 1914 46 169 203 115 95 305 1909 39 230 354 136 210 453 1919 107 2,692 7,621 3,238 8,134 14,863 1914 296 4,861 12,285 3,405 8,368 15,192 1909 325 5,852 9,684 3,5S8 9,479 16,831 1919 100 2,216 6,392 2,063 8,469 12,785 1914 193 7,306 15,257 4,386 10,725 21,569 1909 221 8,867 13,790 4,355 12,458 21,655 1919 68 493 1,689 432 1,008 2,155 1914 93 994 2,120 636 1,903 3,437 1909 119 1,441 2,387 828 2,748 4,786 1919 71 1,977 5,599 1,S62 5,869 10,510 1914 130 1,897 5,748 999 2,554 4,647 1909 161 2,777 6,617 1,164 2,713 5,141 1919 24 166 350 146 220 491 1914 31 333 849 178 238 509 1909 40 358 568 196 206 529 1919 50 491 901 550 677 1,672 1914 175 1,348 1,953 781 1,140 2,822 1909 177 1,539 2,038 986 1,2S2 3,185 1919 46 367 1,134 389 714 1,523 1914 177 1,417 2,739 9S2 1,928 3,775 1909 212 4,034 6,362 2,240 5,262 10,159 1919 19 276 706 236 457 1,105 1914 23 210 1,074 101 223 479 1909 41 365 1,350 154 274 642 Missouri Montana New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania... Rhode Island.. South Carolina. Tennessee Vermont Wisconsin All other states Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wage earners (aver- age Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Cen- sus Primary horse- year. power. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 122 223 243 1,155 2,560 3,302 2,516 4,52S 5,858 $1,130 1,636 1,781 $3,027 3,832 4,860 $5,413 6,851 8,469 1919 1914 1909 4 5 4 7 27 26 19 10 34 17 29 65 56 79 20 28 23 32 1919 1914 1909 274 604 610 1,169 3,911 6,116 3,436 8,530 10,029 1,240 2,711 3,740 2,302 3,577 5,809 5,095 8,759 13,293 1919 1914 1909 109 137 138 1,327 1,462 1,629 2, SOS 2,176 2,608 1,178 644 603. 3,562 1,777 1,894 6,392 3,133 3,283 1919 1914 1909 152 341 407 2,213 5,997 8,815 5,361 13,381 14,771 2,255 3,839 4,647 5,654 8,561 11,414 10,946 16,192 21,949 1919 1914 1909 356 687 655 1,564 6,370 7,498 3,281 10,906 11,544 1,727 3,780 3,861 2,342 5,442 5,707 5,534 12,262 12.748 1919 1914 1909 28 47 40 74 271 23S 230 487 387 78 180 152 67 1S1 163 208 509 422 1919 1914 1909 19 18 23 63 209 272 112 313 272 74 110 104 77 273 244 183 500 464 1919 1914 1909 66 108 129 1,665 1,371 1,706 5,634 4.221 4,537 1,402 674 693 3,770 1.297 1,439 6,691 2,677 3,040 1919 1914 1909 23 31 38 35 60 94 346 349 429 29 36 50 49 130 118 158 44 5S 1919 1914 1909 124 185 2S6 1,498 2,638 3,437 3,975 5,502 6,426 1,786 1,827 1,930 4,507 4,259 5,163 9.455 7; 544 8,899 1919 1914 1909 666 1,332 1,432 4,687 8,032 10,165 11,026 17,725 23,850 4,665 4,903 5,70S 11,225 8.502 9; 729 21,025 18,311 21,657 892 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—DETAILED STATEMENT, PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Num- ber of estab- lish- Iments.l Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male Fe- male! CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. United States. Alabama Connecticut Delaware Florida Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont Wisconsin All other states 6 2,544 |! 30,697 42 56 5 13 107 100 68 71 24 50 46 19 122 4 4 274 109 152 4 356 28 19 3 23 124 655 387 241 24 78 3,169 2,659 702 2,389 216 603 452 336 1,422 10 12 1,666 1,593 2,707 22 2,106 113 86 1,881 18 67 1,835 5,903 2,867 47 52 5 17 112 85 82 73 30 62 51 20 141 336 111 147 5 409 29 22 74 2 31 152 764 IS 13 4 3 142 102 40 138 11 25 18 19 62 63 103 142 1 85 243 650 143 i 130 65 128 59 39 114 37 1 80 126 22 73 3 12 11 2 16 24 24,6S2 307 168 15 57 2,692 2,216 493 1,977 166 491 367 276 1,155 7 6 1,169 1,327 2,213 17 1,564 74 63 1,665 16 35 1,498 4,648 Oc 25,766 Ap Ja3 # De Oc De De De No My Ja No No Se (<) Au Je De Jy Je Mh Ja Oc 323 174 15 68 3,021 2,315 570 2,145 183 524 402 318 1,220 1,255 1,401 2,396 1,605 85 68 1,796 De 20 Se 38 Ja 1,586 Ap 23,713 Ja No 0) Ja Je Ap Ja Ap Ja Ja Jy Fe Fe De (*) Ja Se Ja My i Ja De Oca My Ja Mh My 281 161 15 49 2,345 2,048 419 1,817 154 413 327 231 1,113 5 6 1,069 1,252 1,893 15 1,470. 1,593 13 31 1,409 26,112 320 166 16 75 2,847 2,348 565 2,170 176 498 371 290 1,196 5 6 1,250 1,435 2,390 19 1,564 62 67 1,740 20 39 1,555 4,922 25,506 319 166 16 74 2,830 2,215 558 2,124 175 486 367 290 1,186 4 6 1,207 1,422 2,221 18 1,546 62 67 1,719 20 39 1,525 4,S44 1 11 115 I 7 45 1 3 40 10 168 14 67 7 I 11 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS, INCLUDING REPAIRS. United States. Alabama California Colorado Connecticut. Delaware Florida.. Georgia.. Illinois.- Indiana.. Iowa Kansas— Kentucky. Louisiana.. Maine Maryland.. Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey , New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. South Dakota.. 2,286 23,268 2,655 1,035 894 511 18,173 38 353 44 14 11 3 281 29 163 37 3 7 4 112 6 40 5 2 33 49 207 46 10 5 1 145 5 24 5 4 15 13 78 17 3 1 57 66 852 69 51 38 11 683 99 2,724 104 122 123 72 2,303 79 1,777 74 63 107 99 1,434 60 573 78 25 54 17 399 10 21 13 8 52 1,794 56 95 121 66 1,4.56 21 184 24 11 2 3 144 58 211 65 8 3 4 131 42 206 57 3 3 1 142 43 508 49 22 11 10 416 39 303 47 12 5 7 232 67 712 72 36 23 16 565 14 235 15 12 19 2 187 113 1,117 137 44 39 12 885 4 10 3 7 9 20 12 8 10 95 13 3 2 1 76 118 491 143 14 7 5 322 4 12 5 1 6 256 1,371 318 52 52 21 928 101 1,471 107 93 37 13 1,221 3 7 4 3 119 1,317 125 84 62 52 994 11 35 16 2 1 16 4 22 5 17 337 1,894 393 65 29 19 1,388 25 103 25 6 4 68 19 86 22 1 63 31 74 34 4 1 35 No 18,707 My De De Au (<) De Au Oc No De (<) 8 De 1,537 No 161 Au s 137 No 146 296 121 36 153 15 758 2,589 1,479 457 Mh Ja No No No So So Ap Au (4) Au 972 Je 1,297 Jy3 4 Mh 1,066 Au 3 18 455 266 608 211 948 79 334 Jy Au 3 Mh Ja Oca 22 1,427 79 68 37 Ap 17,667 Ja Ja Ap 3 Ja (<) Ja Ja Je Ap Fe (a4) Ap Ja Ja Oc Ja My Jo Fe Fe Do Ja De Ja 0) No Au Ja a Oc Dea My 3 J a Do Oc* Mh 262 96 31 140 15 49 514 1,963 1,331 348 1,323 132 124 138 347 213 522 164 834 5 7 73 306 6 874 1,14-4 2 929 14 15 1,300 56 59 32 18,955 280 121 36 144 16 75 713 2,453 1,508 452 1,560 154 140 145 415 211 613 203 913 75 329 1,314 3 940 16 19 1,3S5 56 67 36 18,621 279 120 36 144 16 74 694 2,440 1,421 445 8 1,515 153 139 145 412 208 609 203 906 4 8 75 327 6 934 1,301 3 918 16 18 1,368 56 67 36 273 22 52 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). » Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (ehielly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants) • Same number reported for one or more other months. F CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. 893 BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. Rent :»f factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and" local. For materials. Principal materials. Value of products. Fuel and: rent of j power. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. $3,708,655 '$2,128,227 j$25,060,166 $182,039 ■ $613,455 |$2,843,793 |$61,647,415 $1,449,714 !:$118,22S,541 $55,131,412 ;64,666 ;35,4S2 12,304 '4,762 jl,441 20,677 j 12,752 33, 836 27, 518 4,282 4,800 391,0S2 277,233 87,481 265,058 14,547 68, 015 46,404 58,711 220,100 161,485 272,684 405,583 209,477 9,428 2,080 247,000 1,800 269,841 630,208 21,515 7,092 314 266,725 197,666 71,927 23S, 972 6,539 25, 816 16,50S 32, 771 78, 987 68,939 2,387 74,974 15-1,900 454,269 336 | 106,159 i 77,728 223,703; 296,286 182, 251 21,530 70,033 3,238,033 2,063,427 432,165! 1,862,077 146,297 i 550,040 J 389,242 235,837 1,130,481 10,312 11,081 1,053 j 7,379 35,342; 1,539! 1,565 j 1,337 ■. iie'i 1,515 i 13,575 j 9,758 I 8,376 9,861 794 1,320 42,472 17,640 15,806 7,018 4,526 31,921 5,454 1,438 40,707 300 1,380 1,239,533 19,306 j 106,035 1,178,225 • 23,265! 9,681 2,254,790 10,082; 62,959 24,004; ;3,106 1,727,012 16,789! 71,914 78,231 1 175 j 5,280 73,909 2,711 1,402,142: 1,616 16,341 19, OSS !360 29,483 ;796 1,786,288 > 17,019; 19,491 4,608,369 > 20,608 i 125,76S 17,203 4,427 1,359 1,6S2 418,635 264,361 18,336 189,818 4,339 15,921 32,881 64,858 112,015 1,309 253 173,347 125,124 272,326 206 47,220 i 2,398; 1,817 i 152,554 i 548 1,423 332,455; 586,978 i 497,164 312,640 21,800 66,737 7,930,386 8,346,365 967,403 5,762,432 211,384 639,825 688,183 447,278 2,978,235 33,193 9,138 2,207,328 3,514,306 5,531,939 29,304 2,245,921 61,401 73,607 3,729,543 16,401 46,351 4,371,015 10,908,136 IS, 538 12,843 1,026 2,630 203,533 123,011 40,689 106,076 8,596 37,372 25,700 9,790 48,882 837 752 94,957 47,966 122,245 1,503 95,759 5,482 2,999 40,718 936 3,094 136,009 257,771 1,072,916 < 677,473 \ 72,360: 165,894 I 14,863,433! 12,785,145 | 2,155,382! 10,509,775 490,531 1,672,091 1,522,891 1,105,211 5,413,110 65,135 30,900 5,095,290 6,391,590 10,945,610 77,394 5,533,837 203,224 183,253 6,690,647 41,064 129,828 9,45-5,268 20,874,289 557, 351, 49, 96, 6,729, 4,315, 1,147, 4,641, 270, 994, 648, 2,385, 31, 21, 2,793, 2,829, 5,291, 46, 214 990 534 527 514 769 290 267 551 894 | 008 | 143 j 993! 105 010! i 005 318 426 587 3,192,157 141,341 106,647 2,920,386 23,727 80,383 4,948,244 9,708,382 912 483 , 29! 98 7,621 6,392 1,689! 5,599: 350 j 901 j 1,134 • 706 2,516 27 21 3,436 2,808 5,361! 32 | 3,281 230 112! 5,634 j 28 346 3,975 j 10,945 I 680 j 115 3,160 |2,150 3.260! '749 I 4,230! 95; 302 I 475: 467; 1,054 I 933 j 1,970 3,023 1,160 24 14 5,106 3,176 5,4S9 120 4 12 56 116 147 151 16 78 35 79 218 3 330 348 660 51 30 106 52 270 1,103 60 "266' 334 10 215 62 428 163 188 25 86 2,055 2.946 '793 1,218 239 • 503 597 160 1,244 24 21 1,835 460 1,678 32 1,364 117 68 377 28 79 452 3,925 ....... 2 ....... 3 4 20 j 5 1,820 I 6 1,032 14 2,391 8 275 655 604 I 1,218 12 2.751 1,536 CARRIAGES AND WAGONS, INCLUDING REPAIRS. $2,773,967 $1,757,371 ;S19,393,395 '$164,591 25, S55 5,664 3,956 19,843 4/282 4,800 144,621 337,468 108, SS6 43,104 209,240 14,547 13,600 4,920 58,192 23,291 S9,092 46,411 175,930 5,700 29,415 113,508 249,470 243,941 2,400 183,077 9.42S 2,0S0 6,900 19,111 13,948 314 119,423 234,574 138,6S1 55,16S 226,003 3,143 7,540 3,530 20,440 11,992 71,365 32,771 67,669 3,04S 15,300 336 81, "860 74,650 123,844 500 67,303 2,387 568 276,718 145,789 46,130 153,9?2 21,530 70,033 702,060 2,859.097 1,351,898 332,971 11,134 1,420,146 134,277 149,298 163,118 464,712 252,379 648,005 172,564 930,946 10,312 9,007 60,319 406,8S4 11,081 98S, 951 1,095,570 5", 9.86 1,072,636 16,74S 24,004 1,577,352 70,693 73,909 48,672 400 900 1,053 7,379 35,342 1,539 1,565 1,130 515 116 1,515 4,508 9,545 12,963 17,314 23,090 10,082 16,309 175 $539,453 i$2,282,711 $47,210,301 $1,152,155 ;$91,463,225 $43,100,769 8,216 i 8', 762 I 2,340 j 8,921 j 794: 1,320! 17,561 \ 42,376! 16,402! 13,920; 803 j 6,023 i 4,226! 4,636! 4,774! 24,581 5,40*5 9,581 1,388 33,423 300 360 1,470 13,667 1,380 101,150 8,681 990 47,350 1,570 3,106 68,952 5,280 2,711 3,360 16.570 2,315! '958 3,477 1,359 j 1,682 i 62,602 353,413 182.S29 14,588 j 739 I 150,137! 3,948 i 7,367 i 6,642 | 12,799 21,945 76.294 63', 677 87,217 1,309 '429 2,150 14,880 253 132,921 118,315 87 174,984 506 206 40,480 2,224 1,817 3,440 452,796 i 205,794! 41,700 I 21S,231! 21,S00 , I 66,737 | 2,052; 397 i 6,923,194 1 6,346,9S3; 611,497 19,004 5,030,569 170,378 571,312 171,766 492,374 419,839 1,450.372 365,964 2,423,345 33,193 S, 795 54,857 553, 7S4 9,138 1,627,923 3,272,456 4,402 2,334,197 11,909 29,304 1,828,536 54,904 73,607 84,664 17,786 11,542 1,82s 9,135 1,026 2,630 29f655 186,069 49,981 29,728 1,053 88,190 8,180 12,390 6,783 28,852 15.991 49,318 9,680 40,560 837 1,0S3 4,712 26,214 752 76,607 41,382 461 58,455 1,515 1,503 82,775 4, S43 2,999 5,652 983,483 463,775 108,598 519,933 72,360 165,894 3,544,259 12,997,031 9,26S,6SS 1,544,383 53,783 S, 751,095 414,407 902,252 454,963 1,323,571 1,016,954 2,969,738 933,042 4,445; 838 65,135 34,639 191,936 1,401,847 30,900 3,877,956 5, 992,423 20,751 5,014,008 46,584 77,394 4,830,159 187,919 183,253 214,141 I! 512,901 246.439 65;070 292,567 49,534 96,527 1,462,207 5, SS7,768 2,871,724 903,158 33,726 3,632.336 235;S49 318,550 276,414 802,345 581,124 1,470,048 557,398 1,981,933 31,105 24,761 132,367 821,849 21,010 2,173,426 2,678,585 15,888 2,621,356 33,160 46,587 2,918,848 128,172 106,647 123,825 336 55 356 29 98 910 6,350 2,809 1,251 33 3,610 '282 491 209 552 565 1,501 534 1,528 27 68 366 632 21 2,475 2,41S 11 1,928 68 32 2,704 211 112 176 I! 117,919 2,169 4,294 896 15,688 1 9,S68 | 480 54 163 1 335 55; | 35 120 60 141 | 4 25 | 12 86 20 385! 74 451 384 2,145 1,390 624 2,150 49 104 138 200 1,806; 1,315! 489 1,820 32 14 33 2,635 123 852 2,333 8 35 16 231 45 188 258 i 36 173 i 65 59 428 125 i 25 2 413 970 i 120 411 915 295 j 79 160; 514 193 S21; 416 '3 24 38 30 135 39 22 170 44 201 25 362 1 21 648 1,635 4 313 348 274 10 1,236 425 270 655 ! 8 3 i82 i 465 1,281 11 36 32 32 820 647 37 1,200 106 24 43 38 14 30 6S 47 129 28 29 < Same number reported throughout the year. & All other states embrace: Arkansas, 26 establishments; California, 32; Colorado,?; Georgia, 71; Kansas, 12; Maine, 60; Maryland,43; Minnesota,70; Nebraska, 10; New Hampshire, 13; New Jersey, 122; North Dakota, 4; Oklahoma, 12; South Dakota, 32; Texas, IS: Virginia, 66; Washington, 14; VYest Virginia, 39; and Wvoming, 4. 894 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—DETAILED STATEMENT Num- ber of estab- lish- ments.! PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, I super- 1 in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male Fe- male! CARRIAGES, AND WAGONS, INCLUDING REPAIRS—Continued. 1 Tennessee 47 720 65 2 Texas 15 126 19 3 Utah 3 18 2 4 Vermont 23 67 31 5 63 943 79 6 Washington 13 36 16 7 36 200 48 8 Wisconsin ... 118 1,777 291 142 9 All other states4 14 14 32 20 598 Au 661 Ja 534 616 611 98 Au 3 101 Mh s 93 99 98 16 De 20 Ja 13 20 20 35 So 38 Mh 31 39 39 777 De 866 Ap 696 874 856 20 Mha 21 No 3 18 20 19 137 No 140 Oc 133 139 137 1,454 Ja 1,558 My 1,349 1,500 1,470 258 269 267 CARRIAGE AND WAGON MATERIALS. 258 7,429 212 374 195 139 6,509 Oc 7,095 Mh 5,856 4 34 3 4 1 26 De 40 Ja 19 15 720 7 30 11 3 669 No 792 Mh 550 7 34 6 3 1 1 23 Ja 34 Oc 19 8 445 8 20 20 8 389 Au 437 Ap 339 21 882 11 39 23 27 782 Oc 868 Mh 696 8 129 4 15 11 5 94 De 113 Ja 70 19 595 17 43 7 7 521 De 608 Fea 455 3 32 6 4 22 OC 3 24 Se 3 18 7 95 13 3 2 2 75 Se3 84 Fe 60 7 149 4 6 4 135 De 160 Jy 106 5 101 5 7 89 Au 112 Ja 64 9 305 4 18 9 4 270 Fe 279 Jy 256 18 295 18 11 7 18 241 No 290 Ja 173 8 122 4 10 2 106 De3 116 My 97 33 1,390 22 58 52 39 1,219 De 1,461 Ja 904 19 212 16 18 2 176 De 181 Ja 170 3 10 4 6 (6) 6 (6) 6 19 1,161 9 54 23 8 1,067 Oc 1,139 60 Je 1,033 6 58 10 3 1 44 My OC3 24 39 660 41 32 21 11 555 United States Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Illinois... Tpdiflna, Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Michigan. Mississippi Missouri New York North Carolina..'... Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Wisconsin All other states« 7,157 40 711 22 394 840 113 610 22 83 160 87 283 290 121 1,450 179 6 1,124 55 567 6,885 40 708 22 390 794 113 609 22 74 159 87 280 273 121 1,303 178 6 1,108 55 543 247 146 16 24 25 $17,971,206 * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). * Chiefly electric motors operated by rented power (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). 3 Same number reported for one or more other months. « All other states embrace: Arkansas, 11 establishments; and Wyoming, 3. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS AND MATERIALS. 895 BY STATES: 1919—Continued. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Principal materials. Value Value of j added by products. ; manufac- i ture. Fuel and rent of power. Primary horsepower. Total. Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Inter- i nal- Steami com- tur- j bus- bines.! tion | en- jgines. Wa- ter pow- er.^ Rent- ed.* I; Elec- !j trie i; horse- s' power | !j gener- j a ted in; : est ab- j :j lish- i ments | | report-] :! mg. CARRIAGES, AND WAGONS, INCLUDING REPAIRS—Continued. $92,936 8,920 $38,068 1,985 1,856 129,995 128,875 14,370 268,785 17,540 i5,5S6 154,117 16,513 $525,815 92,611 19,088 29,483 740,773 33,5.83 151,175 1, 750,035 271,931 $125 72 500 17,019 278 $16,201 3,960 360 796 18,275 2,712 5,843 14,511 1,015 $36,114 i 2,425 j 548 | 1,423 286,140 1,097 10,094 331,406 48,905 $1,407.910 10i;714 16,401 46", 351 2,181,173 29,901 309,644 4,300,811 778,675 $40,216 4,926 936 3,094 33, .555 4,214 10,373 134,436 10,238 $-2,577,390 280, 600 41.064 129; .828 4,054,170 $1,129,264 173.960 23,727 80,383 1,839,442 99,546 I 05,431 626,213 I 306,196 9,315,834 j 4,880,587 l,23o,4SS! 446,575 1,117! 96 653 97 367 22 74 28 28 346 52 215 79 1,042 j 379 69 594 66: 6 60 479 , 200 L 127 152 3,653! 694 j 2,916 526 15 260 49 '"l2 450 119 CARRIAGE AND WAGON MATERIALS. $934,688 7,981 56v314 7,675 53,614 108,347 44,377 55,818 9,823 23,113 12,300 44,170 47,977 23,214 161,642 26,400 154,064 1,058 96,801 $370,856 2,404 15,072 333 32,151 58,985 16,759 12,969 3,396 5,376 4,516 11,318 24,299 3,078 99,859 1,636 36,906 783 41,016 $5,666,771 19,568 406,927 28,279 378,936 711,529 99,194 441,931 12,020 85,328 136,863 63,273 199,535 250,582 82,655 1,182,154 149,660 7,538 S76,327 36,253 498,219 $17,448 3,750 180 9,067 213 1,992 175 1,491 *"i66' $74,002 160 1,212 940 96 1,238 1,886 995 300 7,340 48 50 7,284 4,885 1,000 15,609 2,962 140 4,980 22,877 11 $561,082 j$14,437,114 j $297,559 '$26,765,316 $12,030,643 633 28,067 950 65,222 81,532 3,748 39,681 391 3,122 10,936 1,181 24,798 40,426 6,809 97,342 6,740 174 116,440 1,049 31,841 44,36S 935,333 94,409 1,007,192 1,999,382 £55,906 731,863 41,006 147,451 268,344 81,314 554,890 579,405 241,850 3,197,742 417,385 6,497 2,321,633 70,204 1,340,940 752 6,976 3,708 17,464 73,030 10,961 17,886 416 8,520 110 8,322 18,350 6,584 63,790 12,984 639 502 1,573 35,283 89,433 1,807,497 157,540 1,866,402 3,516,457 610,999 1,758,680 76,124 348,520 505,937 172,169 967,272 1,217,334 399,167 5,931,602 703,678 20,305 4,113,257 139.434 2,363,509 44,313 865,188 59,423 841,746 1,444,045 244,132 1,008,931 34,702 192,549 227,884 90,745 404,060 619,579 150,733 2,670,070 273,309 13,169 1,791,122 67,657 9S7,2S6 23,700 17,563! 135 215 1,961 127 1,271 3,583 43S 1,989 68 349 569 172 9SS 961 390 3,433 577 19 4,517 '322 1,751 200 1,875 SO 1,015 1,870 125 1,595 60 237 350 172 540 285 335 2,841 340 4,453 260 930 545 j 4.989 f| 2,SS4 20 9 I 28! 19 10 25! 17 1 7 12;. 195 j 50 380 86 47 249 1,631 jj 1,000 304 366 75 184 423 599 35 397 164 11 10 2 39S & Same number reported throughout the year. * All other states embrace: California, 3 establishments; Colorado, 1; Georgia, 5: Kansas, 2; Maine, 2; Maryland, 1; Minnesota, 3; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 3; New Jersey, 4; North Dakota, 1; Oklahoma, 1; South Dakota, 1; Texas, 3; Virginia, 3; Washington, 1; West Virginia, 3; and Wyoming, 1. MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, AND PARTS. GENERAL General character of the industry.—The statistics for this industry cover establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture or assembling of complete motor- cycles or bicycles, and also those making parts and accessories of these machines, such as saddles, seat posts, frames, gears, handlebars, and chains. The report, however, does not include establishments en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of tires, engines, lamps, or electrical supplies. Comparative summary.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1899, with percentages of increase and decrease for each five-year period. In 1899 the average number of wage earners was about ten times and the value of products twelve times the number and amount reported in 1889. During the live-year period ending with 1904 the industry declined rapidly. A considerable recovery of the in- dustry as a whole is indicated by the statistics for 1909, and the growth has been constantly maintained at each succeeding census. The increases from 1914 to 1919 in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. Summary of the industry.—The products of the in- dustry may be divided into two principal classes— (1) motorcycles, including side and delivery cars and parts, and (2) bicycles and parts. Table 2 summarizes the more important figures relative to the combined industry and to each of the branches for 1919. Bicycles and parts, motorcycle parts, and acces- sories were also made by establishments engaged pri- marily in the manufacture of other products to the value of $2,205,748 in 1919, the value of which, how- ever, is not included in the total value of products shown for the motorcycle and bicycle industry. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—Massa- chusetts and Ohio, ranking first and second, respec- tively, in 1919, as shown by Table 3, reported 50.6 per cent of the total value of products and 50.3 per cent of the average number of wage earners. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classifica- tion, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 4 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures in detail will be found in Table 14. STATISTICS. Wage earners, for months, for states.—As shown by Table 5, the number of wage earners employed in the industry ranged from a maximum of 11,653 in De- cember to a minimum of 10,166 in February, the mini- mum number being 87.2 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for all states reporting an average, in 1919, of over 400 wage earners that could be shown without disclosing operations of individual establish- ments, while for the United States the number of males and females is also shown. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states.—Table 6 shows a marked shortening of the working day since 1914. In that year only 7.3 percent of the average number of wage earners were reported as employed less than 54 hours per week as compared with 57.7 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states.—Analysis of Table 7 discloses the significant fact that 22 establishments, or 43.1 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed fewer than 51 wage earners each, while only 245, or 2.3 per cent of the total number of wage earners were employed therein. On the other hand, the groups "501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000," comprising 6 establishments, employed 7,293 wage earners, or 67 per cent of the total average number, illustrating the concentration of the industry in a few large establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with prod- ucts valued at "8100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been com- piled, however, from the returns for 1914. Combined figures for wage earners and value added by manufac- ture are given for 1914. In 1909 all establishments reporting products of $100,000 and over were com- bined to avoid disclosure of individual operations. The statistics in Table 8 illustrate further the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the groups "$500,000 to $1,000,000" and "$1,000,000 and over" included 20 establishments, or 39.2 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed 9,836 wage earners, or 90.4 per cent of the total average number, and reported products to the value of $48,603,277, or 91.5 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—As indicated in Table 9, corporations controlled 72.5 per cent of the total (896) MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, AND PARTS. number of establishments reported for 1919, em- ] ployed 96.2 per cent of the average number of wage' earners, and reported 96.7 per cent of the value of j products. During the five-year period from 1914 to! 1919 the average number of wage earners in corpora-; tions increased 4,064, or 63.4 per cent, and the value | of products $29,919,054, or 139.7 per cent. j Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— | From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 10, there was j an increase in the total horsepower for the industry j of 6,053, or 69.2 per cent. This was due largely to the gain in rented electric power used, which increased 79.2 per cent as compared with an increase of 38.9 per cent in power owned. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in the United States in 1919 and 1914, and also gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel for manufacturing purposes. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 3 • 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 51 78 95 101 312 12,200 16 1,298 10,886 7,753 47 1,026 6,680 5,017 78 502 4,437 3,761 81 361 3,319 19,768 209 2,034 17,525 14,806 $35,362,150 8,753 $18,134,950 5,932 $9,780,102 5,730 $5,883,458 19,847 1 $29,783, §59 j 14,963,593 2,200,358 12,763,235 5,913,270 1,174,520 4,738,750 3,490,561 582,362 2,90S, 199 2,322,201 350,798 1,971,403 9,943,052 i 1,753,235! 8,189,817 j 1,036 3,318, 546 25,985,915 53,105,895 27,119,980 60,127 279,577 10,927, 654 22,234,262 11,306,60S 48,414 72,303 78,195 3 88,416 2,628,146 5,153,240 2, 525.094 41,517 | 2 329,090 1 16,792,051! 31,915,908 i 15,123,857 i 5,082,569 10,698,567 5, 615,99S PEE CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1919 1914 1909 1904 -67.6 -81.0 -61.2 -82.3 -81.1 -71.1 -SO. 2 -76.6 -80.0 -75.9 88.3 -73.1 -84.3 -S3.9 -S3, 3 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. s Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—SUMMARY OF THE INDUSTRY: 1919. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Total. 51 12,200 16 1,298 10,886 14,806 $35,362,150 Motorcycles, including' parts. i Bicycles, including parts. 20 i 6,411 i 6 i 703 5,702 6,278 $19,250,836 10 595 5,184 S,52S $16,111,314 Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture Total. $14,963,593 2,200,358 12,763,235 1,036 3,318,546 25,985,915 53,105, S95 27,119,980 Motorcycles, including parts. S7,377, 1,088, 6,291, 2,173, 14,109, 28,609, 14,500, Bicycles, mcluding parts. 669 $7,585,924 111 1,114,247 558 6,471,677 1,036 1,145,223 11,876,866 24,496,568 12,619,702 Table 3.— PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. |Num- berof | estab- lish- ments! United States. Massachusetts. Ohio Illinois WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 10,886 3,000 2,480 1,082 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 27.6 22.8 9.9 VALUE. OF PRODUCTS. Amount] (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $53,106 16,000 10,874 4,852 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 30,1 20.5 9,1 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount! (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $27,120 7,591 5,744 2,879 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 28.0 21.2 10.6 Num- ber of i estab-i lish-; ments1 Indiana New Y ork Pennsylvania.. All other states WAGE EARNERS, Aver- age num- ber. 439 674 310 2,901 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 4.0 6,2 2.8 26,6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). £2,968 2.865 1,305 14.242 Per cent dis- til- bu- tton. 5,6 5.4 2.5 | 8 26,8 I... VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex- pressed in thou ! Per: cent dis-! tri- | bu- sands).!t^ g $1,131; 4.2! 1,350 I 5.0 444 j 1.6: 7,981 ! 29.4! 111367—23- -57 898 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 12,200 7,753 5,017 392 273 206 47 78 85 66 50 291 160 78 Male. 10,518 7,346 4,853 385 268 204 16 44 77 84 64 50 285 160 77 Fe- male. 1,683 407 164 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 86.2 94.8 96.7 98,2 98.2 99.0 100.0 93.6 98.7 97.0 100.0 97.9 100.0 98.7 Fe- male. 13.8 5.2 3.3 1.8 1.8 1.0 6.4 1.3 1.2 3.0 2.1 'l3 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over... Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 922 800 374 10,886 6,680 4,437 10,752 6,640 4,353 134 40 84 Male. 460 534 256 9,673 6,544 4,393 9,593 6,506 4,315 80 38 78 Fe- male. 462 266 118 1,213 136 44 1,159 134 38 54 2 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 49.9 66.8 68.4 98.0 99.0 89.2 98.0 99.1 59.7 95.0 92.9 Fe- male. 50.1 33.2 31.6 11.1 2.0 1.0 10.8 2.0 0.9 40.3 5.0 7.1 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. United States: 1919 Males Females 1914.. 1909 Illinois Indiana Massachusetts New York , Ohio States showing large proportion of females. Massachusetts Ohio 10,886 9,673 1,213 6,680 4,437 1,082 439 3,000 674 2,480 406 280 Janu- ary. 11,258 9,581 1,677 8,843 3,991 Febru- ary. March, i April 10,166 8,853 | 1,313; 9,177 I 4,134 10, 5.00 9,381 1,169 8,840 4,428 10,903 9, 750 1,153 8, 300 4,638 May. June. I 10,952 9,838 1,114 7,872 4,868 10,777 9,658 1,119 6,270 4,996 1,195 j 438! 3,019 I 674 2,995 425 697 416 458 3,047 657 2,616 427 373 999 482 2,984 678 2,392 413 216 1,247 485 3,066 693 2,264 416 197 1,262 465 3,081 705 2,285 405 207 1,219 415 2,980 676 2, 224 383 229 July. 10,628 9,537 1,091 5,351 4,318 1,173 399 2,969 676 2,236 217 August. 10,630 9,506 1,124 4,792 4,223 1,146 367 2,924 672 2,328 370 244 Sep- tember. 10,616 9,447 1,169 4,333 4,214 Octo- ber. 11,008 9,847 1,161 4,608 4,245 1,063 403 2,794 670 2, 402 397 252 1,087 422 2,928 659 2, 561 406 212 Novem- ber. 11,491 10,244 1,247 5,360 4,451 Decem- ber. 11,653 10,434 1,219 6,414 4,738 1,084 440 3,080 667 2,709 427 261 1,093 494 3,128 671 2,748 415 255 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 87.2 84.8 65.1 47.2 79.9 33.0 74 3 89.3 93.2 74.3 Per ct. av. is of state. 13.5 11.3 Table 6.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Cen- IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PRE VAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— Cen- IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— STATE. sus year. Total. 1 44 and 1 under. [Between 1 44 and 48. Between 48 and 54. Between 54 and 60. STATE. sus year. Total. Between 44 and 48. Between 48 and 54. Between 54 and 60. Over 60. | s 44 and 1 under. 48.1 54. 60. 48.' 54. 60. ■9 6 United States 1919 10,886 30 |.... 3,356 2,896 444 11 959 3,518 127 Massachusetts3 1919 3,000 2,220 45 426 572 163 155 1914 1909 6,680 4,437 (2) ! (*) (*) 1 (2) 42 12 1,722 1,262 4,404 1,473 66 1,677 2 New York. 1919 674 14 78 224 Illinois a 1919 1,082 i !.... 853 160 68 1914 653 («)' 2 393 34 1 Ohio 1919 2,480 160 130 78 220 199 1,970 467 Indiana 1919 439 i 88 351 1914 ,752 Q 2 1914 203 (*) i (2) 38 165 i 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not availabe. 8 Figures not available for 1914. MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, AND PARTS. 899 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY STATES: 1919. United States 1919 1914 Illinois Indiana Massachusetts New York Ohio ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— Es- tab- Wage earn- ers lish- j (average mentsj num- ber). i No i 1 to 5 wage wage earn- earners, ers. inclusive. ; i 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. tab- | tab- wj6e; tab- lish- i lish- I**™-! lish- ments; ments' mental Wage! fit : Wage I !Wage !: Wage , tS"i Usb- ■ H?" Ush" eS?" 1™' fch; Ui5- jmentsj er:s- ments ments mentsj 10,886! 6,680' 1,082; 439 i 3,000 ( 674! 2,480 1 20; 59 i as i 137 6! 10! 187 288 10 | 7 744 557 1,014 , 740 87 137 149 , 221 347 346 155; 509; Wage earn- ers. ! Es-: ! tab- i ! lish- j ments Wage earn- earn- mints ers- 990; 2,200 i 262 354 374 i, 349 !,699 572 1 1 1,958 Y:"" 1*376 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over.. All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $'20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1919 1914 1909 6 i 5 i 6 j 14 i 10 j 10 10,886 4 7 85 954 1,329 8,507 1914 1909 4, 437 16 84 349 1,899 4,332 39 ■SO 251 4,067 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 $53,105,895 $22,234,262; $10,698,567 j $27,119,980 $11,306,608! $5,615,998 16,346 40,339 259,947 4,185,986 7, 216,137 41,387,140 54,377 i 197,649 876,139 2,689,208 3, 175,371 15,241,518; 94,68S i 225,737; 681,434 I 9,696,708! 9, 27. 150; 1,810, 3,106, 22,016, 326 468 076 249 464 397 31,801 , 117,578 i 453,565 j !, 515,344 \ 188,320 || PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 11.8 9.8 11.8 27.5 19.6 19.6 100.0 29.5 21.8 20.5 14.1 6.4 7.7 100.0 35.8 23.2 17.9 23.2 100.0! 100.0 100.0 (') 0. 1 i 0.8 i 8.8 I 12.2 \) 78.1! 0.2 1.3 5.2 28.4 64.9 0.9 1.8 91. 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 (') 0.2! 0.9 0.1 0.9! 2.1 0.5! 3.9! 6.4 7.9 | 12.1 \ 13.6: 14.3 } 90.6 77.9 | 68.5 |j 0) 0.1 0.6 6,7 11.5 81.2 0.3 1.0 4.0 61,807 135,866 358,631 5,059,694 1.1 2.4 6.4 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 p<±r cent. Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual Corporation All other Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- iments.! 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914! Average number of wage- earners. 10,886 6,680 28 55 10,477 6,413 381 212 Value of products. $53,105,895 22,234,262 127,070 204,314 51,335,671 21,416,617 1,643,154 613,331 Value added by manufac- ture. $27,119,980 11,306,608 68,933 93,293 26,031,203 10,893,235 1,019,844 320,080 900 MANUFACTURES. Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OP TYPES OP PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 989 551 144 14,806 8,753 5,932 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 26 20 19 1 4 2 38 22 56 26 4,137 3,970 3,700 270 77 90 2,979 2,560 5,006 3,628 27.9 26.8 25.0 1.8 0.5 0.6 34.0 29.2 84.4 61.2 Steam Engines 0) 0) C1) 0) C1) Turbines 0) 1,261 117 Internal-combustion engines 14 27 3 319 100 3.6 1.1 21.3 1.9 Electric 963 963 513 513 88 88 10,669 10,283 386 5,774 5,739 35 926 810 116 72.1 69.5 2.6 66.0 65.6 0.4 15.6 13.7 2.0 Other . 1,017 963 54 555 513 42 146 88 58 11,633 10,283 1,350 6,256 5,739 517 2,534 810 1,724 100.0 88.4 11.6 100.0 91.7 100.0 32.0 68.0 Rented 8.3 1 Not reported separately. Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States, Illinois Indiana Massachusetts Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds) 5,365 2,497 4,840 578 Bitu- minous, (tons, 2,000 pounds). 38,280 21,467 5,405 2,492 7,655 2,600 4,662 4,048 J Coke ! Fuel (tons, J oils 2,000 \ (bar- pounds), 3,008 924 rels). 22,013 8,113 920 687 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 2,380 (l) i1) 381 C1) 7,190 j 1,704 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 117,642 111,108 5,409 2,706 10,146 73, 561 14,830 560 New York Ohio All other states Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds). 97 218 428 1,684 Bitu- minous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 2,675 3,356 10,532 5,734 7,351 3,237 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 885 3,000 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 1,800 10 4,534 3,555 5,700 3,061 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 0) 198 (l) 0) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 6,073 18,787 76,982 12,336 4,202 3,158 i included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of quantity and value.—A detailed statement of the number and value of motor- cycles and bicycles manufactured in 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904 is given in Table 12. In the five-year period from 1914 to 1919, the number of motorcycles manufactured decreased 2,940, or 4.7 per cent, while the value of the machines in- creased $4,014,280, or 33 per cent. The number cf bicycles manufactured during the same period in- creased 171,646, or 57.4 per cent, and the value $8,520,023, or 226.8 per cent. Wisconsin led all other states in the number and value of motorcycles manufactured in 1919, with Massachusetts ranking second, while Ohio ranked first in the number and value of bicycles produced, with New York second in number. In the value of bicycles manufactured, however, Massachusetts ex- ceeded New York. Table 12.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. All products, value Motorcycles: Nuinber Value Bicycles: Number Value 1919 $53,105,895 59,214 $16,176,055 470,675 $12,277,341 1914 $22,234,262 62,154 $12,161,775 299,029 $3,757,318 $10,698,567 1909 18,628 $3,015,988 168,824 $2,'136,996 1904 $5,153,240 2,300 $354,980 225,309 $3,203,505 Motorcycle parts, Including side and delivery cars, value Bicycle parts, value All other products, including re- pairs, value 1919 $11,423,592 4,974,668 8, 254,239 1914 $6,315,169 1909 $5,245,583 1904 $1,594,755 1 In addition, the following products were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by this industry: In 1919, 8,488 bicycles, and other products, including parts, etc., valued at $2,205,748; in 1914, 639 motorcycles, valued at $144,672; 99,870 bicycles, valued at $1,603,912; and other products*, including parts, etc., valued at $2,089,329; in 1909, 64,883 bicycles, valued at $791,193; and other products, including parts, etc., valued at $579,927; wd in 1904, 25,178 bicycles, valued at $537,418; 28 motorcycles, valued at $4,200; and other products, including parts, etc., valued at $31,341. MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, AND PARTS. 901 GENERAL TABLES. Table 13 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Table 14 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 13.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. I Cen- sus year. Num-! Wa^e £:~f 1 earners ber of i /avpr. imente-| ber). United States. Illinois Indiana Massachusetts 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 10,886 6,680 4,437 1,082 911 910 439 203 3,000 2,135 843 Primary horse- power. 14,806 8,7.53 5,932 1,370 1,041 775 S05 485 3,0.50 2,104 I Cost of I Value of i1 Wages.; mate- j prod- jj I rials. ucts. r ! Cen- ■ sus year. Expressed in thousands. $12,763 4,739 2,908 $25,986 10,928 5,083 1,329 751 600 512 117 3,238 1,567 580 1,973 2,260 972 1,837 359 8,408 3,194 1,378 $53,106 22,234 10,699 4,852 4,065 1,777 2,968 675 16,000 7,021 2,706 New York. Ohio.. Pennsylvania.. All other states. .i 1919 ; 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. I Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Primary horse- power. W ages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of- prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. 674 653 558 2,480 752 i 942 i 310 i 156; 341 | 2,901! 1,870; 843 1,017 991 406 SS56 i 454 I 345 1 $1,515! $2,865 840 ] 1,650 522 t 1,165 4,289! 3, 339 j 5,130 1,951 j 518 1 1,634 1,895 I 636 1,066 265 122 205 4,010 2,059 1.752 345 I 862 111 1 186 193 i 339 3,144! 1,221 j 504 6,261 2,455 806 10, 874 2,931 2,308 1,305 352 597 14,242 5, .540 2,146 Table 14.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States Motorcycles, Including part: Bicycles, including parts.. Illinois Indiana Massachusetts New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states3 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE rNDUSTRY. Total. 12,200 6,411 5,789 1,179 494 3,444 711 2,780 351 3,241 Pro- prie- Sala- ried offi- cers, tors jsupcr-l and tend- ents and man- agers. firm mem- bers, i 376 197 179 33 18 126 15 96 10 Clerks, etc. Male, 460 273 187 35 19 165 6 92 17 126 Wage earners. ! Aver- Fe- | age males; num- ! ber. 462 10,886 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC 15, OR ] NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. j 16 and over. Under 16. { Total. De 11,653 i Fe 10,166 ;11,616 233 229! 5,702 5,184 De Ja 6,025 5,819; Fe Jy 4.S36 4, 736 6, OSS 5,528 29 16 150 12 111 14 130 1,082! 439 3,000 674 2, 480 310 2,901 My De De My Ja No 1,262 491 3,12S 705 2,995 351 Fe Au ; Se No* 1 Je Ja 416 367 2,794 657 2,224 264 1,137 496 3,128 671 2,747 371 3,066 Male. i Fe- male. Male 10,357 |1,121 5,451: 4,906; 591 530 1,097 494 2,664 643 2, 492 344 2,623 377 28 255 i 22 I 397 | 49 Capital. Salaries and wages. Fe-! male! Officials. Clerks, 52 ij$35,362,150 21 i 19,250,836 31 j 16,111,314 ;S1,299,4SR I S900,870 616,688 j 469,423 682,800! 431,447 3S 2, 456, 460 | 1,512,873 10,154,259 j 1,7Q5,S97 I 8,447,379 i 773,310 I 10,221,972 | 216,698 | 89,215 j 275,167 i 85,975! 273.305 ] 30,224 I 328,904 j 44, 500 46,500 326,401 24,357 238, 406 42,SS8 177,818 United States. Motorcycles, including parts. Bicycles, including parts.. Illinois Indiana Massachusetts... New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states*. e xpenses—continued. Salaries and i wages—Con. j Rent and taxes. For materials. Wage earners. $12,763, 235 | For j con- ! tract , work. 6, 291, 558 6,471,677 |$1,036 :$152,606 |$3,165,940 1, 329,104 511,618 3, 238,280 855,603 3,339,074 344,675 3,144,881 Rent, of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. Principal materials. j Fuel and rent of power. Value of products. Primary horsepower. Value added by manu- facture. Owned. 'j S t eam i |Tot4il.! en- i gines ! (not ! j tur- i bine). |$25,346,673 , $639,242 1,036 99,834 52,772 2,073,489 1,092, 451 97,615 2,628 10,281 4,576 7,643 7,975 21,888 73,000 110, 802 876,683 41,336 513,059 7,756 1, 543,30-1 13,802,281 1 11,544,392 306,768 332, 474 1,937,440! 1, S01,625; 8,229,016 i 1,476,150 4,965,313' 838,433! 6,098,696 | 35,997 35,486 179,342 3S,992 164,4S3 23,100 16i; 842 $53,105, 895 $27,119, 980 28,609, 327 24, 496,568 14, 500,27S 12,619, 702 4, 852,039 2,968,160 15,999,501 2,864, m 10, S74,030 1,305, 376 14,241,960 2, 87S, 602 1,131,049 7,591,143 1,349,6S7 5,744,234 443,843 7,981, 422 14,806 ;! 3,700 6,278 l 8,52$ \ 1,090 2,610 1,370 805 3,050 1,017 4, 289 265 4,010 575 300 1,210 65 625 Steam tur- bines. 270 270 270 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines {Wateri Rent- i pow- i ed.« I 2,779 2,662 3,889 76 3,587 71 3,147 66 2,431 £,404 j 2,616 j 67 | 469,913 | 1,001,485 j 255,227! 916,982! 905,019 j .551 4,307 421 1,321 133 170 11 6,395 2,054 538 827 251 396 149 591 849 1,285 48 540 153 76 3,SS7 7,276 2,545 238 72S 5,199 420 1, 478 1,713 1,025 244 638 1,390 331 1,956 906 5,875 j 564 500 350 995 1,400 50 10 I 65; 47,391 40 j j 225 i 385 10 1 !!! 213* 129 ;:;;:;;:::t ..... 25 ....... j...... 50 1,255 ......!;.:;. i! 400 i 3 ! .... ! 1 "."!*!".!!".!!*". 30 ; | !j 51 3,953 421 1,311 133 105 11 5,400 654 •JSS 452 211 396 149 591 2,565 464 1,285 38 540 153 . 76 3,SS7 7,256 2,414 138 T28 5,159 j 370! 223 j 1,310 I 1,025 243 638 1,360 331 1,956 '906 o J All other states embrace: Arizona, 2 establish inents; Arkansas, 3; Delaware, 1; District of Columbia, 2; Nebraska, 4; Nevada, 1; North Carolina, 3: North Dakota 2; South Carolina, 2; South Dakota, 2; and Wyoming, 1. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES Page Agricultural Implements . 926 Buttons 936 Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies 943 Manufactured Ice 955 Musical Instruments 968 Pianos and Organs and Materials'. . 969 Musical Instruments and Materials, not Specified 984 Phonographs, Graphophones, and Talking Machines 987 The Rubber Industry 993 Shipbuilding, Including Boat Building 1006 Power Laundries 1026 Dyeing and Cleaning 1050 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The agricultural implements manufactured by the establishments here considered may be subdivided into four principal classes: (1) Planters and seeders, (2) plows and cul- tivators, (3) harvesting implements, and (4) seed separators. In many establishments, however, minor or subsidiary products are manufactured which can not properly be assigned to any of the four main groups, but the value of which is necessarily included in the total value of the products of the factory reporting. In 1919 the total value of these subsidiary or minor products was $132,605,560, exclusive of repair work, such products including hand tools, engines, tractors, automobiles, wagons, and other miscellaneous products. Agricultural implements were also made by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products to the value of $14,938,340 in 1919 and $4,033,797 in 1914. The value of such manufactures, however, is not included in the total value of prod- ucts shown for the agricultural implement industry. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1879, with percentages of increase. With few exceptions increases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of mate- rials, and value of products are due largely to the general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." States, ranked by value of products.—Illinois, as shown by Table 2, was preeminently the leading state- in the manufacture of agricultural implements in 1919, a condition which has existed for the past several censuses. In 1919 this state reported 41.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners and 42.1 per cent of the total value of products. Wisconsin, second in importance, contributed only 9.6 per cent and 14.3 per cent, respectively, of these two items. In this con- nection it should be explained that a considerable proportion of the total value of products for Wiscon- sin represents the manufacture of automobiles and if the ranking of the states were made on the basis of the value of products actually pertaining to the agri- cultural implement industry, both Indiana and Ohio would take precedence over Wisconsin. Although a majority of the states were engaged in the manufac- ture of agricultural implements to a limited extent, the industry has become centralized in Illinois, Wis- consin, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Michigan, and Cali- fornia, named in the order of their rank by value of products. Combined these seven states produced 89 per cent of the total value of products for the industry hi 1919. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the u Explanation of terms.,; The classification, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the dis- tribution by age. Figures in detail will be found in Table 15. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 show the regularity of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with existing industrial conditions during the several census years, together with the percentage which the number reported for each of the several months forms of the number reported for the maximum mo^nth. Wage earners, by months, on the 15th day of the month, or nearest representative day.—As shown by Table 5, the number of wage earners employed in the industry month by month ranged from a maximum of 59,748 in February to a minimum of 49,483 in August, the minimum number being equivalent to 82.8 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for the states separately, while for the United States the number of males and of females is also shown. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 6 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 14.6 per cent of the wage earners were reported as emplo}red less than 54 hours per week as against 56.2 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 23.8 per cent of the total wage earners, as compared with 4.3 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 7 discloses the significant fact that 218 establishments, or 41.8 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed fewer than 6 wage earners each, while only 393, or seven-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number of wage earners, were em- (926) AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 927 ployed therein, showing the predominance of the small establishments based upon the average number of wage earners. On the other hand, the classes "501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" wage earners, comprising 23 establishments, employed 32,870 wage earners, or 60.5 per cent of the total average number. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At che censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" con- stituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000," and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products have been compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 8, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups for all items for 1909, and for the average number of wage earners and value added by manu- facture for 1914. The statistics in this table show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919, the groups "$500,000 to $1,000,000" and "$1,000,000 and over" included 87 establishments, or 16.7 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed 47,013 wage earners, or 86.5 per cent of the total average number, and re- ported products to the value of $273,232,857, or 89.6 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 9 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 59.1 per cent of the total number of establishments for the industry in 1919, employed 97.5 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 97.5 per cent of the value of products. During the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the average number of wage earners in corporations increased 6,796, or 14.7 per cent, and the value of products $139,811,574, or 88.8 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 10, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 6,821 horsepower, or 5.6 per cent, due wholly to an increase of 16,906 horsepower, or 54.6 per cent, in rented power, since owned power decreased 10,085 horsepower, or 11.1 per cent, during this five-year period. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the principal kinds ! of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914, with per cent of increase, and also gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel for such manufactures. Of the totals for the three chief kinds of fuel used in con- nection with the industry in 1919, Illinois reported 52.5 per cent of the bituminous coal, 37.4 per cent of the coke, and 47.9 per cent of the fuel oils. Anthracite coal is naturally consumed in the Eastern states, and three states—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania—combined, reported 92 per cent of this kind of coal used by the industry in 1919. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909; 1904, 1S99, 18S9, AND 1S79. 1 1909 j i ! 1 ! 1919 1914 1904 1S99 18S9 j 1879 i Namber of establishmen ts . 521 j 601 640 j 648 715! 910 1.943 Persons engaged 67,177 58,118 431 9,22S 48,459 60,229 465 9,213 j 50,551 55,089 496 7,199 47.394 57,254 Proprietors and firm members 321 1 12,488; 54,368 626! 10,046 i 46,582 ■ (-)! (2) Salaried employees r2) Wage earners (average number) 38,827 I 39,580 i PEE CENT OF DnCBEASE.1 1914- i 1909- ! 1904- 1S99- 1889- ; 1879- 1919 ! 1914 i 1909 1904 1899 j 1S89 Primary horsepower | 128,249 121,428' 100,601! 89,73S Capital! :$366,962,052 ^S^l^TO $258,2Si,086 |S198.740,700 Salaries and wages j 88.630,177 47,603,790 | 38,748.613 \ 32,575,296 Salaries I 21,925,743 i 13,010,465 10,139,998 Wages I 66,704,434 j 34,593,325 j 28,608,615 Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture».. 113,421 I 104,488 12,174,851 j 1,714,209 144.571, 943 I 73,508,645 304,961,265 !l64,0S6,S35 160,389,322 i 90,578,190 93.632 ! 1,117,440 60.306,519 146.329,268 86,022, 572,646 25,002,650 49 | 63, 133,420 < 795.949 48,281,406 112.007.344 -25,938 70, §157,707 30,814, 8,363, 22,450, 138, 4 597, 43,944.' 101.207. 57,262, 646 951 090 210 880; 146 1 679 i 628! 428 800! '50. 18145.313, ! 21,811. (2> 31,603.: SI. 271,1 49,668,: I ! 44,731! $62,103,668! 115,359.610: I t2> j n! (•) 31,531.170 68.640,486 37,109,316! 35.3 12.2 5.6 S.4 S6, 2 68,5 92.8 S.5 610.2 96.7 S5. 9 77. 1 0.2 -4. 1 20.7 32.1 22.9 28.3 20. 9 11.6 53.4 21.9 12.1 5.3 -1,2 -9.4 -21.4 1-53.2 2 -20.. 27.0 24. S 5. 7 -9.5 11.4 -3.4 33.2 9.9: 10. 7 , 11.3! {*) 40. 2 8.5 41.3 39.1 24. 5 15,3 12.7 134.0 42.0 0.2 18.4 33.8 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. 4 Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. 928 MANUFACTURES. Table 2—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States. Illinois Wisconsin. Indiana Ohio New York. Michigan California Iowa Pennsylvania.. Kentucky Georgia Tennessee.. Minnesota.. Missouri New Jersey. Virginia Washington North Carolina. Kansas Vermont Nebraska Colorado All other states. Number of estab- lish- ments. 521 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 54,368 22,548 5,237 5,533 4,931 4,626 2,708 1,578 906 1,371 773 892 727 501 254 219 239 146 230 129 241 66 19 494 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 41.5 9.6 10.2 9.1 8.5 5.0 2.9 1.7 2.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 C1) 0.9 Rank. 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 9 8 11 10 12 13 14 18 16 19 17 20 15 23 27 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- Eressed in ousands). Per cent distribu- tion. $304,961 128,285 43,623 31,824 26,556 20,421 11,091 9,490 5,959 5,536 4,407 3,476 2,516 2,341 1,457 1,365 926 913 877 770 I 601 I 350 | 122 I 2,055 100.0 42.1 14.3 10.4 8.7 6.7 3.6 3.1 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 C1) 0.2 0.1 0.7 Rank. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex pressed in thousands). $160,389 63,125 25,138 19,209 13,589 10,482 6,043 5,773 3,137 2,940 2,127 1,663 1,279 986 656 665 557 467 557 317 310 143 64 1,162 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 39.4 15.7 12.0 8.5 6.5 3.8 3.6 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 Rank. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 14 16 17 16 18 20 23 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 67,177 58,118 60,229 3,187 2,087 2,489 321 431 465 587 552 569 2,279 1,104 1,455 Male. Fe- male. 63,781 56,400 58,517 3,130 2,050 2,445 409 448 565 540 564 2,267 1,101 1,433 3,396 1,718 1,712 PER CENT OP TOTAL. Male. 94.9 97.0 97.2 98,2 98.2 98.2 92.8 94.9 96.3 96.3 97.8 99.1 99.5 99.7 98.5 Fe- male. 5.1 3.0 2.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 7.2 5.1 3,7 3.7 2.2 0.9 0.5 0.3 1.5 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over..., Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 9,622 7,572 7,189 54,368 48,459 50,551 54,314 48,377 50,345 54 82 206 Male. 7,276 6,384 6,137 53,375 47,966 49,935 53,322 47,884 49,730 53 82 205 Fe- male. 2,346 1,188 1,052 493 616 992 493 615 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 75.6 84.3 85.4 98.2 99.0 98.8 98.2 99.0 98.8 98.1 100.0 99.5 Fe- male. 24.4 15.7 14.6 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.9 0.5 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. January. February March April...., May June 1919 1914 57,926 59,748 58,653 55,771 53,994 52,817 61,746 61,900 58,143 54,305 49,904 46,990 1909 51,540 53,673 54,759 53,165 50,990 48,727 PER CENT Of MAXIMUM. 1919 1914 1909 97.0 100.0 98.2 93.3 90.4 88.4 99.8 100.0 93.9 87.7 80.6 75.9 92.9 96.8 98.7 95.9 91.9 87.9 July August September. October... November. December. 1919 1914 52,900 49,4XS 51,256 51,059 52,610 56,199 45,169 37,340 S6,£08 39,536 44,219 47.048 1909 45,027 U,908 46,484 49,477 62,410 65,465 PER CENT Q& MAXIMUM. 1919 1914 1909 88.5 82.8 85.8 85.5 88.1 94.1 73.0 60.3 56.9 63.9 71.4 76.0 81.2 81.0 83.8 89.2 94.5 100.0 1 The figures represent the number employed on the 15th of each month or the nearest representative day. Maximum number indicated by bold-faced figures, minimum by italic figures. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS! 929 Table 5.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. IThe month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of rninimum employment by italic figures.] United States Males Females.. California Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Michigan Minnesota New York Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Wisconsin Average number employedl during year. 54,368 53,375 993 1,578 892 22,548 5,533 906 773 2,708 501 4,626 4,931 1,371 727 5,237 Janu- ary. 57,926 56,859 1,067 2,112 1,019 24,513 5,650 879 j 2,644; 475! 4,971; 5,263' 1,500 I 706 5,190 j NUMBER EMPLOYED ON loTH DAY OP THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Febru- ary- 59,748 58,684 1,064 2,067 1,093 25,045 5,697 913 909 2,943 4S5 5,341 5,344 1,476 692 5,627 March. April. 58,653 57,617 1,036 1,796 1,014 24,474 5,379 924 924 3,111 481 5,217 5,411 1,439 705 5,681 55,771 54, 765 1,006 1,675 829 22,811 6,054 915 885 3,113 451 5,118 5,032 1,494 681 5,625 May. 53,994 53,043 951 1,621 734 21,940 5,214 881 838 2,913 US 4,908 4,813 1, 531 678 5,368 June. 52,817 51,925 892 1,451 730 21.613 5,244 892 653 2,818 480 4,520 4,669 1,445 707 5,474 | July. August. 'Septem- | ber. October. 52,900 51,950 950: 49,483 48,680 803 51,256 50,326 930 1,287 \ 815 1 22,448 j 5,426 I 900; 645 2,668 512 4,477 4,406' 1,392 650; 5,307! 184! 838; 18,920 \ 5,519 | 864 | 6S7; 2,683! 541; 4,193' 4,642 i 1,515' 707 | 5,259 1,196 880 21,784 5,416 856 656 2,110 559 4,023 4, 741 769 5,302 51,059 49,981 1,078 1,393 873 21,848 5,770 909 706 2,273 503 3,779 4,765 1,092 806 4,365 Novem- ber. !i Per l; cent ■ rnini- j mum is of Decern- j! maxi- ber. j mum. 52,610 | 51,518! 1,092 j 1,522 | 909 j 22,016 5,909! 951 | 716 2,468! 544 i 4,134 | 4,938 i i, 127 ■: 817; 4,612 56,199; 55,152: 1,047! 1,632 970 >; 23,164; 6,118! 99i ji 2,752 !i 533 l! 4,801 || 5,148!! 1,454 !■ 826 i! 5,034 i 82.8 83.0 73.5 56.1 66. S 75.5 82.6 86.2 67.9 67.8 80.1 70. S 81.4 64.5 76,3 76. S Table 6.- -AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 ANH 1914. Census year. New York. Ohio. Pennsylvania. Tennessee Wisconsin —. Total. 1919 1914 1909 54,36S 48, 459 50,551 1919 1914 1,578 704 1919 1914 892 577 1919 1914 22,548 19,556 1919 1914 5,533 3,991 1919 1914 906 1,164 1919 1914 773 660 1919 1914 2,708 2,143 1919 1914 501 872 1919 1914 4, 626 5,392 1919 1914 4,931 5,464 1919 1914 1,371 2,018 1919 1914 727 517 1919 1914 5,237 3,143 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE- 44 and under. (s) (!) (2) *(¥," Between I 44 and 48.! 4S.1 Between 48 and 54. (s) (2) 125 09 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (5) (5) i 2,372 | 4,461 453 j 27.952 2,632 2.029 1,235! i; 179 1,197 199 309 216 4 265 26 132 77 17,732 730 2,990 407 213 141 219 411 230 3,200 13 1,864 593 540 44 54. 6.256 4; 559 4,081 Between 54 and 60. 48 670 3,086 566 162 332 15, ISO 25,25S 27,549 487 52 1,339 13,752 2,046 2,348 11,539 16,307 262 448 212 3,311 172 354 204 315 96 37 4a5 j 5S0 11 698 i 6 28 599 1 120 2,266 | 101 78S 411 j 334 14 Ill j 140 9 179' 683 774 267! 76 132 3,571 ■; 1,675 634 2,006! 416 Sll 3,519 j 531 343 262! 101 571 1,178 252 50 192! 436 91 s 418 3 4,899 I 71 88 802; 2,183 * Includes 48 and undar (or 1014 and 1909. * Corresponding figures not available. 111367—23 59 930 'MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. United States... 1919.. 1914. California Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Michigan Minnesota New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Tennessee Wisconsin ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— Wage earners (aver- age number). No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 6 to 20 wage 1 earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. lents. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Establishn i Establish- 1 ments. Establish- j ments. j Wage' earners, j ! Establish- \ ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. i CO 521 601 54.368 40 35 178 242 393 520 103 110 1,165 1,367 67 76 2,281 2,408 43! 45 | 2,961 3,156 46 50 7,204 8,286 21 22 7,494 7,894 13 14 10,621 8,948 10 7 22,249 15,880 48,459 34 1,578 892 2 19 35 7 84 3 124 1 2 335 1 1,000 13 1 4 10 3 37 2 64 2 348 1 433 68 29 22,548 5,533 ! 5 ! 1 13 7 39 17 7 6 66 71 4 141 144 11' 768 200 12 3 1,896 496 5 2 1,780 719 7 5,910 4 2 11,948 3,886 5 3 26 8 906 1 2 9 18 8 90 2 75 1 77 4 646 773 4 5 2 28 1 42 1 208 1 698 23 2,708 501 6 19 4 59 6 234 3 202 1 2 944 1 1,042 16 5 14 5 56 4 141 2 I 290 40 4,626 '1 8 12 10 120 12 378 3 210 1 j in 2 748 1 859 2 2,188 46 4,931 1,371 727 3 14 36 5 70 4 152 4 325 9 j 1,493 5 1,593 625 2 1,262 27 7 3 7 4 33 4 115 4 244 3 347 2 14 1 4 9 3 34 2 87 2 133 1 ! 119 1 345 34 5,237 6 12 28 3 31 5 170 2 143 3 ; 48i 1 307 1 892 1 3,185 1 Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over.. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 '1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 521 601 • 640 54,368 48,459 50,551 $304,961,265 $164,086,835 $146,329,268 $160,389,322 $90,578,190 $86,022,749 98 103 130 103 29 58 169 129 142 93 32 36 158 172 142 74 317 1,672 f 5,292 \ 4,388 42,625 176 653 2,662 171 844 2,928 241,262 1,137,315 6,617,812 / 23,732,019 \ 20,511,793 252,721,064 407,827 1,335,821 6,845,330 21,668,107 21,398,998 112,430,752 359,971 1,827,822 6,927,862 126,093 617,609 3,425,192 / 12,418.551 \ 10,958,339 132,843,538 250,073 742,048 3,789,067 227,415 1,059,129 3,779,091 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000. to $500.000 } 136 \ 14,601 16,287 } 43,075,407 } 23,497,005 23,531,486 $500,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over 34 30,367 30,321 94,138,206 62,299,997 57,425,628 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ! 0.1 0.4 2.1 18.8 28.1 19.8 21.5 24.4 26.9 22.2 0.1 0.6 3.1 / 9.7 \ 8.1 78.4 0.4 1.3 5.5 0.3 1.7 5.8 0.1 0.4 2.2 0.2 0.8 4.2 13.2 13.0 68.5 0.3 1.3 4.7 0.3 0.8 4.2 0.3 1.2 4.4 25.0 I 23.6 19.8 1 15.5 } 21.3 } 30.1 1 7.8 \ 6.7 82.9 } 29.4 64.3 / 7.7 \ 6.8 82.8 | 25.9 68.8 5.6 5.3 32.2 27.4 11.1 fl.O 5.3 62.7 60.0 66.8 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 931 Table 9.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. California Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan Minnesota Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Wisconsin Cen- sus year. 1919 | 1914 1909 I 1919! 1914 | 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Indi-| vid- uals. Cor- pora-] tions, All oth- ers. 10! 14 i 308 318 349 10 74 95 107 11 I 12 17 | 15 AVERAGE NUMBER OF "WAGE EARNERS. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. 54,368 48,459 50,551 Indi-; vid-; ; uals. 1,578 704 892 577 22,548 19,556 5,533 3,991 1,164 2,708 2,143 501 872 254 240 4,626 5,392 4,931 5,464 1,371 2,018 727 517 5,237 3,143 546 819 965 46 26 *4 14 1 30 132 1 195 96 ill 5 80 137 71 Cor- pora- tions. 53,029 46,233 48,141 793 1,407 1,445 1,513 665 531 22,469 19,443 5,503 3,959 871 965 2,613 2,027 490 857 213 192 4,487 5,263 4,531 5,232 1,219 1,209 706 440 5,196 3,100 All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. 1.0 1.7 1.9 14 187 20 67 396 173 72 672 »21 6 22 2.9 3.7 0.4 2.4 (*) 0.2 0.5 0.8 2.3 1.0 3.5 4,5 2.2 0.6 13.0 i 17.1 I 1.6 I 1.7 J 0.1 1.1 I s.s; 6.8 j Cor- pora- 97.5 95.4 95.2 All oth- ers. 1.5 2.9 2.9 13.7 0.6 0.7 I 95.9 94.5 99.6 92.0 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.2 96.1 82.9 96.5 94,6 I 98.3 | 83.9 80.0 I 97.0 ■ 97.6 | 91.9 | 95. 8 I 88.9 59.9 ! I 97.1 l 85.1 I 99.2 98.6 1.2 1.8 0.3 0.3 1.5 16.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. $304,961,265 164,086,835 146,329,268 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. 3.1 2.9 1.4 0.7 8.0 3.2 5.3 33.3 2.9 1.2 0.2 0.7 9,490,109 1,962,235 3,475,705 1,501,347 128,284,716 I 65,337,663 j 31,823,733 I 12,791,461 j 5,959,129' 5,216,245 j 11,090,669' 7,731,217 2,341,311 3,812,728 1,456,774 569,904 .20,421,368 14,576,694 26,556,031 17,484,615 5,536,111 4,843,655 2,516,339 1,121,694 43,623,368 20,119,058 !$2,391,965 ; 2,087,503 | 2,174,866 233,287 177,920 i 18,943! 21,876! 43,430 1 151,057 1102,304 j 155,657 1 66,306 48,430 1274,717 273,131 146,635 j 21,785 1 150,450 1 116,600 236,562 187,918 36,175 168,920 205,640 211,440 193,636 128,566 112,234 $297,301,964 j 157,490,390 ! 140,663,575 '9,094,928 1,740,224 3,456,762 1,380,941 127,911,845 65,017,298 31,721,429 12,735,804 5,809,261 ; 4,300,685 ! 10,815.952 | 7,390,617 i 2,294,676 1 S,740,339 1,258.402 390;034 19,846.625 14,137; 363 23,164.938 16,335,978 5,142,980 3,169,077 2,143,159 913,509 43,450,563 19,928,945 $5,267,336 4,508,942 3,490,827 161,894 44,091 98,530 329,441 169,308 83,562 867,130 67,469 """50,"604" 47,922 63,270 338,181 251,413 3,355,918 '979,717 1S7,491 1,463,138 »373,180 14,549 44,239 77,879 Per cent of totaL 1 Indi- i vid- uals. j Cor- All ipora- oth- ! tions. ers. i I 0.8 1.3 1.5 ! 97.5 | 96.0 | 96.1 1.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 9.1 95.8 88.7 1.7 2.2 0.5 1.5 99.5 92.0 6.6 (*) 0.2 99.7 99.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 99.7 99.6 1.1 97.5 82.4 1.4 16,6 0.9 2.5 3.5 97.5 95.6 0.9 2.0 0.6 98.0 98.1 1.3 10.3 20.5 86.4 68.4 3.3 11.1 1.2 1.3 97.2 97.0 1.7 L7 0.1 87.2 93.4 12.6 5.6 L0 3.7 4,4 92.9 65.4 3.4 30.2 85,2 14.8 17.3 81.4 1.3 0.3 0.6 99.6 99.1 GL1 0.4 i Includes the group "All others.' * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 1 Includes the group "Individuals.' Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRB1E MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total. Owned Steam1 Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 5,168 1914 3,437 574 334 303 31 166 74 4,594 4,594 7,993 4,594 3,399 8 S23 470 2S0 73 2,614 2,614 5,789 2,614 3,175 1909 1,794 (2) 862 504 261 97 932 932 2,057 932 1,125 1919 12S,249 80,407 69,942 51,107 18,835 4,092 6,373 47,842 47,842 100,263 47, $42 52,421 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1914 121,42S 90,492 79,688 (») (2> 5,113 5,691 30,936 30,764 1?2 1909 100,601 84,717 71,894 (2) (*) 4,433 8,390 15,884 15,684 200 Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 j 100.0 100.0; 100.0 62.7 54.5 39.8 14.7 3.2 5.0 37.3 37.3 74.5 65.6 4,2: 4-7 j 25.5 25.3 0.1 i 83,117 30,764 52,353 38,905 15,684' 23.221 100.0 47.7 52.3 100.0 I 37.0; 63.0 I 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of14 Other0 owned power. * Not reported separately. S4.2 71.5 4.4 8,3 15,8 15.6 0.2 100.0 4a 3 59.7 932 MANUFACTURES. Table 11— FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. I) tilted States . Per cent of in- crease * California.. Georgia — Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kentucky. Michigan.. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 pounds) Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds) .J 13,497 8,863 52.3 549,557 555,271 536 551! 82 115 450 564 3,938 4,720 288,295 289,849 56,328 45,630 4,280 7,073 3,097 23,040 23,242 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). 115,368 104,386 807 153 2,390 1,531 43,202 46,500 15,526, 10,486 2,420 1,295 463 4,882 2,996 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 342,547 240,060 13,185 2,957 164,194 131,241 63,664 13,760 3,3S2 579 120 2 4,465 11,716 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). 29,654 (l) 0) 4,772 (0 818 (l) 5,052 (l) 9,429 6) 694 0) 0) 112 0) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 435,393 234,349 14,916 5,106 206,742 5,049 4,545 2,704 12,213 392 1,722 146 Minnesota. New Jersey., New York.., Ohio , Cen- sus year. Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 jpounds).] Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 pounds). 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 I 1914 1919 1914 Pennsylvania !1919 i 1914 Tennessee. 1919 1914 Wisconsin !1919 | 1914 All other states... 1919 1914 3 8 7,215 697 2,096 2,109 3,104 2,400 738 2,301 3,646 5,707 20 291 56,910 63,680 42,777 44,408 10,851 16,903 5,144 6,045 44,338 29,342 6,443 9,512 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds).' Fuel oils (bar- rels). 630 1,407 3,405 308 10,595 12,497 11,523 9,089 1,177 1,691 3,982 5,995 11,064 6,340 3,699 3,635 Gaso- line and other volatile oils (bar- rels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 35 369 124 (») 26 40 4,920 1,713 61 629 336 (l) 25,354 41,197 939 (l) 3,320 9,564 10,525 9,558 281 C1) 174,734 193,264 12,243 11,047 184 0) 1,488 2,109 21 76 75 544 0) 34,454 6,403 6,118 (l) 11,171 8,854 5,985 9,436 990 0) 1,727 5,959 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. 2 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Certain additional detailed information concerning the quantity and value of products for the industry is collected by means of supplemental schedules, data for which are presented in Table 12. In 1919„ of the four specified classes of agricultural implements shown, "Plows and cultivators" was first in importance, measured by value of products, constituting 41 per cent of the total for the four groups and 21.4 per cent of the total value of all products of the industry. "Harvesting implements" held first position in this group in 1914 and was second in importance in 1919. Large increases are shown in the values of "All other agricultural implements," and "Amount received for repair work" during the five-year period from 1914 to 1919, amounting to $36,261,347, or 130.2 per cent, and $11,509,243, or 800.8 per cent, respectively. During this five-year period "All other products" shows an increase of $37,223,012, or 119 per cent. In 1919 "All other products" included tractors valued at $42,697,610; engines, $3,223,103; wagons, $2,647,859; automobiles, $2,190,067; and other miscellaneous products to the value of $17,741,394. In an analysis of Table 12, relative to the number of the different kinds of implements manufactured from census to cen- sus, consideration should be given to the fact that in making comparisons there is considerable variety of sizes and types as well as to the fact that some estab- lishments failed to report the number of implements separately. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 933 Table 12.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Products, total value'. Plows and cultivators Planters and seeders.. Harvesting implements: Hayrakes and hay tedders . Mowers and reapers Other Seed separators: Thrashers other All other agricultural imple- ments, including parts , All other products Amount received for repair work 1919 $304,961,265 $164,086,835 j$146,329,268 |tll2,007,344 65,329,111 17,490,403 4,772,493 40,169,591 9,282,656 16,593,273 5,771,670 84,105,527 68,500,033 12,946,508 Principal kinds of implements. Implements of cultivation: Cultivators- Beet Hand, garden, or garden plows One and two horse....... Wheeled- One row Two rows Cotton scrapers Fertilizing machines Harrows- Disk Spring-tooth Spike-tooth Land rollers Land packers... • Listers Plows- Disk I Gang Shovel. I Engine Sulky (single) I Tractor > Walking j Pulverizers Other Planters and seeders: i Seeders—! Broadcast; Wagon or endgate; Seeder attachments Corn planters- Hand Horse Cotton planters Potato planters i Drills- Cora Grain I All other j 1914 1909 1904 38,784,477 12,141,474 38,662,037! 12,188,757! 3,233,630 30,974,709 5,372,947 9,832,043 3,264,246 3i;277;om ;} osa I 1,437,265; 3,114,692 30,607,960 11,225,122 34,568,131 30,862,435 i} 11,0 6,639,833 30,703,648 1,968,296 Number. 7,088 419,085' 300,122 144,259 44,847 10,807 , 82,554 i 175,712; 79,532; 222,799 8,654: 19,-501; 31,680 j 15,431! 42,240! 108,887 i 4,952 1 60,909 98,836 720,174 7,134 29,295 18,360 16,391 34,339 2S,065 93,976 S7,468 5,964 29,809 j 63", 255: 5,870' Number. 2,184 | 238,081 !\ 254,158 ;/ Number. 3,172 469,696 347,329 j 31,605! 17,537 1 180,854; 209,077 j 187,370 368,219 22,470 (3) I 37,953; 15,708 j 75,839! 181,550 i 3,265! 108,232 I (3)! 870,414 12,724 I SO,096 I 34,175 16,122 10,000 101,850 114,657 101,256 37,191 55,710 89,370 10,688 435,429 20,180 (2) 193,000 112,832 394,988 (2) (») 44,840 22,132 91,686 254,737 2,355 134,936 (3) 1,110,006 (2) (2) «61,970 (2) (2) 96,465 122,780 79,271 23,092 20,137 * 89,903 32,507 Number. 3,459 239,173 313,088 22,519 (2) 104,323 86,408 262,442 8 23,012 39,146 (*> 121,899 1,599 138,899 (3) 956,898 8 33,546 (2) (2) 86,553 90,929 127,052 35,756 28,228 76,929 606 1919 1914 1909 1904 Planters and seeders—Con. Seed sowers, hand, field Seed drills, hand, garden— Other planters and seeders.. Harvesting implements: Binders- Grain Corn Grain cradles Grain elevators for use on farm Harvesters- Bean Push Harvesters and thrashers combined Other Headers Hay carriers Hay forks, horse Hay loaders Hay rakes- Sulky Sweep Side delivery Hay stackers Hay tedders Hay presses Mowers Other haying tools Potato diggers, horse Reapers Stalk cutters Other Seed separators: Clover hullers Corn hoskers Corn huskers and shredders. Corn pickers Corn shelters— Hand Power Fanning mills Feed mills... Thrashers- Horsepower Engine Other Miscellaneous: Dairy rmchinery— Cream separators Other Manure spreaders - Equalizers Knife grinders Feed grinders Ensilage cutters Saw trucks Pumps. Wmdmills Spraying outfits 86,763! 8,971 j 16,198 j 12,608 43,113 4,124 7,847 59,910 (2) (2) (!) - 155,466 _ 22,886 58,239 215,386 52,087 38,728 129,274 19.693 108,810 6,924 30,056 22', 635 5,995 («) m (') 9,528 2,337 3,401 (3) 1,409 (*) 665 (*) 2,392 22,887 270 2,758 543 1,707 (8) («) 3,16 4,187 11,865 (») 6,323 20,570 | 44,277 31,976 25,865 45,064 43,675 34,705 85,121 62,801 27,174 61,265 j 18,398 14,270' 7,699! 10,252! 7,154 1 151,133! 130,052! 12,484 8;368: 19,033 1,096,087 139,565 23,304 20,213 6,437 9,796 (a) | 266,260 236,297 17.212 34,396 (3) 8,670 35,745 <*) 274,521 37,706 25,758 56,982 359,264 273,385 25,632 58,294 (2) 11.703 60',996 (*) (3~) (») 13,746 (2) (2) 597 1,194 2,834 3; 078 324 341 437 318 1,294 (*) 351 1,327 4,33S (8) (2) <») 37,272 8,486 13,302 10;314 63,206 11,113 23,047 (3) 74,223 9.049 33; 805 (3) 47,189 6,082 22,994 (8) 3,766 16,162 9,586 302 13,246 6,212 822 2,237 7.95C 11,255 1,001 80,S9l 13,989 23,173 13,971 18,013 12,957 C2) (2) 328 21,172 (3) («) 419 14,044 1 In addition to the amounts shown, agricultural implements to the value of $14,938,340 in 1919, $4,033,797 in 1914, $2,989,276 in 1909, and $1,3*9,679 in 1904 were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designated. 2 Not reported. * Not reported separately. < Includes 23,963 combination seeders. & Includes 21,292 disk drills of all kinds. Summary, by states.—Table 13 gives, by states, the ■ cultural implements, as reported at the censuses of total value of each of the four principal groups of agri- 1919, 1914, and 1909. Table 13.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY—FOUR CHIEF GROUPS OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, BY STATES 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PRODUCT AND STATE. 1919 Plows and cultivators, value. Illinois Indiana Ohio New York Wisconsin Georgia Tennessee Pennsvlvania California All other states Harvesting implements, value Illinois. New York Ohio Iowa.. - All other states $65,329,111 29,822,582 12,415,810 6,701,388 4,784,370 2,028,830 1,114,452 857,632 791,590 763,102 6,049,355 54,224,740 35,805,793 8,916,235 2,223,127 1,610,684 5,668,901 1914 $38,662,037 17,653,276 4,447,550 4,627,191 3,176;951 2,077,159 8 954,113 0) 5,725,797 39,581,286 27,177,513 6,543,936 2,573,726 936,505 2,349,606 1909 $36,784,477 15,961,417 4,606,748 3,062,194 3,348,203 2,324,579 0) 1,147,063 . 0) 6,334,273 34,568,131 22,417,070 5,950,777 2,675,727 1,157,701 2,366,856 ! PRODUCT AND STATE. 1919 1914 1909 Seed sep abators, value $22,364,943 $13,096,289 $11,030,415 Illinois 5,603,590 2,183,640 1,847,02 (») 1,435,29€ 0) 0) 2,748,915 b) 2,109,552 1,753,042 1,351,891 885,017 828,617 1.195,874 1,364.209 858,10* 14,213,588 6,553,871 1,559,411 Planters and seeders, value 17,490,403 12,188,757 12,141,47 Illinois; 5.352,515 3,654,223 4,142,23 Ohio 0) C1) 2,245,51 Indiana <*) CO 1,499,635 0) 2,032,753 1.639,29 480,159 463,999 247,35 11,677,729 6,037,782 2,367,431 i i Included in "Allother states" to avoid disclosing the operations of individual establishment*. 934 MANUFACTURES. In 1919 Illinois ranked first in the value of its manu- factures of each of these four principal classes of agri- cultural implements. In 1914 Wisconsin held first position in the manufacture of seed separators, but the exact figures for the state were not published sepa- rately in order to avoid disclosing the operations of individual establishments. In 1919, measured by value, about two-thirds of the harvesting imple- ments, over two-fifths of plows and cultivators, nearly one-third of planters and seeders, and about one-fourth of seed separators were manufactured in Illinois. GENERAL TABLES. Table 14 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of ma- terials, and value of products for the agricultural- implement industry. Table 15 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 14.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States.. California.. Georgia. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas. Michigan. Minnesota. Missouri. New Jersey.. 1 Wage earners (aver- age Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Wages. Cen- sus year. num- ber). Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. 1919 1914 1909 521 601 640 54, 368 48,459 50,551 128,249 121, 428 100,601 166,704 34,593 28 609 $144,572 73,509 60,307 $304,961 164,087 146,329 1919 1914 1909 34 28 25 1, 578 704 6-22 4,668 1,533 1,186 1,966 566 451 3,717 900 1,441 9, 490 1,962 2,670 1919 1914 1909 13 18 17 892 577 552 2, 072 1, 516 1,307 654 230 190 1, 813 845 583 3,476 1,501 1,117 1919 1914 1909 68 73 79 22, 548 19,556 19,240 54,608 28,342 15,668 11,718 65,160 32,878 24,824 128,285 65,338 57,268 50,044 38,040 1919 1914 1909 29 33 39 5,533 10, 864 10,892 9,254 7,401 2,556 2, 565 12,615 3,487 4,864 31, 824 12,791 13,670 3, 991 4, 749 1919 1914 1909 26 34 42 906 1,16-1 1,318 2, 396 2,459 2,554 1, 082 794 683 2,822 2,052 2,171 5,959 5,216 4,757 1919 1914 1909 14 11 18 129 64 126 268 233 434 118 40 74 453 154 162 770 315 369 1919 1914 1909 23 30 32 2, 708 2,143 2,359 6,197 5,941 5,195 3,003 1,456 1,261 5,048 2, 640 2,890 11,091 7, 731 9,273 1919 1914 1909 16 17 17 501 872 1,014 723 2,489 1,468 498 707 632 1, 355 1, 474 1,090 2,341 3, 813 3,014 1919 1914 1909 14 18 25 254 240 438 656 742 1,080 253 142 219 800 270 504 1,457 570 981 1919 1914 1909 10 9 10 219 270 224 591 518 724 239 178 112 700 445 327 1,365 931 755 i Cen- j sus i year. New York North Carolina. Ohio , Pennsylvania... Tennessee , Vermont Virginia Washington — Wisconsin All other states 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 10U 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Primary horse-! power. 40 50 57 4,626 5,392 5,717 12,736 11, 774 10,741 17 17 22 230 149 132 431 389 356 46 59 55 4,931 5,464 5,997 10, 470 11, 677 9, 867 27 38 36 1,371 2,018 2,401 3,006 4,472 3,842 14 17 16 727 517 615 2,041 1,450 1,236 10 9 11 241 311 360 1,141 1,245 1,194 14 20 16 239 269 272 507 539 503 9 7 146 134 320 202 34 46 45 5,237 3,143 2, 704 10,673 9,196 7,301 63 67 78 1,352 1,481 1,681 3,881 4,117 4,316 Wages. Cost of Value of mate- prod- rials, ucts. Expressed in thousands. $5. 312 3,428 3,270 $9, 940 7,073 6,415 $20, 421 14, 577 14,971 244 71 50 319 98 90 877 305 262 5,676 3,826 3,155 12,967 7, 810 6,319 26, 556 17, 485 14, 44ft 1,541 1,121 2, 596 1. 907 5, 536 4, 844 4,805 1,223 2,082 720 253 268 1, 237 391 413 2,516 1,122 1,004 200 182 185 291 310 272 601 696 582 242 122 117 369 168 244 926 484 516 179 115 446 184 913 392 7,582 2,198 1,506 18, 486 8,676 3,937 43,623 20,119 11,411 1, 452 9-10 930 3,438 1,747 1,679 6,934 3, 895 4,464 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 935 Table 15.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of [estab- lish- ments! United States.. California. Colorado.. Georgia... TUiDois Indiana. 521 Iowa I 26 Kansas I 14 Kentucky ;8 Michigan I 23 Minnesota Missouri. Nebraska New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania. Tennessee Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin. All other states 2. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNEES DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 67,177 Sala- ried Pro- offi- prie- cers, tors super- and in- firm tend- mem- ents, bers. and man- agers. 321 Clerks, etc. Male.!. Fe- male. 7,276 2,346 2,283 j| 30! 974 26,565 I 7,149 !, 1,141 I 182 1,272 |' 3,259!! 618 j; 315! 82; 303 :| 5,539 i 269 j; 5,991 I, 1,687 II 820; 267 j; 283' 177 7,341 640 29 j 88 4 I 4 5; 28 27 ,1,025 10! 313 20 i 14 , 4 i 10 10 j 25-1 14 i 27 | 22' 11 2 i 420 1 2: 35 | 2,103 168 1 14 852 979 I 314 93 16 20 138 50 18 , 2 i 26 i 259 1 17 240' 76 33 15 1 69 14 368 273 41 22 1 22 585 158! 32 • 3 21 35 22 I 12 16 6 31,9 !1,599 48 39 53 9 107 132 23 13 3 26 141 3 208 60 17 6 6 1 165 24 Wage earners. 16 and over, i Under 16. I Number, 15th day of— Aver- j age ji n™?' '! Maximum Der' !! month. 54,368! Fe 59,748 1,578 19 892 22,548 5,533 906 129 773 2,708 501 254 66 219 4,626 230 4,931 1,371 727 241 239 146 5,237 494 Ja 2,112 Se 30 Fe 1,093 Fe 25,045 De 6,11S De Je Mh 991 150 924 Ap 3,113 Se 559 Je Se Ja Fe De 346 84 284 5,341 241 Minimum month. Total.! ■! !: ! j ■ Au 49,483 j! 57,539 ,\ 56,496 j 962 j 80 j Au 1,184 i Fe* 10 Je 730! Au 18,920! Ap 5,054! Au 854! Ja 108 Au 627 Se 2,110 My 448 De Ja i Oc Oc Je 199 52 175 3,779 216 Mh 5,411 I Jy 4,406 Mv 1,531 ! Se 987 De 826 I Jy 630 Mh 255 j Jy 226 Ja Je Mh 282 ! Je 188 207 i De 84 5,681 Oc 4,365 1,625: 22 914 , 23,262 6,122 1,017 140 838 2,727 554; 257 84 206 5,268 238 5,283 1,505 809 236 254 123 5,582 473 1,609 i 21 | 898! 22,811 i 5,937 | 985 I 140 . 826 i 2,665! 549 j 256 !. 84 i. 206 ;. 5,134 I 238 i- 5,216: 1,494 791 231 253 . 122 j. 5,564 466 , 15 j 9 i 418! 176 i 22! 10 10,032,253 194,106 2,603,499 1.50,484,328 42,534,365 5,232,384 1,223,922 5,592,435 5 !.... iL i .. 12! 1 54,956; 330 Salaries and wages. Capital, i: Dollars. 1 I, 366,962,052 I ii i; 61! 1!; u; 405; 102 I 5 , ; !2,623,932 I Officials. Dollars. '< 9,329,013 \ 1,893,814! 344,364 i 2,396,138 i 27,473,112! 740,289 , 67 i I 27,884,087 \ 11 ! j 8,626,304 | 18 : !2,520,435 j 858,148 | 836,232 805,226 I. 2,701,247 Clerks, etc. Dollars. 12,596,730 407,287; 8,300! 121,946: 3,306,170! 1,098,908! 327,991 40,800; 60,452 i 404,96S! 115,826 42,844! 2,100; 6S,379 708,142; 60,717 > 946,901; 220,501! 94,069 j 44,903! j 69,814; '39,518: I 1,005,179 |i 133,298 766,729 2,050 63,791 4,034,713 1,432,434 156,642 26, .599 429,465 504,629 77,806 41,248 3,775 69,192 817,813 11,335 1,130,349 269,487 59,183 9,252 18,839 12,133 2,564,729 94,537 expenses—continued. Salaries and Rent and taxes. For materials. wages- Continued. For contract work. Taxes, j Federal, Rent of; state, factory, i county, and 1 local. Fuel and rent of power. Wage earners. Principal materials. United States.. Dollars. 66,704,434 California 1,966,168 Colorado j 25,834 Georgia :653,900 Illinois j 28,342,271 Indiana I 7,401,107 Iowa I 1,082,273 Kansas !117,451 Kentucky i 866,749 Michigan ■ 3,003,362 Minnesota ;498,176 252,540 69,319 239,414 5,311,978 243,718 5,675,451 1,541,228 720,269 200,401 241, S71 178,460 7,582,321 490,173 Dollars. 113,421 24,715 Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania.. Tennessee Vermont Virginia Washington.. Wisconsin All other states3.. 3,780 47,081 20,779 350 1,683 Dollars.' Dollars. 188,432 11,986,419 427 253 1,000 IS 4,921 1,299 1,500 150 3,615 ,200 80 70 500 12,527 1,025 414 50,244 3,452 3,149 2,300 776 2,061 1,619 4,780 4,737 1,104 23,076 414 10,480 240 100 84 7,045 i,ass 45,928 1L4S9 Value of products. Primary horsepower. Value added by manufac- ture. Owned. Dollars. |139,533,431 Dollars. I! Dollars. 5,038,512 304,961,265 1,07S,312 681 104, m 4,734,058 2,075,023 184,829 5,460 432,327 442,721 26,929 15,242 1,720 36,263 572,S55I1 32,061 571,380 125,041 98,931 14,544 43,863 40,207 1,285,284 63,753 3,592,172 56,126 1,755,002 62,893,409 12,167,498 2,740,546 446,101 2,241,379 4,837,772 1,319,700 774,376 i 197,167 671,165 9,432,590 304,307 12,611,928 2,420,777 1,174,722 267,725 347,524 433,985 17,990,671 856,789 124,930 i 9,490,109 1,830 j 122,050 58,040 !| 3,475,705 2,266,411 :i2S,2S4,716 447,424 | 31,S23,733 81,651 6,902 38,634 210,196 35,570 25,887 9,613 29,026 507,164 15,241 354,807 175,504 62,296 23,143 21,193 11,769 494,920 36,361 6,959,129 769,914 4,407,137 11,090,669 2,341,311 1,456,774 349,828 1,364,819 20,421,368 876,814 26,556,031 5,536,111 2,516,339 600,912 Dollars. 160,389,322 5,773,007 64,094 1,662,663 63,124, S96 19,208,811 3,136,932 316,911 2,127,124 6,042,701 986,041 656,511 143,048 664,628 10,481,614 557,266 13,589,2% 2;939,S30 1,279,321 310,044 926,019 | 557,302 912,946 i 467,192 43,623,368 j 25,137,777 2,055,463! 1,162,313 Total. Steam engines (not I tor- I , bines), j Inter-: nal- j b^^H ! tion 1 gmes.' Steam tur- bines. Rent- ed." Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 128,249 51,107 | 18,835 j 4,092 I 6,373 1 47,842 I; 52,421 507 320 i 10,673 , 1,566 1 i Same number reported for one or more other months. > All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Arkansas, 3; Connecticut, 2; Florida, 3: Idaho, 2; Louisiana, 3; Maine, 2: Marylandf 2; Massachusetts. 2; Missis- sippi. 2; New Hampshire, 2; North Dakota, 1: Oklahoma, 2; Oregon, 1; South Carolina, 3; South Dakota, 4; Texas. 5; Utah, 1; and West Virginia, 1. a Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). < Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) •urrent; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants) BUTTONS. GENERAL STATISTICS. General charater of the industry.—This report pre- sents statistics for establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of buttons, including those making button blanks or molds from the raw materials and those making finished buttons from either the raw materials or blanks. These establishments manufac- ture bone, shell, metal, celluloid, plastic, cloth-covered, porcelain, pearl, glass, horn, composition, vegetable ivory, and wood buttons, and shell button blanks. Snap fasteners are also made by some of the estab- lishments. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 sum- marizes the statistics of each census since 1879, with percentages of increase for each period. With few exceptions increases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products, are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, f airty measure the growth of the indusfay for that period. A truer index of industrial conditions is found in the increases in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." The value of products includes considerable dupli- cation, due to the fact that most of the button blanks, backs, and parts, made by establishments engaged primarily in their manufacture, were utilized as ma- terials by establishments manufacturing the finished button. The actual value of products of the button industry is most nearly represented by the value of the complete buttons manufactured, which amounted to $34,556,797 in 1919. States, ranked by value of products.—New York, as shown by Table 2, was, preeminently, the leading state in 1919, as it has been for a number of preceding cen- suses. In 1919 this state reported 42.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners and 44.7 per cent of the total value of products. New Jersey, second in impor- tance, contributed only 16.5 per cent and 16.8 per cent, respectively, of these two items. The industry is strongly centralized in the four adjoining states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- vania, with a total value of products of $29,993,696, or 71.7 per cent of the total for the industry. Some of the states (Arkansas, Kansas, Michigan, New Hampshire, West Virginia, and Wisconsin), for which data can not be given without disclosing the operations of individual establishments, ranked higher than a number of those presented in the table. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an esti- mate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures by states will be found in Table 13. Wage earners, by months.—As shown by Table 4, the number of wage earners employed in the industry month by month ranged from a maximum of 16,876 in November to a minimum of 14,594 in April, the minimum number being equivalent to 86.5 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given separately for all states reporting over 350 wage earners while for the United States the number of males and females is also shown. The table shows a number of states which employed a large proportion of female wage earners. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 19.9 per cent were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week as against 68 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and "Over 60" groups constituted 10.4 per cent of the total wage earners, as compared with 6.5 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Analysis of Table 6 discloses the significant fact that 255 establishments, or 45.8 per cent of the total, employed fewer than six wage earners each, while only 499, or 3.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners, were employed therein. On the other hand, the establishments emplo}nng an average of more than 100 wage earners comprised only 6.5 per cent of the total number of establishments but em- ployed 50.6 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" con- stituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was subdivided into "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of establishments and value of products nave been compiled, however, from the returns of 1914. The table, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of average number of wage earners and value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in 'table 7 show the degree of concentration (936) BUTTONS. 937 of production in large establishments. In 1919 the groups "$500,000 to $1,000,000" and "$1,000,000 and over" included 19 establishments, or 3.4 per cent of the total number for the industry; employed 5,422 wage earners, or 34.8 per cent of the total average number; and reported products to the value of $16,729,971, or 40 percent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 8 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Though corporations owned only 30 per cent of the total number of establishments of the industry in 1919, they employed 75.5 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 74.3 per cent of the value of products. During the five-year period 1914-1919 the average number of wage earners in cor- porations increased 1,739, or 17.4 per cent, and the value of products $16,583,316, or 114.2 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 1,803 horsepower, or 12.5 per cent. This increase was wholly due to rented power, which shows an in- crease of 47272 horsepower, or 98.4 per cent, while owned power decreased 2,469 horsepower, or 32.5 per cent, during the rive-year period. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the principal kinds of fuel used by the industry in 1919 and 1914. In 1914 gasoline and other volatile oils were included in the total for fuel oils. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909. 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members., Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages 1919 557; 17,758; 575; 1,606 15,577' 16,201 529,977.. 973 17,121,927 3,349,328 13,772,599 Paid for contract work j 338,209 Rent and taxes :1, 188, 560 Cost of materials I 16,745,357 Value of products i 41,840,459 Value added b v manufacture 4 .. I 25,095,102 1914 517: 16,296 j 536 1,249: 14.511! |519,075,374 '$15, 075, 650, 424, 83, 427, 702, 711, 009, 236 837 399 933 | 198 j 200! 979 i: 779 | I 1909 444: 18,004: 519 1,058! 16,427 I 12,831 j 640,152! I 088,394 | 299,217 I 789,177 I i 266,984 270,374 541,291 70S,065 166, 774 1904 275 11,637 302 768 10,567 i 6,9S2 1899 238 9,291 267 339 6,655 4,165 18S9 106 <2"> r-) (*) 3,831 1,680 1879 124; (2) <2) (M 5,825; 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1&S9- 1879- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 18S9 $7,783,900 m, 212,568 $3,089,265 -*2,013,350 i 4,391,669 | 711,473 1 3,680,196! 30,638 * 149,887 4,144,446! 11,133,769! 3,122,596 296,358 2,826,238 88,040 » 98, 715 1,673.876 (2) (*) (2) (2) 2,803,246 I 1,551,603 "695,910 ! 4,216,795 1,645,130 '< (*)! s i 1,792,891 4,449,542 j 9.0 7.3 28.6 7.3: 12.5 57.2 112.0 102.9 114.4! 303.0 178.2 i 92.4 I 102.0! 6,989,323 i 4,892,664 ! 2,665,192 ' 2,656,651; 109.0 • 16.4: -9.5! 3.3; 18.1 i -11.7 i2.2 22.0; -0.2 27.1 l -5.4; -68.6 58.0 i -8.8 j -S.8; —8.8! 61.5 54.7 71.9 37.8 55.5 S3.8 100.9 84. 2 82.6 S4.5 15.5 I 121.5 25.3! 13.1 I 126.5! 21.7 | 126.7 67.6 I S4.8 | i 40.6 j 140.1 30. 2! 147.9 36.4 86.5 130.2 i 104.0 - 88.4 I 47. s; 44.7! 42,9! 80.7 i 82.5 i 83.6 53.4 1.7 -13.5 -5.2 0.3 i 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. «Figures not available. s Exclusive of internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BT MANUFACTURE. ■ j Num-!; ber of" | p i Amount ■ (ex- ipresssd Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. Amount Per i (ex- pressed cent w!! nZ- ! & dis- ber. bu- ll j tion. 13 thou- ^ j!sands). tliou- 5 i| sands). tri- • bu- | t tion. j >j United States. 557 ; 15,577 :100-0 .... iS41,S40 100.0 .... ^25,095 100.0 New York 243 i 6,56S j 42.2 New Jersey 70 f 2,570 16.5 1 :j 18,698 44.7 16.8 13.4 5.5 4.7 2. 5 £4 1 11,216 44.7! l 16.0' 2 12.5 | 3 2 \ 7.021 2 4,022 Iowa I 77 | 2.091 13.4 3 ■} 5,615 3 3,139 Pennsylvania... 24'l: 807 1 5.2 4' 2,319 4 i! 1.356 5.4 j 4 5.2 j 5 Connecticut ' 16 'i 76$ 4.9 5 1 1.956 6;; 1,030 7; 1,018 5 1,291 Illinois | 33 i! 452 2.9 6 634 2.5! 7 3.0 j 6 Massachusetts..' 17 385 i 2.5 7 756 Num- ber of estab- lish-' raents. WAGE EARNERS. Per I Aver- cent' age dis- num- tri ber. bu- tion. v.\lue CF PRODUCTS. Amount! Per 1 (ex- ;cent! i pressed j dis- til j tri-; 'thou- I bn- I' ; sands.) j tion. j VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). Per cent dis- tri- bu-; tion. — — — . ■ —. Indiana 14 261 1.7 9 408 1.0 11 237 i 0.9! 11 Missouri 9 235 1.5 11 395 0.9 12 232 0.9 i 12 Ken tuck v 5 99 0.6 15! 196 0.5 14 113! 0.5 15 Ohio 6 114 0.7 14 192 0.5 15 117 i 0.5 1 14 Rhode Island... 3 33 0.2 20 104 0.2 16 56: 0.2 1 17 Minnesota 5 54 0.3 17 88 0.2 IS 51 0.2; 18 California 7 , 34 0,2 19 66 0.2 20 50 i 0.2! 19 Washington 3' 5 C1) 22 15 0) 21 U CM 21 All other states..1 25 1,101 7.1 2,719 6.5 .... 1,814 7. 2 ... 1 Less than one-tenth oX 1 per cent. 938 MANUFACTURES. Table 3.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Cen- sus year. Total, li Male. All classes !1919 i 1914 | 1909 Proprietors and officials ', 1919 ; 1914 | 1909 1919 1914 I 1909 Salaried officers of corporations...; 1919 1 1914 Proprietors and firm members. 17,758 16,296 IS,004 1,217 9-18 849 Superintendents and managers. 1909! 1919 1914 1909 575 536 519 269 192 130 373 220 200 I 11,020 ! 10,584 j 11,301 1,147 911 S14 549 511 498 254 185 125 344 215 191 Fe- male. 6,738 5,712 6,703 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 62.1 64.9 62.8 94.2 96.1 95.9 95.5 95.3 96.0 94.4 96.4 96.2 92.2 97.7 95.5 Fe- male. 37.9 35.1 37.2 5.8 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.0 5.6 3.6 3.8 7.8 2,3 4,5 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- i sus j year. f919 964 1914 837 1909 728 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 15,577 14,511 16,427 15,298 14,243 15,855 279 26S 572 Male. 471 527 449 9,402 9,146 10,038 9,308 9,029 9,853 94 117 185 Fe- male. 493 310 279 6,175 5,365 6,389 5,990 5,214 6,002 185 151 387 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- 'male. 18.9 63.0 61.7 60.4 63.0 61.1 60.8 63.4 62.1. 33.7 43 7 j 32.3 i 51.1 37.0 38.3 39.6 37.0 38.9 39.2 36.6 37.9 66.3 56.3 67.7 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females. 1914 1909 i Aver- age ! num- | ber em - 1 ployed ! during j year. 15,577 9,402 6,175 14,511 16,427 Connecticut Illinois Iowa Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.. States showing large proportion of females. 768 452 2,091 385 2,570 6,568 807 Connecticut :355 Iowa i 768 New Jersey j 824 New York ;3,104 Pennsylvania '292 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRFSINTATIVE DAY. Janu- Febru- ary, j ary. March. 14,839 | 9,029 1 6,810 j 16,451 j 15,362 15,051 9,092 5,959 16,832 16,042 I 14,878 I 8,975 5,903 16,689 16,356 741 462 2,040 320 2,840 6.037 813 338 733 735 I 2,896 i 331 I 725 m 2,070 329 2,345 6,301 852 333 i 776! 722 j 3,015 349 741 406 2,145 349 2,399 6,319 748 347 783 760 3,012 April. 14,594 8,723 5,871 15,874 16,281 756 448 1,976 362 2,436 6,304 744 361 758 758 2,990 267 May. 14,659 8,692 5,967 14,733 16,320 766 447 1,939 377 2,497 6,367 765 759 817 3,022 267 15,049 8,966 6,083 13,960 16,400 755 434 1,959 389 2,567 6,463 357 742 833 3,100 285 Julv. 15,663 9,248 6,415 12,482 15,965 August. 16,238 9,761 6,477 12,^24 16,022 770 418 1,983 422 2,639 6,758 819 361 766 852 3,262 300 785 445 2,030 408 2,712 7,000 845 370 730 870 3,249 309 Sep- tember 15,886 9,612 6,274 13,181 16,478 805 455 2,005 404 2,689 6,774 754 374 711 876 3,144 271 Octo- ber. 16,333 9,927 6,406 13,790 17,108 794 468 2,164 417 2,700 6,860 833 356 783 878 3,182 296 Novem-I ber. Decem- ber. 16,876 10,297 6,579 13,801 17,149 799 491 2,284 425 2,764 7,016 855 356 818 896 3,295 294 16,858 10,502 6,356 13,915 17,641 779 546 2,497 418 2,752 6,617 853 341 857. 891 3,081 273 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 88.3 73.8 87.1 90.1 74.0 77.7 75.3 84.7 86.0 87.0 "Per ct. av. is of state. 46." 2 36. 7 32.1 47.3 36.2 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United Statas ^ - Connecticut Illinois Iowa • - - Massachusetts - • New Jersey - New York. Pennsylvania Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 15,577 14,511 16,427 768 1,063 2,091 2,406 385 485 2,570 1,773 6,568 5,223 807 1,154 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and under. 1,901 ?> 3) (») (a) 40 (3) 1,587 (3) 27 (3) Between 44 and 48. 8 (') (3) (3) 109 (3) (3) 4,719 k 388 211 Between 48 and 54. 3,880 2,506 934 106 67 90 974 74 2,421 194 275 72 170 55 182 615 362 199 40 1,057 59 1,632 852 587 54. Between 54 and 60. 1,475 5,130 1,736 333 664 28 380 361 165 168 3,273 391 149 2,442 4,97S 10,306 593 834 824 138 1,472 301 902 19 279 1,004 1,508 2,960 45 281 102 553 350 2 31 137 Over 60. 4 1 280 »Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909 * Corresponding figures not available. BUTTONS. 939 Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES; 1919. United States 1919 1914 Connecticut Illinois Iowa.... Massachusetts.. New Jersey New York Pennsylvania.. a 557 517 16 33 77 17 70 243 24 sa 15,577 14,511 768 452 2,091 385 2,570 6,568 807 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 212 213 6 10 28 7 19 115 7 499 528 15 17 70 20 41 261 20 3 3 j=> a C3 © 147 117 i u 1101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. is a 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. mi to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. 1,879 1 1,304 | 80 2,552 2,970 19 | 159; 294 42 333 1 580! 113! 3 13 26 174 105 282 103 3S1 848 134 39; 2,766 45 3,238 28 j 23! 4,311 i 3,539 £5 1,956 2,355 .a so "5 © 2 1,614 1 577 1! 80; 11 194 1! 2S6! 3; 171! 5 | 367; 7 \ 1,078 i 3! 220 ; i , 9 704 , 5! 756; 1! 355 11 771 10 i 1, 518 I 3 976! 2 1,614 2 149 3 j 391 1 ..; Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes. Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000and over... NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. 1919 1914 ~~w 557 122 169 162 162 181 144 73 38 16 4 3 120; 145! 121 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1914 VALUE OF PRODUCTS VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1909 1919 1909 444 j 15,577; 14,511 j 16,427 jj $41,840,459 $20,711,979 $22,708,085 : $25,095,102 §12,009,779 $13,166,' } M !!u} 138 68-4 3,650 5,683 j 3,514 \ 1,908; 294; 1,488 5,133 j 7,596! 250 1,312 4,801 10,064 327,207 1,674,282 S, 29R, 406 14,810,593 11,802,287 4,927, £84 412.654 1,736', 146 6,196,609 9, 350,072 3, 016,49S 299,831 1,537,671 5.653,390 244,624 1,109', 907 5,0o9,497 290, 533 1,119, 357 3, 613,0S1 } 15,217.173 { } 8,986,808 8, 211,923 993,337 3,430,368 531,146 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20.000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to 8500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... 100.0 100.0 100.0! 100.0 \ 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ; ioo.o 100.0 21.9 j 32.7 29.1 31.3 32.5! 27.9 13.1 i 7.3 2.9 1 0.8 0.5 1.5 | 0.8 2.0! 1.3 | 1.0! 2.4 1.6 S.0'! 4.0 8.4 6.8! 4.4! 9.3 7.6 27.0 32.7 27.3 0.9 4.4 2.0 10.3 35.4 23.4 if 36.5 i\ 22.6 29.2! 19.8 29.9' 24.9 20.2 30.1 2fi. 0 } 13.0 } 52.3 61.3 ;{ tl Si!} «■<>!{ il:} \ 11.8 j 1 11.2 1 12.2 ! 1 Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919 AND 1914. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual Corporation All other Census year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 557 517 255 235 167 145 135 137 Averaec j number j Value of ofwaee; products, earners.1 15,577 14:511 $41,840,459 20,711,979 2,130 2,308! 5.849,799 3,011.907 11,760! 31,108,265 10,021! 14,524,949 1,687: 4,SS2,395 2,182 i 3,175,123 Value added by manufac- ture. $25,095,102 12,009,779 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Census Year. 3,430,573 , 1,887,155: 18,779,195 1 8,412,066 2,8S5,334; 1,710,558; Per cent of total:' Individual 1919 ! 1914 Corporation 1919 1914 Allother \ 1919 : 1914 estab- lish- ments. nurnbe of wage earners. 45.8 4 5.5 30.0 i 2&0 | 24,2 26.5 13.7 15.9 69. 1 10. S 15.0 Value of products. 14.0 14.5 74.3 70.1 11. 7 15.3 Value added by manufac- ture. 13.7 15. 7 74. 8 70.0 11. 5 14. 2 940 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 Primary power, total.. 1,104 Owned Steam i Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines. Water wheels and turbines... Rented Electric. Other... 142 65 64 1 71 962 962 Electric Rented Generated by establishments reporting.. 962 37 1914 734 (2) 200 97 534 534 650 534 "4 1909 505 (2) (2) 216 110 2S9 289 362 289 73 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 16,201 7,5S9 6,275 5,975 300 1,047 267 8,612 8,117 495 8,715 8,117 1914 14,398 10,058 8,838 (2) (*) 826 394 4,340 3,951 1909 12,831 9,235 7,602 8 783 850 3,596 2,833 763 5,016 3,951 1,065 3,416 2,833 583 Per cent distribution. 1919 I 1914 I 1909 ioo.o! 100.0 46.8 38.7! 36.9; 1.9; 6.5 | 1.6 j 53.2 i 50.1! 3.1 61.4 5.7 2.7 30.1 27.4 2.7 100. 0 i 93.1 6.9 100.0 78.8 21.2 100.0 72.0 59.2 28.0 22.1 5.9 100.0 82.9 17.1 'Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED: 1919 AND 1914. 2 Not reported separately. 1919 i 1914 QUANTITY. Coal Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds).. Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds) Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds) .54,961 7,094 47,867 I 188 50,445 9,763 40,682* 53 Fuel oils (barrels). Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). Gas (1,000 cubic feet) 1919 191 625 7,005 795 29,576 31, 492 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. SPECIAL Products, classified according to kind and to materials used.—Certain additional detailed information con- cerning the quantity and value of products for the industry was collected by means of supplemental schedules, data for which are presented in Table 11. Plain and fancy buttons for fastenings and for orna- mentation are manufactured in all sizes and styles and from many kinds of materials. In 1919, as in 1914, STATISTICS. buttons made from u pearl or shell" were first in impor- tance, measured by value of products and quantity produced, representing 42.7 per cent and 43.3 per cent, respectively, of the total for the industry. During the five-year period 1914-1919 there was an increase of 10.7 per cent in the total quantity, while the value of all buttons manufactured increased 114.3 per cent. Table 11.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919 AND 1914. Products, total value 1. Buttons Bone.... Celluloid, plastic Collar and cuff Glass Horn Metal (not including trouser, or collar and cuff)— Dress or uniform AH other 1919 *914 Quantity (gross). Value. 'Quantity ; (gross). Value. ! $41,840,459 $20,711,979 68,981, 823 34, 656,797 62,318, 824 16,121,873 2,170,800 2,210,181 974,140 570,949 2, 574, 822 509,165 3,323,148 80,114 2,198,946 623,169 329,934 724,354 56,251 100,201 299, 487 260,948 1,110,957 1,771,053 217,224 ; 537,096 338,026 433,341 433, 888 183, 093 257, 823 1 614,740 283, 352 172,133 Buttons—Continued. Pearl or shell— Fresh-water Ocean Shoe Covered Trouser Ivory or vegetable ivory (not including trouser).... O thors, not specified.. Parts of buttons Blanks or molds Snap fasteners and clasps2 All other products 1919 1914 Quantity (gross). Value. Quantity (gross). V alue. 23,969,125 5, 892,344 5, 295,169 2, 871,986 8,113,327 8,199,639 6, 564,105 632,217 1,769,162 2, 811,991 21,664,436 4,516,969 4,879,844 2, 489,364 610,796 1,600,178 2,337,059 15,520,037 3,017, 436 6,694,795 7, 835,296 5,732,317 7,676,455 1,001,915 3,221,163 1, 463,937 1,842,760 396,160 3, 554,122 13,092,734 377,768 1,069,705 3,091,971 193,054 2,928,932 388,201 14,304,148 1,169,046 111,325 2,349,406 411,385 1,717,990 1 In addition, in 1919, buttons to the value of $1,147,693 were manufactured by establishments engaged primarily in other industries; and, in 1914, to the value of $-182,061. ? In 1919 approximately 2,122,000 great gross of snap fasteners were reported by manufacturers of needles, pins, and hooks and eyes, and, in 1914, 260,000 great gross. BUTTONS. 941 GENEBA1 TABLES. Table 12 gives, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the button industry. Table 13 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail foi the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 12.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Wage Cost of Value! j Wage Cost of Value STATE. Cen- sus Num- ber of estab- earners (aver- age Pri- mary horse- Wages. mate- rials. of prod- ucts, j STATE. Cen- sus 1 Num- ; ber of ! estab- earners (aver- age Pri- mary horse- Wages. mate- rials. ofprod- ucts. year. lish- ments. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands.; year. ! lish- ments. num- ber). power. Expressed in thousands. United States 1919 557 15,577 16,201 $13,773 316,745 $41,840 Missouri 1919 ! • 235 2S7 S176 S163 $395 1914 517 14, 511 14,398 6,424 8,702 20,712 1914 9 282 295 87 108 257 1909 444 16,427 12,831 6,789 9, 541 22,708 1909 | 10 362 232 108 87 266 California 1919 7 34 23 27 16 66 New Jersey 1919 ! 70 2,570 2,528 2,402 3,000 7,021 1914 9 32 33 13 14 49 1914 i 60 1,773 1,912 856 1,077 2.509 ! 1909 | 64 2,261 1,232 913 1,183 2,750 Connecticut 1919 16 768 1,154 654 664 1,956! ! 1914 18 1,063 882 492 613 1,498 i New York 1919 \ 243 6,568 6,262 5,349 7,4S2 18,698 1909 20 1,057 1,673 465 735 1,635 [ 1914 j 224 5.223 4,449 2,251 3,224 7,821 1919 33 452 393 357 397 1,030 1909 | 165 6,126 3,911 2,462 4,168 9,373 1914 31 696 476 324 305 765! 1919 '6 114 93 83 75 162 1909 28 548 275 247 237 676 ) 1914 ! 9 157 107 64 68 156 1919 14 261 267 170 172 408 i 1909 5 151 73 55 30 114 1914 12 284 164 106 95 234; 1919 24 807 789 1,613 962 2,319 1909 5 170 88 61 28 117: 1914 21 1,154 1,318 477 867 1,741 1919 77 2,091 2,340 1,519 2,477 5,615 1909 1 24 1 123 858 404 746 1,565 1914 81 2,406 3,086 1,009 1,473 3,255 j 1919 1,292 1,583 1,112 1,075 3,122 1909 70 3,172 2,809 1,412 1,414 4,035! 1914 29 956 1,062 515 582 1,699 1 1909 41 798 782 361 504 1,199 Massachusetts 1919 17 385 482 311 262 1,018; 1914 14 485 614 230 276 728! 1909 12 659 898 301 409 978 \ 942 MANUFACTURES. Table 13.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States. California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri New Jersey. New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Washington All other states 3. Num- ber of | lestab- lish- Imentsl 557 7 16 33 14 77 5 17 5 9 70 243 6 24 3 3 25 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 17,758 45 89S 524 306 2,347 112 438 63 265 2,789 7,667 125 904 40 10 1,225 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 575 7 17 35 27 77 4 17 6 5 60 272 3 24 3 5 13 Sala- ried offi- cers, I super- in- tend-1 ents, and man- agers 642 3 48 25 15 83 5 18 2 14 94 243 5 36 2 49 Clerks, etc. Male. 471 43 250 1 26 2 32 Fe- male. 493 1 34 6 1 34 2 13 3 22 334 2 30 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 15,577 34~ 768 452 261 2,091 99 385 54 235 2,570 6,568 114 807 33 5 1,101 Number, 15th day of- Maxlmum month. No 16,876 Api Se De De De No No De Ja No No Ja No My (a) 35 S05 546 318 2,497 131 425 82 317 2,764 7,016 139 855 39 5 Minimum month. Ap 14,594 No i 32 Fe 725 404 209 Fe My My Ja Ja Ap My Ja Ja My No (2) 1,939 68 320 31 179 2,340 6,037 65 744 28 5 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Total. 17,398 35 786 551 313 2,575 128 420 309 2,725 6,994 145 927 29 5 1,373 16 and over. Male. 10,615 9 417 387 294 1,686 110 204 78 274 1,823 3,686 127 557 18 945 Fe- male. 6,475 306 159 19 801 18 201 5 34 865 3,239 18 347 10 5 422 Under 16. Male. 110 Fe- Imale. Capital. EXPENSES. Salaries and \ Officials. $29,977,973 81,272 2,128,349 604,965 256,676 4.795,360 135,329 786,188 70,798 309,397 3,933,849 11,487,051 182,125 1,553, 839 89,363 4,610 3,558,802 $1,993,965 Clerks, etc. $1,355,363 3,600 140,821 56,058 16,608 239,687 14,833 47,263 2,598 20,370 346,212 775,578 7,094 202,657 4,160 720 85,969 26,865 1,300 159.925 10,115 15,614 4,346 89,340 795,054 3,679 52,548 2,850 116,426 i 107,038 expenses—continued. United States. California Connecticut IDinois Indiana Iowa KentufJry Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri j .. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Washington All other states 8... $13,772, 599 Salaries and wages—Con, Wage earners. 26,969 654,295 357,257 170,192 1,519,448 I 131,538 59,629! 1,041 310,997 | 2,277 43, 505 For contract work. $338,209 10,051 3,320 3.640 175,833 I 356 2,402,0C»1 | 16,059 5,349,264 I 154,125 82,693! 1,612,661! 16,855 j 3,972 4,757 773 96 10,176 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $452,104 5, 820 7,549 14,430 617 16,153 850 9,402 250 2,125 87,466 264,172 1,445 32,205 4, 816 510 4,294 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $736,456 $16,062,931 232 95,879 4,899 1,042 63,696 1.935 7,145 799 2,841 123, 853 280,190 967 84,624 566 3 67,785 For materials. Principal materials. 14,785 624,228 384,297 160,868 2,411, 221 79,145 239,540 35,588 154,896 2, 898,651 7,196,092 72, 503 935,110 42,760 3,531 809,716 Fuel and rent of power. $682,426 i 1,227| 40,254 12,603 11, 069 65,567 4,480 22,701 1,336 7,954 100,888 285,588 2,257 27,071 5,543 36 93,847 Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. $41,840,459 |$25,095,102 66,102 1, 955,701 1,030,452 408,457 5,615,465 196,284 1,017,929 88,251 395. 263 7,021,472 18,697,967 191,614 2,318,556 103,876 14 953 2, 718,107 50,090 1,291,219 633,552 236,520 3,138,677 112,659 755, 688 61,337 232, 413 4, 021, 933 11,216,287 116,854 1,356,375 55,668 11,386 1,814,544 Primary horsepower. Total. 16,201 23 1,154 393 267 2,340 91 482 287 2, 528 6,262 93 789 32 1 1,411 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 5,975 390 195 110 1,595 63 250 215 1,260 1,505 25 250 117 I. Steam tur- bines. Inler- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 300 63 53 36 137 30 225 294 25 29 155 Wa- ter pow- er.* 267 267 Rent- ed.* 8,612 I 23 434 145 121 28 232 42 1,043 4,463 43 210 32 1 1,139 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 12 *29 7 4 135 55 356 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 3 Same number reported throughout the year. » All other states embrace: Arkansas, 6 establishments; Kansas, 2; Louisiana, 1; Maine, 2; Michigan, 5; New Hampshire, 1; Oklahoma, 1: Tennessee 1* Texas 2- West Virginia. 1; Wisconsin, 3. '' '*' < Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). *Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND SUPPLIES. GENEEAL General character of the industry.—This industry covers the manufacture of machinery, apparatus, and supplies for use in the generation, transmission, or utilization of electric energy. In addition to genera- tors, transformers, motors, switchboards, and bat- teries, for its generation, regulation, application, and storage, the general utilization of electricity for supplying power, transportation, light, heat, etc., in- volves the use of a vast variety of electrical manu- factures, such as insulated wire and cables, starting and controlling apparatus, telephone and telegraph (including radio) apparatus, incandescent and arc lamps, household and industrial apparatus, electric measuring instruments, and other apparatus, devices, and supplies. Statistics of electric lighting fixtures made in establishments engaged primarily in their man- ufacture are not included in this, report, but are shown separately in the general report on manufactures. Comparative summary.—In Table 1 are summarized the more important data for establishments engaged in this industry, presenting statistics for each census since 1879, with percentages of increase or decrease for each five-year period. With few exceptions, in- creases are noticeable at each succeeding census, the only decreases shown being in the period 1909 to 1914, in the items, "proprietors and firm members" and "contract work/' both of which have little sig- nificance. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, are due in a large measure to conditions brought about by the World War, when high wages and prices affected practically every industry in the country. A truer in- dex to conditions is to be found in the increase in the average number of wage earners and primary horse- power utilized. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the large increase in "Rent and taxes/' Contract work, or work performed by employees other than those in the plants reporting, has little significance, since it represents merely the methods of manufacture used by establishments, which vary from year to year. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—New York, as shown by Table 2, is the leading state in the manufacture of electrical machinery, a position it also held at the censuses of 1914, 1909, and 1904. Ohio is second, having advanced from sixth place since 1914. This state made greater strides in the industry during the period 1914-1919 than any other state, its prod- ucts advancing from $36,120,978 in 1914 to $156,924,- 143 in 1919, equivalent to an increase of 334.4 per cent. Altogether, 42 states, including the District of Colum- bia, reported establishments belonging to this classifica- STATISTICS. tion, but an idea of how the industry is centralized may be seen from the fact that 6 states. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois, and Massachusetts, together produced 80,3 per cent of the total value of products reported by the industry, and employed 78.1 per cent of tht? total number of wage earners. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by sex, for 1919, was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the dis- tribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate, ob- tained by the method described in the ''Explanation of terms." Figures by states will be found in Table 26. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 show the regularity of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with existing industrial conditions during the census year reported. The number employed in the industry during 1919 ranged from a maximum of 241,640 in December to a mini- mum of 196,418 in May, the minimum number being equivalent to SI.3 per cent of the maximum. Figures for the principal states are given separately for 1919, while, for the United States, totals are given for 1909 and 1914, and a segregation of sex for 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 29.3 per cent of the wage earners were reported as being employed less than 54 hours per week, as against 84 per cent in 1919. In 1914 wage earners working over 54 hours per week constituted 37.8 per cent of the total, as compared with 10.8 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Analysis of Table 6 discloses the significant fact that in 1919, 418 estabhshments, or 29.S per cent of the total, employed less than 6 wage earners each, while only 1,087, or one-half of 1 per cent of the total niimber of wage earners, were employed therein. On the other hand, the class "Over 1,000," comprising 37 establishments, employed 53.5 per cent of the total number of wage earners, illustrating the extent of man- ufacturing operations in a few large establishments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1909 and 1914, estabhshments with products ranging in total value from "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, while in 1919 this group was subdivided into groups of "$100,000 to $500,000" and "$500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the number of estabhshments and the value of products have been compiled, however, from the 1914 reports. Table 7, therefore, gives combined figures for all items (943) 944 MANUFACTURES. for 1909, and, in the case of average number of wage earners, the value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in the table show the degree of concen- tration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the group "$1,000,000 and over" included 182 estab- lishments, or 13 per cent of the total number for the industry, employed 79.7 per cent of the total number of wage earners, and reported 82.1 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 8 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 75.9 per cent of the total number of establishments reporting, employed 98.7 per cent of the wage earners, and reported 98.6 per cent of the total value of products. During the period 1914-1919 the average number of wage earners employed by cor- porations increased by 94,619, or 82.2 per cent, and the value of products $657,122,181, or 201.3 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an increase of 211,108 horsepower in the industry, due in a large measure to the gain in the use of rented power, which increased by 160,475 horsepower, or 211.5 per cent. Owned power increased by 50,633 horsepower, or 33.3 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914, and also gives separately the amounts consumed in states requiring considerable quantities of fuel for manufac- turing purposes. Anthracite coal is naturally con- sumed in the Eastern states, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania together using 88.9 per cent of the total amount reported. New York was also the largest consumer of bituminous coal and coke. Massachu- setts led in the consumption of fuel oils, also gasoline and other volatile oils. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries . ■ Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal rev- enue) ■ Cost of materials Value of products* • Value added by manufacture6 1919 1914 1909 1,404; 271,912| 473 i 59,065! 212,374 , 438,839) 227,731 $857,855,496 $355,724,756 1,030 144,712 368 26,266 118,0781 336,369,291 08,180,439 238,188,852 1,218,203 46, 357,187 425,098,211 997,968,119 572,869,908 109,097,610 35,291,281 73,806,329 290,889 3,286,870 164,728,076 335,170,194 180,442,118 1,009 105,600 439 17,905 87,256 , 158,768 |$267,844,432 69,574,540 20,193,395 49,381,145 368,049 1,962,722 108,566,404 221,308,563 112,742,159 1904 784 71,455 400 10,619 60,466 105,376 |$174,066,026 42,932,406 11,090,885 31,841,521 266,410 »1,334,837 66,836,926 140,809,369 73,972,443 1S99 581| (3) (3) 5,067 42,013 43,674 [$83,659,924 25,210,917 4,631,723 20,579,194 (») (3) 49,458,272 92,434,435 42,976,163 1889 8,802 7,494 [$18,997,337 5,366,188 (a) 8,819,498 19,114,714 10,295,216 1879 76 . (2> 509,758 6.83,164 (2) (2) , 1,116,4701 2,655,0361 1,538,566 PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 36.3 87.9 28.5 124.9 79.9 92.7 141.2 208. 3 178.2 222.7 318.8 1,310.4 174.7 197.7 217.5 1909- 1914 2.1 37.01 -16.2| 46.7 35.3 43.4 32.8 56.8 74.8 49.5 -21.0 67.5 42.5 51.4 60.0 1904- 1909 28.7 47.7 9.8 68.6 44.3 50.7 53.9 62.1 82.1 55.1 38.2 47.0 62.4 57.2 52.4 1899- 1904 34.9 109. 43.9| 141.3 108.1 70.3 139.5 54.7 35.1 52.3 72.1 1889- I 1879- 1899 i 1889 377.31. 340.4 1,158.3 369.8 685. 5 460.8j 383.6 317.4 619.9 569.1 1A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. * Figures not available. » Exclusive of internal revenue. * In addition, electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies to the value of $65,558,178, in 1919; $24,261,961, in 1914; $18,728,916, in 1909; $18,742,033, in 1904; and $13 397 430 in 1899, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. ''' 6 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. United States.. New York... Ohio Pennsylvania New Jersey Illinois Massachusetts Connecticut Indiana Michigan Wisconsin.. Missouri ..... California Rhode Island...... Minnesota I New Hampshire... Num- ber of I estab- lish, Imentsl 1,404 255 189 1295 105] 161 110 54 47 54 43 35 73 13 20 7 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 212,374 37,598 26,672 24,228 26,135 27,290 23,889 11,403 11,756 4,190 5,875 6,367 2,008 1,5131| 942' 425 Per cent distri-| bu- tton. 100.0 17.7 12.6 11.4 12.3 12.9 11.2 5.4 6.5 2.0 2.8 3.0 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 value or PRODUCTS. Amount! (ax- in thou- sands). $997,968 179,973 156,924 132,674 120,341 119,528 91.939 51,911 41,594 25,026 23,636 22,008 11,368 7,567 4,364 1,464 Per cent distri- bu- tion. 100.0 18.0 15.7 13,3 12.1 12.0 9.2 5.2 4.2 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 $572,870 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount! (ex- in thou- sands). Per cent distri- bu- tion. 106,133 84,627 81,316 61,359 67,902 60,102 25,470 20,784 15,990 14,268 13,845 6,338 4,440 2,321 821 100.0 18.5 14.8 14.2 10.7 11.9 10.5 5.0 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.4 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 Num- ber oil estab-| Hsb, mental Kentucky Washington North Carolina Maryland Nebraska Iowa Tennessee... Texas Louisiana Colorado Oregon All other states.... WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age- num- ber. 255 190 270 137 88 82 52 33 32 38 20 Per cent distri- bu- tion. VALUE OF PRODUCTS, Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $1,137 1,067 663 523 420 280 185 175 154 139 103 2,815 Per cent [distri-| bu- tton. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount] (ex- pressed in thou- sands). Per cent distri-| bu- tton, $583 0.1 421 0.1 308 0,1 366 0.1 2071 ft Hlj M 115 V1) 83; (i) 98 82 m 65 (i) 1,685 0.3 * Less than ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND SUPPLIES. 945 Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes., Proprietors and officials. Proprietors and firm members . Salaried officers of corporations; Cen-; sus j Total, year. I I 1919 271,912 1914 144,712 1909 1OS, 600 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 , 1919 1914 1909 Superintendents and managers; 1919 I 1914 • 1909 11,174 4,240 4,121 473 368 439 1, 882 1,165 997 8,819 2,713 2,685 Male. 196,023 114,742 81,616 10, 853 4,164 4,055 461 357 428 1,825 1,129 979 8,567 2,678 2,648 Fe- male. 75, .889; 29,970! 23,984 i 321 82 66 12 11 11: 57 I 36 IS 1 252 35 37: PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 72.1 79.3 77.3 Fe- male. 27.9 20. 7 22.7 97.1 98.1 98.4 97.5 97.0 97. 5 97.0 96.9 98.2 97.1 98.7 98.6 2.9 1.9 1.6 2.5 I 3.0 j o r I 3.0 I Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 48,364 22,388 14,223 212,374 118,078 87,256 1919 j 210,421 1914 | 117,364 1909; 86,453 1919 1914 1909 1,953 714 803 Male. Fe- male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. 29,233 | 19.131 !j 60.4 16,325! 6,063 I 72,9 10,431 | 3,792 j! 73.3 1-55,937 ■ 56,437 j 94.253 i 23,825' 67,130 j 20,126 I 73.4 79.8 76.9 154,601 i 93.S36 66,622 1,336; 417 1 508 55,820: 23,525 J 19,831 i 617 297! 295! 73,5 80.0 77.1 58.4 58.4. 63.3 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] Average number employed during year. NDMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAT OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAT. Percent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. STATE. ! Septem- i ber. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. i May. i June. July. August. j Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. United States: : ! 1919 212,374 209,593 205,356 201, 393 198,316 ! 196,418 \ 198,071 204.160 : 212,354 ! 218,493 227,409 ! 235,255 241,640 81.3 Males 155,937 152, 763 150,069 147,042 146,084 ■ 145,070 s 145,752 150, .865 156,2(59 160,140 166, 730 i 172,299 178,161 81.4 56,437 1 56,830 55,287 54,351 52.232 ! 51,348 i 52.319 .53.295 56,055 5S.353 60,679 i 62.986 63,479 80.9 1914 118,078 128,766 126,610 126,240 123,742 120,956 1 118.743 116,340 i 115,347 113; 768 110,944 108;203 107, m 83.3 1909 87,256 ! 77,m 79,193 SO, 779 81,699 ; 83,229 j 85.117 $6,080 8S, 133 91, S22 95,496 ; 99,239 95,865 78.0 2,008 1.865 1,809 1,837 1,873 ! 1,803 j 1,804 2,031 2.107 2,054 2,275 1 2,328 2,2S0 77.4 Connecticut 11,403 10,529 10, 411 9, 759 9\ 648 : 10,168; 10, 797 11.442 Hi 706 12,21S 12,864 13,466 13,828 69.8 27, 290 26,772 25,804 £6,66d 25,705 1 25, .868: 26.046 26,241 27,346 28'129 29,117 29, .837 30,965 82.S Indiana 11,756 9,859 10,177 10,251 10,475 10.943 } 11.265 12,156 12,771 13^324 13,017 13.521 13,313 72.9 Massachusetts -23,889 22:102 22,543 21.716 21,582 22,019! 22.353 23.219 24,362 25.256 26;294 27; 198 25.024 77.0 4,190 3, 847 3,853 3, S45 5, 775 3,854; 3.92-S 4,050 4,369 4,493 4,697 4,908 4.661 76.9 942 916 925 971 918 918; 935 '9*28 924 940 ^954 967 1,005 9L1 Missouri 6,367 5,867 5,557 5,464 5,545 5,759; 6,1S4 6,493 6,779 6,720 7,182 7,360 7.694 69.6 New Jersey 26,135 28,285 27,542 26,708 25,963 25,651 I 24,484 34,299 24, 816 25,450 26, 061 26,690 27,641 85.9 New York 37,598 39.068 37,946 36,923 36.282 36,040 j 55,5S9 35,914 36.290 37.175 35, 630 40,036 41.333 86.0 Ohio 26,672 25,360 25,021 25,262 24, 841 22,900! 23,970 25.350 27, 47S 25,277 29.496 30,555 31, 551 72.6 Pennsylvania 24,228 25,060 24,293 23,551 22, 387 31,791 i 22, OSS 22,771 23,742 24,333 25; 795 27,105 27.817 75.3 Rhode" Island 1,513 ! 1,695 1,688 1,652 1,567 1,496 i 1,424 lt3A8 1,361 1, 392 1,452 1,513 1,568 79.5 5, 875 5,727 5,671 5,456 5,366 4,945 j 4,915 5 , 4 09 5, 839 6,200 6,872 6,951 7,119 69.0 States showing large proportion of Fer ct. female*. 3,438 1 of state. 4,036 3,643 3,539 3,149 5,078 3,922 4,115 4,203 4,4S5 4,832 4,997 5,031 35.4 Illinois 7,793 7, 861 7,44$ 7,338 7,343 7.401! 7,365 7,295 7, 745 8,016 8,319 8,556 8,829 25.6 Indiana 3,568 3,283 3,336 3, SSI 3,321 3,431 j 3,324 3, 519 3,803 3,914 | 3,821 3,992 3,791 30.4 5.994 5.669 5. 711 5.507 6, SOS 5.378! 5'. 501 5. 730 6.103 61393 6.707 6.958 6.968 25.1 Michigan 1,638 1, 4x82 1,488 1,502 i,W 1, 512 | 1,529 1,559 1,719 1,776 1,848 2,027 1,783 39.1 1,887 1,783 1,674 1.725 7,670 1,705 | 1,871 1,933 2,030 2,023 2,023 2,065 2.139 29.6 New Jersey 8, 817 9,723 9,566 9', 388 8,871 8,586 I 8.326 8,222 8 Jit 8,427 8.590 8,859 9,005 33.7 Ohio: 7, 341 7,231 7,142 7,529 6, 962 6,118 1 6,727 6, 737 7,494 7.841 7,955 8,131 8,222 27.5 j 111367—23 60 946 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. California Connecticut.... Illinois Indiana Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey— New York Ohio Pennsylvania-. Rhode Island.. Wisconsin Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 212,374 118,078 87,256 2,008 780 11,403 5,059 27,290 16,483 11,756 4,075 23,889 17,125 4,190 1,144 942 236 6,367 2,560 26,135 14,405 37,598 23,738 26,672 12,695 24,228 14,866 1,513 1,581 5,875 2,115 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and under. 19,533 (*) 1,005 (2) 704 (2) 1,227 (2) 133 250 39 2,643 (2) 10,747 (2) 736 (2) (2) 301 1,318 (a) Between 44 and 48. 7,722 (2) (2) 309 870 878 ! 658 (2) 4,394 (2) 126 (2) (2) (2) 362 41 (2) 48.1 98,016 4,078 1,114 336 224 2,385 4 17,856 352 7,666 1,025 19,380 637 453 73 14 19 992 329 13,479 262 12,816 6,336 657 12,491 60 14 2,951 Between 48 and 54. 53,203 30,529 13,909 656 152 1,628 695 5,639 14,680 117 3,060 2,205 2,461 118 404 76 1,806 424 4,298 3,638 9,672 3,828 10,998 3,850 458 1,154 34 1,0 56 54. 10,885 38,838 20,781 7 364 262 735 1,775 750 172 6 112 10,519 370 471 68 18 2,902 1,751 66 4,878 2,139 3,703 722 1,891 10,331 111 685 Between 54 and 60. 19,783 41,715 45,538 6,410 3,625 474 687 995 2,854 3,763 515 277 417 122 52 1,255 5,223 1,540 15,145 5,468 3,795 1,552 3,621 119 595 407 1,345 60. 3,028 i 2,899! 5,874 | Over 60. 204 19 40 32! 73 | 170! 1; 125: 205 |. 200 404 558 696 2,050 295 535 26 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. <£> ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. s Over 1,000 wage earners. STATE. 3 © wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. § 1 el Ii2 $4 I# © 12 © f2 II ■Ms © 2 ^§ © {2 * 2 ■ss *8 §1 WJ) !,645, ., 598, 3,602,741! 742,142 I 2,081,545 , 935. S74! 17,350,385 | 15,714,809: 147,965! 0) 2,248,375' 1,957,432 22,815,640 ; 14,259,357 I 4,04S,915 j 1,954,112 8,786,506 i 7.800,010! 22,260,847 S 6,092,343 | 2,710,935 1,574,422 114,795 6,953,205 1,111,194 15,863,69S 395,827 5,004,763 678,077 $ INT). 1919 Miscellaneous electrical machin- ery, apparatus, and supplies. Switchboards, panel boards, and cut-out cabinets for light and power Railway switches, signal?., and attachments Circuit breakers, oil Circuit breakers, air and carbon. Fuses, cut-outs, and fuse plugs. Insulators Sockets, receptacles, bases, and attachment plugs Wiring supplies (current car- rier) Lightning arresters, choke coils, reactors, and other protective devices Insulated wire Insulated cables, rubber insula- tion Insulated cables, paper insula- tion Pole-line hardware Circuit fittings, not elsewhere provided for Underground conduits Interior conduits Electric lighting fixtures of all kinds< Annunciators and push buttons. Electric clocks and time mech- anisms Bells, buzzers, and signal gongs. Therapeutic apparatus, includ- ing X-ray tubes All other electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies All other products Amount received for custom work and repairing $17,735,780 | $8,989,111 : $5,971,804 ! I' 4,466,611 2 6,393,551 \ * 5,377, 843 2,733,535 | '(*) ! (3) 1,301,911 , C3) (3) 7,895,098 | 1,757.430' 1,001,719 6, .504,147' (3/ , (?) 15,008,365 | 6,857,819 j 2,353,416 67,578,732 34,314,305 26,7S9,302 9,379,145 , 5,052,994 I S90,749! 18,375,880; 2,703,266 I 709,941: 1,797,909 i 3,616.281 5,512,609' (3) j 2,067,683; • 4,874,709 | 3,383,955 263,806; 410,774 e) \ 8,895,402 2,653,098 | 4,521,729 (3) 940,171 51,624,737 (3) 1,080,287 5,098,264 2,200,668 1 235,567! 352,513! (3); 1904 95,232,300 76,573,808! 27,276,294 17,951,652 27,106,016 I 5,676,592 I 107,85S 995,176 765,645 ?3,766,044 '1,451,337 (3)' (3) 868,079 (3) 2,010,860 (3) 587,124 34,519,699 (3) 3,525,446 2,416,245 3,294,606 185,870 373,926 1,036,962 26,267,509 1 Figures not available. s Reported as "Electric switches, signals, and attachments." 3 Not reported separately. « Not including fixtures made by establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of u Gas and electric fixtures." Subsidiary electrical products.—Table 12 shows, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the value of the various kinds of electrical apparatus included in the totals shown in Table 11, which were manufactured as subsidiary products by establishments in other industries. Table 12.—Subsidiary Electrical Products of Other In- dustries: 1919, 1914, and 1909. ! Number of establishments. I Total value 177! 91 $65,558,178 ! $24,261,961 Generating apparatus and parts 2 Transformers and feeder pot entialregiilators: 1 Motors (not includi ng starters or controllers); 1 Batteries, storage and primary i Searchlights, projectors, and focusing lamps; 1 Telegraph apparatus' Household and industrial apparatus and: devices J 1 Electric measuring instruments; Magnetoignition apparatus 1 Insulators; Insulated wire and cables '51 All other electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies j 3 353,520! 169,175 I .489.686; 1661633 i 438.711 1 113,318 ■ 897,059 118,249; 534.998 865,727 j 198,390 212.712 j 1,363.723 473,538 900,683 (»)' 0) (l) (l) (l) 105,541 Is) IS, 183,964 3.234,512 1909 142 SIS. 728,916 1,751,122 377,S45 1,213,761 0) (l) C1) C1) (l) 79,183 11.374,165 3,932.840 1 Included in '' All other electrical machinery,' 'Not reported separately. Generating apparatus and parts.—Table 13 shows detailed figures, for 1919 and 1914, regarding gener- ating apparatus. A remarkable development is found in this item in the five-year period, the value increas- 950 MANUFACTURES. ing 382.9 per cent. Another evidence of the progress is seen in the tendency to build larger units, the large generators averaging 348 kilowatt capacity each in 1919 as against 116 kilowatts each in 1914. Table 13.—Generating Apparatus and Parts: 1919 and 1914. Total value. Generators (other than small dynamos under 10 kw.): Alternating current- Steam-turbine driven, under 2,000 kva.— Number Kilowatts Value Steam-turbine driven, 2,000 kva. or over- Number Kilowatts Value Other, including water-wheel driven— Number Kilowatts Value Direct current- Steam-turbine driven— Number Kilowatts Value Other, including water-wheel driven— Number Kilowatts Value Small dynamos (under 10 kw.), starting motors, and automotive generators, not including control equip- ment, value Self-contained lighting outfits (as farm-lighting outfits): Number Value Parts and supplies, value 1919 $86,266,114 1914 $17,865,542 I 532 665,971 0) 144 1,236,827 §8,262, 802 3,123 821,597 $4,403,290 2,262! 408,866 I $2,704,563 i i 4,345! 485,266' $3,937,080 $36,662,797 61,357 $24,078,536 $6,217,046 375 600,185 $3,895,291 2,137 587,820 $3, 542,154 264 14,916 $398,379 9,369 206,305 $2,569,086 $5,933,273 (2) (2) $1,527,359 1 Value included with that of generators of 2,000 kva. or over, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. 3 No segregation reported in 1914. Transformers.—Table 14 shows in comparative form for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the number, capacity, and value of the transformers and regulators manu- factured in the industry. During the period 1914 to 1919, the manufacture of transformers increased 230.6 per cent in number, 447.6 per cent in capacity, and 94.8 per cent in value. To avoid a disclosure of individual operations, statistics for reactances and regulators were merged with those for rheostats, resistances, controllers, etc. Table 14. -Transformers and Feeder Potential Regulators: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Total value. Transformers: Number Kilowatts Value Under 50 kilowatts- Number Value 50 to 500 kilowatts- Number Value 500 kilowatts or over- Number Value Rheostats, resistances, controllers, motor starters, speed-controlling devices, react- ances, regulators, etc Convening apparatus—synchronous con- densers, motor-generator sets, double-cur- rent generators, dynamotors, frequency changers, and rotary-phase converters.. 1919 1914 1909 $53,495,570 $28,276,338 $14,630,715 382,929 14,484,179 $25,560,901 115,843 2,644,794 $13,120,065 76,729 1,635,429 $8,801,019 331,099 $10,613,234 110,177 $7,316,615 72,776 $4,184,832 50,661 $9,199,762 4,857 $2,625,414 1 3,953 f $4,616,187 1,169 $5,747,906 809 $3, 178,036 $23,083,265 $9,788,378 i $2,674,963 $4,851,404 $5,367,895 $3,154,733 Motors.—Table 15 shows the number, capacity, and value of the electrical motors manufactured in 1919 and 1914. The value of the motors, including parts and supplies, 1919, is an increase of $72,717,403, or 164.6 per cent, over the corresponding figure for 1914. Railway motors were included with those for vehicles to avoid a disclosure of individual operations. Table 15.—Motors, Parts, and Supplies: 1919 and 1914. Total value. 1 Rheostats and resistances only. Stationary motors: Number Horsepower Value Direct current- Number Horsepower Value Alternating current— Under 200 horsepower- Number Horsepower Value 200 horsepower or over— Number Horsepower Value Marine motors: Number Horsepower Value For vehicles and railways: Number Horsepower Value For fans: Number Horsepower.^ Value For miscellaneous uses: Number Horsepower Value 8 $1,190,564 Parts and supplies, value I $18,722,295 I $4,512,230 1 Includes railway motors. 2 Not reported separately. 3 Vehicle motors only. * Figures not available. Batteries,—Table 16 shows the production of storage and primary batteries, parts, and supplies for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The value of this group of products in 1919 exceeds that of 1914 by $69,060,740, an increase of 295.1 per cent. Storage batteries increased in value 433.7 per cent, and in weight of plates, 237 per cent, during the last census period. Table 16.—Batteries, Parts, and Supplies: 1919, 1914, and 1909. CLASS. 1919 1914 1909 Storage: $92,463,195 $23,402,455 $10,612,470 Batteries, valuo $56,648,347 $10,615,150 $4,243,984 Weight of plates, pounds 138,438, M0 41,079,047 23,119,331 Parts and supplies, value $3,387,805 $2,465,814 $434,225 Primary: Dry- Number 79,300,082 Value $17,805,611 71,092,438 '$8,719,164 33,988,881 $4,583,082 Dry, small, for flash lights- 94,483,894 Value $7,514,833 Liquid, including testing- Number 2,050,946 306,351 344,650 Value $3,508,624 $802,525 $729,513 $3,597,975 $799,802 $621,666 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND SUPPLIES. 951 Ohio led all states in the production of storage bat- teries, followed by Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Indiana, in the order named. The value of battery supplies and parts—storage and primary— increased from $3,265,616 in 1914 to $6,985,780 in 1919, equivalent to 113.9 per cent. Incandescent lamps.—Statistics for incandescent lamps are given in Table 17 for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Statistics for 1919 show an increase in value over that for 1914 of $40,296,515, or 232.3 per cent. The tungsten type formed 80.9 per cent of the value of all incandescent lamps manufactured in 1919 and 68.5 per cent in 1914. The gem type was included with vacuum and vapor lamps to avoid a disclosure of indi- vidual operations. Table 17.—Incandescent Lamps: 1919, 1914, and 1909. KIND. 1919 1914 j 1909 Total value $57,646,900 $17,3.50,3.85 ! $15,714,809 Tungsten: 74,434,059 | 11,738,619 $11,886,354 $6,241,133 Number 211,383,193 $46,628,343 Value Carbon filament: Number 13,330,273 SI, 830,644 14,092,055 55,038,378 $1,397,572 $6,157,066 Value Decorative and miniature lamps, X-ray Gem and vacuum and vapor lamps, value.. $5,892,211 $2,512,435 $783,267 $1,702,729 $600,619 | $2,363,730 $2,715,991 Telegraph apparatus.—Table IS shows the produc- tion of telegraph instruments and apparatus in 1919, 1914, and 1909. The first and third groups show, for the period 1914 to 1919, increases in value of 1,211.9 per cent and 1,064.9 per cent, respectively. The figures for radio and wireless do not represent the magnitude of the installations, as they cover only the instruments and appliances turned out by the factories during the census years. Table 18.—Telegraph Apparatus: 1919, 1914, and 1909. CLASS. 1919 1914 1909 ; $12,816,341 $2,24$, 375 $1,957,432 Intelligence (key, sounder, etc.), all kinds.. 2,649,365 2;092,340 7,834,69$ 239,93S 201,956 1,253; 954 672,575 119,S90 197,669 1,126,658 44$,262 184, S43 Police, fire, district, and miscellaneous Radio and wireless Switchboards, parts, and supplies Telephone apparatus.—Table 19 shows the statistics for telephone apparatus for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The aggregate value of all telephone apparatus, parts, and supplies produced in 1919 shows an increase of S23,398,702, or 102.6 per cent, over that reported for 1914. Private branch exchange switchboards, in 1919, show a value of $2,287,122, as compared with $448,203 in 1914, an increase of 410.3 per cent. For the same period the value of automatic switchboards increased 331.6 per cent. Table 19.—Telephone Apparatus: 1919, 1914, and 1909. 1919 1914 Total value !$46,214,342 S22,815,640 j $14,259,357 i; I i Central switchboards: Manual- Central battery— Number..' 1,330 Value $6,500,560 Magneto- Number 4,594 Value !Si, 344,404 Automatic, value j $4,327,516 Substation instruments:' Central battery— I Number..". '642,093 Value | S3,839,97S Magneto— I Number !250,502 Value $3,276,604 Interior systems: j Number '173,799 Value - j $l,57S,778 Private branch exchange switchboards: Number j 6.S-S0 > Value | $2,2*7,122 , Parts and supplies, value i $23,059,3*0 I $10,701,764 $374, Sol $1,002,722 641,0S2 S3,916,869 216, m $1,799,834 62,25$ $510,509 3.693 $44S;2C<3 §4,060, SS$ $10,137,534 2 252 $36% 915 S3,751,90S Household and industrial apparatus.—The most re- markable development in the entire industry appears in household and industrial apparatus and devices. Table 20 shows an,increase in value for 1919 over 1914 of 1,253.3 p^T cent. Table 20.—Household and Industrial Apparatus and De- vices: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Total value !$54,793,195 Welding apparatus (not including motor- generator sets) Electric furnaces (for iron and steel and brass industries) Heaters (industrial heaters; air heaters, in- , eluding those for ears; water heaters) Stoves and ranges ^Miscellaneous cooking devices (griddles, grills, toasters, percolators, etc.) •>Flatirons Vacuum cleaners, vibrators, clippers, cnt- . ters. etc *— Other portable motor-driven devices (motor built in) Other stationary motor-driven apparatus (motor built in) 1919 1914 | 1909 1 *54. 793,195 $4-048,915 j $1,954,112 ■ 2,701,37s • 919,533 | 7,$15,212 ! 5,646,421 1 1,327,183 1,466'. 620 , 951,074 '21, $42, 439 (V) 0) ; 6,9$5, $09 (0 1 0) 2,427,695 0) 0) 1 Not reported separately. Electric measuring instruments.—Table 21 gives the value of electric measuring instruments of various kinds for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The statistics show an increase of 119.9 per cent as compared with 1914. Of the total production for 1919, meters for consumers circuits comprised 46.1 per cent; station meters and apparatus, 36.7 per cent; and instruments for testing and scientific purposes, 17.3 per cent. Table 21.—Electric Measuring Instruments: 1919, 1914, and 1909. kdtd. 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 Total value $19,322,164 ^ $8, 7S6,506 j $7, $00,010 Station meters and apparatus 7,0$4,9$3 ■ 1,585, .500 j 1,639,202 Testing and scientific instruments 3,336,172 . 1,073,060! 546,970 Meters for consumers'circuits 8,901,009' 6,127,9-16 1 5,613,838 952 MANUFACTURES. Magnetoignition apparatus.—Table 22 shows the production of magnetoignition apparatus, spark plugs, coils, etc., by states, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The states are ranked in the table according to the value of products, Ohio leading with 22 per cent of the total value, New Jersey following with 15.2 per cent. Table 22.—Magnetoignition Apparatus—Generators, Spark Plugs, and Coils: 1919, 1914, and 1909. STATE. 1919 1914 1909 United States $51,286,793 $22,260, 847 $6,092,343 Ohio 11,262,431 7,472,268 131,055 New Jersey 7,780, 531 2,922,684 469,952 New York* 6,000,612 1,205,494 1,483,735 Pennsylvania 3,509,392 538, 762 0) Indiana 2,404,530 2,950,792 2,223,221 Illinois 1,842,045 413 986 253,451 Wisconsin 1,330,480 202,130 63,606 Minnesota 56,678 17,100,094 6,554,731 1 467,323 1 Included in "All other stq^es." Switchboards.—Each system of centralized electrical supply depends upon a switchboard for the manipu- lation of its circuits and to connect the sources of supply with the consumer. Table 23 shows the value of the switchboards, panel boards, and cut-out cabinets manufactured during 1919 in 11 of the leading states, for 9 of which comparative figures are available for 1914 and 1909. Table 23.—Switchboards, Panel Boards, and Cut-out Cabinets for Light and Power: 1919, 1914, and 1909. STATE. 1919 1914 1909 $17,735,780 $8,989,111 85,971,804 New York 7,483,106 5,505,685 2,789,297 Pennsylvania 5,197,725 1,-566,433 1,243,356 Ohio 772,683 237,916 236,930 444,605 419,931 448,185 Massachusetts 375,699 157,961 304,502 Connecticut 3,56,104 224,481 151,38.5 Wisconsin 317,097 C1) (3) Indiana 248,78-4 229,989 117,877 183,541 130,162 90,594 Washington 169,928 0) (2) Minnesota 158,454 71,971 48,385 All other states 2,028,05-4 • 444,582 541,293 1 Iimlrded in "All other states." 2 Figures not available. New York contributed 42.2 per cent of the entire output in 1919, Pennsylvania following with 29.3 per cent- Insulated wire and cables.—Table 24 gives the value of insulated wire and cables produced not only by establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies but likewise by those assigned to other industries. A marked increase, amounting to $59,176,766, or 85.1 per cent, is shown between the censuses of 1914 and 1919. Of the $128,682,339 representing the total value of insulated wire and cables, $84,216,921, or 65.4 per cent, was contributed by the industry "elec- trical machinery, apparatus, and supplies," and $44,465,418, or 34.6 per cent by wire-drawing mills and wire departments of steel, and brass, bronze, and copper rolling mills. In the production for 1919, New York occupies first place, followed by New Jersey and Illinois, all of which retain the relative rank they had in 1914. Table 24.—Insulated Wire and Cables: 1919, 1914, and 1909. STATE. 1919 1914 1909 United States $128,682,339 $69,505,573 $51,624,737 Industry: Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies S84,216,921 51,321,609 40,250,572 Wire—wire-drawing mills—wire de- partments of steel, and brass, bronze, and copper rolling mills... $44,465,418 18,183,964 11,374,165 Insulated wire: Tons (2,000 pounds) 112,270 (') Value $67,578,732 0) 0) Insulated cables: Rubber insulation- Tons (2,000 pounds) 52,569 (*> (') Value $34,314,305 0) 0) Paper insulation— Tons (2,000 pounds) 59,268 (v) 0) Value $26,789,302 0) New York $27, 089,086 $19,178,327 $9,485,282 25,526,647 15,038,971 13,945,425 Illinois 19,577,122 9,626,775 9,487,006 Connecticut 16,861,031 6,206,803 4,205,509 Massachusetts 15,643.318 6,799,411 2,194,474 Rhode Island 12,586,795 6,045,876 7,741,411 5,467,492 3,299,485 2,796.825 Michigan 3,170,516 (2) (2) All other states 2,760,332 3,309,925 1,768,805 1 Figures not available, 2 Included in "All other states," ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND SUPPLIES. 953 GrENEBAL TABLES. Table 25 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the industry. Table 26 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. Table 25.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. United States California Colorado Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Cen- sus year. Num- _ ber of] estab-j lish- Iments! 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1,404 1,030 1,009 Wage i earners |-r> • (aver- \FllE?JY\ age horse"; num- !P°wer' ber). j | Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of , prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. 212,374 438,839 ;$238,189 '$425,098 S997,968 118,078 227,731 73,806:154,728 335,170 87,256 158,768 49,381 | 108,566 221,309 73 i 2,008 29 I 780 27 j 435 8' 38 8! 79 54 j 43! 41 | 161! 142 j 143 I 47 41 42 7 5 110 91 11,403 5,059 3,505 27,290 16,483 9,641 11,756 4,075 3,073 82 94 64 137 66 121 23,889 17,125 14,507 4,190 1,144 1,218 942 236 187 3,864! 1,116 442 85: 84 1, 90 88 S4 188 SO 266 36,367 29,846 14,835 5,659 1,584 1,355 881 393 205 472 240 34 42 32,660 30,571 21,140 12,366 11,636; 6,413 32,611 11,160 6,426; 2,423 5,285 I 1,361 79 58 31 145 35 41 27,650 10,651 8,209 4,685 656 494 753 161 101 5,030 1,560 928 57; 53 15,368 12,454 j 23,442 6,459 2,630 | 7,436 4,457 1,603 5,211 Missouri. New Hampshire. 11,368 2.862 l', 613 139 !l New Jersey.. 138 ji 51,911 II 14,330 !! New York... 9,824!' 51,626 119,528 I; 19,379 45,667 j: North Carolina. 13,628 26,826 Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments! 20,810 3,931 3,693; 140 87: 74 \ 157 40 54 31,837 17,697 12,735 9,035 1,740 1,030 2,033 348 220 41,594 8,879 7,718 280 235 200 523 121 147 91,939 . 43,869 f 28,143' 25,026 i 3,416 I 2,327 4,354 749 526 Ohio. Pennsylvania. j Rhode Island.. Wisconsin All other states. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 j 1914 j 1909 j 1919 j 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 6 6 105 76 69 255 215 217 Wage i nmn- \ p°wer- ber). 189 119 115 84! 13 \ 13 12 j 43: 29 i 30 48! 6,367 1 6,128 2,560 i 1,918 1,060; 1.180 425 228 193 i 571 392 422 26,135 , 51,664 14, 405! 22,560 11,099 j 11,326 37,598 j 23,738! 18,972! 7 1 270 4 I 78; 3 120 i 26,672 I 12,695! 8,073 i 24.228! 14', 866 I 11,025 I 136,321 71.453 53,813 296 89 38 42,753 17,771' 11,959 i i 58,366 36,537 33,829 1,513 3,087 1,58.1 3,638 1,601 j 2;S37 5,875 7,470 2,115 i 3,616 1,409! 2 ,333 1,556! 4,410 ~71 | 2f241 953' 2,466 j Wages. Cost of j Value of mate- \ prod- rials, i ucts. Expressed in thousands. S5,6S4 1,536 627 $8,162 2,416 1,104 360 122 87 643 165 155 27,306 7,867 5,615 58,983 20,549 14,426 45,722 16,1S7 12,479 73,839 38,025 27,483 131 31 31 355 106 97 30,652 7,409 3,847 72,297 17,482 . 7,226 30,031 8,737 6,237 51,358 17,240 13,535 1,346 734 678 3,127 3,793 4,595 6,028 1,340 820 9,368 2,064 1,451 1.504 '349 467 2,799 617 921 $22,008 6,643 3,251 1,464 352 3SS 120,341 40,741 28,365 73,945 49,290 663 177 150 36,121 18,777 44,396 31,351 7,567 5,468 6,410 23,636 5,397 3,836 6,056 1,664 2,167 954 MANUFACTURES. Table 26.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee. Texas Washington, Wisconsin... All other states2 5,158,647 949,048 299,234 1,258,784 23, 23S 22,624 5,907,280 14,518,605 17,900 5,779,063 9,2S5 10,095,492 247,346 3,510 3,668 40,293 1,605,244 219,014 Total. California Colorado Connecticut. Illinois Indiana Iowa.... Kentucky... Louisiana Maryland 1,894,004 33,624 12.4.53,872 30,571,419 11,160,493 78,735 243,039 27,901 144,903 Massachusetts 27,649,607 Michigan 4,6S5,479 Minnesota 753,004 Missouri 5,083,802 Nebraska 91,589 New Hampshire 359,801 N ew J ersev 27,305, .532 Now York 45,721,978 North Carolina 131,00-1 Ohio 30,652,032 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages-Con Wage earners. $238,188, 852 Oregon. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... Tennessee Texas Washington Wisconsin All other states * 20,998 30,031,295 1,340,361 44,275 45,763 201,899 6,028,437 827. 940 For contract- work $1,218,203: Rent and taxes. 16,090 5,320 3, 480 618,802 500 12,436 4.723 28,160 7,565 8,343 4,471 257,015 109,328 38,738 85,531 1,896 15,805 Rent of factory. $2,553,802 !$43, SOS^^H^,™! Taxes, Foderal, state, county, and local. For materials. Principal materials. 334,118 2,044 1, 974,862 3,199,171 7S4,024 2,246 100,469 4,700 30,707 4,127,531 1,597, 016 160,213 1,022,82S 16,823 20,481 4,045,864 6, 638,405 3,469 373,956 8,177,807 2,782' 816 176,416 !l0,011,8S8 5,471 | 486,325 215 2,520 8, 608 68,875 10, 789 ,770 1,271 27,982 990,926 32,629 4, 898,427 55,050 22,792,830 50,258,394 20,262,035 135,625 546,573 55,292 152,150 30,545,2.17 8,812,160 1,976,575 7,964,570 210,348 634,667 57,0-88, 248 70,726,707 332, 228 70,033,187 37,241 49,485,481 2,951,553 66,555 90,457 640,064 9,001,101 1,006,360 Fuel and rent of power. S13,739,110 131,484 2,082 648,968 1,367,905 547,642 3,880 7,253 852 4:757 1,291,859 222,896 56,773 197,083 2,075 8,036 1,894,374 3,112,543 23,077 1,064,020 1,067 1,872,161 175,211 3,715 1,709 5,638 366,961 124,489 Value of products. $997,968,119 $572, S69,908 11,36S,196 138,849 51,911,332 119,528,022 41,594,125 280,306 1,137,031 154,003 522,865 91,938,738 25,025,528 4,353,919 22,007,658 419,655 1,463,679 120,341,356 179.972,580 663,207 924,143 103,127 673,856 566,790 184,829 174,877 066,512 636,473 816,433 Value added by manufac- ture. 6,338,285 81,711 28, 469,534 67,901,723 20,784,448 140,801 683,205 97,859 365,958 60,101,662 15,990,472 2,320,601 13,845,405 207,232 820,970 61,358,734 106,133,330 307,902 84,626,936 64,819 81,316,214 4,440,020 114,559 82,711 420,810 14,268,411 1,685,584 Total. 438,839! 3,864 85 15,368 32,660 32,611 90 439 36 188 36,367 5,659 881 0,128 77 571 51,664 136,321 296 42,753 35 58,366 3,087 123 98 632 7,470 2,970 Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Steam tur- bines 02,000;i31,231 6,805 1,995 4,350 J. 65 3,925 265 350 45 22,157 10,046 161 4,533 4,202 705 75 2,110 211 500 19,000 850 24, 718 1,000 15 6,200 |45,010 33,930 Inter- nal- com- bus- I tion j en- gines. Wa- ter pow-| er.a' Rent- ed.'' 7,446 1,800)236,362 83 233 10 38 1,482 135 6 2,068 1,257 2,014 195 3,864 S5 7,860 11,582 27,178 80 374 36 188 180 7,469 5,357 881 4,778 77 233 21,725 75 !S1,055 25 I 104 '36,144 | 35 ! 18,977 800 ! 1,582 48 1S5 632 5,360 500 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ment report- ing. [243,761 5,111 18,286 623 "ifs 5S, 460 85 23,029 53.124 20 14,150 62,108 464 3,767 1,946 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 3 All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Arkansas, 1; District of Columbia, 1; Florida, 1; Georgia, 2; Idaho, 1; Kansas, 2; Maine, 1; Montana, 1; North Dakota, 1; South Carolina, 2; South Dakota, 1; Utah, 2; Vermont, 1; Virginia, 5; West Virginia, 6. 3 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mams). « Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). MANUFACTURED ICE. GEffEKAL I General character of the industry.—The statistics for this industry represent the manufacture of ice for sale. Data for cold storage and refrigeration were not obtained at this census, except in some instances, where the manufacture of ice and the cold storage or refrigeration were carried on in the same establishment and it was impossible to segre- gate the data, the figures given cover the entire operations of such establishments. Ice was also made in establishments engaged pri- marily in the manufacture of other products, to the value" of $12,510,832 in 1919 and $6,934,086 in 1914. The value of such manufactures, however, is not in- cluded in the total value of products shown for the manufactured ice industry. Comparative summary.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1S99, with percentages of increase for each live-year period. With few exceptions increases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of con- ditions is found in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." Principal states, ranked by value of products.—New York, as shown by Table 2, reported the greatest value of products in 1919 but in average number of wage earners was outranked by Pennsylvania and Texas. The latter state, in 1919 as in 1914 and 1909, led in the number of establishments. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classifica- tion, by sex, for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." Figures by states will be found in Table 17. Wage earners, by months, for states.—As shown by Table 4, the number of wage earners employed in the industry ranged from a maximum of 41,078 in July to a minimum of 20,796 in January, the minimum number being equivalent to 50.6 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given separately for all states reporting an average of over 500 wage earners, while for the United States the number of males and females is also shown. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for states,—Table 5 shows I a marked shortening of the working day for the in- ; dustry since 1914. In that year only 5.5 per cent of the average number of wage earners were reported ; as employed fewer than 55 hours per week as against i 23.4 per cent in 1919. Due to the nature of the in- dustry a large proportion is reported in the "Over 60" group. In many large establishments two shifts working 12 hours each are employed 6 days in the week. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for states.—Analysis of Table 6 discloses the significant fact that in 1919, 1,589 establishments, or 55.4 per cent of the total number for the industry, i employed fewer than 6 wage earners each, while only 4,236, or 14 per cent of the total number of wage ! earners, were employed therein, evidencing the pre- dominance of the small establishments based on the ; average number of wage earners. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the I censuses of 1909 and 1914 establishments with prod- j ucts valued at "8100,000 to 81,000,000" constituted I one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was | subdivided into " 8100,000 to $500,000," and"''8500,000 ! to §1,000,000." Table 7, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups for 1909 and 1914. Character of ownership, by states.—Table S empha- sizes the predominance of the corporate form of owner- ship. Corporations owned 66.7 per cent of the total number of establishments in 1919, employed 86.6 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 87.4 per cent of the value of products. Dur- ing the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the average nuni- I ber of wage earners in corporations increased 6,664, I or 34.1 per cent, and the value of products 867,741,474, or 130.3 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 110,982 horsepower, or 24 per cent, due principally to an increase of 103,447 horsepower, or 356.8 per cent, 'in rented electric power, while owned power increased | only 7,540 horsepower, or 1.8 per cent, during the five- i year period. ! Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 10 shows the prin- cipal kinds of fuel used for the industry in the United I States in 1919 and 1914, and also gives separately the , amounts consumed in states requiring considerable | quantities of fuel for manufacturing purposes. An- ; thracite coal is naturally consumed in the Eastern I states, and three states, New York, New Jersey, and I Pennsylvania combined, reported 85.1 per cent of this I kind of coal used by the industry in 1919, (955) 956 MANUFACTURED TAfeLE 1-.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, I9i4, 1$09, i&)4, AND l8§§. Number or establishments Arsons engaged Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees, - Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capitals .... - Salaries and wages.. salaries.....I....: - Wages - PVid for contract work - Rent and ta^es - - Cost oif materials - Value of products Value added by manufacture 3 lee manufactured, tons of 2,000 pounds * In the ice-manufacturing industry As a subsidiary product by other industries 1919 2, 867 38,605 1,566 6,792 30,247 572,970 $270, 725, 7S6 $44,953,968 S10,952,131 $34,001, 837 $234,167 $5, 717; 386 $42,877, 509 $137,004; 79S $94,127, 2S9 27,948> 4*33 25, 292, S46 2,655, 617 1914 2,543 29,786 1,355 5,420 23,011 461,988 1174,308,511 $20,546, 202 $5, 705,611 S14, S40, 591 $136,090 S2, 177,983 $17, 755,004 $60,3S6,267 $42,631,263 21,043,063 18, 324, 691 2j 718,372 1909 1904 2,004 21,107 1,066 3,927 16,114 317,789 $118,641,538 $13,646, 8S1 $3,867,911 $9, 778,970 $82,286 $1,254, 560 $11,317, 498 $42;953,055 $31; 635, 557 14, 230,208 12,647, 949 1; 582, 259 1; 320 i3,1T91 746 2,332 10; 101 101,660 $66; 592; 001 $7; 550,273 $2, 001, 111 $5; 549; 162 $22; 442 s $712; 332 $6, 011; 325 $23; 790,045 $17, 778, 720 8, 014,137 7,199,448 SI 4,689 775 8; 858 447 1; 531 • 6.; 880 100, 421 $38,019, 507 $4; 629,076 $1, 226,331 S3, 402, 745 $23; 044 * $361; 238 $3; 312; 393 $13, 780,978 $10, 468,585 4,294,439 (&) PER CENf OF JNCREASE.1 lifio 12*. 7 29:6 1,5:6 25:3 3i.4 24.0 55; 3 118; 8 92; 0 129; 1 72; 1 162; 5 141; 5 126; 8 120.8 32,8 38.0 -2.3 1009- 1914 41: i 38:0 42; 8 45< 4 4G;9 50; 6 47; 5 51.8 65; 4 73; 6 56; 9 40; 6 34.8 47,9 44,9 71,8 1904- 5l;8 Qfj.2' 42.9 CM 5&5 65,3 7S,2 80,7 93,3 76; 2 266,7 76; 1 88; 3 80; 6 77,9 77,6 75,7 94.2 Hot 70: 3~ 48,8 66.9; 52.3 46:8 75,2 63.1 63,2 63,1 -2,6 97,2 81.5 72,6 69,8 67.6 i A minus sign (-) denotes decrease. 3 Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. « The figures for number of establishments; persons engaged, value of products, etc., given in this table, relate only to the ice-manufacturing industry proper. * Figures not available. Table 2.— PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: l9l9. Num-| ber of estab-| lish mentsl United States. New York. Pennsylvania.. Ohio Illinois Texas California... Missouri.... New Jersey. Georgia Indiana.... Florida Louisiana.. Virginia... Tennessee.. Oklahoma. Kansas Michigan Maryland Kentucky North Carolina.. 132 226 141 154 265 117 129 75 70 107 95 70 106 73 115 137 18 61 99 63 WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 30,247 2,138 2,733 ], 952 1.681 2,362 1,535 1,174 838 1,115 855 1,412 785 969 1,063 831 8*22 742 I 632 I 754 757 | I Per: cent' dis-!' tribu- tion.! 7.1 9.0 6.5 5.6 7.8 5.1 3.9 2.8 3.7 2.8 [ l 4.7 j 2.6! 3.2 | 3.5; 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.5! 2. i; 2.5; 2.5 i VALUE OF PRODUCTS. , VALUE ADDED BY ! MANUFACTURE. Amount] (ex- pressed m thou- sands). $137,005 Per cent dis- tribu-j § tion. 13,309 12,686 10.208 10,093 9,811 7,112 6,505 4,551 4,440 4,089 4,052 3,990 3,985 3,774 3,574 3,509 2,822 2,717 2,689 2,365 Amount (ex- pressed! in thou-j sands) 9.7 9.3 7.4 7.4 7.2 5.2 4.7 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.7 $94,127 9,431 8, 548 7,310 7,579 6,666 4,911 4,397 3,208 2,861 2,676 2,528 2,663 2,767 2,621 2,530 2,390 2,104 1,741 1,775 1,G04 Per cent dis- tribu-i tion. 100.0 10.0 9.1 7.8 8.1 7.1 5.2 4.7 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.7 WAGE EARNER8. Arkansas Alabama South Carolina. „. 1 owa Mississippi West Virginia Arizona Dist. Columbia... Colorado Nebraska Washington Massachusetts Delaware Oregon Connecticut New Mexico Utah Minnesota Idaho Rhode Island Montana South Dakota All other states.. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount! (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $2,132 2,086 2,012 1,841 1,515 1,515 1,410 1,081 1,046 947 820 745 660 556 496 469 396 333 272 101 57 31 223 Per cent di8- tribu-| tion 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 8 0.2 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. [Amount! (ex- pressed in thou- sands). Per cent dis- tribu' tion. $1,378 1,306 1,300 1,309 916 1,032 798 663 802 617 640 562 380 451 306 277 307 243 225 68 40 20 112 $1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 (1J (l) 0.2 21 23 24 22 26 25 28 29 27 31 30 32 34 33 37 35 38 39 40 42 44 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 3.-PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PER CENT Cen- sus Fe- male. OF TOTAL. CLASS. year. Total. Male. Fe- male. Male. 1919 38,605 | 37,139 1,466 96.2 3.8 1914 29,786 1 29,094 692 97.7 2.3 1909 21,107 | 20,726 381 98.2 1.8 Proprietors and officials 1919 1914 5,439 4,377 | 5,260 ! 4,278 179 99 96.7 97.7 3.3 2.3 1909 3,405 i 3,333 72 97.9 2.1 Proprietors and firm members... 1919 1914 1,566 1,355 ! 1,460 i 1,277 106 78 93.2 94.2 6.8 5.8 1909 1.006 i 1,007 59 94.5 5.5 Salaried officers of corporations... 1919 1914 1,736 1,254 1,683 i 1,234 53 20 96.9 98.4 3.1 1.6 1909 971 '959 1.2 98.8 1.2 Superintendents and managers... 1919 1914 2,137 1,768 2,117 1,767 20 1 99.1 0.9 99.9 0.1 1909 1,368 1,367 1 99.9 0.1 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 2,919 2,398 1,588 30,247 23,011 16,114 30,063 22,792 15,995 184 219 119 Male. 1,874 1,872 1,302 30,005 22,944 16,091 29,822 22,725 15,972 183 219 119 Fe- male. 1,045 626 286 242 67 23 241 67 23 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 64.2 78.1 82.0 99.2 99.7 99.9 99.2 99.7 99.9 99.5 100.0 100.0 Fe- male. 35.8 21.9 18.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.5 MANUFACTURED ICE. 957 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919, [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figure?.] Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. United States: 1919. 30,247 Males !30,005 Females i 242 1914 !23,011 1909 !16,114 Alabama.. Arkansas.. California. Florida.... Georgia... Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana... Maryland... Michigan Missouri New Jersey.. New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania... South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Virginia 553 525 1,535 1,412 1,115 1,681 855 504 822 754 785 632 742 1,174 838 2,138 757 1,952 831 2,733 584 1,063 2,362 969 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 20,796 80,604 192 15,144 9,847 361 297 1,177 1,512 965 1,084 488 535 458 451 600 426 460 762 648 1,531 505 469 1,903 S86 691 1,527 659 Febru- i ary.! March. April. May. 21,408 21,213 195 15,660: 10,008 23,275 23,056 219 17,128 11,803 27,310 j 27,102 ■ 208 i 21,023 I 14,917 | 31,644 31,370 274 25,686 18,061 557 306 1,190 1,345 971 1,131 515 521 487 420 599 434 678 817 572 1,632 516 1,148 487 1,957 388 712 1,556 641 393! 363! 1,269: 1,401 985: 1,321 594 1 479 561 496 631 475 i 510! 932 I 619 | 1,777 I 543 j 1,311 I 559 i 2,133! I 421 | 787! 1,768 1 724! 500 I 469 i 1,420 i 1,373: 1,020 j 1,568 1 732 i 322 i 685: 660! 759 I 577! 616 1,141; 712! 1,954 I 721: 1.648 I '712: 2,527; 514 i 979 2,155: 864 | 588 578 1,560 1,407 1,130 1,676 831 405 875 844 843 704 762 1,267 875 2.212 '886; 1,952 895 2,806 649 1,192 2,553! 1,032 June. 37,788 37,524 264 30,825 20,875 T , I . ;Sep- Octo- !Novem-j Decern July, i August., tem£er ber_ ; ber_ j hftr_ 41,078 40,773 305 32,526 i 22,872 40,977 40,673 304 32,104 22.644 680 673 1,695 1,415 1,174 1,989 1.142 '556 1,097 1,059 806 936 1,467 1,060 2,581 998 2,847 1,081 3,673 737 1, 412 2,935 1,212 726! 835 1,938! 1,457 i 1,320; 2,2.52 1 1,321 717 1.266 1,140 1,003 851' 1,084 1,630 j 1.064 j 2,628 | 1,031 j 2,959 j 1,294! 3,603 j 773' 1,508; 3,256 i 1,459! 759 775 1,927 1,400 i;294 2,303 i; 311 712 1,309 1,129 988 859 1,027 1,642 1,123 2.664 l',006 2.894 1,338 3,506 791 1,551 3,305 1,231 37,999! 37.716 j '283! 28,896 j 21,403 j 31,834 31,615: 219 23,065 i 16.526 i 25,631 i 25,413 • '2i8; 18,085 I 13,020 \ 726' 717: 1,829 j 1,549 1 1,283; 2,164; 1,172 636! 1,151 '990 | 951 j 793 j 854 \ 1,522 , 1,042 I 966! 2,540 1,172 i 3.398 1 732! 1,284' 3,034 j 1,199 | 614! 545; 1,747 1,472; 1,190; 1,919 '877: 503 841; 7S8: 775: 686 1 628: 1,243 i 2,350! 749 2,069 827 2,893 613! 1,060 i 2,457! 1.053 i 518 410 I 1,396 ■ 1,366 I 1,056 i >,4l 349 I 617 572 i 673 520 589 899 786 1.995 616 1.559 590 2,397 ■ S31 2,001 822 Per cent j mini- j mum is o f ber. ;maii- I mum. 23,224 23,001 223 15,990 11,392 414 i 332; 1,272 j 1,447; 992; 1,288! 605 i SIS i 517 I 499 J 630!; 453 '1 780 1 766 ii 700 j 1,842 !'i 549 ■] 1,349 jj 54 * *; 2,000 -\ 477'' 749 1,797 732 50.6 50.5 63.0 46.6 43-1 47.0 35.6 60.7 84. 7 73.1 47.1 36.9 43.7 35.0 36.8 59.7 49.6 42.4 46.4 50.9 57.5 48.8 38.8 35.1 51.8 48.8 44.6 46.2 43.9 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Alabama8 Arkansas" , California . Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa» Kansas Kentucky Louisana Maryland i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. Census year. Total. 1919 1914 1909 30,247 23,011 16,114 1919 553 1919 525 1919 1914 1,535 1,139 1919 1914 1,412 760 1919 1914 1,115 890 1919 1914 1,681 1,312 1919 1914 855 926 1919 504 1919 1914 822 634 1919 1914 754 766 1919 1914 785 782 1919 1914 632 532 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and under. (2) (2) 215 (a) (a) Between 44 and 48. Between 4S and 54. C2) (3) 362 (2) (2) (2) (2) *(Vf 548; 57 305 j 30 15 I 11 516 H 25 j 2 98; 10 17 i 2 11 1 J. 161 i 22 L 13 i. I 14 I i 176 i. 4S! 13' 55 (3) I (3) 1 U * Corresponding figures not available. 54. Between 54 and 60. 1,720 5,880; 664 2.182 | 283 965 I 177 4 SO 21! 17 5: 23 , 6 i 31! 25, 40 I 627 1 464 j 205; 120! 65; 5 i 700; 446 | 40 i 3! 203 116 322 30 4,177 3,741 2.007 Over 60. 49 314 327 153 167 276 161 106 102 52 134 107 13,105 15,819 12,524 404 362 143 330 1,042 538 986 817 369 617 623 632 46 280 498 494 677 507 646 274 452 2 Not shown separately hi 1914. 958 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OP LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. I Census I year, Michigan' 1 Missouri 1$}? 1914 New Jersey J919 New York 1 1914 North Carolina ■ 1914 I Zl Oklahoma' 1914 Pennsylvania. South Carolina * Tennessee Texas... Virginia. 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 1,174 1,059 2,138 1,407 757 519 1, 952 1,277 831 528 2,733 2,124 584 1,063 927 2,362 1,926 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and under. Between 44 and. 48. 48.1 (a) (2) (2) (2) w (J) 66 23 23 1 22 (2) "(Vf '■(*)" (2) (2) *(vr 289 16 1,187 112 91 216 359 12 Between 48 and 54. 140 15 18 179 126 231 24 126 10 118 32 243 39 Between 54 and 60. 348 83 230 104 94 253 389 139 149 16 702 150 345 75 244 16 60. 87 148 367 272 273 140 296 311 601 376 102 125 50 201 167 227 150 Over 60. 555 800 204 378 148 629 377 364 902 701 458 454 1,082 1,512 885 865 1,189 1,633 420 546 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, 1 Not shown separately in 1914. FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. STATE. hments. c a a £ wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Establis j Wage c j (average 3 Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Wage earners. Establish- ments. Establish- ments. Wage earners. to a; « a , 1919.. 1914.. 2,867 2,543 30,247 23,011 51 23 1,538 1,453 4,236 4,168 931 824 10,360 8,935 280 201 8,739 6,024 48 33 3,186 2,211 17 9 2,682 1,673 1 468 1 576 Alabama 59 553~ 2 25 63 27 291 4 127 1 72 Arkansas 71 525 38 115 29 312 4 98 California 117 1,535 5 57 129 35 351 14 511 5 345 1 199 256 Florida 95 1,412 1 39 118 36 374 13 397 4 267 2 70 1,115 31 104 28 350 7 213 3 201 1 247 154 1,681 70 222 60 629 22 720 2 110 Indiana 107 855 1 61 187 36 365 8 243 1 60 46 504 1 28 85 11 126 5 162 1 131 Kansas , 137 822 5 94 216 31 349 6 182 1 75 Kentucky 99 '754 2 62 181 32 343 2 49 1 1 181 70 785 1 19 73 43 462 7 250 .....J 61 632 1 37 95 13 170 9 245 1 122 Michigan 18 742 9 27 6 74 2 65 576 Missouri 129 1,174 2 85 200 31 343 8 234 1 - 98 2 299 New Jersey 75 838 32 90 31 338 11 255 l 1 155 150 New York 132 2,138 1 42 139 55 684 30 979 3 186 1 North Carolina 63 757 1 28 84 20 226 13 394 1 53 141 1,952 5 69 219 51 548 11 6 373 3 228 1 116 1 468 Oklahoma 115 831 68 180 39 388 152 2 111 226 2,733 6 113 297 73 817 27 877 5 309 2 433 54 584 29 102 18 222 6 205 1 55 73 1,063 1 39 114 20 230 9 301 2 135 2 283 265 2,362 3 158 472 78 916 22 738 4 236 Virginia 106 969 59 148 34 365 11 288 1 58 1 110 MANUFACTURED ICE. 959 Table 7.— SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. All classes Less than 85,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. All classes j 100.0 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Less than $5,000 12.8 $5,000 to $20,000 !35. 3 $20,000 to $100,000 i 40. 7 $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... 10. 7- 0.3 0.1 100.0 19.2 47.5 30.2 3.1 0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0! 100.0; loo.o :i 20.1 48.6 29.3 } -{3m i 1.2 10.6 42.1 7.4 4.3 4.4 3.2 j 24.3 I 51.0! 4.2 1 28.3 ■ 53.6 { V,} 0.7 S.5! 39.9 i 4L1 2.3 21.7 53.6 22.4 25.0 55.3 5.1 100.0! 100. 0! 100.0 0.7 2,2 2,6 7.8 2L4' 24.9 39.1; 53.1 55.2 5.3 ... 23.2 , 17.2 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. itst mi t«3ij_ Cen- j MENTS OWNED BY— In establishments owned bv— Per cent ol total.; Of establishments owned by— i Per cent ol total. STATE. sus j ; ; | year., Indi- Cor- All Total. Indi- Cor- All Indi-1 Cor- All! 1 Total. Indi- Cor-' All vid- uals. pora- tions. oth- ers. vid- uals. pora- tions. oth- ers. vid-' uals. pora- tions. oth-; ers. 1 Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others.; vid- uals. pora- tions. oth- ers. United States 1919 545 1,911 411 30,247 2,061 26,183 2,003 6.8! 86.6 6.6; $137,004,798 ;■ SS, 825,646 $119,718,423 88,460,729 1 6.4 87.4 6.2 1914 i 456 1,732 355 23,011 1,883 19,519 1,609 8.2' 84.8 7.0 60,386,267 i 4,44S; 618 51,976,949 3,960,700 i 7.4 86.1 6.6 1909 j 330 1,387 287 16,114 1,471 13,463 1,180 , 9.i: 83.5 7.3! 42,953,055! 3,495,344 36', 701,422 2,756,289 \ 8.1 85.4 6.4 1919: ~~10 37~ ~12~ '553 48 377 128: 8.7 68.2 23.1 j 2,0S5,975' 163.101 1,562,913 359,961 7.8 74.9 17.3 1914! 10 33 12 1 478 46 345 87 9.6: 72.2 18.2! 1,201,106 85,576 931,770 183,700 j 7.1 77.6 15.3 1919! 14 45 12 525 68 368 89 13.0 70.1 17.0 2,132,331 257,698 1,592,748 281,885! 12.1 74.7 13.2 1914 1 9 41 15 424 27 320 77' 6.4; 75.5 18.2 | 1,114,551 66,463 865,884 182,204' 6.0 77.7 16.3 California 1919' • 20 80 17 1,535 37 1,461 37 2.4! 95.2 2.4 j 7,112,470 190,880 6,724,609 196,981 2.7 94.5 2.S 1914 j 16 71 8 1 1,139 29 1,098 12 2.5 96.4 1.1 i 3,587,334 92,942 3,447,574 46,SIS! 2.6 96.1 1.3 Florida 1919! 20 63 12 i 1,412 102 1,218 92 7.2 1 86.3 6.5! 4,051,516 271,211 3,495,611 284,694' 6.7 86.3 7.0 1914 1 14 66 12 760 58 650 52 7.6; 85.5 6.8; 2,202,769 13S,364 1,919,727 144,678 6.3 87. 2 6.6 I 1919 8 50 12 1,115 51 1,003 61 4.6! 90.0 5.5 j 4,440,229 280, 986 3,963,442 195,801 1 6.3 89.3 4.4 1914 20 44 10 890 S4 75S 48 9.4 85.2 5.4 1 2,064,984 196,044 1,758,860 110,080 j 9.5 85.2 5.3 1919 21 127 6 1.681 112 1.536 33 6.7 91.4 2.0 | 10,093,263 ■; 376,304 9,558,273 158.686 , 3.7 94.7 1.6 1914 23 100 5 1,312 122 1,164 26 9.3 88.7 2.0! 3,388,862 j 271,611 3,039,991 77,260! 8.0 89.7 2.3 1919 16 73 18 • 855 54 718 83 6.3 84.0 9.7 | 4,089,350! 213,353 3,549,464 326,573 \ 5.2 S6.8 8.0 1914 22 65 19 926 96 723 107 1 10.4 78.1 11.6; 2,029,250 213,747 1,594,513 220,990 \ 10.5 78.6 10.9 1919 4 28 14 I 504 13 430 61 2.6 85.3 12.1 1,841,012; 46,810 1, 513,915 280,2S7! 2.5 82.2 15.2 1914 6 24 4 '192 13 171 S 6.8 89.1 4.2 j '578,924 36,252 511,773 30,899 | 6.3 88.4 5.3 1919 39 64 34 | S22 74 656 92 9.0 79. S 11.2 5 3,509,107 309,870 2,821,105 378,132 as 80.4 10.8 1914 19 66 16 I 634 52 519 63 8.2 81.9 9.9 i 1, 794.797 159.430 1,507,100 128,267! 8.9 84.0 7.1 1919 15 74 10 ! 754 64 662 23 '8.5 • 87.8 3.7 j 2,689,130 257,343 2,319,472 112,3.15 9.6 86.3 4.2 1914 14 68 11 ! 766 73 638 55 9.5 83.3 7.2 1 1,471,8*56 126,979 1,261,729 83,158 j 8-6 85.7 5.6 1919 12 55 3 j 785 81 665 39 ! 10.3 i 84.7 5.0 1 3,990,334 329,686 3,518,856 141,792; 8.3 SS.2 3.6 1914 13 58 5 I 782 78 633 71 10.0 80.9 9.1 j 1,962,071 170,373 1,657.143 134,555' 8.7 84.5 6.9 1919 IS 35 8 632 46 556 30 7.3 S8.0 4.7 | 2,717,377 204,590 2,361,665 151,116 j 7.5 86.9 5.6 1914 16 33 13 1 532 43 439 50 1 s-1 82.5 9.4 j 1,562,983: 87,771 1,356,294 118,918 | 5.6 86.8 7.6 Michigan .... 1919 1 13 4 ! 443 742 719 » 23 96,9 3.1 j 1 2,821,688' 2,685,800 i 135, sss; 95.2 4.S 1914 1 10 i 443 100.0 764,956 i 764,956 100.0 1919 2S 79 22 j 1,174 72 1,054 48 i e.i 89. S 4.1! 6,504,840: 351,252 5,96$, 732 iS4,S56 | 5.4 91. S 2.8 1914 17 71 , 29 | 1,059 73 899 S7 i 6.9 84.9 8.2 j 3,106,895' 179,624 2,739,470 187,801: 5.8 88.2 6.0 1919 14 54 7 838 75 725 38 ! 8.9 86.5 4.5 | 4,550,965 590,907 3,824,751 135,307 1 13.0 S4.0 3.0 1914 13 52 6 j 621 74 516 31 11.9 S3.1 5.0: 1,556,361 222,051 1,277,917 56,393! 14.3 82.1 3.6 1919 18 106 s 2,138 150 1,897 91 j 7.0 SS. 7 4.3! 13,308,590 912.834 11,607,178 788,578 1 6.9 87.2 5.9 1914 21 82 8 1 1,407 118 1,223 66 j S.4 86.9 4.7 | 4,896,778 349,030 4,304., 030 243,718! 7.1 87.9 5.0 1919 10 48 5 757 36 705 16 ! 4.8 93.1 2.1! 2,365,122 118,141 2,195,375 50,606 5.0 92,9 2.1 1914 7 44 10 519 36 462 21 j 6.9 89.0 4.0! 1,125,864 36,500 1,034,87$ 54,486 3.2 91.9 4.8 1919 34 88 19 1,952 148 1,730 74 j 7.6 88.6 3.8 10,208.061; 578,198 9,334,473 295.390 5.7 91.4 2.9 1914 21 91 20 1,277 117 1,117 43 9.2 87.5 3.4 3,134; 302 j 247,685 2.729 927 156,690 7.9 87.1 5.0 1919 15 79 21 831 30 736 65 3.6 SS.6 7.8 3,574,431 111,862 3,191,482 271,087 3.1 i 89.3 7.6 1914 10 69 18 528 25 435 6S 4.7 82.4 12.9 1,604,146 76,958 1,336,356 190,832 4.8 1 83,3 11.9 1919 47 14S 31 2,733 200 2,389 144 7.3 87.4 5.3 12,686,299 954,193 10,901,7m 830,343 7.5 85.9 6,5 1914 40 122 27 2,124 136 1,847 141 6.4 87.0 6.6 5,194,493 362,679 4,443,117 388,697 7.0 I 85.5 7.5 j 1919 8 39 7 534 51 492 41 8.7 84.2 7.0 2,012,380 186,541 1,704.274 121,565 9.3 1 84,7 6.0 1914 6 26 4 368 33 302 33 9.0 82.1 9.0 818,223 68,540 692,766 56,917 8-4 I S4.7 7.0 1919 9 49 15 1,063 35 914 114 3.3 86.0 10.7 3,774,291 135". 832 3,300,578 337,881 3.6 i S7.4 9.0 1914 3 52 15 927 49 784 94 5.3 84.6 10.1 1,762,193 75,262 1,499,125 187,806 4.3 ! 85.1 10.7 1919 37 184 44 2,362 119 1,985 258 1 5,0 84.0 10.9 9,811,061 356,490 8,431,509 1,023,062 3.6 i 85.9 10.4 1914 36 179 40 1,926 115 1,676 135 6.0 87.0 7.0 5,328,302 267,097 4,629,499 431,706 5.0 ! 86.9 8.1 1919 30 65 11 969 150 748 71 ! 15.5 77.2 7.3 3,964,639 527.466 3,097,394 339,779 13.3 ! 78.1 8.6 1914 27 49 11 714 166 491 57 23.2 68.8 8.0 1,785,645 286,1S7 1,384,256 125,202 15.9 j 77.1 7.0 1 i Includes tho group "Individuals." 960 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OP PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Primary power, total 10,585 7,260 4,635 572,970 461,98S 317,789 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 4,927 4,434 4,324 110 435 58 5,317 5,013 (2!) (2) 4,297 4,170 («) 437,487 406,942 393,312 13,630 28,003 2,542 429,947 414,685 (2) (2) 310,211 76.4 71.0 68.6 2.4 4.9 0.4 93.1 89.8 97.6 95.9 Steam i 30-1,685 Engines (2) Turbines (2) (2) 3,264 2,262 Internal-combustion engines 244 60 82 45 12,535 2,727 2.7 0.6 1.0 0.7 Water wheels, turbines, and motors Rented 5,658 5,658 1,943 1,943 338 338 135,483 132,438 3,045 32,041 28,991 3,0.50 7,578 5,414 2,164 23.6 23.1 0.5 6.9 6.2 0.7 2.4 1.7 0.7 Electric Other Electric 8,169 5,658 2,511 4,204 1,943 2,261 1,140 338 802 1.58,552 132,438 26,114 50,546 28,991 21,555 14,253 5,414 8,839 100.0 83.5 16.5 100.0 57.4 42.6 100.0 38.0 62.0 Rented Generated by establishments reporting » Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of " Other" owned power. * Not reported separately. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States Alabama Arkansas California Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 An- thracite] (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 205,875 213,541 3,309,636 13,386,275 1,090 1,520 1,000 1,302 2,753 6,650 3,395 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 81,926 84,980 46,084 43,695 1 100 38,713 52,533 149,910 132,344 259,087 322,908 201,988 173,110 66,625 51,541 94,086 77,934 119,709 136,330 61,207 99,638 84,691 92,403 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 32,327 130,493 777 9,600 660 215 5,000 725 263 766 Fuel oils (barrels). 1,622,473 1,292,008 5,300 77 4,896 482 322,530 588,536 146,605 40,208 14 0) 375 178 47 211 109 103 0) 2,765 2,121 (l) 79,735 34,734 883 (l) 195 225 119 (l) 175,832 48,973 152 0) 4,639 319 274 0) Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 11,076 (l) 102 0) 51 0) 479 (l) 1,848 (l) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 6,170,964 7,592,003 677,858 564,063 71,600 560 1,320 343,426 771,973 241,694 348,409 619,288 278,697 4,000 12 Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania.. South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Virginia All other states. Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 An thracite| (tons, 2,240 lbs.). 53,119 63,048 71,655 99,705 232 256 309 992 50,388 34,340 1,250 525 7,133 1,660 1,959 9,984 5,033 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 13,285 25,205 295,493 317,521 92,057 58,547 181,928 240,779 64,087 50,540 251,359 230,011 33,460 48,382 383,915 365,421 57,954 45,711 147,690 130,069 184,012 240,747 132,444 103,482 267,925 262,344 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 414 300 3,124 552 200 4 1,056 300 560 21,822 2,022 13 3,000 3,519 5,250 Fuel oils (barrels). Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 25 j (i) 141,324 5,589 j 3,379 | 12,805 3,008 93 2 315 69,916 5,383 5,003 2,654 5,281 14 24 71 528,865 412,171 1,584 205 111,207 145,820 114 0) 46 0) 145 (l) 20 0) 1,645 0) 343 0) 278 (l) 296 0) 63 C1) 2,646 0) 161 0) 814 0) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 2,683 108,447 12,740 4,097 3,000 422,734 828,456 1,893,013 j 833,827 223,669 107,230 980,332 2,608,566 676,533 1,134,576 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. MANUFACTURED ICE. 961 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Detailed statistics of materials, products, and equip- ment.—Certain additional detailed information con- cerning the quantity and cost of ammonia used, the quantity and value of products, and equipment used, was collected, by means of a supplemental schedule, data for which are presented in Table 11. The consumption of ammonia by establishments making ice as a subsidiary product was not shown prior to 1914. Anhydrous ammonia represented 94.8 per cent of the total cost of ammonia used in 1919, both in the industry proper and in industries in which ice was made as a subsidiary product. Table 11.—Detailed Statistics of Quantity, Cost, and Value: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. QUANTITY AND COST OF AMMONIA USED. Ammonia, total cost... The ice industry Other industries manufac- turing ice as a subsidiary product Anhydrous: Pounds The ice industry Other industries , Used in— Compressor system.. Absorption system.. Cost The ice industry Other industries Aqua: Pounds The ice industry Other industries Used in— Compressor system.. Absorption system.. Cost The ice industry Other industries PRODUCTS. Total value... Subsidiary products from 1919 1914 1909 1904 $2, 658, 658 $1,887,359 , 0) $2,410,100 $1,528,975 | $1,021,913 $613,138 $248,55S $35S,3S4 0) C1) 7, 75S, 984 7,003,581 755,403 6,777,617! 0) (l) 1, 932,497 5,405,917 3,466,284 1,371,700 1 6,875,012 883,972 $2,519,427 $2,274,889 $244,538 6,021,506! 756,111; $1,777,095! $1,421,196 i $355, S99 I I "> 0) C1) f1) $926,505 0) $522,275 0) 1,740,825 1,675,626 65,199 1,971,046! 1,927,664 , 43,382 C1) 1,670,698 0) 1,495,934 0) | 1,971,046' 0'2 I clo'L : SSt'l | 812'f ! 882 I St0'6 826 68 9r8 '58 919 '9 ItO'62 999 >8 292'68 6t6'58 881'9 156 '82 tSI >8 828 92 916'22 256"! 291'22 6U'*8 526 t2 96S(SS 926 'I 885 '22 809't2 9szn 26t'22 856'I ffZ '22 202 *t2 I 280'52 ! 252'82 ; t96'I i 066'12 t56'82 918 92 ; 595't2 826'I SSf'12 I9t'£2 282 52 922 '52 Z96'I tOt'12 898'82 000*1 916'I 206'21 12t 'I 221 't Ot2 882 8 : m i 290 I ! SOO'EI 02t'l : 860 'f \ 222 262'8 229 "88 S69 '98 691 'S E6l'S£ 198'st: 'nmni -ix*tnn jo ST urnxii -nnni ink) J9J 882*28 9 LI'9S Z8Z'9 f8l'8£ 92**88 886 956 'I 506'21 988'I 220't t22 899 '8 I 296 . ! 02S 'I ! 989*21 'ttl'I I 956 '8 ! 222 '119'8 296 e 9811 9S2'2I SSI 'l 196 8 1221 28t 8 2te 829'I 158 '21 t5i n 828 '8 t02 ttt'8 698 '9S 098'98 292''9 992 '28 810'88 i 55t'28 908'28 t86 cf 9% '18 056'98 \ %9 28 I 912'88 ! 286 "t tOt'18 ! 98S'98 629'28 ! 266'68 ! 268't ! 822*18 ! 921'98 526 '6 688'It 869 '2 t02'2 20t'OI 198 2 182'£ 802, 159 I t58'l 251 589 t£2 2 t62f StO 1 090'2 815 261 'I 082'9 t99 tei 52 228 'SZ 616 I 896 '02 288 22 2te 895 I 2t6'lt 981 'I 989'8 012 062 8 085 28 '0* 028 t 818 08 881'58 858 852 '£ 952 80t't 9IZ '1 260'I 212 'II 025*2 ttS '2 tI6'6 168'2 212'8 861 919 I tI8 I 852 5t9 019'2 522 990 '1 296'I t6t fSl'l 089 9 9tS tI6 t2 122 '92 906'I 618'02 t22'22 226 855 1 tSf'II Itl 'I m'z 169 050'8 It2 28 051 '0* 829 t 622,62 296'88 m 9tf s t89 tisI me 889'II SOS'S 961 '9 SOI l6 00t'2 161 '8 SSI 189 I oa(i 969 622 2 689, 590 I 988'I 08t 091 I lit'9 Yl9 229 *t2 S9I'52 868'I 289'61 585'12 tZ6 60?'I 898 01 2H'l tss's lJL9i SIS L 006 '98 266 '68 690f83 89t4SS Itt't 851, 185 1 II8't 162 I OtI 01 919 '01 29S'2 Itl '8 600'II 888'2 890'8 112, t21 1 It6't tl! 181 806 9 811 221 'I 822'2 825 28t'l 166'9 809 16t'52 228'82 616'I 826'02 196'22 226 028 1 218'II 90S'I 09-6 '8 022 929 8 020 88 999 '28 850'9 6t8'0S 206'98 Xi'cnuBx l 2aimp -mo jaqumn oiqo 4!OSJ9f AiOiQ 'STOUHII 6061 tI6l 6161 "S1VIH3XYK XVOSO QflY OKVli "6061 H6I — sa^jv 6161 "SNvoao mn'BArisuirati :oiqo 3tioA I3SJ3J[ TOSniOTI^ s^osnqo'BSSBH pirei^H i3tntipiii - STomm anoi^oomioj 6061 H6I S8TBUI9J; 6161 BniBAi^smiaj ;onjo Hiox MajsL mjSnpiH sa}3snqocssttx^ pireT£nBT*{ siomin 6061 tI6I 'S9[BtH9j[ S9IBK 6161 •axvxs qnv Auisaam ['sdir&y daw inainA0[diii9 mamtutin jo prre S9jn3ij p&o-Bj-pioq ^q pg^Boipin sr %v&m£.o\ Turbines 27 (*) (*) S62 <3) (2) 1.8 j (2) (3) Internal-combustion engines. 25 39 55 1,280 1,592 1,252 2.7 3.6 3. 1 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 14 19 36 j 436 643 I", 106 0.9 1.4 2.7 Rented 2,819 1,758 7.54 15,176 9,322 5,921 31.7' 21.0 14.2 Electric 2,819 1,758 754 15,030 9,046 5,355 31.4 20.4 12.9 Other 146 276 i 566 0.3 0.6 1.4 Electric 8,20S 3,170 1,662 28,766 21,492 13,256 100.0; 100.0 100.0 2,819 1,758 754 15,030 9,046 5,355 52.2 42.1 40.4 Generated bv establishments reportin g 5,389 1,412 908: 13,736 12,446; 7,901 47.8; 57.9 59.6 PIANOS. Primary power, total 1,761 962 553 1 28,732 25,981 23,246 100.0 100.0 100.0 154 178 192; 20,545 21.491 20.702 71.5 S2.7 89.1 Steam1 147 163 166 19,822 20', 636 »■ 19,897 69.0 79.4 85. 6 Engines 122 (3) (*) 19,015 (*) (*)' 66.2 (») Turbines 25 t2) (3) | 807 (*) 2.8 <') (3) Internal-combustion engines 6 10 16' 623 710 561 2.2 2.7 2.4 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 1 5 10; 100 145 244 0.3 0.6 1.1 Rented, 1,607 784 361! 8,187 4.490 2,544 28.5 j 17.3 10.9 Electric 1,607 784 361; 8,152 4; 347 2,256 28.4 . 16.7 9.7 Other | 35 143 288 0.1 j 0.6 1-2 Electric 2,656 1,882 1,053 | 17,270 12,689 7,345 100.0 100.0 100.0 Rented 1,607 784 361! 8,152 4.347 2,256 47.2 i 34.3 30.7 Generated by establishments reporting 1,049 1,098 692 j 9,118 S;342 5,089 52.8 i 65.7 69.3 ORGANS. | i Primary power, total 477 536 172! 3,251 3,666 3,334 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 I 22 29 '54- 1 1,548 1,989 2,496 47.6 1 54.3 74.9 Steam i 14 19 31; 1,360 1,770 2;205 41.S; 4S.3 66.2 14 (2) (') i 1,360 (a) (3) 41.8 1 (a> (') Turbines (S) (S) j (*) (») 1 {*) (3) Internal-combustion engines 8 10 23! 188 219 291 5.8 6.0 S.7 Rented 455 507 118 1,703 1,677 83S 52.4' 45.7 25.1 Electric 455 507 US | 1,697 1,677 813 52.2 45.7 24,4 Other 6 25 0.2 0.7 Electric 586 519 157! 2,106 1,%S 1,225 100.0 100.0 100.0 Rented 455 507 1181 1,697 1,677 813 SO. 6 i 85.2 66. 4 Generated by establishments reporting 131 12 39 J 409 291 412 19.4; 14. S 33.6 piano and organ materials. | S3S 581 422 I 15,821 14,702 15,043 100.0; 100.0 100.0 SI 114 147 | 10,535 11,547 12,504 66.6 1 7S.5 S3.1 57 81 105 j 9,730 10,3S6 1 11,223 61.5! 70.6 74.6 Engines 55 (*) 9,675 (3) (s) 61.2 Turbines . 2 (s) (2) 55 (*') 0.3: (2) Internal-combustion engines 11 19 16; 469 663 419 3.0 4.5 2.8 Water wheels, turbines, and motors 13 14 26! 336 498 862 2.1 3.4 5.7 Rented 757 467 275 j 5,286 3,155 2,539 33.4 1 21.5 16.9 Electric 757 467 275 5,1S1 3,022 2,286 32.7! 20.6 15.2 Other 105 133 253 0.7 1 0.9 1.7 Electric 4,966 769 452 9,390 6,835 4,686 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 Rented 757 467 275 5,181 3,022 2,286 55,2 44.2 48. S Generated by establishments reporting 4,209 302 177 4,209 3,813 2,400 44.8 1 55. S 51. > 1 Figures for horsepower Include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of" Other" owned power. » Not reported separutely. 111367—23 62 978 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. INDUSTRY AND STATE. I Census ! year. Pianos and Organs and Materials United States Illinois Maryland * Massachusetts Michigan New York Ohio Pennsylvania PIANOS. United States Connecticut2 - Illinois Indiana Maryland s Massachusetts Michigan ■ New Jersey New York - Ohio Pennsylvania ORGANS. United States PIANO AND ORGAN MATERIALS. United States Connecticut Illinois - Massachusetts New Jersey* New York Ohio - 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 Anthracite (tons, 2,240 lbs.) 27,455 36,812 1,099 1,832 16,321 23,871 632 610 17,571 26,891 127 90 1,020 1,825 161 5,813 6,035 9,041 17,364 477 547 1,047 812 8,837 9,109 668 1,018 79 880 862 7,198 6,454 Bituminous (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 184,558 185,934 69,519 63,220 1,819 16,921 18,789 11,479 12,215 32,586 28,093 5,145 7,957 3,745 1,868 144,707 138,619 5,085 59,226 55,296 16,389 20,434 1,269 11,365 10,445 10,023 10,367 990 2,433 22,133 17,634 4,705 7,261 3,430 1,250 7,796 12,691 32,053 34,624 6,073 8,139 7,670 6,251 5,198 7,682 1,463 9,472 7,800 348 636 Coke (tons, 2,000 lbs.). 5,854 5,869 1,546 1,168 72 353 627 1,773 1,808 1,020 1,074 2,507 400 423 192 72 300 602 542 30 1,020 4,728 3,340 1,603 557 1,100 745 49 225 25 46 1,773 1,778 Fuel oils (barrels). 2,236 1,979 740 41 600 129 287 837 24 927 1,549 216 600 Gasoline and other volatile oils (barrels). (*) 335 0) 263 0) 32 0) 0) 22 C1) 0) 10 287 765 C1) 480 171 25 700 31 129 0) (*) 315 0) C1) (l) C1) 12 1 Included in figures for fuel oils. 'Not shown separately in 1914. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Certain additional information concerning the quantity and value of products is collected by means of supplemental schedules. At the last four censuses, data were obtained from establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of pianos and organs, consisting of a detailed statement of the number and value of the different kinds of pianos and organs manufactured. Production of pianos.—Table 13 shows in compara- tive form for 1904 to 1919, inclusive, the number and value of the upright and grand pianos made in the United States and in the 10 states for which figures can be shown without disclosing the oper- ations of individual establishments. From 1909 to 1919 there was a decrease in the number of up- right pianos manufactured, this decrease being more noticeable in Illinois, Massachusetts, and New York, although the value of products increased in that period 52.3 per cent and from 1914 to 1919, 60.4 per cent. The total number and value of grand pianos PIANOS AND ORGANS AND MATERIALS. 979 manufactured show large increases at each census period shown in the table, the increase showing espe- cially in the states of Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The value of products reported in this branch of the industry by New York, Massachusetts, and Illinois, in the order named, constituted 71.6 per cent of the total reported for the industry. These states held the same relative rank in 1914, reporting 74.4 per cent of the value of products for that year. Table 13.—Pianos (With and Without Player Attach- ments)—Number and Value, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. United States.... Per cent of total.. Connecticut Illinois Indiana3 Massachusetts Michigan* New Jersey3 New York Ohio. Pennsylvania3 Wisconsin3 All other states Cen- sus year. Total value. UPEIGHT. GRAND. Num- ber. Value. Num- ber. Value. 1919 !$94,521,939 1914 ! 56,311,863 1909 1 58,493,S46 1904 i 41,476,479 314,239 315,764 355,804 253,825 $82,90S, 637 51,696,896 54,455,177 37,815,056 22,318 10,510 8,741 7,372 $11,613,302 4,614,967 4,038,669 3,661,423 1919 1914 1909 1904 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.4 96.8 97.6 97.2 87.7 91.8 93.1 91.2 6.6 3.2 2.4 2.8 12.3 8.2 6.9 8.8 1919 1914 1909 1904 2,074,922 972,343 1,716,695 1,238,667 8,477 6,127 9,759 9,221 2,056,286 972,343 1,716,695 1,231,242 55 19 18,636 '91,684 i 92,893 107,903 1 73,899 °} C1) 7,425 1919 1914 1909 1904 25,034,422 14,562,820 14,783,394 9,696,142 23,999,487 14,277,117 14,646,471 9,614,431 1,999 733 380 238 1,034,935 285,703 136,923 81,711 1919 1914 1909 6,870,350 3,513,127 3,319,190 24,981 23,669 22,891 6,823,010 3,513,127 3,319,190 96 0) 47,340 1919 1914 1909 1904 7,651,746 5,033,930 5,328,716 5,129,833 20,379 23,596 25,644 20,967 5,337,984 4,315,701 4,411,927 4,022,237 3,676 1,948 2,533 2,159 2,313,762 718,229 916,789 1,107,596 1919 1914 1909 5,012,774 2,203,745 3,732,973 18,870 13,707 25,165 4,979,627 2,203,745 3,732,973 61 33,147 (V) 1919 1914 1909 1,240,918 895,711 693,917 3,585 4,618 3,970 970,256 895,711 693,917 779 (l) 0) 276,662 C1) 1919 1914 1909 1904 35,002,633 22,285,359 22,764,384 16,684,911 106,860 115,812 127,482 98,491 2S,653,453 19,606,964 20,393,863 14,819,717 13,208 5,403 4,298 3,541 6,349, ISO 2.678,395 2,370,521 1,865,194 1919 1914 1909 1904 2,957,768 1,924,679 1,901,294 1,855,610 11,769 10,239 11,118 11,119 2,656,803 1,762,273 1,778,629 1,782,910 585 365 229 160 300,965 162,406 122,665 72,700 1919 1914 1909 2,926,937 1,363,114 1,818,070 10,823 6,618 9,306 2,S27,617 1,302,706 1,784,220 242 165 96 99,320 60,408 33,850 1919 1914 1909 2,634,332 1,440,721 540,350 9,984 11,766 4,735 2,627,909 1,440,721 540,350 15 6,423 8 1919 1914 1909 1904 3,109,137 2,116,314 1,894,863 6,871,316 ! 6,827 | 6,719 ! 7,831 | 40,128 1,976,205 1,406,488 1,436,942 6,344,519 1,602 1,896 1,205 1,255 1,132,932 709,828 457,921 526,797 1 Included in "All other states/' to avoid disclosing individual operations. 3 Figures for 1904 included in ''All other states," to avoid disclosing individual operations. Production of organs,—Table 14 shows the number and value of the reed and pipe organs reported for the United States and for five specified states for 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. The total value of organs manufactured increased from 1909 to 1919, while the total number manu- factured has steadily decreased during that period, although the number of pipe organs manufactured was greatest in 1914. The figures for pipe organs include those for 721 orchestrions valued at §546,404. Measured by value of products, Illinois was the leading state in 1919 and 1914 in both reed and pipe organs, reporting 23 per cent and 22.4 per cent for 1919 and 31.4 per cent and 19.5 per cent in 1914, respectively, of the total value of products for each period. Table 14.—Organs—Number and Value, by States: 1919, 1914, 1909, and 1904. ; Cen- sus year. Total I- value.1 | REED. PIPE. STATE. 1 h Num- ber. "Value. Num- ber. Value. i! United States... i 1919 §6,620.616 i 26,429 $1, SSS, 677 1,872 $4,731,939 ! 1914 6,378,312;' 40,533 1, 718,011 2,273 4,660,301 1909 5,309,016 |, 64,111 2,595,429 1,224 2,713,587 1904 6,152,032' 1]3,065 4,162,053 901 1,989,979 Per cent of total. \ 1919 100.0; 93.4 2S.5 6.6 71.5 i 1914 100.0 !i 94.7 26.9 5.3 73.1 : 1909 100.0 i! 9S.1 4S.9 1.9 5L1 i 1904 100.0:: 99.2 67.7 0.8 32.3 Illinois 1919 1,493,593!! 7,765 434,760 797 : 1,055, 838 1914 1,443,429:: 12,506 540,043 5S9 90S, 386 1909 1,281,415 28,644 973,783 154 307,632 1904 1,969,543 65,619 1,739,220 140 230,323 Massachusetts 1919 303,952; 17 1,840 39 302,112 1914 379,204 j (a) (2) 73 379,204 1909 339.693 !| (a) to 151 339,693 1904 6H, 770! 2,073 150,883 137 520,887 New York ■ 1919 642,7S2 i; 500 94,393 229 548,3S9 i 1914 734,771! (') (2) (*) 679 i 734,771 1909 330,373 i' (*) 245 i 330,373 j 1904 133,471 <*) <*) 58 I 133,471 Ohio 1919 194,298 70 194,298 1914 187,691 I' h (») 85 • 187,69i 1909 199,964 (3) 85 199,964 ; 1904 346,063 ( 1,949 94,577 137 251,486 Pennsvlvania : 1919 153,365 800 44,797 32 , 113,568 , 1914 215,444 j! h 81 215,444 : 1909 192,901;: 82 192,901 \ 1904 417,614 5,715 242,059 87 175,555 All other states 1919 3,827,621! 17,347 1,312,887 705 2,514,734 i 1914 3,412,773 28,027 1,177,96S 766 2,234,805 1 1909 2,964,670 35,467 1,621,646 507 1,343,024 • 1904 2,613,571 i 47,709 1,935,314 342 ; 678', 257 1 Includes orchestrions. •Included in "All other states," to avoid disclosing individual operations. Detailed statistics of quantity and value.—Table 15 shows in detail the statistics of products manufactured in the piano and organ branches of the industry for 1919, 1914, and 1909. The production of pianos increased 10,283, or 3.2 per cent, in number, and $38,210,076, or 67.9 per cent, in value, from 1914 to 1919, while from 1909 to 1919, the number decreased 27,988, or 7.7 per cent, but the value increased $36,028,093, or 61.6 per cent. The manufacture of upright pianos without player attachments decreased by 91,687, or 40.3 per cent, in number, and $2,473,884, or 7.9 per cent, in value, during the period 1914 to 1919. This decrease is offset by the increase in the production of pianos for or with player attachments, which was 86,651, or 98.4 per cent, in number, and $32,250,414, or 159.1 per cent, in value, during this period. These figures do not include the 2,145 automatic pianos, valued at $896,346, nor 1,366 electric pianos, valued at $538,865. The production of player attachments in the piano and organ industry greatly increased, 15,329, or 236.1 per cent, in number, and $985,664, or 115.3 per cent, in value of products, from 1914 to 1919. 980 MANUFACTURES. Table 15.—Detailed Statistics op Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, and 1909. PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 Total value i S113,061,318 $69,072,383 $70,056,223 Pianos: Number 336,557 $94,521,939 326,274 $56,311,863 364,545 $58,493,846 Upright— Without player attach- ment- Number 135,999 S2S,957,498 227,686 $31,431,382 321,309 $45,180,176 Value.. With player attachment— Number 174,729 $52,515,928 84,856 $18,892,308 34,495 $9,275,001 Value Grand- Baby grand— Without player attach- ment— Number 17,900 88,619,054 9,679 $4,201,302 8,720 $4,009,769 With player attachment- Number 2,034 SI, 711,314 831 S413,665 21 Value $28,900 (*) Parlor— Without player attach- ment- Number 2,172 SI,109,501 (2) With player attachment- Number 125 §119,378 (*) (*) Value i- Concert- Number 87 (2) (2) Value $54,055 Automatic— Number 2,145 1896,346 3,622 $1,373,206 (2) Value Electric- Number 1,366 $538,865 (2) (2) Value Player attachments and actions made separately: Number 21,822 §1,840,435 6,493 $854,774 10,898 $1,474,630 Value Organs: Number 28,301 $6,620,616 42,806 $6,378,3]2 65,335 $5,309,016 Value Pipe— 1,151 $4,185,535 1,185 $3,620,210 1,224 $2,713,587 * In addition, products to the value of $1,382,353 in 1919 and $754,148 in 1914 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in other industries. 5 Not reported separately. Table 15*—Detailed Statistics of Quantity and Value: 1919, 1914, and 1909—Continued. PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1909 Organs—Continued. Reed- Number 26,429 40,533 64,111 Value $1,888,677 $1,718,011 $2,595,429 Orchestrions- Number 721 1,088 (2) Value $546,404 $1,040,091 Perforated music rolls, value $3,103,554 $833,357 $216,150 Parts, materials, and supplies $1,432,797 1 Piano and organ, value $1,258,303 \ $2,913,197 $2,442,611 Other musical instruments, value... $174,494 J Repairs, value $1,252,156 $4,289,818 } $1,780,880 All other products, value $2,119,970 2 Not reported separately. The total number of organs decreased during each period shown in the table, while the value increased 3.8 per cent from 1914 to 1919. The production of reed organs decreased in number at each period shown, while pipe organs decreased in both number and value from 1914 to 1919. Eight establishments, whose chief product was pianos, manufactured organs valued at $1,663,455, while five, whose chief product was organs, manufac- tured pianos valued at $86,012. Eight establishments, whose chief products were pianos and organs, manufactured orchestrions valued at $546,404. The value of perforated music rolls made in establishments manufacturing pianos and organs increased $2,887,404, or 1,335.8 per cent, since 1909, the first census to report these data separately. PIANOS AND ORGANS AND MATERIALS. 981 GENERAL TABLES. Table 16 shows, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of Table 16.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. materials, and value of products as reported for the combined industries. Table 17 presents, for 1919, by states, the more detailed statistics of the industry. I Cen- sus year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States. California Connecticut ... Illinois. Indiana. Massachusetts. Michigan. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 * 1914 j 1909 I 1919 I 1914 '1909 372 478 507 Wage [earners (aver- age num- ber). 35,907 37,556 38,020 5 8 11 13 19 17 52 71 68 10 15 15 40 52 59 11 17 17 94 94 57 2,028 2,267 2,304 8,575 8,334 8,777 1,474 1,614 1,667 3,950 3,906 4,245 1,305 1,070 1,779 Pri- mary horse- power. 47,804 44,349 41,623 i$37,920 23,353 22,762 196 2,734 2,696 2,559 ! Cost of Wages, mate- I rials. t Value of prod- j ucts.! Expressed in thousands, j Num- Cen- ber of sus j estab- 'year, j lish- ments. $73,275 $149,851! 41,253 88,948 j 43,765 | 89,790 I 97 74 60 1,909 1,277 1,251 10,475 9,118 8,597 5,237 8,123 5,009 2,259 , 1,617 3,253: 1,054 2,650 j 994 4,462! 4,392 5,105 | 2,510 4,454 | 2,668 2,098! 1,379 1,927 i 677 2,690 1,075 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber.) 149: 132 41 3,587 2,570 1 3,022 . 321 252 150 7,397 5,230 5,538 Minnesota 1919 1914 1909 | ; i New Jersey 1919 i 1 1914! : 1909 j New York. 15,538 i 36,255 j 8,322 19,706 I 8,642' 19,176! Ohio. 3,467 1,647 1,703 5,808 3,702 4,149; 3,182 1,259 j 2,009 7,179 ' Pennsylvania. 3,934 !i 3,686 II 13,342 !: Wisconsin. 8,213 \\ 9,106 ,! 6,098! 2,682 i 4,226 i All other states.. 1919 i 1914 , 1909 I 1919 I 1914! 1909 i I 1919 1 1914 | 1909! 1919 I 1914: 1909 1919; 1914 1909; 3! 4 5 I 19 24 18 76 108 143 1,642 1,960 1,393 Pri- mary horse- power. Cost of Value of Wages, j mate- prod- rials. Ucts. Expressed in thousands. 204 249 153 2,315 2,102 1,121 $85; 79! ioo; $172 156 126 131 j 11,317 ! 12,589 160 12,602 i 11,527 184 I 11,938 | 10,905 12,368 f 28,635 7,976 | 15,756 7,752 i 17,495 22 1 1,820 I 2,747 1,840! 3,154 27 1,745 I 2,201 1,022 ( 1,673 30 1,841: 2,254 1,092! 1,922 23! 2S' 30 13 ^6 , 11! 30 47 42 972 922 1,182 519 495 369 2 ,135 | 2,439 2,325 1,970 1,233 1,260 652 j 553 | 339 | 5,103! 4,817 5,062! 973 2,157 555 1,058 I 505 1,248! 524 307 . 202 j 2,101 1,489; 1,333 I 1,574! 866! 490 | 3,619 2,374 j 1,842 $427 315 294 1,517: 2,233 I 5,424 1,096! 1,738 3,503 721 1,076! 2,229 52,231 33,072 33,680 6,797 3,545 3,926 3,798 2,084 2,382 2,937 1,470 7,645 4,942 4,504 i Excludes statistics for 3 establishments, to avoid disclosing individual operations. 982 MANUFACTURES. Table 17.— DETAILED STATEMENT, INDUSTRY AND STATE. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Total. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male. Fe- male. Capital. PIANOS AND ORGANS AND MATERIALS. United States California.... Illinois Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont .Ml other states 3.... 372 ! 39,931 5 52 7 40 11 3 131 22 23 3 75 I 117 9,500 778 4,267 1,461 100 12,614 2,025 1,094 504 7,471 127 j 1,285 i 1,482 2 i 10 , 3 , 15 i 1 3 ( 39! 11 i 17 i 7 i 224 i 16 . 133 42 i 440 84' 46 10: 275! 5 369 22 86 82 10 484 68 33 32 291 1,130 35,907 Au 38,426 9 322 17 83 31 3 334 42 26 17 246 94 8,575 720 3,950 1,305 76 11,317 1,820 972 444 6,634 My 116 Oc 9,045 No 747 De 4,315 De 1,594 Ap 85 Au 13,005 De 2,152 De 1,018 De 520 Ja 32,458 f 38,750 !32,658 ! 5,445 465 De Ja Ja Ja My Ja Oc Ja Ja Ja 72 7,873 677 3,334 1,132 68 7,972 1,409 924 347 110 9,134 743 4,359 1,584 77 11,573 2,155 1,015 521 7,479 82 7,6S3 697 3,658 1,372 75 9,884 1,810 887 479 6,031 28 1,225 27 536 159 2 1,648 343 90 42 1,345 152 17 121 44 182 I $155,200,792 36 523,609 45,409,050 3,530,269 12,725,285 8,877,220 624,484 48,025,215 6,023,146 4,434,109 1,703,729 23,324,676 PIANOS. United States. 191 i Connecticut... Illinois Indiana Massachusetts. Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states «.. 25,760 684 7,781 1,591 2,419 1,2,57 813 7,868 902 855 521 1,069 803 i 1,168 41! 168; 34! 70 34! 19! 304 i 52 27 27: 27 13 337 84 67 77 62 396 37 28 18 49 799 22,957 | Se 24,719 22 278 41 51 24 18 245 26 20 28 46 6,991 1,432 2,228 1,122 713 787 774 448 946 No Oc De De De Je Se De No De 683 7,439 1,783 2,394 1,288 826 8,050 979 795 477 Oc 20,902 24, Ja Ja Ja J a My No 544 6,417 1,160 1,885 1,038 544 Oc 3,822 Ja 595 Ja 747 Ja 387 655 7,539 1,727 2,394 1,288 777 6,957 979 794 477 1,078 22,131 2,162 287 85 582 65! 5 3 6,629 721 1 129 60 1,466 239 ( 18 4 2,215 114 57 8 1,103 132 | 44 9 619 158 1 1 6,537 415! 4 1 825 152; 2 728 63 3 432 32! 13 995 71 1 12 85 i 116,106,536 3,111,770 42,005,469 4,873,370 8,545,273 7,882,678 1,903,371 33,857,648 3,054,456 3,714,979 2,183,302 4,974,220 ORGANS. 56 | 2,285 121 84 83 1,941 317 2 i 15 13 14 273 166 3 12 3 7 141 321 18; 13 8 14 268 75 10; 10 2 53 103 8 i 12 3 1 79 88 3 12 2 3 68 1,215 12 1 47 55 42 1,059 i United States. Illinois Massachusetts New York Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin All other states 6 De 2,111 Jy De De De De No 291 155 324 60 95 85 Ja 1,770 Ja Ja Ja Ja Fe Ja 242 128 213 46 63 45 2,132 290 155 5U | 1,127 | 1,850 235 41 6 246 39 3 2 145 10 259 63 2 2 54 5 63 68 1,015 12 32 106 4 2 6,770,587 925,285 472,119 691,561 154,985 269,055 379,841 3,877,741 PIANO AND ORGAN MATERIALS. United States. Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania All other states • 113 6 9 21 11 36 6 5 19 11,886 1,379 1,402 1,682 4,425 1,048 136 918 38 361 38 41 51 39 123 22 7 40 230 248 11,009 1,291 1,311 1,581 758 4,141 980 119 Au 11,957 De 1,487 Au 1,391 No 1,855 No 805 Au 4,667 De 1,113 Oc 128 Ja 9,103 Ja 984 Ja 1,214 Fe 1,303 Ja 684 Ja 3,426 Ja 768 Ja 108 11,953 1,487 1,305 1,810 766 4,290 1,117 126 1,052 8,677 1,097 808 1,298 430 3,088 931 96 929 3,0-18 340 465 412 330 1,170 186 27 118 137 32,323,669 3,973,105 2,478,296 3,707,893 1,857,785 13,476,006 2,813,705 450,075 3,566,804 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply) and water motors (operated by water from city mains). »Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). • All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Connecticut 13; Indiana, 10; Iowa, 2; Kentucky 6; Louisiana, 1; Maine, 1; Missouri, 2; New Hampshire 1* New Jersey, 19; North Carolina, 1; Rhode Island, 1; Virginia, 3; Washington, 1; Wisconsin, 13. '' < All other states embrace: Alabama, 1 establishment; Iowa, 1; Kentucky, 2; Maine, 1; Maryland, 3; Minnesota, 2. BY STATES: 1919. 983 EXPENSES. Rent and taxes. Taxes. Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Value of products. materials. power. j. PIANOS AND ORGANS AND MATERIALS. S3,352,896 '$37,919,855 10,632; 929,464 35,992 182,665! 162,821 j 35,530 I 1,016,182 130,653 97,542 66,122 685,293 96,6.55 9,118,090 816,636 4,391.735 1,379,252 84,738 12.367,547 1,839,917 973.362 430,504 6,421,419 $69,618 $1,223,231 9,577 2,546 143,327 1,708' 14,016 17,120 , 145,341 7,357 35,758; 735,452 2,3.80 73,281 6,743 i 18,527 $3,732,299 $71,719,369 $1,555,524 j$149,850,945 576.576,052 47,804 30,050 3,363 76,353 1.848' 1,234; 156 67,480 271,327 190.901 11,296 1 145,707: 15,150,406 I 1,022,890! 5,624.624 ,; 3,123,073 j 164,666! 1,040.686 1 28,166,605; 187,579! 3,100,652 > 117,996 2,123,590 18,910 575,272 ■ 590,120 12,515,884 3,720 381,968 23,271 182,926 59,067 7,318 468,350 53,3S5 33,.560 24.706' 317,253 320,975 36,255,055 2,670,421 13,342,488 6,097,S74 427,328 52,231,101 6,797,129 3,798,015; 1,422.795 26,487,764 171,548 "i 193 20,716,681 110,475 1,624,260'! 619 7,534,93* ;! 4,462 2.915,734 |i 2,098 255,344 i 204 I 6, S60 350 2.952 1,362! 125! 23.596,146 '|12,5S9 i, 7,260 i 3,643,092 ! 2,747!! 600 ',. 1.640.865 0 1,970 i: 1,662 !. '822.817 ;i 1,425 ;| 1.030 !. 13.6-54,627 ;ll,0l9 7,849 j ;1,2S0 436 15,176 57 55 ! j 196 25! j 2,990 225 i ; 44 96 ! 122 j 1,235 6 ;. I 730 i 79 348 13 4,818 455 1,692 23 285 95 300 102 206 2,&T7 13,736 j 4,233 577 1,703 482 49 1,985 207 386 388 3,726 .1 2 PIANOS. 3,731,656 I 128,985 924,736 203,638 348,484 247,497 54,304 1,409,868 135,497 77,669 81,209 119,769 36,293 j 857,240 I 224,249 1 138,346 149,324 i io2,9so; S23,0S9 67,090 88,854 73,303 105,242 645,322 7,654,467 1,578,620 2,703,293 1,170,048 723,249 8,085,286 743,274 759,417 438,023 973,201 27,640 910,874! 2,709,214 8,260! 15,578 119,170 1,145,210 187,659 102,478: 219.3S1 7,357 181,579 21,20S i 34,945 20,800 578,278 623,270 43,742 j 63.07S 8.5S0 114,004 3,239! 45,O0S IS, 562 79,502 5,200 1,640 53,322,488 ,1,042,168 r 107,088,050 I 52,723,394 2S,732 19,015: 807 623 , 100 : 8,187 1,456,353; 12,648,605 j 3,293.660! 3,312,415 2.774.1S6 i 1,142,084 i 21,729,348 , 1,940,773 j 1, 726,480 i 1,456,583! 1,842,001 i 26,664 306,056 82,377 i 111,706 1 49,311 i 40,790 j 310,071 j 19.126 I 23,699 i 27.538! 44.830 I 2,505,958 30,848,147 6,978,030 S, 123,257 5,297.445 2,205,253 37,978,813 3,475,543 3,022,6SS 2,669,704 3,883,212 1,022,941 17,893,486 3,601,993 4,699,136' 2,573,948 1,022,379; 15,939,394 1,515,644 > 1.272.509 i 1,185,583; 1,996.351 857 '720 I 8,421 ■ 5,485! 2,184 1,715 2,502 1,812 i 1,767 : 1,037 1,440 : 1,305 6.784 3,575 935 600 1,555 1,450 582 350 1,705 966 , 600 57 100 j I 150 303 . 95 1 ; ! j 225 I 137 2,336 469 533 730 135 240 105 232 514 9,118 1 262 2 2,968 3 990 4 1,435 5 482 6 875 7 915 S 207 9 375 10 ""*609" 11 12 ORGANS. 339,262 49,832 34,588 20,642 14,810 18,823 21,850 178,717 184,410 1,978,518 25,326 9,006 20,718 2,012 j 3,865: 240! 123,243 j 267,981 161,091 288,858 67,275 81,334 81,091 1,030,888 26,806 1,796 17,050 676 2,380 1,473 3,431 45,505 10,144 720 11,963 2,464 1,835 1,250 17,129 72,938 2,111,833 j 105,264 jj 5,973,268 19,276 3,924 10,357 1,386 I 1,823 2,463 33,709 327,024 125,643 168,304 91,593 92,943 79,576 15,562: 6,089 I 18,487 1,505: 2,124 j 3.367 869,167 445,083 683,169 233,193 224,472 249,557 1,226,750 58,130 11 3,268,627! 3,756,171 526,581 313,351 496,378' 140,095 129,405 166,614 1,933,747 I 3,251 1,360' 1S8' 1,703 409 1 425 167 3S4 125 i 300 37 40 1 2 50 1 3 4 1 110 I 40 1 **"90TT" 20 1 254 49 69 214 68 1,924 20 1 ! 5 i i25 1 23 j 66 68 929 6 '960 j | 35! 319; 8 i PIANO AND ORGAN MATERIALS. 1,539,948! 502,476 , 10,467,137 151,885! 163,541 248,813! 195,505 J 513,174 102,014 28,699 136,317 49,555 I 46,898 I 35,313 j 82,453 j 1,096,669 1,195,642 1,527,351 629,329 172,375! 3,993,403 61,551 1,029,368 4,823' 132,611 49,508 862,764 15,172 i 266,852 950,147 ! 16,285,048 i 408,092 ji 36,789,627 20,096,4S7 15,821 750! 70 14,282 12,080 14,013 42,143 i 13,108 145,211 27,075 8,112 , 5,110 1 81,155 1,S99,SS2 i 69,670! 2,180,777 45,022! 2,186,566 151,786 1 850.097 . 407,059 123,115 2,169 67,171 6,26S,953 1,068,286 1 304,167 i 1,526,320 57,484! 60,350 65;131 j 139,792 32,754 7,737 22,015 13,579,119 3,088,393 550,855 3,180,525 4,266,704 • 2,309,338: 4,537,741 2,296.614 4,774,148 2,522; 451 2,822,142 1,949,216 1,628 1,629 1,793 9,675 55 , 469 336 . 5,286 4,209 1,173 1,250 1,100 585 55 61 ! 201 25 6 22 6 5 7,160,374 1.987,353 238,951 1,632,190 5,421 ,3,575 25 1,743 |! 340 201 I; 87 2,651 j 1,905 6; 13; 138! 354 665 j 159 I; 1,80S! 1,403 114 I 645; 1,440' 1,225 218 157 1,070 6 ....... 7 11 8 88 | 9 6 All other states embrace: California, 3 establishments; Connecticut, 2; Iowa, 1; Kentucky, 3; Maryland, 2; Minnesota, 1; Missouri, 2; New Jersey, 2; North Carolina, 1; Vermont, 1; Virginia, 2. • All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Indiana, 2; Kentucky, 1; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 2; Michigan, 3; New Hampshire, 1; Rhode Island, 1; Ver- mont, 2; Virginia, 1; Washington, 1; Wisconsin, 2. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS, NOT SPECIFIED, GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—The establish- ments in this industry were engaged primarily in the manufacture of various kinds of wind, percussive, and stringed musical instruments, and materials therefor. The instruments include, among others, accordions, banjos, bones, bugles, castanets, concertinas, cornets, trombones, trumpets, and other metal instruments for band and orchestral use; cymbals, drums, bass and snare; fifes, flageolets, flutes, piccolas, guitars, harps, lutes, lyres, mandolins, mechanical musical instru- ments, musical bells, sonnettes of wood and metal, ukuleles, steel guitars, violoncellos, and all other in- struments of the violin type; xylophones and zithers. Parts of these instruments, such as strings, drum- heads, violin bows and bridges, etc., are also produced for sale, as such, direct to musicians or to manufac- turers of complete instruments. Thus there is some duplication within the industry. The number and value of products were not reported separately. In addition to the production here presented, products to the value of $513,884 were reported by establish- ments engaged primarily in other industries. Comparative summary.—Table 18 summarizes the statistics of establishments engaged in the manu- facture of musical instruments and materials not specified, for each census from 1879 to 1919, and gives percentages of increase. There was compara- tively little change from 1879 to 1914 in the more im- portant items given in the table. Figures for 1919 show a marked increase in all items with the excep- tion of number of establishments, which shows a slight decrease from 1914 to 1919. In 1919 Indiana ranked first as measured by value of products, to which position it advanced in 1914; Illinois retained second place, and New York third. In both censuses these three states reported more than one-half of the total value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 19 shows for 1919 and 1914 the number of persons engaged in the industry distributed by sex and age. Table 18.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Number of establishments. Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes. Cost of materials Value of products Value added bv manufacture 6. 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 1879 240 241 187 181 229 293 84 4,957 223 621 2,410 234 345 2,269 187 260 2,554 190 225 2,799 236 158 a (2) h 4,113 1,831 1,822 2,139 2,405 1,0.56 573 3,286 $7,876,1S2 1,865 1,423 $3,857,787 |S3,297,669 1,603 $3,743,469 1,417 $3,896,101 $1,329,329 696 (2) $654,850 5,016,828 1,032,172 3,984,656 1,545,709 j 1,335,128 385,197! 342,853 1,160,512 j 992,275 1,413,834 251,766 1,162,068 1,373,784 141,745 1,232,039 862,177 293,062 (a) («) s 32,027 415,070 4,444,729 14,601' 14,990 123,708 i 86,309 1,022,584 1 889,600 3,624,667 ! 3,228,108 2,602,083 ! 2,338,508 1,CM2 < 87,457 1,129,939 3,481,710 2,351,771 6,2.5-1 < 80,617 1,205,337 3,394,734 2,189,397 8 (2) 8,061,605 510,664 1,888,613 1,377,949 (3) 385,776 853,746 467,970 PER CENT OF INCREASE.* 1 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less tban 100. 1 Figures not available. • Figures not strictly comparable. (984) < Exclusive of Internal revenue. * Value of products less cost of materials. 1914- 1909- 1904- 1899- 1889- 1879- 1919 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 -0.4 28.9 3.3 -21.0 -21.8 105.7 6.2 -11.2 -8.8 -4.7 25.1 -1.6 -19.5 80.0 32.7 0.5 15.6 42.4 124.6 -14.8 -11.1 127.7 (3) 76.2 31.1 -11.2 13.1 103.6 104.2 17.0 -11.9 -3.9 193.1 103.0 224.6 15.8 -5.6 2.9 59.3 191.2 168.0 12. 1 36.2 77.6 243.4 17.0 -14.6 -5.7 119.3 -2.6 1,338.6 -83.3 222.5 49.1 334.7 14.9 -21.3 -6.3 136.0 32.4 245.0 12.3 -7.3 2.6 79.7 121.2 209.8 11.3 -0.6 7.4 58.9 194.4 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS. 985 Table 19—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. ! Cen- | sus I year. All classes 1919 1914 Proprietors and officials ■ 1919 i 1914 Proprietors and firm members...; 1919 1 1914 Salaried officers of corporations... 1919 1914 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 1914 Total. 4,957 2,410 418 331 223 234 128 51 Male. 3,908 2,002 410 324 Fe- male. 1,049 408 220 229 126 | 51 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 78.8 83.1 98.1 97.9 98.7 97.9 95.5 95.7 98.4 100.0 Fe- male. 21.2 16.9 1.9 2.1 1.3! 2.1! 4.5 4.3 | PER CENT OF Cen- sus J Male. j TOTAL. CLASS. Total. Fe- male. year. Fe- male. < Male. Clerks and other subordinate salaried 1919 426 166 260 ! 39.0 61. n employees. 1914 248 j 85 163 j 34.3 65.7 Wage earners (average number) 1919 4,113 1 3,332 781 1 81.0 19.0 1914 1,831 I 1,593 238 j 87.0 13.0 16 years of age and over 1919 4,043 3.285 758 ! 81.3 IS. 7 : 1914 1,801 1,571 230 87.2 12.8 Under 16 years of age 1919 70 47 23 67.1 32.9 1914 30 22 8 73.3 26.7 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary and detailed statement, by states.—Table 20 shows for 1919 and 1914 and in totals for 1909, comparative statistics, by states, for number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products; and Table 21 presents for 1919, by states, the more detailed statistics of the industrv. Table 20.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Cen- sus vear. United States | 1919 1914 1909 California j 1919 j 1914 Illinois j 1919 '1914 Indiana Massachusetts. Michigan 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 240 241 187 Wage j earners1 Pri- (aver- j rnary age !horse- num- I power, ber). i 4,113 1,831 1,822 20 669 37S 1,337 395 246 282 37S 139 3,286 1,865 1,423 628 352 825 503 262 302 Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. Expressed in thousands. S3,985 1,161 992 95 17 695 237 1,229 264 238 205 389 95 $4,445 1,023 890 799 2.50 1,101 155 280 163 258! 47 I §12,506 3,625 3,228 222 65 2,171 719 3,148 742 792 419 866 329 : Num- Cen- ; ber of sus !estab- year.! lish- ,ments. Wace i ; earners J Pri- (aver- ! rn.ary age !horse- num- power, ber). Cost of!Value of Wages.' mate- * prod- rials. ; ucts. j Expressed in thousands. Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York Pennsylvania... Washington All other states. 1919 3 3 5 S4 si! .510 1914 4 4 | 12 2 2 21 1919 5 7' 3 6 111 27 1914 5 9 1 3 5 6! 17 1 1919 S 291 ] 317 264 422 9S7 1914 7 242 i 244 112 128 j 354 1919 67 352! 261 380 678! 2,060 1914 61 227 \ 192 136 185 j 636 1919 22 115: 93 109 108 i 328 1914 18 , 73; 97 46 24 j 133 1919 5! 2 1 | 7 1914 8; 2! 3 1 1 1 13 1919 41 1 626; 526 576 714 I 1,888 1914 43! 60 ■ 72 41 47 | 177 i 986 MANUFACTURES. Table 21.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. United States 240 California., 16 Illinois 23 Indiana 14 Iowa 4 Massachusetts 25 Michigan 11 Minnesota 3 Missouri 5 New Jersey 8 New York 67 Pennsylvania 22 Washington 5 Wisconsin 7 All other states 3 1 30 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 4,957 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 223 24 27 Sala- ried offi- cers, [super-l in- tend- ents, and man- agers.) 195 2 35 24 Clerks, etc. Male. 166 T 27 47 37 Fe- male 260 1 27 82 Aver- num- ber. 246 7 291 352 11 i 44; 164 462 Wage earners. Number, 15th day of— Maximum Minimum month. month. De 103 No 735 Se 1,350 De 272 Ja 407 (2) 3 0) 7 Jy 307 No 473 Se 130 De Ja 3,853 Ja Se (a) (2) ja Ja Ja 201 362 3 7 257 300 91 Mh 142 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15 OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 4,361 104 717 1,346 272 360 3 7 297 457 130 172 496 16 and over. Male. 3,513 78 635 1,177 222 266 3 7 160 340 129 145 351 Fe- male. 23 55 167 115 116 26 143 Under 16. Male Fe- malel Capital. 57,876,182 1,416, 2,333, 446,430 582, 3, 33, 681, 713, 356, 8, 371, 831, EXPENSES. Salaries and $642,109 Officials. 4,000 170,559 80,064 53,120 64,173 4,200 44,597 76,964 18,324 45,051 81,057 United States. California Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts. Michigan— Minnesota... Missouri New Jersey.. New York... Pennsylvania Washington Wisconsin All other states 3.. expenses—continued. Salaries and wages—| Continued For |contract| work. Wage earners. Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. Taxes, I Federal,! state, I county,! and | local. ] $3,984,656 [$32,027 94,677 694,716 1,228,834 238,470 389,258 3,914 5,621 263,851 379,677 109,017 152,911 423,710 $137,045 ($278,025 8,392 5,732 313 4,483 200 1,429 8,292 3,096 $4,295,490 5,238 22,234 2,935 276 j 18,750 4,126 905 758 4,422 48,518 10,286 1,715 1,151 15,731 372 37,112 105,259 66 4,226 26,221 76 159 36,767 43,485 2,126 52 12,090 10,014 Principal materials. 69,773 773,058 1,057,950 1,166 272,990 245,348 926 10,720 408,977 664,943 103,113 831 107,336 578,359 Fuel and rent of power. ($149,239 2,515 26,256 43,319 99 6,990 13,121 115 184 12,850 13,164 5,212 29 10, 555 14,830 Value of products. $12, 506,334 222,236 2,170,915 3,148,410 7,704 792,714 866,101 9,981 27,372 987,216 2,059,667 327,973 6,640 542,793 1,336,612 i Value added by manufac- ture. $8,061,605 149,948 1,371,601 2,047,141 6,439 512,734 607,632 8,940 16,468 565,389 1,381,560 219,648 5,780 424,902 743,423 Total. 3,286 825 3 262 5 3 317 261 93 2 77 446 Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- I bines). 142 Steam tur- bines. 42 45 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 25 Water pow- 100 Rent- ed.* 2,956 593 805 3 123 254 242 69 2 77 416 1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 1 Same number reported throughout the year. , ^, i v. •All other states embrace: Colorado, 2 establishments; Connecticut, 6; Florida, 1; Kentucky, 1; Maine, 2; Maryland, 1; North Carolina, 1; Ohio, 11; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 1; Texas, 1; Vermont, 1; West Virginia, 1, > n * Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). »Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). PHONOGRAPHS, GRAPHOPHONES, AND TALKING MACHINES, GENERAL S General character of the industry.—Establishments! manufacturing mechanical devices for registering and j producing speech, music, and other sounds are in- 1 eluded in this industry. Those manufacturing records,! blanks, needles, and parts and accessories, cabinets, ■ and other supplies and materials used in the industry are also included. Comparative summary.—Table 22 summarizes the! statistics of establishments engaged in the manufacture j of phonographs, graphophones, and talking machines j for each census year from 1899 to 1919 and gives per-! centages of increase. The development of the industry was most marked intheperiod 1914 to 1919, when there was an increase of 22,460, or 197.6 per cent, in the num- ber of persons engaged, while the value of products shows an increase of $131,431,954, or 484.7 per cent. Principal states, ranked by value of products,—Table 23 shows the more important statistics of the industry, by states, ranked by value of products reported for 1919. Connecticut ranked higher than some of those named in the table, but data for that state could not be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Statistics are shown for seven states separately. New Jersey, which ranks first, reported 35 per cent of the total, having advanced from seventh place since j 1914, while New York dropped from first place in 1914! to third in 1919, and Illinois from second to fourth. Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 24 shows for 1919 and 1914 the number of persons engaged in the industry, distributed by sex, and the average number of wage earners distributed also by age. The sex and age classification of the average number of ] wage earners in this table is an estimate obtained by; the method described in the "Explanation of ternis." j Wage earners employed, by months.—Table 25 gives for the industry the total average number of wage earn- ers employed during 1919 and 1914, together with the number employed on the 15th day of each month or the nearest representative day for the United States as a j whole, and in 1919 for states in which the average i number of wage earners was 500 or more, together with the per cent that the minimum is of the maximum. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 26 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year 15.3 per cent were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week as against 72.6 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Table 27 discloses the fact that 41 estab- lishments, or 24.7 per cent of the total, employed fewer than 6 wage earners each, while only 83, or three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number of wage earners, were employed therein, evidencing the pre- dominance of small establishments based on the av- erage number of wage earners. The classes "501 to 1,000" and "Over 1,000" wage earners comprising 10 establishments employed 20,347 wage earners, or 70.8 per cent of the total average number. Size of establishments, by value of products.—The statistics in Table 2S show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the groups "§500,000 to §1,000,000" and "81,000,000 and over" employed 25,384, or 88 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported products to the value of S143,946,44S, or 90.8 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership.—Table 29 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 79.5 per cent of the total number of establishments for the industry for 1919, employed 98.8 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 98.8 per cent of the value of products. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 30, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 28,480 horsepower, or 243.7 per cent, due wholly to a large increase in rented power. Fuel consumed.—Table 31 shows the principal kinds of fuel used in the industry in 1919 and 1914 for the United States, and for the states in* 1919 in which considerable quantities of fuel were consumed. New Jersey reported 68 per cent of the anthracite coal, 45.4 per cent of the bituminous coal, 54.1 per cent of the fuel oils, and 74.7 per cent of the gas. (9S7) 988 MANUFACTURES. Table 22.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees - - - Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture 3 1919 166 33,826 43 5,062 28,721 40,168 $105,241,359 42,650,716 8,687,568 33,963,148 1,751,018 9,082,122 59,740,205 15S, 547,870 98,807,665 1914 18 11,366 11 1,974 9,381 11,688 $33,770,511 8,770,664 2,429,169 6,341,495 153,941 7,918,040 27,115,916 20,067,876 1909 5,92S 2 727 5,199 6,371 $14,363,361 3,785,766 945,263 2,840,503 259 50,587 3,099,391 11,725,996 8,626,605 1904 14 3,940 6 537 3,397 2,522 $8,740,61S 2,350,392 666,4S9 1,6S3,903 4,240 2 31,037 4,161.136 10,237,075 6,075,939 1899 11 1,415 4 144 1,267 1,082 $3,348,282 787,635 179,145 608,490 10,415 * 11,066 827,529 2,246,274 1,418,745 PER CENT OP INCREASE.1 1914- 1919 197.6 156.4 206.2 243.7 211.6 386.3 257.6 435.6 5,799.7 747.6 484.7 392. 4 1909- 1914 91.7 1904- 1909 50.5 171. 5 80. 1 83.4 135.1 131.7 157. 0 123. 2 204.3 127.4 131.2 132.6 35.4 53.0 152.6 64.3 61.1 41.8 68.7 -93.9 -25.5 14.5 42.0 1899- 1904 178.4 272.9 168.1 133.1 161.0 198.4 272.0 176.7 402.8 355. 7 328.3 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. a Exclusive of internal revenue. 3 Value of products less cost of materials. Table 23.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- ber of est-ab-l lish- mentsl United States New Jersey New York Illinois 166 WAOE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. 28,721 12,266 1,876 1,919 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 42,7 6.5 6.7 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount! (ex- pressed! in thou- sands). $158,548 55,419 16,552 12,842 Per cent | dis- tri- I bu- tton. 35.0 10.4 8.1 VALUK ADDED BY MANU- FACTURE. Amt, (ex- pressed] in thou- sands).! 34,759 7,499 5,745 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 35.2 7.6 5.8 Num ber of I estab-| lish- jmentsj Indiana Ohio Michigan Wisconsin , All other states 1 WAGE EARNERS. I Per Aver-1 cent age i dis- num- | tri- bcr. ; bu- tton. 2,178 1,424 7,362 7.6 5.0 2.8 3.1 25.6 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed] in thou- sands). $7,977 6,221 4,230 3,862 51,445 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 5.0 3.9 2.7 2.4 32.4 VALUE ADDED BY MANU- FACTURE. Amt. (ex- in thou- sands). $3,968 3,265 2,558 2,016 38,998 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 4.0 8.3 2.6 2.0 39.5 1 Includes Connecticut, which ranked second according to value of products, and Iowa, which ranked seventh. Table 24.— PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919 AND 1914. All classes.. Proprietors and officials.. Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers... Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 33,826 11,366 902 194 43 11 234 43 625 140 I Male. 26,540 9,854 881 188 229 43 609 139 Fe- male. 7,286 1,512 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 78.5 86.7 97.7 96.9 100.0 54.5 97.9 100.0 97.4 99.3 Fe- male. 21.5 13.3 2.3 3.1 45.5 2.1 2.6 0.7 Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 4,203 1,791 28,721 9,381 28,664 9,376 57 5 Male. I Fe- | male. 2,269 1,236 23,390 8,430 23,341 8,426 49 4 1,934 555 5,331 951 5,323 950 8 1 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 54.0 69.0 81.4 89.9 81.4 86.0 80.0 Fe- male. 46.0 31.0 18.6 10.1 18.6 10.1 14.0 20.0 PHONOGRAPHS, GRAPHOPHONES, ETC. 989 Table 25.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. (The month of mayiTrmm employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of mini mum employment by italic figures.] : Aver- age I NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OB NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Per cent number j i 1 i 1 mini- STATE. em- : mum ployed; 'during j Janu- ary. Febru- ary. , Septem- ber. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. is of maxi- year.; March. April. May. | June. July. August. mum. i j United States: , 28,721! 28,269 1 1919 23,997 25,642 26,754 27, .581 29,601 24,021 24,369 31,248 33,334 34,656 35,180 68. 2 ! 23,390 i 19,675 21,280 22,429 23,197! 23,898 i 25,221 19,598 19,8S9 24,498 26,414 27,106 27,575 71.0 Females , . j 5,331: 4,422 4,362 4,825 i 4,384 i 4,371! 4,380 4,423 4,480 6,750 6,920 7,550 7,605 56.9 1914 9,381 1 9,276 9,050 9,413; 9,441 j 9,617; 9,177 9,523 9,673 8,743 9,017 9,635 10,007 87.4 . . , 1,919! 1,245 1,391 1,476 | 1,574! 1,647 1,724 1,974 2,159 2,205 2,401 2,583 2.649 47.0 2,178; 1,895 2,007 2,064 2,064; 2,131 2,200 2,255 2,296 2,276 2,318 2,309 2,321 81.6 . ., 798 i 713 649 687 655 i 719 . 766 796 831 878 910 9S6 1,036 61. 5 12,266 9,880 10,707 11,426! 11,786; 12,175 1 12,516 12,250 12,161 12,722 13,424 14,121 14,024 1 70.0 New York 1,876 i 1,457 1,580 1,714 1,887 1 1,882 , 1,844 , 1,750 1,883 1,929 2,145 2.146 2,295 '63.5 Ohio 1,424 908 982 1,102 1,212 j 1,278 1,391 1,546 1,585 1,595 1,753 i;s5i 1,885 | 48.2 898 818 861 844 865! 837 844 j 902 929 950 960 976 990 ! 82.6 i i Table 26.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK. FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 Be- , Be- t*d |tween jtweeii, and i and; 48. j ■ 54. un- der 54. United States: 1 1919 j2S,721 1914 9,381 Illinois: 1919... 1914... Indiana: 1919... Michigan: 1919... 1,919 34 2,178 798 722 (a) 529 107 (2) 11,451 28 18,570 2,335 1,409 4,984 270 15 726 195 469 253 2 941 39 Be- tween 54 and 60. 5,097 2,960 141 17 707 287 ! Over 60. 335; IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— i Total.!: New Jersey: 1919..*... 1914 New York: 1919 1914 Ohio: 1919 1914 Wisconsin: 1919 12,266 7,735 . 1,876 •I u . 1,424 .! 19 J S9S 44 and un- der. I Be- j Be- tween! tween 44 j 4S.» 48 and I and 54. 122 I 95 C3) j (s) |9,S53 121 12 2,266: 6 4,963 |2,772 1,179 13 310 22 11 923 : Be- tween : 54 60. and , 60. Over 60. 82 I ss:! .... 9 ,■ I; 430; 10 . 19 872 26 i I 1 Includes 4S and under for 1914. 2 Corresponding figures not available. Table 27.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. TOTAL. bo No 1 to 5 6 t o 20 21 to 50 ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 51 to 100 101 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1,000 63 wage earn- ers. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, Inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. C © £ . STATE. | CJS II Establish- 1 ments. M Establish- ments. k 4 . £2 © s Si! © 2 1*1 l| © £ £s « i s §> *3 *I n is § H II If >£ 11 If 03 t&fl la la w w w © 17 j 0 © © © United States.. ..1919.. 1914.. 166 IS 28,721 9,381 11 30 2 S3 7 34 9 422 130 35 1 1,114 1,180 114 24 3,938 5 1,637 6 1 4,358 779 4 3 15,989 8,323 2S 21 Illinois 36 1,919 2,178 1 7 21 10 135 7 181 4^ 324 7 1.25S 411 Indiana 13 1 1 1 3 39 2 148 3 2 638 1 94i Michigan 10 798 2 7 3 46 i 3S 1 I S5 2 344 1 278 New Jersey 15 12,266 1 2 S 2 18 3 102 1 72 2 300 1 613 3 11P153 New York 32 1,S76 5 5 17 4 56 9 295 4 j 255 3 412 1 311 1 530 Ohio 20 9 1,424 898 2 5 15 5 51 3 90 11s 2 381 1 769 Wisconsin 1 2 5 192 2 294 1 410 1 i 990 MANUFACTURES. Table 28.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919 AND 1914. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF •WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 All classes 166 18 28,721 9,381 $158,547,870 $27,115,916 S98,S07,665 $20,067,876 Less than 55,000 11 18 49 51 7 44 622 2,764 1,946 23,338 25,077 203,567 2,507,878 11,864,900 8,053,293 135,893,155 7,618 122,091 1,363,364 5,943,827 4,089,778 87,280,987 $5,000 to $20,000 3 10 15 207 30,828 488,114 25,010 275,321 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 to $1,000,00U 13 24 $1,000,000 and over *5 19,159 126,596,974 1 19,767,545 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $5,000 6.6 10.8 29.5 30.7 (3) (3) (a) $20,000 to $100,000 16.7 55.6 0.2 2.2 9.6 6.8 81.3 0.2 2.2 0.1 1.6 7.5 5.1 85.7 0.1 1.8 0.1 1.4 0.1 1.4 $100,000 to $500.000 6.0 4.1 88.3 $500,000 to $1,000,000 7.8 14.5 $1,000,000 and over 127.8 197.6 198.1 198.5 » Includes the group "$100,000 to $500,000." 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 29.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Number of establishments Individual Corporation All other 1919 166 132 6 Per cent of total. 100.0 16.9 79.5 3.6 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. I 1919 Average number of wage earners | 28,721 Individual 277 Corporation 1 23,363 All other 81 Per cent of total. 100.0 1.0 0.3 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Value of products Individual... Corporation.. All other 1919 $158,547,870 1,173,444 156,736,680 637,746 Per cent of total. 100.0 0.7 0.4 Table 30.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919 AND 1914. Primary power, total. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. Owned Steam1 Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines.. Water wheels 1919 I 1914 2,456 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 I 1914 40,168 11,688 22,514 21,973 9,684 12,289 366 175 9,975 9,865 0) 110 Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 100.0 100.0 56.0 85.3 54.7 84.4 24.1 30.6 0.9 0.9 0.4 Primary power—Continued. Rented Electric Other Electric Rented Generated by establishments re- porting NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 ; 1914 2.392 2,392 3,641 2,392 1,249 121 121 574 121 453 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 1914 17,654 17,649 5 32,193 17,649 14,544 1,713 1,713 7,400 1,713 5,687 r cent ibution. 1919 1914 44.0 43.9 (s) 100.0 54.8 45.2 1 Figures not available. 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 31.— FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. 14.7 14.7 100.0 23.1 76.9 COAL. Gasoline and other COAL. Gasoline and other Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Gas (1,000 Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 Fuel oils (barrels). Anthra- cite (tons, 2,240 Bitumi- nous (tons, 2,000 Fuel oils (barrels). STATE. volatile oils cubic feet). 8TATB. volatile oils pounds). pounds). (barrels). pounds). pounds). (barrels). United States; 1919 42,195 24,133 127,659 37,730 16 2,908 1,216 51,448 53,616 5,457 57,878 6,937 6,762 3,993 12 84 339 9,519 3,880 7,207 1914 New Jersey 28,708 1,598 1,573 12 = = 8 Illinnli 157 7,813 18,087 ■ 15 260 Ohio 1,060 45 TtI /H ftTl A. 16 23 4 Wisconsin 250 PHONOGRAPHS, GRAPHOPHONES, ETC. 991 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Products—Quantity and value.—Table 32 shows the number and value of phonographs, graphophones, and talking machines, and records and blanks for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and the value only for 1904, as the number was not reported for that census. In 1919 complete instruments formed 57.8 per cent of the total value of products; records and blanks, 28.2; and parts and supplies, 10 per cent. Parts and supplies are frequently sold to establish- ments engaged in the manufacture of the complete machines; therefore the figures presented include some duplication. Of the 166 establishments reporting in 1919, the returns showed that 29 manufactured phonographs, graphophones, or talking machines and also made other products of the industry. Table 32.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. Total value*. $158,547,870 1S27,115,916 |$11,725,996 ,$10,237,075 Phonographs, graphophones, and talking machines:3 For disk records- Number. Value For cylinder records- Number Value Dictating machines- Number Value Records and blanks: Number Value Disk records- Number Value Cylinder records and blanks- Number Value 1919 1914 1909 1904 1919 1914 2,137,596 $88,836,368 j 65,957 $1,315,886 514,154 $15,290,491 344,681 $5,406,684 <■>! 22,853 $1,416,689 $2,966,343: 106,996,510 $44,689,795 27,221,290 $11, 111, 418 27,183,959 $5,007,104 (') $4,678,547 . 101,084,961 $42,930,923 23,314,176 $10,377,475 8,572,805 $2,567,711 } (3) i 5,911,549 $1,758,872 3.907,114 $733,943 18,611,154 $2,439,387 } ^ Needles: Steel needles, value' Other needles, value j Parts and accessories, not in- I eluded in finished instruments i reported: Cabinets, value...! Other parts and accessories, > value Custom work and repairing, value All other products, value $1,359,754! $249,248! $3,653,418 $10,515,739 | $268,803 I $6,242,170 j («) $356,935 §2,116 $354,956 1909 (*) (") $844,631 (•> $467,577 (•) $2,592,1S5 * In addition, in 1919, phonographs.and graphophones and parts, valued at $7,173,143; in 1914,valued at $66,531; and in 1909, valued at $31,899 were made by establish- ments engaged primarily In the manufacture of products other than those covered by this industry designation. * Not segregated, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. > Figures not available. * Included in "Parts and accessories." »Included in "All other products." 992 MANUFACTURES. GENERAL TABLE. Comparative statistics can not be presented. Table 33 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail, for all states for which data can be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 33.—DETAILED STATEMENT, BY STATES: 1919. United States... Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Wisconsin All other states1.. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments! 166 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 33,825 2,225 2,368 929 13,663 2,408 1,656 1,019 9,558 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 43 Sala- ried <_ offi- i cers,: super- i in- tend- on ts, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. 122 57 46 201 162 46 39 Male. 2,269 91 36 42 568 208 55 41 1,228 Fe- male. 1,934 81 94 42 628 149 126 40 774 Wage earners. Aver- num- ber. 28,721 1,919 2,178 798 12,266 1,876 1,424 898 7,362 Number 15th day of- Maximum month. De 35,180 De 2,649 De 2,321 De 1,026 No 14,121 De 2,295 De 1,885 De 990 Minimum month. Ja 23,997 I; Ja Ja Mh Ja Ja Ja Ja 1,245 1,895 637 9,880 1,457 908 818 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 35,184 Under 16, Capital. §105,241,359 6,570,855 4,766,616 2,599,218 44,615,918 8,307,292 3,492,734 3,566,517 31,322,209 Salaries and wages. Officials. S3,374,652 404,373 305,533 110,525 928,044 521,757 129,472 138,598 836,350 Clerks, etc. $5,312,916 249,708 87,677 140,431 1,485,130 360,007 194,887 127,473 2,667,603 Salaries and wages—! Continued. Wage earners. United States.. Illinois Indiana Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Wisconsin All other states1 expenses—continued. $33,963,148 2,210,993 1,757,676 668,203 15,521,113 2,091,094 1,780,629 939,276 8,988,164 For contract work. §1,751,018 63, 2, 712, 33, 854, 23, 62,486 Rent and taxes. For materials. Rent of factory. S304,179 68,386 3,391 2,669 36,315 111,305 19,813 16,076 46,224 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. $8,777,! 360, 217, 114, 3,374, 186, 78, 78, 4,366, Principal materials. $58,223,578 7,007,723 3,926,077 1,632,731 19,931,717 8,934,855 2,910,371 1,815,877 12,064,227 Fuel and rent of power. $1,516,627 88,535 83,458 40,112 728,900 117,942 45,262 29,588 382,830 Value of products. $158,547,870 12,841, 7,977, 4,230, 55,419, 16,551. 6,220, 3,861, 51.445, Value added by manufac- ture. $98,807,665 5,745, 3,967, 2,557, 34,758, 7,498, 3,264, 2,016, 38,998, 424 960 649 704 726 901 262 039 Primary horsepower. Total. 40,168 1,873 2,807 611 20,257 2,412 1,498 1,046 9,664 Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). Owned. 9,684 250 1,550 300 4,467 935 695 650 837 Steam tur- bines. 12,2S9 150 12,064 75 Inter- nal- com- bus- tion en- gines. 366 254 Wa- ter pow- er.2 175 100 "75 Rent- ed .3 17,654 1,623 1,107 311 3,701 1,240 778 321 8,573 Elec- tric horse- power gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. 14,544 300 1,626 11,737 353 50 75 403 1 All other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Connecticut, 3; Iowa, 2; Massachusetts, 2; Minnesota, 4; Missouri, 2; Montana, 1; North Carolina, 2; Oregon, 2; Pennsylvania, 8; Rhode Island, 1; Tennessee, 1; Virginia, 1. a Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). » Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. GENERAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry.—This report pre- sents statistics for establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of rubber goods or products in which rubber is the principal material. The reports received were classified into three groups: (1) Estab- lishments whose principal products were rubber belt- ing and hose; (2) establishments making rubber boots and shoes; and (3) establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of rubber tires, tubes, and other rubber goods. Rubber products were also manufactured by es- tablishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products to the value of $9,134,403 in 1919, and $752,503 in 1914. Importance and growth of the industry.—Table 1 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1879, with percentages of increase for each five-year period. With few exceptions, increases are noticeable at each succeeding census. The exceptionally large increases, however, from 1914 to 1919, in salaries and wages, cost of materials, and value of products, are due largely to a general rise of prices and wages following the World War, and do not, therefore, fairly measure the growth of the industry for that period. A truer index of the growth of the industry is found in the increase of the average number of wage earners, and the pri- mary horsepower. The addition of the Federal in- come tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." 11 Contract work" or work per- formed by employees other than those in the plants reporting, has little significance, since it represents merely the methods of manufacture used by estab- lishments, which vary from year to year. States, ranked by value of products.—Ohio, as shown by Table 2, is preeminently the leading state, in the manufacture of rubber goods, and has maintained this rank for the last several censuses. In 1919, this state reported 48.5 per cent of the total value of products and 40.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Massachusetts, second in importance, contributed only 13.3 per cent and 15.7 per cent, re- spectively, of these two items. Although 30 states reported rubber manufactures, the industry has be- come centralized in Ohio, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New- York, Indiana, and Rhode Island, named in the order of their rank by value of products. Combined, these 10 states produced 96.6 per cent of the total value of 111367—23 63 products for the industry in 1919 and employed 96.2 per cent of the total average number of wage earners. Persons engaged in the industry.—The classification by sex, for 1919, was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909, was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. The age classification of the aver- age number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Expla- nation of terms." Figures by states will be found in Table 16. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 show's the regularity or irregularity of employment, in accordance with the existing in- dustrial conditions during the census year reported. The number employed in the industry during 1919 ranged from a maximum of 173,824 in October, to a minimum of 144,931 in January, the minimum num- ber being equivalent to 83.4 per cent of the maximum. Figures for the principal states are shown separately for belting and hose, boots and shoes, and tires, tubes, and other rubber goods, while for the United States the number of males and females is also shown sepa- rately for 1919. Prevailing hours of labor.—Table 5 shows a marked shortening of the working day for the industry since 1914. In that year only 17.8 per cent were reported as employed fewer than 54 hours per week, as against 82.7 per cent in 1919. In 1914 the "60" and " Over 60" groups constituted 6.9 per cent of the total wage earners, as compared with 3.7 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—Analysis of Table 6 discloses the significant fact that 181 estabhshments, or 37.9 per cent of the total number, employed fewer than 21 wage earners each, while only 1,361, or nine-tenths of 1 per cent, of the total number of wage earners were employed therein. On the other hand the class " Over 1,000 wage earners," comprising 35 establishments, employed 109,101 wage earners, or 68.8 per cent of the total average number, illustrating the extent of manufactur- ing operations in a few large estabhshments. Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the census of 1909 and 1914, establishments with products valued at "$100,000 to $1,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was sub- divided into groups of "$100,000 to $500,000" and "8500,000 to $1,000,000." Separate figures for the num- ber of establishments and value of products have been (993) 994 MANUFACTURES. compiled, however, from the returns for 1914. Table 7, therefore, gives combined figures for these two groups in the case of all items for 1909, and in the case of the average number of wage earners and the value added by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in the table show the degree of concentration of production in large establishments. In 1919 the group "$1,000,000 and over," included 137 establishments, or 28.7 per cent of the total number for the industry; employed 145,665 wage earners, or 91. 9 per cent of the total average number; and reported products to the value of $1,070,086,951, or 94 per cent of the total value. Character of ownership.—Table 8 emphasizes the predominance of the corporate form of ownership. Corporations owned 85.3 per cent of the total number of establishments for the industry in 1919, employed 99.5 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, and reported 99.5 per cent of the total value of products. During the five-year period 1914 to 1919 the average number of wage earners employed by corporations increased by 84,764, or 116.1 percent; and the value of products by $835,019,019, or 280.3 per cent. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 9, there was an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 230,344 horsepower, or 115.4 per cent, due in a large measure to rented power which increased by 159,677 horsepower, or 465.7 per cent. Owned power during the period increased by 70,667 horsepower, or 42.7 per cent. Fuel consumed.—Table 10 shows the principal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and 1914. The principal fuel consumed in this industry is coal. In the consumption of anthracite coal New Jersey was the leading state. In the consumption of bituminous coal Ohio ranked first, followed by New Jersey and Massachusetts, while in the consumption of fuel oils Rhode Island was the leading state, followed by Ohio and New Jersey. Ohio was the only state that reported the consumption of any considerable quantity of gas. THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. 995 Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1889, AND 1879. Rubber Goods—All Branches.3 Number of establishments Persons engaged in the industry Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal reve- nue) . Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufacture& RUBBER TIRES, TUBES, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS.2 Number of establishments 477 206,202 98 47,555 158,549 429,857 [$960,070,726 278,991,545 85,228,456) 193,763,089 I 3,676,318] 44,445,822 594,343,590 1,138,216,019 543,872,429 Persons engaged in the industry Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal reve- nue) Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufactures BOOTS AND SHOES, RUBBER. Number of establishments Persons engaged in the industry Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including int ernal reve- nue) Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufactures BELTTNG AND HOSE, RUBBER. Number of establishments Persons engaged in the industry Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes (including internal reve- nue) Cost of materials Value of products , Value added by manufacture» , 1919 1914 1909 342l 88,821 87j 14,712. 74,022: 267! 56,059 103 6,692! 49,264i 199,5431 122,438 $267,671,422!$162,144,564; 1904 265 47,676 105 3,698 43,873 86.808 437 160,824 97 40,879 119,848 354,188 $782,637,722 231,756,2851 74,949,457! 156,806, ,828 3,579,851 40,201,301 525,686,3091 987,088,045 461,401,730' 25 37,929 1 5,053 32, S75 49,400 1^131,513,436 38,284,110 7,401,388 30, SS2,722 96,467 3,080,065 50,346,880 116,917,434 66,570,554 15 7,449 1.623 5; 826 26,299 $45,919,568 8,951,150 2,877,611 6,073,5391 1,164,456 18,310,401 34,210,540 15,900,139 60,445,980 16,278,578 44,167,402 408,851 2,226,322' 163,034,713! 300,993,796 137,959,0831 32,977, 7,840, 25,136, 851, 122,745, 197,394, 74,649, 6761 24, 7001 4 976j 20 2131 * 102' 80 638! 148, 536; 68. $98,979,636|$78,463.! 77l|S36,764, S25] $S, 974,187 9,526,909! 4,051,431 623,078 535,912 084,166 76,18S 643,127 002,476| 015,391 012,9151 301 62,257! S5! 11,952' 50,220j I 2271 31,2S4i 102! 4,661! 26.521! 224] 23,651 103 2,3641 21,184 151,9271 79,062! 48,381 $199,183,036] $98,507,2281 $46,297,-53?! 43,905,632 12,626,877 31,278,755 368,511 1,715,686 126, lll,673i 223,610,784 97,499,111 23 j 20,359 2 1,670 18,687 24,621 *46,051,4641 19,525,961; 12,269,631 5,406,113 2', 857,263| 14,119,848! 9,412,36Sj 25,099| 505,904 82,191,821 128,435,747 46,243,926! 22! I 18,S99j 69,541 < 415,089 38.912,2261 62,995,909: 24.083,683 1,287] 17,612 822 18,991 25.903 26,084 $43,905',36S $39,441,826 11,944,733! 9,958,995 1,958,2791 1,414,743 9,9S6,454j 39,140L 740, 807 874,001 S, 544,252] 8,866,806 5,132 345,678! 23,956,036! 53,S22,123; 29,S66,087| IS 6,205 266,368! * 164,590 29,577,176; 32,000,464 49,720,567! 70,065,296 20,143,391 38,064,832 1,090 5,115 22,995 $22,436,922 4,595,615 1,693,422 2,902,193 1,200 164,958 12,967,004 23,560,889 10,593,885] 18 5,S76| 744" 5,131 19 4,210] 1899 1889 167! C3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 26,243,853! 16,527.220! 42,853,817! 25,309,648! 16,609". 964! 8,782.428 PER CENT OF INCREASE..* 1914- 1909- ! 1904- 1899- j 1SS9- 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 1904 1S99 39. 5' 23.1 132, 58.4 -15.5! 223.2' 119. S| 114.2 50.3! 115.4 63. ol 258.7, 65.1| 0.8 -12.0' 80.2 17.6 . -1.9 . 81.0 12.3 361.6 423.6 33S. 7 83.3] 107.6 j 75.71 41.0 63,8 33.9 47.6! 191.6 20, Oi 81.5 22.0 162.4j 26.1 113.4! '99.81,523.0 -67.1 1.896.4 '264.6; 27S. 2 294.2' 161. 5 32. 8 52.5 84.8! 53.4 33.4 9.8 139' (3) I (3)! 619 9,1831 93; c>)! (3) (3) 1 6.763; 12.640| (r) I $13,703,7871 $8,284,187: 4,516,266 (3) (3) (3) (3) 11,113,528! 18,70S,9171 7,595,389! 11 (3) (3) 130 9,134 9,543 1*17,790,970 3,966,875 (3) (3) (3) (s) 11,650,787 18,632,0601 6,981,273 (s) (3) , 110 1,835 4 942' $5,270^068! 1,043,768 (s) (8) (a)! 3,479,538! 5,512,840! 2,033,302 2,450,672 (»)' (3) (3) (3) 9,641,167 14,518,924 4, S77,757 (3) (3) (3) 4,662 («) $2,425,000 1.469.038 (s) (3) (3) (*) 6,023,053 9,705; 724 3,682,671' 45.2 15S.31 32.6| 99.0 —16.7 242.0; 156.4 13S.6! 89.4! ! i 133.1! 92.2 29-2.9 102.2.! 427.9 124.9 j 493.6 133.6! 401. 3: 121.5; 871.41,368.2| 32. -1.0] 97.21 63.4 112. S] 59.1 S9. 2] 50.0 .243.2 '316. 8; 341.4, 373.2 239.1 53.4] 74.1 110. 8) 86.3 111.2 103.9 92.0 -4.6 202.6 75.9 100.6! 185.6! 220. 51 278.0; 209.2, 29. S! ."I 19.9! 3S.4 16.9 146.5i. 791.0 110. 21 117.2' 122.9 56. -7.31 -0. 11.31 61. -3.6! 29. -19.0 8.2] 48.3 -29.0! -47.1 I (3) 364| (s)! $265,000 131,721 (3) W . 863,000 1,085,000 222,000 5.6' 39.6| 48. S; 46. 5 13.9; -0,3, 14.4 104.7i 94.8 69.9! 109.3i 31.6 13.7 j 31.6! 66.0! 17.4! 45.3 38.8 41.5 49.0 33.7 26.3 37.01 I 605.9' 41.2 45.2- 50.1 109.0L IS. 1 22.5! 28.2; 20.8! 28.6! 4a 9 32.61 44.1!. 30. 2 . 95.0! 1879- 1889 60.6 309.7 13-5.1 32. 81 129.51 58,8 48.2j 133.1 69.3 71.6! 138.7 89.1 S7.8! - 29. 5i 194. 8;. 3.S 122.2, 35. 8 18.5j 223.1, 17. S< 186. S, IIS. 1 19.2! 12S. 0 84.3 29. Oj- 16. 5;. 16.21 19.7 25. Si 201.3. 15. 3 181.3] 28.9 152,0! 55.7 70.2' 27L5: 32.0] 57.6| 95.9 4.3^ 162.2 . 17. 2'j 89.2j 633.6 3S.7 46.3;. 38.0|. 7.1 170.1 41.1! 94.7. 93.4 70. 51 120.5! 92.0 106. Si 163.7| 89.6 113.6 . 159.9! 108.81 132.1 141.0j 108.3! 140.1 79.1:. -3.5, 404.1 96.6 -75.1 123.0 142.4 180.1 4.21,888.7 2O.2' 692.4 17.1 303.2 11,9! 408,1 3.01 815.9 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Figures for 1904, 1899, 1889, and 1879 include data for establishments engaged in the manufacture of elastic, woven goods and are not strictly comparable with figures for 1909,1914, and 1919. »Figures not available. « Exclusive of internal revenue. »Value of products less cost of materials. 996 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—PRINCIPAL STATES, RANKED BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919. Num- WAGE EARNERS. i; i ber of estab- lish- ments Per cent dis- tri- STATE. Aver- age num- ber. bu- 1158,549 tion. 03 « United States. 477 ! 63,766 100.0 Ohio 97 40.2 1 Massachusetts.. 58 I 24,909 15.7 2 72 ! 14,946 9.4 3 Connecticut 26 j 11,499 7.3 4 Michigan 7 ! 5.044 3.2 10 Pennsylvania... 32 , 6,406 4.0 6 Wisconsin 9 5,281 3.3 9 New York 43 ! 6,395 4.0 7 Indiana 16 | 5,803 3.7 8 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (ex- in thou- sands). $1,138,2161 552,339 151,544 97,£51 56,379 50,318 39,783 39,069 37,541 37,270 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 4S.5 13.3 S.6 5.0 4.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). $543,872 252,329 79,065 44,859 28,619 29,139 18,385 17,865 17,856 IS,165 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 46.4 14.5 8.2 5.3 5.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 Rhode Island.. Illinois Iowa California Missouri Georgia Nebraska Texas Oklahoma All other states Num- ber oil lestab- lish- jmentsl WAGE EARNERS. Aver- age num- ber. S, 533 1,196 839 736 1,044 158 124 57 26 1,787 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 5.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.1 (l) °> , 1.1 . VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (ex- pressed in thou- sands). 537,151 6,711 6,333 6,295 4,984 93i 930 56S 208 11,911 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 3.3 10 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0) 0) 1.0 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount! (ex' m i in thou- ^ "sands) $19,219 3,645 2,614 3,393 2,009 274 353 376 105 5,602 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Rubber Goods—All Branches. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Rubber tires, tubes, and other rubber goods. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members... Salaried officers of corporations.. Superintendents and managers.. Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 206,202 88,821 56,059 Total. 5,116 1,599 1,118 98 87 103 914 514 348 4,104 998 667 42,537 13,200 5,677 158,549 74,022 49,264 156,891 73,376 48,393 1,6,58 646 871 160,824 62,257 31,284 4,112 1,323 830 97 85 102 809 424 272 3,206 814 456 36,864 10,714 3,933 119,848 50,220 26.521 119,193 49,837 26,137 655 383 384 Male. 162,945 70,716 42,702 Fe- male. 43,257 18,105 13,357 4,971 1,570 1,094 91 82 93 897 503 344 3,983 985 657 29,299 9,900 4,256 128,675 59,246 37,352 127,871 58,907 36,903 804 339 449 145 29 24 7 5 10 17 11 4 121 13 10 13,238 3,300 1,421 29,874 14,776 11,912 29,020 14,469 11,490 854 307 422 134,261 I 26,563 53,025 9,232 25,728 5,556 4,043 1,299 809 90 80 92 793 413 268 3,160 806 449 25.712 8,088 2,927 104,506 43,638 21,992 104,119 43,412 21,788 387 226 204 11,152 2,626 1,006 15,342 6,582 4,529 15,074 6,425 4,349 268 157 180 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male 79.0 79.6 76.2 97.2 98.2 97.9 92.9 94.3 90.3 98.1 97.9 98.9 97.1 98.7 98.5 68.9 75.0 75.0 81.2 80.0 75.8 81.5 80.3 76.3 48.5 52.5 51.5 83.5 85.2 82.2 98.3 98.2 97.5 92.8 94.1 90.2 98.0 97.4 98.5 98.-6 99.0 98.5 69.7 75.5 74.4 87.2 86.9 82.9 87.4 87.1 83.4 59.1 59.0 53.1 Fe- male. 21.0 20.4 23.8 2.8 1.8 2.1 7.1 5.7 9.7 1.9 2.1 1.1 2.9 1.3 1.5 31.1 25.0 25.0 18.8 20.0 24.2 18.5 19.7 23.7 51.5 47.5 48.5 16.5 14,8 17.8 7.7 1.8 2.5 7.2 5.9 9.8 2.0 2.6 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.5 30.3 24.5 25.6 12.8 13.1 17.1 12.6 12.9 16.6 40.9 41.0 46.9 Boots and shoes, rubber Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations- Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) — 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Belting and hose, rubber.. Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) — 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Cen sus year. I 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Total. 37,929 20,359 IS,899 160 194 1 2 69 44 44 795 114 150 4,189 1,512 1,093 32,875 18,687 17,612 31,928 18,440 17,162 947 247 450 7,449 6,205 5,876 139 116 94 1 36 46 32 103 70 61 1,484 974 651 5,826 5,115 5,131 5,770 5,099 5,094 56 16 37 Male. 22,347 12,407 11,680 791 155 191 1 2 69 44 44 721 109 147 2,509 1,056 813 19,047 11,196 10,676 18,660 11,094 10,451 387 102 225 6,337 5,284 5,294 137 116 94 1 35 46 32 102 70 61 1,078 756 516 5,122 4,412 4,684 5,092 4,401 4,664 30 11 20 Fe- male. 15,582 7,952 7,219 74 5 3 1,680 456 280 13,828 7,491 6,936 13,268 7,346 6,711 560 145 225 1,112 921 582 406 21S 135 704 703 447 678 698 430 26 5 17 THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. 997 Table 4.—WAGE EAKNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] INDUSTRY, STATE, AND CENSUS TEAR. Rubber Goods—All Branches. United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 RUBBER TIRES, TUBES, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS. United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Wisconsin BOOTS AND SHOES, RUBBER. United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 Connecticut Massachusetts BELTING AND HOSE, RUBBER. United States: 1919 Males Females 1914 Massachusetts States showing large proportion of females. RUBBER TIRES, TUBES, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS. Connecticut Indiana Massachusetts Now Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Wisconsin BOOTS AND SHOES, RUBBER Connecticut Massachusetts Average NUMBER EMPLOYED ON THE 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 'j Per 1 cent number i 1 mini- I mum j is of j maxi- mum. em- ployed during year. 1 Novem- j ber. ■ Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. \ July. August. ! Sep- J tember. Octo- ber. | Decem- j ber. 1 1 i ! 1 158,549 128,675 29,874 74,022 144,931 IIS,805 31,626 70,590 149,354 118,024 31,330 74,157 148,683 118,861 29,822 77,759 150,259 121,429 28,830 80,967 152,769 124,802 27,967 82,193 154,825 127,211 27,614 78,650 160,358 131,989 28,369 74,148 165,973 137,379 28,594 68,414 166,948 138,098 28,850 70,412 173,824 143,460 186,223 133,243 32,980 69,954 168,441 136.299 32;142 70,579 S3. 4 79.0 83.7 83.2 30.364 70;441 119,848 104,506 15,342 50,220 104,075 88,288 15,787 47,201 108,422 93,152 15,270 50,788 110,130 95,430 14,700 54,078 112,712 98,170 14,542 57,317 116,353 102,072 14,281 58,246 119,028 104,536 14,492 .54,624 123,540 108,831 14,709 51,414 128,283 113,468 14,815 46,617 129,013 114,046 14.967 461629 134,423 118,624 125,370 107,513 17.857 126,827 109,942 16,885 45,271 77.4 74.4 80.0 76.5 15,799 45,SSI 44,574 513 5,060 4£7 4,670 452 4,728 458 4,756 495 4,666 481 4,874 480 5,035 513 5,125 549 4,952 572 5,092 561 5,407 588 580 5,830 72.6 80.0 70.7 83.7 54.3 650 2,917 632 2,626 603 3,018 592 3,129 616 3,064 594 2,963 706 2,715 752 2,708 688 2,845 637 2,922 656 3,006 5,585 '729 3,137 910 695 2,871 '90S S39 540 687 760 783 814 844 911 963 958 995 9,406 5,044 621 12,353 5,370 7,728 4,184 662 7,959 4,620 670 11,885 4,958 8,842 4,828 580 12,152 9,517 4,587 543 11,880 5,019 9,532 4,810 539 12,204 5,115 9,212 4,786 621 12,252 5,441 9,353 4,983 668 12,355 5,387 9,586 5,164 630 12.485 5',3S9 9,692 5,279 607 12.054 5,627 10,115 10,532 5,814 644 10,804 5,968 71.5 70.1 80.4 84.7 76.2 u,sei 5,505 659 13,021 5,673 13,259 6,018 629 13,368 6; 263 4,776 63,637 4,880 2,117 4,557 5S}904 4,385 2,685 56,340 4,4SS 2,123 4,397 56,747 4,445 2,005 4,466 58,382 4,713 2,008 4,618 61,209 4,767 2,02S 4,498 63,649 4,752 1,926 4,451 67,157 4,916 2,054 4,450 71,484 4,863 2,121 4,556 71,834 5,002 2,005 4,657 74,720 63,864 5,319 2,165 4,818 64,354 5,595 2,221 4,785 72.1 78.4 71.7 S9.3 4,302 5,315 2.063 4,686 32,875 19,047 13,828 18,687 34,591 19,639 14,952 18,286 35,339 20,004 15,335 33,977 19,479 14,498 18,613 32,455 18,795 13,660 18,513 31,298 18,231 13,067 18.776 30,642 18,098 12,544 18,752 31,304 1.8,308 12,996 17,491 31,561 18,484 13,077 16,756 31,578 18,421 13,157 18,617 32,953 19,062 13.891 19,377 34.145 19,778 14,367 20,340 34,657 20,265 14,392 20,398 86. 7 89.3 81.8 18,325 82,1 6,439 13,062 6,387 14,308 6, 600 6,436 13,767 6,221 12,834 6,209 12,209 6,511 11,755 6,557 .11,835 6,588 12,042 6,365 12,136 6.513 13,031 6,563 13,979 6,333 14,435 94.1 81.4 14,413 5,826 5,122 704 5,115 6,265 5,378 887 5,103 5,593 4,868 725 5,044 4,576 3,95t 624 5,068 5,092 4,464 62S 5,137 5,118 4,499 619 5,171 5,155 4,577 578 5,274 5,514 4,850 664 5,243 6,129 5,427 702 5,041 6,357 5,631 726 5,166 6,448 5.774 "674 5,183 6.708 5; 952 756 5,040 6,957 6,092 65.8 64.9 65.2 93.1 S65 . 4,910 2,441 2,827 2,358 2,367 2,159 2,152 2, OSS 2,282 2,579 2,558 2,473 2,660 2,851 71.1 Per ct. av. is of state. 857 426 1,354 1,637 1,563 921 459 1,222 1,630 1,621 875 511 1,198 1,654 1,599 862 455 1,290 1,654 1,488 836 430 1,269 1,624 1,446 853 421 1,264 1,627 1,455 S60 381 1,304 1,645 1,554 $04 S&9 1,361 1,651 1,511 745 389 1,345 1,665 I', 513 820 409 1,396 1,496 1,552 873 423 1,496 1.634 i;603 898 438 1, 554 1,673 1,643 934 i 16.9 j 14.6 1 14.4 13,3 ; 29,1 427 1,549 1,691 1,771 6,223 735 877 572 6,276 694 6,177 692 951 562 5,821 753 S18 5S8 5,754 763 824 595 6,640 765 789 554 5,572 771 755 5,726 747 844 538 5,985 661 S52 541 6,125 8,481 714 827 569 8,197 7,022 788 911 600 i 9.S 15.1 41.4 12.6 1,296 668 552 695 768 563 7// 891 594 2, 894 5,409 2,980 j 6,023 3,084 6,168 2,917 5,S42 2,750 5,408 2,724 5,053 2,839 4,684 2,911 2, 895 4,841 2. S62 4,925 2,943 5,4.25 2,956 5,854 2,867 5,935 44.9 ; 41.4 4,750 998 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Census year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— INDUSTRY AND STATE. Total. 44 and under. Between 44 and 48. Between 48 and 54. Between 54 and 60. Over 60. 48.1 54. - 60. Rubber Goods—All Branches 1919 1914 1909 158,549 74,022 49,264 4,109 (2) (3) 25,449 80,976 3,216 163 20,510 9,959 1,201 1,453 23,969 15,555 20,232 31,739 23,457 5,820 4,750 8,881 (2) 389 7 RUBBER TIRES, TUBE3, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS. (3) United States 1919 1914 119,848 50,220 3,385 (3) 25,172 (a) 49,828 3,216 18,391 9,621 1,185 8,019 19,352 25,427 2,535 3,548 1919 1914 513 50 1 375 55 51 137 36 34 389 226 (a) (3) Connecticut 1919 1914 5,060 2,485 588 348 3,482 366 23 184 619 1,568 367 Illinois 1919 1914 650 563 133 67 21 2 196 38 233 488 <*) (3) 7 28 Indiana 1919 1914 2,917 1,499 25 57 85 597 39 150 2,663 448 87 415 1919 1914 839 385 64 240 Massachusetts 1919 1914 9,406 4,743 6 190 3,519 5,214 246 225 143 252 4,348 6 Michigan 1919 1914 5,044 17 4,845 48 2 132 Missouri 1919 1914 621 235 21 6 8 49 549 19 37 147 (*) (2) 20 New Jersey 1919 1914 12,353 6,316 205 2,554 10 2,899 1,139 337 41 4,752 3,666 1,606 1,460 (2) (2) New York 1919 1914 5,370 3,633 444 2,634 27 1,164 797 1 584 305 543 686 (2) (3) 1,808 10 Ohio 1919 1914 63,637 21,705 2,207 (3) 22,489 (2) 33,308 3,057 2,396 5,848 265 2,874 12,297 98 64 99. 340 Pennsylvania 1919 1914 4,880 3,172 50 1,786 (a) 334 12 285 417 8 2,230 39 187 (s) 2,704 Rhode Island 1919 1914 2,117 1,541 752 1,279 86 744 756 41 1919 1914 4,557 1,637 153 4,390 1,245 14 BOOTS AND SHOES, RUBBER. 17 375 1919 1914 32,875 18,687 724 26,881 1,532 338 5 448 3,490 3,285 Connecticut 1919 1914 6,439 6,439 14,859 Massachusetts 1919 1914 13,062 8,087 13,056 6 8,087 BELTING AND HOSE, RUBBER. United States 1919 1914 5,826 5,115 277 4,267 587 263 1,091 432 2,822 i,202 Massachusetts 1919 1914 2, Ml 2,118 323 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909, * Corresponding flgures not available, THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. 999 Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. Rubber Goods—All Branches. United States 1919. 1914. rubber tires, tubes, and other rubber goods. United States. California... Connecticut. Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts.. Michigan Missouri New Jersey— New York Ohio Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Wisconsin boots and shoes, rubber. United States Connecticut Massachusetts.. belting and hose, rubber. United States Massachusetts 1 477 342 437 25 No wage | [earn- ers. 158,549 74,022 119,848 513 5,060 650 2,917 839 9,406 5,044 621 12,353 5,370 63,637 4,880 2,117 4,557 32,875 6,439 13,062 5,826 2,441 establishments employing— £8 10 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. a 3 ■S3 •3 a 197 167 6 to 20 I 21 to 50 wage wage earners, j earners, inclusive. ' inclusive. earners, inclusive. 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. 251 to .500 wage earners, inclusive. 501 to 1,000 wage earners, inclusive. Over 1,000 wage earners. Is §5 - Ill 93 75 190 38 1,141 © £ tog © £ iS vi S3 a I II! I 7?^; Sfe Is: *s . C3 © j !IS: SI: Si 2,659 1,978 58 : 4,312 33 ! 2,-501 62 ! 10,076 i 37: 5,944' 40 14,782 i 29 10,602 > 25 16,258 35 ! 109,101 27 : 18,881 13 1 33,031 75 ! 2,616 | 56 4,155 j 60 9,767 | 30 ; 11,343 j 19 11,907; 20; 78,729 62 1 123 17 96 25! 14 178 60 249' 4S ■ 5 3 2 i 2: l l 3 i 12: 6 | 20 i 2! 1 | 2 1 205 I. 66: 24! 289! 47;. 97 I. 416! 165: 737 84 44 2 173; 3 249 7 534 1 57 10 721 ioT 3 707 233 7! 1 6 469 - 7 45$ 1 85 j 10 1 1 14 13 2 230 i -14S 184 176; 325 I 1,365 124 152; 2,414 1,187 2,011; 463: 335 153; 1,179; 871 385 823 2 1,194! 1 ] 2,224 !!M"!!!"';'""i","""i"25i 12 1 358 2,136 752 4,427 412 5,527 4,845 2,668' 1,926; 1,802! 1,603 i 565; 1,062 j J 5 i 1,9 2,925 | 13 309 i 3,668 j 1,426 SS0 | 3,824 1,021 53,904 1,786 1,088 3,259 27,954 6,1SS 11,388 2,418 1,238 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. VALUE OF PRODUCT. All classes . — Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000.... $100,000 to $500,000... $500,000 to $1,000,000. $1,000,000 and over... number of establishments . 1919 477 15 58 90 131 46 137 1914 1909 267 49 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 158,549 12 210 1,181 r 5,535 k 5,946 145,665 1914 74,022 32 259 1,485 13,965 58,281 1909 || 1919 1914 49,264 111,138,216,019 $300,993,796 1909 1919 $197,394,638 !$543,872,429 $137,959,083 ! $74,649,536 24 204 987 9,672 38.377 i! 39,084 656,031 4, SOS, 270 29,582,013 33,043,670 1,070,0S6,951 64,221 52-S, 766 4,212,430 18,652,321 26,917,050 250,619,008 j 53,582 ii 16,992 ! 500,503! 372,120 3,340,282; 1,735,765 } 34.000,874 159,500,017 j 514,311,393 1914 i 1909 35,941 286.135 1,93S.;S51 i> 19,250,061 j 12,509,325 116,448,095 . 60,454,614 24,6SS 239,568 1,421,341 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0!' 100.0! 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 100.0! 100.0 3.1! 7.6 12.2 | 15.2 18.9 j 24.6 27.5 | 23,1 7.5 16.9 24.3 0) 0.1 0.7 / 3.5 \ 3.8 91.9 0) 0.3 2.0 c1) 0) 1 c1) ; 0) c1) 0) o i 0> 0.4 0.1 0.2 i 0.3 0.1 2.0 0.4; 1.4! 1.7 0.3 0.2! 0.3 1.4 1.9 } 14.0 16. S 84.4 81.0 } 33.0 } 18.9 ™;{ i:t 11) ^ { 11 9.6 | 11.1 28.7 18.4 18.4 78.7 77.9! 94.0 . S3.3 SO.S 94.6 ,Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 1000 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. All classes Individual Corporation All other Census year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 477 342 267 47 40 44 407 283 196 23 19 27 Average number of wage earners. 158,549 74,022 49,264 593 774 685 157,804 73,040 48,349 152 208 230 Value of products. $1,138,216,019 300,993,796 197,394,638 3,727,425 2,350,052 2,365,077 1,132,958,162 297,939,143 194,092,094 1,630,432 704,601 937,467 Value added by manu- facture. $543,872,429 137,959,083 74,649,536 1,482,954 891,744 844,030 541,582,216 136,729,985 73,386,455 807,259 337,354 419,051 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Per cent distribution: Individual Corporation...... All other Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 9.9 11.7 16.5 85.3 82.7 73.4 4.8 5.6 10.1 Average number of wage earners. 0.4 1.0 1.4 99.5 98.7 98.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 Value of products. 0.3 0.8 1.2 99.5 99.0 98.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 Value added by manu- facture. 0.3 0.6 1.1 99.6 99.1 98.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 Table 9.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Primary power, total.. Owned Steam1 Engines Turbines Internal-combustion engines Water wheels, turbines, and motors. Rented Electric. Other... Electric... Rented Generated by establishments reporting. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. 1919 10,001 641 555 489 66 32 54 9,360 9,360 16,654 9,360 7,294 1914 2,237 627 556 1,610 1,610 6,176 1,610 4,566 1909 1,013 8 589 529 424 424 1,502 424 1,078 HORSEPOWER. Amount. 1919 429,887 235,926 226,539 120,458 106,081 3,773 5,614 193,961 193,347 614 356,024 193,961 162,063 19H 199,543 165,259 158,547 1,691 5,021 34,284 33,983 301 114,803 33,983 80,820 1909 122,436 113,812 106,643 (3) (3) 2,361 4,808 8,624 7,909 715 27,591 7,909 19,682 Per cent distribution. 1919 100.0 54.9 52,7 28.0 24.7 0.9 1.3 45.1 45.0 0.1 100.0 54.5 45.5 1914 1909 100.0 82.8 79.5 (3) (3) 0.8 2.5 17.2 17.0 0.2 100.0 29.6 70.4 100.0 93.0 87.1 (3) b) 1.9 3.9 7.0 6.5 0.6 100.0 28.7 71.3 1 Figures for horsepower include for 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. Table 10.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919. 'Figures not available. COAL. Coke (tons, 2,000 pounds). Gasoline and Gas (1,000 cubic feet). INDUSTRY AND STATE. Fuel oils (barrels). other volatile oils (barrels). Anthracite (tons, 2,240 pounds). Bituminous (tons, 2,000 pounds). All Branches. 137,318 131,038 2,149,811 1,064,761 5,316 3,131 316,100 18,843 52,535 292,884 376,324 1914.. 0) RUBBER TIRES, TUBES, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS. United States 84,915 1,928,116 3,651 186,639 43,146 283,760 75 5,190 188 15,544 Connecticut' 2,179 65,026 9,940 84,849 10,321 4 5,469 Illinois 12 12 97 132 150 75 6,000 I 69 350 680 853 90,702 ! , 2,689 156 4,139 110 TLf i r»Vi! rro n . . . . 76,769 1 197 43,853 3,219 183,375 54,902 i 825 33,321 2, 235 539 26,423 250 1,507 7,103 Ohio 3,730 1,156,810 58,759 23,920 236,332 10,001 970 1,271 57 88,754 24 3,254 934 Rhniifi Tf i «J . ......... 250 40,205 274 28 1 Included in figures for fuel oils, THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. 1001 SPECIAL STATISTICS. Certain additional detailed information concerning the quantity and value of products for the industry is collected by means of supplemental schedules and is summarized in the following tables. The establishments in the industry were classified according to their product of chief value but in the manufacture of the various products there was much overlapping between the different branches of the industry. . For example, there were only 15 establish- ments that reported the manufacture of belting and hose as a chief product, but 24 establishments classi- fied as tires, tubes, and other rubber goods also re- ported some belting and hose. • Table 11 shows in comparative form for 1919 and 1914 the quantity and value of the products manu- factured. As in 1914, tires were the chief product of the rubber industry, the output of this class being valued in 1919 at §752,926,708 or 66.1 per cent of the total value of products for the industry, as compared with 8146,421,569, or 48.6 per cent, in 1914. The second most important branch of the industry, rub- ber boots and shoes, had an output in 1919 of §90,779,- 829, or 8 per cent of the total value of products for the industry, as compared with §50,506,156. or 16.8 per cent, in 1914. The value of belting and hose pro- duced in 1919 totaled §49,434,534, or 4.3 per cent of the total value of products, as compared with a value of §24,843,098, or 8.2 per cent, in 1914. Table 11.—DETAILED STATISTICS OF QUANTITY AND VALUE: 1919 AND 1914. Total value1. Tires: Pneumatic- Automobile— Casings- Number. . Value Inner tubes- Number .. Value Motorcycle and bicycle- Casings— Number Value Inner tubes- Number Value Solid- Truck— Number. Value All other- Number. Value Boots, rubber: Pairs— Value..... 1919 1914 Number and amount. Number and amount. 32,835,509' $603,896,200 i 33,255,410; $81,312,576 4, $13; 1, $43, 656,121 449,225 125,097 347,012 454,807 917,152 873,650 004,543 9,207,703 $26,066,647 $1,138,216,019 li $300,993,796 8,021.371 $105,678,951 7,907,351 $20,101,084 3,728,138 $6,905,853 (s) $13,735,681 4,024,488 $12,647,934 Shoes, rubber: Pairs Value Shoes, canvas, with rubber soles: Pairs Value Heels, sold as such and on hand: Pairs Value Soles, including composition or fiber: Pairs Value Rubberized fabrics, sold as such or on hand Automobile and carriage- Yards Value All other- Yards Value Belting, value Hose, value Packing, value Clothing, valne Draggists' and stationers' supplies, value,.. Hard rubber goods, value All other marsiuaciures of rubber, value Reclaimed rubber, sold and on hand: Pounds Value All other products, value 1919 1914 Number and amount. $64, 21, $25, 13S, $16, 9, $2, 145,541 j 713,182 j 034,664 1 176,684 46,8,769 103,501 777.085 455; 306 40, $10, 47, $13, $22 $26. $7f ss; $15, $34, $80, 125, $20. $9; Number and amount. 57.211.72S $37, S58,222 750,500 696,547 162,085 712,376 436.242 998,292 I 316,819: 824,430 , 801,892 1 3S3.231! 719,898; 758,882 173,040 711,224 (*> C3) (') (») (s) $7,989,405 $16,853,693 $3,507,651 $6,799, 515 $7, 511,755 $41,384,086 $11,134,958 $s;ss5,oos 1 In addition, products to the value of $9,134,403 in 1919, and $752,503 in 1914, were reported by establishments assigned to other classifications. 1 Figures not available, 1002 MANUFACTURES. Table 12 summarizes by states the quantity and value of rubber tires produced in 1919. Ohio was the lead- ing state in every branch of the tire industry, and in the manufacture of automobile casings and inner tubes produced in number and value more than all the other states combined. Table 12.—RUBBER TIRES—PRODUCTION, BY PRINCIPAL STATES; 1919.1 Connecti- cut. Indiana. Massachu- setts. New Jersey. New York. Ohio. Pennsylva- nia. Wisconsin. All other states. Tires: Pneumatic— Automobile- Casings— Number Value Inner tubes— Number Value Motorcycle and bicycle Casings- Number Value Inner tubes- Number Value Solid- Truck— Number Value All other- Number Value (3) 451,892 $1,415,822 308,670 $5,281,169 2,939,163 $7,975,250 (a) h (2) (3) t8 238, 519 $835,938 2,576,982 $58,439,135 2,482,025 $7,576,809 2, $32, 3, $10, 080,937 789,813 312,073 324,950 673,101 $10,221,486 151,974 $469,879 8 8 10,635 $96,625 8,902 $16, 262 1,774 $89,014 (a) (2) h 19,726,962 $362,932,865 18,391,065 $41,430,711 1,758,832 $5,743,923 301,394 $417,370 1,072,627 $36,599,616 1, 332,431 $3,581,131 1,334,591 $21,789,923 2,008,060 $4,316,647 1,722, $27,090, 1,952, $3,943, 8 243,724 $386,846 4,411,625 $85,351,763 1,566,648 $3,858,556 2,888,654 $7,608,677 571,077 $526,534 380,406 $7,228,522 5,302,700 $4,587,474 i Michigan ranked as fifth state in value of products, but figures can not be shown without disclosing the operations of individual establishments. 'Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Table 13 summarizes, by states for 1919, the quan- tity and value of boots, shoes, canvas shoes with rubber soles, heels, and soles. In the manufacture of rubber boots and shoes and canvas shoes with rubber soles Massachusetts was the leading state, producing 43.3 per cent of the rubber boots, 39.9 per cent of the rubber shoes, and 30 per cent of the canvas shoes with rubber soles. In the manufacture of heels and soles Ohio ranked first, producing 64.5 per cent of the heels and 21.2 per cent of the soles. Table 13.—Boots and Shoes, by States: 1919. Boots, rubber: Pairs Value Shoes, rubber: Pairs Value Shoes, canvas, with rubber soles: Pairs Value Heels, sold as such or on hand: Pairs Value Soles, including composition or fiber sold as such or on hand: Pairs Value Connect- icut. 14,897,849 [$14,176,228 8 8 Massachu- setts. 3,984,725 $8,794,637 26,404,168 821,010,397 6,314,107 $9,009,760 40,184,367 $4,634,794 6,522,096 $778,837 Ohio. 8 89,269,519 [$10,265,011 2,069,485 $1,350,727 All other states. 5,222,978 $17,272,010 24,843,524 $29,526,557 14,720,557 $16,166,924 9,014,883 $1,203,696 1,185.504 $325,742 1 Included in "All other states" to avoid disclosure of individual operations. Table 14 summarizes, by states for 1919, the value of rubberized fabrics and clothing, belting and hose, and druggists' and stationers' sundries and hard rubber goods. In the manufacture of rubberized fabrics and clothing Massachusetts, the leading state, produced 43.7 per cent of the total value of products; in the manufacture of belting and hose, New Jersey, the leading state, produced 38.8 per cent of the total value of products; and Ohio, the leading state in the manu- facture of druggists' and stationers' sundries and hard rubber goods, produced 36.9 per cent of the total value of products. Table 14.—Miscellaneous Rubber Goods: 1919. INDUSTRY AND STATE. Rubberized fabrics and clothing: Massachusetts Ohio Connecticut New York New Jersey Missouri Pennsylvania All other states Belting and hose, rubber: New Jersey Ohio Massachusetts New York California All other states Value. $14,539,550 5,179,685 4,759,884 2,772,629 393,692 346,838 254,450 4,986,625 19,176,384 14,016,539 5,760,923 4,017,232 973,168 5,460,288 INDUSTRY AND STATE. Druggists' and stationers' sundries and hard rub- ber goods: Ohio New Jersey New York Connecticut Massachusetts Pennsylvania Indiana Illinois All other states Value. $18,513,193 16,002,783 5,845,340 3,167,089 2,336,931 1,467,623 663,430 339,556 1,849,178 THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. 1003 GENERAL TABLES. Table 15 gives for 1919, 1914, and 1909, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the rubber industry combined, and for each of its branches. Table 16 presents, for 1919, statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, and for each of the groups, such states as can be shown separately without the possibility of disclosing the operations of individual establishments. Table 15.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Wages. Cost of mate- rials. Value of prod- ucts. INDUSTRY AND STATE. Cen- sus year. Primary horse- power. Expressed in thousands. Rubber Goods—All Branches. 1919 477 158,549 429,887 $193,763 $594,344 $1,138,216 1914 342 74,022 199,543 44,167 163,035 300,994 RUB BEE TIRES, TUBES, AND 1909 267 49,264 122,436 25,137 122,745 197,395 OTHER RUBBER GOODS. United States 1919 437 119,848 354,188 156,807 525,686 987,088 1914 301 50,220 151,927 31,279 126,112 223,611 1909 227 26,521 79,062 14,120 82,192 128,436 1919 20 513 1,770 520 1,99S 4,941 1914 11 226 1,180 172 479 905 1909 5 74 209 61 169 323 1919 21 5,060 11,474 5,405 18,233 33,928 1914 18 2,485 9,59S 1,413 5,645 10,188 1909 13 2,115 6,138 1,116 7,126 11,005 Illinois 1919 20 650 2,460 677 1,983 4,136 1914 17 563 1,951 342 965 1,980 1909 13 104 293 53 2001 381 1919 15 2,917 11,696 3,018 12,017 20,884 1914 9 1,499 5,984 839 4,265 6,333 1909 11 787 5,276 410 2,908 4,313 1919 47 9,406 34,358 11,682 47,076 93,376 1914 42 4,743 17,515 2,S45 • 14,142 23, on 1909 29 3,418 10,123 1,769 11,005 15,796 1919 65 12,353 40,097 14,300 46,336 84,129 1914 53 6,316 22,214 3,681 15,172 25,458 1909 36 4,255 12,906 2,300 13,032 19,543 1919 40 5,370 21,778 5,963 16,933 33,033 1914 45 3,633 11,915 1,887 4,686 10,228 1909 53 2,066 6,89S 1,058 5,659 8,784 INDUSTRY AND STATE. ! Cen- : sus ,year. iNum- jber of ;estab- i lish- I ;ments RUBBER TIRES,TUBES, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS— i continued. j Ohio i 1919 ! 1914 ! 1909 Pennsylvania - ;1919 I 1914 , 1909 Rhode Island i 1919 1914 ! 1909 All other states j 1919 1914 1909 BOOTS AND SHOES, RUBBER. United States.., Massachusetts AH other states BELTING AND HOSE, RUBBER. United States. 1919 1914 1909 Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 63,637 54 j 21,705 371 10,382| 4,530 3,172! 1,205 Primary! horse- power. 170,402 58,672 25,8851 17,414 8,970 5,3001 2,117i 5,803 1,541! 3,350; 774! 1,075 76! 12,9451 36,936 27! 4,337! 10,578 12 1,341 4,959) Wages. Cost of! Value of mate- i prod- rials. I ucts. Expressed in thousands. $90,9Sl|S299,363j 14,578! 58,737 5,660 32,442] 5,864; 19,773 1,744! 7,299 566! 3,242i 1919 25 1914 23 1909 22 1919 S! 1914 9 1909 S' 1919 17 1914 14; 1909 14' 32,875 18,687; 17,612 49,400, 24,621 25,9031 13,062 8.0S7; 6;92S* 19,813 10,600 10,6S4 21,609 8,177; 8,330 27,791 16,444 17,573| 1,94' 821! 320j 16,450! 2,957 807 30, SS3 9,r" 8,544! 12,763 4,468! 3,376j 18,120| 5,518 5,168 7,599 4,062! 2,075, $551,118 109;659 53,911 35,792 12,177 4,686 15,8S7 6,089 3,143 54,375 109.864 10,660 17,553 4,334 6,551 50,3471 116,917 23,956; 53,822 29,577! 49,721 17,6211 44, SOS 10,455! 23,789 10,640 18,722 32,726 13,501! 18,937! 15 18 18 5,826, 26,299' 5,115i 22,995; 5,131 17,4711 6,073i 18.311 2,902! 12,967 2,473; 10,976! 72,609 30,033 30,999 34,211 23,561 19,238 1004 MANUFACTURES. Table 16.—DETAILED STATEMENT, INDUSTRY AND STATE. Rubber Goods—All Branches. United States RUBBER TIRES, TUBES, AND OTHER RUBBER GOODS. United States.. California Connecticut. Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Massachusetts. Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island Texas Wisconsin All other states4.. BOOTS AND SHOES, RUBBER. United States Connecticut Massachusetts — All other states 6.. BELTING AND HOSE, RUBBER. United States Massachusetts.... All other states6.. 477 437 15 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 160, S24! 752 6,437 185 795 3,730 977 12,185 7,053 715 173 15,263 6,213! 89,774 67 5,879 2,816 99 5,611 2,100] 37,929 7,390 15,195 15,344 7,449 2,936 4,513 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, su- per in- tend- on ts, and man- 5,018 4,015! 71 325 12 49 174 40 530 173 35 14 468 186 1,246 9| 259 173 14 76 161 8641 245 320 299 139 35 104 Clerks, etc. Male. 29,299 25,712 66 7421 7 52 449 59 1,404 1,481 31 23 1,010 382 17,808 25 450! 351 13 579 180 2,509 361 1,0781 1,070 1,078 279 799 Fe- male. 13.238 11,152] 92 306 39 189 38 838 351 27 12 824 260 7,068 7 282 175 7 399 230 345 735 600 406 181 2251 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 158,549 119,848 513 5,060 158 650 2,917 839 9,406 5,044 621 124 12,353 5,370 63,637 20 4, 2,117 57 4,557 1,519 32,875 6,439 13,062 13,374 5,826 2,441 3,385 Number, 15th day of- Maximum month. Oc 173,824 Oc 134,423 No De Au Jy No Oc De De Fo Au De De Oc Oc De Ja Se No 588 5,830 199 752| 3,137 995] 10,804 5,r 670 168 13,308 6,203 74,720 71 5,595 2,685 90 4,818 Fe 35,339 Fe De 6,600 14,435 De 6957 De 2,851 Minimum month. Ja 144,931 Ja 104,075 Ja Ap Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja My Ja Ja Mh Ja Ja3 Ja Je Fe Ja 427 4,666 105 532 2,626 540 7,728 4,184 539 11,321 4,774 53,904 8 4,385 1,926 19 4,302 Je 30,642 My Je 6,209 11,755 Mh 4,576 Je 2,026! WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 179,758 138,081 027 5,830 193 750 2,868 1,008 10,964 5,881 629 119 13,328 6,268 75,300 65 5,549 2,216 68 4, 1,6091 34,723 6,338' 14,441[ 13,944 6,954| 2,851 4,103 16 and over. Male. 146,912! 121,006 555 4,823 177 581 2,441 940 9,336 5,439 391 119 11,518 4,476 68,550 36 4,668 1,280 64 4,189 1,423 19,849 3,379 8,314 8,156 6,057 2,315 3,742 Fe- male. 31,036 Under 16. Male 901 16,3301 72 917 16 165 424 68 1,520 438 234 1,661 1,751 0,705 29 740 815 4 585 186 13,877 2,689 5,752 5,436 829 487 342 454 73 110 19 45 20 92 186 133 36 Fe- male! 586 178 189 219 32 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). 5 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants), * Same number reported for one or more other months, THE RUBBER INDUSTRY. 1005 BY STATES: 1919. Salaries and wages. Officials. Dollars. 19,563,363 16,249,7451 1*3,363 1,114,310 32,793 260,824 535,300 187,077 1,901,290 803,667 86,018 45,776 1,968,540 997,189 6,061,668 9,915 831,644 500,026 30,564 333,438 396,343 2,481,481 544,000 912,42S 1,025,053 832,137 259,048 573,089 Clerks, etc. Dollars 65,665,093| 58,699,712 159,893 1,335,760 34,039 157,785 796,785 105,923 3,690,645 2,449,238 63,448 37,773 2,849,995 962,323 42,765,855 18,205 829,376 648,756 22,620 1,148,071 623,222 4,919,907 739,740 2,207,566 1,972,601 2,045,474 642,415 1,403,059 Wage earners. Dollars, 193,763,089! For contract work. Dollars. [3,676,3181 Dollars.! Dollars, 6,549,454! 37,896,368, 156,806,82813,579,85^ 520,269 5,405,006 157,314 676,524 3,017,677 1,008,686 11,682,183 7,181,166 541,079 170,093 14,299,930 5,963,127 90,9S1,414 28,543 5,864,0S2 1,947,067 5S,807 5,672,011 1,633,8501 30,SS2,722 5,741,236 12,762,706 12,378,780 6,073,539 2,302,529 3,771,010 6,486,700! 33,714,601 2,121 3271 11,550 667 17,293 866,514 2,576,359 15,160 57,889 *25,~97i Rent and taxes. For materials. I ■ Taxes, { Federal, Rent of i state, factory, j county, | and ! local. Principal materials. 20,550! 37,44S 1,100! 11,073 4,565j 13,321 46,266! 3,780 14,321 Dollars. 579,474,7541 513,080,366! 21,7941 118,072 , 122,977j 2,503 24,14l| 56,471 1,155,116 4,706 115,225 475,057 283,640 2,852,417 2,008,780 16,905 5,516] 2,893,921 1,267,363! 18,583,624) 5,182 1,717,346i 24,000| 599,322 3,326! 5,150 l,710j 1,101,569 15,753| 567,291 58,134 17,584 40,550 1,939,492 17,647,975 640,624 1,892,770 11,600,824 3,598,237 45,889,938 20,747,228 2,423,297 541,596 44,753,679 16,351,555 293,287,709 100,838 19,266,485j 7,299,161 186,665 19,538,870 5,373,423 Fuel and rent of power. Dollars. 14, 863, 836-1 12,605,943 55,809 584,542 17,036 90,730 415„952 121,496 1,186,045 432;386 55,466 36,222 1,582.502 581,79S 6,074,822 1,427 506,202 299,480 5,699 380,887 174,442 I 3,021,931 49,025,640 509,1451 9,287,388 897,013 17,069,09S 1,615,773! 22,669,154 4,620 1,159,S36| 4.620, 517,005 642,831 17,368,7481 7,398,989 9,969,759 1,321,240 240,159 552,041 529,040! 941,653 383,46S! 55S,1S5 Primary horsepower. Value of products. Value j! added by !i manufac- !I ture. 1; Owned. if Steam j Total, Ii en- 1 i! gines i ;! (not j '1 tur- bines)/ Dollars. \ Dollars. 1,138,216,019! 543,872,429; 987,088,045 461,401,736! 4,940,513! 33,927,913 931,360 4,134,804 20,883.66S( 6,333,253: 93,376,505, 50,318,116! 3,86.5,296; 930.370! 84,129, 33,033, 551,118, 207, 35,792, 15,887, 568, 38,668, 10,341, 058 202 488 726 006| ao6j 181 685; 2,942,2l2j 15,695,3961 273,700 2,151,304 8,866,892 2,613,520 46,300,522 29,138,502 1,386,533 352,552. 37.792,8771 16', 099,849 251,755,957; 105,461 16,0I9,31$j I 8,288,365 375,817 16,448,92S 4,794,030 116,917,434! 66,570,5541 22,451,339) 12,923,792; 44,307,961; 26.6S6.822 50,153,1341 26,959,940! 34,210,540! 15,900,139! I3,859,74S! 6,077,291; 20,350,792! 9,822,848 I llnter- ] nal- tur- . bus- bines, j tion j en- gin es. Wa- ter pow- er.1 ! Rent- ! ed.a I Elec- !i trie j 'horse-: power: gener-1 atedin; estab-! lish- i ments \ \\ report-1 ing. i 429,887 1120,458,106,0811 3,773 I 354,188m 93,13311016,321 3,3671 2,534153,828! 1,770! 11,474i 846;! 2,460! 11,696' 4,293!! 34,35Sj. 8,7521 2,168:1 1,375; 40.097)1 2i; 778: 170,402! 1641 17,414j 5,803: 441 12,567; 6,330! 30! 5,468! 1,100;. 4.50 3,855 2, i25< 250 9,253 825! 2,025 4,500 250 49,400; 10,297! 21,609 17,494! 26,299i 10,035! 16,2641 21,126 5,505 32,043 125 6,861 1,735 412 2,895 850 21,0701 6,1251 5,970 8,975| 6,255 SS0! 5,375j 4,107! 400j 1,817 ... 77,657 1,792 I' 26 1,960| 1,078 350: 6,885 . 150j. 150,. 4,605. 406 4.355; '250| 406 5,614;193,961 315! l,740j 4,591! 842; 2,000i 5,116! 162,063: 1 151,153! 2 940 23,283! ...J 2,227; ....j i;9is! ...J l,375i 4,057. 1,540! 965! 9 6,435 10 11 '12 350 14,114; 11,976 13 14,456'J 4,956 14 329! 58,581! 115,006'' 15 13i, !16 ...J 7,515' 3,596! 17 3,718'i S16I IS 29f 6; 19 2,787; 1,S00! 20 5,4S0!| - 21 ; ii I 2,462 25,7181 2,602; 22 1,212 2,S10i! 1,623 23 482 24 497 25 15,639! 1,250; 7,269 618; 14,415|! 8,308; 26 .... 4,800,; 6,328! 27 618! 9,615! 1,980, 28 * All other states embrace: Colorado, 4 establishments; Delaware, 1; Kansas, 3; Kentucky, 1; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 2; Minnesota, 3; North Carolina, 2; Oregon, 2; Washington, f: West Virginia, 2. 6 All other states embrace: Indiana, 1 establishment; Maine, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 2; New York, 1; Pennsylvania, 1; Rhodo Island, 4; Wisconsin, 1. « AH other states embrace: California, 2 establishments; Delaware, 1; Illinois, 1; New Jersey, 5; New York. 2; Ohio, 1. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. GENEEAL STATISTICS. General character of the industry,—The statistics for this industry cover establishments engaged in the con- struction and repair of vessels, ships, and boats of all classes. Data for shipyards operated by the Federal Government were also collected but are shown sepa- rately and are not included in the totals for the industry. A number of establishments, not properly classified with the shipbuilding industry, also inci- dentally built or repaired ships or boats, but the amount contributed to the industry by these estab- lishments was small, and unless so stated the tables do not include statistics relating to them. As gener- ally used in this report the term "ship" or "vessel" refers to craft of 5 gross tons measurement or over, while craft under 5 tons are designated as boats. In compiling the statistics for the shipbuilding in- dustry the Bureau of the Census distinguishes between establishments in the steel and concrete ship building branch of the industry and those engaged in wooden- ship building and boat building. The first group is divided into (1) establishments doing construction work on steel and concrete vessels of 5 gross tons or over, and (2) establishments doing repair work only on steel and concrete vessels. The second group, wooden-ship building and boat building, is divided into four classes: (1) Establishments engaged in new construction work on wooden vessels of 5 gross tons or over; (2) establishments doing repair work only on wooden vessels; (3) establishments engaged mainly in building or repairing boats of less than 5 gross tons; and (4) establishments making masts, spars, oars, and ship accessories and those engaged in rigging vessels. These divisions and groups are used for purposes of comparison, as they are as nearly as possible the same for all censuses. Summary of the industry, by classes.—A marked feature of the industry, as shown by Table 1, is the large amount of capital invested, which increased from $156,059,938 in 1914 to $1,389,447,820 in 1919, or an average per establishment of $1,292,510 in 1919 as compared with $136,059 in 1914. By far the larger proportion of this increased capital was invested in establishments engaged in the construction of steel vessels. This vast sum was mostly contributed by the Federal Government for the purposes of facilitat- ing rapid shipbuilding to provide for military exigen- cies growing out of the World War. The value of work done in 1919 exceeded the amount of capital invested by $232,913,441, a condition which has not existed since 1889. In 1919 about 90 per cent of the total value of products was contributed by plants engaged in the construction and repair of steel vessels, as compared with 77.8 per cent in 1916 and 74.7 per cent in 1914. The large increases in wages, cost of materials, and the value of products, as presented in this table, are largely due to the World War, and therefore can not properly be used to meas- ure the growth of the shipbuilding industry during the census period 1914 to 1919. A truer index of the condition is found in the average number of wage earners and primary horsepower. The addition of the Federal income tax since 1914 will account for the increase in "Rent and taxes." Comparative summary.—Table 2 summarizes the statistics for each census since 1904, and gives percen- tages of increase for each period. While there was a decrease in the number of establishments at each census since 1909, all of the principal items show de- cided increases for this period. During the 15 years covered by the table the average number of wage earners increased 336,692, or 663.4 per cent. Comparative summary, Government shipyards.— From 1916 to 1919, as shown by Table 3, the number of shipbuilding plants owned and operated by the Fed- eral Government decreased from 30 to 22. This decrease resulted from the fact that certain of the plants which were operated by the Government in 1916 were abandoned prior to 1919. They were lo- cated in the Middle West and operated for the pur- pose of building and repairing unrigged craft to be used in Government work on the Ohio, Mississippi, and other rivers. In 1919, 13 of the Government plants were operated by the Office of Chief of Engineers of the War Department, and 9 by the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department. This table brings out the fact that between 1916 and 1919 there was a great increase in the construction of steel vessels propelled by steam, and wooden motor and unrigged vessels, and a decrease in wooden steam vessels. It also shows that the Government did not construct any steel unrigged vessels in 1919. The work performed at the several Government shipyards consisted of the repair of naval vessels, the construction of ships, boats, signal apparatus, and buoy lanterns, the building and repair of machinery, etc. It was impossible to make a separate presenta- tion of each kind of work done and the figures pre- sented in Table 3 include, therefore, statistics that do not properly pertain to shipbuilding or repairing. The value of "All other products, including repair (1006) SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1007 work/' amounted to $187,819,607 in 1919 and repre- sented 78.4 per cent of the total value of work done during the year. The corresponding percentages for 1909, 1914, and 1916, were 91.8, 83.6, and 76,3, respectively. The Government shipyards did a large amount of construction work in 1919 on vessels not launched during the year. The value of such work amounted to $26,005,758, nearly all of which was done on steel vessels consisting of battleships, destroyers, and submarines. Principal states, ranked by value of products.—The rank of the several states by value of products, as shown in Table 4, has changed materially since 1914. New Jersey advanced from second to first position, reporting 14.7 per cent of the total value of products, while New York, first in 1914, dropped to fifth posi- tion. The Pacific Coast states, California and Wash- ington, ranking fifth and ninth in 1914, advanced to third and fourth, respectively, in 1919. It should be noted that a number of states for which data can not be shown without disclosing individual operations ranked much higher than some named in this table. The first eight states, which include two that can not be shown, employed 71.9 per cent of the total number of wage earners, and reported 72.5 per cent of the total value of products. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classi- fication of the average number of wage earners in Table 5 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms," page 2. The classification by sex for 1919 was reported sepa- rately, but for 1916, 1914, and 1909, was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. Figures in detail will be found in Table 32. Wage earners, by months, for selected states.—As shown by Table 6, the number of wage earners em- ployed in the industry month by month in 1919 ranged from a maximum of 444,683 in January to a minimum of 301,172 in November, the minimum number being equivalent to 67.7 per cent of the maximum. Figures are given for all states reporting an average of over 5,000 wage earners, that can be shown without disclos- ing individual operations, while for the United States the number of males and females is also shown. Average number of wage earners, by prevailing hours of labor per week, for selected states.—Table 7 indicates a marked shortening of the working day for the shipbuilding industry since 1914. In that year only 33.1 per cent of the wage earners were reported as employed 48 hours and under as compared with 98.3 per cent in 1919. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners, for selected states.—Analysis of Table S brings out the fact that in 1919, 376,152 wage earners, or 97.1 per cent of the total number, were reported by establishments which employed more than 100 wage earners, illustrating the concentration of the industry in a few large establishments. In wooden ship- building, the predominance of small establishments is shown by the fact that 498, or 54.5 per cent of the total establishments employed fewer than 6 wage earners each and reported only 1.7 per cent of the total number of wage earners. ! Size of establishments, by value of products.—At the censuses of 1916 and 1914 establishments with prod- ucts valued at "$100,000 to 81,000,000" constituted one group, but at the census of 1919 this group was sub- divided into "$100,000 to 8500,000" and "8500,000 to 81,000,000." Separate figures for the number of es- tablishments and value of products have been com- piled, however, from the returns of 1914. The table, therefore, gives combined figures for these two | groups in the case of all items for 1916, and in the case j of average number of wage earners and value added j by manufacture for 1914. The statistics in Table 9 j show the degree of concentration of production in j large establishments. In 1919 the group "81,000,000 and over" included 143 establishments, or 13.3 per cent of the total for the industry, employed 360,993 wage earners, or 93.2 per cent of the total average number, and reported products to the value of 81,529,837,920, or 94.3 per cent of the total value of products. Character of ownership, by states.—The prepon- derance of corporate ownership in "shipbuilding, steel," is clearly brought out in Table 10. Corpora- tions owned 91.4 per cent of the number of establish- ments m this branch of the industry in 1919, and re- ported 99.9 per cent of both the average number of wage earners and total value of products. From 1916 to 1919 the average number of wage earners I in corporations in the industry as a whole, increased j 313,991, or 472.6 per cent, and the value of products | 81,426,409,136, or S32.4 per cent. ! Number and horsepower of types of prime movers,— I From 1914 to 1919, as shown by Table 11, there was ! an increase in the total horsepower for the industry of 438,378 horsepower, or 380.1 per cent, the greater part of which was due to an increase of 394,896 horse- power, or 1,312.6 per cent, in rented electric power, as ; compared with an increase of 43,261, or 50.9 per cent, ; in power owned. Of the total primary horsepower I reported in 1919, 476,135 horsepower, or 86 per cent, i was utilized in the form of electric energy. Fuel consumed, by states.—Table 12 shows the prin- | cipal kinds of fuel used for the industry in 1919 and I 1914, and also gives separately the amounts con- j sumed in states requiring considerable quantities of , fuel for manufacturing purposes. 1008 MANUFACTURES. Table 1.—SUMMARY OF THE INDUSTRY, BY CLASSES: 1919, 1916, AND 1914. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. Steel vessels. Wooden, including boat building. Census year. Aggregate. New con- struction of vessels of 5 tons and over. Ves. 5 els. Boats under 5 tons, con- struction and repair. Masts, spars, oars, and rigging of vessels. Total. Repair work only. Total. New con- struction of vessels of 5 tons and over. Repair work only. Number of establishments 1919 1,075 162 117 45 913 315 277 294 27 1916 1,137 109 72 37 1,028 339 248 416 25 1914 1,147 79 46 133 1,068 273 179 588 28 Persons engaged 1919 413,236 365,875 344,909 20,966 47,361 36,672 8,554 1,951 184 1916 78,333 59,802 51,230 8,572 18,531 10,395 4,932 2,949 255 1914 48,667 35,664 29,848 5,816 13,003 5,472 4,571 2,749 211 Proprietors and firm members 1919 816 21 10 11 795 210 245 313 27 1916 1,103 35 15 20 1,068 364 216 461 27 1914 j 1,192 24 7 17 1,168 332 152 657 27 1919 24,974 21,840 20, 621 1,219 3,134 2,340 579 188 27 1916 4,733 3,530 3,073 457 1,203 667 311 213 12 1914 2,986 2,132 1,699 433 854 338 310 197 9 Wage earners (average number) 1919 387,446 344,014 324,278 19,736 43,432 34,122 7,730 1,450 130 1916 72,497 56,237 48,142 8,095 16,260 9,364 4,405 2,275 216 1914 44,489 33,508 28,142 5,366 10,981 4,802 4,109 1,895 175 1919 553,711 475,567 443,384 32,183 78,144 59,593 14,675 3,370 506 1914 115,333 83,706 63,888 19,818 31,627 14,148 11,180 5,770 529 1919 $1,389,447,820 §1,268,640,254 $1,216,322,883 $52,317,371 $120,807,566 $93,372,049 $22,034,471 $4,792,460 S558,586 1916 243,217,869 209,517,898 190,391,607 19,126,291 33,699,971 17,394,882 10,204,019 5,403,418 697,622 1914 156,059,938 132,712,414 112,630,389 20,082,025 23,347,524 9,579,832 8,946,660 4,614,178 206,854 1919 662,561,142 595,634,083 557,452, 512 38,181,571 66,927,059 51,854,108 12,735,307 2,112,438 225,206 1916 67,526,623 53,367,771 43,816,888 9,550,8S3 14,158,852 8,253,659 3,830,740 1,891,039 183,414 1914 37,689,965 28,752,404 23,520,313 5,232,091 8,937,561 3,940,934 3,360,143 1,502,905 133,579 1919 65,114,494 57,261,507 54,014,657 3,246,850 7,852,987 5,981,126 1,448,902 362,200 60,759 1916 6,950,722 5,347,648 4,672,207 675,441 1,603,074 915,618 437,173 234,205 16,078 1914 4,758,809 3,586,612 2,801,588 785,024 1,172,197 525,032 414,155 223,061 9,949 1919 597,446,648 538,372,576 503,437,855 34,934,721 59,074,072 45,872,982 11,286,405 1,750,238 164,447 1916 60,575,901 48,020,123 39,144,681 8,875,442 12,555,778 7,338,041 3,393,567 1,656,834 167,336 1914 32,931,156 25,165,792 20,718,725 4,447,067 7,765,364 3,415,902 2,945,988 1,279,844 123,630 1919 10,107,529 8,205,806 7,450,870 754,936 1,901,723 1,660,723 226,290 12,908 1,802 1916 4,092,789 3,911,332 3,268,575 642,757 181,457 118,012 55,193 8,147 105 1914 531,779 442,135 206,194 235,941 89,644 34,094 39,257 15,717 576 1919 51,201,986 47, 499,861 41,231,912 6,267,949 3,702,125 2,621,708 907,832 146,020 26,565 1914 1,123,144 668,965 419,286 249,679 454,179 151,623 189,218 104,474 8,864 1919 710,522,676 613,752,814 622,462,097 21,290,717 66,769,862 56,898,161 7,293,565 2,187,418 390,718 1916 89,268,830 69,961,072 61,957,923 8,003,149 19,307,758 11,700,716 3,160,413 4,241,368 205,261 1914 38,596,970 29,269,727 25,825,634 3,444,093 9,327,243 4,691,331 2,517,787 1,956,374 161,751 i 1919 1,622,361,261 1,456,489,516 1,372,064,851 84,424,665 165,871,745 133,303,335 26,549,156 5,197,682 821,572 | 1916 185,852,192 144, 619, 111 119,155,601 25,463,510 41,233,081 24,902,116 8,763,825 7,059,017 508,123 j 1914 88,682,071 66,216,692 54,339,778 11,876,914 22,465,379 10,427,681 7,255,951 4,413,757 367,990 I 1919 911,838,585 812,736,702 749,602,754 63,133,948 99,101,883 76,405,174 19,255,591 3,010,264 430,854 , 1916 96,583,362 74,658,039 57,197,678 17,460,361 21,925,323 13,201,400 5,603,412 2,817,649 302,862 I 1914 50,085,101 36,946,965 28,514,144 8,432,821 13,138,136 5,736,350 4,738,164 2,457,383 206,239 I 1 Includes 4 establishments making boats under 5 tons, and 1 making masts, spars, oars, and the rigging of vessels. » Not reported in 1916. «Value of products less cost of materials. Table 2.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1916, 1914, 1909, AND 1904. "*' I PER CENT OF INCREASE .1 1919 1916 1914 1909 1904 1916- 1914- 1909- 1904- 1919 1916 1914 1909 1,075 1,137 1,147 1,353 1,097 -5.5 -0.9 -15.2 23.3 413,236 78,333 48,667 44,949 54,424 427.5 61.0 8.3 -17.4 816 24,974 387,446 * 1,103 4,733 72,497 1,192 2,986 44,489 1,463 2,980 40,506 1,190 2,480 50,754 -26.0 427.7 434.4 -7.5 58.5 63.0 -18.5 0.2 9.8 22.9 20.2 -20.2 553,711 (s) 115,333 88,063 78,127 31.0 12.7 $1,389,447,820 $243,217,869 $156,059,938 $126,118,489 $121,623,700 471.3 55.8 23.7 3.7 662,561,142 67,526,623 37,689,965 29,303,132 32,580,828 881.2 79.2 28.6 17.9 -10.1 65,114,49-1 6,950,722 4,758,809 4,035,446 3,339,741 836.8 46.1 20.8 597,446,648 60,575,901 32,931,156 25,267,686 29,241,087 886.3 83.9 30.3 -13.6 10,107,629 51,201,986 4,092,789 (s) 531,779 1,123,144 1,185,579 835,656 674,418 '640,519 147.0 669.6 -55.1 34.4 75.8 710,522,676 89,268,830 38,596,970 31,214,358 37,463,179 695.9 131.3 23.7 -16.7 1,622,361,261 185,852,192 88,682,071 73,360,315 82,769,239 772.9 109.6 20.9 -11.4 911,838,585 96,583,362 50,085,101 42,145,957 45,306,060 844.1 92.8 18.8 -7.0 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Not reported. » Exclusive of Internal revonue. * Value of products loss cost of materials. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1009 Table 3.—Comparative Summary, Government Shipyards: 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909. Number of establishments.. Persons engaged Salaried employees Wage earners (av. number).. Primary horsepower Salaries and wages.. Salaries Wages Cost of materials Value of work done during year., New vessels (5 gross tons and over) Vessels launched Steel vessels Steam — Motor . Unrigged Wooden vessels Steam . Motor Unrigged Vessels building but not launched Steel Wooden Boats (less than 5 gross tons)... All other products, including repair work 1919 22 71,186 11,244 59,942 84,824 iS105,434,091 '19,405,416 86,028,675 95,539,667 239,603,243 49,933,747 23,927,989 23,097,401 21,162,512 1,934,8S9 830,588 45,693 257,826 527,069 26,005,75S 25,851,893 153,865 1,849,889 187,819,607 1916 30 23,528 3,464 20,064 0) 1822,232,313 4,451,210 17,781,103 14,077,767 38,674,491 8,811,863 3,376,710 3,021,645 2,922,566 C1) 99,079 355,065 127,702 138,912 88,451 5,435,153 5,361,448 73,705 351,339 29,511,289 1914 13 18,328 2,543 15,785 82,498 $16,428,497 3,336,830 13,091,667 11,103,113 29,217,265 4,612,311 1,385,131 1,298,511 966,502 332,009 86,620 31,346 30,097 25,177 3,227,180 3,101,014 126,166 175,730 24,429,224 1909 12 16,425 1,888 14,537 32,525 $15,317,330 2,646,806 12,670,524 9,526,109 25,872,033 1,977,977 156,141 34,106 C1) 34,106 122,035 68,104 ""ft, 931 1,821,836 1,821,836 **"i53,"346 23,740,710 1 Not reported. Table 4.—Principal States, Ranked by Value of Products: 1919. United States.. New Jersey.. California."... Washington. New York... Michigan Maryland.. Ohio Wisconsin. Florida Maine Georgia Louisiana North Carolina.. Kentucky Indiana..".. i2 2 1,075 WAGE EARNERS. 387,446 93 67j 76| 161 33j I 42: 2SI 35 73 82 I 10: 22 IS 7; 7; lOO.O! All other states I 321 52,397 47; 530 34,576 33,295 16,541j 19,0S4i 11.4121 7,855j 11.1991 7,000| 4,447 5,3461 117' 185| 107 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 11? o es © £3 t3 VALUE ADDED BY MANU- FACTURE. 3 « a O i.2i 20; 1.4 19 C1) 3V (i) ! 29!; (i) 32 238,015 185,882 166,520 132,012 85,155 67,310 57,483^ 44,164; 32,662' 24,6S2j 20,944 17.598; '374! 330j 315i 136,355: 35.2 ... 14.7 1 11.5 3 10.3 4 8.1 5 5.2 6 4.2 7 3 5 9 2.7 12 2.0 13 1.5, 14 l.sl 16 l.i! 20 C1) | 30 0) 32 33.8 33 112,461 109,254 92,474 90,457 49,034 36,310 33,581 23,797 18,745 14,839 12,2S3 10,602 224 277 233 307,268 loo. o;. 12.3 12.0 10.1 9.9 5.4 4.0 3.7 2.6 2.1 1. 1.3| 1.2! C1) 0) 0) 33.71 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 5.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1916, 1914, AND 1909. INDUSTRY AND CLASS. Shipbuilding, Including Boat Building. Proprietors and officials.. Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers... Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of ago and over.. Under 16 years of age. Cen- sus year. 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 PERSONS ENGAGED. Total. 413,236 78,333 48,667 44,949 8,195 2,653 2,187 2,471 816 1,103 1,192 1,463 875 399 323 367 6,504 1,151 672 641 17,595 3,183 1,991 1,972 1387,446 '72,497 44,489 40,506 [387,193 1 72,097 44,288 40,135 253 400 201 371 1407,139 77,802 48,314 44,597 Male. 16,097 1 531 353 352 8,158 2,605 2,154 2,447 804 1,062 1,163 1,440 861 394 320 366 6,493 1.149 671 641 12,756 2,818 1,765 1,706 [386,225 72,379 44,395 40,444 1385,972 1 71,979 44,195 40,073 253 400 200 371 Fe- male. 4,839 365 226 266 1,221 118 94 62 1,221 118 93 62 Per cent of total. Male. 98.5 99.3 99.3 99.2 98.2 98.5 99.0 98.5 96.3 97.6 98.4 98.4 98.7 99.1 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.9 100.0 72.5 88.5 SS.6 86.5 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7 99,8 99,8 100.0 100.0 99.5 100.0 Fe- male. 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.8 1.5 1.0 1.5 3,7 2,4 1.6 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 27.5 11.5 11.4 13.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 INDUSTRY AND CLASS. Shipbuilding, steel.. Cen- I Proprietors and officials.. Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations... Superintendents and managers. Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over.. Under 16 years of age. 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 PERSONS ENGAGED. Total. 1365,875 59,802 35,664 30,041 5,916 1,007 585 491 21 35 24 21 442 194 166 122 5,453 778 395 348 15,945 2,558 1,571 1,407 344,014 56,237 33,508 28,143 343,774 55,859 33,323 27,794 240 378 185 349 Male. Fe- i maie. 360,416 59,476 35,470 29,890 [5,459 326 194 151 Per cent of total. Male. ! Fe- ! male. 98.5! 1.5 99.5! 0.5 99.5 0.5 99.5 0.5 5,903 1,003 582 491 20 33 22 21 439 193 165 122 395 34S 11,610 2,335 1,447 1,302 342,903 56,138 33,441 28,097 1342,663 55,760 33,257 27,748 240 378 184 349 99. S 99.6 99.5 100.0 95.2' 94.3; 91.7; 100.0 9 r 1 L 4,335 I 223 I 124 | 105! 1,111 ij 99.7 | 99.8 99.7 99 ' 99.8 66 99. S 46 I 99.8 100.0 100.0 »9.5 100.0 0,2 0.4 0.5 4, 8 5.7 8.3 3 99.3 l 1 I 99.5 1 1 1 99.4' ...!! 100.0 L 0.7 0.5 0.6 99.S I 99.9 j 100.0 100.0 ;.. 72.8! 91.3! 92.1! 92.5 i 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 111367—23 64 1010 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1916, 1914 AND 1909—Continued. INDUSTRY AND CLASS. Shipbuilding, wooden, in- cluding BOAT BUILDING. Proprietors and officials.. Proprietors and firm members Salaried officers of corporations. Superintendents and managers.. .1 Cen- sus year. 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 PERSONS ENGAGED. Total. Male. Fe- Per cent of total. male. Fe- male. Male. 47,361 18,531 13,003 14,908 46,723 18,326 12,844 14,707 638 205 159 201 98.7 98.9 98.8 98.7 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 2,279 1,646 1,602 1,980 2,255 1,602 1,572 1,956 24 44 98.9 97.3 98.1 98.8 1.1 2.7 1.9 1.2 • 30 24 795 1,068 1,168 1,442 784 1,029 1,141 1,419 11 98.6 96.3 97.7 98.4 1.4 3.7 2.3 1.6 39 27 23 433 205 157 245 422 201 155 244 11 4 2 1 97.5 98.0 98.7 99.6 2.5 2.0 1.3 0.4 1,051 1,049 372 276 293 2 1 1 99.8 99.7 99.6 100.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 373 277 293 INDUSTRY AND CLASS. SHIPBUILDING, WOODEN, IN- CLUDING BOAT BUILDING -COn Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. Wage earners (average number). 16 years of age and over.. Under 16 years of age. Cen- sus year. 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 PERSONS ENGAGED. Total. 1,650 625 420 665 43,432 16,260 10,981 12,363 43,419 16,236 10,965 12,341 13 24 16 22 Male. 1,146 483 318 404 43,322 16,241 10,954 12,347 43,309 16,217 10,938 12,325 13 24 16 22 Fe- male. 604 142 102 161 110 19 27 16 110 19 27 16 Per cent of total. Male. Fe- Imale. 69.5 77.3 75.7 71.5 99.7 99.9 99.8 99.7 99.9 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.5 22,7 24.3 28.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 Table 6.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] United States: 1919 Males Females 1916 1914 Shipbuilding, steel— 1919 1916 1914 Shipbuilding, wooden, in- cluding boat building— 1919 1916 1914 California. Florida.... Louisiana. Maine Maryland. Michigan.. New Jersey.. New York... Ohio... Washington.. Wisconsin.... Aver- age num- ber em- ployed during year. 387,446 386,225 1,221 72,497 44,489 344,014 56,237 33,508 43,432 16,260 10,981 47,530 11,199 5,346 7,000 19,084 16,541 52,397 33,295 11,412 34,576 7,855 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- ary. 444,683 442,939 1,744 69,433 47,038 378,842 47,087 36,262 65,841 12,846 10,776 60,917 14,300 5,086 7,701 19,410 17,724 53,210 39,842 10,939 48,392 6,970 Febru- ary. 406,553 404,955 1,598 61,615 45,776 345,596 48,674 35,435 60,957 12,941 10,341 55,919 13,389 5,375 8,425 19,913 19,262 53,509 38,707 11,754 11,286 7,437 March. 432,454 430,990 1,464 64,782 48,534 April. 429,218 427,844 1,374 67,801 48,941 376,102 ! 378,623 51,376 I 52,633 36,788 36,636 56,352 13,406 11,746 59,537 12,170 4,927 8,419 20,432 20,692 54,393 38,385 12,379 35,287 7,555 50,595 15,168 12,305 58,582 11,385 4,994 7,760 20,051 19,563 53,523 37,302 12,216 43,830 8,171 May. 427,614 426,409 1,205 70,157 49,567 380,799 53,809 36,773 46,815 16,348 12,794 62,138 10,914 4,368 7,559 19,496 19,375 53,333 35,543 12,385 43,546 8,186 June. 418,438 417,262 1,176 73,251 48,610 375,018 55,944 36,222 43,420 17,307 12,388 59,437 10,542 4, S08 7,355 19,227 20,351 52,633 34,507 12,347 41,826 8,181 July. 403,539 402,416 1,123 72,788 46,164 362,726 55,659 34,822 40,813 17,129 11,342 53,934 10,983 5,354 7,019 19,678 16,646 53,392 34,038 11,358 39,965 8,279 August. 390,825 389,739 1,086 74,259 43,606 353,849 57,257 32,967 36,976 17,002 10,639 51,314 10,925 5,214 6,643 17,626 17,051 53,266 32,095 11,895 37,883 8,484 Septem- ber. 369,255 368,252 1,003 77,069 39,870 335,164 59,565 29,808 34,091 17,504 10,062 49,141 10,219 5,500 5,879 17,932 14,642 50,632 28,951 11,185 35,759 8,574 Octo- ber. 323,395 322,449 946 79,281 39,162 293,784 61,756 28,743 29,611 17,525 10,419 6,605 18,266 12,406 49,689 B4,4$8 11,086 29,739 8,544 Novem- ber. $01,172 800,260 912 83,600 87,843 273,350 64,685 28,107 27,822 18,915 9,736 1S,S54 9,987 6,358 5,692 18,876 10,900 49,716 26,682 10,027 24,821 7,506 Decem- ber. 302,206 301,185 1,021 85,928 38,757 274,315 66,399 29,533 27,891 19,529 9,224 23,910 9,692 6,006 5,943 18,101 9,880 51,468 29,056 9,373 22,578 6,373 Per cent mini- mum is of maxi- mum. 67.7 67.8 52.3 69.2 76.3 71.8 70.9 76.4 42.3 63.2 72.1 21.5 67.8 64.7 66.5 86.3 47.7 91.4 61.3 75.7 23.3 74.3 SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1011 Table 7— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919 AND 1914. United States.. Shipbuilding, steel., Shipbuilding, wooden, in- cluding boat building. California.. Florida*... Louisiana.. Maine ... Maryland— Michigan.... New Jersey.. New York... Ohio Washington, Wisconsin... Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Total. 387,446 44,489 40,506 344,014 33,508 43,432 10,981 47,530 3,457 11,199 5,346 666 7,000 1,122 19,084 2,468 16,541 1,261 52,397 6,324 33,295 6,076 11,412 2,879 34,576 1,444 7,855 695 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WEEE- 44 and under. 259,809 (*) C3) 246,866 (*) 12,943 (3) 46,979 2 50 (a) 18,615 (s) 234 (s) 41,555 (3) 6,079 (3) 2,410 (3) 33,203 (2) 210 (s) Between 44 and 48. 48.i 4,760 I (a)! (3) | 4,685 I (a)! 75; (S) (2) 4,317 (2; (2) ""(*)' (3) (J) (3) 312 11G, 122 14,730 3,865 89,901 11,928 26.221 2,802 550 3,035 10,866 5,21S 6 1,294 649 251 1S5 16,067 9,977 5,065 26,258 877 S,750 1,373 351 ,554 45 Between 48 and 54. 2,038 7,638 2,674 583 6,861 1,455 777 233 39 SO . 1,378 j 51 30; 151 652 494 1,009; 146 i 11 I 54. 2,156 12,320 9,883 541 6,900 1.615 5; 420 242 45 326 392 199 84 678 181 176 569 , 207! 3,725 i B etween 54 and 60. 1,085 IS i 554; 110 1S3 60 6S 173 794 25 15 ! 60. 477 1,524 1,964 7,771 14,038 120 506 1 10,045; 138! 1,300 6,393 928 j 498 j 339! 596 \ 664 1,378 120 8 78 j 33; 175 1 44; 136 j 3 3S9! 200 I 35! 113! 287' 36 1,738! 48 L 73 j Over 60. 361 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 'Corresponding figures not available. * Figures not available for 1914. Table 8.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, FOR SELECTED STATES: 1919. "United States: 1919 1916 1914 Shipbuilding, steel— 1919 1916. 1914 Shipbuilding, wooden, in- cluding boat building— 1919 1916 1914 California Florida Louisiana Maine Maryland.. - Michigan New Jersey ..... New York ■ Ohio Washington.... * Wisconsin 1,075 1,137 1,147 162 109 79 913 1,02S 1,068 67 73 22 82 42 33 93 161 28 76 35 3S7,446 72,497 44,489 344,014 56,236 33,508 43,432 16,261 10,981 47,530 11,199 5,346 7,000 19,084 16,541 52,397 33,295 11,412 34,576 7,855 No earn- ers. 126 146 170 1 1 125 145 170 ESTABLISHMENTS EMFLOYING— 1 to 5 wage 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. ! inclusive. w to la 379 485 602 6 4 4 373 481 59S & d 757 I 167 1,024 I 230 1,334 j 194 744 1,008 1,325 15 33 5 31 12 I 10 37 49 5 23 14 155 218 183 1,926 2,371 2,157 120 151 137 1,806 2,220 2,020 24S 146 67 94 53 106 292 36 ISO 46 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive, inclusive, 101 to 250 wage earners, 251 to 500 wage earners, inclusive. ^waef0 Over 1.000 earners, ™f« inclusive. eaters. 102 113 81 11 16 10 a 3 3.390 i 73 3,515 i 69 2,644 40 356 I 17 568 ■ 16 369 j 10 3,034 56 2,947! 53 2,275 30 214 164 104 345 332 603 112 192 23 5,221 5,095 2,966 1,222: 1,182 763 3,999 | 3,913: 2,203 139 i 227 74S 98 244 1 323 1,375 312 434 115 I £2 d III 14,377 7,730 4,593 2,355 3.198 2,928 12,022 4,532 1,665 90S 865 114 933 S36 208 1,184 2,258 157 1,512 415 i3 = 3f| ill 13.509 j 7,690! 4,13S; 6,005 I 6,614 i 3,235 I 7,504 I 1,076 1 24 17.111 8 6,502: 7 ! 5.337 10 7 6 , 7.231 5,937 4.747 77 1[ 74! 15 I 3S2 663 977 519 799 1,190 2,722 677 720 14 : 9,880 1 565 , 1 590 331.155 3$,570 21,320 32(5,712 38,570 21,320 4 , 4 43 1 709! 3 2.128' 2 1,516! 1 -!- 885 I 727 835 5 ! 3,741 2 i 1,098 7! 9 i 4! 5 i 3 i 44, 892 6,940 2,559 4,316 16,059 15,910 48,601 25,117 10,784 27,S01 5,415 1012 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1919, 1916, AND 1914. VALUE OF PRODUCT. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1,075 1,137 1,147 387,446 72,497 44,4S9 $1,622,361,261 $185, 852,192 $88,6S2,071 $911,838,585 $96,583,362 $50,085,101 Less than $5,000 287 238 183 169 55 143 461 300 197 549 314 182 145 838 2,978 12,660 9,832 360,993 472 1,764 4,364 558 1,669 4,162 629,905 2,461,121 8,825,152 / 42,718,353 \ 37,888,810 1,529,837,920 1,019,222 3,101,970 9,006,099 1,199,688 3,216,529 7,916,358 / 17,638,417 \ 7,592,501 51,118,578 436,474 1,650,356 5,236,140 25,902,999 24,051,907 854,560,709 682,718 2,015,011 5,132,024 822,806 2,066,431 4,442,517 35,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $500,000 | 144 { It } 16,827 11,581 | 42,396,128 \ 22,343,535 15,108,403 $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over 35 15 49,070 26,519 130,328,773 66,410,074 27,644,944 All classes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000... $100,000 to $500,000.. $500,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over.. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26.7 22.1 17.0 15.7 5.1 13,3 40.5 26.4 17.3 47.9 27.4 15.9 / 6.6 \ 1.0 1.3 (l) 0.2 0.8 3.3 2.5 0.7 2.4 6.0 1.3 3.8 9.4 0) 0.6 1.7 4.8 1.4 3.6 8.9 0) 0.7 2.1 5.3 1.6 4,1 8.9 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 2.8 2.6 93.7 | 12.7 ]• 23.2 26.0 / 2.6 \ 2.3 94.3 } 22.8 70.1 / 19.9 \ 8.6 57.6 } 23.1 68.8 30.2 3.1 93.2 67.7 59.6 55.2 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 10.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY STATES: 1919, 1916, 1914, AND 1909. United States. Shipbuilding, steel. Shipbulldmg,wood- en, including boat building. California Florida' Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Washington Wisconsin Cen- sus year. 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 Indi- vid- uals. NUMBER OF ESTABLISH- MENTS OWNED BY— Cor- pora-l All oth- ers. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 387,446 72,497 44,489 40,506 344, 014 56,237 33,508 43, 432 16,260 10,981 Total. 47,530 7,113 3,457 11,199 5,346 1,306 666 7,000 1,857 1,122 19,084 5,326 2,468 16,541 2,225 f, 261 52,397 7, 777 6,324 33,295 9,928 6,076 11,412 5,059 2,879 34,576 3,744 1,444 7,855 1,250 695 2,571 3,647 2,666 97 618 189 2,474 |3,029 2,477 In establishments owned by— Indi- vid- uals. 380,433 66,442 39,967 34,475 |343, 635 55,245 33,019 36,798 11,197 6,948 216 404 203 57 74 45 229 163 95 142 259 168 3140 381 175 153 160 148 628 830 697 48 35 74 75 49 95 Cor- pora- 4,442 '2,408 1, 856 |2,371 2S2 374 300 4,160 2,034 ',556 47,054 6, m 3,171 10, 474 5,279 1,171 534 6,715 1,452 18, 893 4,879 2,126 16,401 1,712 940 51,957 7,495 6,095 32,133 8,527 4,935 11,341 4,989 2,769 33,953 3,581 1,234 7,813 1,157 606 All oth- ers. 260 86 83 593 10 61 87 56 242 134 188 174 132 146 287 122 81 534 571 444 23 35 36 548 114 115 33 71 65 Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 0.7 5.0 6.0 9.0 (l) 1.1 0.6 5.7 18.6 22.6 0.5 5.7 5.9 1.2 1.1 5.7 6.8 3.3 8.8 8.5 0.7 4.9 6.8 0.8 17.1 13.9 0.3 2.1 2.3 1.9 8.4 11.5 0.4 0.7 2.6 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.8 3.5 99.0 93.1 91.7 98.7 89.7 80.2 95.9 78.2 79.6 99.0 91.6 86.1 99.2 76.9 74.5 99.2 96.4 96.4 96.5 85.9 81.2 99.4 98.6 96.2 98.2 95.6 S5.5 99.5 92.6 87.2 All oth- ers. 1.1 3.3 4.2 5.9 0.1 0.7 0.9 12.5 14.2 0.5 1.2 2.4 5.3 0.2 4.7 13.1 0.8 13.0 11.9 0.3 3.5 7.1 5.9 11.6 0.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 5.7 7.3 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.6 3.0 8.0 0.4 5.6 9.4 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Total. $1,622,361,261 185,852,192 88,682,071 73,360,315 ,456,489,516 144,619, 111 66,216,692 165,871,745 41,233,081 22,465,379 185,882,234 19,777,911 8,104,033 32,662,379 17,597,868 2,606,767 1,080,319 24,682,253 4,882,131 2,482,518 67, 309,914 12,205,557 4,521,169 85,154,702 5,637,103 2,822,557 238,014,659 20,311, 529 11,860,965 132,012,124 31,357,645 14,195,298 57,482,599 12,160,007 4,716,787 166,519,787 10,829,812 3,101,446 44,163,746 3,826,847 1,254,088 916,667 , 530,807 550,871 395,979 79,165 127,836 31,580 970,594 475,171 190, 833 415,484 483,147 254,161 |U, 008,000 679,57,0 336,488 496,575 322,038 331,988 3,100,018 2,326,178 1,619,349 147,801 83,976 105,840 292,085 118,980 273,265 39,355 40,019 50,202 183,858,817 18,036,821 7,350,730 31,103,378 17,483,662 2,395,786 956,732 23,398,053 3,797,229 2,007,196 66,712,033 11,268,684 3,919,507 84,146,702 4,620,709 2,134,864 236,391,794 19,751,940 11,333,679 126,421,333 27,394,616 11,433,607 57,264,711 12,009,771 4,537,147 163,895,783 10,406,725 2,551,020 44,027,194 3,649,285 1,099,122 1,106,750 210,283 202,432 1,163,022 35,041 83,145 92,007 313,606 609,731 284,489 182,397 453,726 347, 501 336,824 351, 205 1,126,290 237, 551 195,298 2,490,773 1,636, 851 1,142,342 70,087 66,260 73,800 2,331,919 304,107 277,161 97,197 137,543 104,764 0.5 7.7 6.8 1.2 0.4 4.9 2,9 9.7 7.7 0.6 4.0 5.6 1.2 12.1 11.9 0.2 1.6 2.8 2.3 7.4 11.4 0.3 0.7 2.2 0.2 1.1 0.1 1.0 4.0 $10,561,820 8,849,579 5,598,619 6,796,334 401, 8&3 1,420,661 434,942 10,159,937 7,428,918 5,163, 677 Of establishments owned by- Individ- uals. $1,597,770,403 171,361,267 79,046,032 61,646,548 1,454,961, 083 142, 255,944 64,973,326 142,809,320 29, 105,323 14,072,706 Corpora- tions. $14,029,038 5,641,346 1 4,037,420 4,917, 433 1,126, 550 942, 506 808,424 12,902, 488 4,698,840 3,22S, 996 All others. Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. 0.7 4.8 6.3 9.3 0) 1.0 0.7 6.1 18.0 23.0 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. a Figures not available for 1916 and 1914. • Includes the group "All others." SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1013 Table 11.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OB MOTORS, j! HORSEPOWER. j! Amount. Per cent distribution. POWEE. 1909 | - , , 1919 1914 1919 1 1914 1 1909 1919 i 1914 1909 i! 1 i 22,179 2,999 1,960 553,711 115,333 88,063 100.0 100.0! 100. 0 1,255 789 750 39 461 5 1,338 831 1,416 |! 128,290 991 |! 121,200 (2) j| 79,164 (2) j 42,036 420! 7,019 5 j| 71 h > 85,029 79,599 (2) (s) 5,336 94 78,769 75,180 (2) (2) 3,503 86 23.2 21.9 14.3 73.7 1 89.4 69.0; 85.4 T^11V V\1TI AQ (2) 7.6 Internal-combustion engines 502 5 1.3 4.6 J 4.0 0.1 0.1 (3) 20,924 20,924 1,661 1,661 544 l! 425,421 544 j! 424,981 30,304 30,085 219 9,294 9,264 30 76.8 76.7 0.1 26.3; 10.6 26.1 I 10.6 !; 440 0.2! (3) 23,390 20,924 2,466 3,989 1,661 2,328 2,266 M 476,135 544 ;i 424,981 1,722 m 51,154 66,275 30,085 36,190 35,334 9,264 26.070 100.0 89.3 10.7 100.0 1 100.0 45.4 1 26.2 54.6 73. S Generated by establishments reporting 1 Figures for horsepower include lor 1909 the amount reported under the head of "Other" owned power. 2 Not reported separately. a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 12.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1919 AND 1914. California: 1919 1914 Louisiana: 1919 1914 Maine: 1919 1914 Maryland: j 1919 !5,346 1914 .1 481 172,247 10,716 > Included in figures for fuel oils. 1014 MANUFACTURES. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Statistics covered and terms used.—The schedules used in collecting the statistics of shipbuilding re- quired a detailed statement of the number, kind, and tonnage of vessels launched, and value of the differ- ent kinds of work performed. In explanation of the terms gross *and net tons, it should be stated that gross tonnage is the total in- ternal cubic capacity of a vessel, expressed in tons of 100 cubic feet each, while net tonnage is the internal cubic capacity remaining after deductions have been made from gross tonnage for quarters of officers and crew, for boilers, machinery, and coal bunkers, and for navigation and other purposes. Net tonnage, therefore, may be regarded as that portion of the ves- sel which is available for passengers and cargo. Ton- nage measurements are not altogether uniform among maritime nations, but vary with the laws of the na- tion under which registry is made. Displacement tonnage, the term used in stating the size of vessels of the United States Navy, differs from gross and net tonnage as applied to merchant vessels, and is merely the weight of the volume of water displaced, equiva- lent, of course, to the weight of the vessel. The ton- nage of vessels of the United States Navy, as given in the statistics, is always displacement tonnage. While gross tonnage and displacement tonnage are not by any means the same, it is necessary to combine the tonnage of vessels whose capacity is reckoned in one way, with that of vessels whose capacity is reck- oned by the other method, in order to obtain a total which should represent approximately the total ton- nage launched during the year. In the tables which follow, gross tonnage is shown unless otherwise specified, and the statistics do not include the products of Government shipyards nor the subsidiary products of establishments in other in- dustries unless specifically stated. Number and gross tonnage of vessels launched and number of power boats.—Table 13 shows the number and gross tonnage of all vessels launched during the census years 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909, and distin- guishes three classes of establishments reporting for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and two classes of establish- ments for 1916. In many cases a large part of the work on vessels launched during the census years was done in prior years, and on the other hand, much work was done during each census year on vessels which were not launched. In 1919, 1914, and 1909, shipbuilding statistics were collected as a part of the quinquennial census of manufactures for these ^years, and include data for vessels and boats built by establishments engaged pri- marily in other lines of manufacture and hence not classed as shipbuilding, whereas the census of 1916 did not cover other manufacturing industries but was limited to the shipbuilding industry proper. The sta- tistics for 1916, therefore, are those of establishments engaged primarily in ship and boat building and re- pairs, and include Government shipyards, but do not include any ships or boats that may have been built in establishments designated as "Private establish- ments in other industries.'' The number, as well as the tonnage, of vessels launched by these private estab- lishments is relatively small, the tonnage amounting to only 1.1 per cent of the total in 1919, 3 per cent in 1914, and 2.6 per cent in 1909. •DNicrana xvoa DNiamom 'ONiaimadiHS STOT ■ffno* ssoj3 teo'sx 'qassaA o;wonoD f\ sopnpni t ^-aSmraoq. ssoiS,, jo poaisni ('lOI 650*3 £58'91 ss *S ISS i IS i is S£ i S9 IS 01 18. i & 83 \ S3 '32 ■ 82 i 8 OZ n iz i is %f K9'on | soi 3So'3i 32S*6 922's 88f'l *3 852. 901 2. 2 93 8 H 52 922** j 5 63*'s: 8 362*6 f 69 65 S£S*3l *S9*8I ZZ *6 026*19 *9 ssojf) I -nm^ 'saiHisnaNi H3HX0 KI SE2/SG6 085 'til 203 'SIS 990'itS los'n t33*3 95*'Si 160'£9 £59 'Z 662*3 539*0£ *S2*2I iz%'01 998 '63 *2I '2.5 929'ttZ *SS*3** f32*oio'* £83*313 101 381 8*3*8*3 809'552. 986**53 656cZfZ 093'58* 103 'm'z 613*29* 090 'S3* 801 *t£2 60S Wt i ssojo 22S'8 902 *£ 909*8 6SI*I 905 f99 505 IS 0* Z9 2S S"9 SS 39 LZ 9ft OAS £0* 1*3 181 6SI 981 £05'I 93*'l 2.86 iH'I 851 931 OSS 560 'T« *SS*I £11 I 2281 ££0 3 3*0*6 815 * 012'£ 912*1 DNiannairae am HI SiNaKHSITSYXSa 959 613 068 *36I £21 *S33 195'80* 208**I fZZ'Z 95*'SI 625**9 359*3 525*9 539*08 3*3*61 81**6 298 '01 9I£'0£ 668*09 SIS*S£3 II0*£f3 265*32* 3S9*60I; 228 619 669 3£9 IS Of 39 SS 99 39 82 Iff ZSZ *€* f9Z m sn 903 0£3*T 8*0'133 269'981 60£*£S3 6£5'622 592*093 028*893 858'815, m'm 8 ST8'T8f 299*55* mzu SS* 399'* •gSBirao? ssojo m 'l 0*0'l 613*1 130*1 691 513 ffZ 181 'I 289*1 553'I 89* I 303*3 •sxNawHsnaTisa tiy 6061 *I6I 9161 6161 6061 H6I 9161 6161 6061 ^161 9161 6161 6061 t!6I 9161 6161 6061 H6I 9161 6161 6061 H6T 9I6T 6161 6061 H6I 9161 6161 6061 fI6I 9161 6X61 6061 mi 9161 6I6T snsneo -suoi ssoi3 5 asm ss9t jo s^oq J9M0J P933UUJ1 j9Aiod iJBnP^1^ ^noq^)tM 'jtus —J9Mod ^rejitxne q^L^ 'ireg io;ojt raB9ig • napoo AV * J9ao pns sno; ssoi3 9 jo S]9ssoa '6061 aNV *fl6l '9161 '6161 .'SXTOa JO HSLaHHN QNV aaiHOmVl SiaSSSA £0 30VNNOX SSOHD QNV HaaKHNr-'fiT aiavx 1016 MANUFACTURES. designated as Number and gross tonnage of vessels launched, by coast divisions and inland waters.—Table 14 gives, for private establishments in the shipbuilding industry, the number and gross tonnage of vessels launched, and the number of power boats built of less than 5 gross tons for 1919, 1916, and 1914. Statistics are presented for coastal areas and inland waters follows: 1. The North Atlantic division which includes establishments located on the Atlantic seaboard and the navigable rivers of the New England states, and of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. 2. The South Atlantic division which includes establishments located in Maryland, the District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and on the east coast of Florida. 3. The Gulf division which includes establishments located on the Gulf of Mexico and on waters tributary to the Gulf, other than the Mississippi River, in the states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 4. The Pacific division which includes establishments located in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. 5. The Great Lakes division which includes establishments in the territory bordering on the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. 6. The division designated "Mississippi River and its tributaries'' which includes establishments located on these rivers. 7. The division u Other inland waters'' which includes establish- ments, chiefly boat-building plants, located on lakes and rivers other than those mentioned in the preceding groups. This division also includes establishments located on canals and engaged in the building of canal boats. In 1919, 40.7 per cent of all tonnage launched in the United States, was constructed in the North Atlantic division, 30.2 per cent on the Pacific Coast, 15.6 per cent on the Great Lakes and all other inland waters, and 13.5 per cent in the South Atlantic and Gulf divisions. Table 14. -NUMBER AND GROSS TONNAGE OF VESSELS LAUNCHED, BY COAST DIVISIONS AND INLAND WATERS: 1919, 1916, AND 1914. Vessels of 5 gross tons and over: Number Gross tonnage Steel: Number Gross tonnage Wooden: Number Gross tonnage Steam: Number Gross tonnage Motor: Number Gross tonnage Sail with auxiliary power: Number Gross tonnage Sail without auxiliary power: Number . Gross tonnage Unrigged: Number Gross tonnage . Power boats of less than 5 gross tons Census year. 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 United States. 2,033 1,377 1,113 4,489,809 734,108 425,060 1,095 230 126 3,734,201 485,860 242,959 1,147 987 755,608 248,248 182,101 1,203 186 139 4,010,724 442,354 234,636 241 403 370 57,174 29,866 10,821 27 62 58 17,764 30,625 2,799 57 62 40 63,091 15,456 2,224 505 664 506 341,066 215,807 174,580 1,159 3,606 3,706 COAST DIVISIONS. North Atlantic. 781 597 401 1,826,365 2S0,249 174,632 i 443 64 41 61,647,627 136,909 108,042 338 533 360 178,738 143,340 66,590 458 58 44 1,672,957 126,319 104,100 170 123 17,931 7,052 2,221 17 31 35 1,977 2,854 1,746 33 33 18 33,612 9,395 1,844 184 305 181 99,888 134,629 64,721 491 1,946 1,265 South Atlantic. 205 138 99 295,321 128,614 27 21 "240,663 108,929 60,114 136 111 78 54,658 19,685 9,172 90 22 18 256,364 95,897 57,544 38 33 1,143 13,960 593 1,420 56 4 1 2 4,323 75 64 73 74 43 33,491 17,262 11,029 120 143 206 Gulf. 164 • 87 126 313,474 18,507 23,733 a 48 7 6 * 148,200 1,990 1,931 116 80 120 165,274 16,517 21,802 58 7 4 209,321 2,652 415 20 22 28 23,958 466 1,909 6 12 2 4,651 4,595 72 12 5 7,748 2,298 194 72 34 87 67,796 8,496 21,143 25 152 127 Pacific. 419 223 231 1,356,017 134,0S6 41,112 8 1 <218 20 15 089,441 102,119 23,973 201 203 216 266,576 31,967 17,139 269 33 22 1,269,766 111,404 28,890 81 123 132 13,791 7,315 4,996 15 11,126 9,985 835 10 15 15 17,378 1,368 122 55 43 47 43,956 4,014 6,269 200 191 363 INLAND WATERS. Great Lakes. 354 89 82 657,816 121,134 43,251 307 57 21 595,416 118,600 39,929 47 32 61 62,400 2,534 3,322 324 46 29 600,923 102,464 3S, 811 22 39 243 479 972 11,771 90 2,320 21 13 11 56,650 4,100 3,378 107 412 541 Mississippi River and its tribu- taries. 95 234 153 38,700 50,593 71,612 10 55 22 12,854 17,313 8,970 85 179 131 25,846 33,280 62,642 4 20 20 1,393 3,618 4,798 2 24 8 50 549 87 190 125 37,227 46,426 66,728 31 462 427 Other inland waters. 15 9 21 2,116 925 1,434 15 9 21 2,116 925 1,434 78 2 4 7 58 45 44 13 5 12 2,058 880 1,312 185 300 777 1 Includes 6 concrete barges. 2 Includes 1 composite vessel. 8 Includes 5 composite and 2 concrete vessels. * Includes 6 coDcrete and 3 composite vessels. 6 Includes 3,000 tons concrete vessels. 0 Includes 5,189 gross tons composite vessels. 7 Includes 15,686 gross tons composite and 12,574 tons concrete vessels. 8 Includes 2,460 tons concrete and 8,772 tons composite vessels. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1017 Steel power vessels launched, by class, by coast divisions and inland waters.—Table 15 shows the class, number, gross tonnage, and place where launched of all steel vessels built in the United States in 1919, exclusive of Government vessels. The greatest tonnage, 450,574, was launched in Newark, N. J., and the second greatest tonnage, 390,698, in Seattle, Wash. While Newark holds first place in aggregate tonnage, the vessels launched in Seattle were of larger average tonnage, the figures being 4,210 and 6,301, respectively. Table 15.—STEEL POWER VESSELS LAUNCHED, BY CLASS, BY COAST DIVISIONS AND INLAND WATERS: 1919. TOTAL. j SCREW. STERN-WHEEL Steam. Motor. 1 Steam. Motor. STEAM. DIVISION. I Num- ber. Tonnage. Num- ber. Tonnage. Num- ber. Tonnage. Num- ber. Tonnage. Num- ber. Tonnage. United States i 999 3,670,617 46 24,7S0 982 3,599,197 46 24,7S0 17 71,420 North Atlantic 397 1,621,472 29 15,703 396 1,621,072 29 15,703 1 ; 400 South Atlantic 67 23fi,480 66 231,291 1 ! 5,1S9 Gulf 33 137,224 4 627 32 133,624 4 627 1 ! 3,600 Pacific 204 1,0S0,981 13 8,450 194 1,020,321 13 8,450 10 60,660 Great Lakes 295 593,266 ; 294 592,889 1 377 Mississippi River and. its tributaries 3 1,194 !;: 1 3 | 1,134 1 Includes 14 concrete vessels, 18,034 gross tons. Gross tonnage and kind of service of vessels launched.—Table 16 presents, by coast divisions and inland waters, the gross tonnage of vessels launched during 1919, according to the service in which vessels are to be used. In this and the following tables data do not include the products of Government shipyards. The bulk of the shipbuilding in the United States has been the tonnage for freight service, which em- Table 16—GROSS TONNAGE AND KIND braces the foreign, coastwise, and domestic trade, and includes freight tonnage carrying passengers. This class of tonnage represented 81.4 per cent of the entire tonnage launched in 1919. Tankers for the carriage of oil in bulk show a re- markable increase, the tonnage launched in 1919 being 346,253 as compared with 26,655 in 1916. OF SERVICE OF VESSELS LAUNCHED: 1919. CHARACTER OF SERVICE. Total tonnage. Passenger. Freight.... Towing ... Ferry Tanker.... Fishing Canal U. S. Government... Foreign government. Yacht All other Steel tonnage.. Passenger. Freight Towing Ferry Tanker Fishing Canal.... "O. S. Government... Foreign government. Yacht Allother United States. 4,4S9,809 40,895 3,655,544 40,195 1,663 346,253 5,866 13,555 359,658 IS, 960 1,-1 SI 5,739 3,734,201 40,500 3,110,484 17,398 1.215 329,999 1,719 3,000 210,854 18,960 1,647,627 240,663 40.500! 1,387,332 | 11,477! 1,215 i 78,031 i 1,342 i 3,000 124,5S0 100 50 103,296 285 ls 089.441 595,416 I 128,36$ 1", 108 930,159 553,669 4,234 110,247 7,975 IS,860 16.724 120,997 38,263 377 *37*i36' COAST DIVISIONS. North Atlantic. South Atlantic. 1,826,365 295,321 40,5S9 1,515,197 16,156 1,229 87,310 3,286 12,575 144,072 100 837 5,014 306 150.907 5,402 13 110,247 45$ 120 S. 513 IS, S60 '374 121 Gulf. Pacific. 313,474 245,135 8,254 20,224 39,705 149" 1,356.017 1,105,2,54 1,101 421 120,997 1,?21 12 126,222 53 236 INXAND WATERS. Great Lakes. 657,816 OS, 169 8,649 Mississippi River and its tribu- taries. 394 40,246 58 i 300 I 38,700 29,6,82 583 ,475 900 12,854; 7,660 294 4.000 Other inland waters. 2,116 1,200 50 84S Wooden tonnage. Passeuger. Freight— Towing— Ferry Tanker Fishing Canal... U. S. Government.. Yacht All other 755,608 178,738 54,658 266,576 62,400 395 545,060 22,797 448 16,254 4,147 10,555 148,804 1,409 5,739 89 127,865 4,679 It 9.279 1,944 9,575 19,492 7S7 5,014 306 47,611 5,117 13 1.16,767 7,146 45S 120 538 374 121 175,095 1,101 421 54,500 j 4,115 I 3,500 7 37,705 149 87,959 '31 236 3,110' 58 300 22 022 "?2i5 3,475 !. 10! 50! 1,200 50 848 "is 1018 MANUFACTURES. Vessels launched, grouped according to tonnage.— Table 17 shows, by classes, the number and gross Table 17. tonnage of vessels launched during 1919 and 1916, grouped according to tonnage. VESSELS LAUNCHED, GROUPED ACCORDING TO TONNAGE: 1919 AND 1916. Total Steel Steam and motor Sail. , Unrigged Wooden Steam and motor Sail Unrigged Census year. 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 1919 1916 Num- ber. 2,033 1,377 1,095 230 1,045 151 938 1,147 399 438 81 116 458 593 Tons. 4,489,809 734,108 3,734,201 485,860 3,695,397 442,991 1,924 14,191 36,880 28,678 755,608 248,248 372,501 29,229 78,921 31,890 304,186 187,129 LESS THAN 100 GROSS TONS. Num- ber. 276 610 264 592 189 390 58 125 Tons. 8,906 17,878 100 BUT LESS THAN 500 GEOSS TONS. Num- ber. 420 503 SOS 890 338 810 170 SO 8,398 16,9S8 5,930 9,133 2,169 5,986 36 349 408 254 Tons. 115,434 144,561 24,203 29,493 18,655 10,277 460 128 5, OSS 19,088 91,231 115,068 21,357 6,060 2,255 2,201 67,619 106,804 500 BUT LESS THAN 1,000 GROSS TONS. Num- ber. 233 141 144 21 133 10 Tons. 151,4S0 97,797 93,093 15,099 86,964 6,689 1,464 4,665 8,410 58,387 82,698 4,627 6,438 9,203 11,921 44,557 64,339 1,000 BUT LESS THAN 3,000 GROSS TONS. Num- ber. 513 49 343 22 331 14 170 27 Tons. 1,145,099 75,920 812,999 42,426 790,116 27,263 14,063 22,883 1,100 332,100 33,494 188,163 7,598 54,564 15,896 89,373 10,000 3,000 GROSS TONS AND OVER. Num- ber. 591 74 525 74 a 524 74 Tons. 3,068,890 397,952 2,803,398 397,952 2,799,324 397,952 4,074 265,492 152,424 12,600 100,468 1 Includes 5 concrete vessels, 2,450 gross tons. > Includes 2 concrete vessels, 12,574 gross tons. The group "3,000 tons and over" (3,000 tons being virtually the minimum tonnage for oversea trade), shows, in 1916, 5.4 per cent for number and 54.2 per cent for tonnage, as compared with 29.1 per cent and 68.4 per cent, respectively, in 1919. In the first group mentioned only 12 of the vessels were con- structed of steel, while in the group of "3,000 tons and over," out of a total of 591 vessels 525 were of steel construction. Vessels launched, by states.—Table 18 gives, by states, the total number and gross tonnage of all vessels launched in 1919, 1916, and 1914, by establish- ments in the shipbuilding industry, exclusive of Gov- ernment shipyards. Of the total number of vessels launched, of 5 tons and over, New York built the largest number in 1919, as well as in 1916 and 1914, but in total tonnage launched, New York was outranked by Pennsylvania, Washington, New Jersey, and California, in the order named. The combined tonnage of these four states, in 1919, amounted to 2,417,378, or over one-half of the entire tonnage launched in the United States. The largest average tonnage per vessel, 3,766, was launched in Pennsylvania, closely followed by Oregon and New Jersey, with 3,512 and 3,382 tons, respec- tively. Steam vessels launched.—Table 19 shows, by states, the number and the gross and net tonnage of steam vessels of 5 tons and over, launched in private ship- yards in 1919, 1916 and 1914. 3 Includes 1 concrete vessel, 10 gross tons. * Includes 6 concrete vessels, 3,000 gross tons. In 1919 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Washington, and California led in the order named, and their com- bined tonnage represented 2,340,807 gross tons, or 58.4 per cent of the total for steam vessels of 5 tons and over, launched in private yards. In 1916 the leading states in respect to tonnage were California, Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, in the order named. Table 18.—Vessels Launched, by States: 1919, 1916, and 1914. United States. Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey , New York , North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... Texas , Virginia , Washington West Virginia... Wisconsin , All other states. 1919 Num- ber. *2,033 43 162 31 21 62 36 13 8 47 82 101 131 180 267 3 92 62 178 7 37 33 195 2 78 159 Tonnage. 4,4S9,809 62,967 503,986 71,922 42,365 109,553 38,528 5,675 1,990 70,909 87,804 153,795 208,602 608,843 292,445 345 184,052 217,759 670,277 305 86,401 70,556 631,272 120 105, &54 260,481 1916 Nbu^- I Tonnage. 1,377 (3) 118 18 44 45 65 40 45 60 29 75 337 8 54 36 128 (3) 12 36 69 (3) 21 131 734,108 89,108 3,365 25,472 6,614 16,163 11,974 15,486 57,767 38,310 33,752 111,709 2,268 74,320 11,652 41,836 2,265 63,943 33,326 13,436 51,312 1914 Num- Tonnage. a 1,113 (3) 88 19 10 22 8 51 73 43 58 21 65 220 11 35 41 56 <«) 29 24 102 (3) 29 116 425,060 31,500 1,995 6,624 1,141 40,000 17,501 3,072 36,961 12,405 57,866 49,911 730 36,824 2,495 30,533 4,293 31,538 7,117 3,048 49,506 1 Exclusive of 64 vessels, with an aggregato gross tonnage of 51,970, launched by establishments in other industries. 1 Exclusive of 94 vessels, with an aggregate gross tonnage of 13,654, launched by establishments in other industries. »Included in "All other states." SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1019 Table 19—STEAM VESSELS LAUNCHED, BY STATES: 1919, 1916, AND 1914. United States Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states 1919 1916 Num- ber. Tonnage. Gross. 1,203 i 4,010,724 111 108 19 16 21 33 19 19 33 126 160 78 76 47 123 14 14 114 74 93 39,328 489,823 59,735 38,865 92,896 32,852 56,375 40,387 129,900 207,852 603,543 167,S16 179,246 186,754 654,252 37,379 69,595 593,189 104, &54 226,283 Net. Num- ber. 2,366,772 J 186 Tonnage. Gross. Net. 442,3,54 i 297,724 1914 Num- ber. Tonnage. Gross. Net. 139 | 234,636! 175,094 22,917 » 305,677; 39,645 !j 23,517'! 57,930 [ 7,509 I 12,406 23,436 ;j 78,635; 121,64S; 321,661 1 97,64$ 108,461; 115,69S: 417,709 , 22,628 , 44,086 406,131: 61,730 77,700 i 82,766; 46,622 l 13,965 i 9,642 I 13 13 17: 17 3.417; 32', 861 I 35,945 20,331 1 3,2S1 52,046 • 4,719 49,089' (3) ! 8: 12: 12! 35! 62,778; 23.919' 12,415! 44,822 I 2,957 2(0,513 23,303 12,021 2,595 jj 41,1.54! 3,209 j! 31,407 j i! "47*763* II 16,25$ !| 7,917 n 32,423 (3) (*) (s) (*) C3) 26,420 I 17,490 "*3," 796 11 6' 6 19' 6 1,400 27,368: 11,512 41,182 i 3,056 26,205 251 23,547 1,317 16,794 7,273 36,137 1,900 19,778 171 23,374 30,176 2,219 362 34,672 22, S96 1,453 251 22,464 1 Includes 2 concrete vessels, 12,574 gross tons. Motor vessels launched, including sail vessels with auxiliary power, by states.—Table 20 shows, by states, the number and the gross and net tonnage of motor vessels, including sail vessels with auxiliary power, of 5 gross tons and over, launched in private ship- yards in 1919, 1916, and 1914. Table 20.—Motor Vessels Launched, Including Sail Ves- sels With Auxiliary Power, by States: 1919, 1916, and 1914. United States Motor Sail with auxiliary power California. Connecticut Florida Louisiana Maine Maryland New Jersey - New York Census Num- j year. ber. Gross. Net. 1919 1916 1914 26S 465 423 74,928 60,491 13,620 44,919 45,251 9,974 1919 1916 1914 241 403 370 ) 57,174 j 29, S66 ; 10,821 29,565 19,193 7,789 1919 1916 1914 27 62 58 ! 17,754 l 30,625 2,799 15,354 26,053 2,185 1919 1916 1914 36 76 70 ! 17,047 1 3,511 2,815 662 2,003 1,971 1919 1916 1914 7 10 12 •3,540 1 1,174 25 1,132 127 | ISO 1919 1916 1914 20 15 15 '4,203 i 194 247 3,133 149 177 1919 1916 1914 7 712 3,017 1,593 462 2,767 1,301 14 13 1919 1916 1914 22 23 34 3,179 1,812 541 2,423 1,469 339 1919 1916 1914 9 168 14,997 194 126 10,003 114 20 6 1919 1916 1914 16 45 22 785 1,022 1,419 64 800 1,256 1919 1916 1914 25 72 60 3,070 1,735 1,827 1,379 653 i 953 1 Includes 5,978 displacement tonnage. 1 Includes 3,500 displacement tonnage. 1 Included in "All other states-" Table 20.—Motor Vessels Launched, Including Sail Ves- sels With Auxiliary Power, by States: 1919, 1916 and 1914— Continued. North Carolina.. Ohio.. Oregon Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. Texas.. Census Nam- vear Virginia Washington Wisconsin Ail other states. 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 1919 1916 1914 ber. ! Gross. Net. 2 2 8 85 81 175 55 61 121 1 12 6 6 4 11.974 9,424 89 '129 2 14 7 36 6, 205 317 24 5, 875 234 3 5 8 373 116 335 111 52 : 66 6 i 205 i (s) (s) 140 9 6 9 1 17,031 1,925 * 198 15,625 1,566 124 14 12 11 401 240 180 72 i 183 US 47 42 j 17,834 7,584 j 2,699 13,971 5,910 2,032 70 1 50 ! 221 i 413 1 30 1S3 331 7 15 41 16,205 4,740 1,55$ 5,773 2,239 '981 90 62 8 Included in "All other states." Motor vessels were reported separately for the first time in 1904, at which time they numbered 311, and averaged slightly over 10 gross tons in size. In 1909 their average capacity was 21 tons; in 1914, about 29 tons; in 1916, nearly 75 tons; and in 1919, over 237 tons. The change from 1904 to 1919 in the size of motor craft is due to the building of internal-combus- 1020 MANUFACTURES. tion engines of larger units, of improved reliability and compactness, making them practical for use in larger vessels. A much smaller number of motor vessels were built in 1919 than in 1916, owing to the fact that the energies of the various shipbuilding establishments were directed to the construction of large steam vessels for freight purposes. While there was a decline in number, there was an increase in total tonnage of 27,308 gross tons. Sail vessels with auxiliary power launched, by states.—Table 21 shows for 1919, by states, the number and tonnage of sail vessels with auxiliary power, in- cluded in motor craft in Table 20. Table 21. -Sail Vessels with Auxiliary Power Launched, by States: 1919. Total.... Florida Maine Texas Washington... All other states Num- ber. 27 Gross. 17,754 2,020 1,343 2,631 11,126 634 Net. 15,354 1,491 1,213 2,425 9,890 335 Sail vessels without auxiliary power launched, by- states.—Table 22 gives for the United States, for 1919, 1916, and 1914 and for selected states separately for 1919, the number and the gross and net tonnage of sail vessels, without auxiliary power, of 5 gross tons and over, launched in private shipyards. Table 22.—Sail Vessels Without Auxiliary Power Launched, by States: 1919. United States 1919. 1916 1914, California Connecticut Florida Georgia Maine Maryland New York ■ Oregon Texas Washington All other states Num- ber. Gross. 63,091 15,456 2,224 4,173 1,547 1,764 2,176 27,561 2,147 3,424 1,728 4,450 11,477 2,644 Net. 54,119 14,048 1,874 3,677 1,388 1,396 1,896 25,128 1,970 3,295 1,554 3,660 8,113 2,042 Unrigged vessels launched, by states.—Table 23 gives for the United States the number and gross and net tonnage of unrigged vessels launched by private shipyards in 1919, 1916, and 1914. Comparative sta- tistics are shown for states where available. Floating dry docks, floating coal docks, and scows constructed for a single trip are not included in this table. There are, however, a considerable number of sand and mud scows, coal boats and lighters, dredges, and pile drivers included in the statistics. There were constructed m 1919 about the same number of unrigged vessels as in 1914, but 159 fewer than in 1916. The gross tonnage increased from 174,580 in 1914 to 341,066 in 1919, and the average tonnage per vessel from about 345 to a little over 675. The principal state in the construction of unrigged craft in 1919, as well as in 1916 and 1914, was New York. Oregon ranked second in 1919 in gross tonnage and Texas third. The states showing increases over 1916, in both number and tonnage, are Louisiana, Maryland, Oregon, and Washington. Table 23.—Unrigged Vessels Launched, by states: 1919, 1916, and 1914. United States Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Florida Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states Census Num- TONNAGE. year. ber. Gross. Net. 1919 1916 1914 1505 664 >506 341,066 215,807 174,580 322,294 197,018 156,397 1919 32 23,639 21,660 1919 1916 1914 14 2,943 2,831 2,255 2,873 2,811 1,910 26 8 1919 4 7,100 3,740 1919 5 3,500 1,750 1919 17 10,690 10,529 1919 13 5,675 5,675 1919 1916 1914 7 1,970 15,880 39,968 1,970 15,843 24,983 59 47 1919 1916 1914 21 19 13,822 6,422 15,848 13,563 6,237 15,748 58 1919 15 16,677 15,822 1919 1916 1914 60 32 39 21,582 9,834 9,335 20,098 9,834 9,305 1919 5 750 750 1919 1916 1914 4 4,515 10,911 15,225 4,515 10,911 14,956 20 35 1919 1916 1914 «162 24*6 136 118,135 106,667 45,859 117,497 105,186 45,106 1919 1916 1914 15 24 23 4,800 . 7,980 10,490 4,800 7,626 9,490 1919 1916 1914 12 3 29,241 560 1,815 23,262 560 1,665 15 1919 1916 1914 52 103 30 15,652 22,616 6,920 15,622 7,463 6,920 1919 12 27,544 26,594 1919 1916 1914 5 16 6 560 982 1,244 560 950 1,244 1919 1916 1914 <29 14 24 11,772 623 2,199 11,772 503 2,199 1919 3 1,150 1,150 1919 1916 1914 18 102 85 19,349 30,501 23,422 18,092 29,094 22,871 1 Exclusive of 62 vessels with an aggregate gross tonnage of 48,994, launched by establishments in other industries. * Exclusive of 82 vessels with an aggregate gross tonnage of 9,872 tons, launched by establishments in other Indus tries. »Includes 6 concrete vessels, 3,000 gross tons. < Includes 1 concrete vessel, 10 gross tons. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1021 Power boats, less than 5 gross tons, by states.—Table 24 shows, for the United States and for states sepa- rately, for 1919 and 1916, the number of power boats built of less than 5 gross tons. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and California were the leading states, in the order named, in 1919, in the manufacture of small power boats. Table 24.—Power Boats (Less Than 5 gross Tons), by States: 1919 and 1916. Table 25.—Value of Work Done: 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909. United States.. California Connecticut Florida Indiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey NUMBER. 1919 1916 1,159 3,606 103 66 18 100 90 157 5 0) 57 198 28 51 50 172 130 187 New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. Rhode Island... Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin All other states.. 1919 1916 97 4 49 164 2 7 15 43 45 247 i Included in "All other states." Value of work done.—The construction of a vessel frequently takes more than a year; therefore, many vessels launched during the census year were started in previous years, and some upon which work was started during the census year were not finished during that year. For this reason the Census Bureau did not require the shipbuilders to report the value of the ves- sels launched, but only the value of the work done during the census year and the amount received for repair work. For the smaller vessels, those of less than 5 gross tons, the value of work done during the year corresponds very closely with the value of the craft launched. Table 25 shows the value of the construction work done, the amount received for repair work, and the value of all other work done by shipbuilding estab- lishments, both private and Government, in 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909, and in private establishments in other industries for 1919, 1914, and 1909, The value of work done during the year on new ves- sels and boats in all shipyards increased from $114,- 434,137 in 1916 to $1,446,789,596 in 1919. These fig- ures indicate the impetus given the shipbuilding indus- try by the World War. The value of work done on new vessels of 5 gross tons and over in private estab- lishments amounted to $105,270,935 in 1916 and $1,391,688,655 in 1919, an increase of $1,286,417,720. Repair work amounted to $183,721,737 in 1919, which was $120,213,223 in excess of that reported in 1916. All other work done, which includes work on engines and the making of masts, oars, spars, etc., increased from $17,072,743 in 1916 to $46,950,869 in 1919. The value of all kinds of work done in Gov- ernment shipyards shows large increases between 1916 and 1919. 337 308 28 13 0) 21 52 109 1,807 KIND OF WOEE. Cen-: SUS j year. : Private es- Private j 1 tablishments; establish- Govern- : in the ship- merits in ! ment ship- building other in-j yards, industry. , dustries. j All estab- lishments. Total. Work on new vessels and boats, all kinds. Vessels of 5 gross tons and over. Boats of less than 5 gross tons. Repair work. All other work done 1919 S1,S65.72S,609 $1,622,361,261 ;S3,764,105!3239,603,243 1916; 224,526,683 185, S52,192i (*') 133,674,491 1914 \ 119', 423,028;! S8.6S2,071i 1,523,692! 29,217,265 1909 \\ 100;009,054'i 73,360,315j 776,706; 25,872,033 1919 1 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 1909 1919 1916 1914 190-9 1919 1916 1914 1909 1,446,789,596 114,434,137 52,401,805 45,036,492 1,439,443,33S 110,343.073 48,105:561 40,145,084 7.346.25S 4,091,064 4, 296'. 244 4,S9i;4GS, 272,358,6-56; 71,225,368: 36.966,676 38; 304.658: | 146,580,357 38, 867,178! 30,054,547 i 16,667,904; 1,391.688,655j 3,317,305; 51,783,636 105,270,9351 0) 46,334; 134! 1,279,630 j 42,310,9251 594,244] ■I U,386.839,158 101,531,210! 42.545,445 37;718,018 4.849,497' 3,739,725 3,78$; 689| 4,592'. 9071 • i 183,721,737! 63,50$; 514| 32, 835,212 26,678,643' 3 46,950,$69 * 17,072,743 * 9.512,725 4,370,747j 2,670,433 c1); 947,805 449,089] 646,87*: 331,82c 145,1551 9,163,202 4,788,041 2,131,323 49,933,747 8,811,863 4,612.311 1,977,977 1,849,889 351,339 175,730 153,346 200,400; 88,436,519 (i) I 7,716,854 185,777; 3.945,687 80,461 j 11,545,554 1 246,400 5 99.383,088 0) p 21,794,435 58,285' 20.483,537 102,001! 12; 195,156 1 Not reported in 1916. 3 includes work on concrete vessels to the value of $7,018,955. 8 Includes work on engines to the value of $20,447,019. 4 Includes work on engines to the value of §3.335,055. 6 Includes work on engines to the value of §4,498,703. 6 Includes work on engines to the value of $299,270. 7 Includes work on engines to the value of $169,141. Value of work done by private establishments in the shipbuilding industry.—Table 26 shows the total value of the work done in the privately operated ship- building establishments in 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909; the total being subdivided so as to show the value of work on new vessels, the amount received for repair work, and the value of all other work done during the year. Government shipyards and establishments in other industries doing incidental work on ships and boats are not included. Table 26.—Value op Work Done by Private Establish- ments in the Shipbuilding Industry: 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909. KIND OF WORK. VALUE. 1919 1916 1914 1909 Total |$1,622,361,261 !$1S5,832,192 ;$S8,652,071 $73,360,315 Work done during the year j ill on new vessels and boa ts j 1,391,688, 655 103,270,935 i 46,334,134 < 42,310.925 Vessels of 5 gross tons and;' I over j 1,386, S39,158 101.531,210 I 42,545,445 I 37.71S.01S Steel construction i 1.269,560,346 $5,418,006 j 36'. 295,458 30,038,672 Wooden construction j 110,259,857 j 16,113,204 I 6,249,987 i 7,679 346 Concrete construction | 7,018,955 !;... . !...' '. Boats of less than 5 gross 1 j j \ tons !4,849,497 3,739,725 j Steam ' !6,544! Motor (gasoline, electric, others) '.: 1,797,74$ Sailboats, rowboats, ea- I noes, etc. ;3,051,749 Repair work.. Steel Wooden 183,721.737 136,227;508 47,494,229 1,988,862 J 1,744,319; 63,508,514 1 44,821,223! 18,687,291! 3,788,089 30,522 2,001,284 1,756,883 32,835,212 20,537,92$ 12,297,284 All other work done. 46,950,869 j 17,072,743 j 9,512,725 4,592,907 20,800 3,155,375 1,416,732 26.678f 643 15;862,659 10,815,984 4,370,747 1022 MANUFACTURES. Repair work by private establishments, by states.— Table 27 shows, by states, the value of repair work done in the private establishments in the shipbuilding industry for 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909. Since 1909, New York has led in the value of repair work, in 1919 the amount done being nearly one-half of the total for the United States. Fifteen of the states shown separately reported repair work in ex- cess of a million dollars in 1919. Table 27.—Repair Work by Private Establishments, by States: 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909. United States Alabama California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin AH other states AMOUNT EECEIVED. 1919 $183,721,737 245,960 559,965 893,105 873,764 777,261 444,009 83,740 302,042 200,136 om, 220 279,775 .567,132 033,934 612,037 272,774 463,943 243,291 004,053 002,529 793,585 371,745 320,346 221,119 136,990 332,276 1916 863,508,514 3,594,445 927,579 110,151 913,678 0) 60,074 125,246 1,466,794 380,474 3,046,777 1,455,258 8,313,981 23,884,480 92,508 2,125,580 152,017 4,249,199 1,197,501 (» 3,397,591 1,600,617 209,864 905,834 5,298,866 1914 §32,835,212 (l) 3,348,a52 342,972 177,318 516,011 83,606 127,773 433,555 434,191 1,374,515 1,081,206 4,206,315 10,081,332 52,600 2,058,521 98,201 1,512,126 927,833 (l) 1,507,320 1,447,385 124,933 745,890 2,152,757 1909 $26,67S,643 C1) 2,529,188 319,591 348,539 536,584 0) 70,663 85,902 364,738 346,635 985,112 1,126,544 3,123,032 6,931,117 36,569 1,324,166 100,783 2,531,364 647,064 C1) 1,324,045 880,618 136,156 1,172,543 1,757,685 1 Included in "All other states." Equipment of steam and motor vessels launched.— Over one-half of the steam vessels launched in 1919, as shown by Table 2S, were equipped with reciprocat- ing steam engines, and all but 47 of the 241 motor vessels were propelled by gasoline engines. Of the 1,203 steam engines, 300 were fitted for burning oil as fuel. Table 28. -Equipment of Steam and Motoh Vessels Launched: 1919. Total Steam engines Reciprocating. Turbine Num- ber. 1,444 1,203 731 472 Internal-combustion, Diesel , Gasoline All other Oil burners Num- ber. 241 44 194 3 300 Dry docks,—Table 29 shows the number and kind of dry docks in private and Government shipyards, classi- fied according to dimensions, for 1919, 1914, and 1909. Figures for 1916 were not obtained. Table 29.—Dry Docks: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Total number Stationary: Wooden V* V* Masonry, concrete, or steel... Floating With floor length of— Over 300 feet 201 to 300 feet 101 to 200 feet 100 feet or less With entrance width of— Over 75 feet 51 to 75 feet 26 to 50 feet 25 feet or less With sill depth of— Over 20 feet 10 to 20 feet Less than 10 feet 1919 1914 1909 242 39 31 172 89 23 60 70 61 75 68 38 61 107 74 250 62 21 167 67 27 58 98 47 57 109 37 45 108 97 216 57 23 136 53 20 70 73 37 54 30 Marine railways.—Table 30 shows the number, dimensions, and lifting capacity of marine railways in operation in 1919, 1914, and 1909. Figures for 1916 were not obtained. Of the 582 marine railways reported in the United States for 1919, 156 had a cradle length of more than 101 feet, 190 had a cradle breadth exceeding 25 feet, and 83 had a lifting capacity of over 500 tons. Table 30.—Marine Railways: 1919, 1914, and 1909. Total lifting capacity in tons . Total number With cradle length of— Over 200 feet 101 to 200 feet 50 to 100 feet Less than 50 feet With cradle breadth of— Over 50 feet 25 to 50 feet Less than 25 feet With maximum cradle draft submerged of- Over 15 feet - 11 to 15 feet 6 to 10 feet Less than 5 feet With lifting capacity of— Over 1,000 tons 501 to 1,000 tons 100 to 500 tons Less than 100 tons NUMBER. 1919 1914 1909 173,235 129,994 147,031 682 678 696 46 32 38 110 123 110 131 185 178 295 338 370 23 12 5 167 133 126 392 533 565 53 45 47 108 96 86 306 411 410 115 126 153 40 25 22 43 34 66 140 180 172 359 439 440 SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1023 GENERAL TABLES. Comparative summary, by states.—Table 31 gives for 1919, 1916, 1914, and 1909, by states, the number of establishments, average number of wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, and value of products for the shipbuilding industry. Table 31.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, Detailed statement, by states.—Table 32 presents for 1919 statistics in detail for the industry as a whole, for" shipbuilding, steel/' and for "shipbuilding, wooden, including boat building," and for each state that can be shown separately without the possibility of dis- closing the operations of individual establishments. BY STATES: 1919, 1916, 1914, AND 1909. Cost of Value of Wage Cost of Value of STATE. Cen- sus Num- ber of estab- earners (aver- Primary horse- Wages. mate- rials. prod- ucts. I STATE. Cen- sus Num- ber of estab- earners (aver- Primary horse- Wages. mate- rials. prod- ucts. lish- ments. age power* lish- ments. age power. num- ber). Expressed in thousands. ! num- ber). Expressed In thousands. United States 1919 1,075 387,446 553,711 S597,447 S710,523 -51,622,361! 1919 33 16,541 31,153 §28,921 $36,120 §£5,155 1916 1,137 72,497 0) 60,576 89,269 185,852 1916 55 2,225 1,857 3.120 5,637 1914 1,147 44.489 115,333 32,931 3S, 597 8S,6S2! 1914 62 1,261 7.565 l,04i3 l]259 2.823 1909 1,353 40,506 88,063 25,268 31,214 73,360; 1909 91 2,344 6,4S5 1,380 2,490 5; 034 California 1919 67 47,530 64,631 66,SS2 76,629 185,882 1916 50 7,113 (l) 7,199 10,245 19,77S New Jersey 1919 93 52,397 52T712 79,963 125,553 238,015 1914 52 3,457 4,697 3,196 3,487 8,104 1916 76 7,777 C1) 6,576 9.904 20,312 1909 43 1,844 3,129 1,592 1,237 4,132 1914 85 6,324 11,944 4,657 5; 638 11,861 Florida 1919 73 11,199 14.097 15,442 13,917 32,662 1909 97 4,869 9,904 3,300 4,249 8,841 1916 57 1,172 0) 598 909 1,796 New York 1919 161 33,295 52, 767 53,081 41,555 132,012 1916 200 9,928 0) 9,887 11,530 31,353 1914 207 6,076 17,664 4,971 5,173 14,195 1919 10 4,447 7,855 6,412 8,660 20,944 1909 255 5,644 13,835 3,780 3.925 11,417 1916 7 216 C1) 153 218 454 1914 4 14 26 8 4 16 1919 IS 117 211 97 150 374 1919 7 107 354 104 82 315 1916 12 141 (l) 54 44 189 1916 10 184 0) 108 291 463 1914 9 225 549 134 267 506 Ohio. 1919 2S 11,412 14,219 19,668 23,902 57,483 1909 15 253 785 106 243 375 1916 32 5,059 3,908 6,077 12,160 1914 29 2,879 9,661 1,939 1,909 4,717 1919 7 185 340 201 53 330 1909 39 3,200 8,125 1,705 2,462 5,676 1916 17 168 C1) 112 140 279 1914 11 90 164 52 135 222 1919 76 34,576 50,696 56,053 74,046 166,520 1909 10 157 524 97 155 271 1916 57 3,744 C1) 3,455 6,506 10,830 1914 64 1,444 5,866 1,152 987 3,101 1919 22 5,346 8,558 7,187 6,996 17,598 1909 60 744 2,105 643 562 1,550 1916 26 1,306 (l) 784 1,035 2,607 1919 35 7,855 10,591 12,441 20,367 44,164 1916 30 1,250 fa S22 1,612 3, S27 Maine 1919 82 7,000 8.396 9,800 9,843 24,682 1914 34 695 3,875 421 451 1,254 1916 100 1,857 & 1,354 2,576 4,882 1909 52 906 3,506 540 S19 1,900 Maryland 1919 42 19,084 26,539 28,887 31,000 67,310 All other states 1919 321 136,355 210,592 212,328 241,650 548,915 1916 50 5,326 fa 3,773 5,845 12,206 1916 35S 25,031 C1) 19,936 29,217 59,074 1914 42 2,468 6,979 1,573 2,102 4,521 1914 548 19.556 47,343 13,788 17.1S7 37,362 1909 46 1,793 6,795 1,09S 1,849 3,535 1909 645 18,752 32,870 11,027 13,223 30,629 1 Not reported. 1024 MANUFACTURES. Table 32.—DETAILED STATEMENT, Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PEESONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. Clerks, etc. Male. Fe- male. Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Minimum month. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 16 and over. Male. Fe- male. Under 16. Male, Fe- male. Capital. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. United States.. California.. Florida Georgia— Indiana.... Kentucky. Louisiana.. Maine Maryland.. Michigan New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio ... Washington Wisconsin All other states 1,075 33 93| 161 18 28 76 35 321 413,236 49,714! 11,860i 4,980, 133 1931 5,8031 7,546! 20,186 17,674 55,653 35,685 153 11,835 36,424 8,443 146,954 816 7,379 58! 561 1 4 4 13 66 31 18| 76 111 221 20 56 24 256 457 217 255 12 3 99 240 222 453 946 742 10 82 646 123 2,872 12,756 1,169 280 217 1 284 133 672 541 1,654 1,213 207 803 342 5,234 4,839 500 108 60 6 61 107 177 121 580 324 2 114 343 387,446 47,530 11,199 4,447 107 185 5,346 7,000 19,084 16,541 52,397 33,295 117 11,412 34,576 7,855 136,355 Ja 444,6 My Ja Ja De Ap Oc Fe Mh Mh Mh Ja Se My Ja Se 62,138 14,300 6,170 201 254 6,662 8,425 20,432 20,692 54,393 39,842 151 12,385| 48,392 8,574' No 301,172 No De De Mh « Au Je Oc Au De Oc Oc Ja De Fe De 13,354 9,692| 2,392] 26 113 4,308! 5,605 17,626 49,689 24,432 91 9,373 11,286 6,373 355,176 44,467 10,524 5,f" 199 219 6,008 7,141 18,122 20,039 50,492 29,102 125 10,657 23,958 6,567| 121,857] 353,881 44,426 10,493 198 219 6,003 7,097 18,119 19,977 50,095 29,043 125 10,636 23,894 6,565 121,317 1,060| 41 29| 30 1 28| 1 61 397| 37 21 37 2 375 Dollars. 1,389,447,8201 113,040,633 46,755,409 8,849,876 505,531 110,166 22,312,186 15,807,613 35,858,677 24,096,612 248,268,134 88,604,403 93,594 51,822,627 120,722,802 17,741,814 594,857,693 SHIPBUILDING, STEEL. United States., Alabama.. California.. Florida.... Georgia Louisiana.. Maine Maryland Michigan New Jersey.. New York... Ohio Washington Wisconsin All other states f> 365,875 i 5, S01| 48,098 8,211 3,950 3,700 4,804 18,142 17,061 53,273 27,631 11,566 30,896 7,105 125,637j 110 421 100 229 66] 141 1601 428 861 345 62 545 79 2,348 ll,61o' 4,335 347 1,139 202 184 255 101 605 526 1,601 1,033 205 681 295 4,436 90 483 71 56 50 72 165 110 557 264 107 279 72 1,959 344,014 | My 380,799 No 273,350 5,254 46,052 7, 3,481 3,329 4,485 17,212 15,996 50,251 25,987 11,192 29,391 6,658 116,888 De My Ja Ap No Mh mS Mh Ja Mh Ja Oc 5,752 60,447 8,533 4,213 4,925 5,125 18,178 20,289 52,467 31,875 12,081 39,105 7,473 Fe No Je Oc Ja Oc Au De No Oc De Fe De 4,531 12,754 7,322 2,155 1,674 3,946 16,127 9,460 47,492 18,244 9,279 4,714 5,498 309,273 5,752 42,965 7,813 4,153 4,578 4,499 16,357 19,133 48,313 21,755 10,407 16,938 5,498 101,112 308,0781 5,729 42,925 7,793 4,123 4,575 4,464 16,356 19,073 47,926 21,719 10,388 16,879 5,496 100,632 972 20| 1 59 387 19 19 32 2 320 27. "160 1,268,640,254 39,286,855 108,798,311' 38,599,952 5,747,755 19,284,057 9,270,448 32,778,735 21,826,060 242,523,813 62,491,297 51,177,363 103,019,540 11,620,463 522,215,605 SHIPBUILDING, WOODEN, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. United States. California Connecticut Florida Georgia. Illinois Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Rhode Island Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states8 913 133 18 19 30 14 21 30 67 6 28 45 47,361 1,016 1,302 3,649 1,030 139 11 193 2,103I 2,742| 2,014 1,073 613 128 308 2,380 8,054 153 269| 3,255 291 6,375 1,278 5,528 113 1,338 1,378 795 1,484 55 32 56 1 8 6 4 13 61 31 50 17 23 6 73 109 22 20 23 12 19 32 56 1 23 42 36 92 117 261 5 3 33 99 62 41 25 7 20 85 397 10 20 70 16 73 44 101 9 44 49 1,146 53 180 2 2 120 7 170 30 122 1 47 27 504 43,432 Ja 65,841 No 27,822 1,478 1,112] 3,361 966 122 5 185 2,017 2,515 1,872 923 545 91 248 2,146 7, 117 220 2,990 253 6,068 1,159 5,185 101 1,197 1,2-13 Ja Ja Ja Ja Je So Ap Ja Fe Ja Ja Oc Ja Fe £p Se Fe Ja Do Fe Ja My 2,017 2,486 5,767 2,078 181 254 3,412 3,432 2,610 1,338 814 U5 596 2,302 8,418 151 335 7,830 318 9,649 1,707 9,287 122 1,545 No De De No Au Oc Au Do Do Au Ja No So Mh No Ja No Oc Au De No Do Do 600 332 1,879 199 3 113 1,428 1,439 1; 543 391 67 65 1,926 6,077 91 90 674 174 3,687 803 1,628 67 875 45,903 1,502 1,593 2,711 1,546 141 6 219 1,430 2,642 1,765 582 906 109 276 2,179 7,347 125 250 4,396 325 4,900 1,603 7,020 109 1,069 1,152 45,803 1,501 1,591 2,700 1,546 141 6 219 1,428 2,633 1,763 581 904 107 276 2,169 7,329 125 248 325 4,880 1,602 7,015 109 1,069 1,150 10 120,807,566 4,242,372 7,106,815 8,155,457 3,102,121 479,365 33,680 110,166 3,028,129 6,537,165 3,079,942 2,573,693 2,270,552 311,701 393,765 5,744,321 26,113,106 93,594 645,264 9,667,360 897,609 4,781,442 4,087,140 17,703,252 221,543 6,121,351 3,308,651 i Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). a Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power includod (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). • Same number reported for one or more other months. < All other states embrace: Alabama, 8 establishments; Connecticut, 38; Delaware, 6; District of Columbia, 2; Idaho, 2; Illinois, 11; Iowa, 6; Massachusetts, 59; Minne- sota, 22; Mississippi, 10; Missouri, 4; Montana, 1; New Hampshire, 2; Oregon, 33; Pennsylvania, 28; Khode Island, 16; South Carolina, 3; South Dakota, 1; Tenneuee. 3' Texas, 22; Vermont, 1; Virginia, 35; and West Virginia, 8. SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 1025 BY STATES: 1919. EXPENSES. Salaries and wages. ! 0 flBcials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For j contract j work, i Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. For materials. Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. Value of products. Value added by manufac- ture. Total. Primary horsepower. Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). I Inter- ! nal- Steam < com- tur- bus- bines, tion en- gines. Wa- ter pow- er.* Rent- ed .2 Elec- tric horse- power; gener- ated in estab- lish- ments report- ing. I SHIPBUILDING, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. Dollars ]32,633,600| Dollars |32,480, S94| 2,833,345 810,573 831,192 26,106 8,784 434,0131 902,485 1,444,5101 1,079, 3,414, 3,088, 23, 6601 676 671 12,567", 3291 S00,6 3,559, f Dollars |597,446,648! 3,058,397 606,772 714,806 2,822 1,500 521,232 322,652 1,344,434 702,962 4,535,103 2,475,998 5,800 625,454 1,848,915 677,424 15,036,623 66,882,450 15,441,962 6,412,478 103,887 200,525 7,186,985 9,800,023 2S,887,100 28,921,220 79,962,957 53,061,323 96,853 19,668,178 56,053,323 12,440,675 212,326,709 Dollars 10,107,5291 133,722 9.315 9,785 65,592 338,866 1,008,244 6,065 27,412 1,703,158 15,000 |6,790,220 Dollars, 3,506,4321 282,975 79,168 30,820 50 970 26,721 21,3691 55,462; 21,630| 1,704,245' 292,447 2,024| 15,627 532,704| 32,944f 407,276 Dollars. 47,695,554 Dollars. Dollars. I Dollars. 694,918,584115,604,092! 1,622,361,261 5,336,238 75,161,514 1,467,185 76,328! 13,597,796^ 319,351 i; 10,0141 8,522,342 138,121!; 2,230| 76,695 4,968 j 1,456) 50,863! 1,9811' 226,822 6,756,550; 239,248, 435,146| 9,577,399 265,4411! 1,244,4621 30,176,216' 824,038!; 3,759,358! 35,43$, 393 681, 855!; 5,758,3061 123,495,024 2,058,240' 7,034,152! 40,119,782 1,435,0541! l,49lj 146,431; 3,29l!| 1,967,530! 23,169,106; 732,546 7,979,941 72,976,049 1,070,16SJ| 2,248,979' 19,990,210 376,513 > 11,613,101! 235,664,214 5,986,092; 185,882,234 32,662,379 20,943,505 314,665 330,242 17.597,868 24,682,253 67,309,914 .85,154,702 235,014.659 132,012; 124 373, 723 57,482,599 166,519,787 44,163,746 548,916,861 Dollars, j! 911,838,585' 553,711.: 79,164; 109,253,5:35 n 1S,745,232|! 12,283,042' 233,002 277,3981, 10.602,070! 14', 839,413; 36', 309,660: 49,034,454 112,461,395 90,457,288 224,0011: 33,580,947; 92,473.570 23,797.023. 307,266; 555'; 210)592. 64,631! 1,780! 14,097: 4,907 7,855 1,715 354j 225 340) 305 8,558' 4, in 8,396! 909| 26,539; 655 I 31,153; 3,220j 52,712' 7,442! 52,767! 12,184: 21l! 35 14,219 50,696 10,591. 6,617i 3,849! 3,791! 27,359; 42,036; 7,019| 71 425,421 339! 641 j 12! 361 "36I" 150! 322 96 119 1,200; 381 17', 883! 546! 150| 1,333i! 35 10) 97 131 ! 70| 22,613; 2,861 16! 35 62,512 8,533: 6,12S: 93. 35^ 4,035 7,383, 25,615 26,352' 26,841 39,065, 141; 7,495 46,716! 6;73€! 157,747 51,154j 1 1,0-46! 3 8! 4; 5 6 120! 7 15. 8 9 2,838: 10 26,433 j 11 889 12' 13 l 14 15 16 17 3.983 '300! 474; 15,048; i SHIPBUILDING, STEEL. 27,159,274130,102,233 538,372,576 8,205,806 2,S58,73l| 44,641,1301 474,421 2,693,219 528,569 712,500 326,080 477,953 1,226,952 1,006,431 2,963,168 1,835,078 762,639 2,803,430 565,603 10,783,231 660,053 2,993,992 460,079 680,006 392,113 245,651 1,258,719 669,223 4,423,024 2,126,914 614,644 1,547,386 5S4,975 13,445, -154 6,964,417 64,526,41S| 11,556,6 4,783,5881 5,013,577 6,402,134| 26,141,571 28,183,839 76,845,243 42,312,2S9 19,424,226 48,728,096 11,085,302 186,405,198 129,916| "'9,717 36,4S9j 311,05Sj 758,440) 223,520 15,000 6,721,606 17,456 251,905 50,600 28,040 15,473 7,657 160 16,120 1,642,461 98,350 13,732 402,869 20,491 233,4171 629,809,67313,943,141 216,814 5,309,432 41,316 5,939 124,757 219,2561 1,182,545! 3,744, 860) 5,558, 794 6,215,330' 1,962,770| 7,634,062' 2,226,145) 10,199,110j 6,084,9831 73,023,232: 10,443,4121 7,319,326! 4,972,055 4,734,651 27,518,2831 34,391,460 120,475,O<33! 222,109 1,438,343 257,550 120,269 117,723 188,561 771,570 655,177 1,992,178 .456,489,516! 812,736,702! 475,567 30,271,1301 l,023,110j 22,630,130! 723,^ 62,417,992! 931,0681! 17,102,303 333,627! 208,425,653! 5,168,400]! 15,909,618! 9,602,526' 179,151,6951 104,690,120;! 24,234,126i 13,533,164 | 17,722,812! 10,283,217 12,432,094! 7,342,3161, 14,003,706; 60,844,1311 83,124,336 229,825,670s 103,461,267j 56,481,966: 140,980,461, 36,628,337! 481,689,2971 9,080,494 32,554,27Sii 48,077,699!! 107.358,429;! 72,167,0271 33.128,3801 77,631,401'!! 19,192,407 i! 268,095,244! II 19,609: 61,264 10.105! 6;727j 5,717 4,326 22,354! 30,047 50.067; 39; 396! 13,717= 36,692 9,345 166,201; 53, .868! 41,166 2,67lj j 377,862 49,792 5,309 10,660 1,025;; 3.74-5. i '845 l 2,950! 30: 50! ;- 175! 2,835! 1,200! 5,920 17,883: 6,060! 150 j 6,425! 2,215! 3,266! 13,048! 11,243' 164!. 6SL 253!. 121. 165 . 328; 11 550| 999 ..... 3,476 60,171 6,107 5,870 2,572 4,276 22,179 25,684 26,147 32,636 34,477 6,079 140,911 4,616| 1,035 "**"60! 2,83-8 5.9201 '882 474 9,9S4| SHIPBUILDING, WOODEN, INCLUDING BOAT BUILDING. 5,474,326 2,378,661 59,074,07211,901,723) 647,701 140,126 142,551 282,004| 118,692' 18,871 8,784 107,933 424,5321 217,558| 127,831 73,079 9,600 66,733 451,506 1,253,094 23,900 38,021 269,216 58,700 264,598 254,141 756,246 19,740 243,068 103,802 64,405 64,528 146,693 34,800 10,237 1,500 129,119 77,001 85,715 48,752 33,739 5,487 50,294 112,079 349,084 5,800 10,810 276,739 13,192 370,087 55,742 301,529 1,885 92,449 36,995! 2,356,032 1,254,371' 3,885,284 1.628,890 119,573 4,539 200,525 2,173,408 3,397,889 2,745,529 1,401,973 737,381 105,358 359,597 3,117,714 10,749,034 96,853 243,952 4,609,196 350,516 7,565,865 1,636,57" 7,325,227 100,060 1,355,373 1,553.356 3,S06! 4,469) 9,3151 6S; 29,103! 4,657 27,80S1 249,804! 6,065! 27,412 57,534 1,664; 350 31,070 9,352 28,568 2,780 4,832 120 970 11,248 13,712 55,302 24,166 5,510 688 731 61,784 194,0971 2,024' 1,"~ 74,0721 6,193 27,061 690 69,835 8&S 12,453 7,660 3,054,424] 65,108,911 1,660,95l|j 165,871,745; 99,101,88s!1 78,144]! 25,296] 26,8061 94,973j 35,012| 4,075 1,326! 530! 1,456! 102,065 215,890] 61,917 64,160] 14,498 7,509 199,5121 S18,S22 1,491 4,760 585,641 8,418 66,652 233,542 345, S79l 1,77Sj 22,834 133,982 2,13S, 282 938,620 3,154,384: 1,203,016 209,189 15,756 50,863 1,784,495 4, S42,74S 2,657,933! 1,954,938^ 1,046,933. 100,859! 393,356, 3,019,961; 9,848,652, 146,431 538,976, i 6,754,145! 265,310; 8,129,896! 994,956! 10,558,057! 62,885! 2,887,907; 1,410,363! 28,842; 48,731 61, 801 17,852| 5,956! 291 1,981 121,525 76.880 52,468 22,783 26,678 5,764 24, S06| 66,062 411,944 3,291 9,090| 99,417 30,398| 193,351 25,557 139,100 2.779 42,886 140,718 6,730,539! 2; 92-1,031 •8,428,253; 3,220,693! 461,225! 36,936; 330,242; 5,165,774; 10,678,547! 6,465,783! 4,191,57s! 2,030,366! 341,567 1,028,361 8,188,989! 28,550,857! 373,723! 1,000,633! 13,777,615 863,971 19,246,231 4,5S2,130! 25,539,326! 213,051 7,535.4091 3,965;920 4,563.415] 1,930,680! 5,212,068; 1,999,825 246,080 20,889 277,398 3,259,754 5,758,919 3,755,382 2,213,852 956,755 234,944 610,199 5,102,966 18,290,261 '224,001 452,567 6,924,053 568,263 10,922,984 3,561,61 14,842,1691 147,38"- 4,604,616; 2,414,839 3,367 2,624 3;992! 1,12S 355 26 340 2,841 4,070 4,185 2,074 1,106 196 635 2,645] 13,371 211 502 7,282 562 6,026 2,090 14,004 246 1,246 3,020] 1,018 1,162 870 166 4 305; 1,221 859 480j 6531 385 701 437 1,522 6,124 35 192 1,544 370 2,062 495 1,634 246 525 2,1621 870= 4,348 ...1 271 10' 233 ... 388! 10! 690! 157 96 119| 251 53] 33] 11 4291 783 35 82j 140| 34 54: 184 131] "*70| 47,559! 1,3621 1 12! 16! 35 2,341! 1,3511 2,426 25S 1S0| 6i 3oj 8 1,463! 60 9 3,107! 15 10 3P436j 11 1.170! 12 668! 13 93! 14 187] li 15 694! 513 16 6,429! 7 17 141 18 218: 19 5,598 20 158! 175 21 2,727) "*'*272 22 1,411! 23 12,239: 300 24 25 651 26 572' 27 s All other states embrace: Connecticut, 2 estabUshments; Delaware, 2; Illinois, 2; Indiana, 2; Iowa, 1; Massachusetts, 4: Minnesota, 1; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, 1: Now Hampshire, 1; Oregon, 3; Pennsylvania, 10; Rhode Island, 2; South Carolina, 2; Tennessee. 1; Texas, 1; Virginia, 5; West Virginia, 2. • All other states embrace: Alabama, 4 establishments; Delaware, 4; District of Columbia, 2; Idaho, 2; Indiana, 5; Missouri, 3; Montana, 1; New Hampshire, 1; Pennsyl- vania, 18; South Carolina, 1; South Dakota, 1; Tennessee, 2; and Vermont, 1. 111367—23- -65 POWER LAUNDRIES. General character of the industry.—Laundries are not classed as manufacturing establishments, but many laundries are conducted according to factory methods, and the industry has reached such proportions during recent years that it is an industrial factor. It was therefore decided to make a canvass of the industry at the census of 1909, and the canvass was continued at the censuses of 1914 and 1919. This report is confined to power laundries. Hand laundries, so called, or laundries operated without power, are not included. At the census of 1909 the industry was designated as "Steam laundries." Comparison with earlier censuses.—The large in- crease in salaries and wages, 1914 to 1919, as shown in Table 1, is due chiefly to changes in industrial con- ditions and to higher wages. As a measure of indus- trial growth the number of wage earners is probably the best index, the increase from 1914 to 1919 being a little less than 1 per cent, as compared with 19.3 per cent for the period 1909-1914. In 1909 the aver- age wage, as deduced from the statistics, was $409 per wage earner. In 1914 it had increased to $455 and in 1919 the average was $704. Labor is the chief ex- pense factor, and in 1919 the expense for salaries and wages was equal to 48.9 per cent of the amount re- ceived for work done as compared with 50.4 per cent in 1914 and 50.6 per cent in 1909. This ratio has been fairly constant. The expense for materials is relatively small as compared with labor, and the fig- ure for "value added by manufacture/' which is the value of products less cost of materials, has no signifi- cance. In 1919 fuel and rent of power constituted 25.8 per cent of the cost of materials, and in 1914, 25.9 per cent. Summary, by states.—Comparative statistics are pre- sented in Table 2 for the chief factors, i. e., number of establishments, number of persons engaged in the in- dustry, and the amount received for work done, by geographic divisions and states, together with the urban population for the census years 1919, 1914, and 1909. The industry is largely confined to cities and towns, and hence it is thought that the urban population of the country, the same being taken for places of 8,000 inhabitants or more, is a better basis for population comparison than the total popu- lation of the states, and is therefore used in this presentation. The table shows the number of places of 8,000 inhabitants or more in the respective states, and the rank of the states with respect to the several items. The states are grouped by geographic divi- sions so as to bring together those operating under similar industrial conditions, and this arrangement has been followed with most of the tables. Every state is represented by a sufficient number of establish- ments to permit of the statistics being given therefor. In 1909 the average amount received for work done per unit of urban population was $2.77. In 1914 this average was $3.60 and in 1919 it was $5.02, the in- crease being of course due largely to enhanced costs and values. The highest ratio of amount received for work done to unit of urban population was in the Mountain division, $13.19, followed by the Pacific division with $11.29, and the West South Central with $7.55. A number of states show decreases in num- ber of persons employed, notably Delaware, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Pennsylvania. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifi- cation of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 is an estimate obtained by the method described in the "Explanation of terms." The classification by sex for 1919 was reported separately, but for 1914 and 1909 it was obtained in the same manner as the distribution by age. Figures for states will be found in Table 12. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the several census years. For the country as a whole, females constituted 70.7 per cent of the average number of wage earners employed during the year and males 29.3 per cent. The leading states with respect to the employment of female labor, irrespective of age hmitations, are Vermont with 78.4 per cent; Wyoming, 77.3 per cent; Alabama and Oklahoma each with 75.6 per cent. Prevailing hours of labor.—The statistics presented in Table 5 show progress towards a reduction in hours of labor. In 1909 but 8.4 per cent of the wage earn- ers were in the group of 48 hours per week or less, and 34.4 per cent were in the groups of 60 hours per week and over. In 1914 these percentages had shifted to 22.6 per cent of all wage earners for groups 48 hours per week or less and 10.8 per cent for 60 hours per week and over; and in 1919, 46.4 per cent for 48 hours per week or less and only 4.3 per cent for 60 hours per week and over. (1026) POWER LAUNDRIES. 1027 Size of establishments, by amount received for work done.—A classification of the establishments by in- come, or amount received for work done, is given in Table 6. The inflation of values on account of the World War has necessarily resulted in a shift to higher groups of establishments, which otherwise have not materially changed in status. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The group "6 to 20 wage earners" of Table 7, which classifies the establishments by size groups, has the largest number of establishments, 37 per cent of the total in 1919, 40 per cent in 1914, and 42 per cent in 1909. The distribution of the establishments by size groups based upon average number of wage earners has not varied greatly. Character of ownership.—Table 8 shows that in most states the bulk of the business, whether measured by wage earners or by income, is under corporate owner- ship, though in the New England states, with the exception of Massachusetts, in the majority of the West North Central states, and in a few states in the South Atlantic, South Central and the Mountain divisions, individual and "All other" forms of owner- ship (the latter comprising chiefly firms) report the majority of the business. Statistics for cities.—Table 9 gives comparative statistics for 1919 and 1914 for cities of 10,000 inhabitants or more, census of 1920, reporting three or more estabhshments. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 10 gives the total horsepower reported for the industry in 1919, as compared with 1914. This shows an increase of 12.5 per cent due almost entirely to purchased electric power, the rating of owned primary movers increasing but 444 horsepower, while the increase in rented power was 21,468 horsepower, of which 19,232 horsepower was electric. The percentage ratio of total electric power (which includes that owned as well as that purchased) to total primary power was 38.3 in 1919 as compared with 25.2 in 1914 and 19.4 in 1909. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the consumption of fuel, by kinds, for 1919, 1914, and 1909, and by states for 1919 and 1914. The figures for gas in- clude both manufactured and natural gas. In certain states, notably Ohio, Kansas, West Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas it is chiefly or entirely natural gas. Table 12 presents for 1919 the statistics in detail for all states, grouped by geographic divisions. Table 1.—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower. Capital Salaries and wages. Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Amount received for'work done. 1! j; PER CENT OP INCREASE.1 1919 1914 1909 !: 1914-1919 1909-1914 5.67S 6,097 5,185 !j -6.9 17.6 152,569 5,514 15,176 131,879 149.100 6,397 12,062 130.641 124,214! 5,560 ) 9,170 | 2.3 -13.8 25. S 0.9 20.0 15.1 31.5 19.3 109,484 j; 196,793 $153, 805,267 174,851 $98,055,001 123,477' $68,935,226 I 12,5 56.9 4L6 42.2 115,597,022 22,698, 1S5 92, S9S,S37 71,764.059 53,007,747 \\ 8,180,769 ;■ 44,826,978 j 61.1 35.4 12,292,815 59,471,244 239,090! 2,776', 871; 17.696,360 104,680,086! 84.6 56.2 50.3 32. 7 1,554.364 6,730,569 53,502.177 * 236,382,369 374,44S 4,104.933 26,919; 200 142,503,253 315.2 64,0 98.8 65.9 56.6 47. S 52. 1 36.1 1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 1 In addition,laundry work to the amount of $319,268 was reported by manufacturers of clothing, shirts, ice, etc. 1028 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS; URBAN POPULATION AND LAUNDRIES BY DIVISIONS AND STATES WITH STATE RANK: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. DIVISION AND STATE. > Census i year. POPULATION. Urban.1 POWER LAUNDRIES. United States. New England Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island. Connecticut. Middle Atlantic. New York. New Jersey... Pennsylvania. East North Central . Ohio Indiana. Illinois. Michigan. Wisconsin. West North Central. Minnesota.. Iowa. Missouri. North Dakota.. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1911 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Places of 8,000 or more, number. I 950 775 779 154! 134! 135 | 13 j 11 1 11 | 10 , 9 I 220 I 176 176 65 56 56 48 37 37 107 83 83 223 186 186 Number. 47,119,807 39,534,265 37, 847, 807 5,447,404 4,792,762 4,483,645 252,109 214,830 201,848 214,104 191,829 183,486 75,095 63,663 61,711 3,247,063 2,935,269 2,759,958 532,408 489,037 466,863 1,126,625 898,134 809,779 15,151,031 13,293,334 12,347,253 8,230,190 7,360,302 6,854,327 2,172,199 1,833,872 1,692,610 4,748,642 4,099,160 3,800,316 11,600,805 9,390,546 8,179,660 3,326,337 2,676,454 2,290,806 1,273,203 1,030,128 894,434 3,944,757 3,376,082 3,064,15-1 2,050,776 1,424,852 1,130,305 1,005,732 883,030 799,961 3,788,495 3,250,839 3,021,777 State rank. 876,532 I 751,159! 694,378 I I 636,695 539,425! 487,596 I 1,398,187 | 1,273,276 I 1,202,834 1 47,124 30,899 27,011 44 46 „ 45 M Establishments. Number. 5,678 6,097 5,186 708 791 599 State rank. 81 92 78 61 74 61 28 41 32 340 391 280 70 66 53 128 | 127! 95: 1,017; 1,152 I 1,005 535 614 508 131 142 112 351 396 385 1,247 1,315 1,230 277 2% 253 158 174 163 470 461 448 197 234 219 145 150 147 713 821 786 156 188 158 129 176 181 165 177 171 29 30 34 Persons engaged in the industr)'. Amount received for work done. Number. 152,569 149,100 124,214 Per cent of increase.2 2.3 20.0 13,782 i 14,849! 11,508 j -7.2 29.0 1,144 | 1,097 4.3 14.7 708; 864 ■ 706 364 441 i 342 ... 7,960 8,861 6,655 i. 1,272 1,402 j 1,211 i. 2,334 2,184! 1,638 !. -18.1 22.4 -17.5 28.9 -10.2 33.1 -9.3 15.8 6.9 33.3 27,774! 31,344 j 28,312 -11.4 10.7 13,757 15,489 14,063 4,061 4,024 3,334 9,956 11,831 10,915 33,108 33,493 27,657 8,316 8,434 6,773 4,328 4,307 3,308 12,189 12,470 10,916 5,74£ 5,637 4,328 2,529 2,645 2,332 18,133 17,939 15,934 3,818 4,024 3,338 2,466 2,883 2,468 6,839 6,757 6,113 488 478 503 -11.2 10.1 0.9 20.7 -15.8 8.4 -1.1 21.1 -1.4 24.5 0.5 30.2 -2.3 14.2 1.9 30.2 -4.4 13.4 1.1 12.6 -5.1 20.6 -14.6 16.8 1.2 10.5 2.1 -5.0 State rank. Per cent of Increase.2 §236,382,369 I 142,503,253 I 104,680,086: 21,462,585 \ 14,060,578 i 9,688,878 I. 34 33 31 41 38; 37 | 46' 44; 44 46,070,130 28,120,707 22,557,774 1 1 1 11 11 12 j 4 4 3 24,627,441 14,304,964 11,446,663 7,091,621 3,590,739 2,779,277 14,351,068 10,225,004 8,331,834 51,789,615 31,834,504 22,988,922 12,528,344 7,822,491 5,388,954 5,588,748 3,697,112 2,448,355 20,606,032 12,846,432 10,049,445 9,416,373 5,115,286 3,261,841 3,650,118 i 2,353,183! 1,840,327 i. 27,396,421 I 17,582,715 13,478,046! 6,087,088 4,100,464 2,855,738 3,904.658 2,882,005 2,063,451 9,438,493 6,316,206 4,904,249 844,433 592,843 548,175 939,021 736,367 34.3 968,856 728,733 518,660 33.0 40.5 399,668 362,041 243,753 10.4 48.5 12,864,279 8,661,830 5,754,572 48.5 50.5 2,154,652 1,260,942 1,019,404 70.9 23.7 3,560,276 2,108,011 1,416,122 68.9 48.9 1 Population of incorporated places (municipalities) for 1919 as of July 1, 1920; for 1914, July 1, 1914; and for 1909 as of July 1, 1910. 2 A minus sign ( —) denotes decrease. POWER LAUNDRIES. 1029 Table 2.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS: URBAN POPULATION AND LAUNDRIES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, WITH STATE RANK: 1919, 1914, AND 1909—Continued. DIVISION AND 8TATE. West North Central—Con. South Dakota Nebraska. Kansas., South Atlantic. Delaware.. Maryland. District of Columbia. Census year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Virginia West Virginia.. North Carolina. South Carolina. G eorgia. Florida.. East South Central. Kentucky. Tennessee. Alabama. Mississippi. West South Central. Arkansas. Louisiana.. Oklahoma.. Texas. .1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 $940,179: 96.9 I 477,474 12.9 423,092; 2,823,234 86.0 1 1,517,924 ^ 26.8 1,197,374: 3,358,336 1 98.0 j 1,695,799; 14.1 i 1,485,967! 1 Population of incorporated places (municipalities) for 1919 as of July 1, 1920; for 1914, July 1,1914; and for 1909 as of July 1, 1910. 1 A minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease. 1030 MANUFACTURES. Table 2.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS: URBAN POPULATION AND LAUNDRIES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, WITH STATE RANK: 1919, 1914 AND 1909—Continued. DIVISION AND STATE. Mountain. . Montana. Idaho. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico.. Arizona. Utah. Nevada. ! Census ; year. 1919 1914 1909 J 919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 POPULATION. Pacific Washington Oregon California.. Places of 8,000 or more, number. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 Urban.1 Number. 858,868 716,090 656,736 118,183 106,603 99,165 53,569 32,402 26,816 35,062 21,189 28,111 382,528 345,151 325,439 15,370 12,813 11,120 69,714 44,804 26,763 172,357 141,764 128,321 12,075 11,364 11,001 3,000,142 2,402,041 2,086,159 656,681 584,323 546,708 303,248 265,205 252,015 2,040,213 1,552,513 1,287,436 State rank. POWER LAUNDRIES. Establishments. Number. 281 270 211 836 802 551 177 192 172 73 78 58 586 532 321 State rank. Persons engaged in the industry. Number. 6,932 5,721 4,819 1,092 920 723 652 510 410 412 212 203 2,470 2,079 2,076 326 274 168 379 309 1,213 1,197 811 169 150 119 19,508 17,790 14,465 Per cent of increase.2 21.2 18.7 18.7 27.2 27.8 24.4 94.3 4.4 18.8 0.1 19.0 63.1 57.8 22.7 1.3 47.6 4,032 3,744 3,731 2,253 1,969 1,674 13,223 12,077 9,060 12.7 26.1 9.7 23.0 7.7 0.3 State rank. 14.4 *17.6 9.5 33.3 Amount received for work done. Amount. $11,330,923 6,550,610 5,011,855 1,894,356 1,266,552 935,260 1,179,846 592,749 394,226 763,953 238,048 216,847 3,759,849 2,163,263 1,980,693 432,279 280,373 156,419 987,438 425,999 369,282 1,973,166 1,367,433 794,091 340,036 216,193 165,037 33,879,304 20,347,226 14,926,602 7,336,715 4,251,620 3,814,825 3,629,983 2,146,868 1,569,982 22,912,606 13,948,738 9,641,795 Per cent of increase.3 32.5 70.6 49.6 35.4 99.0 50.4 220.9 73.8 9.2 54.2 79.2 131.8 15.4 44.3 72.2 57.3 31.0 66.5 36.3 State rank. 33 29 38 40 42 45 48 46 15 17 15 47 46 49 39 43 43 32 27 32 49 49 49 10 10 8 18 18 IS 2 2 3 1 Population of incorporated places (municipalities) for 1919 as of July 1, 1920; for 1914, July 1, 1914; and for 1909 as of July 1, 1910. * A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. PER CENT Cen- OF TOTAL. CLASS. sus Total. Male. Female. year. Male. Fe- male. AD classes 1919 152,569 53,150 99,419 34.8 65.2 1914 149,100 54,373 94,727 36.5 63.5 1909 124,214 42,382 81,832 34.1 65.9 Proprietors and officials 1919 10,467 9,688 779 92.6 7.4 1914 10,577 9,869 708 93.3 6.7 1909 8,579 8,065 514 94.0 6.0 Proprietors and firm members.. 1919 5,514 5,100 414 92.5 7.5 1914 6,397 5,916 481 92.5 7.5 1909 5,560 5,212 348 93.7 6.3 Salaried officers of corporations.. 1919 2,071 1,940 131 93.7 6.3 1914 1,666 1,547 119 92.9 7.1 1909 1,069 1,016 63 95.0 6.0 Superintendents and managers.. 1919 2,8S2 2,648 234 91.9 8.1 1914 2,514 2,406 108 95.7 4.3 1909 1,950 1,837 113 94.2 5.8 Clerks and other subordinate sala- ried employees. Wage earners (average number) 16 years oi age and over Under 16 years of age Cen- sus year. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 —-——— - - ••" ••• — _: = Total. Male. Female. PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. Fe- male. 10,223 7,882 6,151 4,809 3,604 2,837 5,414 4,278 3,314 47.0 45.7 46.1 53.0 64.3 63.9 131,879 130,641 109,484 38,663 40,900 31,480 93,226 89,741 78,004 29.3 31.3 28.8 70.7 68.7 71.2 131,219 130,053 108,643 38,393 40,747 31,214 92,826 89,306 77,329 29.3 70.7 68.7 71.2 31.3 28.8 660 588 941 260 153 266 400 435 676 39.4 26.0 28.4 60.6 74.0 71.6 POWER LAUNDRIES. 1031 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES: 1919. [The month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of miDimum employment by italic figures.] DIVISION AND AT ATE. United States: Average |; number ij- em-;! ployed j; during H year. \\ NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OE NEABEST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 1919 !131,879' Males i 38,653 Females i 93,226 1914 | 130,641 1909 109,484 sew England: \ Maine I 993 New Hampshire !616 Vermont • 324 Massachusetts I 6, S21 Rhode Island , 1,035 Connecticut 2,024 Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey. Pennsylvania.. 11,998 3,581 8,584 East North Central: Ohio 7,040 Indiana 3,568 Illinois I 10,579 Michigan !4,913 Wisconsin I 2,123 West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming— Colorado New Mexico.. Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington.. Oregon. California 3,277 2,074 5,997 426 469 1,471 1,959 284 1,619 1,655 2,367 920 1,433 625 2,194 983 2,294 2,693 1,462 634 937 1,605 1,994 5,46$ 971 571 357 2,086 292 539 1,040 148 3,539 2,033 11,264 Janu- ary. i! F*^- March.! April, j May. j June. July. August.! X*"! bl£" "tar™" 128, 57, 91, 128, 103, 821! 317 504 479' 37.480 91, 149 It? ,847 103,937 129,305 37,845 91,460 128,525 101,970 129,569 l 38,055 i 91.514 129,716 106,422 130,449 38,205 92,244 131,393 108,149 132,032 38,585 93,447 133,865 111,313 134,919 39,161 95,753 134,969 114,211 134,747 39,245 95,502 131,078 114,539 133,503 39,240 94,263 132,512 113,738 133,041: 39,275 93,766 129,992 111,500 133,380 39,569 93,811 128,320 110,479 SI4; 666 , 302 ',650 j 11,724 3,456 8,497 6,956 3,609 10,472 4,637 2,101 3,225 2,075 5,980 S77 43S 1,397 1,881 283 1,609 1,699 £,£60 862 1,370 610 2,078 1,031 £,£40 1 2,695 i 1,487 I 611: 951 1,5£9 1 1,887 5,110 995! 545 I 327 , 1,969 I 256 I 519! 1,013 I 151! 833! 577 308 6,660 991 1,9-56 11,671 3,434 8,506, 3,494 1,938 11,219 6,9£8 3,566! 10,533 , 4,577 j 2,110 3,245 2,056 5,937 379 440 1,408 1,882 284 1,621 1,650 2,282 886 1,392 613 £.067 1,081 2,246 2,682 1,450 617 943 i 1,545! 1,903 5,073; 5S$ 1 S£6 j 1,962; m \ 608 1,052: 148 j 934: 578 • 303; 6,738! •994: 1,950! 914 SSI 313 6,781 998 1,962 6,928 3,577 10,636 4,692 2,104 3,266 r 2,079 1 5,962 j 391 1 451 1 1,414! 1,905 £76 1,605 , 1,662 2,316 891 , 1,377 614 2,137 1,054 2,315: 2,657; 1,440 J 612 I 916 1,570: 1,929 5,126 952 j 551 327 I 1,966 \ B6S I 513 1,020 i 144 j 970 593! 317 6,851 1,029 2,010 , 11,772 j 11,801; 11,952 3,478! 3,528 i 3,526 S,521 j 8,528! 8,575 6,929: 3,617: 10,605 4,843 j £,079! 3,260 2,103; 5,937 420 450 1,432 1,924 283; 1,605 1,603' 2,281 8S8 1,417 60S 2,103 955 2,272! £,645 1,447 622 1 910; 1,57S I 1,945! 5,212: 936! 555! 341 j 1,977! 261 534 , 1,034; 145 6,961 3,618 10,538 4,922: 2,105 3,266 £,01£ 5,940 429 452 1,448 1,947 250 1,623 1,631 2,331 8S2 1,411 595' 2,100 ■ S78 2,297 2,673 1,451 616 914 i 1,597 1,972 5,281; 937 573 347; 2,006 269: 550 1,006 I 155! 3,448! 5,400 1,976 j 1,987 11,118! 11,029 3,431 1,969 11,009 3,481; 2,019 11,063 1,025 638 328 6,925 1,053 2,052 12,092 3,5-89 8,609 7,037 3,540 10,619 5,093 2,119 3,303 2,056 6,000 437 473 1,456 i;966 1,625 1,623 2,377 886 1.444 615 2,166 2,283 2,728 1,£84 634 921 1,612 2,001 5,351 972 585 369 2, lOS 304 549 1,041 151 3,480 2,069 11,252 1,154 • 683 357 6,951 1,078 2,084 12,298 3,769 8,637 7,192 3,513 10,702 5,238 2,150 3,340 2,140 6,048 454 1 489 1,502 2,024 281 1,636 1,709 , 2,42S , 934 1,469 '628 2,215 917 2,301 1 2,783' 1,301 661 932 1,621 2,059 5,677 1,020 602 3S3 2,266 307 562 1,059 150 1,199 688 360 6,903 1,057 2,069 12,333 3,783 8,575 7,054 3,437 10,669 5,211 2,159 3,294 2,043 6,004 459 500 1,504 1,999 1,632 1,636 2,475 966; 1,497 629: 2,315 925 2,333 2,740 1,484 656 960 s 1,652 2,051 5,739! 1,007 i 591 j 395 2,286 , 328 j 54S i 1,085 I 154 1 1,094! 668 338 6,S4S • 1,058 2,092 , 12,114 3; 701 8,524 1 7,004 3,468 10,451 i 5,052 2,148 •5, £10 2,106 6,016 449 495 1,513 2,007 1,605 1,618 2,438 953 1,464 626 2,243 967 2,301 2,697 1,499 647 973 1,644 2,085 5,750 1,00S '5S5 391 2,193 323 538 1,039 145 1,012 633 321 6,833 1,059 j 2,074 975 596 318 6,869 1,063 2,051 , 11,750 i 12,276 3,595 3,543 8,677 8,718 7,123 3,535 10,541 4,985 j 2,132 3,269 2,076 6,020 43$ 487 1,530 1,989 283 1,616 1,708 2,419 965 1,440 626 2,276 959 2,272 j 2,671! 1,566 j 644 I 962 i 1,637 i 2,056 I 5,771 i 959 580 362 i 2,104 315! 549 i 1,043 I 14S j 3,5S7 2,09$ 11,530 i 3,573! 2,127 1 11,37S! 3,60S 2,104 11,364 3,630 j 2,021 I 11,3S1 j 7,135 3,655 10,499 4,835! 2,137 3,296 2,075 6,035 433 462 1,516 1,980 285 1,614 1,666; 2.380 967 1,450 i 672' 2,353; 1,013 2,345 2,675 1)573 652 931 1,638 I 2'f 029 5,719 , 9S3 574 358 2,085; 319 546 1,043; 143! 3,620 2,033 11,297 I Decem- ber. 134,153 39,859 94,294 12S, 004 110,805 992 591 318 6,843 1,060; 2,042 12,193 3,570 8,641 7,233 I 3,681 10,628 4; 871! 2,132 3,350 2,067 i 6,085 446 491 1,532 2,004; 1,639 1,655 2,417 962 1,465 664 2,275; 1,117! 2,323 2,670 1,562 636 931> 1,637 2,011 5,808 96i 572 359 2,120 316 552 1,045 i 14S I 3,666 2,055 11,528! ! Per cent mini- mum- is of . maxi- • mum. 95.5 93.6 95.2 94.7 90.6 67.9 82.3 83-9 95,7 90.9 93.1 94.6 90.8 97,5 95.7 93,4 97.7 87.4 96.3 95,8 94.0 97.6 87,6 91.2 92.9 94.2 97.8 93.8 91.3 89.1 91.5 88.5 87.8 78.6 95.5 95.0 81.6 92.4 93.5 92.6 90.5 87.3 91.5 89.5 82.3 85.6 77.1 90.4 92.7 91.6 92.7 91.1 95.5 1032 MANUFACTURES. Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919 AND 1914. Census year. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— DIVISION AND STATE. Total. ! 44 and under. Between 44 and 48. Between 48 and 54. Between 54 and 60. 48.1 54. 60. Over 60. I 1 131,879 130,641 109,484 11,221 8,533 (2) 41,413 1 29,515 i 9,216 j 31,765 24,385 17,2S5 28,271 49,700 20,790 5,001 12,879 24,564 5,354! 13,953 36,884 321 209 745 1914 1909 (2) (2) (2) New England 11,813 1,917 599 5,639 | 1,802 1,201 601 52! 2 Maine 993 930 94 34 83 1 61; 238 159 520 317 14 104 10 | 287 , 1914 (-) (2) 2 New Hampshire 616 68 r 138! 228 1 22H 116 151 161 15 226 11 1 1914 760 (2) (2) 29; 324 37 6 76 6 90 82 25 2 Massachusetts 6,821 1,252 (2) 413- 4,714 1,376 279 1,674 160 4,373 3 30 1914 7,771 (-) 318 Rhode Island 1919 1,035 24-4 31 276! 436 154 48 836 1914 1,192 (2) (2) 171 11 20 i 2,024 222 110 352 j 615 232 490 3' 1914 1,913 (2) (2) 427! 390 406 611 76: 3 Middle Atlantic 1919 East North Ci Ohio West North Central 1919 South Dakota *. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware3... Maryland District ot Columbia. South Carolina» 1919 Florida.... i Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 1919 24,163 3,568 2,188 5,415 8,341 4,241 213 192 5 i 1919 11,998 j 1,991 990 3,743 3,378 1,796 66 31 3 1914 13,751 |! (2) (2) 2,061 1,518 9,011 812 349 | 1919 3,581 i 755 500 611 1,140 463 54 58 669 1914 3,642 I (=) (2> 669 1,057 604 643 1919 S,5S4' 822 60S 1,061 3,823 1,982 93 103 2 1914 10,410 i (2) 1,750 3,019 5,205 405 25 6 1919 28,223' 2,029 2,037 4,189 11,795 5,840 1,462 849 22 .. _ 7,040 1 338 653 1,134 4,239 589 44 43 1914 7,265 (2) (2) 995 1,741 4,383 64 82 1919 3,568! 311 233 372 1,133 1,155 292 69 3 1914 3,750 i (2) (2) 459 978 1,071 1,046 130 66 1919 10,579 j 848 938 1,529 898 4,189 1,780 6S9 598 8 1914 11,004! (2) (2) 2,111 1,982 2,947 3,052 14 1919 4,913 1 211 87 868 1,503 2,055 67 122 1914 4,902 (2) (2) 711 1,106 2,951 49 82 3 1919 2,123 j 321 126 286 731 261 370 17 11 1914 2,265 1 (2) (2) 209 576 565 689 226 1919 15,673 1,063 949 3,151 4,025 5,847 340 298 i 1919 3,277 442 158 1,583 738 322 16 18 1914 3,494 (2) (2) 785 933 1,516 54 206 1919 2,074 ) 138 256 392 475 619 170 24 1914 2,518 j (2) (2) 134 306 1,182 287 609 1919 5,997: 143 418 404 1,424 3,411 197 1914 5,899 i (2) (2) 1,693 1,186 2,961 39 12 1919 426 103 19 248 32 18 6 1919 469 50 117 219 40 43 1919 1,471 48 57 151 757 323 132 3 1914 1,303 (2) (2) 173 297 790 32 11 1919 1,959 139 41 256 380 I 1.114 22 7 1914 1,607 (2) (2) 313 286 623 131 254 1919 12,080 363 387 2,780 2,370 2,857 1,106 2,049 168 1919 284 4 9 110 117 44 1919 1,619 66 72 176 517 443 236 109 1914 1,715 (2) (2) 92 446 105 525 547 1919 1,655 168 91 1,253 18 125 1914 1,217 (2) (*) 1,217 1919 2,367 112 653 384 536 137 377 168 1914 1,694 (a) (s) 124 163 202 420 785 1919 920 3 85 207 317 194 34 80 1914 827 («) (s) 80 97 265 183 199 3 1919 1,433 12 17 159 323 388 117 417 1914 1,165 (') (■) 23 110 201 149 682 1919 625 80 85 256 120 84 1919 2,194 54 85 487 542 418 608 1914 1,776 (') (*)' 30 142 239 40 1,325 1919 983 2 64 158 129 256 374 1914 864 (') (3) 154 105 151 35 341 78 * Corresponding figures not available. » Not published in 1914. POWER LAUNDRIES. 1033 Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. i I Census; year.' DIVISION AND STATE. Total. \ I ..... | 1919 i 7,083 Kentucky 1919! 2,294 1914 j 1,873 Tennessee 1919 i 2,693 1914 2,580 1919 1,462 1914 | 1,388 Mississippi 1919 634 1914! 607 West South Central 1919 10,004 Arkansas 1919 I 1914 Louisiana v :1919 j 1914 Oklahoma j 1919 ! 1914 Texas. 1919 1914 Mountain j 1919 Montana !1919 j 1914 Idaho' | 1919 Wyoming3 j 1919 Colorado j 1919 1914 New Mexico s. Arizona • Utah Nevada *. Pacific Washington. Oregon. 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 California i 1919 1914 IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and under. Between 44 and 48. 937 832 1,605 | 1,243 1 1,994 1,416 5,468 4,605 j 6,004 971 819 571 357 2,086 1,759 292 .539 1,040 1,070 16,836 3.539 3,298 2,033 1,745 11,264 i 10,416 j 236; (3) ] (3) "(V)' (3) (3) (3) 110 (3) (2) (2) 9 15 99 48.J Between 48 and 54. 54. Between 54 and 60. Over 60. (2) (2) 64; 458 (3) (2) ] (5) 24: (3) (a) 10 , 18; 198! 30 \ 31 j 64' (3) 806 1,440; 1,966 1,227 1,230 146 6.53: 652 335 370 25,5 331; 457 . 473 357 337; 475 793: 840 72: 358; 259 | 572 1,223 164 1 320' 189! 299 48 542 95 176 243 427 447 j 3 123 222: 4 246! 99 82: 177 24 220! 1,573 5,196 291 148 62 168 244 223 30 i 104' 37 244 217; 501 268: 311 238; 1,362 810 2SS 162 219 1,382 1,663 153 401 839 • 99 .85 36 64 151 IS 23 38 430 434 325 . 4 61 71 90 69 56! 12; 4! 72 i 263; 302! soo; 5! no j. (2) (3) 978 967; 2,232 j '96 332 523 351: 4,163 321 552 1 22 68! 4 75! 890 3 .... 3 46! 3 20 9 1,260 1,386 13,177 9S 571 30 200 546 324 2.4S8 127 6 (3) (2) 2,912 108 165 113 368 413 1.187 14 42 (5) (3) 235 ?27 768 . . 15 346 649 9,502 84 402 30 194 (5) (3) 6.510; 1,736 1,708 66; 389 114 48 57 7 1 Includes 48 and under for 1914 and 1909. 2 Corresponding figures not available. 8 Not published in 1914 Table 6.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AMOUNT RECEIVED FOR WORK DONE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. j NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. AMOUNT RECEIVED FOR WORK DONE. VALUE OF PRODUCT. 1914 | 1909 1 ! 1919 1 1914 1909 1919 1919 1914 1909 I 5,678 6,097 5,1S6 131,879 130,641 ii i 109,484 i $236,382,369' $142,503,253 $104,680,086 Less than $5,000 797 2,061 2,236 1.458! 1,341 2; 756 2,359 1.630 1,346 253 140 1,390 14,429 59,490 56,570 3,976 28,064 63,915 34,686 4,268 i 2,566,542 1 4,130,136 3.779.904 27,522 23,517,926 29,074,763 25^27,052 56,605 j 101,788,300; 69,077,362 54;383,604 21,089! 108,509', 601 40.220,992 21,489,526 $5,000 to $20,000. $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 and over 584 All classes... Less than $5,000... $5,000 to $20,000.... $20,000 to $100,000.. $100,000and over.. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 14.0 36.3 39.4 10.3 23.9 45.2 26.7 4.2 100.0 25.9 45.5 26.0 2.7 100.0 1.1 10.9 45.1 42.9 100.0 3.0 21.5 4S.9 26.6 100.0 3.9 25.1 51.7 19.3 1O0.0 100.0: 9.9; 43.1 45.9! 2.9 i 20.4 1 48.5 , 2S.2 . 100.0 3.6 23.9 52,0 20.5 1034 MANUFACTURES. Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United Sta tes 1919.. 1914.. New England. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Estab- lish- ments. 5,678 6,097 Wage earners (average number). 131,879 130,641 81 61 28 340 70 128 Middle Atlantic j 1,017 New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania. East North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan... Wisconsin. West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota.. South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia.. West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central. Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama... Mississippi. West South Central. Arkansas.. Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Mountain . Montana Idaho Wvoming Colorado New Mexico. Arizona Utah Nevada Pacipic. Washington., Oregon California 535! 131 I 351 277 158 470 197 145 156 129 165 29 29 351 182 343 49 24 99 171 281 836 177 73 establishments employing— No wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. 167 165 11,813 993 616 324 6,821 1,0*5 2,024 24,163: 11,998 I 3,581 | 8,584! 28,223 7,040 j 3,568 H 10,579 1 4,913 1 2,123! 15,673 3,277 2,074 i 5,997 426; 469 1,471 1,959 12,080 284 i 1,619 1,655 2,367 920 1,433! 625 i 2,194 7,083 2,294 i . 2,693 , . 1,462 634 |i. 10,004 937, 1,605 1,994 5,468 6,004 971 571 357 2,086 292 539 1,040 148 16,836 3,539 2,033 11,264 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. 1,538 1,663 Wage earners. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 35! 5! 12! 24 55 , 15 I 39 22S 35 306 877 26 j 176 499; 3 33 99; 6 i 97 279 i 4,472 I 5,129; 2,111 1 2,460 i 25,110 27,570 343 66 39 127 64 47 187 i 53! S! x§ 1 17; 39! 48 i 4 10 7: 4 10 4 1 25 i 27 15 10 2 28 2 2 5 5 278 46 14 218 651 I 129! 49 32 246' 97: Estab- lish- ments. 1,201 j 1,175 Wage earners. 39,263 37,844 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. 304 3,562 118 30 350 4 35 380 5 13 189 2 154 1,806 69 26 253 10 46 584 28 3,808 338 3,995 224 924 192 115 318 177 122 576! 178 i 2,094! 42! 495 I 118 1 1,406 i 5,617 j 256 119; 64 I 179 i 61 52 265 i 1,360 747 2,160 j 677 673 3,251 109 133 47 2,274 361 884 7,385 Estab- lish- ments. 478 441 3,320 1,097! 2,968 i 8,605 1,769 1,315 3,113 1,395 1,013 5,135! 62 163 I 127 48 i 24 28 56 130 158 43 242 222 779 130 34 615 48 j 48! 57; 15 i 10 I 26 61 125 578 j 567 727 184! 128 345: 722 1,535 29 29 I 47 | 19 22 19 204 46 379 151 287 111 194 144 59! 771 68 . i i 23 | 304 23 21 I 246 17 11; 147 14 4 74 14 138 118 289 65 31 193 1,741 306 41 566 828 142 248 190 386 150 103 110 54 3,255 852 938 i 1,594 i 218 226! 669 638 I 3,614 Wage earners. 33,947 30,522 405 54 56 1,683 324 458 5,333 101 to 250 wage earners, inclusive. Estab- lish- ments.J 171 180 2,524 j 891 1,918 1,937 772 3,147 1,097 315 4,384 1,143 442 ••; 2,104 I 87! 139; 469! 2,893 Wage earners. 24,516 25,405 812 812 5,076 2,064 999 2,013 5,231 1,204 619 1,841 1,567 2,327 541 "i,*524 262 3,310 82 68 784 356 2,115 125 44 422 j 221 573 443 479 449 578 405 32 j 346 387 665 298 508 52 362 275 2,140 217 627 1,001 168 664! 564 447 i 481 I 2,596 i 14 11 42 383 3 131 7 667 7 1,415 25 1,783! 24 862 812 401 65 3,145 471! 4 284 j 106 I 1 472 i 9 71 | 1 244 3 113 5 22 1 211 495 674 1,765 1,632 310 4,181 1,047 390 2,744 58 55 616 66 181 347 57 4,172 1,280 756 2,136 130 29 1,041 126 975 464 403 108 1,917 556 "1*361 527 *457 3,884 497 3,089 Over 250 wage earners. POWER LAUNDRIES. 1035 Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919 AND 1914. AVI Cen- sus year. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— |; j Indi- ] Cor- All vid- , pora-j oth- uals. 'tions.j ers. _ | Total. 1919 1914 1909 2,807 3,125 2,770 1,698 11,173 1,541 (1,431 1,158 1,258 1131,879 130,641 109,484 1 1919 1914 426 489 143 139 139 163 11,813 ! 12,944 1919 1914 61 11 9 17 993 62 13 I 930 1919 1914 50 57 1 4 10 13 | 616 j 760 1919 I 1914 i 22 34 1 5 7 | 324 i 378 i 1919 i 1914 , 180 219 92 87 68 85 ! 6,821 j 7,771 1919 1914 , 45 41 * 17 ! 1,035 1,192 7 18 \ | 1919! 1914 ( 68 76 30 28 30 23 ! 2,024! 1,913; 1919 1914 1 521 627 297 267 199 24,163 1 27,803 258 1919 I 1914! 281 345 158 138 96 131 j 11,998 1 13,751 1919 1 57 68 52 50 22 24 3,581! | 3,642; 1914 \ 1919 1914 i 183 214 87 79 81 103 i 8,584 ! 10,410 1919 1914 626 372 349 249 310 1 28,223 j 29,186 656 j 7,040 7,265 1919 1914 129 84 83 64 80 133 1919 1914 80 85 45 33 36 ! 3,568 j 3,750 53 1919 1914 235 239 159 130 76 92 10,579 11,004 1919 1914 103 129 45 43 49 62 1 4,913 ! 4,902 1919 1914 79 70 39 40 27 40 2,123 1 2,265 1 1919 1914 362 447 195 187 156 187 ! 15,673 15,630 1919 1914 75 104 40 41 3,277 3,494 39 45 1919 1914 77 104 25 34 27 2,074 2,518 38 1919 1914 53 66 88 79 •24 32 j 5,997 ! 5,899 1919 1914 14 15 9 7 6 8 1 426 409 1919 1914 17 18 6 6 5 i 469 ! 400 3 1919 1914 34 17 17 18 22 ! 1,471 j 1,303 35 ! 1,959 ! 1,607 1919 1914 92 105 10 8 34 37 I 1919 1914 l&l 159 132 124 68 86 : 12,080 ; 10,102 1919 1914 2 6 1 3 4 284 326 2 1919 1914 20 27 16 11 10 , 1,619 j j 1,715 I 16 1919 1914 4 4 14 3 3 , 1,655 j 1,217 11 1919 1914 31 29 22 21 10 21 ! 2,367 i 1,695 DIVISION AND STATE. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire... Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. East North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic I i Delaware i Maryland Diflt. of Columbia... Virginia. In establishments owned by— Percent of'total. Indi- Cor- All vid- pora-; oth- uals. tions. ( ers. 33,973 77,815 20,091' 34,344 i73,135 23,162 11 32,754 55,485 121,245 j 4,514 , 5,299 2,000 5,191 j 5,537 j 2,216 597! 218 178 |i 569 j 211 150 J; 483; * 133 I 542; 59 159 j| 233 ■ » 91 j 294! , 84 |, 2,105 i 3,671 | 1,045 2,591 i 3,911 1,269 j; 402 1 395; 23=8 'i 411 499; 282 i 1 it 694 i 984! 346 I 784 I 857: 272 Indi- vid- uals. 25.8 28.3 29.9 Cor- All pora- oth- tions.1 ers. 59.0: 56.0; 50.7 i 15.2 17.7 19.4 3a 2 j 44.9; 40.1 I 42.8 j 60.1 61.2 78.4 71.3 71.9 77.8 30,9 33.4 38.8 34.5 34.3 41.0 16.9 17.1 22.0! 22.7 j 17.9 16.1 6,311 |14,710 ! 3,142; 26.1 j 60.9 j 13.0 7,711 |15,272 4,! 53.8 i 50.3 i 38.2 41.9 48.6: 44 8 20.9 "22." 2" 15.3 16.3 23.0 23.6 17.1 14.2 27.7 : 54.9 j 17.3 AMOUNT RECEIVED FOR WORK DONE. Total. $236,332,369 142,503,253 104,680,086 21,462,585 14,060,578 In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Individ- uals. $57,781,029 35,809,053 30,320,840 Corpora- tions. §143,048,526 82,653.996 54,lli; 978 $35,552,814 24.5 24,040,174 ii 25.1 20,247,268 29.0 8,003,892 1 5,521,248 9,844,057 6,183,346 1,514,854! j 939,021 i i 96S,856 j ! 728,733 j j 399,668 I 362,041 I 12,864,279 j 8,661,830 i 2,154,652 j ; 1,260,942; i 3,560,276 I i 2,108,011 j 1 988,820 I 1 575,208 \ 756,401 I ! 496,906! 'I j 300,290 291,345 i 3,977,875 2,884,039 724,200 441,046 1,256,306 832,704 323,106 204,195 69,101 |'j 46,070,130 !10,761,504 j 29,799,030 j 5,509,596 1 25,120,707 !, 7,509,429 j 15,931,14S ; 4,680,130 6,952,371 4,426,291 862,845 I 535,686 1 1,665,863' 948,073 I All others. ;Indi- 1 vid- nals. 3,614,636 2,355,984 37.3 39.3 202,928 159,618 65.3 61.3 1 212,455 1 78.1 162,726 J 68.2 1 99,378 70,696 75.1 80.5 1,934,033 i 30.9 1,351,500 (; 33.3 567,607 1 284,210 638,107 327,234 I 33.6 35.0 35.3 39.5 2,940 ; 7,677 ! 1,381; 24,5 i 64.0 ! 11.5 3,639 8,227 : 1,885 : 26.5 ! 59.8 j 13.7 699 ! 2,465 , 846 j 2,268: 417 :; 19.5 j 68.8 j 11.6 24,627,441 j 5,119,734 \ 17,034,878 | 2,472,829 14,304,964! 3)662,556 j 8,668,304 ; 1,974,104 1 528 ;: 23.2 2,672 i 4,568 , 1,344 |j 31.1 3,226 j 4,777 2,407 !! 31.0 62.3 ! 14.5 53.2 ! 15.7 45.9 ; 23.1 6,277 j17,410 7,001 |16,513 4,536; 5,672 j 1,263: 1,450 ■ 909! 1,025 2,476 2,938 1,067 1,097 562 491 4,235; 4,381 I 4,504 j 4,477! 2,133 2,136 6,696 1 6,248 \ 2,808 2,293 j 1,269 I 1,359 I 9,113! 8,494! 1,273 1,338 589 1,407 1,818 1,038 1,512 292 415 2,325 2,755 617 990 S07 798 993 1,056 148 150 209 181 500 375 961 831 3,025 I 2,823 I 5,436 | 1,999 i 1,726 | 661 778 940; 1,187 327 533 4,684 4,365 320 47S 205 152 73 107 169 i 91 142 77 i 71S 253 256 672- | 398 j 315 j 600 461 22.2 61.7 16.1 24.0 56.6 19.4 17.9 64.0 18.1 20.0 61.6 18.4 25.5 I 27.3 23.4 26.7 I 7,091,621 , : 3,590,739 1,264,134 | 5,002,657' 824,830 777,587 I 2,301,689 511,463 , 14,351,068 \ 4,377,636 j 10,225,004 j 3,069,286 | 7,761,495 I 2,211,937 4,961,155 j 2; 194,563 59.8 j 14.7 57.0 15.7 63.3 j 56.8 13.3 16.5 51,789,615 31,834,504 10,677,229 I 7,234,388! 32,717,780 18,612,310 21.7 57.2 46.8 21.1 30.8 ! 22.4 26.5 | 21.7 59.8 60.0 13.8 18.3 27.0 2S.0 58.1 54.3 14.8 17.6 j 18.8 [ 28.3 61.0 49.4 20.2 22.3 ! 38.9 ! 31.7 45.3 47.1 15.8 21.2 12,528,344 i 7,822,491 j 5,5S8,748 3,697,112 20,606,032 12,846,432 9,416,373 5,115,286 3,650,118 2,353,183 $27,396,421 17,582,715 619 597 240 142 691 627 1,843 778! 794 1,267 856 1,439 719 1 271 1284 222 324 148 1 219 237 349 16.6 j 7S.1 17.9 ! 74.0 34.7 36.7 48.1 37.2 44.6 1 36.0 45.2 ' 19.3 34.0 28.8 49.1 51.7 25.0 27.9 4S.8 51.6 20.3 19.6 53.8 5.3; 8.1 17.1 26,1 19.4 35.5 17.2 19.6 30.6 2a 7 4.6 12.9 14.5 11,7 29.2 37.0 48,1 13.7 46,3 18.9 76.6 8.9 70.3 1S.0 60.8 10.0 42.4 20.6 6.0S7,0SS 4,100,464 3.904,658 2,882,005 9,438,493 6,316,206 844,433 592; 843 940.179 477;474! 2,823,234 I 1,517,924! 3,358,336 695,799 18,211,883 j 8,925,073 i 2,070,103 1,420,076 j 1,582,289 j 1,011,264 j 4,44S,575 I 3,282", 293 j 1,612,654! 1,019,899 j 963,608 j 500,856! 8,113,330 4,908,232 3,284,642 2,157,063 13,645,538 7,504,351 5.482,263 2; 616,599 2,192,007 1,426.065 8,394,606 5,987,806 $7,233.183 ; 4,823,987 1115,939,723 9,831,431 2,344,911 1,494,183 721,817 528,785 2,511,919 2,059,7SS 2,321,456 1,478,788 494,503! 426,262 '$4,223,515 i '2,927,297 I 1,060,477 1,142,350 1,547,213 i 936,340 j 1,439,636 j 1,066,279 1 275,426 i 186,80S; 419,007 245,105! i 945.565 401.; 206 1.545,859 '845,899 4,785,179 2,420,700 3,772,432 2,105,482 1,762,312 1,461,197 7,475,153 4,787;218 420,754 j 229,293! 330,315 75,494 1,410,068 832,808 768.689 339; 939 1,254,179 ji 852,632 I j 595,133 ■ 484,468 , 523,704' 462,709: 148,253' 176,742 , 190,857 156,875 467,601 283,910; 1,043,788 509,961 j Cor- | All pora-1 oth- tions.j ers. 60.5 , 15.0 58.0 } 16.9 51.7 ! 19.3 444,095 * 242,897! 2,640,686 I 1,391,902 i 2,559,210! 1,023, 475 I 3,009,759: 1,453,913 I 18,632 27,687 898,742 511,576 409,826 143,345 889,637 489,584 4,968,735 ; 1,535,63S 1,359.079! 589,003 j 1,882,805 j 718,824 I 1,700,002 \ 663,464 I »425,463 1 215,210 382, S65 291,323 266,579 161,306 420,120 300,864 45.9 ; 16.8 44.0 ! 16.6 21.3 1 21.7! 13,4 17.0 9.5 22.3 54.0 i 51.1 I 15.0 15.6 4a 0J 26.3 42.5 j 22.5 46.8 45.0 17.9 15.5 23.4 26.7 64.7 56.7 12.0 16.6 20.8 25.6 69.2 60.6 10.0 13.8 17.8 21.7 70.5 64.1 11.6 14.2 30.5 30.0 54.1 48.5 15.4 21.5 20.6 22.7 63.2 58.5 16.2 18.8 16.5 18.2 64.8 62.7 18.7 19.1 28.3 27.4 58.8 58.3 12.9 14.3 21.6 66.2 58.4 12.2 16.0 25.6 17.1 19.9 58.2 51.2 24.7 28. 9 26.4 21.3 60.1 60.6 13.5 18.1 26.4 27.4 58.2 55.9 15.4 16.6 17.4 27.9 62.0 51.3 20.6 20.8 39.6 32.5 45.1 15.2 16.8 50.7 15.3 16.9 79.2 75.8 5.5 7.3 32.6 31.5 49.8 38.7 17.6 29.8 44.6 35.1 15.8 20.3 32.9 51.3 33.5 26.4 49.9 54,9 16.6 18.7 46.0 49.9 22.9 20.0 31.1 30.1 26.3 27.1 55.7 17.2 4.2 11.4 34.0 36.8 5L5 42.3 14.5 20.9 16.0 14.0 73.6 70.2 10.4 15.8 29.6 33.7 56.5 45.6 14.0 20.7 1 Includes the group **Corporationi.' 1036 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: -191U AND 1914—Continued. NUMBER OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1 AMOUNT RECEIVED FOR WORK DONE. ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— Total. In establishments owned by— Per cent of total. Total. | In establishments owned by- Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions . All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions . All oth- ers. i i Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. 19 16 14 21 11 7 920 827 202 200 589 571 129 56 22.0 24.2 64.0 69.0 14.0 6.8 1,775,349 785,782 665,951 169,769 907,238 591,343 202,160 24,670 37.5 21,6 51.1 75.3 11.4 3.1 26 31 20 16 10 12 1,433 1,165 466 520 648 464 319 181 32.5 44.6 45.2 39. S 22.3 15.6 2,252,100 1,026,358 879. 316 430,263 921,032 439,007 451,752 157,088 39.0 41.9 40.9 42.8 20.1 15.3 15 7 7 9 6 7 625 517 266 114 208 287 151 116 42.6 22.1 33.3 55.5 24.2 22.4 S33, S01 422, 212 316, 541 97,614 268,285 229,748 248,975 94,850 38.0 23.1 32.2 54.4 29.9 22.5 21 17 22 18 9 8 2,194 1,776 294 292 1, 447 1,306 453 178 13.4 16.5 66.0 73.5 20.6 10.0 3,216,832 1,632,221 422,592 258,254 2,328,893 1,227,152 465,347 146,815 13.1 15.8 72.4 75.2 14.5 9.0 13 22 16 15 6 8 983 864 234 289 670 439 79 136 23.8 33.5 68.2 50.8 8.0 15.7 1,480,051 946,314 283,942 292,608 1,097,077 510,194 99,032 143,512 19.2 30.9 74.1 53.9 6.7 15.2 78 78 67 37 43 7,083 6, 44? 2, 470 1, 202 3,360 3,991 1,253 1, 254 34.9 ! 18.6 47.4 61.9 17.7 19.5 9, 687,736 5, S63,673 3, 239, 428 1,037,814 4,731, 581 3,761,811 1,716,727 1,064,048 33.4 17.7 48.8 64.2 17.7 18.1 89 28 32 19 33 16 10 2, 294 1, 873 1,425 429 372 1,176 497 268 i 62.1 ; 22.9 16.2 62.8 21.7 14.3 2,905,346 1,665,979 1,752,021 352,007 542,528 1, 098,090 610,797 215, 882 60.3 21.1 18.7 65.9 21.0 13.0 24 17 24 31 11 19 2, 693 2, 580 524 230 1, 673 1,573 496 777 1 19.5 ! 8.9 62.1 61.0 18.4 30.0 3,639,602 2,296,797 688,042 201, 873 2,190,108 1, 406, 568 761,452 688,356 18.9 8.8 60.2 61.2 20.9 30.0 13 15 17 19 7 1,462 1,388 190 260 1,093 1,012 179 116 1 13.0 1 18.7 74.8 72.9 12.2 8.4 , 2,196,118 1, 360,688 253, 487 222, 683 1,701,792 1, 055,061 240,839 S2,944 11.5 16.4 77.5 77.5 11.0 6.1 7 13 14 7 3 7 634 606 331 283 222 230 81 93 I 52.2 : 46.7 35.0 38.0 12.8 15.3 946, 670 540,209 545, 878 261, 251 297,153 202, 092 103,639 76,866 57.7 48.4 31.4 37.4 10.9 14.2 6 160 162 96 95 87 110 10,004 S, 096 2, 478 2,300 5, 679 4,012 1,847 1,784 '24.8 | 28.4 56.8 49.6 18.5 22.0 i 16,553,772 9,218,167 3, 863,827 2, 450, 721 9, 599,532 4,977, 686 3,090,413 1,789,760 23.3 26.6 58.0 54.0 18,7 19.4 30 23 10 11 9 19 937 832 452 316 347 261 138 255 i 48.2 j 38.0 37.0 31.4 14.7 30.6 1,393,024 ! 836,457 651, 261 305, 446 567, 410 273, 434 174, 353 257, 577 46.8 36.5 40.7 32.7 12.5 30.8 7 10 11 11 6 7 1, 605 1,243 362 331 1,100 722 143 190 22,6 ; 26.6 0&5 58.1 8.9 15.3 ; 2,349,774 j 1,190,148 444, 322 302,185 1,711,779 728,302 193, 673 159, 661 18.9 25.4 72.8 61.2 8.2 13.4 50 49 21 25 28 27 1,994 1,416 538 457 860 593 546 366 29.5 32.3 43.1 41.9 27.4 25.8 '3,561,059 ! 1,669,721 962,787 529,190 1,613, 466 767, 398 984, 806 373, 133 27.0 31.7 45.3 46.0 27.7 22.3 73 54 48 44 57 5, 468 4,605 1, 076 1,196 3,372 2, 436 1,020 973 ; 19.7 26.0 61.7 52.9 18.7 21.1 9,249,915 5,521,841 1, 805, 457 1,313, 900 5, 706, 877 3, 208,552 1,737,581 999, 389 19.5 23.8 61.7 58.1 18.8 18.1 80 130 125 103 S4 48 61 6, 004 4,974 1,286 1,104 4, 205 513 ; 21.4 70.0 8.5 811,330,923 ! 6,550,610 §2, 434,727 1,416,129 $7,924, 321 S971, 875 21.5 21.6 69.9 8.6 ; 22.2 23 17 22 19 1 971 819 155 151 765 607 51 61 '16.0 18,4 78.8 74.1 5.3 7.5 | 1,894,356 1,266,552 293,185 227,321 1,504,109 948,209 97,062 91,022 15.5 17.9 79.4 74.9 5.1 7.2 6 23 22 9 6 8 S 571 442 297 249 ISO 124 94 69 52.0 56.3 31.5 28.1 16.5 15.6 ! 1,179,846 1 592,749 576, 878 303,959 403,548 185,412 199,420 103,378 48.9 51.3 34.2 31.3 16.9 17.4 13 7 2 3 5 357 185 156 94 158 43 191 43.7 44.3 12.0 49.2 763,953 238,048 320, 570 128,156 375,922 67, 461 i 109 892 42.0 53.8 49.2 8.8 46.2 ! 11 50.8 1 39 | 36 31 31. 22 27 2,086 1,759 350 258 1,508 1, 239 22S 262 1 16,8 j 14.7 72.3 70.4 10.9 14.9 3,759,849 2,163,263 607,213 296,090 2,725,798 1, 534, 574 426,838 332,599 16.1 13.7 72.5 70.9 11.4 15.4 10 4 2 3 292 240 109 154 132 29 42 37.3 j 27.5 52.7 65.0 9.9 17.5 432,279 280, 373 176,303 76, 824 205,711 157,069 50,265 46,480 40.8 27.4 47.6 56.0 11.6 16.6 ! 7 5 66 5 7 12 4 4 539 335 80 142 413 159 46 34 14.8 42.4 76.6 47.5 8.5 10.1 987, 438 425,999 157,737 191,914 746,645 186, 671 83,056 47, 414 16.0 45.1 75.6 43.8 8.4 11.1 6 9 20 15 12 3 4 1,040 1,070 74 109 951 937 15 24 7.1 10.2 91.4 87.6 1.4 2.2 1,973,166 1,367, 433 154, 225 125, 750 1,789,384 1, 215,243 29, 557 26,440 7.8 90.7 88.9 1.5 1.9 9.2 8 5 3 3 2 4 148 124 65 35 76 67 7 43.9 28.2 51.4 54.0 4.7 17.8 340,036 216,193 148,616 66,115 173,204 112,157 18,216 37,921 43.7 30.6 50.9 51.9 5.4 17.5 22 353 382 293 207 190 213 16, 836 15, 459 3,377 2,631 10,949 10,516 2, 510 2,312 20.1 17.0 65.0 68.0 14.9 15.0 33,879, 304 20,347,226 6,782,060 3,394,667 21,958,668 13,940,834 5,138,576 3,002,725 20.0 16.7 64,8 68.6 15.2 14.8 90 92 46 52 41 48 3, 539 3, 298 686 628 2, 282 2, 251 571 419 19.4 19.0 64 5 68.3 16.1 12.7 7,336,715 4,251,620 1, 450,880 799,288 4,766,660 2, 894, 255 1,119,175 558,077 19:8 18.8 65.0 68.1 15.3 13.1 33 34 28 27 12 17 2,033 1,745 332 246 1, 503 1,305 198 194 16.3 14.1 73.9 74.8 9.7 11.1 3,629,983 2,146, 868 533,155 295,837 2,734,786 1 ,620,579 362,042 230, 452 14.7 13.8 75.3 75.5 10. 0 10.7 230 256 219 128 137 148 11,264 10, 416 2,359 1, 757 7,164 6,960 1,741 1,699 20.9 16.9 63.6 66.8 15.5 16.3 22,912,606 13,948,738 4, 798,025 2, 299,542 14, 457.222 9, 435,000 3,657,359 2, 214,196 20.9 16.5 63.1 67.6 16.0 15.9 DIVISION AND STATE. South Atlantic—Con. West Virginia North Carolina. South Carolina.. Georgia Florida East South Central.. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1014 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Pacific I 1919 1914 Washington :1919 I 1914 Oregon I 1919 I 1914 California j 1919 I 1914 West South Central Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico. Arizona Utah Nevada Cen- sus year. »Includes the group "Corporations." POWER LAUNDRIES. 1037 Table 9.—STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITH 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH- MENTS: 1919 AND 1914. ST\TE AND CITY. Birmingham. Num- voir estab- >Ciir- iish- ments. 1919 1914 1919 1914 Mobile !1919 1914 Montgomery j 1919 1914 Arizona Phoenix. Arkansas.. Fort Smith.. Hot Springs. Little Rock.. California.. Alameda... Bakersfield. Berkeley... Eureka Fresno Long Beach. Los Angeles. Oakland Pasadena Sacramento.. San Bemadino >. San Diego San Francisco.. San Jose Santa Ana i Santa Barbara.. Stockton Vallejo Colorado. Boulder City * Colorado Springs i. Denver Greeley'. Pueblo... Connecticut. . Bridgeport. Hartford... Meriden 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1919 1919 1914 1919 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- firm ,em- mem- I Payees. bers. 191 150 Wage earners (average number). 1,462 1,388 873 . 781 j 224 l! 228 |; 195 149 P 3! 5 | 1 I 4! 109 80 39 20 38 13 180 207 151 132 I 2!l 598 || 13 46 539! 17 , 379 i 19 25 33-5 | 3! 160! 18 142 I 3; 130: 4 9 117 j 49 1,045 46 62 937! 53 i 1,011 76 103 832 3 69 5 3 61 I 4 108 , 14 JO 84! 4 1 138 1 2 7 129 j 3 103 i 4 14 85 11! 373 h 4 32 337! 6 301 5 30 266 j 586 13,223 633 1,326 11,264! 532 | 12,077 624 1,037 1«>,416; 12 1 107 13 9 85 | 9 114 18 4 92 3 208 4 111 93 , 5 101 5 5 91 13 164 S S 148 1 14 167 16 9 142 j 5 80 6 4 70! 5 67 9 4 54 1 14 224 17 22 185 | 8 168 11 9 143 5 220 1 19 200 j 4 145 4 20 121! 46 3,365 32 515 2,818 i 42 3,179 33 394 2,752 57 2,991 54 119 2,818 66 1,125 76 98 951 12 340 18 37 285 7 307 8 2S 271 18 465 22 40 403 12 373 15 30 328 5 1 88 3 11 74 17 430 13 59 358 13 : 461 12 27 422 110 2,852 120 224 2,508 110 j 2,799 128 225 2,446 i 14 ! 280 20 20 240 16 233 27 17 189 4 125 1 8 116 6 133 5 13 115 4 79 3 1 75 14 252 14 19 219 11 227 13 9 205: 3 124 6 8 110 j 6 84 4 6 74 j 92 2,470 86 298 2,086! 94 2,079 97 223 1,759 3 50 4 5 41 5 196 6 27 163: 38 1,529 22 201 1,306 38 1*235 27 149 1,059 3 43 2 5 36; 3 172 1 24 147; 3 139 1 14 124 | 12S 2,334 131 179 2,024 127 2,184 125 146 1,913 j 13 283 15 27 241 8 270 9 27 234 16 438 18 4S 372 | 17 386 19 19 348 3 78 2 9 67! 4 I 91 4 13 74; Capital. SI, 250,596 | 784,541! Salaries. $3-55,277 147,929 Wages. §771,293 480,569 Cost of material:;. $463,521 256,459 Amount j Primary received for i horse- work done, j power. 674,623 J 456,048 i 117,496! 80,024 i 127,3a3 I 81,905! 444.981 j 266; 812' 219,184 86,609 53.761 20;686 46,392 i5,231 72,838 30,998 430,617 254f513 117,471 84,141 55, 644 42,523 430,605! 194,678 228,684 129,832 47.162 29',m 50,602 27,414 253,740 76,779 $2,196,118 1,360,688 ,228,172 755,530 287,090 197,991 196,351 121,328 987,438 425,999 93,807 68,000 696,445! 577,314 j 27.554 101266 87,446 | 131,925 67,581 549,125 33S;S38! (30,470 i 24,019 , 339,619 I 147,826! 280,110 133,147 1.393,024 '836,457 30,312 66,020 125,835 100,400 230,412 138,540 18,373,479 9,618,271 S7,760 79,866 91,510 115,873 130,725 139,217 63,150 90,804 276,215 166,970 240,571 151,113 4,585,894 2,697,607 1,276,328 855,138 524,013 263,918 481,076 337,707 93,025 493,129 349,796 2,876,239 2,192,830 251,605 113,283 132,723 63,223 61,710 287,574 164,050 115,425 67,029 2,255,955 j 1,440,896! 39.203 170;565 I 1,366,340 869,665; 3S,104! 223,632 150,167 i 2,421,654 1,454,961 310,577 196,596 532,897 277,436 43,716 65,083 4,100 1 12,684 • 9,500! 10,549 i 43,974 j 34,257 2,120,534 i 1,084,550 i 45,475 35,910 70,505 38,670 214,666 118,172 24,955 j 11,568 i 40,3SS! 27,128 t 124,928! 41,015 i 9,301,912 6,212,685 I 11,870 4,420 5,050 4,788 21,857 10,348 2,525 3, 764 25,939 9,359 26,109 17,770 755,691 316.224 ISI',896 119,506 62,451 29,295 61,306 44,3-54 9',4S6 SO; 675 30,133 381,603 298,433 207,630 18,845 7,430 10,134 1,200 19,052 10,018 8,456 10.100 442,133 249,777 5,030 29.447 312;007 168,268 34,796 19,013 285,874 161,660 44,803 24,792 74,143 22,514 12,031 9,352 70,396 56, 273 93,590 55,666 126,112 84,317 49,317 26,536 200,559 99,543 114,315 81,840 1,988.938 1.561,456 '865,042 590,816 292,073 169,697 342,686 211,749 44,851 235,267 221,478 2,405,460 1,576,651 240,197; 117/257 80,993; 100,922! 49,763 I 185,797! 134,863: 107,460 j 49,125 1,437,62S 849,010 4,,582,096 2,2^2,195 S7,993 93,438 j 182,069! 87,280 603,577 277,736 22,912,606 13,945,738 62.744 23,668 77,191 26,474 46,919 22,992 29,936 10,472 117,091 31,433 50,887 33,180 957,249 565,167 374,544 201,020 107,205 52,603 150,580 77,804 23,385 123,485 85,459 1,024,850 530.2S2 %; 158 36,065 50,929 56.366 13;130 77,936 34,639 56,591 18,741 6SS.537 364,301 204,824 119,157 191.997 134,505 304,233 181,183 96,950 63,446 486,685 227,972 302,404 175,299 5,676,164 3,553,871 2,153,878 1,350,680 689,201 381,950 785,713 463,322 95,931 600,398 465,802 5,341,139 3,430,092 511,784 269,594 192,733 222,741 94,092 449, 753 279,814 211,103 99,231 26,202 119,077 917,545 511,294; 24,766 83,091 63,726 I 1,531,432 i 894,291: 12.448 2S;211 422;919 200,546 12,522 45,450 50,150 799,699 408,401 170,S98 1 116,087' 312,716 172,664 36,048 31,883 S6,016 48,220 198,256 86,424 10,473 8,834 3,560,276 i 2,10S>011 j 425,734 i 266,474 < 768,865 I 410,678 1 73,785 1 78,893 1,675 1,362 681 50 157 128 111 685 326 37 80 1,058 1,092 40 88 51 125 199 187 15,537 13,503 96 i6o "l31 92 ""220 3,031 3,053 1,143 "*263 350 *442 3,425 ""S06 SO "269 *"&9 3,759,849 2,163,263 , 2,925 2,723 59,480 74 282,017 85 2.407,244 1,457 1,296,055 1,383 69,840; 40 256,970! 180 158,485 137 3,646 3,171 602 61* 435 70 100 1 Not reported in 1014. 1038 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.-STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITH 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH- MENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. ■ Num- STATE AND CITY. Census year. ber of estab- lish- ments. Pro- prietors and firm mem- Salaried Wage earners (average number). 1 Capital. Salaries. Wages. Cost of materials. Amount received for work done. Primary horse- power. Total. bers. em- ployees. i Connecticut—Continued. ! - - New Britain 1919 4 85 6 5 74 $113,461 $12,250 $94,638 $22,268 $177,368 129 1914 4 77 2 5 70 102,637 10,732 37,646 16,620 96,770 137 New Haven 1919 16 520 12 33 475 1 483,130 56,024 321,361 153,460 718,970 560 1914 18 430 12 29 389 281,860 35,145 175,356 70,201 395,540 596 1919 4 67 3 3 61 55,372 2,370 39,265 18,857 90,497 03 1914 4 66 3 2 61 1 54,156 1,650 23,566 7,766 52,851 105 Norwich 1919 4 52 6 1 45 78,225 600 43,500 21,066 98,898 95 1914 3 55 4 3 4S 25,215 5,564 18,790 10,293 50,300 65 1919 3 75 3 8 64 46,068 21,420 37,834 13,786 111,215 50 1914 3 64 3 4 57 25,021 10,847 25,411 9,003 60,499 80 1919 5 116 2 8 106 59,846 8,842 77,036 48,562 167,582 165 1914 7 127 3 7 117 56,108 9,865 58,831 28,156 126,116 210 Delaware 1919 6 300 10 6 2S4 375,386 13,935 220,984 95,822 444,095 334 1914 12 369 16 27 326 253,264 26,296 92,178 42,524 242,897 335 1919 4 281 7 4 270 308 360 276 213 084 12 635 91,327 39,869 425 120 1914 346 11 27 236^ 664 26,'296 86', 610 226^332 301 District or Columbia 1919 21 1,805 10 140 1,655 1,374,200 314,468 1,049,580 481,036 2,559,210 1,633 1914 18 1,351 1 23 10 124 1,217 971,336 121,408 440,990 181,876 1,023,475 1,071 1919 35 1,146 140 983 881,099 192,147 488,157 365,461 1,480,051 1,437 1914 45 991 ! 41 86 864 612,525 91,998 356,124 182,317 946,314 1,120 1919 6 367 1 5 40 322 250,674 75,037 160,537 95,655 495,315 325 1914 6 234 2 28 204 139,157 39,000 77,195 39,073 275,155 372 Pensacola 1919 3 117 28 89 66,313 28 332 34 679 Af\ /IRQ i3Q en 45 1914 3 i 97 4 16 77 33,439 18', 053 22,' 186 17,607 lew. Oil 79,354 69 Tampa 1919 3 178 27 151 147 941 38 482 54 781 56 739 234 266 195 158 1914 3 j 191 4 14 173 110^919 10,'114 95J48 51^249 210; 557 1919 52 2,522 40 288 2,194 1,919,132 426,179 1,205,256 872,895 3,216,832 2,566 1914 43 2,008 35 197 1,776 1,044,728 207,229 571,737 335,841 .1,632,221 1,773 1919 12 1,317 5 184 1,128 1,022,249 286,026 679,903 481,579 1,834,362 1,070 1914 13 1,039 4 119 916 505,786 130,495 306,561 192,244 912,952 901 1919 3 119 4 8 107 166,838 6,092 55,975 47,101 147,394 95 1914 3! 80 4 9 67 61,173 7,094 22,452 15,248 60,448 105 Macon 1919 6! 229 1 31 197 166,468 44,458 119,304 66,570 285,771 250 1914 3 175 17 158 83,725 16,872 49,491 22,948 131,486 84 1919 5 290 2 28 260 216,095 42,644 162 104 '90 080 394 109 1914 4 300 1 24 275 150,'960 24,'854 78,'257 53! 543 222,415 236 1919 3 23 2 4 17 10,550 3,363 7,915 26,272 14,515 25 1919 40 652 38 43 571 877,560 59,420 487,635 322,581 1,179,846 756 1914 36 510 42 26 442 486,600 28,844 246,094 140,586 592,749 1,033 Boise 1919 3 98 1 7 90 118,859 13,157 76,555 35,447 176,242 142 1914 3 85 2 7 76 98,952 7,545 55,036 15,987 117,267 70 1919 470 12,189 405 1,205 10,579 12,627,971 2,087,158 7,895,989 4,942,918 20,606,032 14,833 1914 461 12,470 ! 437 1,029 11,004 8,401,995 1,150,466 5,474,339 2,638,683 12,846,432 13,472 j Alton 1919 4 65 ! 3 7 55 98,094 13,554 33,195 21,273 93,375 30 1914 3 52 ! 2 2 48 44,275 2,300 23,742 13,891 66,406 55 1919 3 118 3 7 108 78,853 10,389 58,055 51,767 161,979 60 1914 3 98 2 10 86 38,404 8,272 37,790 16,430 81,541 105 1919 3 99 4 8 87 62,122 11,440 64,597 37,325 159,756 50 1914 4 149 4 14 131 77,144 14,850 61,526 23,306 164,270 136 1919 3 31 4 2 25 15,184 1,612 12,635 6,946 27,133 40 Champaign 1919 5 96 62 9 4 83 41,441 3,052 59,953 29,965 144,639 42 1914 3 6 14 42 39,325 10,008 16,800 8,201 50,652 57 1919 250 8,137 171 823 7,143 8,627,351 1,560,989 5,719,267 3,453,567 14,836,208 7,544 1914 222 8,398 I 190 807 7,401 5,395,721 847,328 3,918,958 1,863,017 8,949,896 8,010 Danville 1919 5 124 ! 6 21 97 162,870 28,761 56,377 36,329 177,140 183 1914 4 132 ! 4 25 103 118,345 25,629 30,366 21,691 133,614 163 1919 4 234 1 25 208 156,111 32,240 132.469 42,000 295,040 132 1914 5 192 6 10 176 115,900 10,730 -73,447 35,849 158,794 305 East St. Louis 1919 6 134 4 19 111 156,973 36,349 67,791 46,952 203,785 125 1914 4 110 12 98 142,724 19,002 41,197 34,468 119,435 206 1919 6 214 1 4 5 20 189 213,543 32,868 160,109 93,690 432,226 245 1914 6 194 22 168 133,914 21,522 96,634 29,107 215,005 124 1919 4 54 3 6 45 40,269 6,816 27,199 30,366 71,613 81 1914 5 77 3 11 63 48,699 8,344 28,590 15,544 74,212 86 1919 3 20 4 1 15 88 26,598 416 9,412 5,823 20,367 JoUet 1919 4 108 1 19 126,947 25,395 36,370 32,941 126,090 88 1914 6 115 1 13 101 104,137 17,496 40,591 30,743 133,622 141 La Salle* 1919 3 58 4 4 50 58,268 4,556 30,812 16,356 85,667 33 Moline 1919 6 103 10 5 88 132,379 5,470 64,335 46,208 166 622 1914 5 89 i 7 8 74 154,077 5,533 34,427 14,549 84;62V 76 » Not rtporttd in 1914. tot in £06 tcs'i oie tie coi'o m sit zz 99 0T 8t 591 501 151 OS 90C 6t t& too s SSi'S 8IE 56Z Oil 89 m 088 esi 501 C6E 591 QL i6 818 *£ 891 *£ IS on sts tee TSS 001 0* U 5tT 01 9*1 00 St STT CSt'l 016 SIT sos 6 SSS Ct£ 8t S9 92 681 t oos's STE 988 911 on ISI EOT 6H- OCT" m 'tt Witt 9S6'Sii cot'esc't sio'eei no'ire ita'f 801 ZT i I9I4S£I 069'OSS ; £6i*tt 6ST'06 616 '599'I OtS'508*5 86t'SI8 816'569 oei'eie 001'15 SSS'SOl 009 *i£ sss'st £66 '18 ESS'SI 000'6SI 'ISS'18 toVssz 892*0X1 901 'COS £18*09 | SES'OOE | 000*681 680'SS i sss'eti '6S9'6S SOt'99 Stt'ST ! 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EX 51 EI 6 i fsx ! sfi 568 '161 998'SIS Olf '11 OSS '91' sss'ss tzz 091 !0i f90'S8 f 18 'Ot ! semis its 6161 t 61 f g H-9 '081 981- '6 96f-'99 sfs'is ! 900'69T 66 •x 0U9H • tjqtjrao —upoun vnvxnok •-'srnoq 'is •* qdosojf 'is nj|do f ■ i TUqiauuH - sf[od^9uujK q^nyna -9TJBPE -9^s 4Fi^S AiBinS^s uojmH ijoj • - uo§92isnj^ ■ oozBnre^^f uosjprjf -spxdtJH pu^JQ Iioiwa ■j joqi^H uo^uag joqjy uuy 'AX1D ONY 3XY1S •peuuT^uoo—fui <2NV 6161 -Hsnayxsa an oh ho s hxtm (mi ^o snsNao) anon ho sxmvxihyhni ooo'ot do saixio hoj soixsixyxs- 1042 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.— STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITH 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH- MENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. STATE AND CITY. New Hampshire Concord Dover Keen e Manchester... Nashua Portsmouth.. New Jersey Asbury Park. Atlantic City. Camden Hob ok en Jersey City... Newark Orange Passaic Paterson PlainrMd Trenton New Mexico Albuquerque1 n'ew York Albany A msterdam.. Auburn Bingh am ton . Buffalo Elmira Clovers Wile.. Hudson 1 Ithaca Jamestown... Johnstown... Kingston Little Falls... Lookport Middletown.. New burgh1... j Num- , estab- >ear- ! lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prietors and firm mem- bers. 1919 61 1 708 71 21 616 1914 74 864 86 18 760 1919 3 101 3 6 92 1914 5 118 1 6 4 108 1919 3 33 5 28 1914 4 30 6 24 1919 3 42 4 2 36 1914 3 54 4 2 48 1919 9 130 8 5 117 1914 13 176 13 4 159 1919 6 70 8 62 1914 9 86 15 2 69 1919 6 76 8 o 66 1914 5 58 6 52 1919 131 4.061 110 370 3,581 1914 142 4, 024 124 25S 3,642 1919 5 84 5 2 77 1914 o 47 5 42 1919 5 111 3 3 105 1914 5 83 3 10 70 1919 0 101 5 4 92 1914 0 132 4 11 117 1919 5 82 4 13 65 1914 122 1 7 114 1919 15 936 8 89 8-39 1914 16 804 15 47 742 1919 16 677 9 100 568 1914 IS 646 10 48 5S8 1919 3 108 1 8 99 1914 3 126 1 8 117 1919 0 154 7 12 135 1914 4 227 4 8 215 1919 6 221 2 24 195 1914 12 228 7 21 200 1919 4 54 2 3 49 1914 3 m 2 6 58 1919 4 215 5 18 192 1914 5 232 4 19 209 1919 16 326 15 19 292 1914 15 274 14 20 240 1919 3 129 1 12 116 1919 535 13, 757 495 1,264 21, 112 1914 614 15, 4S9 638 1,100 13 751 1919 9 279 3 41 235 1914 15 353 9 36 308 1919 5 58 12 46 1914 6 60 9 1 50 1919 7 100 11 89 1914 8 118 12 3 103 1919 4 155 5 7 143 1914 7 161 8 8 145 1919 26 1,399 18 .191 1,190 1914 29 1,605 25 167 1,413 1919 4 156 3 18 135 1914 4 137 6 7 124 1919 4 888 6 1 81 1914 8 74 10 1 63 1919 3 31 4 27 1919 4 122 3 1 118 1914 5 131 4 4 123 1919 4 87 6 5 76 1914 7 112 13 7 92 1919 3 14 4 10 1914 4 20 7 13 1919 3 35 3 8 24 1914 5 43 5 2 36 1919 3 26 4 22 1914 3 23 5 18 1919 3 51 2 8 41 1914 3 41 2 5 34 1919 4: 41 4 4 33 1914 5! i9 5 3 31 1919 6! cil 10 1 50: Salaried em- ployees. Wage earners (average number). Capital. $380,224 440,499 IS, 700 44, 410 7,125 11,905 20,904 IS, 087 S6,121 S3, 287 40,050 27,185 37,555 29,700 4,632, 440 2,876,920 113, 452 16,575 111, 196 82,803 106, 561 73,135 So, 876 108, 280 , 200,143 700,5S0 765,0.54 466, 705 104,042 54,490 132,106 115,510 327, 552 133, 598 117,277 41,640 259,838 210,249 332,123 205,065 102, 571 15, 7.58,753 10, 354,297 Salaries S21,703 13,291 Wages. $486,877 324,754 9,060 4,966 S45 j 915 j 3.S92! 2,748' 1,024 1,176 669,273 289,618 2,000 7, 022 S, 122 11,412 20, 287 10,191 204,420 86,821 130, 949 49,631 16,278 5,048 20, 466 5,795 61, 240 24,016 3,344 4,162 21, 907 21,169 26,110 29,444 18,049 2,271,163 1,135, 867 386, 206 269, 605 64,975 34,508 90,953 62,450 79, 229 96,095 1,681,748 1, 292, 704 142, 598 115,117 51,081 I 33,479 I 22,250 '. Ill, 145 103,640 i 142,600! 88,646! 5,776 !. 12,169 j. 18,150 I 33,735 | 44,139 j. 20,550 . 69,759 I 44,965 18,690 28,262 45, 047 51, 574 45, 291 2,040 81,242 10,178 222,701 170, 529 20, 978 4, 425 624 468 3,009 2, 995 5,634 8, 433 6, 782 720 7,567 4,040 3,912 1, 424 750 52,183 43, 800 16, 408 8, 218 24,214 18,547 109, 584 83,820 48,190 29, 295 43,815 19,739 2, 863, 462 1,648,758 46,794 15, 041 81, 251 27, 832 73,473 45, 515 57, 8-12 60, 589 701, 875 347, 612 398,514 277,612 84,154 64,093 113,510 S3,773 172, 781 92, 079 42, 343 23,920 129, 150 81,436 171, 506 104,732 64, 727 9, 600, 451 6, 062,092 Cost of materials. $254,386 132,476 28,926 12,859 7, 751 4, 568 14,263 4,035 48,501 31,206 23,314 16,326 23,442 7,708 1,392,522 655, 556 20,190 4,475 45,992 8,535 27, 640 17, 803 43,012 33, 235 382, 849 142,607 152, 0,83 107,069 37,518 19,113 40,086 15,016 69,900 58, 813 14,156 8, 860 70,512 42,469 105,609 49,719 32,385 5,622,388 2,821,811 143,177 136,387 31,281 25,615 55, 290 36, 757 83,927: 60,027 1 808,410 ■ 660,994 I 71,441 I 45,009 j 65,3S1 j 33,039: 19,216; 77,276 I 50,999 i 48, 485 46, 212 9, 562 5,657 17,348 14,252 19,128 9, 300 25,879 11,180 18, 880 13,353 43,910 100, 003 61,950 33,426 8, 533 42,045 22,080 45, 546 IS, 780 392,995 205,314 44,381 26,S62 26,942 18,394 14,934 29,980 16,281 24,495 13, 347 6,610 5,369 0,275 5,557 12,517 4,190 13,895 4,958 18, 459 9,157 29, 261 Amount received for work done. S96S,856 72.8, 733 115, 420 100,967 36,122 18,292 54,971 35,414 222,681 170,053 104,747 77 178 102,734 44,123 7,091,621 3,590,739 125,047 28,202 198,686 68,768 167, 923 114,923 193,983 151,834 1, 838, 979 788, 328 1,013,920 632,286 231,273 110,265 236,751 117,638 421, 289 219, 279 75, 040 44,810 303, 032 185,169 432,279 280,373 169, 866 24,627, 441 14,304,964 -125,850 354,017 94,064 70,640 137, 827 98,213 | 187,830 I 129,911 1,993,151; 1,532,612! 166,282 | 105,001 I 135,384 j 72,350; 47,402 , 143,204 I 110,692 j 723,889 I 104,783 I 22,882 1 21,327 I 31,704 I 29,650 j 45,092 | 26,261 60,685 I 30,275 | 54,389 j 35,26-1 I 90,229 I i Not reported in 1914. POWER LAUNDRIES. 1043 Table 9.—STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITH 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH- MENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Num- j! j Census ber of !' Pro- Prt«t of Amount Primary STATE AND CITY. estab- lish- prietor? Wage earners Capital. Salaries. Wages. v^'OSt 01 received for work done. horse- power. year. Total. i and Salaried materials. ments. < firm ! mem- (average number). New York—Continued. : bers. ployees. New York 1919 S 170 7,016 j 108 675 6,2.33 87,330,032 SI, 462,508 $5,832, 782 S3,419, 473 $14,610,971 11,336 1914 j 149 7,180 118 503 6,559 4,354,648 597,732 2,936,220 1,427,651 6f 897,649 8, 730 Manhattan borough 1919 80 4,101 43 317 3,741 4,655,878 840,855 3,551, &SS 1,928,934 8,922,799 6,182 1914 68 4,395 ! 46 330 4, 019 2, 454,496 378,938 1,766, 770 877, 735 4,324,720 5, 381 Bronx borough 1919 18 427 9 49 369 I 422,846 82,519 396,258 195,841 909,828 992 1914 12 207 I 10 16 181 j 160,550 12,628 ! 100,173 35,205 255,119 318 Brooklyn borough 1919 63 2,230 48 279 1,903 2,053,199 487,685 1,716,685 1,1-54,116 4,339, 774 3,865 1914 62 ! 2,376 58 147 2,171 1,651,551 181, 803 ! 995,050 476,458 2,128,635 2,746 Queens borough 1919 11 i 258 8 30 220 ; 198,109 51,447 168,451 140,582 ; 433,570 297 1914 7 | 202 4 10 188 88,051 24,363 j 74,227 38,253 : 189,175 285 Niagara Falls 1 1919 3 32 6 '■ 192,910 43,821 1 81,720 34,627 i 218,110 130 Glean 1919 3 ! 56 4 46 I 66,539 &, 516 ! 31,526 14,583 | 71^363 50 1914 3 51 6 9 36 • 44,676 7,656 ! 13,758 8,885 '42,972 43 Oswego 1919 4 \ 47 6 2 39 40, 766 757 i 23,543 15,927 j 75,702 40 1914 6 ! 49 7 1 41 28,147 1,560 ! 17,160 6,457 48,032 47 j Plattsburg * 1919 3 ! 36 3 2 31 28,641 2,912 ! 16,335 11,507 52,263 50 Poughkeepsie 1919 5 I 64 5 4 55 49,555 4,192 j 41,736 31,858 103,656 135 1914 10 ! 140 11 4 125 64,862 3,432 ! 71,972 18,967 142,463 105 Rensselaer 1919 3 i 22 3 1 IS 32,215 1,000 1 11,362 6,905 30,136 55 1914 4 26 4 22 24,005 9,320 5,379 27,485 60 Rochester 1919 15 758 8 102 648 1,107, 290 141, .505 411,207 257,492 1,111,070 1,020 1914 18 1, 460 9 120 1,331 841,957 101,157 587, 716 304,654 1,310,458 1,565 Rome 1919 3 43 6 1 36 31,893 2,080 25,271 16,134 54,498 52 1914 6 48 8 2 38 33,937 2,080 14,254 7,624 39,805 76 Schenectady 1919 8 107 9 5 93 133,602 1,502 55,872 44,694 132,040 249 1914 7 95 7 88 175,229 41,593 21,571 83,154 226 Syracuse 1919 21 563 22 475 66 856,720 42,038 295,403 147,62S 705,745 1, 111 1914 27 544 29 40 475 480,467 29,658 217, 77S 93,404 477,429 639 Troy 1919 S 254 10 16 22S 128,650 27,191 163,752 99,387 348,126 300 1914 16 322 19 20 2is3 178,296 14,548 125,367 53,602 277; 527 453 Utica 1919 17 222 19 39 164 782,418 20,500 114,802 60,401 283,998 892 1914 15 217 20 16 181 173,516 11,873 84,790 26,948 216,517 253 Yonkers1 1919 3 93 2 11 so 67,398 20,840 68,003 42,344 185,765 145 North Carolina 1919 56 1,631 53 145 1,433 1,161,269 206,632 755,186 462,040 2,252,100 1,354 1914 59 1,335 56 114 1,165 79S,650 100,692 361,497 240,947 1,026,358 1,359 Asheville 1919 3 222 7 25 190 170,931 39,129 74.351 35,459 266,721 105 1914 4 186 4 10 172 93,800 10,360 57,702 27,462 136,810 90 Charlotte 1919 3 4 271 34 239 304,186 54,485 112,064 108, S97 327.276 222 1914 6 226 5 40 181 211,203 34,780 55,6S4 77,051 219,555 259 Greensboro 1 1919 3 146 2 25 119 73,193 28,732 69,750 49,645 198,703 155 New Bern» 1919 5 44 6 5 33 24,050 7,200 21,590 6,020 118,635 27 Raleigh 1919 3 132 3 11 118 51,277 12,609 55,677 37,612 168,206 77 1914 3 115 9 106 48,716 9,470 39,944 22,987 94,497 77 Rocky Mount > 1919 3 70 3 2 65 40,979 5, S80 42,020 19,465 98,641 20 1919 29 488 27 35 426 615,070 57,592 277,297 255,235 S44,433 506 1914 30 478 31 3S 409 552,458 34,852 207,953 142,804 592,843 1919 4 112 1 13 98 154,943 20,276 69,556 51,043 223.707 113 1914 5 122 2 16 104 162,983 15,512 54,636 43,636 153,102 166 1919 4 115 4 12 99 153,923 15,156 64,557 55,169 182.983 94 1914 3 126 3 10 113 119,482 8,886 46,530 26,288 120;155 S3 1919 277 8,316 273 1,003 7,040; 8,209,509 , 1,418,357 4,703,668 2,874,537 12,528,344 12,107 1914 296 8,434 309 860 7,265 i 5,066,162; 839,455 3,157,194 1,361,546 7,822,491 10,909 1919 17 382 24 47 311; 641,675 52,868 264,783 176,587 764,744 599 1914 10 232 12 15 205! 168,433 j 12,816 97,280 1 41,777 224,672 264 Alliance1 1919 3 46 2 5 39 ■ 50,580 1 7,260 25,761 1 16,575 63,600 55 Ashtabula 1919 3 54 2 3 49! 59,943 1 5,200 34,513 20,111 82,821 52 1914 3 57 1 3 53 67,959 2,739 22,912 13;317 43,936 92 Canton 1919 5 317 4 30 283 212,608! 42,681 118,270 75,664 377,212 364 1914 5 183 7 29 147 155,72S i 24.873 63,593 22,718 194,S7S 206 Cincinnati 1919 17 1,320 11 202 1,107 1,363,095 1 271,644 621,588 310,683 1,790,873 2,054 1914 25 1,712 19 199 1,494 794,293; 194,568 639,736 261,111 1,553,889 2,011 1919 43 1,887 35 293 1,559 1,624,S32! 453,520 1,213,916 919,918 3,336,129 2,284 1914 27 1,818 15 275 1,528 94S,720 j 292,041 703,067 366,600 1,810,406 1,962 Columbus 1919 13 637 12 69 556 693,791 1 84,057 347,675: 200,562 897,779 864 1914 17 695 15 67 613 465,396 | 63,076 256,748 81,441 631,896 948 1919 10 613 S 79 526 583,581 109,579 369,558 161,183 895,277 826 1914 7 482 4 47 431 435,723 49,685 181,613 54,651 430,663 694 East Liverpool 1919 3 118 8 5 105 48,000 6,534 43,336 15,200 105,975 47 1914 3 87 62 10 77 53,960 33,476 8,411 67,012 46 Elvriai 1919 3 4 5 53 32,096 7,604 36,319 14,127 S2,677 71 1919 4 91 5 7 79 58,134 6.37S 48,288 45,268 124,146 10S 1914 4 57 4 7 46 29,318 4; 970 18,081 7,214 43,392 59 Lima 1919 3 114 4 8 102 120,446 2,845 68,395 44;304 156,915 135 1914 3 114 4 11 99 70,715 6,796 41,811 15,559 98,124 ISO Lorain i 1919 3 93 4 10 79 105,148 17,044 75,410 36,216 165,529 84 Mansfield 1919 4 52 5 47 19,810 26,555 13,730 61 244 61 1914 3 55 5 1 49 | 48,111 425 18,986 7.'408 43!425 87 1919 4 111 3 7 101 117,882 13,440 57,160 28,890 127,361 291 1914 5 108 4 9 95 | 72,600 11,876 36,749 14,672 SO,456 97 1 Not reported in 1914. 1044 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITH 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH- MENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. I Nnm- i PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE IN DUSTEY. j STATE AND CITY. I Cy^S ber of i estab- lish- Pro- prietors and Wage I earners i Capital. Salaries. Wages. Cost of materials. Amount received for work done. Primary horse- power. 1 Salaried ments. T otal. firm mem- em- ployees. (average \ number). \ Ohio—Contin ued. j bers. \ Tiffin: 1919 3 11 5 6 30: 118,375 $4,093 S16,930 $15,262 $50,550 50 ! 1914 3 , •32 5 1 26 15,539 780 10,352 3,538 27,980 34 Toledo' 1919 13 i 457 9 83 365 401,096 140,272 256,730 141,164 777,640 1,547 1914 16 . 499 7 66 426 292,681 68,529 203,344 74,233 565,203 830 1919 4 1 78 4 7 67 21,400 10,104 45,715 25,476 101,867 70 i 1914 4' 63 5 1 57; 42,125 1,273 30,681 7,100 70,983 81 Youngstown 1919 4' 296 40 256 i 671,115 45,610 224,147 105,553 472,749 251 I 1914 5! 274 6 19 249! 187,025 16,562 132,205 65,114 286,136 278 1919 99' 2,355 117 244 1,994 2,157,041 376,573 1,330,751 875,092 3,561,059 2,191 1914 101; 1,632 115 101 1,416 1 986,074 100,677 653,320 359,743 1,669,721 1,766 1919 5 167 S 10 149 113,541 20,133 100,616 81,159 253,369 160 1914 7 148 7 8 133 59,980 S,572 59,545 41,286 152,934 171 Oklahoma City! 1919 4 531 2 81 448 638,525 125,978 286,091 151,898 807,936 323 j 1914 5 330 7 28 295 199,648 29,518 149,713 64,531 373,912 252 1919 6 293 6 23 264 294,919 37,842 186,946 136,673 513,457 159 I 1914 3 38 3 1 34 57,834 1,560 18,868 7,736 50,327 41 1919 73 2,253! 60 160 2,033 2,117,225 237,322 1,778,645 723,313 3,629,983 2,334 1914 78 1,969 j 74 150 1,745 1,669,317 174,382 961,677 385,166 2,146,868 2,338 Eupene Citv 1 . - - --1 1919 3 65! 3 62 46,462 41,388 10,861 69,131 44 1919 1,426! 9 113 1,299 1,273,267 225,490 1,214,017 452,358 2,452,794 1,302 1914 31 1,320 20 115 1,185 1,155,750 135,241 681,399 259,111 1,489,862 1,514 1919 3 56 2 4 50 59,902 6,100 29,558 12,915 74,323 73 1914 3 59 3 4 52 42,575 4,640 24,738 5,154 45,991 111 Pennsylvania 1919 351 9,956 369 1,003 8,584 10,942,553 1,459,390 5,720,792 3,078,721 14,351,068 13,760 1914 396 11,831 447 974 10,410 8,160,248 884,289 4,236,358 1,848,109 10,225,004 12,602 1919 3 70 4 6 60 69,384 6,168 36,668 30,190 81,335 68 1914 5 86 6 5 75 56,501 3,186 27,079 6,336 69,092 91 Chester 1 1919 4 109 3 9 97 138,594 13,880 53,610 26,498 120,349 112 1919 7 233 4 27 202 157,160 52,838 171,067 61,441 358,150 228 1914 7 219 3 12 204 85,036 10,540 92,911 28,435 177,678 227 1919 8 353 12 40 301 454,404 46,480 171,547 89,336 431,433 520 1914 8 363 11 36 316 293,729 29,010 119,222 77,761 281,558 385 Johnstown 1919 4 1 153 14 134 117,123 28,168 71,391 32,422 165,498 109 1914 3 114 5 6 103 47,420 4,208 39,069 16,487 80,264 99 1919 4 121 3 12 106 146,111 15,519 68,483 25,658 153,261 165 1914 3 161 3 14 144 139,684 11,899 57,209 10,256 150,159 211 1919 97 3,491 103 297 3,091 3,721,104 447,980 2,338,433 1,197,S87 5,767,846 3,792 1914 91 4,277 113 330 3,834 2,733,662 278,000 1,603,193 801,356 3,974,099 3,533 1919 25 1,692 11 244 1,437 2,108,350 376,488 916,821 564,088 2,545,532 3,573 1914 25 2,169 11 254 1,904 1,713,036 283,446 854,984 324,777 2,035,245 2,467 1919 7 121 7 13 111 195,850 20,487 70,993 34,136 172,800 182 1914 12 175 12 8 155 109,655 6,016 62,266 24,128 135,477 294 Wilkes-Barre 1919 5 167 1 18 148 178,039 27,455 90,902 48,941 218,781 143 1914 7 195 5 15 175 131,392 13,072 63,242 20,668 143,249 234 1919 6 64 6 2 56 57,500 1,744 23,692 18,681 57,406 120 1914 7 113 9 4 100 64,080 3,504 33,985 18,234 78,233 136 1919 7 138 9 14 I 115 221,420 17,047 61,030 30,309 154,665 212 1914 7 143 9 4 ! 130 142,600 2,636 60,643 19,406 136,770 188 1919 70 1,272 87 150 1,035 1,181,827 201,405 805,303 457,898 2,154,652 2,257 1914 66 1,402 70 140 1,192 684,194 135,280 544,455 230,604 1,260,942 1,829 1919 8 156 10 7 139 98,718 8,630 86,019 54,545 195,653 141 1914 7 127 S 8 111 51,331 6,800 50,088 16,608 81,248 187 1919 12 170 20 8 142 162,432 9,500 112,402 69,941 278,793 390 1914 6 185 10 10 165 63,934 6,153 76,958 27,612 151,421 265 1919 26 786 27 131 628 758 724 178,175 502,817 257,533 1,416,470 1,161 1914 27 915 25 115 775 503,169 117,860 348,184 156,088 856,110 860 Warwick 1 1919 4 32 5 27 59,175 17,104 7,683 36,680 104 1919 6 33 7 1 25 17,610 600 22,922 12,047 64,874 133 1914 8 64 10 3 51 27,672 1,900 23,992 12,108 64,020 168 1919 28 723 29 69 625 555,911 91,983 316,689 237,036 833,801 654 1914 23 588 24 47 517 265,692 37,213 146,556 95,898 422,212 604 1919 4 172 1 15 156 192,623 23,928 72,368 77,738 215,008 270 1914 4 166 2 18 146 83,222 11,609 47,689 32,070 120,900 140 1919 7 123 4 20 99 64,400 25,949 52,040 44,347 149,783 124 1914 3 149 2 7 140 53,228 8,900 31,047 22,310 108,678 82 1919 3 128 8 18 102 72,938 20,754 41,338 35,749 143,806 53 1914 3 79 7 8 64 34,016 5,103 20,713 11,046 49,592 115 1919 29 542 29 44 469 841,621 62,908 348,306 252,605 940,179 702 1914 26 454 29 25 400 362,747 24,559 190,492 112,555 477,474 520 1919 3 137 2 11 124 258,392 23,370 97,256 54,352 244,193 1914 3 114 6 10 98 65,644 11,457 42,527 22,843 107,032 88 Gioiix Falls 1919 5 107 5 10 92 194,607 10,882 76,046 60,522 209,197 1914 3 93 4 4 85 79,603 3,128 44,789 28,328 123.147 93 1 Not reported in 1914, POWER LAUNDRIES. 1045 Table 9.-STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITH 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH- MENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. STATE AND CITY. ! Census ! year. Tennessee.. Chattanooga.. Knoxville.... Memphis. Nashville.. Texas.. Amarillo.. Austin Beaumont. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Dallas El Paso Fort Worth. Galveston... Houston Paris San Antonio.. Waco Utah. Ogden Salt Lake City-.. Vermont Burlington. Rutland..-. Virginia Lynchburg. Newport News 1 Norfolk Petersburg. Portsmouth. Richmond... Roanoke Washington. Aberdeen Bellingharo. Everett Seattle... Spokane. Tacoma.. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE rNDUSTBT. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 , 1919! 1914 | 1919! 1911 | 171 185 1919 28 1914 41 1919 4 1914 5 1919 3 1914 5 1919 63 1914 71 1919 4 1914 3 1919 4 1019 6 1914 8 1919 4 1914 3 1919 1 3 1914 ! 3 1919 S 1914 I 1.0 1919 5 1914 j 6 1919 ! 177 192: Total. 3,041 2, 898 Pro- !prl^rS Salaried ™2S !Payees, mem- ; r J bers. I 400 379 334 327 996 1,042 821 636 6,321 | 5,254 1 51; 62! 175 i 221; 94 82 96 118 277 167 825 637 423 289 659 400 199 255 731 648 121 125 562 472 254 244 1,213 1,197 175 169 S01 846 364 441 2,674 1,965 203 210 175 320 344 92 61 73 69 1,048 559 164 L 151 •1,032 3,744 82 69 104 SO i:5 1.724,255 1,055,152 175, 204 85,085 193,319 311,324 316, US 93, 100 41,218 46.705 26, 820 372,617 253', 802 89,114 94,852 3, 595.777 2, S38j 858 60, 211 25, 436 84.721 78,826 141, 238 108,590 1,349,412 1.14 ;im 5SS,245 5M.385 380. 936 200.389 57,384 22,047 54,049 18,042 146.466 66; 826 130,654 76,664 9.50. 709 485,562 $1,292,035 90S,671 Cost of materials. $837,634 437,720 201,635 121,932 157,156 88,821 i50,039 402, 426 294,416 163,349 3,399,532 2,117, 949 117,803 45,338 142, 31S 72,307 261,217 166,931 163,879 73,943 2,070, 297 1,071,622 13,697 9,526 5,670 4,217 84,396 32,216 144,350 109,058 51,347 26,673 69,723 30,788 53,533 | .55,447! 198,247; 89,8-51' 15,642 i 7,236 | 83,462 33,270 19,658 5.950 199, 280 108, 567 72,159 45,533 52,584! 41,795 136,074; 69,245 | 374,687! 253,621 i 187,285; 101, 770 399. 874 171,172 99,249 96,811 363,736 266, 630 73, 718 42,082 319,57S 212, 728 129,337 111.625 767,711 580. 473 32,447 18,603 35,537 19,223 117,327 167,827 108, 862 103,748 63,341 182. 948 53', 007 51, 557 51,487 258.244 226,024 83,983 22,866 178,474 73,668 71,390 47, 743 379.339 321,923 ] Amount \ Primary received for , horse- work done, j power. ! S3, 639, 602 2,296,797 39.874 | 15,502! 118.087 | 16,531! 7,628 1 111.115 82,467 547, 225 412,938 179,099 j 146,014 56,187 66,502 268,251 218,514 97,392 63,214 2, 536 j 1,500! 1,656 326,067 167, 266 47,365 36.660 16,254 I 22,189! 1,110,703 524,337 27 822 10) 270 9, SSI 9, 724 1,973,166! 1,367,433: 278,254 202,018! ,379; 035 j 9.8,749; I 399,668! 362,041 1 97, 718 87,080 40.813 48,302 36. 920 26,602 28,013 1.66,741 50,549 5,600 1,940 22,103 4,240 70,092 47 988 27'. m 10, 052 515. 812 265, 045 90,477 58,60S SO, 474 145,174 82,156 47,939 19,086 27,858 14.740 342,732 167,856 96, 973 46. 336 3,:*S7,500 i,895, 258 1,359,049 I 655,300! 7,336,715 j 4,251,620 268,808 3,036 5.471 3,078 6,512 S, 990 268,SOS: 121.0m yt>, 021 59, 945 1 55.31s 22. 5PO , .565, 4 72 34,378 90,103 43, 239 99,257 47.939 ,51/5.472 840.928 414,930 321,255 402.750 198.SI7 18,895: 12.200 j 34; 210' 15.34S 45,280 j 23,390 i 4'8.752 I 258,013! 197,542 99, tX»9 192] 407 60,079; 116,112! 68,784: 175,186 81,643! 207,492! 107,012 j 3,282,S9'" 1 1,837.555 i 972,505! 745,375 '. 872. USS I 415,836 I 3. 621 3l 107 515,642 278 297, .562 273 479, 793 412 224,3S9 302 L, 228, 590 1,165 869, 647 1,239 815,600 862 565,471 497 9,249, 915 5, 918 5,521,841 6,063 211,208 95 110,384 85 118,353 193 93,267 104 499,778 238.926 214 1,170,260 619 755,897 815 478,786 318 280,046 260 961,597 376 423,867 336 326, 778 120 308, 764 175 1.126,529 625 748,419 640 183,899 88 101,262 135 994.452 344 462,34S 577 366,037 220 191,398 164 1,865 1,926 343 239 1,302 1,400 478 518 79 72 73 65S 519 3,009,759 i 1,989 285, 809 1,453", 912 | 1,91S 48,992 271. SI 3! 178 31,836 183,113 i 109 44,647 198,961 | 106 72 329 624.147! 256 44] 403 301.4S0! 266 30,337 105,630; 92 7.006 44,540 54 27,131 96,918! 55 9,515 45,500; 53 155, 991 787,114 i 4*15 96.341 429,599 j 460 S3, 279 232,821! 196 24,123 109,151 ■ 1SS 4,932 4,022 66 91 150 105 176 109 1,525 1,241 667 659 480 383 » Not reported in 1914. 1046 MANUFACTURES. Table 9.—STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) WITS 3 OR MORE ESTABLISH^ MENTS: 1919 AND 1914—Continued. STATE AND CITY. West Virginia. Charleston.. Clarksburg. Fairmont... Census year. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Huntington i 1919 ; 1914 Parkersburj Wheeling. Beloit Green Bay. Kenosha... La Crosse.. Madison Manitowoc Milwaukee. Racine Superior Wyoming Cheyenne.. 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 145 150 PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 1,057 929 154 115 120 100 95 81 118 129 116 132 2,529 2, 645 58 57 51 60 97 69 111 124 110 97 38 18 959 1,133 145 9S 135 158 412 212 10S 69 Pro- prietors] and firm mem- bers. Salaried em- ployees. 1! w 135 Hil 271 219 124 111 20 11 23 18 Wag© earners (average number). 920 827 119 105 109 93 81 75 113 77 107 117 105 120 2,123 2, 2 i5 52 50 44 54 S4 59 95 112 100 91 34 12 815 998 120 82 112 140 357 185 Capital tt)l75v992 6S9> 640 % 781 11,827 192, 362 140,643 78, 452 70,787 137,651 28, 650 116,143 110,741 212,613 103,683 2,633,647 1, 794, 553 86,091 53, 251 60,954 40,394 53,061 29,584 136,915 64,999 80,793 115,947 34, 725 28, 950 851,824 592,941 208,479 84,190 191,270 194,250 424,031 174,290 90,424 89,740 Salaries. 1116,587 01,417 31,731 10, 216 14,348 6,833 6,660 4,870 6,050 6,140 16, 744 8,217 19,330 12,883 362,073 201,020 8,424 5,798 3,730 701 15,555 10,008 9,400 1,140 168, 688 109,602 27,548 12,181 39,932 24,005 45, 290 6,440 15,926 5,240 Wages. §r?i6,2:.7 358'; 3(U 89,704 44,502 79.900 49; 408 53,581 32,990 79,80'i 34.303 57; 821 46,863 70,310 57,759 1,328,275 939,939 30,807 21,412 20,107 21,604 55,636 23,344 63,890 40, 831 69,922 43,934 23,657 2,953 549,867 443,904 75,393 35,085 76,057 56,795 300,815 147,728 75,280 34, 426 materials. $327,396 135,119 37,682 15,242 27,950 11,951 21,697 8,555 17,168 16, 650 28,797 24,505 73,980 IS, 200 920,618 52>'-, 486 2-,106 14,329 12,144 8,507 42,361 18, 871 35,605 18,203 38,495 21,703 13,342 3,044 308,097 222,873 64, 880 14,063 72,746 31.660 148,493 64,501 38,049 31,051 Arnbiink received for Work dohe. §1:775; 349 785,782 '219,386 98,013 185,96li 97,500 111,648 62,748 137,651 78,992 131,550 104,217 201,854 127,513 3,650,118 2,353,183 PrimarV hbfse- pbwef. 70,797 44,957 65,502 53,938 156,599 52,235 163,113 122,734 172,441 90,724 51,401 17,495 1,420,544 1,012,804 239,574 98,237 244,383 US, 719 763,953 238,048 205,720 87,171 1)457 1,305 200 129 104 176 143 100 135 92 116 100 29? 129 4,071 3,175 163 53 139 78 125 122 154 129 223 85 J00 35 1,353 1,422 317 108 101 144 719 322 180 113 Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. NUMBER OF ENGINES OR MOTORS. HORSEPOWER. POWER. Amount. Per cent distribution. 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 1919 1914 1909 13,262 10,830 6,928 196,793 174,881 123,477 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,684 3,461 3,363 98 212 11 7 4 4,902 4, 423 4,527 4,119 147,261 144,194 139,547 4,647 2,908 159 140 19 146,817 141,224 (l) 0) 4,915 678 109,870 105,272 (l) 4,073 525 74.8 73.2 70.8 2.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 84.0 80.8 89.0 85.3 (l) (l) Turbines » 0) 0) Water 368 111 379 29 2.8 0.4 3.3 0.4 Water wheels and turbines 8 Water motors (■) 9,578 9,578 5,928 5,928 2,401 2,401 49,532 43,887 5,645 28,064 24,655 3,409 13,607 11,157 2,450 25.2 22.3 2.9 16.0 14.1 1.9 11.0 9.0 2.0 Electric Other 17,117 9,578 7,539 12,260 5,928 6,332 5,393 2,401 2,992 75,276 43,887 31,389 44,168 24,665 19,513 23,916 11,157 12,759 100. 0 58.3 41.7 1' 0.0 55.8 44.2 100.0 Generated by establishments reporting 46.7 53.3 1 Not reported separately. a tress than one-tenth of 1 per cent, POWER LAUNDRIES. 1047 Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919 AND 1914. r DIVISION AND STATE. Anthra- cite » (ton, 2,240 Bitu- minous (ton, 2,000 ■pounds).! pounds), United States: < I 1919 1 22o,527 11,346,010 1914 i 212,892 1,212,687 1909 ;178.640 | 886,734 Per cent of in- \ t crease:3 1914-1919. ...| 6.4 < 2.7 1909-1914. ...| 19.2! 36.8 New England- 1919 1914 Maine— 1919 1914 New Hampshire— 1919 1914 Vermont— 1919 1914 Massachusetts— 1919 1914 Rhode Island— 1919 1914 Connecticut— 1919 1914 Middle \tlantic: 1919 1914 New York— 1919 1914 New Jersev— 1919. ..... 1914 Pennsylvania - 1919 1914 East North Central: 1919 1914.... -. Ohio— 1919 1914 Indiana— 1919 1914 Illinois— 1919 1914 Michigan— 1919 1914 Wisconsin— 1919 1914 West North Central: 1919 1914 Minnesota— 1919 1914 Iowa— 1919 1914 Missouri— 1919 1914 North Dakota— 1919 1914 South Dakota— 1919 1914 Nebraska— 1919 1914 Kansas— 1919 1914 South Atlantic: 1919 1914 Delaware— 1919 1914 13,924 I 118,266 20,411! 109,883 2,562 2,846 170 360 6,712 9,100 542 1,282 3,577 6,027 156,567 166,742 86,048 80,732 29,717 34,389 40,802 51,621 32,090 10,809 3,920 1,994 1,031 782 2,850 4,305 2. 279 1,777 22,010 1,951 9,245 3,201 9,508 8,531 7,275 7,900 3,403 3,4S1 63,883 59,930 9,675 11,723 24,522 18,318 162,193 131,051 68,823 55,150 24,028 8,251 69,342 67,650 441,162 377,431 4,322 3,148 2,652 23 104 660 1,755 40 12 10 3S5 320 15 4,151 4, 967 97,297 57,922 59,447 68,095 182,475 164,198 68,183 58,417 33,760 28,799 232,354 227,296 42,805 40,549 42,198 56,924 81,272 72,494 6,945 9,564 9,000 8,141 22,800 20,386 27,334 19,238 107,655 93,205 3,093 2, 320 Coke j (ton, j 2,000: pounds)! Fuel oils (bar- rels). | 22,484 | 729,444 16,161 j 710,506 14,785 ! 372,586 39.1 \ 9.3 7.9 90.7 Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils (bar- rels). 37,502 (2) 3,109 4,469 342 141 244 72 104 1,985 3,777 569 344 8,042 1,363 1,272 1,363 6,676 4,087 1,851 126 651 849 211 739 318 124 4 1,529 919 1,013 12 334 435 175 357 1,610 14,320 576 375 48 4,014 377 9,855 111 1,265 1,318 (2) Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 2,001,285 13,786,429 2,729,324 -47.1 38.7 38 (2) (2) 438 (2) 758 (2) 3,761 29 538 55 165 27 562 587 1,475 30 217 542 630 15 216 59,434 52,437 295 50 709 2,158 (2) 270 (*) 1,333 6,486 r-) 26,521 43,883 1,194 (2) 555 (*) 4,117 (2) 549 (2) 71 P) s.537 Is) 51,008 48,422 | 399 C-) 2,204 (2) 822 (2) 89 j (2) l 2 i 146 99 (2) 469! i 8.297' 2,354 i 325 631 I2) 6.894! l,6Sl 3,571; 0>) 1,040 4,088 780 2,374 426 1,056 8,663 25,777 12,273 4,109 3.339 6; 479 61.877 292,737 DIVISION AND STATF. 43,S67 87,448 7,402 10,410 10,603 194:879 218.473 S84.162 164,574 742,424 10,299 23,565 28,653 73; 843 11,111 14,601 3,836 29,729 259,357 284,359 528 403 537 692 ,624 230. 196, 240,958 232, 895 1,157 805 South Atlantic—Cob. Maryland— 1919 1914 District of Columbia- 1919 1914 Virginia— 1919 1914 West Virginia— 1919 1914 North Carolina— 1919 1914 South Carolina— 1919 1914 Georgia— 1919 1914 Florida— 1919 1914 Anthra- Bitu- cite 1 i ruinous (ton, s (ton, 2,240 , 2.000 pounds).! pounds). East South Central: 1919 1914 Kentuckv*- 1919/.... 1914 Tennessee— 1919 1914 Alabama— 1919 1914 Mississippi— 1919 1914 West South Central: 1919 1914 Arkansas— 1919... 1914 Louisiana— 1919 1914 Oklahoma— 1919 1914 Texas— 1919 1914 Mountain: 1919 1914 Montana— 1919 1914 Idaho— 1919.. 1914 Wyoming— 1919 1914 Colorado— 1919 1914 New Mexico— 1919 1914 Arizona— 1919 1914 Utah— 1919 1914 Nevada— 1919 1914 1919. 1914. Washington— 1919; 1914 Oregon— 1919 1914 California— 1919 1914 1, 326 603 415 6 795 651 750 1,500 280 .544 500 100 553 .565 17,284 14, 345 13,353 11,174 20, 761 15, 716 5, 310 4,355 14, $93 13, 670 7.104 6, 834 23,126 18,026 2,731 3,825 101,160 97,116 Coke; I (ton,! I 2,000 j jpounds)! Fuel oils (bar- rels). Gaso- line and other vola- tile oils <' bar- rels.). Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 600 150 ,.500 , 7 (' 125 127 104 (2) 335 (3> 863 744 150 315 , 403 250 7.787 1 2,995 i 36, 707 33,618 40,908 39, 431 16,754 17,120 6, 791 6,947 71, 411 so, 537 1,319 i 1,292 j 4,738! 1,146 j 1,232: 2,207; 4,195 7,661 9,622 7,251 8,507 9,161 49,0*7 56,464 96, Sol 81,902 630 390: 599; 156 i 1,061 978! 995 i 19,302 14,846 11,332 7,2S5 6, 712 3, 904 36,369 35,004 3,666 997 1,206 17,623 15, S19 850 871 14,95-S 14 , 206 267 L585 121 64 4,136 2,867 1 ; 430 260 267 280 2,045 3, 231 .550 154 250 556; 200 268: 545 j 11,358 9,880 735 i! 1,52,5 2,885 2,801 550 3,170 287 C041 S4,44S 53,516 331 345 1, 351 6,276 78S 12,764 188 65,408 51,189 25,624 14,704 12 140 1, 371 32 25 77 16,894 10,229 7,320 4,034 (2) 310 141 6,98-8 (a) 619 606 (J) 5,559 (3) 204 2,967 (3) 272 (3) (J) 1,004 (s) 1,681 (3) 1,402 K3) 65 (3) 180 (s) 163 393 (») 199 120 (') P) 57.928 35; 595 % 3 22 2,654 1,146 6,377 170,935 179, 86S 1, 525 2,475 2,256 424 3, 479 2,698 210 1,999 26.821 42, 411 19,649 23,380 5,179 16,897 751 i, 107 1,242 1,027 994,115 1,891, 725 298,118 154,147 22,921 49,068 504,686 1,220, 414 168,390 468,096 8,643 17,666 1,703 3, 816 300 235 2,304 2, S13 6,647 756 43 3,106 2,068 30 2,418 278 \ 538,025 8,362 ■ 164,523 3,304 ; 580,532 (3) , 96,591 32 809 \ 31,807 44,724 53,149 53,969 246 ! 453,069 2,345 ! 481,839 1,272; 712! (») 6,378 (') 6,1*8 9,500 3,019 3,325 155,316 83,766 i Includes some semianthracite. > Included in figures for fuel oils. s A minus sign (-) denotes decrease. 1048 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.—DETAILED STATEMENT FOR THE INDUSTRY, DIVISION AND STATE. Num-| ber of [estab- lish- ments I United States ... New England Maine • New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic Neve York ■ New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central.. Ohio Indiana Illinois.... Michigan Wisconsin West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic Delaware Maryland ■ District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central .. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central . Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona ■ Utah Nevada Pacific Washington Oregon California 5,678 708 81 61 28 340 70 12S 535 131 351 1,247 277 158 470 197 145 713 156 129 165 29 29 69 136 351 182 343 49 24 99 171 836 177 73 586 persons engaged in the industry. Total. 1,144 708 364 7,960 1,272 2, 334 13,757 4,061 9,956 33,108 18,133 3,818 2,468 6,839 488 542 1,710 2,270 13,746 300 1,888 1,805 2,674 1,057 1,631 723 2,522 1,146 :,028 2,591 3,041 1,684 712 11,558 1,045 1,837 2,355 6,321 6,932 1,092 652 412 2,470 326 598 1,213 169 19,508 4,032 2,263 13,223 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Sala- ried offi- cers, super- in- tend- ents, and man- agers. 5,514 732 81 71 32 330 87 131 974 495 110 369 273 153 405 218 135 699 156 137 112 27 29 73 165 305 46 17 117 175 237 873 180 60 633 Clerks, etc. Male.! 4,953 4,809 5,414 Fe- male. 419; 303 I 515 37 7 o 254 45 74 937 462 130 315 1,16» 265 148 467 182 106 116 93 240 11 18 73 63 390 36 60 100 191 447 128 57 262 1 2 1 220 43 614 265 124 225 1,293 315 365 174 53 443 32 12 5 335 62 69 537 116 433 1,240 352 144 373 259 112 704 83 54 205 10 9 49 33 493 95 45 102 17 37 22 119 56 296 67 105 105 19 474 186 108 285 14 17 44 50 75 103 48 19 94 78 297 29 10 3 112 8 10 50 671 58 23 590 21 61 66 187 IS 15 17 106 6 12 61 3 681 127 80 474 Wage earners. Aver- age num- ber. 131,879 11,813 993 616 324 6,821 1,035 2,024 24,163 11,998 3, 581 8,58-1 28,223 7,040 3,568 10,579 4,913 2,123 15,673 3,277 2,074 5,997 426 469 1,471 1,959 12,080 284 1,619 1,655 2,367 920 1,433 625 2,194 983 7,0 2,294 2,693 1,462 634 10,004 937 1,605 1,994 5,468 6,001 971 571 357 2,086 292 539 1,040 148 16,836 3, 539 2,033 11,264 Number, 15th day of— Maximum month. Au Au Au Jy Se 1,199 688 360 6,951 1,078 2,092 Au 24,690 Au 12,332 Au 3,783 No 8,718 Jy 28,795 De De Jv Jv Au 7,233 3,681 10,702 5,238 2,159 Jy 15, S91 De & De Au Au De Jy 3,350 2,140 6,085 459 395 1,532 2,024 De 12,480 Je De Jy Au No Au No No De 293 1,639 1,709 2,475 967 1,497 672 2,353 1,117 No 7,245 No 2,345 Jy 2,783 No 1,573 Jy 661 Se 10,452 Se 973 Au 1,652 Se 2,085 De 5,808 An 6,394 Jy Jv Au Au Au Jy Au My 1,020 602 395 2,2S6 328 562 1,085 155 De 17,249 De 3,666 Au 2,127 Jy 11,530 Minimum month. 814 566 302 6,650 980 1,946 Fe 23,611 Fe 11,671 Fe 3,434 Ja 8,497 Fe 27,714 Fe Au Se Fe Ap 6,923 3,437 10,451 4,577 2,079 Fe 15,232 Se My Fe 3 Ja Fe Ja Ja 3,210 2,012 5,937 377 325 1,397 1,881 Ap s 11,741 Mh Mh Ap Ja Ja Ja My Fe My 276 1,603 1,603 2, 260 862 1,370 595 2,067 878 Je 6,929 Ja 2,240 Ap 2,645 Jo 1,284 Ja 611 Fe 9,463 Ap 910 Ja 1,529 Ja 1,887 Fe 5,072 Mh 5,716 No Fc Fe Mh Fe' Fc Mv Oc 933 539 325 1,950 253 508 1,006 142 Ap 16,409 Mh 3,400 Ja 1,938 Ap 11,009 WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. 135,698 12,073 1,062 627 320 6,914 1,074 2,076 24,884 12,583 3,655 8,646 28,970 7,280 3,715 10,677 5,121 2,177 15,774 3,404 2,132 6,279 456 494 1,542 1,467 12,638 285 1,689 1,658 2,442 969 1,457 675 2,302 1,161 7,482 2,337 2,923 1,587 635 10,565 1,026 1,655 2,025 5,859 6,089 1,011 580 359 2,120 251 564 1,056 148 17,223 3,684 1,861 11,678 16 and over. Male. 40,007 |94,838 4,369 333 215 71 2,541 439 770 8,180 4,369 1,319 2,492 8,118 Fe- male. 7,552 726 410 248 4,266 609 1,293 16,562 2,206 960 3,172 1,241 539 570 1,544 122 127 400 516 3,388 89 498 395 668 289 366 188 602 293 1,964 668 730 384 182 2,906 257 444 475 1,730 1,687 267 164 82 545 78 150 339 62 5,217 1,114 381 3,722 8,203 2,309 6,050 20,701 5,067 2,706 7,44 S 3,864 1,616 11,564 2,496 1,562 4,721 334 364 1,137 950 9, 219 195 1,191 1,261 1,771 679 1,090 487 1,686 859 5,299 1,658 1,992 1,202 447 7,617 769 1,205 1,519 4,124 4,380 743 416 274 1,564 170 411 717 85 11,944 2,568 1,479 7,897 Under 16. Male Fe- male, 411 442 39 113 31 120 211 9 201 20 42 $153,805,267 1 Includes water wheels and turbines (irrespective of ownership of water supply), and water motors (operated by water from city mains). «Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). POWER LAUNDRIES. 1049 BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. $12,398,761 |$10,299,424 |S92,89S,S37 jSl,554,364 expenses. Salaries and wages. Officials. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For contract work. Rent and taxes. 979,718 58,033 12,350 3,016 624,695 104,207 177,417 2,791,805 1,545.712 413,271 832,822 2,S47,471 616,651 322,967 1.213,0S6 477,031 217,736 1,440,537 282,947 193,675 552,291 38,128 39,186 219,802 114,508 1,158,508 11,180 123,316 193,571 225,613 78,005 138,505 58,258 223,836 106,224 572,990 176,861 192,738 158,882 41,509 911,166 60,492 177,800 212,385 463,489 556,709 96.907 34,145 29,270 224,729 12,190 51,948 95,036 12,481 318,044 165,571 653,2-12 792,303 8,894,947 22,449 | 9,353 13,515 | 541,331 97.198 j 108,457 I 607,083 486,877 179,099 5,285,153 805,303 1,531,432 1,608,021 i 18.184,705 725,451 256,002 626.568 2,492,929 801,706 213,890 874,072 458,924 144,337 1,023,739 251,778 164,276 382,397 19,464 23,722 104,832 77,270 815,997 2,755 163,191 120,897 100.454 38,582 68,127 33,725 202,343 85,923 531.192 59,265 242,193 196.395 33,339 830,299 26,954 151,637 164,488 187,220 468,133 66,984 25,275 16.020 217,401 13,920 20,S90 101,244 3,396 1.,73,5,811 197,768 71.751 1,467,292 9.600,451 2,863.462 5.720.792 19,824,175 4,703,668 2,107,064 7,895,989 3,789,179 1,328,275 10,5S3,132 2,415,506 1.372.50S 3,909,453 277,297 348,306 979,217 1,280,845 6,731.272 220.984 968,150 1,049,580 1,110,703 610 267 755,186 316.689 1,205,25b 488.157 3,566,610 1.183,377 1,292,035 771,293 319,905 6,067,983 549,125 788.575 1,330 751 3,399.532 4,5 ,956 839,771 487,635 300.815 1.437,628 J 71,506 130.605 767,711 142,285 II, 168,057 3.387,500 1,778,045 9,301,912 767,896 6,392 5.004 810 738,385 4,040 13,265 188,147 120.272 7.190 60.685 Rent of factory. Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. 33,864,409 l$2,866,160 337,892! 219.727 16,208 i 15,772 I 9,104 215,379 25,516 55,913 770,127 486.527: 85.833 197,767: 17,759 5.771 4,439 147,082 18,766 2-5,910 549.659 233,659 139.821 176,179 291,672 I 847,143! 536,622 61,089 24.495 173,575 26,372 3,141 47,357 8,884 12,128 17,624 1.233 3.278 3,300 910 20,131 ISO, 825 90.580 392.325 116,127 67.286 687,684 1,514 4,882 200 050' 5.105 1,837 5,643 32,870 691 2.062 3,199 26.918 2,903 250 23,515 100: 2.565 2^2i(V 2.850 1,688 170,210 154,550 231,804 160,661 14,596 11,118 61,825 53.132 282,769 134,268 46.095 226.940 93.927 35,392 341,749 585 24,387 32,329 43,856 24,188 39,054 21,378 58.061 38,931 135,950 11,185 60,635 55.754 8,376 205,284 26.266 22,282 45,656 111.080 165.54" 25.950 10,339 20,421 74,870 6.792 12.0S0 11,361 3,731 •132,013 10,728 6,(>64 152,818 149,721 35.141 247,145 61,396 58.121 91,051 10,961 11,799 24.358 84,063 264,279 4,280 23,533 37,402 46.102 16.896 21.585 5.S38 73,550 35.093 115,675 40,187 42,719 22,676 10,063 253,737 24*370 45,530 33,584 150,253 For materials. Primary horsepower. Principal materials- $39,694,801 3,081,056 284,565 167,305 57.748 1,706,535 315,904 548,999 Fuel and rent of power. 513,807,376 1,425,497 128,263 87.081 39,644 777.815 141,994 250,700 Amount received for work done. Owned. Total. i Inter- Steam! | nal- jengines j Steam eom- 1 (not j tur- bus- ■ \ tur- !bines.! tion i I bines), i ;en- j i gines.! Wa- ter pow- er $236,382,369 '196,793 1139,547 j 4,647 < 2,908 i 159 21,462,585 i 20,762 ! 15,920 ,552,687 2,540,944 4,207,503 1,007,111 2,338,073 1,414,885 | 385.411 i 740,648 j 9,581.345 ;• 2,911,709 2.181,743 1.215,946 3,864,746 1,651,581 667,329 692,794 340.559 1,078,172 540,895 259,289 5.061,791 j 1,888,198 1,035,194 603,582 1 1,972.10$; 175,959 j 172,517 461,617; 637,814! 399,514 297, .828 572,105 79,276 80,088 185,142 274.245 3,165,305 , 1,025,633 70,004 552,892 367.529 485,642 251,678 317.814 167,749 689,745 262.252 ,801,873! 25.81$ 137,841 113,507 172,877 75,718 144.226 69.287 183,150 103,209 574,384 613,7z4 j 621,221: 341,777 225,151 I 2,773.975 175,276 216.113 12i;744 60,951 996,246 238,573 j 365,909! 628.705; 1. M0,788 I 101,016 119.304 246,387 529.509 168,141 i, 749,091 25,841 10,515 8,265 57,715 5, 1.30 10,853 46,618 3,204 343 216 95 510, 68, 170, 291. 49, 189 552 I 109; 599 473! 794 i 834 541; 130, 106 53 177, 37 82 84 36, 416,571 4,927,678 j 1,736,780 102.847 33,145 i 280,579 i 1,039,526! 319,523 516,112: 207,201 3,372.010! 1,210,056 190 ; • 134 1,514,854 •■, 1,577 968,856;; 1.302 399,668 i! '478 12,864,279 !| 11,502 2,154,652 i 2,257 3,560,276 ; 3,646 46,070,130 ;j 41,129 24,627.441: 7,091,621 14,351.06S i 21.112 6.257 13,760 51,789,615 .J 43,422 12,528,344 5,588.748 i! 20,606.032 .1 9",416,373 I! 3,650.118 u 12.107 5.260 14,833 7,151 4,071 27,396,421 !j 22,112 6,087,OSS 1 3.904.658 9.438,493 844,433 940.179 1 2,823,234 3,358,336 4.766 3,168 8,243 506 702 1,942 2,785 60; 50; 127; 1.032 939 173 S,S46 1,774 3,156 31,079 1 1,037 14 17 "112 21 26 735 15,825; 667: 5.394 2-50 10,460 • 120 30,181 1,501 7.930; 3,589! 10,960: 4.679 3.023! 16,850 i 477 130 621 18,211,883 ' 13,765 444,095! 2,640,686! 2,559,210 1 3,009.759; 1,775.349 2,252.100; 833,an! 3,216.832 1.480,051 334 2,341 1,633 1.989 L457 1,354 654 2,566 1,437 9,687.736: 12,874 2.905,346 5,762 3,639,602 ii 3,621 2.196,118 !| 1.675 946,670 j 1,816 16,553.772 1,393,024 2,349.774 3,561,059 9.249,915 11,330,923 ;i 8.981 3.630 | 2,406 . 7,406! 167 265: 1,394 j 1,582 1 83! 10' 69; I 10.648 320 2,077 1.590 1,238 1,057 857 340 1,S97 1.272 10,945 7.544 1,05-8 70S 1,778 1,419 2, 191 1.267 5.918 4.150 ,894 , 179; 763, 1.759, 432, 987. ,973, 340, 356 846 953 849 279 ■ 438 166 036! 1. 463 i 756 719 j 2,925 I 345 i 6*5 i 1.865 | 33,879,304 !22,803 6.532 j 1.082 !. 290; 504 2,114 i 208 j. 502 |. 1,667 j. 165 I 13,480 90 j 302! 7,336,715 i 4.932 i 3.480 i 3.629'.9S3 ! 2.334 1 l.Srtl | 22.912,606 ii 15.537 . 8,139! 518 198 *320 267 39 429 454 12 10 5 132 6 100 205 .... 105 So 6,713 I 612 37 2,329 | 3d2: 35 2,088 180 . 1.246! 40: 2 450 j. 20 410 10 L ent- ed.a Elec-; ; trie , horse-; ! power! ; gener-; lated in estab- i ; lish- iments report-: ; ing- j 49,532 ;31,3S9 i 1 4,261 ;i 2,036 2 471 282 £59: S.392 '462 I 395: 1 1,523 216 269 7,668 i; 6,898 9 4.343 : 3,979 I 10 574 j; 1,320 II 2,751 i| 1.599 , 12 11,093 !j 8.040 i 13 3,246 1,529! 3,165 2,423! 730! 1.755 749 3.S14 1,383 339 1,101 1 1,007 757 , 671 Ii 333! 354 i! 531 j; 1.034 If 15 36 IS 20 21 5,027 j 22 12 ! 23 115 24 222 25 50 | 213 2.832 2,200 14 264 43 751' 295 337 314: 667; 147 31« 95 46 245 348 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 .512 i! 1,544 j 3,006; 753 i 3.87 j 1,3^6 256 ■ 3S 609 ! 39 339 : 40 280 j 41 2,975 j 1.017 296;! 150 359 ji 12 SI7 j 42 ,503! 813 2,082 ii 1.458 47 374 j! 4 IS 460 ii 114 49 209! 66 50 4M: 51 131 t, "io~ 52 is,?: 53 19S! 1,254 54 40; 55 ! 15 S. 328 P 1.763 56 1,252 i' 128 *7 453!; 114 58 6,023; 1,221 3Sam« number reported for one or more other months. DYEING AND CLEANING. General character of the industry.—Dyeing and cleaning is not considered a manufacturing industr}^ and statistics relating thereto were not gathered at prior censuses, but at the census of 1919 reports were secured for establishments operated by mechanical power, which, as in the laundry industry, has been taken as a basis for segregating the establishments operated on a factory basis from the numerous neigh- borhood establishments of a hand character, engaged in cleaning and pressing, and to some extent in dyeing. The industry is not to be confused with "Dyeing and finishing textiles," which embraces establishments en- gaged in the bleaching, dyeing, and mercerizing of yarns and fabrics, an important branch of the great textile industry. These statistics are not included in the report for the manufacturing industries. Summary.—Table 1 presents the general statistics for 1919, in harmony with Table 1 of the report on power laundries, which gives comparative statistics for that industry for prior years. Summary, by states.—Statistics are presented in Table 2 for the chief factors, number of establish- ments, number of persons engaged in the industry, and the amount received for work done, by geographic divisions and states, together with the urban popu- lation. The states are grouped by geographic divi- sions so as to bring together those operating under similar industrial conditions. Every state is repre- sented by a sufficient number of establishments to permit of the statistics being reported separately, with the exception of Nevada, which has been com- bined with Utah. Persons engaged in the industry.—The age classifica- tion of the average number of wage earners in Table 3 and other tables is an estimate obtained by the method described in the 11 Explanation of terms," page 2. Detailed figures for states will be found in Table 12. Wage earners, by months.—The statistics for wage earners in Table 4 are intended to show the steadiness of employment, or the reverse, in accordance with the industrial conditions existing during the year. For the country as a whole, females constituted 43.6 per cent of the average number of wage earners and males 56.4 per cent. Prevailing hours of labor.—A notable feature of Table 5 is the relatively large percentage of wage earners in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor per week were 44 and under, chiefly in the Middle Atlantic and East North Central states. Of the total number of wage earners, 46.5 per cent were in the groups of 48 hours per week or less. Only 5.6 per cent are found in the groups 60 hours per week and over, and the higher groups are most pro- nounced in the states of the East South Central division. Size of establishments, by average number of wage earners.—The industry is one of relatively small units, as shown by Table 6, 60 per cent of the establish- ments employing fewer than 6 wage earners, or no wage earners. The table shows only 9 establishments employing more than 100 wage earners. Size of establishments, by amount received for work done.—A classification as to size, on the basis of in- come, or amount received for work done, is given in Table 7. The average income per establish- ment for all classes was approximately $25,000, and the industry includes comparatively few large estab- lishments, only 4 reporting income for work done in excess of $500,000. Character of ownership.—Table 8 shows that in most states the bulk of the business, whether measured by number of wage earners or by income, is under cor- porate ownership, although in a number of states there are no establishments under corporate ownership, and in some of the others the income and number of employees in individually owned plants exceed those operated by corporations. Statistics for cities.—Table 9 gives the statistics for cities of 10,000 inhabitants or more reporting 3 or more establishments. The table also carries the figures for the respective states. States not represented by cities are not included. Number and horsepower of types of prime movers.— Table 10 gives the total horsepower reported for the industry. The industry is, relatively, a large con- sumer of electric power, 71 per cent of the total horse- power being utilized in the form of electrical energy, either purchased or generated. Fuel consumed.—Table 11 shows the consumption of fuel, by kinds and by states. The figures for gas include both manufactured and natural gas. Detailed statement, by geographic divisions and states.—Table 12 presents the statistics in detail for all states, grouped by geographic divisions. Table 1.—Summary, 191.9. Number of establishments Persons engaged Proprietors and firm members... Salaried employees Wage earners (average number).. Primary horsepower Capital Salaries and wages Salaries Wages Paid for contract work Rent and taxes Cost of materials Amount received for work done Number or amount. 2,156 24,934 2,285 3,842 IS,807 23,946 734,049 520,907 275,883 245,024 460,660 231,379 801,549 421,305 §28, 23, 5, 18, 2, .11, 54, (1050) DYEING AND CLEANING. 1051 f AblIs 2«— UftBAN POPULATION AND THE DYEING AND CLEANING INDUSTRY, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, WITH STATE RANK: 1919. biVMiok And stAte; United States. New England Maine New Hampshire.. Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.- East North Central. Ohio Indiana.... Illinois.... Michigan.. Wisconsin. West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware.. Maryland. URBAN Population.1 dyeing and cleaning. Nuh> bet of estab- lish- ments. DIVISION AND STATE. 47,119,807 !2.156 5,447,404 I 102 Num- ber of persons| ;en£aged! in the I Indus-! Amount try, I 24,934 l$54,421,305 | !South Atlantic—Con. District of Columbia. 252, 214, 75, 3,247, 632, 1,126, 33 34 40 5 20 12 16,151,031 8,230, 2,172, 4,748, 11,600,805 3,326, 1.273, 3,944, 2,0.50, 1,005, 3,788,495 876,532 636,695 1.398,187 47,124 67,031 313,624 449,302 3,590,017 111,248 820,430 12 24 340 159 39 142 548 173 101 159 73 42 Amount received for woTk done. ; State| rank. 1,542 ■ 3,691,562 1 126 62 25 894 174 261 4,746 2.428 536 1,782 6,584 14 17 9 44 42 29 24 2,113 825 2,119 895 632 3,511 46 I 70; 125 i 14 i 15 I 41 j 60! 629 584 ,414 90 78 415 301 146 i 1,959 33 598 241,671 111,359 42,883 2,252,321 388,639 654,689 11,248,444 , 5,956,122 1,408,447 3,883,875 14,957,484 j. 4,657,055 1,588,752; 5,298,935 | 2,043,559 j 1,369,183 I 7,502,266 1,368,915; 1,333,047' 2,827,687 i 201,086! 178,570 3,543,316! 73,834! 1,011,843 Virginia. West Virginia.. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Florida j East South Central . Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama... Mississippi.. West South Central.. Arkansas.. Louisiana. - Oklahoma. Texas Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah and Nevada 3. Pacific.. Washington. Oregon California URBAN POPULATION.^ Number. 443,056 565,451 273,834 352,770 201,740 553.6.56 267;832 1,489,738 482,423 467.168 394,859 145,283 2,193,317 167,482 508,541 351,774 , 165,520 858,85S State rank. 118,183 53,569 35,062; 382,528 15,370 69.714 184,432 3,000.142 656,681 303,248' 2,040.213 25 18 31 27 34 19 32 36 21 2S 11 DYEING AND CLEANING. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. >jTim- Amount received ber of for work done. persons1 jengaged. in the! Indus- Ami try- Stat© rank §238,761! 698,898 1 560,139! 321,586 152,458! 320,963 166,834; 1,258 i 2,230,520; 103 371 295 197! 105 169 i 41 32 27 24 183 360! 720,341 511! 894,743! 282! 487,293; 105; 128,143 \ 1,522 j 3,356,379 j 101 220 363 38 43 45 26; 46 41 23! ^ i 15! 13 j 229 j 16 30 46 23 160 125 56 39 346 17 104 179 2,946 549 2,123 215.912 3S4.776 844,692 i 1.910,99$ 1,847,235 34 22 25 29 40 30 39 21 18 45 42 35 28 19 9 312,189' 31 130,507 41 110.366 44 753,05S 20 29,873 48 200,055 37 311,187 6,044,099 1,127,528 j 15 534,282 i 26 4,382,289 4 1 Population of incorporated places (municipalities) as of July 1,1920. 2 Combined to avoid disclosure. Table 3.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1919. All classes Proprietors and officials Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Total. 24,934 3,557 2,285 631 641 Male. Fe- male. 14.482 ' 10.452 3,249! 308 2,154! 585 J 510! 131 46 131 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Male. 58.3 91.3 94.3 92.7 79.6 Fe- male. 41.9 ;Clerks and other subordinate salaried. - , employees 5.7 7.3 20.4! Wage earners (average number)... 16 years of age and over Under 16 years of age Total. 11 Male. PER CENT OF TOTAL. Fe- male. Male. 2,570 i| 619; 1,951; 18,807 j; 10f614' 8,193! male. 24.1 56.4 18,681 | 10,500 8.172 !j 126 j 105 21 56.3 83.3 75.9 43.6 43.7 16.7 Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES:1 1919. (The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.] I I Aver- j number i em- ployed during I year. United States 18,807 Males w 10,614 Females 8,193 California Males Females.. 1,687 828 859 Illinois 1,633 Males 936 Females I 697 Indiana Males Females.. Massachusetts.. Males Females 599 359 240 723 407 316 NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OF THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Janu- j Febru- ary. : ary. 16,760 16,839 9,544: 9,564 7.S06' 7,275 1,666! 805! 1,474 845 629 645 329 S16 685 SSI 264 1,624 812 SI 2 1J7S 630 546 SB5 220 588 328 B60 March. | April. 17,727 J 18,976 9,967 ' 10,622 7,760 i 8,354 1,631 . 1,679 800' S12 831 I 867 1,552: 896; 656 j 572 340 232 638 346 21)2 1,660 944 716 612 366 246 742 408 334 May. June. 19,066 19,248 10,683 10,840 8,383 8,408 July. Ungo*.,*^ Octo- ber. 19,130 10,791 8,339 19,241 ! 19,807 ! 20,156 10,901 11,136 I 11,327 8,340! 8,671 j 8,829 1,672 1,674 810 $20 862 854 1,691 1,691 959 958 732 733 609 365! 244 758! 424 331 606 360 246 779 448 331 1,701 1,697 1,746 j 1,756 SSI 1,750 • 1, 728 90.3 827 S35 844 858 856 88.6 874 862 902 I 875 892: 872 S9.2 1,662 1,640 1,664 1,744 1,704; 1,642 84.4 94S 950 945 1 1,007 985! 953 83.6 714 690 719 j 737 719 j 6S9 •85. 5 609 612 611' 627 622 \ 618 86.9 363 366 369 J 377 374 374 86.2 246 246 242 j 250 248 , 244 86.4 761 745 777 1 805 774 i 724 72.7 435 435 440 454 436! 409 70.7 326 310 337! 351 338; 315 74.1 ! Per .j cent i; rnini- |; mum Novem- Decern-; is of ber. ber. j inaxi- I mum. 19/748 '< 11,171 18,996 10,822 S, 174 83.1 84.3 81-6 1 States with 200 or more wage earners; states with 500 or more wage earners distributed by sex. 1052 MANUFACTURES. Table 4.—WAGE EARNERS, BY MONTHS, FOR STATES:1 1919—Continued. (The month of maximum employment is indicated by bold-faced figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures.| Michigan Males Females. Missouri Males Females.. Aver- j age: number!: em- II ployed I, during |j year, j; NUMBER EMPLOYED ON 15TH DAY OP THE MONTH OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 681 | 361 i 320! New York... Males Females.. Ohio Males.... Females.. Males Females., Texas Males Females.. Alabama- Colorado. Iowa Kansas... Kentucky.. Maryland.. Minnesota. Nebraska.. New Jersey Oklahoma.. Oregon Tennessee.. Virginia Washington... West Virginia. Wisconsin .566: 507 4% 404 1,793 1,650 1,100 1,021 693 629 1, 594 1,308 952 782 642 526 1,320 1,154 741 651 579 503 614 5.W 417 878 197 162 220 1 206 252 £17 405 377 203 183 259 2SS 441 379 482 418 299 2$ 455 425 255 m 207 192 390 341 2S1 280 -137 388 2.32 224 475 455 Janu- ary. 596 31S 278 Febru- ary. 911 March. April, j May, 590 S17 273 S87 601 386 1,611 978 633 1, 359 798 561 1, 160 j 653! 546! S78 I 16S i 199! 222; .575 1 181 j 241! 411; 41' I 249 i /,23:: 233 , 190; 356 275! 887 * 225 1 m; 620! 328 I 292' 978 I 527 i 451; 1,705 j 1,042! 663! 1,510 871 \ 639 1,227 j 693! 534 j 565! 3SS j 177 j 193 \ 228 i 388 i is7; 247 1 440: 456: 261; 435 234 196; 3*0; 278 413 225 466 687 352 335 1,124 583 541 1,796 1,110 686 1,717 1,018 699 1 1,328 I 745 i 583 j 590 401! 189! 196; 252 1 100; 197: 259 443 504 291 459: 240 207 395 284; •135 226 472 676 347 329 1,088 576 512 1,788 1,101 687 1,677 996 681 1,3-33 740 593 594 405 189 199 255 402 203 260 441 510 292 470 251 212 412 287 I 449 j 231 I 474 i June. 679 352 327 ,OS8 578 510 July. I August. Septem- ber, 1,875 1,152 723 1,689 1,006 683 j 1,346' 7-18 598 j 598 j 416 I 182 j 214 270 414 198 261 448 493 292 470 251 210 402 284 45-1 232 482 684; 363! 321 1 1,059 I 560; 499 i 1,831 I 1,122 I 709 1,647 1 990 657 1,334 1 745 623 430 193 221 275 412 196 263 446 479 301 459 266 203 393 277 460 236 490 730 394 336 1,084 568 516 1,834 1,122 712 1,635 981 654 1,332 748 584 632 434 198 227 277 406 201 263 464 485 331 459 274 198 391 276 458 237 490 731 394 337 1,160 604 556 1,851 1,129 722 1, 714 1,021 693 1,375 773 602 662 443 219 246 211 421 224 264 463 514 338 453 284 204 416 S76 488 235 475 Octo- ber. 744 395 349 1,243 629 614 1,899 1,166 733 1,705 1,031 674 1,448 810 638 672 444 228 258 260 432 225 26S 468 526 340 467 274 228 416 284 425 235 479 Novem- Decem- ber. 1 ber 341 I 1,118 I 608! 510 I 1 1,873 1,152 721 1,644 996 648 1,435 807 628 661 442 219 246 250 428 225 274 464 502 330 475 267 218 399 287 450 237 482 701 379 322 1,004 651 453 1,803 1,105 1,523 934 589 1,378 779 599 685 445 240 237 241 405 216 270 425 480 317 464 263 221 379 285 438 241 481 Per cent mini- mam is of max! mum. 79.3 80.3 78.2 71.4 79.6 62.9 84.8 83.9 85.8 76.2 75.8 75.9 79.4 80-4 77.9 78-8 84.9 67.5 74.8 78.3 86.8 80.4 86.9 81.0 79.3 72.4 89.1 78.5 83.3 82.0 95.8 79.3 92.9 92.7 1 States with 200 or more wage earners; states with 500 or more wage earners distributed by sex* Table 5.—AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. INDUSTRY AND CITY. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont., Massachusscts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. Total. IN ESTABLISHMENTS WHERE THE PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE — 18,807 44 and un- der. 1,185 94 46 16 723 121 185 3,568 1,793 455 1,320 1,444 Be- tween 44 and 48. 498 4 37 5 16 634 536 57 41 East North Central..; 4,982 j Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin... 1,594 599 1,033 68.1 475 66 26 283 24 39 West North Central.: 2,572 j 482 j 405 , 1,062! 64' 57 , 299: 203: I,-194 , 23 j 441! Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota.. South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. .. Delaware. Maryland. 16,806 !3,876 38 17 66 39 217 Be- tween 48 and 54. 562 243 15 20 4 156 10 130 38 68 631 !l,091 365 69 197 39S 224 469 54. Be- tween ! 54 and : 60. 60. 434 998 32 960! 460 1 30! 479 j 1,043 j 103 383 32 154 78 I 312 I 173 4 53 j 692 7 I *4' ! 12 30 239 86 176 27 12 101 51 813 110 387 1 248 230 161! 174 I 431 195 1 82 108 55 42 204 2-13 514 9 23 15 78 98 10 100 119 279 Over 60. 62 53: INDUSTRY AND CITY. South Atlantic—Con. District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Goorgia. Florida.. 490 1,009 24 6 I 9 38! 169 East South Central.. Kentucky... Tennessee... Alabama Mississippi.. 4 65 i! 34 5 I 21 1! West South Central. Arkansas... Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Total. 94 281 2,32 151 77 129 66 937 259 390 220 1,102 IN establishments where the prevailing HOURS OF LABOR PER WEEK WERE— 44 and un- der. Be- tween 44 and 48. 28 Mountain. 75 158 255 614 636 Montana; Idaho; Wyoming' Colorado... New Mexico.' ri^ona .., i Utah and Nevada...1 94 44 26 252 12 79 129 Pacific , , 2,331 Washington.. Oregon California 437 207 ,087 11 14 4 117 26; 21 l 70 1 30 22 48. Be- tween 48 and 54. 48 142 12 1 324 •534 88 37 14 212 10 53 120 1,991 406 179 1,406 30 76 54. Be t ween I 54 and 60. 4 91 110 23 5 40 387 106 149 112 20 563 24 85 152 302 148 5 143 41 30 21 60. 50 26 36 12 64 18 241 Over 60. 3 10 1 25 11 2 9 3 DYEING AND CLEANING. 1053 Table 6.—S1ZK OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. ESTABLISHMENTS EiJ PLOYING— DIVISION AND STATK. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont M assachusetts.... Hhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania. East North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin., West North Central.. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota.. South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District pi Columbia... Virginia. West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina.. Georgia. Florida... East South Central.. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central. Arkansas.. Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Mountain . Montana Idaho. Wyoming Colorado.. ...... Npw Mexico .... Arizona Utah and Nevada... Washington. Oregon California Estab- lish- ments. 159 39 142 54S | Wage earners, (average number). 173! 101! 159 73 42 371 40 70 125 14 15 41 1.0 41 32 27 24 1S3 10 20 50 97 113 40 23 160 No wage earn- ers. 1 to 5 wage earners, inclusive. 6 to 20 wage earners, inclusive. 21 to 50 wage earners, inclusive. 51 to 100 wage earners, inclusive. Over 100 wage earners. ! ! Estab- i lish- ! ments. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab-! lish- I ments. Wage earners. ; Eitab- I lish- ! ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. 94 40 10 723 121 185 3,568 1,793 455 1,320 4,982 1,594 599 1,033 081 475 2,572 482 405 1,002 C4 57 299 203 1,494 23 441 94 2S1 232 151 77 129 CO 937 259 390 220 OS 1,102 75 153 255 614 636 94 44 20 2-52 12 79 129 2,331 437 207 1,687! 3,107 , 142' 33 i 304 i 4! 19: 4: 13; 9 5; 10 4 i 16 > 54 13! 20 j 1: 33; 10 19 j 449! 109; 170 i 20 , loo L 1,234! 202 SI 74 20; 78 •; 211 49 li; 49! 5S2 ■ 127! 525; i 2,009 j 572 199 113 158 78 J 92: 07; 02 29 1 23: 249 I si 90 j 50 j 54 24 I 34 13 530 244 735 j 340' 154 932 4 10 4 4 12 | 209 120 450; 132 112 12; 29 39 | 114 222 31 30 89 98 200 2; 3! 0 i 20 | 14! 13! 5 I 3 j 19: 19 i 30 3; i! 13: 19S | 197! 304 33 j.. 68 |" 105 L. 31 94 1S1 550 j OSS 0; 175: 10S I 42! 25! »!■ 372! 1 St 81 71 71 1S5 «0 119 153 187 3 10 33 GO 62 I 73 58 25 42 I SS i. 93 | 105 i 26 j. 605! 195 7 38 107 144 169 42 11 20 46 12 22 10 305 69 34 202 110 350 300 43 3S 65 101 1 1 20 52; 33 | 38 920 14 0 03 157 04 705 334 j 119! 3S; 177 I 92 71 78' Wage earners. 1,793 351 200 3o5 Table 7.—SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AMOUNT RECEIVED FOR WORK DONE: 1919, 1914, AND 1909. Number of estab- lishments. Average , number of wage earners. Amount received for work done. value of product. All classes 2,156 18,807 $54,421,305 Less than $5,000 408 1,014 661 69 4 399 3,904 9,141 4,421 1,238,503. 11, 272,973 27,130,71S 12,093,790 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000. $100,000 to $500,000 $500,000 and over 942 2,683,201 per cent distribution. Number of estab- lishments. Average number of wage earners. Amount received for work done. 100.0 j 100.0: 100.0 IS. 9 2.1 i 2.3 47.0; 20. S: 20.7 30. 7 48,6 i 49.9 3.2; 23.5! 22. 2 0.2 1 5.0 "T9 1054 MANUFACTURES. Table 8.—CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. East North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan.. Wisconsin. West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central. Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama... Mississippi. West South Central.. Arkansas.. Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Mountain.. Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah and Nevada. Pacific. . Washington. Oregon California NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS OWNED BY— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments owned by— AMOUNT RECEIVED FOR WORK DONE. Total. Per cent of total. Total. In establishments owned by- Per cent of total. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Indi- vid- uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. Individ- uals. Corpora- tions. All others. Indi- i vid- ; uals. Cor- pora- tions. All oth- ers. 1,230 432 494 18,807 6,448 9,782 2,577 34.3 52.0 13.7 $54,421,305 3,691,562 $18,639,034 $27,393,531 38,388,740 34.2 50.3 15. i 50 30 22 1,185 277 772 136 23.4 65.1 11.5 859,857 2,379,814 451,891 | 23 .3 64.5 12.2 8 5 3 3 1 3 2 9 1 6 94 46 16 723 121 185 i 34 60 63.8 241,671 111, 359 42,883 2,252,321 388,639 654,689 i 110,724 75,141 130,947 54.2 36 10 78.3 21.7 36,218 * 42,883 187,584 j 67.5 32.5 20 4 1 16 104 63 41 566 i 58 105 2 16 53 14.4 52.1 22.2 78.3 7.3 343,707 158,752 177,023 1,721,030 1 229, 887 337,913 j 15.3 ! 40.8 j 27.0 76.4 8.3 10 2 8 39 476 56.8 56.9 21.1 13.3 139, 753 1,552,672 51.6 56.8 21.3 13.8 183 84 73 3,568 1,063 2,029 29.8 11, 248,444 3,310,577 6,385,195 | 29.4 76 24 83 48 11 35 4 34 1,793 455 1,320 469 207 387 1,127 232 670 197 16 263 26.2 45.5 29.3 62.9 51.0 50.8 11.0 5,956,122 1,408,447 3,883,875 1,538,567 590,047 1,175,963 3, 685,968 773,257 1,925,970 731,587 39,143 781,942 j 25.8 : 42.3 { 30.3 61.9 12.3 2.8 20.1 25 3.5 19.9 54.9 49.6 304 140 104 4,982 1,638 2,786 558 32.9 55.9 11.2 14,957,484 4,868,209 8,272,964 1,816,311 32.5 55.3 12.1 91 45 19 54 11 11 37 19 25 16 7 1,594 599 351 281 505 415 86 1,059 249 979 173 326 184 22.0 46.9 30.9 60.9 18.1 66.4 41.6 60.0 25.4 68. 6 11.5 4,657,055 1,588,752 5,298,935 2,043,559 1,369,183 1,031,063 714,039 1,638,4S0 1,245,216 239,405 3,030,969 645, 236 595,023 229.477 522', 739 310,964 158,108 22.1 44.9 30.9 60. 9 17.5 65.1 40.6 59.2 23.8 71.0 12.8 14.4 9.9 15.2 11.6 03 80 46 24 1,633 681 475 69 149 11.5 9.1 13.7 13.3 3,137,710 487,379 971,670 93 63 221 02 88 2,572 938 1,263 371 36.5 49.1 14.4 7,502,266 2, 836,919 3,481,706 1,183,641 37. 8 46.4 15.8 20 41 71 9 9 26 39 10 13 10 16 24 5 5 8 20 4S2 405 1,062 64 57 299 203 167 203 253 30 41 109 135 199 160 730 116 42 79 34 34. 6 50.1 23.8 46.9 71.9 36.5 66.5 41.3 24.1 10.4 7.4 53.1 1,308,915 1,333,047 2,827,687 201, 086 178,570 983,987 60S, 974 481,089 655,8S2 758,656 101,440 130, 888 338,539 370,419 609,535 477,737 1,813,689 278,291 199,428 255,342 35.1 49.2 26.8 50.4 73.3 34.4 tX).8 44.5 35.8 64.1 20.3 15.0 9.0 49.6 30 39.5 OS. 7 99,640 3 47,682 1 7 1 163 3 16 27 54.5 9.0 558, 166 87,282 s 238,555 56.7 8.9 3 68 90 32 24 1,494 554 807 133 37.1 54.0 8.9 3,543,316 1,249, 214 1,914,392 379,710 35.3 54.0 10.7 1 2 4 23 441 < 23 406 73,834 1,011,843 236,761 698,898 560,139 321,586 152,458 320,963 166,834 < 73,834 907,734 I 5 35 94 108 84 50 51 73 54 7.9 100.0 38.4 36.2 33.1 66.2 56.6 81.8 92.1 104,109 236,701 233,389 185,129 107, 450 79,738 160,854 129,666 10.3 100.0 33.4 33.1 33.4 52.3 50.1 77.7 89.7 n 94 281 232 151 17 23 10 13 8 7 10 3 6 8 3 3 1 150 118 74 i 26 23 30 27 53.4 50.9 49.0 8.2 12.9 17.9 400,314 272,574 145,183 i 72,720 65,195 102,436 68,953 57.3 48.7 45.1 9.3 18.3 21.4 8 3 2 1 2 77 129 »56 *160,109 66 i 12 488 18.2 52.1 i 37,168 1,182,205 22.3 53.0 69 28 27 937 277 172 29.6 18.4 2,230,520 631,786 416,529 28.3 18.7 24 12 15 18 9 13 5 1 8 7 7 5 259 390 220 68 75 74 90 38 154 248 70 30 68 60 »30 29.0 19.0 40.9 55.9 59.5 63.6 31.8 11.6 17.4 27.3 720,341 894,743 487,293 128,143 204,792 179,908 182,243 04,843 422,896 556,566 171,143 92,653 158,269 133,907 3 63,300 28.4 20.1 37.4 50.6 58.7 62.2 35.1 12.9 17.7 27. s 108 20 55 1,102 581 238 283 52.7 21.6 25.7 3,356,379 1,695,847 639,626 1,020> 906 50.5 19.1 30.4 4 17 31 56 1 5 2 17 31 75 158 255 614 29 50 156 34tf « 46 38.7 31.6 61.2 56.4 i 215,912 384,776 844,692 1,910,999 77,643 117,861 4S2,842 1,017, 501 a 138,269 36.0 30.6 57.2 53.2 7 2 10 i 108 8 99 138 i 1266,915 8 361,850 509,396 71 7 35 636 328 130 205 103 51.6 21.2 32.2 22.5 16.2 1,847,235 995,693 384,102 543,683 307,859 53.9 20.1 29.4 26.7 16.7 16 2 5 2 2 19 1 3 3 94 44 26 61 l 44 •33 64.9 . . J 312,189 130,507 110,366 753,058 29.873 200,055 311,187 200,949 i 130,507 80,786 330,914 i 29,873 139,966 119,630 a 111,240 64.4 35.6 2 ! 9 23 1 17 106 i 12 89 65.4 42.1 1 3 29,580 116,710 73.2 43.9 3 11 252 12 79 102 44 40. 5 17. 5 305,434 40.6 15.5 1 3 57 8 22 72.2 32.6 3 60,089 20,050 70.0 38.4 7 129 42 79 1,194 8 61.2 51.2 6.2 14.8 171,507 2,593,946 55.1 42.9 6.4 20.8 134 29 66 2,331 792 345 34.0 6,044,099 2,190,932 1,259,221 36.2 25 9 8 7 14 13 7 46 437 207 1,687 94 34 664 269 142 783 74 31 240 21.5 16.4 39.4 61.6 68.6 46.4 16.9 15.0 14.2 1,127,528 534,282 4,382,289 301,838 119,939 1,769,155 603,019 315,275 1,675,652 222,671 99,068 937,482 26.8 22,4 40.4 53.5 59.0 38.2 19.7 18.5 21.4 100 1 Includes the group "All others." 3 Includes the groups "Individuals" and "Corporations.' 8 Includes the group "Corporations." < Includes the group "Individuals." DYEHG AND CLEANING. 1055 Table 9. /flSTICS FOR CITIES 0) 10,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920).' 1919. STATE AND CITY. Alabama Birmingham... Montgomery... Arizona Phoenix Arkansas Little Rock — California Los Angeles..-.. San Francisco.. Oakland San Jose Sacramento Berkeley San Diego Fresno Colorado Denver Connecticut Hartford Florida Jacksonville Georgla Atlanta Illinois Chicago Rock Island... Rockford Springfield Indiana Indianapolis... Terre Haute... Fort Wayne... Iowa Sioux City Des Moines Waterloo Kentucky Louisville Louisiana New Orleans... Maine Portland Maryland Cumberland... Baltimore Massachusetts Watertow n Boston Michigan Detroit Flint Minnesota Minneapolis — St. Paul Duluth Missouri St. Louis Kansas City.... Joplin Nebraska Omaha Lincoln New Jersey Newark Jersey City New York New York..... Buffalo Rochester Syracuse Number of estab- lish- ments. 10 160 34 11 9 5 13 3 13 4 42 17 24 6 159 SO 3 101 IS persons egaged in the industry. 159 60 20 Cost of j materials. \ Poprie- tcs and Wage earners (average I number).! Capital. Salaries. Wages. Total. Salaried employees. Irm maibers. 282 113 72 29 10 4 33 I 220 1 91 1 51 i $219,717 84,949 29,484 $47,126 18,390 19,580 $158,458 69,824 33,711 §115/201.; 42; 532 39,227; 12 j 17 104 63 17 11 8: 5 79 j 47! 60,691 2,5, 331 7,138 95.047 55,647 32,978! 15,064! 14' 7 4,488 101 64 12 7 75 50 71,641 43,978 17,131 9,305 66,635 49,201 42,144 | 34,564! 2,123 '787 481 133 75 59 85 S3 47 205 34 231' 128 1,687 1 625 427 111 57 39 72 70 i 34 2,025,673 649, 253 626,431 58,682 59,519 54,854 76,852 59,790 39,935 336.454 176', 480 79,354 21,174 15,303 1,716 9,120 6,115 15,749 1,618,999 571,591 299.107 130,436 97,613 47,291 84,194 57 253 32,184 799,908 1 309,217 j 137,220! 42,873: 19.732 1 29', 944! 15,059 j 27,489 | 20,293 | 9 45 10 12 8 18 3 8 6 10 2 10 5 7 I 346 202 43 11 51 35 252 1 156 j 414,500 235,214 68,833 50,557 255,460 163,540 138,819 84,599 \ 261 24 7 52 26 185! 9S j 364,256 198,916 76,165 39,598 210,956 110,416 111,512 | 49,918 | i 131 66! 48 88 9 6 13 8 86,273 58,140 14,037 8,240 52,536 35,360 39,185 | 23,96S j 62 ! 169 137 3 8 37 28 129 1 101 129, .541 109,439 32,022 25,2S2 93,775 74,937 90,559 i 7S, 841! 2,119 1,463 133 353 255 21 1,633 1,156 46 2,601,186 1,766,311 88,110 50,930 89,924 612,619 188,363 30,8S0 15,791 22,iSA 1,809,09*3 1,372,340 '47,127 1, 249,966 '92l', 452 21,359 16,669 14,303 67 52 44 3 3 8 33 64 32,922 43,980 82 15 S25 279 84 54 106 14 4 4 120 44 23 11 599 221 52 39 790,474 209.278 149;743 27,088 138,315 58,474 27,215 17,057 514,916 161,319 38,813 42,808 390,055 109,576 58, 744 20,76S 584 95 76 10 103 20 29 12 405 65 84 66 679,719 62,261 127,310 20,3S6 19,678 16,640 422, 751 91,990 86,611 61,573 253,684 55, 710 1 48,405 21,667 115 SI 3 129,164 66,358 300 40 10 61 49 259 164 343,830 220,067 77, ISO 73,330 192,690 109,63S 152.731 91,879 223; 220 23 16 39 30 15S 107 187,960 99,762 51,613 32,800 113,801 61,866 SO,375 39,159 153 i 126 10 1 22 16 94 62 131,853 77,757 24,567 10,487 87,054 53,785 43,905 24,347 79! 59S j 524 63 7 2 5 150 130 18 441 1,072,586 1,020,987 41,309 153,003 133,855 17,565 249,761 202,940 41,184 154,711 131,210 20,053 392 40 894 251 218 38 2 1 133 31 34 723 218 183 896,211 124,621 164,257 185,412 51,615 44,785 671,117 199,025 185,933 584,673 184,492 89,993 $95 412 79 16 5 135 14 2 681 3S2 35 1,240,651 774,320 j 99,612 164,490 100,818 4,056 792,308 483,465 49,830 445,540 262,504 22,570 1 42 629 3J7 4S 19 9 2 99 44 34 14 482 254 117 739,244 1 379,039 126,330 54,730 488.498 259,16S 117,777 55,491 271.765 135,603 84,187 17,742 im 149,30S j 111,023 47,289 19,423 74 58 1,414 124 24 45 5 228 171 2S 7 1,062 673 233 37 I 1,251,853 758,528 306,182 359,455 283,379 52,896 7,921 899,098 505,698 253.389 38,442 650.768 378,090 159.126 17,222 868 306 49 1 53,269 415 43 11 6 73 41 23 299 186 50 | 698,613 475,824 j 58,234 111,472 70,034 34,349 2S9,0S0 184,166 45,998 219,597 140.179 36,015 238 79 536 88 69 34 3 6 47 8 11 455 77 52 559,997 111,906 85,828 87,646 16,2S1 27,190 549,119 133,462 52,357 369,990 161,397 22,482 2,428 1,640 234 94 87 150 33 20 9 9 i 485 377 44 15 11 1,793 1,230 170 70 67 3,311,500 1.899,545 402,046 I 198,217 i S6.956 656,964 493,994 4S,014 17,695 10,874 1,964,813 1,394;043 178,830 77,429 59,877 1,347,027 798.087 195,458 66,070 33,530 Amount received for work done. Pri- mary horse- power. $487,293 224,328 116,940 200,055 112,600 215,912 163,269 4,382,2,89 1,489,377 1,094,573 263,967 169,138 144,089 142,9S8 127;ISO 100,649 753,058 467,903 654,6S9 304,844 166tS34 115,240 320,963 263,720 5, 29S, 935 3,915,399 135.934 120; 755 120.591 I 1.58S, 752 I 4S9,659! 190,412 105,064 1,333,047 280,366! 238,121 1 145,405 ?20,341 I 484,445 384,776 235; 698 241,671 134,947 1,011,843 870,653 123,551 2,252,321 761,646 477,394 2,043,559 1,180,979 107,587 1,368,915 704,556 350,0S6 166,507 2,827,6S7 1,669,507 693,507 106,605 933,987 613,051 161,374 1,408.447 367;050 165,104 5,956,122 4,091,267 546.270 256,790 154/759 219 117 69 26 120 103 1,697 450 510 .85 45 63 36 108 20 313 174 242 58 34 1S7 162 2,165 1.325 61 57 165 1,024 26S 210 44 523 347 202 240 166 112 2S 721 612 43 1,063 '229 2S3 714 368 40 593 321 160 65 1,292 715 326 85 408 221 53 608 98 46 1,617 .833 206 40 107 1 Cities with 3 establishments and Income of $100,000 for work done. 1056 MANUFACTURE!. Table <).—STATISTICS FOR CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OB MORE (CENSUS OF 192(f):1 193 9—Continued STATE AND CITY. Ohio Cleveland Cincinnati... Akron Columbus Toledo Dayton Youngstown. Oklahoma Tulsa Oklahoma City. Oregon Portland. Pennsylvania. .. Philadelphia. Pittsburgh... Rhode Island.. Providence.. Tennessee Memphis Chattanooga. Nashville Texas Dallas Fort Worth.. Wichita Falls Houston El Paso San Antonio.. Utah and Nevada. Salt Lake City. VIRGINIA Richmond Norfolk Roanoke Washington. Seattle.... Spokane.. Tacoina... West Virginia. Clarksburg.. Huntington. WiscoNsrN Milwaukee. N amber of estab- lish- ments. 173 25 8 12 12 13 9 5 50 6 23 12 142 33 1G 32 8! 97 15 11 7 10 9 6: i 13 30 12; 3 5 j 46 12 5 4 42 i 11! PERSONS ENGAGED FN THE INDUSTRY. Total. 2,113 564 422 156 182 123 67 363 100 51 274 233 1,782 605 448 174 91 511 2S1 86! 62 838! 198 | 146! 64 101 j 71 53 179 162 j, 371!! 106 | 56 I; 549 292 i 94: 43 295: 61 64 632 382 Proprie- tors and firm members. Salaried 165 15 3 10 3 73 9 15 24 11 165 43 8 7 3 27 6 125 11 17 13 11 14 14 10 23 13 i\ 54! io i 3! 36! 9 i 2! 39! 2 ■ Wage earners (average number) 354 84 I 111 | 19 I 49! 20 i 15 | 16 1 ! 35 I 18 I 3 43 40 297 112 83 46 30 94 53 22 12 19 13 5S 42 6 3 27 3 9 118 79 ;i Capital. 1,594 465 308 127 127 91 44 41 255 73 33 2071 182 1,320 450 357 121 58 390 222 62 53 614 150 116 46 77 46 39 12? US i 2S1! 8) j 3f! 51 i 437! 24C | 85! 32 , 232' 49 | 53; 475 I 301 $2,630,374 571,831 602,176 303,557 176,125 132,217 90,946 52,973 425,037 77,214 76,766 187,110 154,729 2,711,626 1,067,955 616,058 226.928 157,379 450.607 267,024 65,428 44,193 914,340 290,401 190,140 65,942 65,825 41,905 5S,831 1$9,243 176,483 426,901 156,917 39,310 69,606 445,964 239,833 73', 009 21.815 357,443 67,323 46,074 579,471 301,637 Salaries. $483,30' 241 41 21 561 309 1 Cities with 3 establishments and income of §100,000 for work done. Table 10.—NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS: 1919. Number of engines or motors. HORSEPOWER. Number of engines or motors. HORSEPOWER. I Per cent Amount, j distri- | bution. | Per cent Amount. \ distri- j bution. 3,379 23,946 100.0 Primary power—Continued, 1 Rpintfd 2,852 2,852 15,061! 62.9 14,902! 62.2 159 i 0. 7 Owned 527 i 394 131! 2 8,8S5! 37.1 7,429 i 31.0 1,450 6.1 6 (3) i Electric Steam 1 Other Water motors Electric - 3,141 16.593 i 100.0 14.902' 89.8 1,691 i 10.2 Rented - 2,852 289 1 Includes 36 of 579 horsepower reported as steam turbines. 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent, DYEING AND CLEANING. 1057 Table 11.—FUEL CONSUMED, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States... New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts. Rhode Island Connecticut. — Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. East North Central. Ohio Indiana... Illinois Michigan.. Wisconsin. Anthra- cite 1 (ton, 2,2-10 Bitumi- nous (ton, 2,000 pounds).; pounds) West North Central.. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware.. Maryland.. 24,954 825 12 118 74 852 479 18,586 11,505 2,139 4,942 2,274 131,102 670 391 56 5,751 451 1,225 12,663 5,336 969 6,358 52,693 269 1,109 66 830 854 350 113 278 90 13,753 6,786 18,129 7,160 6,865 25,847 Coke (ton, 2,000 pounds), 3,451 4,657 5,539 9,738 (504 584 3,017 1,708 10,818 150 3,591 221 1,277 859 82 336 143 22 19 346 143 29 123 306 177 Fuel oils (bar- rels). 40,451 216 Gaso- line and OtiKT volatile oils bar- rels). 32,024 1,318 122 "96' 192 433 ,411 114 1, "78-| 1, 228! 9, 115 12 101 70 464 17S 732 5,391 ..877 I .,525 ■,482 76 I 329 25 2,425 300 15 Gas (1,000 cubic feet). 321,981 4,131 560 62 6 1,614 116 1,773 20,529 13,020 2,711 4,798 64,164 7,310 11,349 5,047 1,897 34,164 1.701 3; 982 10,964 326 762 7,154 9,273 35,765 316 division and state. ; Anthra-; Bitumi- cite 1 nous (ton, i (ton. 2,240 j 2,000 ;pounds).I pounds). Coke (' tun, 2,000 pounds).! South Atlantic—Con. District of Columbia.. Virginia i West \ irginla'. North Carolina ;. South Carolina Georgia Florida ;. 130 20 East South Central. 153 2,408 282; 1,317 494 2,153 i 270! 7,739 j Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah and Nevada. Pacific-. 18 1,147 '246 215 4,649 '122 223 975 1,539 Washington. Oregon California 12 6 1,225 29 2S5 Gaso- line Fuel and Gas oils other: 1'1,000 (bar- volaiile cubic rels). oils feet). , sbar- i rels). is! 134 ;. 340 I 3,351 1 54 I A l-.bama , 15 ] 1,342 25S j 5 328 j! 28 j West South Central... 651! 3,682 '.j 94 j Arkansas 20 81: 801 18 Oklahoma 150! 229 1 Texas ; 481: 2,571 j; 76 7,577! 27 30 20; 50 200 GS4 , 152 57 730 237 S53 960 1,36* 31.471 '750 920 44 193 562 54 IS 17 SS3 43 413 60 ..690 1 372: 140 110 1; 1 2S 90 125 37,386 7,757 ; 125 327 2,246 34,813 1,170 29 6,558 523 26,782 24,484 1,314 157 2.206! 82.060 2,846 12,ISO 36, 479 30, 555 4,512 150 2,005 24 2,033 300 24,271 2,365 2,217 19,689 111367—23 67 1058 MANUFACTURES. Table 12.— DETAILED STATEMENT, DIVISION AND STATE. ! Num- I ber of ! estab- i lish- 'ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. Total. !! Sala- 1 !ried ; Pro-! offi- i prie- | cers, I tors 'super- j and | m- j firm ; tend- i mem- ents, j bers.; and i :man- Untted States ...< 2,156 j| 24,934 New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic... New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.. East North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan.. Wisconsin. West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama... Mississippi. West South Central.. Arkansas.. Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Montana.. Idaho Wyoming. Colorado... New Mexic Utah and Nevada. Pacific Washington. Oregon California East South Central; 102! 12 ] 45 i 7 I 24: 340! 1,542 126 . 62; 25: 894! 174 j 261 | 4,746' 2,235! 1,272 100 i 71 10: 13 !. 8 i. 38; 7! 24 - 349! 31 12 20 232 159 I; 2,428 i 150 j 39 h 536;; 34; 142 >\ 1,782 ! 165 • 123 26 83 Clerks, etc. Male.' Fe- ! male. Aver- age num- ber. Wage earners. Number, 15 th day of- Maximuni month. Minimum month. 619 j 1,951 , 18,807 !i Oc 20,156 > Ja 16,750 19 167 j 1,185 100 3 32 548 j; 6,584 022 374! 123 Oc 1,304 j Ja 989 14; 94' Oc' 103 Ja 80 m 94 2; 46; Au i 49 De 43 1 46 1! 16 j Ja' 18 Jvi 14;! 17 92! 723 | Oc 805 Ja 585; 738 29 j 121 I Ju 141 Ja 87; 107 29' 185 | Oc 191 Ja 175' 187 462! 3,568 j| Oc 3,814 Fe 3,184 262; 1,793 ■ Oc 1,899 ' Fe 1,611 18; 455 No 475 : Fe 423 182! 1,320 | Oc 1,448 j Fe 1,150 583; 4,982 j! Oc 5,299 j Ja 4,378 173 101! 159! 73; 42 i 2,113 825 2,119 895 |i 632 , 118 • 4S; 142! 34 1 32! 371 I, 3,511!; 416 j 175' 25 14! 51 i 14 | 19 i i 87! 211 5S': 160 87 67 1 1,594 i 599 ■ 1,633! 681 475; AP Oc Oc Oc Ja' 1,717 627 1,744 744 490 Ja Ja' Fe Fe Fe 1,308 545 1,472 590 454 201; 2,572 ;. Oc 2, £ Fe 2,202 46; 70! 125 | 14 | 15 i 41 | 60 629! 584! ,414; 90 j 78 i 415; 301; 76 i 124 j 20; 19 1 43! 86 33 I 31! 23 1 46 53 104: 5 2 41 10 I 482! 405! 1,062 j 64! 57 | 299' 203 Oc 526 Fe Oc 432 > Fe Oc 1,243 ; Fe Au 85 ; Ja 1 Se i 62 j Ja i Oc 340 Ja Oc' 225 Fe 417 ! 484; 244 375 407 240 887 ! 1,009 ,! 549 44 i 82:: 46 49 58 ,1 38 246 i 317 i; 182 181 \ 152 ;, 150 146 j| 1,959 132 185 40 108 1,494 ! Mh 1,727 Ja 1,366 j 1,510 I 3 || 33 I 3 | i Ap i | 1 1 5 23 24 Jai 22 1 24 9 li 598 7 122; 10 18 441 j Oc 468 Ja 379 425 6 i. 103 ! 6 1 2 94 : Se1 100 Ja 81 i; 99 30 371 '23 25 I 10 32 281 287 Fe' 275 h 286 37! 295 | 36 14! 13 232 ! De 241 Ja 224 241 21 197 I 28 7 1 11 151 I Jv 166 Fe 128 i 153 18! 105 ; 19 4 1 5 77 i Se1 79 Fe 1 74 78 12 |; 169 ! 3 5; 16 16 129 ! Oc 149 Ja 107 139 10 !i 88 i 9 5 i 2 6 66 i So i 67 Ju 1 65 i 65 124 1,258 j 125 56 | 40 100 937 Oc 1,007 Ja 772 i 966 41 ;< 360 1 40 i6; 2 43 259 No 274 Ja 238 ! 268 32 I 511 1 27 33! 24 37 390 ! Sc i 416 Ja 341 390 27 |: 282 '29 5 11 17 220 j Oc 255 Mb 193 238 24 i: 105 i 29 o 3 3 68 70 Ja 67 ! 70 1 183 t 1, 522 ! 233 70! 47 70 1,102 Oc 1,187 Ja 992 1 M67 10 |i 101 I 12 6 1 5 3 75 Oc1 81 ~Ja" 69 i 74 26 |i 220 ! 23 17 1 6 16 158 I No 161 Au 151 j 180 50! 363 j 73 33 1 3 19 255 1 Se 284 Ja 2° 3 261 97 |i a38 ! 125 34; 33 32 614 De 685 Ja 540 ; 652 li ! j U2 113 i; 866 125 31 27 47 636 Se 709 Ja 551 23 I1 125 ! 27 2 i 1 1 94 j Se 111 Fe 74 107 4 |! 56 1 6 1 1 4 44 Au i 46 Ja 1 41 46 12 \' 39 1 13 26 j Oc 30 Ja i 22 25 42 ,: 346 ; 43 20; 9 22 252 ! Au' 277 Ja 217 1 243 4 i 17 I 5 12 ; (2) 12 (2) 12 10 151; 104 ! 17 ; 8 79 ; ocl S3 Ja 76 83 13 j. 179 | 14 8 1 16 12 129 i Ja 1 100 Ja 105 ; 128 229 2, 946 ! 283 78 i 101 153 2, 331 Se 2,443 Ja 2,166 2,384 46 1, 549 54 23' 10 25 437 ! Se 488 Fo 387 ! 426 23 274 , 24 18 25 207 ; Oc 228 Fe 190 224 160 2,12-3 205 37; 91 103 1,687 , Oc 1,756 Ja 1, 586 1, 734 1, 240 164 451 i 36 I 20 I 133 I 2 I 2 764 732 20: 117! 60; 169; 130 I 94 51 77 i 46 j 529' 4 307 39 117 111 59 26 50 19 11 l L 151 212' 126: 40 110 I 175 i 105 i 24 52 101 176 ■154 351 51 26 13 141 10 49 61 1,201 238 106 857 79! 83 1 184! 287 I 56 20 12 100 1,179 185 118 876 'expenses Salaries I and wages. Capital. | Officials. IS28,734,049 $3,039,187 i—!: 1,670,321 196,935 131,883 1 24,923 26, L20 j 896,211 226,928 364,256 ! 13,500 97,417 i 36,154 49,864 6,583,123 678,253 1 3,311,500 ! 559,997 > 2,711,626 I 378,497 ! 68,347 j 231,409 7,842,156 | 909,483 ! 2,630,374 790,474 ! 294,544 ! 86,294 385,255 65,399 77,991 ! 2,601,186 1,240,651 579,471 3,885,400 429,923 739,244 679, 719 ! 1,281,853 ! 140,535 i 95,039 | 698,613 ! 250,397 71, 595 60,157 232,614 64,153 1,404 j 2,483,367 264,341 I 97,632 ; 1,072,586 147,450 ! 426,901 i 357,443 | 86,952 i 78,589 1 129,541 86,273 6, 500 128,465 49,427 35,992 , 18,850 11,307 i 6,520 ; 7,280 | 1,073,934 164,066 343,830 450,607 219,717 59, 780 58,540 77,216 24,910 3,400 1, 598,978 141,178 71,641 187,960 425,037 914,340 9,400 34,357 25,560 71,861 938,023 68,510 170,027 46,610 40,646 7,200 2,000 414, 500 16,306 43,674 60' 691 189,243 15,636 2,658,747 186,498 445,964 187,110 2,025,673 57,575 25,620 103,303 1 Same number reported for one or more other mon ths. 5 Same number reported throughout the year. DYEING AND CLEANING. 1059 BY DIVISIONS AND STATXS: 1919. DIVISION AND STATE. United States. New England Maine New Hampshire., Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central.... Ohio Indiana... Illinois Michigan.. Wisconsin. West North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia , Florida East South Central. Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama... Mississippi. West South Central.. Arkansas.. Louisiana.. Oklahoma. Texas Mountain. Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico... Arizona Utah and Nevada. Pacific. . W ashington. Oregon * California $2,236,6% 18,245,024 ($450,660 expenses—continued. Salaries and wages— Continued. Clerks, etc. Wage earners. For i contract , work. 150,338 j 1.118,763 | 20,713 11,067 1,946 300 87,995 22,729 26,301 467,718 278,467 19, 299 169,952 641,429 188,762 52,021 227,364 99,091 74,191 309,769 54,735 67,153 120,841 4,583 1,898 47,319 7,240 97,135 5,297 24,538 3,131 9,514 9,315 9,106 3,975 25,502 6, 757 S6,554 18,640 40,244 22,216 5,454 113,731 7,731 17,256 17,569 71,175 75,176 2,590 8,658 25,159 7,138 31,631 49,575 12,120 233,151 87,054 I 40,098 12,554 671,117! 96,9S4; 210,956 1,627 829 380 15,947 168 1,762 3,774,912 151,653 ,964,813 ! 112.299 549,119 | 22; 084 ,260,980! 17,270 ,051,677! 65,133 i 52S, 284 514,916 1 809,096 792,308 107,073 2 439,286 488,498 122,751 S99,098 57.825 05,758 289,080 216,276 1, (92,388 10,518 8,958 25,495 10,328 9,834 54,166 20,371 5,593 8,985 5,850 2,996 8,348 2,023 27,552 18,813 519,761 m, 601 212,528 116,194 1(3,739 <9,441 13,775 £2,536 662,018 208 6,134 2,5-12 849 5,000 77 860 11,882 4,100 19's 690 264 863 158 458 46007 1,119,157 66; ^35 113,*01 298, <23 640, 198 682,712 115.4W 48, U) 31, m 255,46) 14,764 95,04'. 122,30', 2,304,031 38, 186 829 105 2, 741 425 49,026 1,059 440 3,472 44", 055 50,131 41,329 150 8,167 120 365 480,233 I 8,273 204,799, I 565 1,618,999! 29,348 Rent and taxes. Rent of factory. $1,571,262 $660,117 94,827 5,270 3,697 2,426 61,577 2,939 18,918 275,144 159,439 37,875 77,830 416,199 Taxes, Federal, state, county, and local. 76,366 2,796 496 301 63,496 2,913 6,364 138,645 44,794 7,453 86,398 174,719 106,331 53,117 149,971 67,622 39,158 267,054 For materials. Principal materials. Fuel and rent of power. $9,801,650 '$1,999,899 689,013 141,152 30,222; 14,194 I 6,534 I 505,459 j 48,846 83,758 13,6-83 5,575 2, 534 79,214 12,392 27,754 2,369,363 j 399,842 1,108,686; 235,341 323,727! 46,263 936,950! 116,238 2,781,804 j 558,225 44,281 57,290 95,432 8,994 6,986 29,466 24,605 123,363 1,110 46,125 2,160 19,585 23,068 9,648 5,320 8,041 8,306 76,863 16,407 29,377 24,377 6,702 120,166 9,733 12,093 34,306 64,034 79,936 117, 710 27,938 13,228 76,544 74,411 10,732 48,318 15,689 25,569 725,257 I 331.378 1 1,067,657 I 360,218 j 297,264 j 168,059 58, 677 182,309 85,322 63,858 57,934 1,296,652 j 314,003 7, 23. 1, 1, 11. 2, 56,763 1,338 16,730 2,484 6,820 7,787 5,142 3,041 12,297 1,124 64,964 37,685 20,845 4,821 1,613 38,415 2,250 3,166 3,964 29,035 12,829 1,968 273 239 6,722 7S6 2,553 39,482 210,649 181,341 554,824 32,167 26,692 177,874 113,105 562,008 16,280 124,981 37,081 108,807 85,090 62,609 24,457 69,913 32,790 391,044 61,116 72,343 95,944 8,785 8,542 41,723 25,550 135,502 129,575 149,346 93,273 18,850 493,642 1,688 29,730 7,097 29:401 20'. 844 14,050 5,651 20,646 6,395 82,423 23.156 29,573 21, 928 7,766 120, S4S 34, 202 62,732 127,543 269,165 255,51S 49.084 5,336 12,413 103,467 3,080 23', 369 58,769 962,606 9,695 2,995 26,792 174,220 110,522 677,864 7,942 17,643 24.658 70,605 73,454 1,987 616 t, 527 i, 352 >,372 i,609 991 174,450 36,469 15,937 122.044 Amount received for work done. '$54,421,305 3,691,562 241,671 111,359 42,883 2,252,321 3S8,639 654,689 11,248,444 5,956,122 1, 408,447 3, 883,875 .14,957,484 Primary horsepower. Total. 23,946 1,625 4,657,055 1, 5SS, 752 5,298, 935 2,043,559 1,369,183 7,502,266 1,368,915 1,333,047 2,827,687 '201,086 178,570 983,987 608,974 3,543,316 73,834 1,011,843 236, 761 698, S9S 560,139 321', 586 152,458 320,963 166,834 2,230,520 720,341 894,743 487, 293 12S, 143 3,356,379 215,912 384,776 844,692 1,910,999 1,847,235 312,189 130,507 110,366 753', 058 29,873 200,055 311,187 6,044,099 1,127,528 534,282 4,382, 289 112 4(3 30 1,063 132 242 3.922 3,617 '60S 1,697 7,178 2,714 1,024 2,165 714 563 3,233 Owned. Steam en- gines (not tur- bines). 466 8 10 10 370 12 Inter- nal- Steam com- tur- bus- bines. tion en- jgmes. Wra- I ter; pow-! er i (mo-1 tors).; Rent- ed .1 579 ;1,450 I E 1 ec- tric horse- pow- er gener- ated in estah- ! lish- ments 1 re- port- j ing. 1,129 j; 282 247 412 20 127 ■I 2 ! 457 2 1 4! 149 845 273 709 145 201 895 593 523 1 292 '77 76 40S 264 1,894 237 172 400 12 42 32 1,0S4 31 721 73 406 241 130 47 187 58 1,686 347 485 219 635 1,417 120 240 259 798 701 18 698 40 130 47 71 14 49 11 534 170 203 122 39 115 IS 53 313 IS 69 115 2, 290 111 165 17 6 111 "is" 29 11 417 509 472 IS 6 11 2 6 I 42 3 158 4 2 51 25 21 10 158 152 4 I 104 I 395 198 1.697 398 46 58 294 48 104 f! 36 j! 18 I; 687 ji 118 h 166 2.397 117 1.230 325 842 4,347 1,380 727 1,339 558 343 2,156 356 348 734 61 74 364 219 738 13 23 19 250 173 53 28 132 47 1,063 171 248 78 566 857 71 110 209 467 532 415 95 39 50 22 115 18! 49; 205! IS i 69 I 58 I 1,842 I 347 140 1,355 1 Chiefly electric motors operated by rented (or purchased) current; other power included (chiefly shaft-belt or transmitted power from neighboring power plants). O I"' THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY j DATE DUE \ 3 9015 06637 2056 DO NOT REMOVE OR MUTILATE CARD