91.
/
THE
z 3 3" *
Z00LOGICAL BULLETIN


DIVISION OF Z00L06Y
OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
VOL. Vll, NO. 1, -
SUBJECT: Plant Pest Treatment.
June 1, 1909.
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist, Editor
ENTERED MAY 1, 1903. AT HARRISBURG, PA., AS SECOND CLASS MATTER, UNDER
ACT OF CONGRESS OF JUNE 6, 1900.
-*
HARRISBURG, PA.:
HARRISBURG PUBLISHING CO., STATE PRINT ſlºt.
1909.
*
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR JUNE, 1909.
VOLUME VII, No. 1. t |
&
*.
Established in April. 1903, at the office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE JUNE BULLETIN.
* Page.
Preface, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Plant Pest Treatment, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * e e s tº dº tº e º e º e º e º e º 'º e º e e e º a tº e s e 4
Section A. Plants or Property Liable to Injury, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section B. Formulas and Methods, or Kinds of Treatment to Give, . . . . ſi4
Section C. When to Treat, or Dates and Periods of Application, ... . . . * 19
( 2)
PREFACE.
Readers will note that this June Bulletin is the first number of
Volume VII. The May Bulletin was omitted in order to make it
possible to issue the Weekly Press Bulletin, which deals with timely
topics of pests, and goes to the newspapers (only) of this State. It
is not sent to private individuals, but is sent to every newspaper de-
siring to use any of the articles. These articles consist particularly
of timely discussions of pests of orchard and farm management dur-
ing the week in which they are issued and placed before the public.
Any individual citizen wishing to read them should apply to the
editor of his paper, asking him to obtain the Weekly Zoological Press
Bulletin from this office and use such extracts from the same as are
applicable in his region. They are sent only to editors of papers
with a view to reprinting.
A Word About the Monthly Bulletin.
These Bulletins are issued for the public, with the primary purpose
of being helpful in the preservation of crops, the destruction of
pests, and the preservation of various beneficial forms of animal life.
We receive many letters making inquiry concerning subjects dis-
cussed in the Bulletins, and take this method of anticipating some
of those letters and answering questions. Previous issues of our
Bulletins contain articles on topics concerning which we often re-
ceive inquiries. It is hoped that correspondents will not regard it
as a personal slight when their inquiries are answered by our send-
ing a marked copy of the printed Bulletin containing the desired in-
formation. {
Another purpose of the Monthly Bulletin is to give the results
of our studies and experiments, in order that these may be perman-
ently recorded and that our citizens may have an opportunity to
learn the advancement that is being made along zoological lines, par-
ticularly in economic entomology. We request correspondence and
urge that when inquiries pertain to any subject of which specimens .
can be sent, that they be sent so that they will arrive in such form
as to be properly examined. The name of the sender should be on
or in each package. Care should be taken to avoid sending dead
specimens whose foul odors will contaminate mail in transit. We
particularly request readers to watch for possible outbreaks of in-
sects and the occurrence of new species of pests and send us speci-
mens and reports immediately.
*.
( 3 )
*
PLANT PEST TREATMENT.
It is our desire to issue a Bulletin giving a condensed synopsis of
the proper treatment of practically all kinds of plant pests found in
Pennsylvania. These include chiefly plant diseases and insects, but
occasionally other pests such as snails, slugs, millipedes, etc. For
the purpose of this Bulletin the pests will be divided into three dis-
tinct groups as follows: -
I. Plant Diseases.
II. Sucking Insects.
III. Chewing Insects.
The reason for this division is that treatment for each of these
three groups is separate and distinct. For plant diseases (Group I.)
the fundamental treatment is generally a fungicide, to be applied
as a preventive, before the disease comes, as explained later. For
insects, remedies are to be used, rather than preventives, as a rule. ,
These insecticides are classed in two great groups, according to
whether they are to be applied for sucking insects (Group II), or for
chewing insects (Group III). For the former, the contact insecti-
cides must be used, which means those materials which kill the pest
by coming in contact with them, rather than by being eaten by them.
For the latter, or the chewing insects, as a rule, the arsenical poisons
are used, and it is only for these that arsenites, such as paris green,
arsenate of lead and similar poisons are to be recommended. It
should be clearly understood that fungicides are for plant diseases
only, and not for sucking insects nor for chewing insects, while, as
a rule, the contact sprays are for sucking insects, and always the
arsenical poisons are for chewing insects only. -
Plant diseases are to be recognized by the appearance of leaf,
stem, twig, bark, root, etc. All spotting from rusts, smuts, mildews,
blights, scabs, rots, cankers, etc., is due to definite germs, which, in
most cases, could have been prevented by spraying in time with a
reliable fungicide, but some diseases, such as Pear Blight and Black
Knot, do not come under the head of those to be prevented by spray-
ing applications.
This Bulletin is prepared in three sections, each of which has
direct reference to the other. To use it requires reference first to
one part of the Bulletin, then to another. It will be seen that the
sections are as follows:
Exchange
…”
UNIVERsity of rennessee
LiêRāśY 5
Section “A,” giving a list of plants or property with the pests
listed and lettered consecutively under each respective heading.
Section “B,” What to Use, or “Formulae and Methods,” stating
- how to combat the pests named in Section “A.”
Section “C,” “When to Treat,” telling when applications are to be
made.
By a careful study of the plan of the Bulletin, it may be found
useful although decidedly condensed. In each section are to be found
cross references, referring to the system of lettering or numbering
respectively employed in the other sections. This is to aid in ready
reference work.
SECTION A. PLANT'S OR PROPERTY LIABLE TO INJU RY.
| In this section of the Bulletin is to be found a list of plants or
property alphabetically arranged, each printed in small capitals in
the middle of the page. Under each is to be found a list of the
groups of pests, whether they be (I) Plant Diseases, (II) Sucking In-
sects, (III) Chewing Insects or (IV) Other Pests. Under each of these
headings in turn is to be found a list of the pests which it includes
for this particular plant or property. It must be remembered that
the same diseases are liable to be found infecting other plants, and
the same insect is liable to attack other plants. Thus where San
José Scale (a) is discussed under the Sucking Insects (I) of Apple, it
does not become necessary to repeat this discussion under each of
the various kinds of trees or shrubs which it is known to attack. The
same can be said for diseases, such as Brown Rot of Cherry, which
is discussed as “a” under “I, Plant Diseases of Cherry.” This dis-
ease also attacks the peach and plum, but to prevent repetition it
is not discussed under these headings.
It should be observed that these pests are indicated by the Roman
numeral, indicating the group to which they belong, and the small
letter designating each respective pest under that group. At the
right of the page is to be found a series of numbers, sometimes with
a letter attached, referring to the numbered list of formulae and
methods to be found under Section “C.”
The one great difficulty which the student will have will be to
determine the name of the disease or insect, in order to learn what
formula to use and when to make an application. This, however, We
shall agree to give, without charge, immediately upon return mail,
if he will send us specimens showing the injury or the pest causing
the same, or both. A marked copy of this Bulletin, marking the
correct formula and time of treatment, will thus be a comprehensive
answer in recognition 6f the receipt of the specimens sent, and will
be forwarded promptly.
APPLE,
I. Plant Diseases. -*.
a. Bitter Rot, Ripe Rot or Apple Rot, Canker. Use Formulas No. 1e; 2; 3; 52.*
b. Apple Rust. 4.
c. Apple Scab. 1e; 3; 5; 52.
dºg Hºsht. Pear Blight, Bark Blight, Trunk Blight, Fire Blight, etc. 6;
; 37b; 161.
--
e. Blotch. (See Bitter Rot.)
f. Sooty Collar Rot. 8.
II. Sucking Insects.
a. San José Scale. 3; 10C; 10e; 11b; 12a.; 9.
b. Oyster-shell and Scurfy Scales. 3; 9; 10a; 10b; 10e; 11b; 12a: 25. •
c. Apple-tree Aphis. , 3; 10a; 109; 10d; 12a; 84.
d. Wooly Apple Aphis. 3; 10a; 10b; 12a.; 13; 14; 15.
e. Putnam’s Scale. (See Oyster Shell Scale.)
f. Seventeen-year Cicada. 22.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Codling Moth. -23b; 24b; 24c; 25; 26; 27; 38.
b. Bud Moth. 23b; 24b; 38.
c. Canker Worm. 23c.; 24b; 28; 29; 30; 38; 41.
d. Borers. 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37.
e. Case-bearers (See Bud Moth).
f. Caterpillars. 23c.; 24b; 38.
g. Curculio. 23c; 24b; 26; 28; 38; 39; 40; 41. xx
h. Apple Fruit-maggot. 26; 28.
IV. Other Pests.
a. Leaf Blister-mite. 3; 11; 12b; 69; 84.
APRICOT-See Peach.
ASPARAGUS.
* I. Plant Diseases.
a. Rust. 28; 42."
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Asparagus Beetle. 41; 43; 44; 45; 46.
b. Cut Worms. 28; 47a; 47b; 48; 41.
- BEANS.
I. Plant Diseases. -
a. Anthracnose or Pod Spot. 1a; 11a; 42; 49; 50; 51; 53.
b. Bean Rust. 1a.
C. Bean Blight. 42; 50; 54. *
d. Lima, Bean Mildew. 55; 1a; 52; 54; 75a.
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Garden Fleå.-beetle. 12; 60.
III. Chewing InsectS.
a. Bean Leaf-beetle. 23b; 24b; 38; 28; 56; 57.
b. Weevil. 58; 59.
c. Cutworms. (See Asparagus).
EEET.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Beet Rust. 1a; 52; 42; 54; 55.
b. Beet Leaf-spot. 18.; 52; 54; 55; 42.
c. Rot. 28; 54. -
d. Mildew. 1a. .* t r !
e. Scab. 54; 61; 62. **
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Leaf-miners. 28; 63.
CABBAGE AND CAULIY'I 20 \\ E. JR.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Club Root “Big Foot.” 42; 54; 55; 61; 62; 64.
II. Sucking Insects. ar
a. Cabbage JPlant-louse (Aphis.) 10b ; 10c; 65; 66; 67 ; 5.5; 57. S
b. Harlequin Bug. 60; 68a.; 69.
C. Tarnished Plant-bug. 46; 124a; 12a.; 111.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Caterpillars. 24b; 56; 70.
b. Green Cabbage Worm. 12a.; 23b; 24b; 44; 66; 46; 71; 72.
C. Cabbage Root-maggot. 15; 10c; 54; 73; 155. wº
d. Egg-plant Flea-beetle. 1b; 24b; 46; 57; 68b.
(*These numbers refer to Formulae, Sec. “B,”)
7
* CARNATIONS.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Carnation Rust. 1a; 42; 52; 74; 75a ; 76.
b. Carnation Leaf-spot. (Treat as for Rust).
c. Carnation Bud-rot. 20; 21; 42.
d. Mildew. (See Bean Mildew).
e. Anthracnose. (Treat as for Rust).
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Green Fly. 78; 79.
IV. Other Pests.
a. Red Spider. 77.
CELERY.
I. Plant Diseases. .
a. Celery Blight. 1a; 52; 42; 54; 55; 80.
b. Celery Leaf-blight. Treat as Celery-blight.)
c. Soft Rot or Center Blight. 1a; 52; 42; 55; 81.
d. Rust. (Treatment as for Celery Blight). 45-
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Caterpillars. 23b; 56. *
CHERRY.
I. Plant Diseases.
Brown Rot. 2; 41; 1a.; 52; 1a-H23b; 1a-H24b; 20; 85.
. Black Knot. 42; 57; 82.
. Plum Leaf-Blight. 1a; 83.
II. Sucking Insects. \
a. Cherry Aphis. (Same treatment as Apple Aphis).
b. Wooly-Aphis. (See under “Apple” No. IId).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Curculio. 23b; 24a.; 26; 28; 38; 39; 41; 40. -
b. Slug. 23b; 24a; 44; 45; 72a.
c. Cherry Fruit-fly. 41; 87; 88; 89; 90.
IV. Other Sources of Injury.
a. Birds. 114; 68c; 68d; 68e; 68f.
b. Sun-Scald. 163.
©
º
CHRYSANTHEMIUM.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Leaf-spot. 1a; 52.
b. Rust. 75.
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Aphids or Plant Lice. 12a, ; 67; 79; 92; 16b; 15; 10a.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Grass-hoppers. 28; 41; 47b; 47C; 93.
b. Stem Borer. (See Corn IIIh.)
g CLOVERS.
I. Plant Enemy.
a. Lodder. 42; 174; 95; 50; 54; 186.
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Clover Plant-louse. (Same treatment as for Wheat Aphis).
b. Tarnished Plant-bug. (See Cabbage).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Clover-leaf Weevil. 187; 100.
b. Clover Stem-borer. 43; 100.
C. Fall Army-worm. (Same as for Wheat-head Army-worm).
d. Red-legged Locust. 188; 189; 190; 182; 47b; 47c; 60; 93.
CORN.”
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Smut. 42; 54; 61; 62.
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Corn Root Aphis. 13a; 13b; 54; 94.
b. Corn Aphis. 41a; 54.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Cut Worms. 47a; 47b; 54; 28; 94; 48; 41.
b. Corn-Ear Worm. 56; 94.
C. Corn Root-Worms. 54.
d. Corn-Root Web-worms. 94; 28.
e. Wire-worms. 54; 94; 28; 13a; 47a; 47b; 13b.
. f. White Grubs. (Same treatment as for Root Web-worms).
g. Corn Bill-bugs. 94. ,
h. Stalk Borer. 56.
i. Army Worm. 95; 12b; 24b; 96.
IV. Other Pests.
a. Pigeons and wild birds. 19.
8
.
.
;
.
--~~
ºl.
b.
C.
d.
€.
CUCUMBER, MELON AND SQUASH.
I. Plant Diseases. -
Cucumber Mildew. (Same treatment as for Bean Milde'W).
Bacterial Blight. 54.
Melon Leaf-spot. (Treatment as for Bean. Mildew is suggested).
. Root-gall. 97.
II. Sucking Insects.
. Melon Aphis. 56; 78
squash #ug. 38; 93: 48; 56; 60; 10b; 12a; 55; 69; 95; 100.
III. Chewing Insects.
Squash-vine Borer. 23b; 24b; 45; 100; 33; 56.
. Striped Cucumber Beetle. 14; 98; 99; 92; 102; 103. *
. Pickle Worm. 42; 55.
. Squash Lady-bird. 23b; 24b; 38; 45.
IV. Other Pests.
Mites. 42; 77. |
CURRANT, * f
I. Plant Diseases.
. Leaf-spot Disease. 1a; 52; 83.
. Currant Anthracnose. (Same treatment as for Currant Leaf-spot).
. Currant Tubercle. 42. |
II. Sucking Insects.
!
. Currant Aphis. (Same treatment as for Apple Aphis).
. San José Scale. (See Apple).
Four-lined Plant Bug. 12b; 60; 84.
Terrapin Scale. 3; 10a; 10b, 10e; 12a.; 71a.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Currant Worm. 23b; 24b; 44; 45; 46; 72a.; 72b; 104; 105; 102; 103.
. Currant Clear-wing Moth or Borer. 42.
Native Currant Stem-borer. 84; 106.
Currant Fly. (Same treatment as for Cherry Fly).
IEG G PLANT.
I. Plant Diseases. Q
Leaf-spot. 1a; 52; 55; 42.
. Blight. 42; 54.
Anthracnose. 1a; 52.
Damping-Off. 86; 1a.
II. Sucking Insects. i
. Egg Plant Aphis. 67.
III. Chewing Insects.
Egg Plant Flea, Beetle. (See Cabbage and Cauliflower).
. Corn-ear Worm. (See Corn).
Cut Worms. (See Asparagus).
EL.M.
II. Sucking Insects.
Cockscomb Gall-louse. 42. |
III. Chewing Insects. -
Elm-leaf Beetle. 23a.; 24b; 38.
White-marked Tussock Moth. 23a; 24b; 38; 56.
Canker Worm. (See Apple).
Borer. (Same treatment as for Apple Borers).
GOOSEBERRY.
I. Plant Diseases.
. Leaf Spot Disease. (See Currant). -- s
. Gooseberry Mildew. 1a.; 75b.
II. Sucking Insects.
Four-lined Leaf Bug. (See Currant).
GOOseberry Scale. (Treat as for San José Scale, –See Apple).
III. Chewing Insects.
Gooseberry Fruit-worm. 40; 41; 23b; 24b; 38; 83.
. Native Currant Stem-borer. (See Currant).
. Currant Worm. (See Currant).
Clear-wing Currant Moth. (See Currant).
_-
--" GRAPE.
I. Plant Diseases.
Black Rot. 2; 40; 42; 1a; 52; 3; 115.
Downy Mildew. 1a.; 52; 107.
JPowdery Mildew. 108; 75b. -,
Grape Anthracnose. 42; 110; 109; 1a.
Ripe Rot. (See Black Rot). t
9 Aº
* - * * * *-
f. Grape Leaf-blight. (See Leaf-blight treatment under Cherry).
II. Sucking Insects. *
Grape-vineTeaf Hopper. 92; 46; 71c; 12c; 60; 55; 111; 16a; 18.
. Cottony Maple Scale. 3; 12a.; 71a; 10a; 10b.; 10e; 16
. Grape Phylloxera. 20. t -
III. Chewing Insects.
. Grape Root-worm. 24b; 28; 3; 67; 15; 112; 39; 113.
. Rose Bug. 24b; 38; 39; 56; 114; 115; 69; 71b.
. Grape Fruit-moth. 115; 26; 40: 55; 56; 57; 83.
* HOLLYHOCK.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Rust. 42; 116; 1a; 52; 83.
-- HOUSE: PLANTS.
II. Sucking Insects.
. Aphis. 10a; 10b; 77; 79; 117.
. Mealy Bugs. (Same as for House-Plant Aphis).
c. Scale Insects. (Same as for Aphis). (See also Scale Insects under “Apple.”)
IV. Other Pests.
. Nematodes or Root Worms. 118; 119; 15; 120.
. Millipedes. (Same treatment as for Nematodes).
;
º
HOUSEHOLD PEST.S.
II. Sucking Insects.
. Bedbugs. 59; 15; 56; 135.
. Flies. 121; 122a.; 123; 124; 15; 59.
. Mosquitoes. 122a, ; 125; 126; 127; 124; 128.
. Fleas. 129; 130; 131; 72a.; 123a; 124; 18.
III. Chewing Insects.
Ants. 15; 69; 132; 133.
. Carpet Beetles. 134; 59; 15; 135; 136.
. Clothes Moths. 137; 138; 139; 15; 59; 140.
. Larder Beetles. 141.
. Roaches. 142; 72a.; 143; 135.
.
LAWN PEST.S.
III. Chewing Insects.
. White Grubs. 13a; 13b ; 15; 144.
. Cut-worms. 41; 48; 47a; 47b.
i.
* LIVE STOCK PESTS.
See also “Poultry.”
I. Diseases. Refer to a Veterinarian.
II. Sucking Insects.
. Flies on Stock. 121; 145; 56.
Hog louse. 12b; 130; 146; 147.
. Sheep Ticks, 124a ; 12c; 130.
. Horse Bot Fly. 148; 56. {
Sheap-head Bot Fly. 149; 56.
. Ox Warble. 121; 150; 56.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Biting Lice of Cattle. (Same treatment as for Sheep ticks).
IV. Other Pests. *...
. Scab or Mange Mites. 146; 151.
LOCUST TREES.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Bag-Worms. 23c: 24b; 38; 56.
. Locust Borers. 37.
. Carpenter Moth. 10e; 37; 31; 32; 34.
. Leaf-miners. 23c.; 24b; 38.
. Caterpillars. (Same treatment as for Leaf-miners).
:
_f MAPLE.
II. Sucking Insects.
Aphids. 77; 10a; 10b; 12a.; 71a.
. Cottony Maple Scale. (See Grape).
. Terrapin Scale. (See Currant).
. Maple Pseudococcus. (Same treatment as for Maple Aphis).
III. Chewing Insects.
. White-marked Tussock Moth. (See Elm).
:
***
. Flies in Stable. 122b. º
{ - 1() * *
NURSERY ST60K.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Crown Gall. 42.
b. Black Knot. (Same treatment as Crown Gall). _*
C. JPeach Yellows. (Sarne treatment as Crown Gall).
d. Blight, 1a; 52.
e. Mildews. 52. **
f. Rust. (Same treatment as for Blights). -
II. Sucking Insects.
a. San José Scale. (Treat Nursery Stock as for Crown Gall). -
b. Other Scale Insects. 12b; 71b; 10d; 11b; 152c; 12a; 71a; 10a; 10b; 3.
C. Aphids. 10a; 10b ; 12a.; 71a. -
d. Apple Leaf-ſhopper. 16, 17, 18.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. All chewing insects. 23b; 24b; 38.
IV. Other Pests. ..
a. Leaf Blister-mite. (See Apple Leaf-Blister-mite).
OATS.
I. Plant Diseases. |
a. Smut. 58; 61; 62; 153.
b. Rust. 28; 50; 54; 113. |
ONION.
I. Plant Diseases.
. Mildew. (Same treatment as for Bean Mildew).
Smut. 55; 42; 61; 62; 154. ;
Black mold. 1a.
II. Sucking Insects. w
. Onion Thrips. 12a.; 10f; 113; 77.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Onion Maggot. (Same treatment as for Cabbage Maggot).
º
.
OSAGE OF ANGE
II. Sucking Insects. * t
a. San José Scale. (See Apple).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. BGrers. 42. ;
PEA.
I. Plant Diseases. f
. Mildew. (See treatment for Bean Mildew).
II. Sucking Insects.
. Aphids. 156; 157; 10b; 12a.; 39; 69.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Caterpillars. (See under Apple).
Weevil. (See Bean Weevil). --
:
PEACH AND NECTARINE.
I. Plant Diseases. i
. Brown Rot and Twig Blight. (See Cherry).
Peach-leaf Curl. 3; 5; 1a; 42.
. Peach Yellows. (See Nursery Stock). {
. Peach Rosette. (Same treatment as for “Yellows”).
Little Peach. (Same treatment as for “Yellows”).
II. Sucking Insects.
Black Peach Aphis. 10f; 16c; 12a.; 14; 15.
San José Scale. (See Apple).
Terrapin Scale. (See Currant).
III. Chewing Insects.
Peach-tree Borer. 35; 158; 169; 159; 31; 32; 33; 34.
Curculio. (See Cherry).
. Fruit-tree Bark-Beetle. 42; 16f; 36.
--> IPEAR.
I. Plant Diseases. t
a. Fire Blight, Twig Blight or Pear Blight. (See Apple).
*ºnent. Fruit-spot or Fruit-splitting. (Same treatment as for Apple
C, Scab, (Sarine treatment as for Apple Scab).
d. Rot. (See Apple).
e. Rust. 1c; 3; 5; 11b; 11a; 52; 1b.
f. Sooty Blotch. (Same treatment as for Pear Rust).
r …”
11
.
ii.
;
a.
. Canker. (Same treatment as for Pear Rust). --
II. Sueking Insects.
. Pear Midge. 68g; 13c.; 40.
. Pear Psylla. 162; 159; 71b; 10g; 36. -
. San José Scale. (See Apple).
Oyster Shell and Sctirfy Scales. (See Apple).
III. Chewing Insects.
. Borers. (See Apple).
Codling Moth. (See Apple).
. Pear Slug. (Same treatment as for Cherry Slug).
. Caterpillars. (See Apple).
IV. Other Sources Of Injury.
. Sunscald. (See Cherry).
Leaf Blister-mite. 3; 11b; 12b; 68; 84.
PLUIM.
I. Plant Diseases.
: Black Knot. (See “Cherry” and “Nursery Stock”).
. Brown Rot or Ripe Rot. (See Cherry).
. Leaf Blight or Shot-hole. Fungus. (See Cherry).
II. Sucking Insects.
. Lecanium Scales. (See Terrapin Scale, under Currant).
. San José Scale. (See Apple). *
Hop Plant-louse. 3; 10a; 10b, 55.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Fruit tree Bark Borer. (See Peach).
Peach Borers. (See Peach). *
Cherry Slug. (See Cherry).
. Curculio. (See Cherry). &
. Caterpillars. 23b; 24a ; 38. t
POPLAIR.
II. Sucking Insects.
. Oyster Shell Scale. (See Apple).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Caterpillars. (See Apple). g
b. Willow Borers. 17; 42; 23b; 24b; 38.
POTATOES.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Early Blight or Leaf Spot. 1C ; 55.
b. Late Blight, Downy Mildew or Potato Rot. 1c ; 42; 55.
c. Scab. (See Beet).
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Aphids. 10b.; 12a.; 16b.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Colorado Potato Beetle. 23c.; 24b; 38; 45; 57. s’
b. ºlºshioned Potato Bug or Blister Beetles. (Same as for Colorado Potato
Beetle).
C. Flea, Beetles. (Same treatment as for Flea-Beetle of Cabbage).
d. Stalk Borer. (See Corn).
Q. Mole Cricket. 47b; 47c.
f. Potato-stalk Weevil. 13b; 28; 55; 57; 111.
EPOULTRY.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Lice. 164; 166; 165.
IV. Other Pests.
a. Gapes. 167; 168; 169.
b. Mites. 166; 3; 69; 11; 146b; 152b; 71b; 151.
QUINCE. f
I. Plant Diseases. t
a. Pear Blight or Twig Blight. (See Apple).
b. Leaf Blight and Fruit Spot. (See Pear).
C. Scab. (See Apple Scab).
d. Quince Rust. (Same treatment as for Apple Rust).
©
sº
º
:
Black Rot. 52; 2; 26; 87. l
II. Sucking Insects.
San José Scale. (See Apple).
Lecanium. (See Currant, “Terrapin Scale.”)
Aphids. (See Apple). º
III. Chewing Insects.
. Borers. (See Apple).
. Codling Moth. (See Apple).
Curculio. (See Apple).
. Caterpillars. (See Apple).
# 12
RASPEERRY, BLACKBERRY, DEWEERRY..
I. Plant Diseases. ^
a. Anthracnose or “Sun-scald.” 1a; 52; 170.
b. Orange Rust. 42; 20; 57.
C. Crown-gall. 42.
II. Sucking Insects.
*A., Scale. (Same treatment as for Scurfy Scale or San José Scale. See
Jøle).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Tree-cricket. 42.
b. Slug. (Same treatment as for Cherry Slug).
C. Raspberry Cane-borer. 6.
d. Blackberry Gall-maker. 42.
ROSE.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Black Spot. 52.
b. Mildew. 52; 75a.
C. Rust. 42; 83; 52. ---
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Aphis and Leaf Hoppers. 171; 67; 10a; 10b; 12al; 71a.
b. Rose Scale. (Same treatment as for Scurfy Scale. See Apple).
C. San José Scale. (See Apple).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Rose Beetle. (See Grape).
b. Slugs. (Same treatment as for Cherry Slug).
IV. Other Pests.
a. Red Spider. 77; 75a; 173.
STORED PRODUCTS.
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Mediterranean Flour-moth. 59; 15; 183.
b. Indian Meal-moth. (Same as for Mediterranean Flour-moth).
c. Angoumois Grain Moth. 59; 15; 183; 184.
d. Saw-toothed Grain-Beetle. (Same as for Mediterranean Flour-moth).
e. Meal-worms. (Same as for Mediterranean Flour-moth).
. f. Granary Weevil. (Same as for Mediterranean Flour-mouth).
STRAWBERRY.
(Nearly all Strawberry pests are effectually evaded by fruiting the bed but
Once and maintaining clean cultivation). gº
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Leaf Blight. 1a; 174.
b. Rust. 20; 42; 174.
II. Sucking Insects. f
a. Root Aphis. 12a.; 20; 28; 54; 59; 67; 100.
b. White Fly. 174. As
c. Dusky Plant Bug. (Same treatment as for White-fly).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Leaf-roller. (Same treatment as for White-fly.
b. Slug. (Same treatment as for Cherry Slug).
c. Strawberry-root Borer. (Larva of Flea, Beetle). 23b; 24b.
d. Strawberry Weevil. 175; 176; 57; 42.
e. Strawberry Crown-borer. 100; 20; 54.
IV. Other Pests. .
a. Birds. 68h.
II. Sucking Insects.
a. Tobacco Thrips. (See Onion Thrips).
III. Chewing Insects.
a. Tomato Worm. (See Tomato).
b. Tobacco Bud-worm. 185; 54; 28; 57; 56.
c. Corn-ear Worm. (See Corn).
d. Cut-Worms. (See Asparagus).
e. Tobacco Flea-beetle. (Same treatment as for Egg-plant Flea-beetle).
TOMATO.
TOEACCO.
I. Plant Diseases.
a. Leaf Blight. (Same treatment as Early Blight of Potato).
b. Tomato Rot. 177; 1a.; 52.
c. Bacterial Tomato Blight. (Same treatment as Early Blight of Potato).
d. Winter Blight. 42; 119.
e. Damping-off. (See Egg-plant).
f. Mildew. (Same treatment as for Lima Bean Mildew).
II. Sucking Insects. -
a. Thrips. (Same treatment as for Onion Thrips).
III. Chewing Insects. sº
º!
:
i
i
.
:
. Nematodes or Eel Worms. 54; 57.
. Corn-ear Worm. (See Corn). *
Cut Worms. (See Corn).
. Pötato Beetle. (See Potato). /
. Tomato Worm. 56; 23b; 24b; 38.
Stalk-Borer. (See "Corn).
. Flea, Beetle. (Same as for Egg-plant Flea-beetle, under Cabbage).
Wire-worms. (See Corn).
IV. Other Pests.
-
VIOLETS.
I. Plant Diseases.
Blight. 1a; 42.
. Mildew. 75a. w I
Spot disease. 42; 83; 20; 119.
Root Rot. 20; 119; 178.
Wet Rot. 20; 119; 86.
II. Sucking Insects.
Aphids. 59.
III. Chewing Insects.
Violet Saw-fly. (Same treatment as for Voilet Aphids),
Violet “Gall-fly.” 46; 72a; 124a.; 179a.; 59; 119; 86.
Greenhouse Leaf-Tyer. 56; 59.
Cuſt-Worms. 47a; 47b; 48.
IV. Other Pests.
Red Spider. (See Rose).
Eel Worms. (See Tomato).
Slugs, Snails. 179b; 104a.; 104b; 105a; 105b; 179a.
. Sow-bugs. 179a.
WHEAT.
I. Plant Diseases.
. Smut. (Same treatment as for Oats Smut).
II. Sucking Insects.
. Aphis. 10a; 10b; 12a; 67.
III. Chewing Insects.
. Hessian Fly. 100; 174; 68i.
. Wheat Midge. 100; 55.
. Wheat-head Army Worm. 180; 12b; 24b; 28; 10d; 12b; 71b; 67; 16c; 96; 181;
182; 100.
*
14
SECTION B. FORMULAS AND Mººs, OIR. E.INID OF TREATMENT TO
IVE. &
In this section the consecutive Arabic numerals at the left of the
page designate the number of the respective formula or method of
treatment for the particular pest indicated in Section “A,” where the
same number occurs. It must be noted that there are several modi.
fications of a formula, and these are indicated by letters, as shown
under No. 1, Bordeaux Mixture; (d) Extra Weak Formula, called for
only one and one-half pounds of bluestone in fifty gallons of water;
(a) Weak Formula, calling for two pounds; (e) Regular Formula, re-
quiring three pounds; (b) Strong Formula, with four pounds; and
(c) Extra Strong Formula, calling for six pounds of bluestone for
fifty gallons of mixture. In all cases it is best to use a little more
lime than copper sulfate. The purpose in giving these modifications
of formula is to make clear the difference in strength according to
whether the plants be very delicate, ordinary, extremely hardy, or
dormant. Thus the kind of plant, and condition of the same, must
be considered in making applications of fungicides and insecticides,
as the effort of the grower must be to destroy the pests without in-,
jury to his property. It is to be observed that several formulas are
here given for one pest, but it is not the thought that all shall be
used or attempted at once. Use one very carefully and note results,
and if not satisfactory in a short time use another.
| aux Mixture:
1. º: º: formula. 2 lbs. Copper Sulphate, 3 lbs. Lime. 50 gals. water.
E. Strong formula. 4 lbs. Copper Sulphate, 6 lbs., Lime, .50 gals. Water.
C. Extra strong formula. 6 lbs. Copper Sulphate, 6 lbs., Lime, 50 gals, water.
3. Extra weak formula. 1% lbs. Copper sulphate, 2 lbs. Lime, 50 gals.
•ºlar formula. 3 lbs. Copper Sulphate, 4 lbs. Lime, 50 gals. Water.
Pick and burn mummied fruits.
Lime-sulfur Wash, formula 22 lbs. lime, 17 lbs. sulfur, 50 gals. water.
. Destroy all cedar trees in vicinity of Orchard.
Copper Sulphate (simple solution) formula, 6 Ibs. to 50 gals. water.
Cut diseased part away one foot below line of infection and burn.
Check rapid growth of Wood. &
Lime-sulfur compound, 1 lb. ground sulfur to 3 lbs. ground lime. One
quart applied to 10-year-old tree; abºut 3.9." 4 inches deep, at base.
9. Cut back the trees in proportion to their injuries.
10. Soap solution:
... iſ pound to 15 gals. water.-Ivory soap.
. 1 pound to 10 gals. water.—Whale-oil soap.
1 pound to 6 gals. water.—Whale-oil Soap.
. 4% pound to 1 gal. water.—Whale-oil Soap.
2 pounds to 1 gal, water.—Whale-oil soap.
1 pound Whale-oil soap to 4 gals. Water.
. 1 pound Whale-oil soap to 1. gal. water.
11. Soncentrated Lime-sulfur solution (a) dilute for summer. treatment; (b)
at such dilution as to carry from 13 to 17 pounds of soluble sulfur per 50 gals.;
(c) as directed by manufacturers for Livestock Dip.
12. Kerosene Emulsion, 66 2-3 per cent. Kerosene in stock solution; formula º
lb. shaved soap, 2 gals. Kerosene, or 1 gal. Sour milk or 1 gal. boiling water.
a. 1 gal. emulsion to 9 gals. Water; b. 1 gal. emulsion to 4 gals. Water; c. 1 gal.
º to 19 gºals. Water.
* *::::::: #: ground a with Kainit, 1,000 lbs. per acre, or b. with Nitrate
of soda 200 lbs. per acre; c. 1 ton Kalnit per acre.
14. About base of tree or plant entrench a liberal quantity of ground tobacco.
i
i
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15
ſ
15. Bisulphide of Carbon, 1 pint to 100 cubic feet of space, or % pint in each
hole in ground.
16. Fish oil soap:
al. 1 lb. in 10 gals. Of Water.
b. 1 lb. in 6 gals. of Water.
c. 1 lb. in 4 gals. Of Water.
17. Avoid planting nursery stock near old trees of same or allied kind.
18. Shields covered with tanglefoot. º
19. Put a spoonful of tar into a bucket of hot water and pour over the seed
corn. Spread the corn, dry, and plant. -
20. Select clean, comparatively non-susceptible stock.
21. Keep as cool and dry as possible without retarding growth.
22. Avoid planting young trees.
23. Paris Green:
a. 1 lb. Paris Green; 2 to 4 lb. Lime; 200 to 300 gal. water. !!
b. 1 lb. Paris Green; 2 to 4 lb. Lime; 150 gal. Water.
c. 1 lb. Paris Green; 2 to 4 lb. Lime; 75 or 100 gal. Water. *.
24. Arsenate of Lead. Prepared paste:
a. 1 lb. to 50 gal. Water. \
b. 2 lb. to 50 gal. Water. :-
c. 3 lb. to 50 gal. Water.
25. Scrape loose bark from trunks.
26. Feed to swine, or destroy all immature fallen fruits.
27. Protect the birds, toads and lizards.
28. Cultivate the ground thoroughly.
29. Apply bands of loose cotton, Wool or sticky substance to tree trunks.
30. Destroy eggs. *
31. Drive sulfur matches into the holes.
32. Inject Carbon bisulphide into the holes and plug the holes with clay. Ҽx:
33. Cut out the larvae, making the cut with the grain or plant fiber.
34. Kill larvae in the hole, by inserting malleable wire.
35. Wrap tree-trunk from below surface of ground to a point one feet above
the grounds.
36. Whitewash the tree trunks, adding Paris Green to the lime, 1 part to 40.
37. (a) Paint the trunks with pure white lead and raw linseed oil.
(b) Paint the wounds with pure white lead and raw linseed oil.
38. Arsenite of Lime: White arsenic, 1 lb.; Lime, 2 lbs.; water 1 gal. Beil 45
minutes. Reep in a closed vessel. Use 1 quart to 50 gals. Water.
39. Jar the trees or plants, having a sheet, pan or Curculio-catcher beneath the
shaken portion to catch the insects. Destroy by pouring into a vessel of oil and
Water.
40. Thin (and destroy) by removing affected or faulty specimens.
41. Keep poultry where this pest is likely to occur.
42. Gather and burn all affected plants or affected portions of plants. *w-
43. Close cutting of young shoots. *
44. Fresh air-slalked lime.
45. Arsenites in powdered form.
46. Flour and Pyrethrum powder. *.
47. Use poison baites:
|
a. Fresh Baits: Fruits, tubers or plant-tops dipped into an arsenical solu-
tion. f
b. Bran mash: Bran, 10 to 20 lbs.; White Arsenic, 1 lb.; Brown sugar, 1*
to 2 lbs. ; mix with water. f
c. Criddle Mixture: Horse manure, 1 bus. ; Paris Green, 1% lbs.; salt, 3 lbs.
d. Roach Powder: Borax, White Arsenic, Pulverized Sugar and flour,
equal parts.
e. Rat Biscuit: White Arsenic and Cake dough, baked.
48. Boards laid on ground infested with certain pests afford a harboring place
for such pests. Search under the boards Will reveal many specimens.
49. Select light, well-drained soil.
50. Select clean, healthy Seed.
51. Bordeaux mixture, No. 1a, combined with sufficient soap to make slight
Suds. * -
52. Ammonical Copper Carbonate Solution: Copper Carbonate, 5 ounces; Am-
monia, (26° Beaume), 3 pints; water, 45 gal. Keep closed.
53. Soak seed in dilute ammonical Copper carbonate solution.
54. Crop rotation.
55. Gather and burn all leaves, stems and Other refuse from a Grop.
56. Hand picking, or taking one or a few at a time by net or other device.
57. Destroy pest-harboring wild plants.
58. Fumigate with Carbon bisulphide.
59. Fumigate with Hydrocyanic Acid gas, usual formula; 1 oz. Cyanide of
Potassium 98 per cent.; 2 liquid oz. Sulphuric Acid (sp. gr. 1.83); 4 oz. water, per
100 cu. ft. Of space. -
<º
\
16 t .*
60. Beat pests on to a sheet Saturated with kerosene Or into a vessel of water
with film of kerosene. & i *
61. Formalin solution: 1 pint formalin (40 per Cent.), 30 gallons water. Treat
by submerging for 1 hour. g
62. Corrosive sublimate (Bichloride of Mercury) 2 oz. in 15 gal. water. Treat
by submerging for 1 hour.
63. Bordeaux Mixture, No. 1b. with Paris Green, No. 23b.
64. Application of lime at rate of 75 bushels per acre.
65. Kerosene Emulsion, No. 12, with resin. Add 1 lb. resin to each gallon of
kerosene, in making the Stock emulsion.
66. Hot Water.
67. Tobacco decoction. Steep or boil 1 lb. tobacco in 2 gallons water.
68. Plant decoy crops. a. Mustard; b. Jimpson weed or Nightshade; c. Amal-
amchier; d. Governor Wood Cherries; e. Mulberry; f. Virginia. Creeper; g.
Lawrence pear; h. Soft, Sweet, early varieties of strawberries, as May, King
Oakes Early and PClondyke; i. Wheat.
69. Kerosene (undiluted). – *
70. Paris Green. No. 23b, With resin. Use Six times as much resin as Paris
Green, by Weight.
71. Eerosene Mixture. Mixed mechanically when applied; a. 10 per cent. Hero-
sene 90 per cent. Water; b. 20 to 50 per cent." Kerosene; c. 5 per cent. Rerosene. ,
72. Hellebore: a. powder; mix 1 lb. Hellebore with 10 lbs. flour, leave in closed
vessel for 12 hours. b. liquid; 1 oz. Hellebore to 2 gal. water.
73. Salt. #3 teaspoon at roots of each plant.
74. Dry Bordeaux. Dry slake one bushel lime with a sufficient quantity of solu-
tion consisting of 6 lb. Copper Sulphate dissolved in three or four gal. of boil-
ing water. Apply dry.
75. Sulphide of Potassium:
a. 1 oz. to 10 gal. Water. g
b. 1 oz. to 2 gal. Water.
76. Soda. Bordeaux: Copper Sulphate, 4 lb.; Sodium hydroxid, 1 lb. and 5 oz.
in water, 50 gal. (Test with litmus and be sure to have it slightly alkaline.)
77. Water.
78. Rose-leaf Extract fumigation.
79. Burn tobācco-stems.
80. Grow in shade, natural or artificial.
81. Blanch with boards.
82. Eted oxide of iron in linseed oil applied as a paint.
83. Gather and destroy all fallen leaves.
84. Trim thoroughly and burn trimmings.
85. Pick this fruit before it is fully ripe.
86. Reep bed well drained and avoid excessive moisture.
87. Leave no fruit on the trees after harvesting the crop.
88. Sulphide of soda with Whale-oil soap: Sulfur, 2 lb.; Caustic soda 98 per
cent.; water, 2 gal. Boil until sulphur is dissolved. Add 6 lbs. whale-oil soap,
80 per cent., and boil for 30 minutes, adding boiling water to make 5 gallons;
add 40 fluid ounces “Black Leaf” tobacco extract. Add water to make 40 gal.
89. Dissolve 1 lb. Whale-oil soap, 80 per cent. in 4 gal, boiling water. When
dissolved, add 25 fluid ounces bone oil and mix well; add water to make 40 gal.
90. Mix equal parts No. 88 and No. 89.
91. Time Mush.
* 92. Tobacco, very finely ground.
93. “Hopper-dozer:” A trough for catching grasshoppers.
94. Fall plowing.
95. Burn pest with the food plant.
96. Plow narrow strip across path of progress, harrow, and then roll.
97. Use soil that has been thoroughly frozen.
98. Start plants in greenhouse or hot-bed.
99. Cover with frames and fine netting.
100. Plow thoroughly, especially in fall.
101. Cover the vines in several places with earth.
li 102. Dust with Paris Green and air-slaked lime. 1 part Paris Green to 40 of
all Iſle. &
103. Dust with air-slaked lime, and turpentine on ground around plant.
104. Soot: a. As a powder; b. As a barrier. * *
105. Road dust: a. As a powder; b. As a barrier.
106. Cut off some inches below the point of girdling and burn.
107. Eau Celeste; Dissolve 2 lb. Copper Sulphate in 6 gal. water. Add 1 qt
Ammonia, and Water to make 50 or 60 gal. *
108. Flower of Sulfur (Powdered or sublimated).
109. Dust with Air-slaked Lime and Sulfur, equal parts.
110. Copperas (Iron Sulphate), 10 lbs. to 50 gal. water.
111. Clean up fence Corners, berry-rows, grape-trellises, ete.
112. Hand-crush the eggs. y }
113. Fertilize heavily.
*
^
*
17 *.
114. Cover with netting. * !
115. Enclose the fruit within tightly closed paper bags.
1 116. Permanganate of potash: "Saturated solution, 2 tablespoonsful; Water
qt. - --
117. Steam.
-118. Sterilize soil with hot dry air in an oven, or with steam under 40 or 60
poundS pressure.
119. Select soil which has been actively cultivated for at least One year.
120. Discard infected soil, wash the plant roots in Warm water and reset.
121. Keep stables and other breeding places clean, and tightly cover the man-
ure pit, or spread all manure on field (grass) once per week.
122. Tightly screen all windows, doors and ventilation flues with a. º. in. mesh
screen; b. 4 in. mesh Screens.
123. a. “Tanglefoot” fiy paper; b. poisoned fly paper; c. fly traps.
124. Pyrethrum powder. (a) as a powder, or (b) by burning, as fumes. Sweep
up and burn stupified insects, when application is indoors.
125. Drain or empty all standing Water pools, where practicable, including
holes in trees and stumps, barrels, Old cans and Cisterns.
126. Place enough Kerosene On the pools, Sewer-inlet traps, cess—pools. rain-
water barrels and cisterns, which cannot practicably be drained, to form a visi-
ble film. *
127. Introduce minnows into places where draining is not practical, but where
such fish may live and propagate. *
128. Place a small quantity Of Water in the room, so arranged that any mosqui-
toes going to it in the night will be trapped and may be killed in the morning.
129. Give indoor pets rugs On Which to Sleep, and keep sanne clean. Brush out
or sweep sleeping places of Cats and dogs.
130. Dip, scrub or spray with 3 per cent. Creolin or with tar soap.
131. Clean and fill completely with a wood-filler, all floor cracks where pets
may be.
132. Apply Benzine or Gasoline.
133. Saturate sponges with Sweetened Water and place where pest occurs.
After they have attracted a number, drop into Scalding water.
134. Use a damp cloth under a hot flatiron over carpet.
135. Sprinkle with Corrosive Sublimate and Alcohol, saturated solution.
136. Substitute rugs for carpets, and shake or beat often.
137. Encase in a tight Wrapping Of paper or in tight paper sacks, or in tight
boxes, sealed With paper.
138. Use tight cedar boxes or chests.
151. Spray or wash thoroughly the floor and interior of stables or other en-
pellant.
140. Brush or beat infested garments out of doors, and leave in the sun a few
hours.
141. Remove all infestation from dried meat, and enclose tightly in paper sack.
142. Powdered borax.
143. Plaster of Paris and Powdered Sugar, equal parts.
144. Place Light-trap On lawn.
145. Spray with Fish oil, 3 qts.; Oil of Tar, 1% gts.; Crude Carbolic Acid, 1
Oz., well mixed.
146. Carbolic Emulsion: Formula—Hard soap, 1 lb.; boiling water, 1 gal.;
Crude Carbolic Acid, 1 pt. Shave and dissolve soap in hot water, add acid and
beat into a creamy emulsion. Of this, use (a) 1 qt. to 30 qts, water; (b) 1 qt.
emulsion to 15 qts. Water.
147. Carbolic soap. Dissolve with water and apply with brush.
148. Clip the hair, wherever eggs can be reached by the horse, especially on
fore legs and on Chin. (This is a preventive measure. After the larvae have
reached the stomach, consult a Veterinarian).
149. Smear pine tar on sides of salt trough.
150. Remove and destroy the “Warble.”
151. Spray or Wash thoroughly the floor and interior of stables or other en-
closures with Carbolic emulsion or dilute Crude Carbolic Acid.
152. FCerosene-lime:
a. Kerosene, 1 gal.; Lime, 4 lb.; water, to make 20 gal.
b. Kerosene, 1 gal.; Lime, 4 lb.: water, to make 10 gal.
c. Kerosene, 1 gal.; Lime, 4 lb.; water, to make 5 gall.
153. Soak in Water at temperature of 133 degrees for 5 or 10 minutes.
154. Start from seed in special bed, and transplant.
155. Mix 8 qts. Sand with 1 qt. kerosene; one handful around each plant.
156. Plant in rows.
157. Brush with pine boughs or other soft brush or brooms. Follow this pro-
cess With a cultivator.
158. Mound earth about base of trees, one foot high.
159. Lye, caustic soda, or potash in solution, 1 oz. in 1 gallon.
160. Apply lime or wood ashes liberally at base of tree.
161. sºme the knife or shears by dipping into spirits of turpentine,
i
13
{
162. Scrape off and burn all loose bark from trees.
163. Develop low heads or protect the trunks from Sun With boards, matting
OT SCI een S.
164. Apply grease on head and under wings of little chicks and under Wings of
older fowls.
165. Supply dust baths, adding to fine dust, flowers of Sulfur, hellebore or
Pyrethrum powder. * *
166. Sift into the feathers of a fowl held up by its feet, flowers of Sulfur. With
hellebore or Pyrethrum powder.
167. Keep young poultry on dry flooring, on gravel, or on Soil Well covered
with lime:
168. Add one teaspoonful spirits of turpentine to each pint of feed, using Water
to mix it thoroughly.
169. Use a “worm-extractor.” One can be made by doubling and twirling a
horse-hair, inserting in the wind-pipe and twirling between the fingers as it is
Withdrawn.
170. Cut out and burn all canes except the new shoots. *
171. Boil 4 oz. Quassia, chips in 1 gal. soft water for 10 minutes. Strain and
dissolve in it 4 oz. soft soap or whale-oil soap. To this add 1 Or 2 gal. Water.
Apply with syringe, dipping badly infested shoots into the liquid. Cleanse the
shoots the next day With pure Water.
172. Fumigate by burning sulfur.
173. Rerosene emulsion and sulfur, combined.
174. Mow, and burn over.
175. Plant chiefly pistillate varieties.
176. Cover with a cheap fabric that will prevent the pest from gaining access
to the plants. zº
177. Train plants to stakes and prune.
178. Avoid planting in hot, dry weather.
179. Air-slaked lime; (a) as a powder; (b) as a barrier over which certain pests
Will not pass.
180. Protect Snakes, turtles, lizards, toads, frogs and birds.
181. Plow double furrows and draw a log back and forth continuously while
“army” is crossing it. |
182. Plow single furrow across the line of progress of pest, throwing earth
toward them. Dig holes in bottom of furrow and partly fill with water with
oil added, or with tar.
183. Gather and destroy all infested material from cracks, and corners of
bins or other places where infestation occurs, Whenever practical.
184. Thresh immediately after harvest.
185. Use poisoned corn-meal. Add a half teaspoonful of Paris Green to one
quart of finely ground corn meal. Mix thoroughly and sift over the bud.
186. Remove the seed of Clover dOdder from clover seed by the careful use of
a sieve having a mesh not smaller than one-eighteenth of an inch.
187. Inoculate the pest by introducing a common fungous disease, if the dis-
ease is not already present.
188. Practice shallow plowing and harrowing during summer for this pest.
189. Scatter bunches of Old hay Or Stra. W about, and after the insects have
taken refuge therein, burn.
190. Roll the ground where surface is even with a heavy roller.
191. Miscible oils.
192. Self-boiled lime-sulfur wash; 8 lbs. flowers sulfur; 8 lbs. Quick lime, cov-
ered with boiling water, stand one-half hour, and add water to make 50 gals.
193. Concentrated or commercial lime-sulfur solution, dilute 1 to 8 of water.
W
19
SECTION C. WHEN TO TREAT, OR DATES AND PERIODS OF
APPLICATION.
Under this section the Roman numerals and letters at the left of
, the page designate the respective names of diseases or pests listed
in Section “A.” The Arabic numbers and letters at the beginning
of each line designate the formula, methods or kinds of treatment
to give, as expressed in Section “B.”
Ia.
Ib.
IC.
Id.
If.
IIa.
IIb.
IIc.
IId.
IIf.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIC.
IIId.
IIIf.
III.g.
PEST'S OF APPLE.
1e; 52. When leaf-buds are about to open, when blossoms are about to
open, when petals have fallen, and at intervals of ten days until fruit
is three-fourths grOWn.
2. When first observed.
3. To replace first treatment with 1 b.
4. As soon as the disease is observed either on the apple trees or, as
“cedar-apples,” on Cedar bushes Or trees.
1e, 52, 3, as for Apple Rot.
5. To replace first treatment with 1 b.
6. When first observed, seeking it every two weeks.
37b. When cuts or wounds are fresh and more than 1% in. in diameter.
7. When cultivating, fertilizing Or pruning.
161. At intervals while pruning. .*
8. When first Observed.
3, 9, 10e, 11b. When trees become dormant, and again when leaf buds are
about to Open.
10c, 12a. When trees are in full foliage, spraying four times of intervals of
five or six dayS.
3, 9, 10e, 11b, 25. When trees are dormant.
9, 10a, 10b, 12a. When eggs have above all hatched and crawlers are num-
erous, about May 25th.
3, 10a, 10b, 12a. Just before the buds burst.
84. In winter time, if eggs are numerous.
10a, 10b, 12a. After aphis appear and before the leaves become curled.
10d. flººr leaves become curled, dipping curled leaves into vessel of solu-
OIl.
3, 10a, 10b. 12a. While tree is dormant, and wherever there is evidence of
former presence of Woolly Aphis.
10a, 10b, 12a. After aphids appear.
13, 14, 15. When found on the roots.
22. Within two years of the maturity of a brood.
23b, 24b, 24c, 38. Just as the petals fall, and again ten days later. (Com-
bine with No. 1).
25. Before spraying.
26. As the i.fested fruit falls.
27. Al Way S.
23b, 24b, 38. As the leaf buds begin -to open. Again as fruit buds begin to
open and (unless spraying for Codling moth is done as petals fall)
after the blossoms fall.
23c, 24b, 38. As soon as caterpillars appear, which usually is when the
leaf buds begin to burst. Repeat in three days if necessary.
28. In June or July.
41. Until the fruit is nearly mature.
29. About Feb. 1st. *
30. About April 1st. Y.
31, 32, 33, 34. In the autumn.
35. In June, leaving the banding until December.
36, 37. In May or early June.
23c, 24b, 38. As soon as caterpillars appear, and repeat if necessary.
23c, 24b, 38. Just after the buds burst and before the flowers open.
24b, 38. Soon after the petals fall.
39. ‘. i. cool of the morning. Repeat each day as long as any are
Ull
20 tº-
IIIh. x
IV a.
Ia.
IIIa.
IIIb.
Ia.
Ib.
IC.
Id.
IIa.
26. As the infested fruit falls.
28. In July, when the tender stages are in the soil.
40. When fruit is about half grown. 2.
41. Until the fruit is nearly mature.
26. As the infested fruit falls.
28. After July 15th and before the ground freezes.
3, 11, 12b, 69,84. Just before the leaf buds burst in spring.
ASPARA GTUS PEST.S. ,”
42., As soon as recognized.
28. Throughout the growing season.
41. As long as the insects are present.
43. In the early SeaSOn. - -
44, 45, 46. On the dew-Wet plants, after the cutting season.
47a, 47b. Under Some earth or under boards as soon as injury is observed.
28, 41. As long as ground is in Workable condition.
48. As soon as cut-Worms are observed. Look daily under boards, de-
stroying all that are exposed.
BEAN FEST.S.
49, 50, 53. Before planting.
51. 1a, 11a. When plants are two weeks old and repeat two or three times
at intervals Of a Week Or ten dayS.
42. As soon as disease is recognized.
1a. As soon as disease is observed.
50, 54. Before planting.
42. As soon as observed.
55. Promptly after the harvest of the crop.
54. Before planting. --
75a, 1a, 52. At frequent intervals. *. •
12. When pest is observed.
60. In cool- of the day, When pest is present and sluggish.
IIIa. 28, 57. Throughout the growing Season.
IIIb.
Ia.
Ib.
IC.
Id.
Ie.
IIIa.
Ia.
IIa.
IIb.
56. About June 1st.
23b, 24b, 38. As soon as beetles or larvae are observed. (Caution: do not
poison beans, pods of which are used for food). f
58, 59. When seed is gathered and again just before planting.
BEET PESTs.
1a, 52. On seed bed. Where alone the first stage of the disease occurs.
54. Before planting.
42. As soon as observed.
55. Promptly after harvest of crop.
54. Before planting.
55. After harvesting crop. i
1a, 42, 52. At intervals during growing season.
28. Throughout the growing Season.
54. Before planting.
1a. When leaves have Well Started, repeating twice at intervals of two
WeekS.
54. Before planting, Select a rotation by which potatoes and beets will
Inot follow each other.
61, 62. Before sowing the seed or before planting.
63. Soon after the plants start growth and repeat at intervals.
28. Throughout the growing season.
CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWER PEST.S.
54, 64, 61, 62. Before planting.
42. As soon as found.
55. Hºtely after harvesting the crop of cabbage, cauliflower and,
luT111p. -
55. Immediately after harvesting the crop.
57. Throughout the growing season. -
58. In late autumn and at any other time, cabbage kept over to the
Second year for seed.
10b, 10c, 65. Whenever seen and before the “head” forms.
66, 67. After the head has formed. (For cabbage).
68a. When the cabbage is set out, plant between the rows.
69. When the Wintered-over bugs have been attracted to the mustard
60. In the cool of the morning.
21
IIc.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIc.
IIId.
Ia.
IC.
IIa.
IVa.
Ia.
Ic.
IIIa.
Ia.
Ib.
IC.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIc.
IV a.
IVb.
Ia.
Ib.
46; 124a.; 12a. As soon as seen (sometimes by May 1st).
111, Frequently, each year.
56, 24b, 70. When first seen.
23b, 24b, 12a, 71a. As Soon as seen. Repeat is necessary.
72, 66, 12a. After “head” forms.
44, 46. While dew is on.
54. Before planting.
10c. Sprinkle liberally after setting out.
73; 155. Soon after setting out.
15. Inject a half-teaspoonful at roots of each plant, soon after setting.
46, 1b, 24b. When work of flea beetle is first observed.
57. Throughout the growing season.
68b. Before setting out plants.
*
CARNATION PEST.S.
1a, 76, 42, 74, 75a. As soon as rust appears, or earlier if it is anticipated.
and repeated at Occasional intervals until near time to bloom.
52. When stains would be objectionable.
42. As soon as seen.
20. Before securing stock.
21. Continually.
78, 79. Whenever troublesome.
CELERY PEST.S.
77. Whenever present, Syringe judiciously.
1a. Soon after seed-bed is started and at intervals of two weeks until
transplanting time.
1a, 52. After transplanting, if necessary, and until blanching time.
55. Promptly after harvesting the crop.
54. If disease has appeared before.
42. As soon as observed.
80. Especially during the tender stage.
81. When blanching in hot weather.
42. As soon as seen.
55. Promptly after stripping stalks.
1a, 52. During growth.
23b. When plants are young.
56. Any time.
CHERRY PEST.S.
2, 41, 42. As soon as observed.
20. Before planting.
1a, 52, 11a. Before blossoms open, after fruit is well formed, and twice
again at intervals of two weeks.
1a and 23b or 1a, and 24b may be used for early sprays.
85. When fruit is nearly but not quite ripe.
42. On Sight. *
82. New knots on large limbs which it is undersirable to destroy.
57. Whenever affected. Look at Wild Cherry and wild plum for disease.
1a. Two or three times early in season.
83. As they fall and especially after the last have fallen.
23b, 24a, 38. Soon after fruit is set.
39. Daily, in cool of the morning, while adults can be found.
26, 40. As fast as affectation is observed.
41. While pests are present. May and June.
28. In July.
23b, 24a, 72a, 44, 45. Whenever slugs are seen. Repeat if necessary.
41. Throughout the fruit season.
87. Immediately after harvesting the crop.
88, 89, 90. Spray fruit at intervals of 3 or 4 days, following the curculio
arsenical sprays.
114, 68c, 68d, 68e, 68f. At first opportunity for setting nursery stock.
163. During the spring months.
CHRYSANTHEMUM PEST.S.
1a, 52. Every ten days or two weeks—using only No.52 after flowers com-
mence to appear.
75. Frequently.
IIa.
IIIa.
10a, 12a, 16b, 67, 69, 92. When aphids are observed. *
15. When plants may be enclosed in a fumigating box, using 1 dram. per
Cubit foot.
28. In the autumn.
47b, 47c, 41, 93. Whenever troublesome.
*
22
Ia.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIId.
Ia.
IIa.
IIb.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIc.
IIId.
III.e.
III.g.
IIIh.
III.i.
IV a.
Ib.
Id.
IIa.
IIb.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIc.
IIId.
IV a.
Ia.
Ic.
CLOVER PEST.S.
42, 174, 95. As soon as seen and on the spot where it grew.
50, 54, 186. Before sowing.
187. When first observed.
100. When infestation is serious, in May or June.
43, 100. As soon as serious infestation is observed.
188. During autumn.
189. When green vegetation is scarce, and weather is cool.
190. #3. before sunrise, each morning for about ten days after eggs
2:lº Cºl.
47b, 47c, 60, 93, 182. When pest becomes seriously numerous.
CORN PEST.S.
42. As soon as seen.
54, 61, 62. Before planting.
94. Before ground freezes.
13, 54. Before planting.
54. Béfore planting.
41. During growing season.
47a., 47b. As soon and as long as injury is observed or anticipated. Some
bait may be sown in furrow in which corn is planted.
54. Before planting.
28. As long as ground is in workable condition.
94. Before ground freezes.
48. As soon as observed. Lift boards daily and destroy all exposed.
41. During growing season, until corn begins to ear.
56. As seen.
94. Before ground freezes,
54. Before planting.
94. Before ground freezes.
28. Throughout the growing season.
54. Before planting.
94. Before ground freezes.
28. Throughout-growing season.
13a, 13b. Before planting.
47a, 47b. As soon as injury is observed. ---
94. Before ground freezes, especially when ground is in Old timothy sod,
or beset with sedge or bulb-rooted grass.
56. Whenever observed at work on wilting plants.
95. When numbers are assembled on a limited tract.
12b, 24b. When numerous.
*96. Roll continuously while “army” is crossing strip.
19. Just before planting. *
CUCURBIT PEST.S.
54. Before planting. (A special rotation may be found necessary).
97. Before planting seed in in-door pots.
56. As soon as a leaf becomes noticeably affected.
78. When plants are in a greenhouse.
98. In late March or early April.
99. From time plant is set out or appears above ground until it outgrows
the enclosure. *
56, 48, 60. As long as any are found.
10b; 12a. When bugs are on the ground. º
12a. When bugs are young and soft, this will sometimes help.
69, 55, 95, 100. As soon as crop is gathered.
45, 23b, 24b. Before infestation occurs.
100. As the vines aequire growth.
33. When Worlºing in the vines.
56. Whenever adults are found, in cool of the day or on wet days.
98. In late March or early April.
99. From time plant is set out or appears above ground until it outgrows
the enclosure.
92, 102, 103: When dew is on the growing plant.
14. As soon as plant is started.
42, 55. Promptly after harvesting the crop.
23b, 24b, 38, 45. Whenever observed.
77. Applied as a forceful jet whenever needed.
42. When infestation is serious.
CURRANT PEST.S.
52. Soon as leaves expand, repeating at intervals of 10 days, if necessary.
1a. Soon as leaves expand, and at intervals until fruit is set.
83. As they fall.
42. As soon as found. (Very infectious).
23
IIc.
IId.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIc.
Ia.
Ib.
Ic.
Id.
IIa.
IIa.
IIIa.
IIIb.
Ib.
IIIa.
Ia.
Ib.
Ie.
Id.
IIa.
IIb.
IIc.
IIIa,
}
A
84. In winter time.
60. While inactive in the cool of the morning.
12b. Will sometimes kill, when it touches the bugs. *
3, 12a, 71a. After leaves fall in the autumn and again, before the leaves
burst in spring. ,”
10a, 10b. When young are just hatched.
10e. Apply with brush at any time.
23b, 24b, 102, 103, 72a, 72b, 44, 45, 46, 104,. 105. Whenever observed. Use
the dry powders when dew is on.
42. As soon as the leafing-out shows the presence of the Borer.
84. In the winter time.
106. In leafing-out time, as soon as injury shows.
EGG PLANT' PEST.S.
1a. As soon as leaves unfold and repeat, to keep the leaves continuously
covered, until fruit is nearly mature.
52. When fruit is nearing maturity.
55. As soon as crop is gathered.
42. As soon as observed.
42. As soon as recognized. Insects carry this disease from plant to plant.
54. Before planting.
1a. Early, and at intervals until some fruit is nearing maturity.
52. *. the fruit is so far developed as to be marked by the Bordeaux
Sta.III.
86. While plants are in hotbed.
1a. Once, in the event of the occurrance of this disease.
67. Apply persistently, as long as pest is present.
ELM PEST.S.
42. As soon as the “galls” appear.
23a, 24b, 38. As soon as leaves unfold, and repeat whenever insects attack
the foliage by chewing.
23a, 24b, 38. As soon as larvae appear.
56. In mid-Summer and in winter, whenever egg-mashes are seen.
GOOSEBERRY.
75b. As soon as the leaves begin to unfold, and repeat at intervals of 18
to 20 days.
1a. May be used in place of first spray of No. 75b.
41. During as much of the time the fruit is growing as the poultry will
leave the fruit undisturbed.
Asº-
& 40. As fast as infestation is observed.
23b, 24b, 38. Before fruit is half-grown.
83. In the autumn.
GRAPE PEST.S.
1a. When buds are bursting. Repeat every two weeks until fruit is half-
grOWn.
115. As soon as “set.”
52. From time fruit is half grown, every week or so, if any evidence of rot
appears.
3. While vines are dormant.
2, 40, 42. As soon as disease is observed.
1a., 52, 107. A week or ten days before the vines blossom; again, as soon
as berries are well set; again, three Weeks later.
108. With bellows—10 or 12 days before flowers open; again, when in...full
bloom; again, if disease increases, about three weeks later.
75b. With spray pump, at same date as for dry sulfur.
42. In winter, and as soon as seen.
110. Before buds start in spring.
109; 1a. As soon as disease appears, in the growing Season.
92, 46. About July 1st.
71e, 12c. When insects are present. Follow this immediately by spraying
those insects on the ground with 71b, or with 12b.
16a, 18, 60. Any time pests are present.
55, 111. As soon as leaves have fallen.
3, 12a, 71a. When leaves fall, repeating in spring before buds burst.
10e. Apply to bark with a brush, any time scales are observed.
10a, 10b, 12a, 16. During growing season. ---
20. Before planting.
24b. About June 20th, and again about July 3rd. Repeat later if neces-
Sary.
28. Thºshout the season, especially latter part of June and through
uly.
º
P.
* 24
IIIb.
IIIc.
Ia.
IIa.
IV a.
IIa.
IIb.
IIc.
IId.
IIIa.
IIIb.
IIIc.
IIId.
III.e.
IIIa.
IIIb.
3, 67, 15. Apply to soil at roots, early in spring.
112. Whenever the masses may be found, beginning about June 25th.
39. Every day adults are present, beginning about June 20th.
113. Early in season. º
56, 39, 24b, 38. As soon as observed and repeat as often as may seem neces-
Sary.
114. As long as there is any evidence of adults.
115. As soon as fruit is “set.”
69, 71b. After shaking beetles to the ground.
115. As soon as fruit is “set.”
26, 40, 56. As soon as infestation is observed."
55. Promptly after crop is harvested.
57. Wherever observed.
83. As soon as leaves have all fallen.
HOLLYEHOCK P.E.S.T.S.
42. As soon as known to be diseased. g
116. Sponge all diseased parts as soon as disease is found.
1a, 52. Early in season and repeated occasionally, should be preventive.
83. As they fall.
*
*
HOUSE PLANTS.
77. Apply hot, but not scalding, when aphids are present.
10a, 10b, 79. Whenever seen.
117. Apply from tea-kettle, as close as one’s hand can be held without
Scalding.
118, 119. Upon re-setting.
15, 120. Inject into soil at base of plant, as soon as nematodes are found.
-- HOUSEHOLD. PEST.S.
59, 15. (Caution: Both are very deadly, the latter is also extremely ex-
plosive when in contact with fire.) When infestation is serious, and
repeat in about two weeks.
56, 135. Whenever a few specimens only are found.
121. Throughout the year.
122a. Thoroughout the fly-season.
123, 124, 15, 59. Whenever flies are inside the house.
122a. Throughout the time mosquitoes are troublesome.
125, 126, 127. At earliest possible opportunity.
128, 124. When mosquitoes are in the house.
129. Clean the Sleeping rugs daily, out of doors.
130. Whenever infestation is observed.
131. At earliest posible date.
123a, 72a, 124. Applied on the floor, so long as infestation lasts.
18. Fan the floor while pest is numerous.
132, 15, 69. Pour into nest, as soon as it is located.
133. As often as necessary.
134, 59, 15, 135. At any time infestation is observed.
136. At earliest convenience.
137, 138, 139. Any time goods subject to injury are put away.
59, 15. Fumigate in a tight vessel, at any time; or in the whole room.
140. Any clothing or other fabrics, before putting away.
141. At earliest convenience.
142. Sprinkle about the sink and any other place where the roaches find
Water, daily until the roaches have disappeared.
72a, 143. About the roach feeding places, daily until they disappear.
135. Spray the hiding places frequently.
LAWN PEST.S.
144. During time adults are about, especially May and June.
15. Inject into the sod at about six points per square yard, where in-
festation is serious, and repeat a few weeks later if the grubs con-
tinue to kill the sod.
13a; 13b. As soon as presence of pest is recognized.
41. All the time, unless they may damage the lawn.
47a, 47b, 48. So long as the pest continues, renewing bait and looking .
daily under boards. - &
LIVESTOCK PEST.S.
121. Throughout the year. {
145. Every day or two.
56. Whenever seen flying, especially for large horse flies.
122b. Before fly season begins.
*
*
*
º º 25
* .
IIc. 130, 12b, 146, 147. As soon as infestation is observed. Repeat as often as
neces.Sary. -
IId. 124a, 12c, 130. As soon as infestation is observed, and repeat if necessary.
IIe. 148. As soon as the first egg is observed.
56. Whenever seen flying about stock. *
IIf. 149. Before there is danger of infestation, and renew when necessary.
, 56. Whenever seen flying about stock.
IIg. 121. Throughout the season.
150. As soon after its presence is noticed as possible.
56. Whenever seen as a fly about stock.
IVa. 146, 151. As often as necessary. -
LOCUST IPEST.S.
IIIa. 23c, 24b, 38. As soon as larval form is observed.
56. During winter, when “bags” are readily seen.
IIIb. 37. In August, or as soon as the first adults are seen on the Goldenrod,
every year.
IIIc. 37, 10e. About June 1st.
31, 32, 34. While larvae are actively at work.
IIId. 23c, 24b, 38. In early summer.
MAPLE PEST.S.
IIa. 77. Applied every other day in a forceful jet. te
10a, 10b, 12a, 71a. When leaves first appear, and every week until incon-
Spicuous.
NURSERY STOCK PESTS.
Ia. 42. As soon as observed.
Id. 1a, 52. Before buds burst and repeat, to keep the mixture constantly on
the leaves.
Ie. 52. When leaves are half grown, and repeat four or five times at inter-
Vals of 12 days. *
IIb. 12b, 71b, 10d., 3, 11b, 152c. During dormant season.
12a, 71a, 10a, 10b. Latter part of May and again, latter part of July.
IIc. 10a, 10b, 12a, 71a. At any time. A
IId. 16. As soon as infestation is observed and before leaves become curled.
18. After leaves curl and adults appear.
17. Before planting.
IIIa. 23b, 24b, 38. As soon as observed. Repeat, if necessary.
OATS PEST.S.
Ia. 53, 61, 62, 153. Before sowing.
Tb. 28, 50, 54, 113. Before planting. 2 -
--- ONION PEST.S.
Ib. 55. As soon as crop is gathered.
42. As soon as observed.
61, 62, 154. Before planting.
Ic. 1a. As soon as disease is recognized, and repeat at intervals of about 10
ayS.
IIa. 12a, 10f, 77. Whenever there is evidence of injury.
113. At or before planting time. |
OSAGE ORANGE PEST.S.
IIIa. 42. As Soon as observed. *- * !
PEA.
IIa. 157. At mid-day, when weather and ground are dry and hot.
39, 60, 12a, 10b. Whenever pests are observed.
156. When planting.
PEACH AND NECTARINE PEST.S.
Ib. 3, 5. Before buds burst.
1a. After leaves open, and repeat, to keep solution present until leaves
are half grown.
42. Destroy leaves as soon as observed.
IIa. 10f, 16c, 12a. As soon as observed on foliage.
14, 15. As soon as found to be on the roots.
IIIa. 160, 35, 158. About June 1st, removing same in September.
159, 31, 32, 33, 34. When larvae are boring in the wood.
IIIc. 42. As soon as infestation becomes serious.
36, 10f. When infestation is observed, but considered slight. “Repeat to
keep trunk covered.
26
Ie.
IIa.
IIb.
IVb.
IIc.
III.e.
IIIb.
Ia.
Ib.
IIa.
IIIa.
III.e.
IIIf.
*r
IIIa.
IV a.
IVb.
Ie.
Ia.
Ib.
IC.
IIIa.
IIIC.
*-
IIId.
PEAR PEST.S.
1c, 3, 5, 11b. Before buds open.
1b, 11a, 52. After blossoms have fallen, and at intervals of two Weeks
until danger of infestation is past.
13c. Between middle and end of June.
68g. At earliest tree-planting season. *
40. In May. When Lawrence pears are in bearing, pick and destroy all
their fruit if pest is present, in May.
162, 159, 71b. In winter time.
10g, 36. In spring, before buds burst, applied only to trunk and larger
branches. - •º
3, 11b, 12b, 69, 84. In late fall or early spring.
•r
PLUM EFEST.S.
55. When the hop (the alternating food-plant) crop is gathered.
3. During dormant season.
10a, 10b. As soon as Aphids appear, repeating when necessary.
23b; 24a.; 38. As soon as they appear.
POPT, AR PEST.S.
17. At time of planting.
42. In May or early June.
23b, 24b, 38. Combined with 1a, during July.
POTATO PEST.S.
1C. Before plants are half grown, and repeat at intervals to keep the
chemical continuously on the leaves.
55. As soon as crop is gathered.
1C. About July 15. and repeat every 10 days or two weeks until vines are
nearly ripe.
42. As soon as Blight gets beyond control.
55. As soon as crop is gathered, or as soon as blight gets beyond control.
10b, 12a, 16b. As soon as observed. -
23C, 24b, 38, 45. When first observed. Repeat as may prove necessary.
57. Throughout the season.
47b, 47c. When injurious, renewing as often as necessary.
13b. When plants are about breaking through the ground.
28. Especially during early growing season.
55. As Soon as crop is gathered.
57, 111. Throughout the season.
w
-
JPOULTRY PEST.S.
164, 166. When chicks are hatched and when lice become dangerous.
165. Throughout the year.
167, 168. Until there ceases to be injury from gapes.
169. When infestation by gape-worms is observed.
166. Whenever observed.
3, 11, 69, 146b, 152b, 71b, 151. For treatment of poultry houses and coops
Whenever infestation is known.
QUINCE PESTS.
.*
52. When fruit is nearly mature.
2, 26. As soon as seen.
87. After crop is gathered.
RASPEERRY, BLACKBERRY, DEWEERRY PEST.S.
. 1a, 52. Before the leaves Open. Again, Spray young shoots only, soon
after they appear above ground, again about two weeks later, and
a fourth spraying (third exclusively for young shoots) just before
time the Old Canes bloom.
170. As soon as crop of fruit is gathered.
42. As soon as seen. -
20. Before planting.
57. At earliest possible opportunity.
42. As soon as seen.
42. In dormant season, any canes showing egg-punctures.
6. When thinning out canes in winter or by April 15.
42. In winter, destroy all galls as soon as found.
27
Ia.
Ib.
IC.
IIa.
IV a.
IIIa.
III.C.
Ia.
Ib.
IIa.
IIb.
IIIC.
IIId.
IIIe.
IV a.
IIIb.
Ib.
Id.
IIId.
IV a.
Ia.
IC.
d
ROSE PEST.S.
52. From time leaves appear, at intervals of 7 or 10 days.
75a, 52. When first observed. Repeat if necessary.
42, 83. As soon as observed.
Ö2. As soon as Ieaves Open. Repeat in two weeks.
12a, 71a, 10a, 10b, 67, 171. When first aphids are seen. Repeat after a day
Or two if any continue alive.
77, 75a, 173. Whenever observed.
PESTS OF STORED PRODUCT.
59, 15. At any time that infestation is recognized.
183. As opportunity offers.
59, 15. At any time after wheat is threshed.
. 183. As opportunity offers.
184. When previous crops have been known to be infested in the Sheaf.
STRAWBERRY PEST.S.
1a. When new leaves start, again just before blossoms open, and a third
time, after crop is gathered.
174. As soon as crop is gathered.
42. As soon as observed.
20. Before planting.
174. As soon as crop is gathered.
12a, 220, 28, 54, 59, 67. Before planting.
100. As soon after gathering the crop as infestation is known.
174. As Soon as crop is gathered.
23b, 24b. May be expected to have beneficial effect when applied at time
leaves start growth, and again before fruit sets. Also, between July
1st and August 1. g
175. When planting.
176. From early spring until buds are about to open.
57. Throughout the season.
42. During flowering season.
100. Promptly after harvesting the fruit.
20, 54. As early as possible, and before April.
68h. When planting. Allow the fruit of these to remain ungathered.
TOBACCO PEST.S.
185. Frequently, especially after heavy rains.
54. Before planting.
28, 57. Throughout the growing season.
56. Whenever seen, especially in early season and in late July or early
August.
TOMATO PEST.S.
177. When plant makes a good start.
1a., 52. At intervals of 10 days or two weeks during growing season.
42. As soon as observed. * *-
119. Before making up beds, each year.
56. Whenever seen.
23b, 24b, 38. Before fruit begins to ripen.
54. Before planting.
57. Throughout the season.
VIOLET IPEST.S.
1a. When first seen. Repeat at intervals of ten days, if necessary.
42. As soon as seen.
75a. When first seen.
42, 83. As soon as seen.
Id.
Ie.
IIa.
IIIb.
IIIC.
IIId. •
IVC.
IVd.
20, 119. When making up the new bed, each year.
20, 119, 178. When making up the new bed.
20, 119. When making up the new bed each year.
86. Throughout the year.
59. Whenever observed.
46; 72a; 124a. When adults are observed at windows.
179a. As soon as pest is anticipated or observed, applying the lime in and
about the crown.
59. When pest becomes troublesome.
119. Before planting.
86. During growing season.
56, 59. As soon as seen.
47a, 47b, 48. Whenever troublesome. #
179a, 104a, 105a. When it is present. ---
179b, 104b, 105b. Before it gains access to plants to be protected.
179a. When seen. l
28
WHEAT PEST.S.
IIa. 10a, 10b, 12a, 67. When pest becomes serious. Apply with knapsack
Sprayer.
IIIa. 100, 174. Immediately after harvest.
68i. In a marginal strip of field, before planting the main crop. After
eggs have been laid on this strip of wheat, plow under. Plant main
crop on or after September 20.
IIIb. 100. Inmediately after harvest.
† 55. After threshing.
IIIc. 180. Throughout the years. t
23b, 24b, 38. When young and few.
23C, 24b, 38, 10d., 12b, 71b, 67, 16c. While “army” is in progress.
96, - 181. Continuously, while “army” is in progress.
182. Before “army” has reached the line, and after the line of progress
is definite.
100. After the pest has gone into the ground.
Q
POTATO TROUBLES.
A Serious Hindrance which will greatly Restrict the Yield, and
Reduce the Quality of the Tubers.
Passing through the country, one can often see wherever potatoes
are grown the effects of the late blight of potatoes, which is in-
dicated by the death of the foilage and premature dying of the
entire stalk at a time when they should be in a healthy, thrifty
condition.
Potato blight is an internal fungous disease, for which there is
no remedy, yet it is safe to state that it can, in most instances
be prevented.
The most favorable climatic conditions for the spread of this
disease is warm, wet weather, it is then when the funguous spores
multiply most readily, and extend their germinating tubes, which
are exceedingly small and can be seen only with a compound
microscope. These germinating tubes penetrate the leaves and
effect the entire plant, therefore, once the fungus has gained en-
trance, it is practically impossible to arrest its development. It is
similar to the fruit rots of plums, peaches, and grapes, also so
prevalent. -
One of the chief agents in starting potato blight is the flea-
beetle, which punctures the foliage of the potato stalk and
allows the blight to enter and further arrest the functions and
development of the leaves. When the potato stalks are young
one can easily detect the mischief of this small beetle by taking a
leaf from a stalk and holding it toward the light. These are not
the actual cause of the blight but are the means of assisting it
to attack.
While no amount of spraying will be of any benefit after the
stalks are affected, the line of treatment indicated is to cover the
entire plant and foliage with some substance that will destroy the
spores as soon as they germinate, or one that has the power of
preventing their germinating. Recent, and repeated experiments
have verified the good effects of such work, and good profits have
been realized over the cost of treatment. As much as $60.00 net
profit per acre has been gained by repeated treatments at Geneva,
N. Y.
29
The most serious enemies in potato culture, are the Flea-beetle
already mentioned, the Colorado-beetle which has been dosed with
thousands of pounds of paris green, the early and late blight, the
bacterial blight, the rot, scab, and powdery mildew. All but a few
of these can be controlled or prevented by frequent and thorough
applications of the great fungicide “Bordeaux Mixture,” a com-
bination of lime, and copper sulphate with water.
Spraying is no longer an experiment, it is a necessity, and it
must eventually come among the regular routine of farm operations.
The different insect enemies and diseases should be carefully
studied and preparations made to combat them hereafter.
The farmer has at his command a host of able advisers, and can
also obtain, from the State Department of Agriculture and the
United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletins on the above
and other subjects.-(Contributed.)
PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE WORK IN THE BUCKS
COUNTY DEMONSTRATION ORCEHARD AT THE
NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL, FARM
SCHOOL, PA.
Orchard pests have become so destructive in Pennsylvania that
it is necessary to show by practical means how the best results are
to be obtained by the application of practical scientific principals
in the suppression or control of pests and the production of fruits,
notwithstanding their occasional presence. Farmers and orchar-
dists demand to be shown methods rather than to be handed bulle.
tins. With this in view we obtained the consent of the authorities
of the National Farm School, at Farm School, Bucks County, to
use their orchard as a public Demonstration Orchard for that
county. The Director, Dr. J. H. Washburn, an eminent scientific
agriculturist, gave all possible co-operation, and the work was done
in such a manner that not only the teachers and students in the
School, but also the farmers in the surrounding neighborhood were
able to see just what was undertaken, what was accomplished,
and what results were obtained. $.
The institution placed at our disposal their bearing peach an
apple orchard. The peach orchard contained about two hundred
trees, about six or seven years of age and of very large size. These
were not in good condition because badly infested with San José
Scale and also injured by borers and some showed the appearance
of yellows. They had not been very productive during previous years
and, in fact, we were told that they had not previously produced
enough fruit to justify their maintenance, and the Director was
considering their removal. -
This peach orchard was pruned severely, in fact, so severely that
many persons thought that it was being ruined. It had a great
deal of brush, and that needed to be removed. Nearly a third of
the brush at the tops of the trees was cut out, both in removing
superfluous branches and in changing or cutting back those which
needed restraining. For fruit production nothing is more important
30
than severe but judicious cutting of brush, of which a great quantity"
Was taken from the orchard and burned. The trees were examined
for borers at the base of each, and these were removed with knives.
These trees were then thoroughly sprayed with the boiled Lime-
sulfur Wash. Which was made by boiling seventeen pounds of
Flowers of Sulfur and twenty-two pounds of Quick Lime for one
hour, in enough water to boil the material, in a iron kettle. It was
then strained through a conical strainer of brass wire cloth, with
twenty-eight meshes to the inch, and diluted with cold water to
make fifty gallons. The trees were thoroughly sprayed with this,
preparation. This was for the purpose of destroying the San José
Scale upon them, and also to destroy certain other pests which
might be present, such as the eggs of tent-caterpillars, the bud
moth, twig borers, etc. The secondary purpose in the use of this
Lime-sulfur Solution was to destroy fungus germs which cause
diseases of leaf and fruit, such as the peach leaf curl and brown
rot or ripe rot of peach, plum and cherry, and which may be found
during the winter and spring on twigs and fruits of trees. The
trimming was done before the buds burst and the spraying was
done while the buds were yet swelling but before the green leaves
appeared. The peach trees were sprayed but once and that with
the home-boiled Lime-sulfur Wash. No further treatment was
given them throughout the season.
The results were surprising in that the scale was checked and
satisfactorily controlled. The peach leaf curl did not appear in the
orchard during the growing season; the trees made a good growth,
some of which reached a height of six to eight feet, and the crop
was a record-breaker for this orchard. After the students and
School had used a good quantity of these peaches and others had
been borrowed by neighbors, the remainder, certainly not more
than half the total, were also sold for about one hundred dollars.
The fruit was first class and sold for a good price. This plainly
shows the possibility of methods for the production of good peaches
even in Orchards where the San José Scale Occurs. The results
were more than satisfactory to the officers of the institution, who
were on the ground, and were able to see for themselves the methods
and the Work. º -
, The actual cost of this work, for the production of such a crop,
could not have been more than twenty dollars considering material,
labor, etc., and consequently this was not more than ten per cent.
of the profit realized during the first year. The trees are now in
healthy condition and have formed an abundance of fruit buds for
blooming next year. A little further pruning and another spray-
ing will be necessary sometime during the winter or spring.
The apple orchard was planted with several standard varieties of
apples, and the trees had reached mature age and size. They were
pruned and sprayed with the Lime-sulfur Wash for San José Scale,
and given the same treatment as the peach trees had received, ex-
cepting that just after the blossoms fell the apple trees were sprayed
with a solution of Bordeaux Mixture and Arsenate of Lead for the
codling moth which makes wormy apples, pears and quinces, and
for certain diseases of leaf and fruit. In about ten days this
spraying of Bordeaux Mixture and Lead Arsenate was repeated.
31
The Bordeaux Mixture was made by dissolving three pounds of
Blue stone or Copper Sulphate in fifty gallons of water and slak-
ing four pounds of Quick Lime, adding water to make a milk of
lime and pouring this into the dilute Blue Stone, straining it as
it was poured in. This makes the Bordeaux Mixture which is used
to prevent the appearance of fungous diseases of leaf and fruit, but
is not used for insects. To apply an insecticide at the same time,
the Arsenate of Lead was used, and two pounds of Arsenate of
Lead were stirred in water until dissolved or well suspended, and
then strained into the fifty gallons of Bordeaux Mixture. This
arsenical poison is primarily for the purpose of destroying the larva
or young of the codling moth while it is yet feeding at the out-
side of the blossom end of the apple, and before it enters the fruit.
The proper time for spraying is just after the blossoms fall. This
should be renewed again in ten days. If this work be done with
care, the midsummer spraying with arsenical poison for the cod-
ling moth will scarcely be necessary, especially if all bearing apple,
pear and quince trees of the vicinity be thus treated in the first
brood.
Many of the apple trees were thoroughly sprayed with the Bor-
deaux Mixture and poison, but a few left for comparison and obser-
vation of results. These results were remarkable. On the sprayed
trees very few wormy apples could be found at the time of fall
examination, and the leaves had remained better on the trees, and
the fruit had also fallen much less. Not more than ten per cent.
of the sprayed apples were infested with codling moth. On the
unsprayed trees the fruit was badly infested with worms, the leaves
were yellower and more spotted with fungous diseases, and did not
remain so well, and the fruit dropped much earlier. On some of
these trees the percentage of sound apples was almost reversed
in comparison with those on the sprayed trees, or in other words,
at least ninety per cent. of the fruit was infested, the remainder
being all that was free from the attacks of the “worm,” known as
the codling moth larva.
Unfortunately; the exact cost of the treatment of this orchard
is not at hand at the present time, nor is the exact value of the
product for the year, but it is certain that the cost of all the prun-
ing and spraying was not nearly as much as one-fourth of the value
of the product, and the trees are now in better condition than they
were before such treatment was given.
It is recommended that these orchards be cultivated and that
such treatment be continued. Definite plans are now being made
to continue this work, and it is thought that the permanent Demon-
stration Orchard can be established here.
We take this opportunity to express the thanks of this office and
its employes who were engaged in the work for the courtesies shown
by the officers of the National Farm School, and for the facilities
and co-operation which made successful work possible.
Respectfully submitted,
H. A. SURFACE, State Economic Zoologist,
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,
t Harrisburg, Pa.
( 83)

9 L
/
.73 & THE
ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN.


OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
*
--- VOL. VII—No. 2
* *-*.
- " :*-
º
*
"r
SUBJECT: ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY:
SHORT ARTICLES
JULY 1, 1909
H. A. SURFACE. Economic zoologiº,
Editor.
tº- -º º º # * …, º§§.
.*, * *ś *.
Enterea May 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, thºr A& ; : ,
of Congress of June 6, 1900 * , º ".
tº . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sº g 3.
* *
HARRISBURG :
C. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
1909.
tº
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR JULY, 1909.
VOLUME VII, i No. 2.
Established in April, 1903, at the office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE JULY BULLETIN.
OUR MONTHLY CHAT WITH READERS, ..... tº e º gº tº º e dº e e º c e º e e º e e is 35
A WEEKLY ZOOLOGICAL PRESS BULLETIN, . . . . . . . . tº te e º 'º e º e º e s tº e 36
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 1.
Introductory, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº © tº º ºs tº ſe e º ºs e º e º 'º º º º 38
Treatment of Seed Potatoes to Prevent Scab, ... . . . . . . © to e º e º 'º e º e º 'º e 38
Do Not Spray Blossoms, . . . . . . tº tº º º º ſº tº e º e º 'º º º tº e º º e © tº ſº tº e º e e º ºs e º e 39
Weekly Press News Letter No. 2.
Use the Within Information Freely, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº º 'º e º 'º e º ºs º º e & 40
Ask the Professor Questions, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e º 'º º e º ºs e e 41
To Prevent Damage from Moths, . . . . . gº tº e º e & tº º & © tº º ſº tº º tº º e º º º 'º e e º 'º e 41
Scale on Hedge Fences, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © º e º 'º e º ºs e º & º º 41
Arsenate of Lead and Bordeaux for Codling Moth, . . . . . © º e o 'º e s e e º e º e 42
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 3
Use Pure Copper Sulfate, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © C & © e g º e º te e º 'º º e & 43
Mulching Potatoes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º 44
Spraying Plum Trees, Potato Vines, Etc., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 4.
Bitter Rot of Apples, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º sº e º 'º e © e º 'º e º ºs s e e º e º e º 'º e º e 46
Oyster-shell Scale, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 5
Notice to Editors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º e o 'º e º ºs e ſº e º ºs e º 'º e º ſº º e tº e dº 48
Plant Pest Letters Appreciated, . . . . . . . . . . . tº & & © e º e º 'º º e s e e º e e º e g e º e e 48
Cherries Rotting on Trees, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © tº º e º º e º e º e º 'º e e º e 49
Plant Lice or Aphids on Apple Trees, Rose Bushes, etc., . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Weekly Press Letter, No. 6. -
Insecticides and Fungicides, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º te e e © tº º º is tº e º ºs ſº tº e º ºs e º 'º º e 50
Potato Bugs and Blight, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e º e º e s e e º e tº ſº º º 51
Black Ants on Plants and Trees, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº gº º ºs e º ſº 52
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 7.
Cost of Arsenate of Lead, . . . . . . . . * @ G & © e º e º 'º º e g º g & e º & © e º ºs e º e º e s e e e 52
To Start Young Trees Growing, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * > e º e º is a e o e º e e º 53
Outbreak of Aphids or Plant Lice . . . . . tº e º & © e s e e º e º e e º 'º e e & © & © tº e º e º e 54
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 8.
The Rose Leaf Hopper, . . . . . . . . . tº & © tº e º ºs e e g e * * * * * * * c e s e e e e e tº e º 'º e e º 55
The Striped Cucumber Beetle, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
For Peach-tree Borers, • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e e s e e s e e s e e s e e e s a e e e s e s e 56
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 9.
The Rose Bug, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º ºs e º ºs e e º e & © tº e º 'º e º e tº º tº C & © e º e º e 57
For the Young San Jose Scale, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ tº e º 'º 58
The Norway Maple Louse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wº 58
Weekly Press News Letter, No. 10.
Cultivate the Orchard, ..... tº e º 'º e º e º 'º * * * * * * * tº e º e º e s e e s e e e tº e º º gº tº e º gº 59
Getting Rid of Ants on Lawns, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • e º 'o e o e s e e s e e s e e s e e e 60
Shot-hole Borers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Wage War Against Flies, ... . . . . . . . . . . & © e º tº e º e º 'º e º e s e e g & e º 0 e º e e º e º e 61
Specimens received during April, 1909, . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * tº e º e e s e e s e 62
(34)
*AY • ºpe
OUR MONTEILY CELAT WITH READERS.
Orchard Inspection: The work of inspecting orchards by the State
of Pennsylvania is proceeding with full force. In almost every
county a competent inspector is to be found at present pushing for.
ward the campaign of inspection to determine what serious pests are
present and to help give owners instructions in methods of increas
ing the profits from their orchards. Incidentally information is
given on all kinds of plant pests and shrubbery, and bushes on lawns
and in gardens are inspected, as well as the cultivated trees. The
inspectors are doing their duty and come to your premises with in-
formation that will prove of great value if only properly taken.
There is all reason why they should be welcome, and no reason why
we should be repulsed. They have been requested to notify the pub-
lic through local papers concerning the townships in which they are
working each week.
Writing Names Plainly: It again becomes necessary to call atten-
tion to the remarkable ease and rapidity with which every person
can write his own name. He is so familiar with it that he knows it
whether he sees it upside down, backwards, or otherwise distorted.
We are good at guessing and at reading poor writing, because we
have experience with our own, but it is impossible to guess correctly
a proper name when poorly written. We desire to be courteous and
send replies promptly and in such way that they will reach the in-
Quirer, but owing to insufficient or careless address, this is not always
possible.
Sending Specimens: The diagnosis of the cause of the ills of trees
is a difficult matter at long range, even when specimens are sent, and
it becomes almost impossible when inquirers do not send specimens
of pests or diseased or injured parts. These should be sent in such
a manner that they will be fresh and uncrushed when they reach us,
and experience has shown that a small tin box or baking powder can
is about the best receptacle that can be used for safe transmission.
With insects an abundance of food plant should also be enclosed,
and the name of the sender should be in every package. We receive
packages each day to which no reply can be given for the reason that
the sender forgot to enclose or inscribe his name. Please let this
statement, therefore, be a reply to the dozens of persons who have
asked about some package that they sent to this office some time ago.
Permanent record is kept of each as it is received with the name of
the sender, but others are not preserved. We make a specialty of
(35)
36
prompt, accurate, complete and helpful replies. No apology is ever
needed for writing to this office for information within its proper
Scope, which is that of Zoology and Entomology, but not Botany nor
Plant Diseases.
Address all communications to H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg, Pa. -
A WEEKLY ZOOLOGICAL PRESS BULLETIN.
On the fourth day of last May the Division of Zoology of the
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, commenced to issue a
Weekly Press News Letter, expressly for the purpose of putting short
and timely articles before the public by means of their local news-
papers. Copies of the first five Press Letters were sent to every news-
paper in the State, after which they were sent only to those papers
that had previously used one or more of the articles. This conse-
Quently reduced our issue to about six hundred. The Weekly Press
Bulletin being now sent only to those newspapers who have used or
will use somé of its articles occasionally. In the first two months,
or up to and including the 6th of July, ten such Weekly Press com-
munications were mailed from this office, each containing three or
four topics of interest to the farmer and fruit grower on matters per-
taining to insect pests and diseases of plant life. Many of the news-
papers published all of the articles, while others selected such as were
best suited to their particular section. Some of the articles, how-
ever, were used by practically all of the papers of the State.
As there has been a popular demand for the publication of these
articles in some such manner that they can be retained in permanent
form they are herewith presented for the reason that nearly all per-
sons to whom the Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology is
sent retain the same permanently for future reference.
On account of the appreciation that has been shown by the news-
papers of Pennsylvania in publishing these “Timely Topics of Plant
Pests” the service will be continued. The title of the News Letter
has been changed to “Zoological Press Bulletin,” and this is not for
general distribution, but for newspapers only, to which they are sent
free every Tuesday. Any person desiring his new paper to publish
such articles can have them mailed to the Editor upon request by
the latter.
37
It is to be observed that these separate articles are so prepared
that any one can be removed from its original setting or clipped from
the Bulletin and used as a complete contribution by itself. The one
thought in its preparation was that it should be timely in application
with the secondary consideration of reaching as many persons as
possible through the important medium of the press. During re-
cent weeks correspondents have observed that in much of corres-
pondence we have made use of these articles, sending marked copies
in addition to letters, and thus saving considerable time in giving di-
rections for suppressing certain pests of the season. It is obviously
impossible to prepare a Monthly Bulletin treating strictly of the
pests of the exact date of issue, and the Weekly Press Bulletin con-
sequently finds an important place in the State of Pennsylvania.
At some later date subsequent articles will be published also in one
Bulletin, in order to give them permanent form for those persons who
desire to keep them.
WEEKLY PRESS NEWS LETTER.
On Timely Topics of Plant Pests.
From the Division of Economic Zoology—Department of Agriculture.
By H. A. Surface, State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
No. 1. May 4, 1909.
INTERODUCTORY.
To Editors: Editors receiving the initial number of the Weekly
Press News Letter are requested to publish the articles contained
therein, or as much thereof as possible. The articles are timely, and
contain just such information as the progressive farmer and pains-
taking fruit grower is looking for. It will be the aim to review in
the various issues of the News Letter all new discoveries in fruit cul-
ture, and to keep pace with the developments as to insect pests and
the different diseases of trees.
The Press of Pennsylvania renders immense and needed service to
farmers and orchardists and can greatly aid in the work that has
been undertaken by the Division of Economic Zoology of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture in saving the trees of the State.
Please send to the undersigned a marked copy of each issue of
your paper containing any of the matter from the News Letter. The
use of such matter will be taken as an indication that you desire a
continuance of the service, for which there will be no charge.
Yours very truly,
H. A. SURFACE,
State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
TREATMENT OF SEED POTATOES TO PREVENT SCAB.
The subject of the treatment of seed potatoes to prevent scab was
brought to the attention of the Division of Economic Zoology of the
Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania by Mr. R. J. Belt, of
39
Wellsville, York county, Pa., treasurer of the Wells Whip Company.
Mr. Belt treated his potatoes with bichloride of mercury, having dis-
solved two ounces of corrosive sublimate in 16 gallons of water.
Three times this quantity of the mixture was used on 40 bushels of
potatoes.
State Zoologist H. A. Surface replied that he prefers formalin
to corrosive sublimate for potato scab treatment. This is because
the formalin, or formaldehyde, dissolves immediately in water, it be-
ing a liquid itself when in the commercial form, and it does not cor-
rode any material by coming in contact with and drying upon it as
the corrosive sublimate might do. After having killed the disease
germs it evaporates and is gone, so that no evil after-effects can come
from it. It is quickly and easily prepared, and its action upon one's
hand will not be anywhere near as serious as the corrosive sublimate
solution.
To prepare the mixture put 30 gallons of water into a barrel, to
which add one pint of the formalin solution. This about equals one-
half ounce to a gallon. This may appear weak, but it is strong
enough to destroy the scab germs. Put the potatoes in bags and the
bags into barrels, and pour enough of the foregoing solution of forma-
lin and water into the barrel to cover the bags, and let stand for an
hour. After that take the potatoes out of the bags and let them
drain. Other potatoes can be put in the bags and immersed for the
treatment. The liquid can be used again and again as long as any re-
mains. It should be kept covered to prevent escape of the fumes or
evaporation, and it would be well to strengthen it occasionally by
adding a little more of the solution. The potatoes can be treated
either before or after cutting, but if they are not to be planted soon,
dipping before cutting is best. They can be dried in crates or in bar-
rels, or spread on the barn floor, after the same has been swept com-
pletely and scrubbed with a solution of the formalin or bichloride,
whichever is being used.
Do Not Spray Blossoms.
The owners of fruit trees who intend spraying their trees to pre-
vent diseases and kill the coddling moth larva are advised by Prof.
Surface of the Division of Economic Zoology of the Pennsylvania
Department of Agriculture not to spray the blossoms, but to wait
until after the petals have dropped, or more than three-fourths are
down. Injury will be caused to the blossoms if they are sprayed
when open, but the spraying should not be delayed after the blossoms
have fallen. To secure the best results the spray must be applied
within six days after the blossoms fall, and a second spraying should
be done ten days or two weeks after the first application to prove ef-
fectual.
40
The following are the objections to spraying trees when in bloom:
1. There is no definite pest for which the spray is applicable at
that time, and each spraying should be for something definite.
2. The very young fruit is liable to be injured by the spray liquid
falling upon it at this time. Spraying when in bloom is a very sure
way of thinning the fruit crop, but it is very unscientific and un,
satisfactory.
3. Spraying blossoms with poison results in the destruction of
bees. Bees are necessary for fertilization and setting of the fruit.
4. The delay of only a short time, or until just after the blossoms
fall, gives the proper time for spraying for the codling moth and for
plant diseases and does not result in the destruction of fruit or bees.
The proper spraying material is the Bordeaux Mixture to which an
arsenical poison such as Paris Green or arsenate of lead is added.
There are two spraying strengths for this liquid according to the
luardiness of the tree or plant to be sprayed. Spray the apple, pear,
Quince and potato with the strong formula which calls for 3 lbs. blue-
stone and 4 lbs. of quick-lime in 50 gallons of water, with one or two
lbs. of arsenate of lead added to this. If Paris Green is used, instead
of the arsenate of lead, 1-3 lb. should be used to each 50 gallons.
The weak formula calls for one-half of the above quantities of blue-
stone, lime and arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water. This is used
on peach and plum trees on acount of their tender bark, and on simi-
lar delicate plants. Peach and plum trees do not need to be sprayed
immediately after blossoming, but these and the grapes should be
sprayed for wormy fruit, making the application after the fruit
reaches the size of buckshot.
No. 2. May 11, 1909.
-*—
Use the Within Information Freely.
A large number of newspapers in Pennsylvania used the articles
contained in the first number of the Press News Letter sent out last
week, according to the marked copies which have been received at the
office of the State Zoologist. It is hoped that all will co-operate in
fighting the enemies of plant life by using the information, either in
full, or by publishing liberal extracts.
After the first of June the Weekly News Letter will be sent only to
those papers that have signified their desire to have this free service
continued through having mailed a paper to this office, containing
at least one of the articles. The first and present numbers have
been sent to each newspaper in the State.
Do not fail to send marked copies of papers to
H. A. SURFACE,
State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
41
Ask the Professor Questions.
Any of the readers of this paper desiring information in regard to
the enemies and diseases of fruit trees, or other plants of the garden
and farm, should write at once to Prof. H. A. Surface, State Zoolo-
gist, Harisburg, Pa., who takes pleasure in answering tions on
such matters.
Professor Surface is daily in receipt of letters from all over the
State, which cover a wide range of subjects, from spraying for the
destruction of San Jose Scale and oyster shell bark louse to the
ridding of cellars of rats and mice. A case in point may be men-
tioned:
A physician wrote to inquire “whether or not camphor is the best
preventive of moths in cases containing clothing.” As this is the
season of the year when winter clothing is being put away until
needed again, and housekeepers want to know how to keep the moths
from destroying the same, the Professor's answer is apropos. He
replied as follows:
To Prevent Damage from Moths.
“As a preventive of moths in cases containing clothing, there is
nothing like making the cases in which they are packed so tight that
the moth can not enter to lay her eggs, from which eggs the larvae
come. I prefer naphthaline balls to camphor, but if the garments are
wrapped in newspapers and put into a protected case and this sealed
with strips of paper pasted over the cracks at every possible point
of entry, to keep out the moths, there will be no danger of the moths
developing. Camphor or naphthaline balls can be used in the pack-
ages also, but these alone will not prevent the occurrence of the
moths, nor destroy the moth larvae after they have entered. The
chief point in protecting fabrics from destruction by moths is to
keep them in a vessel where the little winged moth can not enter
to lay its eggs. An aid to this is the use of some substance like the
balls above mentioned, which act as a repellant. After the cloth-
ing is attacked destroy the pests at once by fumigating with bi-
sulfid of carbon.”
The State Zoologist of Pennsylvania recommends one pound of
this liquid to each 100 cubic feet of space, either sprinkled on cloth
or poured into shallow vessels placed on it.
Scale on Hedge Fences.
Osage orange hedges in some sections of the State have become
so infested with San Jose Scale, according to information received
by the Division of Economic Zoology of the State Department of
42
Agriculture that they are proving a serious menace to the fruit
trees of the respective localities in which the insect has thus ap-
peared. These hedge fences seem to be regular breeding or lurking
places of the scale, especially when the hedges are given but lit-
tle attention in the way of pruning.
To hold the scale in control on such fences, it would be well to
prune the hedges back or cut them low, and spray them thoroughly
with boiled lime-sulfur wash. This can be done at almost any time
for this kind of hedge. º
When an osage orange fence is allowed to grow tall and rank it
becomes one of the worst of nuisances. The danger lies in the
likelihood of the scale spreading to adjacent fruit trees. There
is little possibility of it attacking trees of the forest. Fortunately,
most of the trees of our forests are practically exempt from in-
roads of the San Jose Scale.
Arsenate of Lead and Bordeaux for Codling Moth.
Prof. H. A. Surface, the State Zoologist, prefers arsenate of lead
to Paris Green for adding to the Bordeaux mixture, to be used in
killing fruit and foliage eating insects.
In answering a letter received from a farmer requesting infor-
mation in regard to arsenate of lead, the Professor wrote as follows:
“Concerning the use of arsenate of lead, I beg to say that it is, as
you know, an arsenical poison which takes the place of Paris Green
or London purple. It is generally prepared in paste form, coming
in vessels, containing enough water to cover it. The proper way
to use it is to stir it into a thin paste with a slight quantity of
water, using a paddle so that it can be ground against the sides
of the vessel containing it, making a paste and thus breaking the
lumps. After a uniform paste is made, with the lumps all crushed,
more water can be added and this then should be stirred, poured
and strained into the spray tank. It can then be used the same
as Paris Green. Being partly suspended and partly dissolved in
the water, it sticks better than Paris Green, as it sticks like house
paint, and thus would not be washed off by ordinary rains, nor
blown off readily by the wind.
A great deal more can be used without injury to the foliage than
in using Paris Green, and this means that it is more liable to poi-
son the pests for which it is applied.
The formula for the arsenate of lead vary a great deal. Some
persons recommend as high as three pounds to fifty gallons of
water, while many give the standard formula as two pounds to
fifty gallons, but I am now well satisfied that if you use a good
quality of arsenate of lead, one pound in fifty gallons will do the
43
work perfectly. This is what I shall use in our demonstration or-
chards this year and I am satisfied that we will have as good re-
uslts as we had last year from the two pounds to fifty gallons.
In using the arsenate of lead, I would recommend adding it to
the Bordeaux Mixture, and using the combined preparation. Make
the Bordeaux with three pounds of bluestone and four of lime in
fifty gallons of water, and add a pound of arsenate of lead to this,
the same as though it were plain water instead of Bordeaux. This
formula is all right for potatoes, apples, pears and quinces, but
for peaches and plums the bluestone should be reduced to one-half
the amount here mentioned. It is considered that in spraying
smooth plants like cabbage, the smooth fruits of plum and grape,
etc., on which Paris green does not stick, arsenate of lead is better,
as this poison does stick and, consequently, kills the pests where
other materials could not be used with satisfactory results.
It has been said by some that arsenate of lead and Bordeaux
will not go well together for chemical or other reasons, but I know
that we used them last year in combination and destroyed 95 to
98 per cent. of the codling moth in nearly all our demonstration
orchards over this State, and we are so well satisfied with the re-
sults from the practical side, that we are recommending this, and
can not for a moment doubt the advisability of the combination.
The arsenate of lead will not injure chickens by sprinkling grass
under trees sprayed with it, as they will not eat enough grass with
it to be injured. Of course, if any animals or fowls should drink
water that is strongly impregnated by the poison they would doubt-
less be injured or killed.
Also, the possibility of injuring cattle is very slight indeed. If
orchards should have a considerable quantity of long grass when
spraying is done, and should be sprayed in such a way that this
grass is thoroughly covered with any arsenical poison, and the cat-
tle be permitted to eat it before rains wash it, there might be dan-
ger of injury. I have known of but one case of poisoning, and that
was when a cow was permitted to drink the preparation after it
had been mixed and left standing in a barrel in the orchard. This
was, of course, due to carelessness and not to application as a
spray.”
No. 3. May 18, 1909.
Use Pure Copper Sulphate.
As the time of the year is here when much sulphate of copper,
or blue vitrol, will be used in making the Bordeaux mixture for
spraying fruit trees, potatoes, etc., State Zoologist Surface calls
attention to the necessity of obtaining the purest sulphate of cop-
per in the market, in order to secure the best results.
44
One of the most difficult and expensive problems in the manu-
facture of copper sulphate is to eliminate the sulphate of iron. A
considerable percentage of iron sulphate may be mixed with cop-
per sulphate without its presence being detected. There are quali-
ties of copper sulphate on the market containing a large percentage
of iron sulphate, so as to render the article almost worthless for
spraying purposes. A good copper sulphate should present per-
fectly clean, sharp crystals. Growing trees and plants are poor
things to run any risk with, and, hence, those persons who are
caring for them by spraying should use the best materials, clean
bluestone and pure lime. Buy of reliable dealers is the advice on
the subject given by the Division of Economic Zoology of the
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.
Last year sulphate of copper sold at an unusually low price,
owing to depression in the copper market and general dullness in
business. While conditions have been better this spring, there has
been no material advance in the price of the sulphate. It will be
observed that this material is spoken of in this article as sulphate of
copper, copper sulphate, "blue vitrol and bluestone. It is known by
each of these names.
Mulching Potatoes.
In the growing of potatoes on a small scale, in the garden or in
the “early patch” for summer use, fairly satisfactory results can be
obtained by mulching. The method, however, is practicable only
when the mulching material is cheap. Old hay or straw can be used,
and should be spread about four inches deep just before the plants
appear, and after the ground has been harrowed once or twice after
planting. To grow in this manner rather large seed pieces should be
planted two or three inches deep, while the hills can be placed either
18 x 18 or 12 x 24 inches. This is the advice given by the Division
of Zoology at Harrisburg.
Spraying Plum Trees, Potato Vines, Etc.
Among the letters recently received by Prof. Surface, State Zoolo-
gist, at Harisburg, was one from a Dauphin county farmer, which
should be given wide publicity. The correspondent wrote:
“A few years ago my fruit trees were dying from the effects of the
San Jose Scale. Fortunately, following your advice, I bought a good
spray pump and apparatus for using the lime-sulfur wash, and be.
gan spraying thoroughly fall and spring, and to-day I have several
hundred fine, healthy trees, practically free from scale. On trees that
were covered with scale from the tips of the branches to the trunks
not a live scale can be found.”
45
“Kindly answer the following questions: (1) How much Paris
green to 8 gallons of water can be used safely to spray plum trees?
I used a teaspoonful last year to 8 gallons of water and killed many
fruit buds. (2) Tell me how to make a spray for potato blight; how
much bluestone and lime to use to 50 gallons of water?”
To this State Zoologist Surface replied as follows:
“I certainly thank you for your kind letter, making such a definite
statement concerning the cleaning up of your trees and the produc-
tion of perfect fruit and the growing of healthy trees free from scale,
by the use of the lime-sulfur wash, following our directions. This
is but an example of what every person in this State could have done
had they acted equally intelligently, faithfully and persistently.
On the other hand I have many reports of persons who wanted some-
thing with easier work, even if more expensive, and, consequently,
bought the high-priced oils, and in many cases killed their trees or in-
jured them so badly that they are now turning to me, asking what can
be done to overcome the evil effects of their former action.
“I take great pleasure in replying in detail to the inquiries of such
persons as yourself, because it is inspiration to know that you act
intelligently upon the advice given, and regard it as worth some-
thing, even though it be free of cost. It is, also, a pleasure to me to
know that such efforts on my part are not in vain, but are really
helpful. Concerning Paris green, the formula is one pound or sixteen
ounces to 150 gallons of water for hardy plants. For plain pro-
portions I would recommend one ounce to each 10 gallons. In fact
one ounce to 8 gallons will not be too strong for potatoes. How-
ever, I should use three or four times as much lime as Paris green,
making milk of lime and straining it into the water with Paris green.
“Also, on plums I would not recommend you to use Paris green
if you can get arsenate of lead. The latter sticks better and is much
more to be desired. You can buy this of different firms. I would not
spray the plum trees until after the blossoms have fallen and the
fruit is nearly as large as the average pea.
“To make a spray for potato blight use three pounds of bluestone
and four or five pounds of lime in fifty gallons of water. If you have
potato beetles, add one-third of a pound of Paris green, or one pound
of arsenate of lead to this. I should have told you that there are
various formulae recommended for using arsenate, varying from one
to three or four pounds in fifty galons of water, but it has been proven
that if you use a good quality of arsenate of lead, one pound in fifty
gallons will do the poisoning, just the same as though you used three
times as much, and, of course, there is less danger of injury and it is
more economical.”
46
No. 4. May 25, 1909.
Bitter Rot of Apples.
Prof. H. A. Surface, State Zoologist of Pennsylvania, calls atten-
tention to a very prevalent disease of apples, known as bitter rot, giv-
ing its symptoms and telling what to do at present to prevent loss
from it, a number of letters having been received by the Division of
Zoology of the Department of Agriculture, requesting information
On the subject.
(a) Symptoms.
At first there are minute brown specks, varying from One to a
countless number, but commonly from one to not more than a half
dozen.
These spots enlarge later so as to make each a conspicuous, dark-
colored, circular spot, which, while preserving its circular form and
maintaining a sharply defined border, gradually extends to become
perhaps an inch or more in diameter.
The affected area does not become soft, but is soon depressed or
somewhat shrunken while the skin assumes a leathery appearance.
The outer portion of the spot remains smooth and polished, while
the central area loses its lustre and becomes roughened by the forma-
tion of a multitude of minute pustules arranged in irregular con-
centric circles.
When the atmosphere is not too dry each of these little pustules
open and there exudes in microscopic masses, or columns, a waxy
substance, which is at first pale pink in color, then pale dull red or
at length grayish when long exposed to the sun.
The spot ultimately becomes shiveled in appearance, tough in tex-
ture, and very dark—apparently black—in color.
The diseased apple usually becomes dark brown throughout and
quite bitter, and shrivels into a dry, hard and much-wrinkled mass
called a “mummy.” This may remain firmly attached to the twig for
a year or more, but usually falls to the ground before the drying
process has been completed. The little, dry, shriveled apples often
seen clinging to the trees during the winter are evidences of this dis-
ease. They should be gathered and burned at any time.
(b) Prevention.
To be on the safe side give trees a thorough application of Bor-
deaux mixture.
To discover bitter rot, examine the trees in the orchard systemati-
cally, following the rows and making the sharpest possible search for
the rot spots on the apple.
47
As a rule, the first infection will be found on the upper surface of
the apple; therefore, it is best to make the examination from an ele-
wated position.
A good and quick method is to drive between the rows with a
spraying outfit, having two men on the operating platform, a man
looking at each side.
After the infected trees have been located, trace all of the diseased
apples until the cankered limb, which is the source of infection, has
been found. The infected limbs should be removed and burned. Do
this cautiously, so as not to spread infection. Wash the saw or prun-
ing shears with such a disinfectant as turpentine or with a five per
cent. solution of formalin in water.
Spray with Bordeaux mixture, three pounds bluestone, four
pounds lime and 50 gallons water, as soon as the blossoms fall and
repeat this three or four times at intervals of two weeks each.
The Oyster Shell Scale.
The following timely directions for the treatment of a common or-
chard and shade tree pest in Pennsylvania are from Prof. H. A. Sur-
face, State Zoologist. *jº
In life history the Oyster Shell Scale, like the scurfy, differs from
the San Jose in that the young are hatched from eggs, while those of
the latter are free at birth. The shape is that of an oyster shell,
about 1-16 inch in length and brown in color. Upon overturning the
scale, beneath can be seen the mass of pearly white eggs. This is
during the winter months. These eggs are laid during September
or October, the female dying as soon as this is accomplished. During
the time that the trees have no leaves, the boiled lime-sulfur wash (17
pound of sulfur and 22 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water, boiled
one hour) thoroughly applied, will destroy many of the eggs, without
any injury to the trees. For those not destroyed by this treatment,
the best time to spray is just after the eggs hatch. This is generally
from the middle of May until early June in this State, varying with
latitude. The time of hatching should be carefully watched, begin-
ning about May 10th. When the recently hatched young begin to
crawl they can be readily noticed, having a lemon color, and being
about the size of the common red mite or chicken louse. They should
be sprayed just as soon thereafter, as possible, with kerosene emul-
sion, not over ten per cent. kerosene; or a weak solution of soap,
about one pound of either whale oil soap or ordinary washing soap
dissolved in four or five gallons of water. The best time for a single
treatment is about the first of June. If this spraying be delayed
until the latter part of June or July, the young larvae will have fixed
and secreted their scale covering, when it is very hard to injure them,
and spraying will have little effect.
48
If two applications can be made, the first should be as soon as
many of the young scale insects are observed crawling, and the sec-
ond about ten days later, to destroy those later hatched.
The Oyster-shell Scale, like the Scurfy and Lecanium, is not nearly
so dangerous as the San José. It does not spread so quickly, multi-
ply so rapidly, nor is it nearly so injurious to the plants on which
it is found. As a rule it is most often found on Lilac, Carolina or
Lombardy Poplar, Soft Maple, Willows, Ash and Apple trees. It
quite often becomes injurious on young poplars, and may cause death
unless the above means, or some others, as scrapings, etc., are taken
to rid the trees of this pest. Like the San Jose Scale and other scale
insects, it can be killed wherever reached by painting the infested
bark, at any time of year, with a paint brush dipped into a soap so-
lution of any kind made as thick as house paint.
No. 5. June 1, 1909.
Notice to Editors.
This will be the last number of the Weekly News Letter which
papers will receive that have not used some of the articles contained
in the letters thus far issued. All newspapers published in Penn-
sylvania have received the letters up to this time. Some have used
all the articles and others have used such as were most applicable to
their sections of the State, or published as much as they had room
for. It will be useless to continue on the mailing list such papers
as have not needed the aid of the office, of the State Zoologist to en-
lighten the public on timely topics of plant pests. It takes money
and labor to send out the letters, and it is in order to save both that
the list of papers will be curtailed by dropping all that do not need
the information that the Division of Zoology is endeavoring to fur-
nish. - +
Respectfully, -
H. A. Surface, State Zoologist.
Plant Pest Letters Appreciated.
The State Zoologist, is receiving many words of commendation
from the press of Pennsylvania for his letters to the public, giving
information on insect enemies and diseases of fruit trees and plant
life. Some of the editors have written to him words of encourage-
ment. One editor wrote: “We have received a number of favorable
comments on your matter, after we had printed the first letter. The
matter is twice valuable, because it is accredited to a Department
such as yours.” -
49
Another editor wrote: “We are very much interested in your
Weekly Press Letter and will use extracts from it every week.”
And still another said: “Your letters appearing weekly are doing
much good. Many of our readers inform us that they are follow-
ing instructions to the letter.” -
The editor of a city paper, in commending the News Letter, added:
“We will be pleased to receive your matter as sent out. We can’t
always make use of it the day it is received, but can find room for it
for the benefit of our rural subscribers, to whom it is an education.”
Cherries Rotting on the Trees.
A number of inquiries were received lately by the Division of
Zoology of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for a
formula for a spraying mixture to be used on peach, plum and cherry
trees to keep the fruit from rotting. The answer of Prof. H. A. Sur-
face, the State Zoologist, is as follows:
“The ripe rot or brown rot is due to a fungous disease, which at-
tacks the ripening fruit of peach, plum and cherry trees, and is to be
prevented by spraying before or about the time the fruit is half grown
with the self-boiled lime-sulfur wash. Into a barrel put eight pounds
of fresh lime or quick lime and eight pounds of sulfur, and into this
pour four or five gallons of hot water, and cover it with a cloth to
keep in the heat. Stir occasionally with a hoe or something to
keep it from burning to the bottom and to keep it from settling too
much. Let it remain an hour. Then dilute it to fifty gallons, and
spray it over trees. Cold water should be used for diluting. Re-
peat this after a hard rain, or if it does not rain repeat in a week or
two, and continue until just before the fruit commences to ripen,
when there is no need to continue the spraying, because to spray it on
ripening fruit means to discolor the fruit and thus render it un-
marketable, although it will not be poisonous, and will not be unfit
for use, even though it should be stained by the spray liquid.
This self-boiled lime-sulfur wash is not recommended for scale
insects, and it is not to be replaced by the concentrated lime-sulfur
solutions now on the market, nor by the home-boiled wash which we
recommend as the best and cheapest material for treating scale in-
sects. It is a different preparation, made by a different formula and
method, and these materials should not be confused.”
Plant Lice or Aphids on Apple Trees, Rose Bushes, Etc.
In answer to a correspondent, writing from Pittsburg a few days
ago, as to what treatment to use to destroy the Woolly Aphis on
apple trees, State Zoologist Surface gave the following information,
which is published for the benefit of everybody interested:
4 -
50
“The Woolly Aphis on apple trees generally works in spots where
the bark has been injured and can at such places be easily killed by
painting with a very strong soap solution, using a paint brush, and
pushing the soap solution well into the cracks of the infested parts.
If not treated it keeps the wound sore and often results in knots,
galls or other kinds of deformation. Where the pest has spread to
other parts of the tree, such as to the leaves, it can be killed by
spraying with whale oil soap, one pound in six gallons of water; or
common laundry or other soaps, one pound in three or four gallons
of water; or, perhaps best of all, with an eight per cent. kerosene
emulsion. This emulsion I recommend for all sucking insects, such
as plant lice, rose-leaf hoppers, young scale insects, etc. It is made
by shaving one-half pound of hard soap of any kind into a gallon of
boiling water and stirring it until it is dissolved. Into this pour
two gallons of kerosene (after removing it from the fire), and beat it
or whip it like beating eggs, or, better, churn it around through the
spray pump, about five minutes, when it will assume a thick creamy
mass, and will be a permanent stock emulsion from which you can
take a supply to mix in water when needed. For this take one part
of the stock emulsion to ten parts of water, and this will make about
eight per cent. actual kerosene in the dilute emulsion. By this treat-
ment the kerosene loses some of its original-qualities, and does not
float on the water, but becomes dissolved or absorbed in it, and does
not do the injury to vegetation that it would if the pure kerosene
were used on foliage. At the same time it is strong enough to kill
such pests.
The Woolly Aphis also works on the roots, often causing serious
deformities or knots, and remains at such injured places. Whenever
they are discovered they can likewise be treated by painting with
strong soap solution or by uncovering the roots and coating them
well with finely powdered tobacco dust, and then replacing the earth.
The fertilizing value of tobacco dust will alone be sufficient to justify
this work . - - -
Insecticides and Fungicides.
New chemical preparations are being constantly brought forward
as insecticides and fungicides, with the usual guarantee of the manu-
facturers that the same are perfectly reliable. Prof. H. A. Surface,
the State Zoologist, has had some of the circulars of these prepara-
tions sent to his office in Harrisburg, and has been requested to give
his opinion concerning them.
The advice of Prof. Surface, State Zoologist of Pennsylvania, is
that no fruit grower nor farmer can afford to use any chemical pre-
paration extensively, until it has passed through the experimental
stage. The statements in the circulars that are sent out by the
51 .
manufacturers are, as a general thing, too positive and too strongly
drawn. He recommends a trial of new insecticides and fungicides, to
find out what they will do, rather than to go it blindly and invest con-
siderably money without receiving any benefit, or so little as not
to compensate for having made the expenditure. Some of the prepa-
rations now on the market do more harm in unskilled hands than
they do good.
Potato Bugs and Blights.
Information has been received by the Division of Zoology of the
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture from some of the principal
potato districts of the State to the effect that the Potato Bug, or
Colorado Beetle, is already actively at work on the young potato
plants and threatens to do considerable damage. Blight may also
cause much loss to potato growers. -
In answer to some of the queries as to how to destroy the bugs, as
well as prevent blight, State Zoologist Surface replies as follows:
“The Colorado Potato Beetle or Potato Bug will be very destruc-
tive in many parts of this State this year. Spray with the Bordeaux
mixture to which poison is added. Make the Bordeaux mixture by
using four pounds of bluestone and five pounds of lime in fifty gal-
lons of water and to this add either one-half pound of Paris Green
or two pounds of arsenate of lead. Spray thoroughly and you will
prevent blight and also kill the bugs. Repeat this once every two
weeks for blight, but if there are no bugs present, you need not add
the poison. Whenever the bugs are present add the poison and spray
for them. There is no rule concerning the frequency of repetition for
Potato Bugs, as we simply spray when they come and kill them as
soon as possible. If you do not wish to go to the trouble of making
the Bordeaux mixture for the blight, or are willing to run the risk of
the blight not coming, you can kill the potato beetles by spraying
with either of the two poisons mentioned, in fifty gallons of water
alone. But the best thing to do is to make the regular Bordeaux
mixture with lime and bluestone and then add the poison to this.
The Bordeaux is for plant diseases only, and will not kill insects. It
is thus a fungicide. To make it an insecticide we add the poison, as
described above.”
Black Ants on Plants and Trees.
A request for information as to how to rid plants and trees of black
ants, which was received at the Pennsylvania Department of Agri-
culture's Division of Zoology, elicited the following from Prof. H. A.
Surface, State Zoologist:
“You can do this by finding the nesting places of these pests and
making holes into the interior of them with a sharpened stick like a
52
broom handle, and pouring into each hole one-half tea cup of carbon
bisulphide. Fill the hole with earth and cover it with a wet cloth or
blanket to keep down the fumes, and the ants will be destroyed at
once. This is the best possible method for destroying ants of any
kind. After the nest is found, and the queen destroyed in the man-
ner stated, the colony is broken up. Ants in the household are best
treated by following their path to the place where they live and pour-
ing in the carbon bisulphide. If it be at the side of a wall, or else-
where where they can not surely be located, one can destroy them
by pouring a considerable quantity of gasoline, or benzine, into the
hole made by the side of the wall.
“Ants, as seen going up and down trees, are not themselves the
cause of injury to the trees or plants, but are visiting Plant Lice, or
Scale Insects, or sometimes plant glands, for the purpose of obtain-
ing the sweet liquid, called honey dew, which is secreted by them.
Thus the ant is generally an indication of serious pests on the trees,
although itself doing no injury. It is, therefore, not necessary to
treat the trees for ants, but to treat them for the pests which
the ants visit. This means spraying with a contact insecticide, of
the proper strength, at the right season, according to what the pest
may be.
“Black ants sometimes make nests or mounds in which vegetation
does not grow, and thus become objectionable. The method de-
scribed above destroys them in their nests, but where they are in de-
caying wood they should not be regarded as serious enemies of man-
kind, nor destroyers of property, and they do not deserve destruc-
tion.” -
Weekly Letter in New Form.
A new form and title has been adopted in the presentation of the
“timely topics.” Editors using these topics will thus know exactly
how much space each will take, and the compositor will have better
copy. The title is in conformity with that authorized by law for the
publications of the Division of Zoology. Hereafter the “News Let-
ter” will be sent in printed form as “The Zoological Press Bulletin.”
It will be mailed from our office promptly every Tuesday. Editors
should be on the watch for it and in their rush not reject it as an
advertising ciruclar.
No. 7. June 15, 1909.
Cost of Arsenate of Lead.
Several prominent citizens of Pennsylvania Lave written to Prof.
Surface, the State Zoologist, Harrisburg, inquiring how to get arsen-
ate of lead, to be used for killing chewing insects, such as the codling
53
moth larva, caterpillars, potato beetles, etc. Some state that they
have inquired at “leading drug stores and at hardware stores,” but
at neither place did dealers seem to know much about it. One cor-
respondent speaks of having received quotations from chemical
houses of 10 cents per ounce for this form of arsenate.
Prof. Surface in his reply, said: “When you attempt to buy arsen-
ate of lead in small quantities from local druggists, you may expect
to pay varying prices, such as ten cents per ounce, as you say; but
you may be surprised to know that I have at present before me a bill
for arsenate of lead for experimental purposes, which is costing only
eight cents per pound. You can get all you want for 12 cents per
pound in buying one hundred pound lots, or should not pay more
than 15 cents per pound in any retail quantity from local retailers.
You can buy it from various firms, such as: The General Chemical
Co., Philadelphia; Niagara Spraying Co., Middleport, N. Y.; Thom-
sen Chemical Co., Baltimore; and Powers-Weightman-Rosengarten,
Philadelphia. Write to them for prices in large and small quanti-
ties. I prefer to order it in small (2 to 10 lbs.) tin cans.”
To Start Young Trees to Growing.
State Zoologist Surface says that the cherry is the hardest to make
grow of any fruit trees, that we can plant. One is doing well if
he can get fifty per cent. of them to grow, but after they do start
they generally come on during the second year and subsequently
stay in good condition. This is due chiefly to the fact that the tree
has so few fine or small roots, such as are needed for taking up im-
mediate moisture and plant food, and it takes some time for it to
form such roots. Its first effort to grow is a drain on its stored wi-
tality. When this is exhausted the tree is liable to die by wilting at
this time of year.
Last year the Professor performed a series of important experi-
ments in stimulating declining trees that had been planted only a
few weeks or a few months. He used various vegetable alkaloids,
such as nuxvomica, strychnia, etc., and also used nitrate of soda, and
found that the last named was by far the best and most efficient
stimulant and was also the cheapest. He had excellent results from
watering, dehorning and cutting back trees, and especialiy from
watering declining trees, a teaspoonful of nitrate of soda being dis-
solved in each gallon of water. The watering should be very exten-
sive. Before applying the water, the soil should be well tramped
firmly around the roots. Of course, this should not be done while
the ground is wet. Pack it well around the roots, then apply as
much water as posible, or at least a bucket to each young tree, after
having dissolved a teaspoonful of nitrate of soda in each gallon of
54
water. Two or three good waterings of this kind, and mulching
around the tree with stable dressing, will do more good than any-
thing else to give it a start.
If you did not cut back the top well, removing at least two-thirds
of the woody growth that was upon it, it should yet be trimmed, in
order to throw vigor into the few buds that remain. Most persons in
setting trees do not cut back far enough. -
As to the time of planting, the earlier in the spring, the cherry tree
is planted, the better it is. There is no kind of fruit tree that de-
mands such early planting as the cherry, and it will suffer more
severely from late planting than any other kind.
Outbreak of Aphids or Plant Lice.
State Zoologist Surface reports that he is receiving communica-
tions from all parts of the State of Pennsylvania of the unusual out-
break of Aphids or Plant Lice this year. Many persons ask what
to do for them, while others state that they have sprayed with various
preparations without success, some stating they have used Paris
green; others arsenate of lead; others Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulfur
wash, etc. Some sprayed last winter, and some sprayed last week,
likewise without results that were good. In reply to these communi-
cations explanation has been made that the Plant Ilice are sucking in-
sects which damage trees and other plants by injecting a poisonous
saliva, and then sucking out the modified sap. The leaves upon
which they live curl until they form protecting homes within which
the pests are then safe, and can not be reached by any spray liquids.
Bordeaux mixture does not affect them because it is a fungicide.
The arsenical poisons do not kill them because they are for the
chewing insects only.
The Plant Lice are to be killed by spraying at the right time,
which means shortly after the buds burst or before the leaves have
curled, with the right material, which is a good contact insecticide,
strong enough to kill the pests but not strong enough to injure the
leaves. For this use (1), one pound of whale oil soap in six gallons
of water should be used, or (2) about eight per cent. kerosene emul-
sion, or (3), a stronger soap solution of some other kind of soap, or
(4) a very strong tobacco decoction. It must be so aplied as to come
into contact with the bodies of the pests, or they will not be injured.
Therefore, those within the curled leaves are safe as far as spraying
is concerned, and the leaves containing them should be picked off
and destroyed by burning or dropping into oil.
The Apple Aphis is by far the most commonly reported pest at
this time of year. However, it has reached its worst and will soon
be leaving the apple leaves to migrate to the roots of grasses and
grains, where it spends the summer. In fact, many leaves now show
55
only its cast skins. The appearance is worse than the result, as the
leaves are deformed but not entirely destroyed, and as treatment at
this time of year for the badly curled leaves is out of the question, it
is not necessary to attempt to give it. Where, however, aphids,
jumping plant lice, leaf hoppers and other sucking insects are pre-
sent, the remedy consists in getting one of the contact insecticides
named above to come in touch with the body of the pest. This can
be done by spraying or by bending the twigs containing the pests
so that they can be dipped into pans holding the liquid, or by dipping
bunches of twigs or whisk brooms into the liquid and flipping it
against the pests in a fine spray. This communication is intended
to be an answer to hundreds of inquiries on this topic now being
received by the Division of Zoology of the Department of Agriculture.
The Rose Leaf Hopper.
At this season of the year, when the roses are in bloom, the damag-
ing effects of the Leaf-hoppers, or “white bugs” under rose leaves, are
most noticeable, because everybody is attracted to the beautiful
blooms, and then confronted with the spectacle of bleached and
withering leaves and bushes being denuded of foliage.
The rose leaf hopper is most active in its operations about the
middle of June. Prof. H. A. Surface, the State Zoologist, Harris.
burg, says, “It has a piercing or suctorial mouth, and consequently
does not eat away the tissue of the plant, but injects a poison and
sucks the juices. Owing to their immense numbers they cause con-
siderable damage. The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves.
The young are hatched there, and first look like small white plant
lice, but are active and run quickly. The white cast-off skins remain
on the under sides of the leaves. The young insects have no wings,
and, therefore, do not fly, and cannot escape the insecticides applied
as sprays. When full grown they are light in color and winged, and
jump and fly quickly, and may escape the spray. Where the hop-
pers are at work the upper sides of the leaves will present a grayish
appearance along the mid-ribs. The whitened leaf denotes their
presence. *
Spray the under sides of the leaves with a solution made by dis-
solving one pound of whale oil soap in six gallons of water, or with
a very strong tobacco decoction, or eight per cent. kerosene emulsion
or a very strong solution of any kind. Being sucking insects, they
can not be killed by the arsenical poisons, which are used effectively
against the chewing insects. If the insects hop to the ground you
can destroy them by spraying the ground with a stronger solution
which will not there do any injury to the plants.
56
The Striped Beetle.
The striped cucumber beetle is to be reckoned with in the month of
June by the growers of cucumbers, squashes, pumpkins and melons.
In some seasons the beetles have been known to destroy large patches
of these members of the melon family in a few days. State Zoologist
Surface, of Harrisburg, gives the following information, in con-
densed form, in regard to this pest: -
The beetles are about one-fourth of an inch long and are yellow,
with two black stripes extending lengthwise on each wing cover.
They commence at once to chew holes in the leaves, and even eat off
the young stems. There are two distinct broods, the second appear-
ing about the middle of August. The eggs are laid in the ground
near the roots upon which the larvae feed, often causing the plants
to wither without apparent cause. . -
The earliest measure is to prevent damage by covering young
plants with a net or cloth with a finer mesh than the common
mosquito netting. They will not crowd through mosquitto netting
if lime and turpentine be placed on the ground within it. The adults
can be killed by an arsenical poison, like Paris green, which can be
applied either as a powder or in liquid form. If as a powder, it
should be dusted on the plants after having been mixed with thirty
times its bulk of air-slaked lime or flour.
In applying poisons as a liquid, use not over one-third of a pound
of Paris green or two pounds of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of
Water . •
The beetle can be kept away by dusting the plants with air-slaked
lime mixed with hellebore. This, however, is only a repellant driving
off the insects, but not killing them. To destroy them a poison must
be used. +.
The larvae can be killed by using tobacco dust in the soil around
the plants; or, stick a few holes, four or five inches deep, in each hill
and insert a teaspoonful of calcium carbide, filling the hole with
earth. Land plaster with turpentine is also a preventive, and it
may be added that a pinch of nitrate of soda in each hill will act
both as an insecticide and a fertilizer. -
For Peach Tree Borers.
There is no more serious pest of the peach tree in Pennsylvania
than the Peach Tree Borer. It is the larva of a Clear-wing moth,
which flies by day, darting quickly from place to place. The egg is
laid during July and August on the bark at the base of the tree, and
after some days the larva or grub hatches and commences to feed at
the surface of the bark, finally eating its way through and boring
up and down and across beneath the bark, often cutting off the total
57
sap supply, and causing the tree to wither as though scalded. After
the pests have passed beneath the bark, they are concealed and can
not easily be reached with insecticides. They should then be killed
by cutting them out, always cutting lengthwise rather than cross-
wise of the bark, or by piercing them with a pointed wire, when they
will die. This, however, is a great loss of time, and is, of course,
after some injury has been done to the tree. By far the best plan
is to prevent this injury and the necessity of cutting them out by
covering the base of the trunk of the tree with some liquid material
that will prevent the moth from laying its eggs or destroy the larvae
before they enter the bark. The best time of year for this is the lat-
ter part of June, when the base of each tree should be sprayed with
boiled lime-sulfur wash, either commercial or home-boiled, the same
as for San Jose Scale, applying to each tree from a pint to three
pints, according to size. The best way to do this is with a spray
pump, with a short extension rod, carrying the nozzles at an angle,
but where there are only a few trees it can be applied with a white-
wash brush. Painting near the ground and below with whitelead
and raw linseed oil will serve the same purpose, and be safe, as has
been proven by Prof. EI. A. Surface in his experiments.
Mr. J. L. Shroy, of Lancaster county, writes to Prof. Surface that
he has succeeded perfectly in preventing the borer by rubbing the
base of the tree with equal parts flowers of sulfur and salt, in June
and again in August.
No. 9. June 29, 1909.
The Rose Bug.
The rose bug is a common and familiar insect which attacks a great
many cultivated plants, trees and bushes by devouring the foliage
while in the adult stage. In regard to this pest, State Zoologist Sur-
face says:
“It is not a bug but a beetle, as it has chewing mouth parts and
eats the tissue of the leaves, making them appear to be perforated
with numerous holes with quite irregular edges. The larvae of this
beetle live in the ground, and there transform to the pupal or rest-
ing stage and remain over winter. Deep cultivation of the soil and
other plants they infest is advisable. Growers should watch for the
first coming of these beetles, and jar them from the branches on
sheets saturated with oil stretched on the ground, or held to catch the
pests; or into a hopper-shaped cloth bug-catcher. They can also be
picked by hand, or shaken from the trees, bushes or plants and
sprayed with pure kerosene or exceedingly strong soap solution,
while on the ground. In dealing with them in this manner the leaves
and plants will not be injured by the strong spray.
58
To keep the “bugs” from attacking the small and tender grapes
on the vines, it is advisable to cover the bunches with paper bags
as soon as possible after blossoming and setting of the fruit.”
For the Young San Jose Scale.
State Zoologist Surface is calling attention to the fact that the
young of the San Jose Scale are just commencing to appear. They
are sulfur or lemon yellow in color, and resemble fine grains of corn
meal. They crawl for the first day or two, and then fix themselves
forever by sinking their long lash-like tongues into the tissue of the
plant. They can never afterward let loose nor be scraped off with-
out being killed by so doing; therefore, it is during their young and
free-moving existence only that they are carried from plant to plant,
excepting when on wood that is to grow again, such as young trees
or cuttings.
While young they are delicate and easily killed by mild contact
applications as for plant lice with a strong solution of soap or to-
bacco, or an eight per cent. kerosene emulsion. As soon as fixed they
commence to secrete a waxy covering, which gradually thickens and
protects them. Therefore, the younger they are when the contact
sprays are applied, the more readily they can be destroyed. Being
sucking insects, rather than chewing, arsenical poisons do not affect
them.
The great difficulty in fighting the San Jose Scale is that the
young do not all appear at once, but a number are born each day con-
tinually for about a month, and these grow rapidly and soon com-
mence likewise to produce by bearing living young. This makes the
total annual increase appear almost incredible, amounting to over
three billion in One season.
The parent is so well protected by the hard shell that nothing
but strong contact sprays will kill it, and if such sprays be applied
when the plants are in leaf the foliage will be destroyed. To kill
all the young the trees should be sprayed at least twice per week
for over a month to reach the limit of reproduction by the original
parent. *
The Norway Maple Louse.
The occupant of a suburban home in the vicinity of Philadelphia
addressed a letter to the Division of Zoology of the Pennsylvania
Department of Agriculture, in which he stated that “There is an in-
sect which is destroying the leaves of the shade trees throughout this
section having much of the appearance of a louse, and it is especially
noticeable on the Norway Maple trees.” He then inquired: “Would
you kindly inform me what sort of mixture you would spray with, in
order to rid the trees of this pest, as I have already tried Paris green,
but with no effect?”
59
Professor Surface answered, “Replying to your inquiry concerning
the Norway Maple Louse, I beg to say that there is such a pest com-
mon on these trees throughout this State. It can be killed by spray-
ing with one pound of whale oil soap, dissolved in six gallons of
water, or with an eight per cent kerosene emulsion, or with a
stronger solution of any other kind of soap.”
“However, I do not regard it as a seriously destructive pest al-
though I have often seen it cause many leaves to fall from the trees.
Those trees which have been infested have soon regained their
foliage, and as it is a difficult task to spray a maple tree properly, I
do not find many people doing this, even though we recommend it.
In spraying for plant lice you must strike the under sides of the
leaves, in order to kill the lice that are there found. Otherwise they
would not be injured.
“Of course, Paris green has no effect upon them, because they
are sucking insects rather than chewing insects, and it is used only
for the latter. These plant lice often cause a waxy or oily appear-
ance beneath the trees, caused by the sweet liquid, known as honey
dew, which they secrete and drop. It also falls upon the leaves and
makes them have a warnished appearance, while in this liquid there
develops a black fungus, resembling smut or soot, which sometimes
gives the leaves a bad appearance. However, it is not as bad as if
looks. The chief thing to do is to keep the trees well watered, so as
to keep them growing, and they will overcome the effects of this pest.
It would be a benefit to the trees to add a teaspoonful of nitrate of
soda to each gallon of water with which you water them.”
No. 10. - July 6, 1909.
Cultivate the Orchard.
“The young orchard should be cultivated,” says State Zoologist
Surface, but not with grain or grass crops. Corn, potatoes, beans,
or other vegetables, well cultivated, are ideal for a young orchard.
The ground should be stirred every two or three weeks until the mid-
dle of August. In going through the orchard with the harrow, care
should be taken not to injure, bruise, or ‘bark' the trees. To avoid this
the horses ought to be muzzled and the outside portions of traces and
whiffletrees padded.” -
In going through some young orchards early in the season, for the
purpose of demonstrating pruning, Prof. Surface found many cases
of trees which had been seriously damaged through being grazed by
whiffletrees, or struck or bitten by the horses. In going through the
orchard rub off all unnecessary sprouts.
60
Getting Rid of Ants on Lawns.
A letter addressed to the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture
was referred to State Zoologist Surface, in which the writer asked for
information as to how to get rid of the ants on his lawn, and stated
that a certain fluid had been recommer, ded to him by the Department,
the name of which he had forgotten.
Prof. Surface replied that the material which he recommended, to
which the writer had reference, for destroying ants on lawns, is car-
bon bisulfide, and then continued as follows: “This is a foul-smelling
liquid which volatilizes, and the fumes of which at once destroy the
pests. Make holes in the ground near their nests. Make these to a
depth of a foot or more, and from one to two to three feet apart, ac-
cording to the porosity of the soil. Pour into each hole from one-
third to one-half teacupful of the bisulfide of carbon, and close it
with earth by tramping it in. It may possible increase the efficiency
by covering the holes with wet blankets, or something to hold the
fumes down for a while. Keep fire away from the liquid and its
gas. It will not injure vegetation.”
Shot Hole Borers are Serious Pests.
• One of many letters recently received by the Division of Zoology
of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, in refer-
ence to the inroads of insect pests, was worded as follows:
“Enclosed find a small collection of insects. They attacked an
apple tree and killed it in four days. They bore a small hole through
the bark. Please let me know the name of the insects and how to kill
them.” -
Prof. H. A. Surface, the State Zoologist, replied to this letter as fol-
lows: “The pests you sent to us, and which are boring in your apple
trees, are shot-hole borers, or bark borers, sometimes called Scolytids.
They are serious enemies of fruit trees, as you have seen. You should
cut and burn all trees or branches infested by them, in order to keep
them from spreading to other trees. They attack only trees that are
declining, and there is no real remedy for them, because they work
beneath the bark. However, you may possibly aid the trees to over-
come their effects by digging about them, cultivating them, mulching
them, fertilizing them and watering them; water frequently not-
withstanding the rains, using one teaspoonful of nitrate of soda in
each gallon of water. Whatever you can do to make the tree gain
vigor or growth will be worth while. No sprays will reach this pest.”
Wage War Against Flies.
House flies have not become, up to this time, as numerous as they
usually are in the month of June. The cause of this may be ascribed
61
to the cool, wet weather of this very backward season. But they will
soon be plenty enough, and it behooves everybody to wage an in-
cessant warfare against them. They are the filthiest of all insect
pests, and are carriers of disease germs. They pollute the food man
eats, and may infect him with the germs of tuberculosis, diphtheria
typhoid fever, and other communicable diseases. -
This is the information sent out from the Division of Zoology of
the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, which brands the house
fly as about the worst enemy of mankind, and recommends that
timely action be taken to keep the evil due to its invasion at a min-
imum. Prof. H. A. Surface, the Zoologist of the Division, recom-
mends the immediate screening of windows and doors; the keeping of
food screened, especially milk; the keeping of flies away from sick
persons, especially those suffering with contagious diseases, and the
catching and destroying of flies as they appear.
Sticky fly paper, traps and liquid poisons are among the things
to use in killing the flies, but the latest, cheapest and best is a solu-
tion of formalin or formaldehyde in water. A spoonful of this liquid
put into a quarter of a pint of water and set where they can find it
and drink it will be enough to kill all the flies in the room. A cheap
and perfectly reliable fly poison, one which is not dangerous to
human life, is bichromate of potash in solution. Dissolve one dram
of the drug, which can be obtained at any pharmacy, in two ounces of
water, and add a Jittle sugar as sweetening. Put some of this solu-
tion in shallow dishes, and distribute them throughout the house.
To quickly clear apartments where there are many flies, burn
pyrethrum in the room. Keep the fly nuisance at a minimum by the
use of disenfectants in garbage boxes and cans, on manure piles and
among all refuse. This can be done by freely sprinkling with
chloride of lime or with kerosene. Keep house sewers and drains in
good order, and covered, and repair all leaks at once. It is of the
utmost importance to clean all stables, pig pens and other breeding
places of “The Filthy Fly” at least once a week.
Pour kerosene into the drains. Cuspidors should be cleaned fre-
Quently; certainly once a day. Keep a 5 per cent. solution of car-
bolic acid in them constantly. Do not allow decaying organic ma-
terial of any kind on or near your premises, nor allow dirt to accumu-
late in corners, or behind doors. If extra care h observing cleanli-
ness is used, and the directions above given are faithfully carried out,
the fly nuisance can be greatly mitigated. -
62
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING APRIL, 1909.
Specimens.
Insects.
Katydid eggs,
San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pernicio-
sus).
Rose Scale (Aulacaspis rosae), ------
White Flies (Aleurodes tººk tº-ºº-º-º-ºº ºmeºs
(a) Oyster-shell Scale (Lep **)
9
(b) San Jose Scale, ----------------- |
(e) Scurfy Scale (Ohion aspis furfura
Scurfy Scale,
San Jose Seale,
Rose Scale,
Fall Canker Worm (Alsophila Dome-
taria). *
Cynip Galls, -
(a) 8an Jose Scale, ::::::::::::::::
(b) Scurfy Beale, --------------------
(a) San Jose Scale, -----------------
(b) Scurfy Scale,
Aphids,
Oyster-shell Scale,
San Jose Scale,
Soft Scale (Coccus hesperidum), -----
San Jose Scale,
Hickory Borer (Cyllene pictus), -----
White-marked Tussock Moth, Egg
Mass (HemeroCampa leucostigma).
Scurfy Scale,
Oyster-shell Scale, --------------------
Katydid Eggs,
Pine Chermes (Chermes pinicorticus),
San Jose Seale,
(a) Oyster-shell Scale, ------------
(b) Scurfy Scale, --------------------
Saw Fly (Dolerus arvensis), ---------
Scurfy Scale,
Rose Scale,
Fºº, Bark Beetle (Scolytus rugulo-
SUIS).
Flea Beetle Halicta ignata), --------
Silver Fish (Lepisma domestica), ---
Katydid Eggs,
Oyster-shell Scale, --------------------
(a) Lepidoptera larva, -------------
Moth
*** sem tº same aº--> -- - - - -ºs º ºss
(b) White-marked Tussock
Eggs,
Soft Scale,
San Jose Scale,
Fall Canker Worm, -----------------
(a) The Herald Moth (Scoliopteryx
livatrix)
Moth (Scofielosoma
(b) Noctuid
morrisoni) ,
Work of Red-necked Agrilus (Agri-
lus ruficollis).
Dragon Fly (Anax junius), ----------
(a) Katydid Eggs, ------------------
(b) Long-horned Beetle larvae, -----
(c) Beetle (Parandra brunnea), ----
Pine Weevle (Pissodes strobi), ------
(c) Milkweed Butterfly (Danais plex-
ppus).
Oyster-shell Scale, --------------------
Oyster-shell Scale, -------------------
San Jose Scale,
San Jose Scale,
(a) San Jose Scale,
San Jose Scale,
nebulosis).
Blackberry Gall Fly (Diastrophus
- = *** **** * * * * * * *
Name and Address.
;
:
s
CO
Q
1 || 8. Sauerwald, Glenrock.
1 J. D. Appleby, Mt. Union.
1 | H. W. Anderson, Stewartstown.
1 J. Sampson, Wilkinsburg.
1 | A. B. Miller, Barnesville.
J. G. Mellott, Needmore.
D. W. Kerr, Apollo.
Mrs. A. Ferrebbe, St. Clair.
D. J. Weber, Meadville.
Miss Kathryn P. Smith, Millersburg.
L. C. Walter, New Enterprise.
. P. Miller, Altoona.
L. Hoopes, Swarthmore.
. N. Setzer, Stroudsburg.
. O. Musgrave, Sinking Springs.
e *H Brunner, New Bloomfield.
. N.
. O.
IE
. Jarden, Chestnut Hill, Phila.
Dixon, Baltimore, Md.
Lupe, Curley Hill.
i
. H. Kammerdiener, Dayton.
. Shepherd, Milford.
. Burton, Tullytown.
. D. Wenrich, Jr., Wernersville.
. E. Botsford, Sonestown.
rs. G. P. West, Danville.
. H. Iliff, Morrisville.
R. Nicodemus, Henrietta.
E. Shaffer, Ickcsburg.
Sides, Grisemore.
i
W. Greenland, Warren.
E. Stockwell, Sharon Hill.
Deardorff, Gettysburg.
A. Weaver, New Holland.
B. Alderson, Alderson. -
. A. Marshall, Shamokin.
H. Goodfellow, Hollidaysburg.
A. Marsteller, Franklin.
T. French, Middlebury, Centre.
A. Lawrence, Sunbury.
Rosenberger, New Cumberland.
T. Barnes, Harrisburg.
C. Williams, Mt. Alto.
. A. Spate, Loganville.
W. Waite, Smethport.
D. Meckley, New Columbia.
O. Raver, Glenrock.
H. Lincoln, Scranton.
Z. Harner, Birdsboro.
Miller, Rossville.
T. Baird, Island.
63
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING APRIL, 1909–Continued.

Specimens.
(a) Galls on grass, ------------------
(b) Galls on willows, ----------------
(c) Rose Scale, -
White-Marked Tussock Moth Eggs, --
Oyster-shell Scale,
White-marked Tussock Moth, -------
(a) San Jose Scale, -----------------
cale,
(b) Putnam Scale (Aspidiotus ancy
cºlºur y
UlS), sº
Tree Cricket (Oecanthus nigricornis),
Lady Beetle (Megilla maculata), ----
Cecropla Cocoon (Samia cecropia),--
San Jose Scale, -
(a) Promethea Cocoons (Callosamia
-promethea),
(b) Arctiid Moths (Diacrisia virgin-
C8),
(c) Scurfy Scale, --------------------
Hemiptera Eggs,
Oyster-shell Scale,
Oyster-shell Scale,
(a) San Jose Scale, ------------------
(b) Euonymus Scale (Ohlonaspis
euonymi),
Fruit Bark Beetle,
San Jose 8cale,
Oyster-shell Scale,
Dolerus arvensis,
(a) San Jose Scale,
(b) Scurfy Scale, -
Scurfy Scale,
Promethea Cocoon, ------------------
American Giant Water Bug (Beſos-
toma americanum).
Pºns Beetle larvae (Tenebrioni-
£10) .
Oyster-shell Scale, --------------------
Oyster-shell Scale, --------------------
Reetle (Nitidula bipunctata), --------
Oyster-shell Scale,
Cecropia Cocoon,
Roach,
Oyster-shell Scale, -------------------
Soft Scale,
* == * * * ** = **** * * * * * *
*** sº * * * * * * * *s sº gº º º sº tº sº
Vertebrates Not Insects.
(c) Mites,
(b) Mites,
Yſillipede,
Mítes,
House Centinede (Scutigera forceps),
House Centínede,
Conch Fgg Case,
Spider Fgg Cases,
Reptiles and Batrachians.
2 Common Garter Snakes (Thamno-
phis sirtalis).
Common Garter Snake, --------------
2 Wood Tortoises (Clemmys insculp-
Name and Address.
.
tuls).
Spotted Salamander (Amblystoma
Dunctatum).
Blowing Viper (Heterodon platir-
hinos).
8 Common Garter Snakes, -----------
(a) 2.99mmon Garter Snakes, ------
(b) Ribbon Snakes (Thamnophis
sauritus)
Viper,
Blowing
13
13
13
17
o. A. Foulk, Bellevue.
J. M. Schenck, Enid.
A. Frye, Jeannette.
J. A. Long, York.
C.
L. Herbster, Penn Station.
J. T. Diehl, Perkasie. #
A. W. Young, Manheim.
EI. # Worrell, Phila.
W. H. Sterner, North Berwick.
E. E. Shafer, Ickesburg.
F. Cobb, Nicholson.
S. E. Acor, Bloomsburg.
W. W. Waite, Warriors Mark.
L. J. Ladner, Carlisle.
W. P. Bond, Bernville.
Mt. Union Tanning Co., Mt. Union.
A. Lamb, Pleasantville.
W. B. Stevens, Stevensville.
A. Barber, Dunmore.
J. R. W. Robb, New Florence.
T. J. Rothmell, So. Brownsville.
Mrs. S. Ryan, Northumberland.
Dr. W. D. Brotz, Esterly.
S. W. Anderson, Clarkes Mills.
C. I. Heisey, Lucullus.
E. Wright, Vernon.
F. Cole, Preston Park.
O. T. Eakin, Negley, O.
J. N. Hammond, North Fork.
W. A. Booth, Watson Farm .
J. C. Cavener, Media.
Miller, Altoona.
Alderson, Alderson.
Rutter. Perkasie.
B. Barringer, Wayne.
Z. Harner, Birdsboro.
Mervine, Bitumen.
P. Shields, Indiana.
Ulrich, Lebanon.
Tinker, Altoona.
Foulk, Bellevue.
P.
B.
C.
D.
H.
S.
M.
A.
F. Thomas, Harrisburg.
D. R. Kehoe, Erie.
Shelocta, Ind.
E. M. Mixer. Sheffield.
O. Harry Knipe, Marietta.
M. Fassick, Harrisburg.
w. A. Spate, Loganville.
E. E. O. Gibbs, Huntingdon.
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING APRIL, 1909–Continued.
Specimens. Name and Address.
6 #
2. ſº
13224 | Black Snake (Bascanion constrictor), 17 E. W. Heintzleman, Orrtånna.
13233 | Common Garter Snake, --------------| 18 L. Graull, Greenville.
13238 cºn Water Snake (Natrix sipe- 20 W. McLaren, Harrisburg.
OIl).
13239 Ribbon Snake, 20 | F. F. Huber, Pennsburg.
13256 (b) iºns Turtle (Chelydra ser-| 27 J. Couch, Cannonsburg.
pentina).
13271 Mº, Turtle (Aromochelys odora- 30 F. L. Burns, Berwyn.
UIS ſº
Birds and Mammals.
13162 English Sparrow, 6 A. B. Miller, Barnesville.
1819.1 stººd Mole (Condylura crºſs-| 12 || Miss A. L. Sheadle, Jersey Shore.
3158 ).
13210 Hºwoodpecker (Dryobates pubes- 13 || J. W. Nelson, Shawville.
(PenS).
13219 || Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, --------- 15 J. W. Jacobs, Prosperity.
13225 | Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podi- || 17 | A. F. Boettcher, Rowland.
CepS).
18284 || Star-nosed Mole, -------------------- 19 | E. J. Howe, Towanda.
13249 Aº Bittern (Botaurus lentigi- 26 P. T. Cutshall, Franklin.
In OSUIS).
13256 (a) Common Crow (Corvus brachy- 23 J. Couch, Cannonsburg.
rynchos).
9/.
/
..??AT
THE


ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN
OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
-*
VOL. VII—No. 4.
FUMIGATION.
SUBJECTS: - THE CONTROL OF PLANT PEST.S.
BEE-KEEPING.
SEPTEMBER 1, 1909
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist,
Editor.
Entered May 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, Under Act
of Congress of June 6, 1900
HARRISBURG :
G. E. AUGHILºavyGº, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENINCYLVANIA
1909,
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR SEPTEMBER, 1909.
VOLUME VII, No. 4.
Established in April, 1908, at the office of the Economic geologist.
Edited by H. A. §urface, Economie Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF TEHE SEPTEMBER BULLETIN.
Page.
Our Monthly Chat with Readers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
One Step Forward To Aid the Farmer, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * & Gº e º dº º ºs e º 'º e 100
The Control of Plant Pests, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º 'º e o g tº e º ſº º tº e º & e e 102
Preventives, . . . . . . . tº º Gº O p q > 3 > → G s ſº e º º tº º e º e º e º e º 'º º © tº e º º e º 'º e º 'º e º e º º 103
Remedies, . . . . . . . tº e º e º e º º tº e º 'º & º 'º e º C G tº C º e º e º 'º e º e º e º e º e g º e tº 9 tº e º e º e ∈ 105
Plant Diseases, . . . . . . . . © e º º O C e º e º e º © e º e º 'º e º e º e º e º 'º e º e º e º e & e º & ſº e º 105
Insects, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & C º e º e º 'º e o e º e e e © tº e º e s e º e s e * º º 107
Poisoning by Spray Liquids, . . . . . . . . . . . . * c e º 'º e º e e º e º e s © e º e e º e e º e 108
Combined Insecticides and Fungicides, . . . . . . . . . . . tº º 0 & º O e º e º e g e © gº e 110
The Strength to Use, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º ºs e e © tº C tº e º º 111
Date to Spray, . . . . . . . . tº 9 e º 'º e g º e * * * * * * * * * * * * * e s e e e s e e e s e e s e e o e a 112
Thoroughness of Spraying, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 113
Apparatus for Spraying, . . . . . . . © tº e º e º 'º e o e s tº e s e e e º e º e e tº C & © tº º e º e º a 113
Spraying Pointers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © tº 9 C C & c. 114
Kind of Apparatus, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º 'º e º e & Cº º G & e º e º 'º e s tº º ve ll 5
Preparation of Bees for Winter, . . . . . tº tº G & º ºs e º º e º gº tº e 8 & 9 e º e º e s e a e e tº gº tº º * 117
Membership in the State Bee-Keepers’ Association, . . . . . © tº e º 'º e º e C e º e º e e 126
Agricultural Investigations in Pennsylvania, .......................... 127
Investigation of Pennsylvania Bee Diseases, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
(98)
99
MAY 4 '42
OUR MONTEILY CHAT WITH READERS.
1. Demonstration Orchard Meetings. This is the time of year
that the results of the practical work in the State's Demonstration
Orchards can be seen most plainly. It would pay any person grow.
ing fruits, whether merely for home use or for commercial purposes,
to visit the State's Demonstration Orchard of his county and see
for himself what results were obtained. It is remarkable that there
are persons who continue to ridicule modern methods, saying that
they do not believe in them, and yet are entirely unwilling to make
any effort to learn the practical results of such work. Fortunately,
such persons are becoming fewer in numbers as the facts are forced
upon them. “Seeing is believing.”
Meetings will soon be announced in practically all of the county
Demonstration Orchards, to be held some time during September and
October. Announcements will be made chiefly through the local
newspapers. The Economic Zoologist and the Secretary of Agri-
culture will be present at every opportunity in addition to the local
demonstrators and addresses will be given explaining the methods
and results.
2. For Bee-Keepers. We recognize the fact that the bee-keeping
interests have not received due attention from this office, and from
this time we propose to publish short, timely articles on bee-keeping,
in order that this subject may be put on a better footing in this
State. Attention is called to the timely article in this Bulletin, giv-
ing directions for the winter preparation of bees. The Economic
Zoologist writes from practical experience in keeping several colonies
of bees. The important features of this art and science will be dis-
cussed in future issues of these Bulletins.
3. Attention is again called to the necessity of writing names and
addresses so plainly that there can be no difficulty whatever in read-
ing them. It should not be necessary to state that the name and
address should be given with each communication, yet letters are
frequently received at this office, which cannot be answered because
the address is not given, or the writer has not signed his name.
4. We are frequently asked concerning the disposition of specimens
that are received at this office, and contributors will be interested to
know that all are preserved in a thoroughly systematic manner, in
such way that information can be given concerning them at any time
100
in the future by reference to the name of the sender, the locality,
the name of the specimen, the food plant (if mentioned), or other
important facts that are recorded and cataloged.
With all inquiries, specimens of pests and their work should be
sent, if possible, to facilitate accuracy and promptness in replying.
Address all communications to H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg, Pa.
ONE STEP FORWARD TO ALD THE FAIRMER.
Announcement is hereby made of what we regard as the most im-
portant move that has ever been undertaken in the State of Penn-
sylvania to give definite assistance to the farmer, without incurring
expense to him, and without placing him under any obligations in
any manner. We refer to a plan which is now being formulated to
co-operate with one fruit grower in each fruit-growing district or
township, who is willing to accept our offer of assistance and conduct
his orchard by up-to-date methods as a local demonstration orchard,
that his neighbors and others in that region may see when and how
and why certain kinds of orchard work are performed, and may also
have opportunity to see the results.
The value of the example of one successful man in a locality is
beyond computation. Should his methods prove to be best as shown
by the indisputable returns of larger yields and better products, it
invariably results in other persons adopting the methods which he
has found successful for that locality. We have such faith in the
methods which we have used in the State’s demonstration orchards in
the past two years, that we are offering to take them free of charge
to farmers who will accept and adopt this plan of co-operation.
This office will furnish expert advice and assistance in all points in
the management of the orchard and suppression of pests, asking only
in return that we be given permission to hold occasional public
demonstration meetings at that orchard to show and explain how
the work is done and what modern methods mean. We ask the owner
to equip himself with comparatively inexpensive spraying apparatus,
which we are willing to help him purchase at the lowest discount,
which will be an item of considerable saving to him. We shall fur-
nish free, the material used in spraying a portion of the orchard,
and shall help him at such time as he may need in any difficulties
101
that he may have in spraying, pruning, thinning fruits, planting
trees, cultivation, fertilization of the orchard and such other horti-
cultural work as may be necessary to give the best possible results.
This means that the State will send free of charge into an orchard
in every fruit growing section or township, an expert who will give
advise and assistance, without one cent of charge to the owner of
the orchard, but with the understanding that he will help to conduct
his orchard upon the methods which we shall outline. Before de-
finitely undertaking the work, he will be given a full plan of opera-
tion extending through the entire year, so that he may know just
what it covers. He will thus feel sure of the prevention or control
of diseases and insect pests, and of guidance in every feature of
orchard work from the selection of varieties for planting to the
gathering of the crop, -the chief feature being pest suppression.
The County Demonstration Orchards will be continued for the
sake of showing the continuation of methods once started, and for the
convenience of those persons who live near them, as well as for the
benefits which have been given to public institutions in their respec-
tive counties as distinctly valuable returns in the form of more and
better fruits. This is a practical definite service from the State to
the county, and is at once a school in the methods of creating actual
and definite values.
The advantage of a local or township demonstration orchard is that
these are more easily reached by persons who wish to visit them fre-
Quently. They will become standing local examples, and when suc-
cessful will force recognition of the methods employed, and will thus
be the best popular means of giving local instruction.
We have received many requests to establish demonstration or-
chards elsewhere in the county than at the public institutions, which
we have selected, but, heretofore, have not been able to formulate a
plan that would extend the service in a manner sufficiently promis-
ing in fruitful results. This which is now contemplated will be
nothing more nor less than the carrying of a practical school of
modern horticultural methods directly into each fruit growing com-
munity, and will inevitably result in increasing the horticultural
products of Pennsylvania by millions of dollars annually. This
statement is not too strong in view of the fact that our fair-minded
inspectors have, after going through the orchards of this State, found
data upon which to base their rather conservative estimate, that the
loss to the pome fruits, or apples, pears and quinces, in this State
from the Codling Moth alone is at least one million dollars this year.
In our demonstration methods we shall show how to reduce this loss
to less than five per cent. of what it is at the present time. Persons
who are tired of growing, marketing or eating wormy apples, and
especially who are suffering loss from the deadly and otherwise fatal
ióż
San José scale are particularly invited to co-operate with us in ar.
ranging for one of these local demonstration orchards in their vicin-
ity. -
Pennsylvania has a wonderful future in fruit production. Tens of
thousands of acres are today not profitably producing farm crops,
but which are especially adapted to fruits, that would be of the
highest quality the world knows, and which would find a ready
market if properly handled. In these demonstration orchards, we
shall show how this can be done from the planting to the picking
inclusive. -
Applications are solicited from persons who are willing to accept
this offer, and preference will be given to those first received. Ac-
cessibility for the public to the orchard will also be considered. It
is advisable for Granges, farmers' clubs and other local agricultural
organizations to get together and select some orchard where they
would like to see this work done. We shall guarantee freedom from
injury by the methods employed. Selections and announcements
will be made this fall. Excepting for special reasons only one
demonstration orchard will be taken in any township. Write at
once to H. A. Surface, Fconomic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF PLANT PESTs.
*.
No subject can come before a grower of trees and plants that is
of greater importance in this country than that of the control of
plant pests. It is estimated that at least ten per cent. of each crop
is lost from the destruction of insects and another ten per cent.
from plant diseases. Wherever the cultivation of one or more kinds
of plants is centralized or conducted on an extensive scale, there the
pests are sure ultimately to appear in destructive and discouraging
numbers. An illustration of this is to be seen in asparagus culture.
The disease known as asparagus rust Was comparatively little known
in this State until in some parts the cultivation of the plant became
extensive, and the rust then came in with blighting and devastating
effects.
Another example is in celery culture, in which the effects of the
rust were not specially noticeable until extensive cultivation brought
this disease into some areas to such an extent as to cause ultimate
total destruction. Not only did the asparagus rust follow the cen-
163
tralization or the extension of the cultivation of asparagus, but two
different species of asparagus beetle are likewise spreading through
the region of most extensive culture of this plant, and where un-
checked by practical means destroy those plants which the rust
leaves standing. s
The salue is true of the enemy of the celery known as the celery
caterpillar, which is the larva of a large black and yellow butterfly.
This was not considered a very important enemy of celery until the
cultivation of this plant became extensive in certain localities, when
this pest increased in numbers to such an extent that the growers
must now regularly fight it, as well as the rust, in order to preserve
even a small portion of their crop.
PREVENTIVES.
The above examples show plainly that prevention is the best
means of dealing with such pests. In other words, if it be possible
to prevent the appearance of plant diseases and insects and cultivate
plants that are not infected or infested more profit will be obtained
thaf, where remedies are applied after the enemies appear.
By prevention is meant taking such precaution as will relieve the
necessity of applying remedies, because the pests are warded off or
kept away by the preventive measures that are taken. In preventing
loss from pests the old adage is especially applicable that “an ounce
of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
Among the various means of prevention are the following:
1. Growing varieties of plants that are least subject to the attack
of insects and diseases. With almost all plants some varieties are
less subject to attack of certain pests, others are more liable to
injury by them, while still others are very badly attacked. Before
planting it is really the duty of the prospective grower to familiarize
himself with these particular features of the subject. Nothing is of
so much importance in the line of scientific investigations as the
study of relative immunity of certain varieties of plants of each
kind, including shrubbery and trees, from the attacks of certain
species of plant diseases and insect pests.
2. Clean Culture. Another means of prevention is clean culture,
destroying all weeds and remnants of plants and other material that
would maintain the pests or diseases. Also cleaning up and burn-
ing all rubbish in which insects and plant disease germs find winter
quarters and cleaning the fence rows, and other work that should
come under the general heading of clean culture, will aid in prevent-
ing loss from insect pests and plant diseases.
3. Strengthening the growth of plants and trees by frequent cul
tivation, pruning, thinning the fruit, watering and draining the soil.
When a plant is weakened through the attack of pests it needs to
104
be stimulated by various means to overcome the effect. If it be vigor.
Ous in growth it may not be nearly so badly injured as though it
were a weakling. -
4. Proper fertilization for stimulating growth by the use of manures
and commercial fertilizers. There is a great advantage in overcom-
ing plant pests by inducing more vigorous growth and consequently
leaving less perceptible results of injury by the pests. Quickly act-
ing commercial fertilizers are often very valuable here.
5. Another means of preventing loss by pests is the preservation
of the enemies of these pests, particularly insectivorous insects such
as the lady beetle, the predaceous insects such as the ground beetles,
the small but very effective internal parasites, insectivorous reptiles,
birds and mammals, and other enemies of such pests.
6. Another means of preventing loss by pests is to destroy them
while they are comparatively few in number during any one year so
they will not multiply and come in devastating hordes during the
following or subsequent seasons.
The failure to destroy the Stinking squash bug in 1901 in this
State is the chief cause of the striking loss of cucumbers, squashes
and similar plants in the summer of 1902.
The prevention of the second brood of Codling Moth, which comes
during the latter part of summer, depends chiefly upon effective
spraying for the first brood shortly after the blossoms fall. This is
a striking example of preventive measures by destroying what would
otherwise be the ancestors of insects that would attack the plants
in the future.
7. Among the means of prevention of loss by pests is the practice
of proper rotation of crops. A crop which is grown continuously on
the same soil is much more liable to attack by both plant diseases
and insect pests than if it is moved from soil to soil. In this con-
nection the grower should remember that sometimes certain disease
germs, such as those of the potato scab are known to remain in and
infect soil for as long as five or six years. Thus, as a practical ap-
plication of this knowledge, the potato grower should not plant
potatoes, however clean he may render the seed by previous treat-
ment, in soil which produced scabby potatoes at any time during the
previous five or six years.
8. As a final means of prevention, the treatment for fungous germs
of nearly all kinds is to be applied rather than a cure of any disease
after it has appeared. It is to be remembered as a fundamental
point that practically all plant diseases are to be treated by preven-
tion rather than by remedy.
This means that the grower should look forward to the possibility
of the diseases coming, and apply the material that is known to be
a preventive, rather than wait until after it comes and then try
105
to apply a remedy. This is the principal and fundamental point of
the application of nearly all materials used for plant diseases, such
as corrosive sublimate, and formalin for potato scab and the Smut
of oats and wheat; Bordeaux mixture for the various plant diseases,
self-boiled lime-sulfur wash for ripe rot of peach, plum and cherry,
and other effective materials discussed in previous issues of this
bulletin.
REMEDIES.
Remedies are measures that are applied to correct certain ills
after they appear. They differ from preventives in the one import-
ant feature that the latter are applied before the pests come, while
the former are applied after their occurance. Almost all spraying
for insects is of a remedial rather than preventive nature. Among
the few exceptions to this are spraying for the codling moth, and also
spraying the trunks of trees with a repellant, in summer, to prevent
borers.
Remedies are applied chiefly to destroy insects, with the thought
that these pests will be either controlled or exterminated. Attention
should be called to the fact that the word “control” is, in all num-
bers of these Bulletins, used in reference to holding pests in check
in such a degree that they will not have a markedly devasting in-
fluence and that satisfactory and profitable crops can be produced
notwithstanding the possibility of their presence in limited numbers.
Thus nearly all practical persons are satisfied with the control of
pests, or the practical work which results in their reduction to such
numbers as will not be conspicuously destructive, while “extermina-
tion” refers to the complete destruction of all the pests of a certain
kind. In spraying for the San José Scale, for example, many per-
sons have eminently satisfactory results in the control of the pest,
although few exterminate it.
Control with many kinds of pests is practically as satisfactory as
extermination, because the same pests will almost be sure to come
another season from the surrounding neighborhood, and even if they
were killed upon the plants or trees on any one place during a
given year, it would be necessary to use the same measures another
year to destroy the few coming from across the line. However, in
some cases, where control is not at all satisfactory, and the work
should stop nothing short of complete extermination, as, for ex-
ample, in the treatment of household pests, where a few may be left
alive and multiply rapidly and continue to give much annoyance.
PLANT DISEASES.
The diseases of plants are exceeding numerous. The grower should
recognize the fact that on the average there are several different dis-
eases liable to attack each plant, although some plants may have
106
but a few, while others may have many. These diseases may be bac-
terial, or they may be fungus-like in nature. The bacterial diseases
are much more difficult to prevent than the fungous diseases, be-
cause they are generally within the tissue of the plant and can not
be reached by an external application. An example of this is the
Pear Blight, also sometimes called the Black Blight, Twig Blight,
Apple Blight, etc., which is a bacterial disease beneath the bark,
Working downward from the diseased parts, and can not be reached
by an external application of any fungicide, however efficient this
may be for other diseases. Therefore, the only proper means in such
a case is to cut out the diseased parts and take them away and
burn them, in order to get rid of the bacterial germs or spores
which they contain.
Other plant diseases are Fungus in nature, and most of these are
to be treated by spraying. It must be remembered that fungous dis-
eases will spread from one plant to another, or from one part of
the plant to another part by means of minute “germs,” commonly
called “spores,” which are the real reproductive bodies, and are as
small as most minute specks of dust. When they alight upon a plant
suitable for their growth and existence, they send out a delicate
growth which might roughly, but inaccurately be called a “rootlet”
or “sprout,” which penetrates the living tissue, and after it enters
the surface of the bark, the leaf or the fruit, it is impossible to reach
it with a fungicide and prevent its further spread. However, if,
when this germ falls upon the plant, it finds even the slightest trace
of some fungicide, such as copper sulphate, which has been used
to prevent its destroying the plant, it is killed at the time it starts
to send out its little sprout and before it enters the living tissue of
the plant. This shows why a fungicide should be applied as a pre-
ventive, or before the cultivated plant shows evidences of being dis-
eased, rather than being applied as a remedy or after the leaf, fruit
or bark shows that the fungus germ has started to develop within it,
and it is, consequently, diseased and too late to be reached by reme-
dial measures, such as external spraying applications.
Among the various plant diseases are the Rots, Rusts, Mildews,
Blights, Anthracnose, Leaf Curl, Smuts, Scabs and Cankers, known
to the special student of plant diseases, who is properly called a
plant pathologist. This subject does not really belong to the realm
of the entomologist, but as spraying is the general means of pre-
venting most plant diseases, as well as controlling or destroying most
insects, it is important for the grower of plants to understand that
in many cases he can by making a combined application of a fungicide
and insecticide prevent the appearance of certain plant diseases, and
at the same time destroy certain insects which are present or just
about to appear.
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INSECTS.
The term “plant pests” refers properly to all causes of affliction
of plants, whether they be diseases or insects or the higher animals.
The insects are, of course, the object of study of the entomologist.
These are tremendous in numbers of species as well as numbers of
individuals. Nearly all of them are to be treated by the application
of remedies, which means after they appear, rather than by materials
applied directly as preventives, although preventive measures dis-
cussed upon a previous page should be practiced for all possible kinds
of plant pests including the diseases, insects, and higher forms of
animal life, which might produce loss.
The kind of remedy to use must be in accordance with the feeding
habits of the insects, and this in turn is dependable upon the struc-
ture of the mouth parts of the insect in question. Thus, insects
may be divided into two great groups according to whether the mouth
parts are fitted for taking food by sucking, or whether they have
strong jaws and take their food by biting the tissue of the plant.
The suctorial insects pierce the plant but do not commence to take
food until after the bill or proboscis has entered the tissue and, con-
sequently, will not be killed by arsenical poisons or other poisons
which may lie upon the surface of the plant attacked. They do not
eat away the tissue and, consequently, are not injured by the poisons
which it is desired that they should eat. The results of such attacks
are often to be seen in a withered, shriveled, shrunken, twisted or
deformed leaf or fruit, or in a twig or branch of stunted growth, but
not in a part which has been devasted by having been eaten away.
The materials to use for destroying sucking insects are called contact
applications, and must be applied to the body of the insect in such
a way as to kill by coming into contact with it. If it be so protected
in its method of living that it can not be reached at a certain time
by a spray liquid, there is no use of spraying then for it, but if at
certain times in its life history it be exposed so that a spray liquid
can come into actual contact with its body, it can at such times
be effectively destroyed by materials not strong enough to injure
the plant tissues. An example of this is in the Apple Aphis, which,
during the early part of the growth of the apple leaf lives exposed
upon the leaf and can be killed with comparatively mild contact in-
secticides, but as the leaf becomes older and is further infested, it
becomes folded and twisted, and crumbles in such a manner as to
form an effective means of protection for the inmates, which then can
not be killed by contact insecticides applied as a spray. (See direc-
tions for Contact Insecticides.)
The chewing insects take their food by eating the tissues of the
plant, and, consequently, are in nearly all cases, to be destroyed by
feeding upon the tissues to which a poison is clinging. It is not so
108
necessary that a poison come into direct contact with them at the
time of its application to the plant. If a very thin film or a small
particle of the poison be found upon the surface of that portion of
the plant which they eat, they will, in most cases, readily be killed
by this. Therefore, the remedies for chewing insects are called in-
ternal poisons, and are generally the arsenical compounds, but are
not necessarily applied at a time to touch the insect directly, but
to be effective must be on the food at the time it is partaken.
POISONING BY SPRAY LIQUID.
There is considerable needless fear of poisoning human beings by
the use of arsenical spray compounds. The most successful and ex-
perienced farmers and fruit growers use such sprays continuously for
certain pests of their crops. It is not unusual for such crops as
cabbage, tomatoes, tobacco and potatoes and practically all fruits
to be sprayed with such arsenical poisons as paris green or arsenate
of lead for chewing insects and there is no knowledge of direct harm
having come to any user of these products through the result of
the application of a spray liquid. Inquiries are often asked concern-
ing the possibility of poultry or live stock being injured by eating
grass beneath trees where poison has been used. It will require an
immense amount of foliage or grass to hold enough of the poisonous
material to effect injury to any animal, and there are probably no
proven examples of injury from this cause. If the material were
just freshly applied, and the animals should pasture so extensively
upon the grass or clover thoroughly soaked with it as to gorge
themselves therewith, there might be danger of injury, but after a
rainfall there is no danger from this source, and as a rule, stock
would not be liable to eat enough of the vegetation rendered distaste-
ful to them if they could find enough upon which the poison had
not fallen.
Proper care and judgment should, of course, be used, for example,
in spraying with a strong poison, ripe fruit that is about ready to
be gathered and used. In the first place, there is no need of spray-
ing such fruits with poisons at that time; and in the second place,
if this should be done they should, of course, be washed before eating
or cooking them. The spray for the Codling Moth is applied far too
early to have even a slightly deleterious effect upon persons eating
apples that have been sprayed, and it is certain that such fruits after
having been sprayed are much more perfect, usually hang longer on
the trees, attain better size, color and quality, sell for a better price,
and keep much longer than similar fruits not sprayed.
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THE MATERIAL TO USE.
It is remarkable that many persons still continue to write to the
Economic Zoologist, stating that they are thinking of spraying, and
asking what material they shall use. They have come to the conclu-
sion that spraying is a good thing, but they do not state what kinds
of trees they wish to spray, or what pests are attacking or liable
to injure their trees, nor do they make any other explanation that
would guide one in giving useful information. Their case is exactly
similar to that of a person who would write to a veterinarian and
state that his livestock is sick, and ask what medicine to give it.
You can see that if he is to obtain proper skilled service, he should
state to the veterinarian the kind, age and condition of the livestock,
and give a complete diagnosis of the case, stating the symptoms in
such a manner that it might be possible to detect the difficulty in a
definite way or in the form of a definite ill, and, therefore, prescribe
the proper remedy. -
Spraying is not panacea or “sure-cure” for all ills of vegetation.
There are many diseases, such as fire blight and peach yellows, and
even some insects, such as bark borers, which cannot be prevented,
controlled or remedied by spraying.
It must be remembered above all else that spraying can not be
successful until the operator acquaints himself with the pests for
which he is to spray, and then sprays at the right time, with the right
material, in a right and thorough manner. The kind of material, in
general, can be said to be a contact application for sucking insects,
and an internal poison for the chewing insects, but this is too general
to be helpful.
Another important point to consider in the use of any kind of
material for spraying is that when trees are in leaf they are much
more delicate and easily injured than when they are dormant, and,
therefore, the strength, even of the same kind of material, should be
greatly reduced while the foliage is present. Thus the lime-sulfur
wash, which could be used successfully to destroy San José Scale and
benefit the trees during the winter time, should be dilute with at
least four times as much water if it is to be applied during the
summer time when the leaves are present as a fungicide or preventive
of plant diseases and as a remedy to destroy young scale insects.
Another important point is that some varieties of plants are much
more delicate than others, whether dormant or in foliage, but some
are particularly liable to injury by spray liquids when in leaf. Thus,
oil sprays, that could be safely used on apple and pear, might seriously
injure, or even quite destroy, peach and plum, even though dormant,
and spray liquids, whether insecticides or fungicides, that could
safely be used on leaves or hardy plants like potatoes, apples and
pears, might be disastrous on leaves and fruit of delicate plants like
peach and plum.
110
Understanding these general principles, the student is now able to
comprehend the reasons for making strong liquids as winter sprays
and dilute materials for summer sprays, varying the latter in ac-
cordance with the kind of plants to be sprayed. It should be re-
membered that the effort of the operator should be to apply the
materials as strong as the nature of the plant will permit, being
just weakened or diluted enough to avoid injuring the plant, in
Order to be sure to destroy the pests. This means that the material
should be of such strength as to be strong enough to be sure to kill
the pests, and at the same time, be weak enough to avoid injury to
the plants. These two limits vary with the nature or hardiness of
the plant, the kind of insect pest, with the kind and composition of
material used, and even with the same material there may be a
variation owing to whether it is a new or an old preparation.
The arsenical poisons, which are the chief internal poisons for
chewing insects, are rarely used in the winter time or when trees
are dormant. As summer sprays, they are used in water alone, or
with other materials, especially Bordeaux mixture. In general, one
pound of Paris green is the proper amount for one hundred gallons
of any kind of liquid, but arsenate of lead is liable to become the
standard arsenical insecticide, and from one to three pounds can be
used in fifty gallons of liquid, whether used alone or with a fungicide.
The best possible combined contact insecticide and fungicide for
use when trees are dormant, especially for destroying scale insects
and other pests that are exposed at that time, is the lime-sulfur
wash, either home boiled or commercial. It does not injure the trees
or plants of any kind when applied at any strength, when they are
dormant. Oils must be diluted by emulsifying or by a special process
rendering them more or less soluble in water, when they become
at times fairly good contact insecticides on hardy plants, such as
apple and pear. Whale oil soap is one of the best insecticides, and
can be varied in strength from two pounds, in a gallon of water for
winter to one pound in six gallons for summer use for plant lice
and young scale insects. Powders, decoctions, emulsions and gases,
all have their proper uses as contact insecticides, and their formulae
and proper methods of preparation are discussed in No. 1 of this
volume.
COMBINED INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.
It must be remembered that Bordeaux mixture alone is not an
insecticide. This is a fungicide only, and it is not practical to add
anything to it to make an insecticide for the sucking insects, al-
though this can easily be done for the chewing insects by the addition
of an arsenical compound, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead.
In using such poisons they should be added to the Bordeaux liquid
iii
preparation in the same proportion as they would be used if in
water alone. In other words, where one pound of arsenate of lead
or one-third pound of Paris green would be demanded in fifty gal-
lons of water, this could as well be added to fifty gallons of the made-
up or dilute Bordeaux mixture liquid, and could with the same appli-
cation, be used effectively, thus making the application of the Bor-
deaux portion to prevent certain plant diseases, and the arsenical part
would prevent or destroy certain chewing insects.
It has been reported that arsenate of lead does not go well with
the Bordeaux mixture, but in our Demonstration Orchards last sum-
mer, we tried this to such an extent that we are now satisfied with
the results, and thousands of persons in this State saw the good
effects of the use of one or two pounds of arsenate of lead with two
or three pounds of bluestone and about four pounds of lime in fifty
gallons of water, sprayed for the Codling Moth and for diseases of
leaf and fruit of the apple and pear.
THE STRENGTH TO USE.
The strength to use depends upon the nature or kind of vegeta-
tion to be treated. The operator should remember that he is spray-
ing to destroy an insect, which is a living organism, upon a plant,
which is another living organism. It is, therefore, necessary for him
to have the liquid strong enough to destroy the insect, but not strong
enough to injure the plant; and he must, therefore, note the two
extremes of (1) maximum strength to prevent injury to the plant
and (2) minimum strength to be sure that he destroys or prevents
the pest. In general, plants are to be considered as being either
hardy or tender, although, of course, there are all degrees of hardi-
ness from some of the most delicate to those that are strongest.
Among those not easily injured by spray liquids are such as potato,
apple, pear and quince, and for these the strong Bordeaux mixture
is recommended. Also, for the trees just mentioned, certain spray
liquids, such as emulsified or dilute soluble oil, can be used with
safety when the trees are not in foliage. But oils unless quite dilute or
made into dilute emulsion are not to be used on green leaves or vege-
tation at any time.
Certain plants, such as the peach and plum, are more easily in-
jured, and upon them the weaker solution of the Bordeaux mixture
should be used to prevent injury to foliage and fruit. The oils should
never be applied to them as strong as upon the hardier plants and,
in fact, even when dormant can not be applied in such strength as to
be sure to kill such pests as San José Scale. The formula for the
strong Bordeaux mixture calls for three pounds of copper sulphate
and four pounds of lime in fifty gallons of water, while the weaker
formula reduces the copper sulphate to one-half of this amount. To
112
either, one pound of arsenate of lead can be added, or in the absence
of arsenate of lead, one-third pound of Paris green should be used.
Lime should always be used with Paris green to neutralize the free
acid found in the latter and prevent the burning of the foliage.
DATE TO SPEAY.
The date to spray is of fundamental importance, as success or fail-
ure will surely depend upon this. Thus, in all our written or printed
directions we endeavor to give the proper time for successful spray-
ing. With some materials and for some pests, the exact date is not
so important, as, for example, when the general directions are given
for San José Scale at any time when the leaves are off. With others
a variation of a few days will make a difference of successful results
or failure, as, for example, when directions are given to spray for
the Codling Moth, with an arsenical poison (added to the Bordeaux
mixture if desired) just after the blossoms fall, or in the spring
spraying for Oyster-shell Scale, which should be when the eggs of
this pest hatch, which is on the average about the 10th of May in
this State. The spraying should be repeated in about ten days or
two weeks in many cases, for the purpose of being sure that the in-
secticide or fungicide is kept upon the leaf or fruit to be protected.
If, however, at any time a hard rain should wash the leaves or fruit
clean, the application should be renewed as soon as possible there-
after, and the dates of further spraying should be calculated from
the time of this application rather than from the previous one. The
general rule in spraying with the Bordeaux mixture to prevent dis-
eases of fruits and especially of grapes, is to spray once about every
two weeks during the growing season, especially while the fruits are
forming. It is to be seen that this is for two reasons; (1) because
new leaves are constantly being formed during the season, which
should be covered with the Bordeaux mixture in order to protect
, them, and (2) the wind, sun and rain will remove or weaken the
materials previously applied, so that an occasional renewal is found
necessary.
The foliage is sometimes burned by spraying done in sunshine,
especially just after a rainfall. This is particularly true when the
spraying has been with paris green without the addition of lime, and
more so, when the spraying is imperfectly or over-done and the
liquid applied in the form of drops rather than a fine mist, or when
the leaves have been so thoroughly soaked that the liquid runs into
drops and stands on the leaves. It appears that these drops of
liquid on the leaves focus the rays of sunlight in such a way as to
aid in causing burning. The nozzle should be held at one place
only until the leaf or fruit is covered as by a very thin film or mist,
and not until the plant is drenched and the liquid drops from it.
113
THOROUGHNESS OF SPRAYING.
Thoroughness is necessary, and this means that all parts of the
plants should be reached, and that a mist should be thrown from
each direction, as well as from above, but it does not mean that the
spraying should be continued until the entire plants are soaked in
all parts as by a rainfall, nor until the liquid runs in streams from
the leaf or fruit. The operator should stop before this occurs.
APPARATUS FOR SPRAYING.
The apparatus for spraying must depend upon the extent and needs
of the individual. It should be his effort to procure a spray pump,
whether large or small, that works easily and gives a steady pressure,
throwing an even, steady mist or fine spray, and not gushing out in
spurts as the pump is operated. A good spray pump for spraying in
winter for San José Scale, is also suited for summer spraying, ex-
cepting in regard to the nozzle. A coarse nozzle is advisable for
scale spraying in winter, especially in using the lime-sulfur wash,
as it really is not then essential that the liquid should be broken
up into a fine mist or spray; but in Summer spraying, or spraying
when in foliage, this becomes very important. For this reason the
“Vermorel” nozzle is one of the best that can be used for spraying
trees or plants of any kind when in leaf, although any nozzle that will
give a fine misty spray, rather than a sprinkle, will serve very well.
The operator should always use a small eighth-turn at the end of
his extension rod, in order to let him turn the nozzle to use one side or
the other, and also use two or more nozzles in a cluster, in order to
do better and quicker work. Three or four well spread nozzles will
give the best results, especially in spraying plants when in leaf,
although in spraying when dormant it is better to use a less number
of larger nozzles, in order better to direct the spray to certain spots,
and also to reduce the weight. In spraying when the foliage is pre-
sent, the purpose is to throw a cloud of spray, in general, over leaf
and fruit, while in spraying when dormant, the purpose is to spray
directly to a branch that is being traversed along its entire length
by the nozzles.
As each person in ordering apparatus must meet his own needs, it
becomes important for him to describe those needs in writing to
this office or to the manufacturers for information. He should state
the number or area, the kind and size of plants for which he wishes
to spray, and the material that he has in mind to use. When this
information is given we can inform him concerning the apparatus
that will be found best for his needs. -
2
114
SPEAYING POINTERS.
“Spraying” is a general term, although it is regarded by many as
being the magical method by which trees and plants are kept free
from all the ills and pests to which vegetation is heir. The writer
has often received such an inquiry as the following: “My trees are
diseased, with what should I spray them to put them in good con-
dition?” It would be fully as reasonable for such a person to go to a
veterinarian and say, “My live stock is sick, what should I give it
to make it well?” He does not describe the symptoms nor send
samples of the diseased or infested parts, and does not even state
what kinds of trees are injured. This person knows nothing what-
ever about spraying, and to educate him to a place where he would
be able to spray intelligently and successfully would be a great task,
but not beyond hope. If the inquirer should be in earnest, he will
study the subject of spraying from bulletins and from speakers and
writers on the subject, and he will soon come to see that spraying
consists in thoroughly applying or throwing a liquid in a very fine
mist, or in very fine particles, in the form of a spray. It is really
wrong to speak of “dust spraying,” and to avoid confusion, this
should be called “dusting.” -
Spraying is not sprinkling. This point should be emphasized.
Some persons say that they have taken a sprinkling can and have
sprinkled their plants and want to know if this will give them as
good results as from spraying. In a few cases, as with potato
beetles, this may be true, but in others, as with cabbage pests, it will
not be true. In spraying, the liquid is broken up into fine particles,
making a dew or water mist, like steam. These particles cover the
sprayed portion of the plant in such a way as to make a uniform
coating, which, however, is not applied to such an extent as to wash
away the spray material, as would be done if it were applied by
sprinkling or in the form of drops. Thus it is to be seen that any
material applied as a spray is not only applied much more thoroughly
and evenly, but it also sticks much better than when it is applied as a
sprinkle. Many coarse nozzles are good for sprinkling but not satis-
factory for use in the real art of spraying.
The person who wishes to learn something about spraying will
lose no opportunity to see the work done. He will visit the State's
Demonstration Orchards in the various counties when it is announced
that experts will be there with apparatus to do spraying, and he will
also go to see the work of successful orchardists when they are
spraying their trees. He will become enough interested in the sub-
ject to learn for himself that spraying must be done with apparatus
that is especially made for the purpose. This apparatus differs very
considerably in size, kind, condition and appearance, but agrees in
115
the One fundamental point that the spray liquid is thrown out under
high pressure through a nozzle with a small opening. The student
of the subject will learn that the higher the pressure and the smaller
the opening, the finer will be the spray, and a coarse spray or sprinkle
will come from attempting to force a liquid through a large opening
with but low pressure. He will thus see that if he is to do good
work, he must use some apparatus that will give a fairly high and
even pressure, say not less than sixty pounds to the square inch,
and in many cases he may wish to use one hundred or more pounds
to the inch.
KIND OF APPARATUS.
The kind of apparatus that one must use depends to a great extent
upon the size of the trees to be sprayed, as well as on the number,
or the speed with which the work must be done. The chief point is
to apply the spray liquid in such a way as to get it uniformly or
evenly over the object that is to be sprayed. Thoroughness is neces-
sary, and in many cases, especially in spraying for San José Scale,
the work has failed because the operator has failed to cover all the
tree well or was careless or did not do a thorough job. It must be
remembered that the material must strike and cover every fraction
of an inch of the surface that is to be remedied or protected by the
spray liquid. Especially in spraying for San José Scale, if there be
a spot as large as a man's finger nail that is not covered the pest will
remain alive thereon and multiply during the next summer season
to such an extent as to re-infest the entire tree.
Almost any kind of apparatus can be used to reach all parts of the
tree by carrying it into the tree by climbing and by the use of a
ladder. We have seen some large trees successfully sprayed with a
small compressed air hand sprayer, but this was a very tedious opera-
tion and can not be recommended on an extensive scale, chiefly be-
cause of the time consumed in so doing. For spraying truck crops,
gardens, fields and similar low plants the compressed air sprayer,
carried over the shoulder or back, will be found an advantage, but
for spraying trees, the cheapest or least expensive apparatus that will
give satisfactory results is a barrel sprayer, which consists of a force
pump mounted on a barrel. There are over a dozen firms now selling
good spraying apparatus in Pennsylvania, and there is comparatively
little difference in the merits of these. The chief point is to select ,
a brass-lined spray pump which works easily and gives a uniform
even pressure when the handle is in operation. The brass lining is
for the purpose of preventing the aparatus from wearing out quickly
as iron or copper will quite likely be destroyed soon by the spray
liquids.
116
While we regard the ordinary barrel sprayer pump as the one
which will be chiefly used with success in this State, we do not hesi-
tate to say that the one which will give the most general satisfaction
for high power, at least expense for running and original cost, is
the lever spray pump, which works by a lever swinging back and
forth instead of up and down. A person having a large or com-
mercial orchard will need some kind of power for making a spray.
The carbonic acid gas pressure, gasoline, steam or compressed air,
will be found useful, but it is probable that the power sprayer of
the future will be operated by a small gasoline engine.
The hose is a very important consideration, as the operator should
have enough hose to let him swing well around the tree and keep
the spraying liquid from blowing over him. Upon every spray pump
there should be at least twenty-five feet of hose, and on the end of
this there should be attached an extension rod about eight feet in
length. This extension rod may be brass lined and of bamboo out-
side, such as is made by manufacturers, or it may be of ordinary
gas pipe, cut with joints and connections, to be reduced in length
as desired. The nozzle should be such as will throw a good strong
volume of fine spray, throwing it in a cone-shaped mist rather than
spread out flat like a fan. For this purpose the “Mistry Jr.,”
“Friend,” “Spray-Motor,” “Brown,” etc., are good mozzles. At the
farther end of the extension rod there should be a “Y” arrangement
for carrying two good large nozzles. -
The spray liquid should always be strained before putting it into
the tank, especially if it contains lime or any thick sediment. This
can best be strained through a large funnel containing a sheet of
brass wire cloth built in the form of a cone, and standing upright
in the funnel. There will be great trouble in attempting to strain
through a flat wire strainer, but the conical wire strainer will do
the work very well. Use about thirty meshes to the inch of wire
cloth. After the operator has equipped himself with apparatus and
commenced to spray he will become more interested in the subject
and will learn a few essential points as follows: -
1. We do not spray for “anything and everything.” . It is very
important that in spraying we do so for some definite purpose, as
for killing some certain kind of insect that is present, or to pre-
vent some certain kind of plant disease that is about to appear.
An application that will destroy one pest will not injure another.
In spraying to cure or prevent a definite trouble, the operator must
consider the kind of material and the date when that particular
process will be most successful. -
117
2. Not only should the operator be careful to use the right ma-
terials but these must be in correct proportion. If this point be
not observed the spraying solution may not be strong enough to
injure the pests, or it may be so strong as to harm the plant.
3. Spraying must be done at the right time. This is when pests
are present or about to appear. Each particular pest has its date of
occurrence and when this is the one to be suppressed the spraying
must be in accordance with its date in that locality. Spraying
either too early or too late may, in some cases, result in failure, even
though all other features of the work be correct.
4. Spraying must be thorough, and the sprayed plants must be
covered from all sides.
5. It is not necessary to spray to prevent the appearance of most
insects, although for plant diseases this is done.
6. Each disease and insect pest has a life history which should be
studied in order to be successful in combating it.
THE PREPAIRATION OF BIFES FOR wiNTER.
Our correspondence shows that in this State two of the common
causes of losses of bees are winter-killing or dying during the winter,
and absconding or leaving at the time of swarming in the spring.
These can both be overcome without difficulty and without expense,
with increased profits from the proper handling of bees.
Winter-killing, or the death of bees due to winter, may be due to
one of several causes. Among these are the following:
1. BEE DISEASES.
If the trouble be diseases of the brood, such as American foul brood
or European foul brood, it is necessary for the bee-keeper to know
this and give the bees proper treatment, in accordance with the
nature of the disease. We are undertaking an investigation of bee
diseases of Pennsylvania, with a view to showing where they occur
and how to prevent their serious ravages. All persons suspecting
the presence of bee diseases in their apiaries should at once send to
Dr. E. F. Phillips, Washington, D.C., for mailing boxes and franks,
and should mail him a small piece of comb (two inches square),
containing the diseased brood. The brood or young bees may die
from other causes than foul brood, but the bee-keeper may well be
suspicious of this disease in his hives if he sees dead brood scattered
in unsealed cells. By knowing the disease and what to do for it, he
} is
will be able to overcome it. Directions for treatment will be sent
free from this office or from the office of Dr. E. F. Phillips, in charge
of Apiculture, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C. •
If bee diseases be present in the hive or colony, it is important
to treat them in such way as to remove the disease before the bees
become quiet for the winter. The earlier such treatment be given
in the fall, the better will be the results. Diseased colonies grad-
ually decline and fail to produce enough young bees to keep the
colony strong, and are, of course, most liable to die out entirely
during the critical period of the winter season. Where the loss of
bees is from this cause, it is easy to determine it by submitting
samples of the brood in the comb as directed above, and then giving
proper treatment, as will be described in printed instructions sent
to those desiring them.
2. QUEENLESSNESS.
Bees may die during the winter time for the reason that they are
queenless, and may have been so for some time, and practically all
the bees in the colony are old bees, which would naturally be most
likely to die at this time. While it is not true that the queenless
colony always dies during the winter time, it is true that one with-
out a queen, however strong it may be, at sometime in the summer or
fall, is much more liable to die from some one cause or another,
than is one which is queen-right. All bee-keepers well know how
ready the bees are to learn when a colony is queenless and rob it
of its stores, especially at a time when supplies from blossoms be-
come scarce, and thus by robbing it, cause its destruction in starv-
ing to death. Every hive should be examined at this time of year
to be sure that it contains a good vigorous queen, and if not, it
should be requeened immediately by a new young queen, such as can
be purchased for not over one dollar from the many queen breeders
advertising in the reliable bee journals.
3. NOT ENOUGH YOUNG BEES.
The Golden Rule for the bee-keeper should be, “Keep all colonies
strong.” This can be done only by continuing the rearing of brood
of young bees during most of the year. Those colonies that live
in a region where there is no flow of nectar during the late summer
and fall are liable to go into winter strong in old bees, if any, but
deficient in young bees. These will not winter nearly as well as
those which have many young bees at the end of fall. It is the young
bees which are more liable to live and remain vigorous during the
winter time, and which come forth in the spring able to build up
the colony and make it produce early and abundant stores. -
119
In localities where there is a fair fall flow of nectar from asters,
goldenrod, yellow flowers or bidens, and especially from buckwheat
or Some other nectar-yielding plant, the colonies build up strongly
by rearing considerable brood in the fall, and also lay in sufficient
amount of stores for the winter, and thus go into winter in an ideal
condition in regard to the abundance of young bees and stores. In
such localities fall feeding is not necessary, neither for the purpose
of rearing brood, nor for that of supplying winter stores. How-
ever, in many regions there is but little fall flow of nectar, and,
consequently brood-rearing has practically ceased before this time,
and colonies will be obliged to go into winter with the greater num-
ber of their bees at an advanced age rather than young. These are
not in good condition for most successful wintering, and especially
for the best returns in the way of strongest honey yield next spring.
To procure young bees in the hive at this time of year, in a region
where there is no natural nectar flow, it is necessary to feed slowly
but regularly, in a manner known as “Stimulative Feeding.”
There are two general purposes of feeding bees; one is to give them
enough food for stores to be sure to let them go well fed and warmed
through the winter and into the spring, and the other is to induce
them to rear young bees. The former method of feeding for stores
may be successfully accomplished by giving each colony at one time
all the syrup or food that it may need to make up its entire needed
Quantity of supplies; but, in the second method (Stimulative Feed-
ing), it is necessary to feed but little at a time and slowly, in order
to produce artificially those conditions which come from natural
nectar flow. Thus the feeding for brood-rearing should begin rather
early in the fall, or not later than some time in the month of Sep-
tember, and should be continued by feeding a small quantity, such
as one-half pint or a pint, of thin or dilute sugar syrup, regularly
each evening. It must be remembered that nectar, as taken from
the blossoms it is three-fourths water, and this is evaporated by the
bees until it is not quite one-fourth water, when with proper ripen-
ing it is honey. - -
In feeding to stimulate brood-rearing, it is by all means best to
dilute the syrup, so that it is much thinner than when feeding for
stores. The best possible food for brood-rearing can be made by
measuring one part sugar and dissolving this in three parts of water.
When not warmer than 100 deg. Fahr., or about blood temperature,
and in the evening, put it into feeders, and either place these in the
hives or immediately in front of the hives, so that the bees can pro-
cure it and take it to their empty combs during the night.
Of course, we take it for granted that every person trying to keep
bees in a successful manner has them in movable frame hives of some
kind. It is almost useless to attempt to tell anyone how to keep bees
120
by modern methods, when he persists in using old-fashioned box hives.
Under such conditions modern bee culture is as fully out of the
question as would be modern corn culture, if the grower should persist
in planting his crop by sowing it broadcast. -
There are many kinds of feeders, but the main purpose is to give
to the bees, in small quantities (not over one pint), a dilute syrup,
using white granulated sugar, one part, and water, two or three
parts, giving this food in the evening when it is so late that it will
not start robbing by other colonies, and being sure it is taken
up before next morning. Sometimes, to keep the chilly winds
from the hive, especially when the food is presented in the
entrance, it is important to cover the entire hive, and, of
course, the food, with a blanket or some other cover that will
keep off the wind and retain the heat, and permit the bees to work at
the entrance of the hive.
One good and simple method of feeding is to pour the syrup into
a frame containing empty comb. Lay the comb flat down in a large
pan, and pour each side full, pouring it from a height and turning the
comb over when one side is filled. Then hang the comb in the hive
and the bees will clean it up at once. Shallow box feeders, or even
pie tins, can be used, if on the liquid there be placed a number of
straws or sticks to give the bees a foot-hold while they are feeding,
and keep them from drowning. Several kinds or devices or feeding
receptacles are made by makers of bee-keepers' supplies, but any-
thing by which the apiarist can conveniently give the bees the amount
of food desired, in such a way that they will take it readily, and rob-
bing will not start, will serve all the requirements of the case.
Stimulative feeding should be kept up for at least from four to
six weeks. The feeding should be done each evening, in order to
obtain the best results. One-half pint is given to the bees each
evening, and is better than one pint every other evening, and far
better than a quart every third or fourth evening. The amount to
feed at a time depends upon the size of the colony, their need of
supplies and their readiness to take up the food. A larger colony
will take more than a smaller one, but if they be properly protected
from chilling winds, even a small colony should be able to
take up as much as a pint during each night.
If the bees should not readily take the pure sugar syrup a little
old honey can be added to induce them to take it more readily. Old
dark or strong honey will do very well for this purpose, although
soured or spoiled honey should always be avoided. In fact, in am-
swering the now oft-repeated question as to what should be done with
the unusual amount of honey dew which the bees have gathered this
summer, we would say that it can be used very successfully in stim-
121
ulative feeding, both in fall and spring, although it can not be used
for winter stores or winter feeding, where the bees will not have an
opportunity to fly at least once every three or four weeks.
HONEY DEW.
Honey dew is not honey, although an unusual amount of it has
been gathered this year and has been capped or sealed with nice white
comb. Upon opening such comb, however, the dark muddy honey
dew is to be seen, and on tasting this it is found to be very inferior
in flavor to even poor nectar honey. It can not legally be sold for
honey, and if put on the market it must be marked “honey dew
honey.” Even if good honey is contaminated with more than twenty
per cent of this honey dew honey, the producer or seller is liable to
a penalty under the Pure Food Laws against adulteration. However,
for the purpose of stimulative feeding, which, of course, is then at
a time when the bees have full opportunity for flight, honey dew can
be mixed with sugar syrup, perhaps to the extent of fifty per cent.
or one-half. Whether it would serve entirely for stimulative feeding
is a question to be answered only by experimentation, which is recom-
mended. It is our opinion that if the bees have plenty of opportu-
nity for flight, the honey dew honey will have no serious effect, but
that it may prove quite injurious if they are obliged to feed upon
this during the entire winter time, when they can not escape from
the hives for cleansing flight.
4. WEAK COLONIES.
Bees often die during the winter time simply because they were
weak or but few in numbers in a colony in the fall or when they went
into winter quarters. It is not true that a bee becomes dormant
and cold like most insects, which can be frozen and thawed again
without injury. Honey bees cluster closely in the hive and generate
heat by the consumption and utilization of the honey or food in the
hive. The bees are the stoves for using the honey as fuel to make
heat. If there be no stoves, or if there be an insufficient number of
stoves in the house, it can not be heated, even with a vast amount
of fuel present. In the same way, if there be an insufficient number
of bees present in a hive, it makes no difference how large the supply
of winter food they may have, they can not generate enough heat to
warm the hive properly and keep up the necessary temperature for
their life during the winter time.
Colonies may be weakened through disease, through pests, such
as moth or mice, or through having been queenless for some time, or
through their queen being old and a poor layer, or through having
been divided in the process of nucleus—formation too late in the
~~~~ 1%
fall and not being properly fed and stimulated to cause them to be-
come stronger. A weak colony, even though composed of young bees,
has a poor opportunity to pass through the winter successfully, even
with an abundance of stores. One of two things should be done.
Either it should be united to some other weak colony, killing the
poorer queen a few hours before making the union, or its space should
be considerably contracted by division boards, in order that the
bees will not be obliged to heat an unusually large amount of space
in a large hive body which they can not fill.
5. LACK OF STORES.
One of the most common causes of bees perishing during the win-
ter time is the lack of sufficient amount of stores or food to carry
them well through the winter and into the spring, when nectar in
abundance can again be secured. The amount of supplies necessary
in the hive body varies with the strength of the colony, but even
for weak colonies it should not be less than thirty pounds of sealed
honey or thick sugar syrup, and for strong colonies it should not be
less than forty pounds. This does not include the weight of the bees
and the hives, but refers to the amount of actual stores in the frames.
It may be considered as including the weight of the frames, but not
that of the hives. If the bee-keepers will now weigh their bees, they
will find that comparatively few colonies come up to the standard
of what they need for best results in wintering. Where they are
wintered in cellars with a prolonged season of equable temperature,
the required amount of food may be from ten to fifteen pounds less
for each colony, but the trouble and expense of preparing them for
cellars and moving may be more than the added cost of wintering
them on their summer stands with proper food and protection.
When a colony is found to have an insufficient amount of food
for the winter, this deficiency can be at once made up by feeding
syrup made by dissolving white or granulated sugar in an equal
bulk of water. Note that this is a thicker syrup than is recommended
for stimulative feeding, but it is generally given later in the season,
when the bees have less opportunity for evaporating the water which
is present, and it is not for the purpose of simulating honey flow,
but is for the one purpose of giving stores for the winter. It is not
necessary to feed winter supplies as early in the fall as in feeding
stimulatively for brood rearing, especially in consideration of the
fact that the needed amount of syrup can be given in one or a few
good feedings. In fact, it is not necessary in feeding for this pur-
pose that the bees take up the syrup and carry it to the cells ot once.
An empty frame of comb is excellent for feeding for wintering or
winter stores. Make the syrup thick; lay the frame on its side in a
shallow pan; pour the cool syrup in from a height, so that it is sure
ižº
to fall with some force into the cells and enter them; turn over the
frame or comb; pour the other side full, and stand this in the mid-
dle of the brood chamber. Treat two or three other frames in the
Same way, and give them to the bees, and they will be as happy and
comfortable as kings. Another good method of feeding a quantity is
to use the division board feeder, which is shaped just like a frame of
comb, but consists of thins boards nailed over the outside of the
frame and, a hole in the top bar in such a way that the liquid can
be poured through the hole into the space between the thin boards,
where the comb would have been had it contained comb. That is
called a “division board feeder,” because it can be used both as a
feeder and as a division board to divide or contract the hive when it
is desired to contract or narrow the space occupied by the bees.
However, in the division board feeder there should be an abundance
of large pieces of corks, or a sheet of cloth extending downward
from the top bar to keep the bees from drowning, as they really will
drown in this, especially when syrup is poured into the box when
bees are feeding in it. Of course, in either feeding for winter sup-
plies or to stimulate brood rearing it is always any easy method to
put the food into some vessel and set it on top of the frames in an
empty super, and cover this vessel with sticks, placing a cloth on
this or over it to retain the heat while the bees come up to feed.
However, on the surface of this liquid there should be large pieces
of corks, straws or sticks to keep the bees from sinking into it and
drowning. -
Nothing pays the bee-keeper like sending the bees through the
winter in fine condition. Supplies fed this fall may not all be taken
up now, but if they are needed they will be there ready to prevent
actual loss. If not needed, they will not be lost, but will be pre-
served ready for future use, and, consequently, be only a means of in-
surance against want. It is far better to overfeed them than to
underfeed them, as there is really no less from abundant feeding.
It must be remembered, however, that it is illegal to feed sugar to
bees and have them put this into combs and sell the substance as
honey. The only use of sugar for feeding is to stimulate brood rear-
ing or for supplies needed as food for wintering.
Pure granulated sugar syrup is fully as good for winter as the
honey, and is really better than dark or poor honey, and it is far
superior to the “honey dew honey.” It is a matter of economy to re-
rhove the best nectar honey from the hive and sell it or use it for the
table, and feed the bees sugar syrup in return. It is probable that
for wintering the bees one could safely have twenty per cent. of
honey dew honey in their food, but when there is too much of this
last-named substance the bees will need extra opportunities for
flights.
124
6. IMPROPER PROTECTION OF BEES FOR WINTER.
If the hives be poor and loose or too large for the number of bees
they contain, or if the walls be thin so that the heat will readily
escape and the cold penetrate, or if the hives stand in exposed
places, or foolishly be opened after the bees become quiet, or if from
Some other cause the bees be improperly protected from cold during
the Winter time, or even if not prepared for the winter in proper
time and season, they are liable to suffer considerably, or all die,
even though other conditions mentioned above may be favorable.
We have seen bees starve to death in the midst of plenty during the
Winter time, because they became so cold that they could not move
from one comb to another, or even from one cell to another. This is
due to leaving them in a single walled hive, unprotected by outer cov-
ering, on their summer stands, and without proper provisions for
closing or protecting their entrances. If double walled hives be
used, the bees do not need to be put in a cellar. If, however, they
be in single walled hives, they should either be placed in a cellar
during the winter, or around each hive there should be an outer
box with a space of at least three or four inches from the hive, filled
with chaff or leaves or some other protecting substance, which will
keep water and wind from the hive on all sides, including the bot-
tom, as well as the top, and prevent the bees from suffering from
sudden changes of temperature during the winter. Extreme warm
spells are liable to be even more disastrous to the bees than ex-
treme cold. The protection thus given, by making an extra wall of
packing entirely around the hive on all sides, will help to preserve
a uniform temperature during the winter, and will keep them from
overheating during a warm spell, and thus relieve them from the
consequent necessity of attempting to fly forth for cleansing, and in
many cases be lost by alighting upon some cold object and suffering
from what is commonly known as “spring dwindling.”
The successful bee-keeper will see that the hives are protected from
wind and rain as well as from sun, and that the entrance of the hive
is contracted to a space not over one-fourth inch in height and
not over four or five inches wide, so that the bees will have all the ven-
tilation needed, and also come and go during the fall, winter and early
spring; but the mice will be kept out, and the interior of the hive
will be kept warm. The hives must be inclined enough that water
will run out of the entrance, if it should form in the interior of the
hive from the moisture in the breath of the bees striking against
the cold sides, and over the bees should be placed a chaff cushion,
which may be an ordinary coffee sack or other cloth bag containing
clover chaff, clean wheat hulls, fine dry leaves, or any other good
plant material that will form effective cushion to absorb moisture and
125
retain the heat of the hive. This can be placed in an empty super
on a support known as Hill's Device, laid on the frames, for the
purpose of supporting the cushion enough to let the bees pass over
the top of the frames from one to another. Instead of Hill's De-
vice long corn cobs will serve the purpose very well. It is important
that the bees be given an opportunity to pass over frames from one
to another, but under the cushion, and this must be provided by some
support like corn cobs laid across the frames or Hill's Device, which
is made for the purpose. . - -
There is nothing lost in preparing the bees early for winter, and
letting them have time and opportunity to seal down the cover so
tightly that winds will not enter, and especially that this will not be
blown off at a critical time during a wintry storm. Be sure that the
hive is full of young bees and full of food and the keeper may them
be sure that he has provided both fuel and stoves, and the necessary
heat will be maintained. Where bees are wintered on summer stands,
which is now proving to be the better method, with an opening so
they can fly at will, there is an advantage in preparing them early for
the winter season and letting them then remain quiet. A board, a
foot or more wide placed at an angle against the front of the hive,
provides against snow blowing into the entrantxº and also can be
used to keep out sunshine, and will be of considerable value.
Even corn fodder shocked around the hives will be of much more
use than may be supposed, in case a person is not able to provide for
single-walled hives with an outside covering and packing they should
have for the average winter protectiou in Pennsylvania. If they are
thus protected they may be left outdoors, and the sunshine can
fall upon their outer cover without deleterious effect, but if the sin-
gle walled hives be left in a warm corner and exposed where the
sun can strike them, the bees will be called out prematurely, and
start brood rearing at unseemly times, and may result in general dis-
aster.
While bees require less constant intelligent care than any other
form of live stock, they do demand a certain amount of reasonable
attention from the owners, and if this be not given, it can not be
expected that adequate returns, or even satisfactory compensation,
Will follow.
126
MEMBERSHIP IN THE STATE BEE-KEEPERS ASSOCIATION.
The thousands of bee-keepers in the State of Pennsylvania will be
interested in learning that there is an active State Association, de-
voted to subjects in which they are mutually interested. The Sec-
retary of this Association has recently issued a circular giving the
following information: -
TEIE PENNSYLVANIA STATE BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION.
TO ALL BEE-KEEPERS IN THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA: GREETING.
The Pennsylvania State Bee-Keepers’ Association was organized April 12, 1904,
for the promotion of apiculture. It is one of many State Associations which con-
tributes to the “National Bee-Keepers’ Association” from which it in return re-
ceives strong support.
Promotion of apiculture may be gained by education and by legislation. Educa-
tion enlightens the understanding of each progressive bee-keeper and guides him
in the selection of suitable varieties of bees, economical hives and accessories,
methods of handling bees for best results, modes of disposal of bee products, how
to select healthy and profitable sites for aparies and what plants to seek
and to grow. It uncovers the causes for losses from disease and shows means of
escaping loss. It teaches what is right and what is wrong between the bee keeper
and his neighbor. - r
Legislation protects the progressive and the law-abiding bee keepers while it
compels those other bee keepers to cease to maintain apicultural nuisances. Legisla-
tion affords a means for the control or elimination of brood diseases. It, places at
the disposition of our citizens a State officer, skilled in the technique of apiculture,
from whom timely advice may at any time be secured. Any momentous question,
vital to the interests of the business, may best be answered by one whose daily
duties bring him in touch with the State-wide conditions.
Incidental to the purpose of promoting apiculture, the members of the Associa-
tion, have the pleasure of congenial affiliation, and also the advantages of purchas-
ing apicultural supplies at special Association discounts.
Furthermore, the membership is afforded financial aid through the treasury of
º National Association, in the event of litigation concerning the practice of api-
culture." * .
The National Association issues annually a report of its conventions, and, at
intervals, bulletins of information, advice and exchanges. The State Association
also publishes reports of its annual conventions. This literature is free to the mem-
bers. .
The cost of membership in the State Association—inclusive of membership in the
National Association—is almost nominal, being only one dollar ($1.00) annually.
The Pennsylvania State Bee-Keepers' Association invites you to become a mem-
ber.
A. F. SATTERTHWAIT,
Secretary-Treasurer.
i27
APICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PENNSYLVANIA.
In recognition of the rapid spread of fatal bee diseases in this
State, and of the importance of conducting a series of thorough
investigations in this State, Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Brueau of
Entomology, of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D.C., has sent to each postmaster in Pennsylvania a circular
giving the following information:
.The Economic Zoologist of Pennsylvania, in conjunction with the
Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, is attempting to learn the status of bee-keeping in Pennsylva-
nia with a view of investigating the future possibilities of the busi-
ness and increasing its importance.
In order to communicate with as many as possible of the persons
now engaged in the keeping of bees, we are writing to the officers
of every town in different counties of the State and to officers of
different organizations in these counties for names and addresses of
bee-keepers in each town. If you are unable to give this informa-
tion, I shall appreciate it if you will refer me to some one who, in
your opinion, can do so.
Address all communications to H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg, Pa., using the inclosed franked envelope, on which no
postage is necessary. Do not hesitate to include any names of bee-
keepers, even if they keep only one or two colonies.
Respectfully yours,
L. O. HOWARD,
(Inclosure) Chief of Bureau.

NAME. ADDRESS. NAME. ADDREss.
*
w
128
It is very important that the names and addresses of all bee-keep-
ers in this State be sent to this office in order that they may receive
literature and other help, and that we may get facts from them for our
study of bees. These are the investigations referred to in another page
of this Bulletin as being in co-operation with Dr. E. F. Phillips, of
Washington, D. C., who represents Dr. Howard and is the expert
in charge of Apiculture, of the Bureau of Entomology, of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture.
INVESTIGATIONS OF BIFE DISEASES.
To Pennsylvania Bee-Keepers:
This office is taking up certain studies of the honey-bee and its
diseases in Pennsylvania, in co-operation with the bee-keeping inves-
tigations of the Bureau of Entomology, of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture. We are particularly anxious to learn if there be any
American or European foul brood in your county. If you know of
any such will you kindly notify me at once, and if you suspect any
such disease will you kindly send a sample of the diseased brood
in the comb to Dr. E. F. Phillips, in Charge of Apiculture, Bureau
of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Where a colony is weakened, or an offensive odor is sometimes to be
perceived at the entrance of the hive and upon opening same, and
especially where cells among the brood are empty here and there
and others contain dead brood, you have indications of one of these
diseases. If present it is likely to prove destructive to all the bees of
the neighborhood, and it is quite contagious. However, it can be
treated with permanent cure in an inexpensive manner by directions
which we are willing to give entirely free. If you know of any bees
in your region where such disease could be suspected, will you kindly
arrange to send at once a small sample (about two inches square) pf
the diseased brood in the comb to Dr. E. F. Phillips, as directed
above. If you will first write to Dr. Phillips for postage franks and
mailing box, he will send them to you so that the postage will cost
you nothing. Kindly note that specimens are to be sent to Washing-
ton, and your reply may be sent either to Dr. Phillips or to me, as I
am in constant communication with Washington, and in either event
both persons will have réeord of your valuable correspondence, for
which I shall thank you.ºe hope that you and your neighbors may
be the gainers through thiº
º f
jº. Fº
ſº tº ºr " * , ; ,
*
*śrs truly,
~ 3 *—
, , º, . * H. A. SURFACE,
Económic Zoologist and President Pa. Bee-Keepers' Association.
-á''


9/.
/
.72 a 5T
THE


ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN
OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
VOLe VI –No. 6
Results of Experiments with Lime-Sulfur Solution.
UBJECTS :
SUBJE | How to Destroy San Jose Scale.
NOVEMBER 1, 1909.
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist,
Editor,
Entered May 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, Under Act
of Congress of June 6, 1900
HARRISBURG:
C. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
1909
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR NOVEMBER, 1909.
VOLUME VII, No. 6.
Established in April, 1903, at the Office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE NOVEMBER BULLETIN.
Page
Our Monthly Chat with Readers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º O Gº º 163
The Results of our Experiments and Investigations, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
I. Strength of Different Brands of Commercial Lime-sulfur Solution, 164
II. The Effect of Carbolic Acid Gas on the Lime-sulfur Solution, .... 169
III. The Color of the Lime-sulfur Wash, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
IV. Crystallization of the Lime-sulfur Wash, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
W. The Amount of Lime Necessary for the Lime-sulfur Wash, . . . . . . 176
How to Destroy the San José Scale, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1. Date of Spraying, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2. How to Spray, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e 179
3. The Material to Use, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * c e º e º 'º e º e 181
4. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & © tº G & & © e e 183
Plan of Co-operation in the Model Orchards, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * º e º ſº 186
Appointments at Public Meetings for the State Zoologist, ... . . . . . . . . . 189
Speciments Received During September, 1909, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
(162)
163
MAY 4 '42
OUR MONTHLY CHAT WITH READERS.
The attention of readers has been called to the fact that each week
from this office there is sent to all the newspapers of the State who
desire it, or who will occasionally use it, a communication contain-
ing two or three short articles discussing some timely topic, chiefly
in regard to pest suppression. The one special purpose of this
Weekly Press Letter is to put before the public at the proper time a
statement concerning some pest which at the time demands means
for its suppression or some other topic, which for its greatest value
should be discussed at the particular time or date of issue. No
undertaking from this office has proven of greater value for our
citizens than has been that of establishing a Weekly Press Letter,
which reaches over half the newspapers of this State. The fact that
the communications therein published are generally taken from our
actual official correspondence does not in any way lessen the value
of the subjects discussed but rather increases it, because it shows
that they are in reply to modified inquiries which we actually re-
ceive.
Correspondence: While the correspondence of the office of your
State Zoologist is very extensive it is possible at all times for thou-
sands of other persons to avail themselves of the individual assist-
ance which is rendered by this means. We make a special effort to
reply to each letter in such manner as can be understood and must
be practical, and, therefore, helpful. We earnestly desire that all
persons in this State trying any remedy whatever for insect pests
or plant diseases should communicate the results to us. If this office
advocates anything that is not eminently practical and successful
we desire to learn it, for the sake of knowing and recommending
that which is true and good. If the recommendations made are of
value, it is likewise important that reports to this effect be made,
in order that others may be induced to save their crops by acting
accordingly. s
Patent Insecticides: All kinds of proprietary insecticides and
materials are now coming on the market. No man should be so
foolish as to apply these to his trees with danger of injuring his prop-
erty, without making careful inquiry concerning their merits. We
shall endeavor to give faithful, honest and prompt answers to all such
inquiries.
164
THE RESULTS OF OUR EXPERIMENTS AND INVESTIGA-
TIONS.
In addition to giving personal attention to an extensive and grati-
fying correspondence, attending public meetings, giving public
demonstrations, and writing a page and a half of original material
each day for bulletin publication, we find time for some important
experimental work and original investigations. The results of such
work will be published in our bulletins occasionally. This month
we offer to the public something that is entirely new, the subjects
not having been previously investigated anywhere, and nothing ex-
tensive having been published by any one upon these important
topics. With whatever may be the results of these publications upon .
the market for certain kind of spraying apparatus, or upon the sales
of certain brands of insecticides, we are not concerned as our chief
purpose is to furnish the citizens of this State with reliable and im-
portant information that is needed to help them obtain the best
results in practical work. We have long hesitated to say anything
against any kind of commercial commodity, and have not at any
time done so without being assured that it is our serious duty and
that such instructions should be given as will express the facts of
the case for the benefit of the majority. We therefore, fearlessly
enter upon the task before us, realizing that the temporary wrath of
the manufacturers of certain materials, and especially of the agents
of these persons in this and other states may fall upon us again as
in the past for similar deeds.
I. STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT BRAND'S OF COMMERCIAL LIME-SULFUR SOLUTIONS.
The important point of the insecticidal value of any material de-
pends chiefly upon its strength, or in other words, the amount of the
insectoide present in a given quantity of the diluting or carrying
agent. The answer to the important question as to whether the
Commercial Lime-Sulfur Wash is as effective as the home-boiled mix-
ture depends chiefly upon the relative strength of these two materials.
This in turn depends upon the amounts of original materials used in
making the home-boiled mixture and the amount of boiling, which
may determine the strength of this preparation. It also depends
upon the original strength or composition of the commercial com-
modity, and the amount of dilution which it is given before applying
as a spray. It can be seen that the concentrated, or commercial
material may be very strong in its condensed form, but can be diluted
to such an extent that it can be weakened beyond the strength re-
165
presented by what should be called the standard home-boiled formula.
This “standard” comparison is 17 pounds of powdered sulfur, and 22
pounds of good quick lime, boiled together one hour and dilute to 50
gallons. Another means by which the commercial preparation would
become less efficient would be for its original composition to be
below some certain grade or standard so that when diluted, even
with a less quantity of water than that given some other brand, it
might even then be weak because of its original deficiency. -
With these important points in view, we gave to one of our tem.
porary employes, Mr. H. B. Weiss, who is also a chemist, the task of
analyzing the different Commercial Lime-sulfur preparations, deter-
mining their compositions and reporting to us upon their qualities,
specific gravity, and the amount of dilution that each respectively
would require in order to make it as strong as the standard home-
boiled material. His reply is based upon his chemical examinations
of samples taken from barrels of the commercial materials on the
market or in a few indicated cases small quantities sent to us ex-
pressly to examine. This report is, of course, unbiased, and is
published as received directly from the chemist.
Some writers advocate the determination of the chemical composi-
tion of a commercial preparation by simply taking its specific gravity.
We found out that this was impossible for reasons here clearly ex-
pressed by Mr. Weiss.
“The principal of determining, or rather guessing at, the dissolved
sulfur content in lime and sulfur preparations by means of their
specific gravities is entirely wrong Unless the exact chemical com-
position of the solution is known, the relation between the soluble
sulfur and the specific gravity may be exceedingly distant.
“Manufacturers of such preparations could easily enough add to
their preparations some materials (such as salt) which would not
interfere chemically with the active substances in them, but which
would alter their specific gravities.
“If this were not already done, the publication of an article or
articles advising consumers to use lime and sulfur solutions of a
certain specific gravity, would undoubtedly lead some mantifacturers
to add such modifying materials.
“The only exact way to determine the soluble sulfur in a solution
is by a chemical analysis of the same.”
It must be remembered that in making the solution or uniting
the lime and sulfur several chemical variations of the sulfur com-
pounds are formed. The one chiefly found is calcium sulfide, but
the higher sulfur compounds are quite likely to occur, especially
with more vigorous or prolonged boiling, or when boiled in a closed
vessel under pressure. No doubt all of these sulfur compounds, of
which there are at least four or five, contribute to the killing of the
166
scale and other insects and disease germs, and it is not known that
one is either more or less efficient than the other, but it is now
known that the lower sulfur compounds are more ready to crystalize
than are the higher, especially when an excess of lime is used in
the making. This will be discussed on a later page of this bulletin.
In these reports of samples the sulfur compounds are referred to in
total as “soluble sulfur,” without reference to which special compound
was formed, as this really was not an important point. The essential
feature is the question as to how much sulfur compound or “soluble
sulfur” was in solution in each original preparation in the form
in which it was put on the market. The result was found as fol-
lows: - *
TABLE A.

s & & 3 •+ - o “-
º: to .C. 63
#: is s: ###
Prº £e *.* ; ă 5
. 'º - a” # 5 §§§:
Solution or Brand. ;: # = §§ # * B
r; ºn o . % “s
§§§ 35; 3'E 5:5
§ 3'E E3 = #3 3 E as
Eä3 35 : #E E £5
Q ſh- U2 ſº
Lion Brand, 1-11 || 7.2 lbs., ------- 1.020 | About 1 to 6.
Niagara (clear), 1-11 || 9.5 lbs., ------- 1.025 | About 1 to 7.
Thomsen (Orchard), 1-11 | 10.5 ibs., ------- 1.026 || About 1 to 8.
Rex, 1–11 12.5 ibs., * * * * * * 1.030 About 1 to 10.
Snavely's, 1-11 || 5 ibs. , ------- 1.016 || About 1 to 4.
Grasselli’s, --------. 1-11 || 10 ibs. , ------- | 1.026 || About 1 to 8.
Niagara (dark-top liquid), -------------- 1-11 || 9.5 fts., ------* 1.025 | About 1 to 7.
Sulfocide (Pratt). ------------------------ 1-11 || 30% sol. sulph., 1.041
Home boiled 17-22-50 (boiled 2 hrs.)
closed, 16 to 17 ibs., --- 1.042
Salimene, 1–11 1.004
Neverscale (powder 1 lb. to 1 gal.), ----|----------| 6.7 lbs., ------- 1.019
17-22-50 boiled 4 hrs., closed kettle, 1.041
Snow’s L. & S., 1-11 |-------------------- 1.020 | About 1 to 6.
Sca-lime, *& - 1-9 1.030 | About 1 to 10.
Sherwin William's L. & S., ------------- I 1–10 1.028 || About 1 to 9.
TABLE B.
Specific gravity of certain commercial lime-sulfur solutions in
the concentrated form. º
º
Concentrated Lime and Sulphur Preparations.
Snow’s L. & S. , ----------------- -- Sp. gr.
, at 15°C., 1.214
Grasselli, Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.275
Niagara Brand No. 1, -------------| Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.274
Niagara Brand No. A1, ------------ Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.274 (Clear portion used.)
Salimene, Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.058 (Clear portion used.)
Sulfocide, Pratt, -------------------| Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.426
Snavely’s Lime and Sulphur, ------- Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.076 -
Niagara Brand No. Al, ------------ Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.309 (Sediment + clear part, used.)
Salimene, - Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.086 (Sediment + clear part, used.)
sº of sulphur 1-12 from Ham-| Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.028
II].OIlOl.
sº of sulphur F from Ham- Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.298
ITIOIlOl.
Horicm 1-16 dilution with sediment, Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.094
Horicum (original) with sediment, Too thick to test with hydro-
- meter at disposal.
Horicum 1-16 dilution clear liquid, Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.074
Horicum original diluted # by vol- || Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.262 | Sediment used.
UIIIQ. .
167
TABLE B-Continued.
Scalime, Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.310
Sherwin William's L. & S., --------| Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1.808
Lime and sulphur home boiled (S= | Sp. gr., at 15°C., 1,095 || After standing 4 days (crystals
º *g CaO=60 lbs., H2O—50 present).
gål.), Cl6alſ.
Lime and sulphur boiled (S=125 || Sp. gr., at 15°O., 1.137
**o-w lbs., H20–50 gal.)
ſº {}
It will be observed that the next to the last item is the concen-
trated home-boiled lime-sulfur wash according to formula published
on page 166 of this Bulletin. We must confess that in our own
experiments crystallization resulted, and we are recommending it as
a noncrystallizing solution only on the word of others who have
published on this subject.
The important point of the effect of the addition of salt on the
specific gravity is shown by the last item where the specific gravity
of the home-boiled lime-sulfur concentrated was raised from 1.095 to
1.137 by the addition of salt.
THE DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE SULFUR IN DIFFERENT BRANDS
OF COMMERCIAL LIME –SULFUR PREPARATIONS.
REX BRAND LIME-SULFUR.
This sample ran 150 lbs. of soluble sulfur per barrel of 50 gallons.
Diluted 1 to 11, fifty gallons of this material would contain 124 lbs.
of soluble sulfur.
GRASSELLI, LIME-SULFUR.
123 lbs. soluble sulfur per barrel of 50 gallons.
10 lbs. soluble sulfur in 50 gallons (dilute 1 to 11).
NIAGARA BRAND dARK LIME sulfur.
105 lbs. soluble sulfur per barrel of 50 gallons.
8.7 lbs. soluble sulfur in 50 gallons (diluted 1 to 11).
This sample contained the sediment, but it was allowed to settle
and the clear portion only was examined.
THOMSEN CHEMICAL CO. (ORCHARD BRAND) LIME-SULFUR.
126 lbs. soluble sulfur per barrel of 50 gallons.
10.5 lbs. soluble sulfur in 50 gallons (diluted 1 to 11).
LION BRAND LIME-SULFUR.
87 lbs. soluble sulfur per barrel of 50 gallons.
7.2 lbs. soluble sulfur in 50 gallons (diluted 1 to 11).
NEVER SCALE (POWDER) LIME-SULFUR.
Fifty lbs. of this material and 50 gallons of water were boiled 5
minutes, thereby making 50 gallons of spraying solution.
These 50 gallons were found to contain 6.7 lbs. of sulfur in solu-
tion in the liquid above the sediment after settling.
168
SUILFO-OIDE.
Sulfo-cide which appears to be a sodium sulfide, evidently made by
combining sulfur and caustic potash, contains about 30 per cent. of
soluble sulfur. It is not recommended by the manufacturer for scale,
but for some other insects and diseases. -
NIAGARA BRAND LIME SULFUR Nos. 1 AND A1.
(Second Analysis.)
A later analysis of these materials (samples submitted by manu-
facturer for examination) gave 115 lbs. soluble sulfur per barrel of
50 gallons.
Diluted 1 to 11, fifty gallons of spray liquid would contain 94 lbs.
of sulfur in a soluble form. The clear portions only were examined.
SNAVELEY's LIME-SULFUR.
60.8 lbs. soluble sulfur per barrel of 50 gallons.
5 lbs. soluble sulfur in 50 gallons (diluted 1 to 11).
HoME BOILED LIME-SULFUR.
Formula, 17 lbs. sulfur, 22 lbs. lime, 50 gallons water. Boiled 1
hour, covered kettle.
The total soluble sulfur in 50 gallons varied from 14 to 16 lbs.
This variation is due to the fact that in some cases small amounts of
sulfur remained sticking to the sides of the boiling kettle. To de-
termine if it made any difference in the sulfur content by boiling
in the open air, correct proportions of the 17-22-50 formula were
accordingly boiled one hour in an open vessel. A subsequent analysis
of a portion of this solution showed 13 lbs. of soluble sulfur. For
practical purposes therefore it makes no difference whether it is
boiled in open or closed vessels. However, if during boiling, care
is taken to crush all lumps and scrape away all sulfur Stieking to
sides of kettle, the total sulfur in solution will probably be increased
by a pound or two.
SUMMARY.
Considering the fact that 50 gallons of home boiled material con-
tain from 14 to 16 lbs. of soluble sulfur, the dilution, recommended
by most manufacturers of commercial lime-sulfur, seems rather weak.
In no instance did a commercial article run over 12% lbs. when diluted
1 to 11, and in several the sulfur figure was considerably lower.
It is also reasonable to suppose that the weak solutions would be
less effective against the scale. Also, considering the price of com-
mercial lime-sulfur solutions, $2.50 for a 5 gallon can (making 55
gallons of spray) is a rather step price to pay for 10 or 12 lbs. of
sulfur and as much lime. -
The tabulation of these results in order to give better opportunity
to compare different brands is given in Table A. -
It will be seen from the foregoing that the amount of dilution of
the chemical brands of Lime-sulfur Solution which is usually or in
wº
169
fact uniformly recommended by manufacturers and dealers is 1 to 11.
This is perhaps because the oldest Lime-sulfur Solution on the market,
which was originally made as a sheep dip in Nebraska, at a strength
to conform to the U. S. government standard or requirement, was
first used diluted 1 to 11, and found to be almost the same as the
home-boiled formula. It was recommended accordingly with good
results, and the subsequent manufacturers, apparently not knowing
exactly what degree of dilution their material did need to make it
as strong as the home-boiled preparation, continued to recommend
the dilution of 1 to 11. However, it can be seen by the above table
that this is decidedly wrong. It is evident for example, that the
dilution to be equal to the home-boiled formula must vary, from 1
to 4 with the weakest brand, to sometimes 1 to 10 with the strongest.
This means that if any one brand, excepting the strongest we have
analyzed, were diluted 1 to 11, it would be so weakened that there
would be doubt of its efficiency in killing the scale, and certainly
would not be as strong as the home-boiled formula.
It can be seen that the average amount of proper dilution for these
materials is about 1 to 8, and this is why in our recommendations
during the past season and at present we are recommending the
dilution of the commercial lime-sulfur to be “in general, not more
than 1 to 8.” The exact recommendation of the amount of dilution
depends upon the composition, and this, from our personal investiga-
tions, is in accordance with the name of the brand. Therefore, since
this table is now made public we must reply to inquirers that they
should dilute their commercial lime sulfur preparations in accord-
ance with the above figures and in consideration of the quantity of
brand they are using. This is very important. We know of or-
chards sprayed with commercial preparations with entirely unsatis-
factory results because the material was dilute to such an extent
that it would not kill the Scale. There is no reason why any of the
materials should not be used much stronger than above indicated, as
they will not injure the trees, bushes, or shrubs of any kind if
applied at any strength of concentration when the leaves are not
present. On the other hand, it must be recognized that we know
of remarkable cases of some of the good brands studied above, such
as the Orchard Brand, being dilute more than that which is here
indicated and clearing up the scale in a very satisfactory manner.
In one of our reports it is shown that Mr. Louis Scholl, of Tillie,
Adams county, practically rid his orchard by the use of the Orchard
Brand, dilute 1 to 9, instead of 1 to 8, as this table would indicate
the requirement to be.
II. THE EFFECT OF CARBONIC ACID GAS ON THE LIME-SULFUR.
SOI,UTIONS.
A great many persons in this state are using carbonic acid gas
sprayers. These very convenient outfits are so made that the power
170
comes from a tube of condensed carbonic acid gas which is filled
at an establishment for this purpose and shipped to the consumer.
It is attached to the spraying apparatus in such a way as to give a
high pressure on the spray liquid by the expansion of the gas, similar
to the charging of a soda water fountain.
The important question arises as to whether the gas would have
any deleterious effect on any spray liquid. By a careful study of
the subject we arrived at a general conclusion that other liquids
than the lime-sulphur wash or solution, are not materially injured
by the gas, but this particular solution is considerably modified by
coming in contact with it. I believed it to be possible to make a
definite series of experiments and analyses along this line. Work-
ing under our directions, Mr. H. B. Weiss, in the chemical laboratory,
made up a quantity of the home-boiled lime-sulfur wash at doubke
strength, or in other words, with half the regular dilution, although
the exact formula was not important since the loss of sulfur is here-
with given in percentages. (See Table “C.”) This was subjected
to carbonic acid gas under pressure of 90 pounds to the square inch
for different lengths of time, varying from 5 to 50 minutes. Nine
samples were taken at 5 minutes interval between each. In these
experiments the sediment also was used, and the material was agitated
occasionaly during the entire operation, while the liquid was warm,
after having been freshly boiled. The following table gives the num-
ber of each respective sample, the length of time that it was in con-
tact with carbonic acid gas, pressure of the gas during that time,
the original amount of sulfur in one cubic centimeter, the actual loss
of sulfur in one cubic centimeter of the material, the condition of
the liquid as to temperature, and the percentage of the loss of sulfur.
Showing Percentage of Loss of Dissolved Sulfur by Carbonic Acid Gas Acting at Ninety Pounds
Pressure on Warm Home-boiled Lime-sulfur Wash, at Double Strength.

TABL O.
*H © g • e t
o 5 3 3: 3 ; #
rej P- - * P-4 º: *
§ 3 Grº a * 5.
- •- is: T - 3. : $–
* | 5 | # | # # | < | #
Number. §§ ## #7 5 * 3. º É
g3 +5 ºf £ *— ºf *— "C E $- e
5 g gºers o's o'E da £ sº
E G --> * + Sº . *H CŞ O &
© § 2 ºf 3-4 : O $– G3
#7 | #3 || 5 & 5*f; 3 : 3
ă] | # | # | ###| 3 à | #5
CŞ C an 8 o ă 3 E O Q O Sº
Ú) Pl <! H H H .
Mill. Lbs. Grams. Grams. Grams.
1, 5 90 .0878 .0552 .0326 Warm. 37
2, - 10 90 .0878 0498 .0380 Warm. 43
3, 15 90 .0878 .0496 .0382 Warm. 43
4, 20 90 .0878 .0490 .0388 || Warm. 44
5, 25 90 .0878 . .0483 .0395 || Warm. 44
6, 30 90 .0878 .0430 .0448 Warm. 51 .
7, 85 90 .0878 .0424 .0454 Warm. 51
8, 40 90 .0878 .0414 .0464 Warm. 52
9, 50 90 .0878 .0412 .0466 || Warrn. 53
171
The whole story is involved in a study of the last or right-hand
column. This shows that at the expiration of only 5 minutes 37 per
cent, or over one-third of the sulfur in the solution was precipitated,
and in 10 minutes 43 per cent. of the sulfur was precipitated, and
this did not change materially within 25 minutes, being then 44 per
cent. However, the change continued gradually, until at the ex-
piration of 50 minutes, 53 per cent., or over one-half of the dissolved
sulfur, was precipitated by the carbonic acid gas. -
We must remember that this Tiquid contained an excess of lime,
being the home-boiled, and that there was an extra amount of sulfur
in the solution because of the special strength formula that was
used. If such results are obtained under these comditions, it would
be apparent that even a larger percentage of the sulfur would be
thrown out of the solution within the same length of time if merely
the dilute commercial lime-sulfur solution had been used, and es-
pecially when used cold, as the effect of the carbonic acid gas is less
when warm than when cold.
The lesson in this is plain and to the effect that the application
of the lime-sulfur wash, either home-made or commercial, may some-
times fail in controlling the scale, due directly to such a cause as
its beng weakened by use in the carbonic acid gas sprayer.
B. Another series of chemical examinations was made with the
clear liquid of the lime-sulfur wash, boiled one hour, according to
the 17-22-50 formula, and left to stand without agitation until it
settled. The original solution had seventeen pounds of sulfur in solu-
tion in the 50-gallon barrel. The accompanying table shows the
effects of the carbonic acid gas on each sample taken at intervals of
between five and forty minutes, from the first to the last. The pres-
sure was ninety pounds to the square inch, and all the samples were
taken while warm. A chemical test of the amount of sulfur in solu-
tion in each cubic centimeter of the orignal liquid gave .0418 grams.
The table is as follows:
i
TABLE D.
red ë'. 3 #5 4;
§ tº a $3 3
& Hä gº º
# | # 58 #g É
C .C. - "E: 5 2. Q:
à | = | #3 | ## # f
Number. **t ºd G2 r- * , , , º ſº
O 63 *} { o'-' +3 Tº '8
º £3 * . C.E. O 3 tº te
O º
É # | #| | ###| ###| 8 #
# g 㺠3:35 3 e 3 tº a ©
g O as o # E: ā-5 3 5
PH O CD <! <! H ſh
Lbs. Min. Grams. Grams. Grams. Less than 1-
90 || Warm. 5 o .04.15 .0003 1
ſº 90 || Warm. 10 .04:18 .0413 | .0005 1
90 Warm. 15 .0418 .0412 .0006 1
90 Warm. 20 .0418 .0409 .0009 2
* = 90 || Warm. 25 .0418 .0384 .0034 8
9 90 Warm. || 80 .04:18 .0344 .0074 17
9 90 | Warm. 40 .0418 .01.99 .02.19 52
172
An important study is found in the last column, which shows that
during the first five and ten and fifteen minutes of this treatment,
less than one per cent. of the material was precipitated, and at the
end of one-half hour only seventeen per cent. was precipitated; while
at the end of forty minutes the precipitation amounted to fifty-two
per cent., or the same as shown by the test of the stronger solution
given in table “C.” These tables, C and D, show an apparent dis-
Crepancy at the beginning of the precipitation, owing probably to
the fact ibat “C” was so much stronger in dissolved material, making
it fall faster at first, but at the end of a forty minute interval the
results were practically the same.
C. Another series of tests were made with a cold solution, using
the sediment, and agitating it. The original solution contained
eleven pounds of sulfur dissolved in fifty gallons. The purpose was
likewise to study the percentage of sulfur lost by precpitation due to
the action of the gas. There were six samples taken at intervals of
five minutes, at a pressure of ninety pounds, with the liquid cold.
The results show that during the first five minutes fourteen per cent.
of the sulfur was lost, and that this did not increase more than two
per cent. during any five minute interval. At the end of thirty
minutes only nineteen per cent of the sulfur was lost, but as this is
practically one-fifth it means that the material was considerably
weakened.
TABLE E
rc ge • ? e
§ $3 3; +s tà
* * *H 5 3 S
re: tº *
'E †: E; 5. $—i 5
cº *— 5 H 35 E. +:
:- ſ: £3 5: : ;
* P-i cº
Number. 's S; ża ; : *H
§ st- c. + E *H O
e ſº O 'sº o'E O e
g .S. +2's +3 Cº . <!--> B
E; : Sp 3 & R. F. --> 5 Qº)
# | 3 | #: | 3 || 3:# | 3 || ||
g O & O 8 o 㺠3 F. §
Pli O {O <! -: <! P+
Lbs. Min Grams. Grams. Grams.
1, 90 Cold. .0266 g * 14
2, 90 Cold. 10 .0266 .0224 .0042 15
3, 90 Cold. 15 .0266 .0221 .0045 16
4, 90 Cold. 20 .0266 .0218 .0048 18
5. - - 90 Cold. 25 .0266 .0217 .0049 18
6, 90 Cold. . 30 .0266 .0215 .0051 19

We publish these tables exactly as they were handed to us by
our temporary chemist H. B. Weiss, and while they appear to offer
some discrepancies and contradictions in lack of uniformity of
results, which we do not now attempt to explain, they do certainly
prove the fundamental point that there is a gradual loss of the
important insecticidal material in the form of dissolved sulfur when
carbonic acid gas is used as the power for sprayng this particular
material,
173
III. THE COLOR OF THE LIME-SULFUR WASH.
The wise man seeks knowledge, changes his opinion if he finds it
necessary, and corrects his errors as soon as possible; a fool remains
obstinately satisfied, and refuses to acknowledge that he was wrong.
The writer of this article has no special ambition to be placed in
either class here mentioned, but he does desire to correct a statement
published some time ago in the Monthly Bulletin of the Division
of Zoology to the effect that the color of the lime-sulfur wash was
supposed to be due to the kind of lime used.
It must be remembered that we can not personally investigate
all of the scientific statements that come to us in literature, and con-
sequently frequently judge of their accuracy by the way they are
accepted by others who are specializing in their respective fields.
It was published in several bulletins of other States, apparently by
those who knew something of chemistry, that the color of the lime-
sulfur wash depended upon the composition of the lime used. The
dark or olive green color was supposed to be due to magnesium lime
or a large percentage of magnesia in the lime, and the red color (like
cooked tomatoes) was supposed to be due to pure calcium lime.
However, our chemical tests have proven that this is an error.
We made the boiled lime-sulfur wash according to the standard
formula of 17-22-50, boiled an hour, using lime which consisted of
thirty-one per cent. of magnesium oxide. (This is a high percentage
of magnesia.) Another wash was made in the same manner, by the
same formula, excepting that the lime used contained ninety-five per
cent. calcium oxide, and no magnesia. There was no apparent
difference in the color of the two, neither in the sediment nor in
the clear red liquid standing above, after settling. The total wash
when stirred up was a light yellowish red, and the liquid standing
above in each case was tomato red or dark red color. -
Another boiled lime-sulfur wash was made using ninety-five per
cent. calcium oxide (lime) to which was added oxide of iron. After
this was boiled and stirred the total wash was dark olive green,
being exactly the color that is supposed to be due to magnesium lime,
but when it settled the color of the supernatant liquid above the
sediment was the tomato red that is seen in the liquid of practically
all lime-sulfur washes after settling.
Another wash was made using ninety-five per cent. calcium oxide
(lime) to which was added the oxide of manganese. This when
boiled and stirred was light olive green in color and when allowed
to settle the sediment was this same color, but the liquid above was
the tomato red, the same as with the others.
174
CONCLUSIONS.
From the above experiments we must conclude that the color of
the liquids of the boiled lime-sulfur wash is practically the same
after the sediment is allowed to settle perfectly, whether pure or
impure lime is used, and that the color of the sediment and the
stirred mixture is due not to the varying composition of the lime used,
but to the presence of iron or manganese. The green color of the
sediment or the total wash is caused either by iron or manganese.
This can easily be proven by dropping some iron filings into any
boiling lime-sulfur wash which contains sediment of the tomato red
color, or even cooking it and letting it stand in an iron vessel. This
will be enoughs to cause it to become darker. This now shows that
we can not take the color test as a criterion for the proper time of
boiling. In other words, we can not direct the operator to boil until
the liquid assumes some certain color. In this regard the only ac-
curate direction that can be given is to boil until the sulfur is dis-
solved upon stirring it up from the bottom, or “boil one hour.” If
the sulfur is not dissolved this can readily be seen by stirring the
sediment and noting the lemon-colored sulfur mixed therewith.
IV. CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE LIME-SULFUR WASH.
The only great objection to making the lime-sulfur wash by this
“standard” formula and letting it stand any length of time, to be used
later, is that very small crystals, looking like finely chopped hair, are
liable to form in the mixture, and give great trouble by clogging the
nozzles. Even if the solution is strained before putting it into the
spray tank, such crystallization is liable to occur afterward and be
quite annoying. However, this can be avoided by certain methods
which should be understood. .
We conducted a series of experiments to determine the amount of
water to add to the home-boiled lime-sulfur wash to prevent crystal-
lization. Mr. H. B. Weiss performed the experiments in the labora-
tory, but with the same proportions of material that would be used
in boiling in an open kettle. He reports that seventeen grams of
sulfur, twenty-two grams of lime and one hundred and five cubic
centimeters of water were boiled together one hour. The mixture
was then filtered (strained), the clear liquid only being used in the
experiments. Portions of the clear red liquid were measured out
in vessels and definitely measured quantities of water were added.
It was found that the portion of the clear red liquid which had
received an addition of one-fourth or more of its volume of water did
not crystalize. In other words, one quart of the liquid had to be
diluted to one quart and one pint to prevent crystallization. Also,
enough water should be added to make up for the amount lost by
evaporation in boiling.
175
From the above we derive the important fact that it does not matter
how much is used in the original boiling of the lime-sulfur, if at
the end of one hour there be added enough water to make the total
bulk equal to about sixten or seventeen gallons, or, in other words,
one-third the total dilute solution. This means that enough of the
lime-sulfur wash can be boiled with the home boiled formula and
put into one fifty-gallon barrel to make one hundred and fifty gallons
when diluted, and at the same time it will not crystallize. In using
it take one gallon of the partially diluted home-boiled wash and two
gallons of water. Enough sediment should be used to make a marker
on the trees, although the clear liquid will kill the scale and be prac-
tically the same as the commercially concentrated preparation.
To Prof. A. B. Cordley, of the Oregon Experiment Station, belongs
the credit of having originated and published a formula for a very
strongly condensed home-made lime-sulfur wash, which was re-
published and commented upon by Prof. P. J. Parrot, Entomologist
of the New York Experiment Station, at Geneva, in the Geneva
Bulletin No. 306, December, 1908, as follows: -
“Home-made concentrated lime-sulphur wash.
Formula.
Lump lime (fresh), 60 pounds.
Sulphur, 125 pounds.
Water, 50 gallons.
Slake the lime in the cooking receptacle and stir in the sulfur,
which has been made into a thin paste with water. Add enough
water to make about forty-five gallons of mixture, which should be
boiled for one or more hours. After the cooking is completed allow
the wash to stand until the sediment has settled to the bottom, when
the clear, brownish liquid should be drawn off. To this add water,
if needed, to make the required fifty gallons of concentrated solution.
For use, dilute the concentrated sulfur solution at the rate of five
gallons of the liquid to forty-five gallons of water.” To every barrel
of 50 gallons capacity of the diluted spray, add from ten to fifteen
pounds of lime, made into a paste. The addition of the lime is not
necessary, but by its use the trees are given a whitewashed appear-
ance, which enables farmers to judge better of the thoroughness of
their spraying. This mixture may be used immediately after cook.
ing, or may be barreled, to be drawn as the occasion requires. A
greater dilution than that recommended may perhaps be employed
in spraying for the mite. The mixture prepared after this formula
does not leave as heavy a deposit on the trees as the ordinary boiled
lime-sulfur wash, but in spraying for the mite this difference is im-
(*This is 1 to 9; it is more certain to kill scale to use it 1 to 8, or 5 in 40 of water.—H. A. s.)
176
materal. To avoid the loss of sulfur, the sediment that remains
after drawing off the concentrated solution should be boiled over
again with fresh lime and water, and the liquid used to start fresh
preparations or for the purposes of dilution. For this formula we are
indebted to Prof. A. B. Cordley of the Oregon Experiment Station
who has employed it in his experiments with sulfur sprays for the
treatment of trees in foliage.” - -
As a modification of this plan, we recommend that instead of
permitting the liquid to settle and drawing off the sediment and
throwing it away, and afterward adding ten to fifteen pounds of
lime to each fifty-gallon barrel of the dilute liquid spray, it is
better to use the original sediment to act as the marker.
Attention must be called to the fact that a marker or something
that will stain the trees where they have sprayed is of exceeding
importance if a person wishes to do thorough work, such as must
be done in order to control the Scale. Any man who sprays his trees
for San José Scale without using a liquid which when it dries makes
a light mark to let him see what spots he has missed, will make a
mistake and probably not have good results. The second or retouch-
ing spray is necessary and should be made from each side of the
tree as soon as the liquid is dry if the application be the first or
primary spray. - . .
We should also advise our readers that we have experimented with
the sediment that remains after boiling the lime-sulfur wash, using
it as a paint on the trunks of peach trees, and have found nothing
better for the prevention of the peach-tree borer. We applied it
about the middle of June after removing the earth from the base
of the tree with a hoe, painting some of the branches to about two
inches below the previous surface of the ground, then replacing the
earth to a slight mound when the paint is dry. It would probably be
beneficial as a paint on tree trunks in preventing borers if applied
during the summer, and in preventing injury by rabbits and mice
if applied during the early part of winter. Thus there is no need
of throwing away the sediment after boiling the lime-sulfur wash,
as this can prove very useful to all orchardists. -
v. THE AMoUNT OF LIME NECESSARY FOR THE LIME-SULFUR wasR
In making the lime-sulfur wash only as much lime is actually
necessary as is needed to dissolve the sulfur. The person in charge
of the cooking can easily tell when the surfur is dissolved by stirring
the material and taking some of the sediment from the bottom and
examining it. If the lemon yellow color of the sulfur be present
it may be assumed that there is a quantity not yet dissolved. It
dissolves only by uniting with the lime and making a new chemical
compound. It either needs longer boiling or more lime added, if
177
it is seen to be yet present. After it has been boiled a reasonable
time, say three-fourths of an hour, it is probable that longer boiling
is not needed. -
If, on the other hand, there is no free sulfur to be seen in the sedi-
ment when boiled, it is very plainly evident that the sulfur has united
with the lime and is dissolved, and there is no need of boiling it
any longer. If this real solution can be obtained in one-half hour, as
it is in some cases, this is boiling long enough. Also, after the sulfur
has united with the lime and dissolved, it is evident that all of
such material yet remaining in the form of sediment is in excess of
lime, or of foreign material, which was in the lime as impurity. This
is not needed excepting to act as a marker on the tree. For this
particular purpose it is beneficial, and its presence prevents the
necessity of adding milk of lime to the mixture to make a marker at
the time of spraying.
It has been proven that crystallization is due, at least in part, to
an excess of lime, and it is known that according to the theory of
chemistry more sulfur than line is needed to effect the complete
union of these materials. There is a definite ratio or proportion be-
tween the amount of lime and the amount of sulfur which are needed
to make the chemical reaction of combination. If either material is
present in excess nothing can prevent its being left behind in its
original form, after that amount has been taken up which is needed
for the chemical union with the other material. Of course, it is
cheaper and better to have an excess of lime than sulfur, and when
this is properly strained to avoid the clogging of nozzles the extra
amount of lime can do no harm Whatever, beyond the sometimes im-
portant feature of perhaps inducing crystallization when the material
is permitted to stand in concentrated form. If the purpose be to
make a concentrated preparation, which is to be kept to dilute after.
ward, the operator should use the table published on another page
of this Bulletin as the formula for the concentrated home-boiled
wash. The commercial materials are no doubt prepared by some
such formula. The mere fact that they are boiled with steam or
boiled in closed vessels makes little difference, indeed. Lime is lime,
sulfur is sulfur, water is water, and heat is heat, whether they be
applied and united in a so-called chemical factory or in an old style
iron kettle, tin pan, or galvanized iron wash tub. Their results will
be identically the same, and the process is going to have the same
effects, notwithstanding contrary statements made by a few manu-
facturers and agents. *
In making a study in our chemical laboratory of the amount of lime
that would unite with the sulfur a wash was made by boiling together
the following materials for one hour:
2
178
15 lbs. Sulfur.
10 lbs. lime (95 per cent. calcium oxide).
12 lbs. magnesium oxide.
50 gallons water.
Another solution was made by boiling together the following
materials also for one hour.
15 lbs. sulfur. º
22 lbs. lime (95 per cent. calcium oxide).
50 gallons water.
A subsequent analysis of portions of both of these washes showed
that the dissolved sulfur content remained practicaly the same.
The magnesium oxide did not enter into the composition. º
Therefore the second formula has an excess of lime amounting to
10 pounds. From this experiment it appears probable that only
2 lbs. of good stone lime are necessary to every 3 lbs. of sulfur.
If the lime used in making the 17-22-50 formula were 45 per cent.
impure, there would still be enough calcium oxide left to combine
with all the sulfur. However, a high calcium lime had always been
recommended, probably for the following reasons:
1st. The excess lime which is exceedingly caustic, helps to loosen
the scales from the trees and expose the soft insect beneath. This
alone is enough to kill it. -
2nd. It serves as a marker, and prevents the necessity of adding
milk of lime to the clear red liquid for this purpose. -
3rd. It increases the adhesiveness of the wash, which is very im-
portant, especially in the early spring spraying.
If one accepts these three reasons an excess amount of high calcium
lime should be used. If the second reason alone is accepted, then
it should make no difference as to the grade of lime used, as long
as it was 55 per cent. pure, inasmuch as the excess magnesium oxide
would serve as a marker just as well as the excess calcium oxide.
179
HOW TO DESTROY THE SAN JOSE SCALE.
The time of year is now at hand when orchardists can spray for
San José scale as well as certain other pests, such as the Oyster-
shell scale, Scurfy scale, eggs of the Apple plant louse, Fall canker
worm, Tent-caterpillar, mites, and certain fungous diseases which
remain exposed on the bark of twigs, branches, etc., or drop during
the winter time. All of these are -
1. DATE OF SPRAYING.
The spraying can be done effectively at any time after the leaves
fall and before they appear again next spring. It is best, where there
is a serious case of infestation, to spray this fall and again next
spring. If the owner should have a large orchard where he can not
get over it well if the conditions were not in his favor next spring,
it is very important that he spray part of it this fall. If he be sure
of having favorable winds from opposite directions next spring,
so as to be able thoroughly to coat his trees from both sides, he can
well delay spraying until then, as there is no doubt but that the
very best season of all for the application of the lime-sulfur wash,
especially when the sediment or lime marker is contained, is in the
spring when the buds are swelling, or in other words, just as near
as possible to the time when the leaves appear. The leaves will
protect the sediment from being washed away by the rains, and this
will remain as cover on the bark and prevent any young scale that
may appear later in the season from finding a suitable place to fix.
This is a very important point. -
2. HOW TO SPRAY.
Thoroughness in spraying is a most important feature in the control
of San José scale. However, the kind of material to use and the
method of preparation must not be overlooked. The boiled lime-
sulfur wash has proven best and most economical for this work.
To avoid serious difficulties this should be properly strained. The
best straining material is a brass wire cloth, thirty meshes to the
inch. This can either be set diagonally across the inside of the
funnel or made in the form of a cone standing pointed upright in
the funnel. When it is merely soldered in a flat position in the
bottom of the funnel, it is easily clogged and the straining is a
vexation. With the conical wire strainer standing upright in the
funnel the straining is very easily and quickly done. -
180
For successful spraying everything should be favorable in the be
ginning. The material, if home-made, should be boiled an hour, or
until the operator is sure all the sulfur is dissolved. It should be
properly and thoroughly strained into the spray tank, which should
be clean and without sediment or other particles that will clog the
nozzle. The hose and nozzles should be tested to see that they are
open and free from any clogging substance, and also that connéc-
tions are tight and there are no leaks. It is advisable to try the
apparatus with water before filling it with spray liquid. The opera-
tor should protect himself by a cloth, like a large handkerchief,
about his neck and by wearing gloves that will not be penetrated by
the spray liquid. These can be obtained by dropping a pair of cheap
leather gloves into melted tallow. It is very important for an in-
experienced operator to protect himself. However, it is not neces-
sary to “slop around” in the liquid and cover one's self or team with
it. Persons who saw our demonstration train through Franklin
county know that there the demonstrations were given by men
dressed in good citizens' clothes, and without any special protection,
and their clothing was not injured in the least. -
It is important to keep on the windward side of the tree when
spraying. The hose should be long enough to let the operator swing
well around a tree and keep in such position that the wind will
constantly blow the spray mist from him. With short hose it is
often impossible to keep both the operator and team out of the
mist, and unless the hose is sufficiently long to permit the placing of
the team in the proper position the horses should be covered with
protecting blankets. With about three sections of hose of twelve
and one-half feet each, and an eight foot extension rod, one can
spray almost any fruit tree without getting the liquid upon himself
Or team.
It is necessary to spray one side of a tree when the breeze is blow-
ing, passing on to the next tree, and spraying the same side of it,
and continuing this method, leaving the opposite side of the trees
unsprayed until the wind changes almost to the opposite point of
the compass. It is far better to spray with at least a slight breeze
than to attempt to do this work when it is calm. The breeze will
carry the spray liquid through the tree tops, but while it is absolutely
calm it is difficult to blow it into the interior of the top. When the
wind changes direction, the other side of the tree should be sprayed.
This likewise can be done with ease when there is a slight breeze
blowing, and even a fairly strong wind is not greatly objectionable to
successful and thorough spraying. It must be remembered that
after the scale insects have once fixed themselves during the summer
they can never again free themselves and go from place to place.
Thus it is impossible for them to move around over trees and avoid
181
being covered by the spray liquid. An interval of several weeks be-
tween the dates of applications of the spray liquids from one side of
the tree and the other will be of no importance in preventing suc-
cessful results in killing the scale insects when they are covered.
The keynote to success is in thoroughness of application, and to
get this thoroughness it is necessary to give a retouching spray
from the same side of the tree as soon as the liquid is dry enough
to permit the operator to see what spots were missed. Note that
this really means that the trees should be sprayed four times before
they can be called finished properly. One application must be given
for the general spray from one side of the tree, and at any time
after an hour or two (or after the bark is dry) the retouching spray
must be given from the same side. Then the general spray from the
opposite side must be given when the wind changes, and this likewise
must be followed by the retouching spray at any time after it is
dry enough to let one see what spots were missed. f
It is necessary that all long branches be pruned off if they can
not be reached with the spray liquid. This liquid must be applied
to all parts of the tree that remain alive, from the tips of the farthest
twigs to the base of the trunk. It is especially beneficial to spray
the trunk thoroughly so that the liquid penetrates all cracks and cre-
vices and goes well under the bark.
To obtain the best results it is by all means advisable to scrape
the loose bark from old trunks, especially of apple trees, before
spraying. This is in order to expose the pests there concealed so
that they will be destroyed by the spray liquid. It is advisable to
hold the nozzle for a moment at the base of the tree and use enough
spray liquid to permit a small quantity to run down into the top
of the soil. This should not be enough to soak the roots, but should
run between the trunk and the soil to a slight depth.
Time is lost by spraying with one nozzle. For this reason at
least two good large nozzles should be used on the end of the extension
rod. If a small nozzle, like the old-style “Vermorel,” be used it
would be a saving of time to do the spraying with three or four
of these in a cluster. -
3. THE MATERIAL TO USE.
The material to use for San José scale should be boiled lime-sulfur
wash, either home-boiled or commercial. Oils should be avoided be-
cause of the great possible danger to the trees. However, the boiled
lime-sulfur wash is now on the market in a concentrated solution,
and if used strong enough it will kill the scale. The proper strength,
according to the kind of brand is indicated in a table on another
page of this Bulletin. In using the commercial lime-sulfur wash, it
must be remembered that this material will make no mark on the trees
182
to let the operator see where he has sprayed and where he has missed.
For this reason it is important that about ten pounds of lime be added
to each fifty gallon barrel of the solution. The lime should be slaked
and water added to make a milk of lime about as thick as cream,
and it should be strained with care in order to avoid adding sediment
that may clog the nozzle; otherwise, the commercial lime-sulfur wash
does not need to be strained, and it does not need to be heated. It
can be diluted with cold water, the lime added to make a marker,
and the mixture sprayed on the trees with good results if not diluted
too much. However, if any material is diluted too much there is
danger of great loss of time and money by failing to kill the scale.
Emphasis should be made of the fact that no lime-sulfur wash
can be applied strong enough to injure any tree, shrub, or bush, if
applied when dormant to the bark of twigs, branches or trunk (but
not to roots). If roots be dipped into lime sulfur wash it is liable to
kill them. It is, however, true that all the lime sulfur solutions,
whether the home-boiled or commercial, may be diluted to such an
extent as to be inefficient. Therefore, this should be guarded against.
The home-boiled lime-sulfur wash is made by the standard formula
of seventeen pounds of either flour or flowers of sulfur, boiled one
hour with twenty-two pounds of quick lime and enough water to
keep it boiling, and then strained and diluted to fifty gallons. It
does not make any difference how the lime and sulfur were put
together before boiling. A good way, however, is to put the quick
lime into the kettle where the boiling is to be done and add the
sulfur, then start it to slaking with water, and the heat will start
the union between the sulfur and the lime. While this is being done
the fire can be started under the kettle and a little more Water can
be added. As the lime slakes more water can be added, and it should
be stirred occasionally and boiled with some vigor. A copper kettle
can not be used for this work, as it will be destroyed.
It is not always convenient to obtain fresh quick lime, and to
avoid trouble in this regard the operator can buy a quantity and
slake it to a paste-like substance and keep it in a vessel under water.
When he is ready to use it take about three or four times as much
of this lime paste as one would need of the fresh quick-lime, and
boil it with the sulfur and water, and proced as usual.
In making the boiled material it is not important whether the
“flowers” or the “flour” of sulfur be used. (For the self-boiled wash,
which is a fungicide, the “ſlowers,” or finely sublimated sulfur, is to
be desired). A good way to treat the sulfur to prevent it from form-
ing little lumps when thrown into the water is to mix it to a paste
with water in a bucket, using a paddle, and stir it until the paste
is uniformly thin. Then pour this watery sulfury paste into the
kettle on the slaking quick-lime.
183
It is not necessary to apply the liquid hot, and it has no better
killing effect when applied hot than when cold. The finely divided
globules of liquid so rapidly lose their heat when broken into a spray,
that if one should hold his hand a short distance from the spray
nozzle, he would scarcely be able to detect the difference between a
hot or cold liquid as it comes from the tank.
However, to prevent crystallization it is necessary to dilute the
home-boiled wash to at least one-third of its bulk if made by the
regular formula here given. If one should wish to make a concen-
trated home-made solution to keep in stock and use in the future as
desired, he can do it as directed under that subject in this Bulletin.
EQUIPMENT.
The subject of equipment is one of considerable importance. In
general, a good barrel sprayer will be found to be best, but there
are variations of individual needs which must be considered. How-
ever, when a man orders a sprayer of any kind he should know what
accessory equipment should be ordered with that pump. It is our
purpose to discuss this topic here. |
The Pump: The pump should be brass-lined or porcelain-lined
to be most resistant to corroding action of chemicals, but a common
iron pump will wear and do good work for years. It should, of
course, be a force pump made for the purpose, and it should have an
air chamber of fair size in order to maintain uniform pressure even
while the handle is not in actual use. The larger the air chamber
the more uniform is the pressure, and the less constantly will the man
at the pump be required to exert himself. The manufacturers of
such apparatus send the pump either mounted on a barrel or not
mounted. It is not difficult to mount a barrel pump. Any solid
wooden barrel of fifty gallons will do for this purpose. Therefore,
when one pays two dollars extra for the purpose of obtaining the
barrel from the factory, he is paying a higher price than a barrel
will cost him at home, and will also be obliged to pay the freight
upon the barrel. One important point is to put handles like wash
tub handles, which can be procured at almost any hardware store,
on each side of the barrel as low as it will balance well when carried.
These will prove to be a great convenience in lifting it.
The Hose: The operator should have at least two sections of
good strong rubber hose, each section being at least twelve and one-
half feet in length, and the time will probably come when he will
need a third section. For this reason we recommend three sections of
hose, especially for spraying large trees. He should order the hose
fitted with connections ready to be attached, because if he does not
consider the point of making connections in giving his order, he
will simply receive the hose cut to length without connections at-
tached. The separate hose will prove unsatisfactory. It is best to
buy a good article for this important purpose,
184
There should be a shut-off or stop-cock between the hose and the
barrel, and one at the farther end of the hose, between the latter and
the extension rod. The one at the base of the extension rod per-
mits the operator to stop the spraying process immediately, as he
swings from tree to tree or from one place to another, without any
loss of liquid; but if the hose should burst or commence to leak
through pressure in a certain weak place, it is sure to make trouble
if the running liquid can not be stopped until the pressure in the
pump has been reduced. This can not be done unless there be a shut-
off between the hose and the pump. However, with this attachment
if the hose should commence to leak the pressure in it can be
stopped any time immediately by the man at the pump.
The Eartension Rod: The extension rod is a necessity for satis-
factory work. The best is a bamboo rod lined with brass pipe.
The bamboo makes a convenient size for gripping in the hands, and
also prevents chilling the hands by the use of very cold liquid, or
burning them by that which is very hot. Aluminum lining for the
extension, rod has not always proven satisfactory because it is so
brittle that it is too easily twisted off by a cluster of nozzles. Where
One uses not more than two nozzles, and those connected with the
rod by a short connection so that the leverage or side swing is not
great, the aluminum-lined bamboo rod is all right. The cheapest
form of extension rod is the ordinary three-eighth inch gas pipe.
This can be cut to sections to suit the operator, and really does not
need any other attachments than merely threads of the proper size
cut to screw into the shut-off at the base and to hold the nozzles
at the top. -
The Eighth-Turn: This is merely a tubular connection turned
one-eighth of a circle from the straight direction. It should be at-
tached to the end of the extension rod for the purpose of turning the
nozzles slightly sidewise. The quarter-turn gives too much of a turn,
as it turns the nozzle directly to a right angle, which is really too
great. Some nozzles are made so that they can be turned to such
side angle as is desired without the intervention of the eighth-turn.
Such nozzles are sometimes called “swivel nozzles.” It is evident that
with a nozzle that is made to turn to one side or with one that is
made with the disk facing permanently one side, the eighth turn is
not needed. Also, in using the gas pipe extension rod all that is
necessary is to bend the tip of the rod, as near the end as possible,
very slightly to one side, and this will take the place of the eighth-
turn.
The turning of the nozzle slightly to one side, either by the make
of the nozzle itself, by the eighth-turn, or by the bent end of the ex-
tension rod is very important in enabling the operator to spray the
opposite or tangential sides of a tree trunk or branch by merely
\
185
turning the extension rod over and thus changing the direction of
the spray, rather than being obliged to walk around the tree. It
also makes it possible for him to spray the liquid so that it will strike
either the upper or the lower sides of the branches. It is necessary
to be provided with such equipment that one can spray such spots as
he may choose without being obliged to use time and energy in
walking to get into position for so doing.
The Drip-Tim: Some persons solder a piece of tin about three
inches in diameter around the extension rod just below the eighth-
turn for the purpose of causing any extra liquid that may run down
from the nozzle, to drop off the rod, and not run down to the hands
of the operator. The drip-tin attachment can be purchased on the
rod, and it is a good thing; but some of the extensive western spray-
ers use at least two or three small rags tight around the further end
of the extension rod and permit hanging down a few inches, and
thus direct the drip vertically from the cloth, rather than permitting
it to run down the extension rod. There is an advantage in the use
of the drip-rag instead of the drip-tin in the fact that the rag is not
in the way in pushing it through the brush of the tree top to reach
a certain spot that is to be sprayed. The tin disk may occasionally be
found in the way in reaching a certain desired spot, especially where
it is bushy. * •
The “Y” Attachment: This is an attachment shaped like the letter
“Y”, and is for the purpose of carrying two nozzles on the same ex-
tension rod. It is to be attached to the end of the rod or the eighth-
turn, and each arm of the “Y” is to carry a nozzle. Too much time
is lost in attempting to spray with only one nozzle, and while two
Inozzles use more material than one the material is far cheaper than
the time of two or three men. It is great economy for the spraying
gang too. -
The Nozzle: There are now nozzles made expressly for the lime-
sulfur sprays which are not easily clogged. In general, the type of
these is a large nozzle with an interior iron plate which is so per-
forated as to give a whirling motion to the liquid inside the nozzle,
which then must come through a finely perforated disk before it
breaks into a spray. The best nozzles are equipped with steel disks
which do not wear so rapidly as some other metal, and which are
interchangeable with diſferent sizes according to the fineness or
coarseness of the spray wanted, and which, when they wear out, can
be replaced at much less expense than one can buy new nozzles.
It should be remembered that a fine spray is obtained by using
a finely perforated disk or small opening and high pressure. The
smaller the opening the finer will be the spray. However, while it
is very important for a man spraying with oils to try to make just
as fine mist as possible, this is not so important when the person is
186
spraying with the lime-sulfur wash. This liquid can be applied in
any way without injury to the trees. It can be put on with a brush
Or shot against the trees as a stream, or applied as a course spray,
and no evil results will come as in drenching, washing or coarsely
spraying the trees with oils. While a fine misty spray is important
with Bordeaux mixture and other summer sprays, it is not at all
necessary with the lime-sulfur wash as a winter spray.
Two Leads of Hose: Most good pumps are made to carry two
leads of hose, and it is economy to do so. As a rule one man at
the pump handle can easily furnish power enough to spray with the
two leads of hose. The shorter line or lead can be used by the man
on the ground or on the wagon, who will spray the lower branches.
This, of course, should be equipped with the extension rod and the
other attachments described above. The longer lead of hose should
be used by the man on an elevated platform on the wagon, which will
enable him to stand almost level with the work if possible. It may
be necessary to use ladders in spraying high trees, or even climb into
them, dragging the hose after him, until he reaches a position where
he can perch and reach into the tree with the extension rod.
The Power: While it is not necessary to carry a pressure gauge
and regulate the power with any precision, yet it is best to spray
with a fairly high power that will send out plenty of material, mak-
ing a good large mist or spray and more quickly cover a large area
of the tree top than would be covered by a jet, stream, or sprinkle.
About eighty pounds pressure to the square inch will give good
results, and, of course, a higher pressure can be used if desired.
However, with this, as with the fineness of the spray—the amount of
pressure is not an essential feature in spraying for San José scale,
however much it may be for Codling moth and other sprayings.
PLAN OF CO-OPERATION IN THE MODEL ORCHARDS.
WE HAVE REPLIED AS FOLLOWS TO ALL PERSONS WHO HAVE OF
FERED THEIR ORCHARDS UP TO THE PRESENT TIME FOR
DEMONSTRATION PURPOSES.
Harrisburg, Pa., Nov. 13, 1909.
Dear Sir: We have decided to accept all applications for super-
vision of demonstration or model orchards, but to divide these into
two kinds: 1, Public Meeting Model Orchards; and, 2, Auxiliary
Model Orchards. With all of them we shall give expert survey and
supervision, and a working plan of up-to-date management, out-
lined in writing, and extending through the entire year. We should
require each owner accepting this offer to own and use spraying
apparatus and to be willing to conduct the orchard, or at least, a
portion of it, according to the plans we outline in writing. We shall
187
help him to procure best wholesale discounts on apparatus and
spraying apparatus and spraying chemicals, and shall show how to
start and use the apparatus and mix and apply the chemicals, and
shall also start him in the right methods of pruning.
In the Public Meeting Model Orchards we wish to reserve not more
than an acre of any one kind of trees expressly as our exhibition
model, in which we will help with all the spraying and pruning,
and for which we will furnish all spraying chemicals needed during
the first year, and where we ask permission to hold at least three
public meetings as follows:
First, while the trees are dormant, to exhibit methods of pruning,
spraying, and perhaps planting; second, when the blossoms fall, to
show method of spraying for the codling moth, and perhaps plant-
ing; and, third, in the fall to study results and plant if no planting
was possible at either of the other meetings. We reserve the privi-
lege of holding these public meetings at these selected orchards, of
which there will be not more than five in a county, distributed accord-
ing to favorable conditions and needs. The owner will be at liberty to
manage the remainder of the orchard according to our plan or not,
as he may choose.
The outline of management of these orchards will contain direc-
tions for the following operations:
1. Pruning during the winter or early spring
2. Spraying for scale insects during the spring, before the buds
burst.
3. Planting young trees.
4. Cultivation of at least a part of the orchard, possibly in con-
nection with an inter-crop, or clean cultivation, with cover crop for
green manuring; or sod and mulching, where this system is prefera-
ble.
5. Fertilization, such as the condition of the trees demands.
6. First codling moth spraying with arsenites, or this in connec-
tion with Bordeaux mixture.
7. Second codling moth spraying with Bordeaux and arsenite.
8. Emergency spraying during the summer for pests (either in-
sects or plant diseases) should any develop or be liable to occur.
9. Possibly slight summer pruning.
It is not the purpose to undertake experiments, but to perform
up-to-date service, to make a model orchard, and to leave a few trees
as checks for public comparison of results. This will be as follows:
One tree not pruned, sprayed, cultivated, not fertilized.
One tree pruned, but not sprayed, cultivated, nor fertilized.
One tree pruned, and sprayed for scale, but not for codling moth.
One tree pruned, and sprayed for insects but not for fungous
diseases.
188
We shall make no charge for this service, and give all fruit to the
Owner. However, we would ask him to furnish the noon-day meal
free of charge to our men, and where no hotel is convenient, to fur-
nish them other meals and lodging at reasonable price.
As soon as other expected applications are at hand, we shall send
another notification to each applicant as to whether we find it best
to make his orchard a Public Meeting Model Orchard, or an Auxiliary
Model Orchard. In either event, he is benefited by our expert super-
vision without charge. If you should not see fit to co-operate with
us on these terms, kindly let us know soon in order that we may
make another choice promptly.
Yours very truly,
H. A. SURFACE,
Economic Zoologist.
From the following counties only we have received but few offers of
Orchards for demonstration purposes at this date (November 15):
Persons in these counties wishing our co-operation should respond at
OIlC62.
Cameron, Warren, Union,
Lawrence, Somerset, Venango.
Montour,
In order that we may judge more accurately the suitability of
your orchard to our needs I shall appreciate it if you will answer
as nearly as possible the following questions:
How many trees of the following kinds have you?
Apple. . . . . . , Pear. . . . . . , Peach......, Plum . . . . . . , Cherry. . . . . . 5
What is the age of Apple. . . . . . , Pear. . . . . . , Peach. . . . . . ?
Plum. . . . . . , Cherry. . . . . . .
Is the orchard located on high or low ground?
Is the orchard located on heavy clay, loam, light sand or shaly
soil?
Is the land on which the orchard is planted, steep, hillside, rolling,
or level?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How far apart are the trees?
Are trees apparently badly, moderately or slightly affected with
scale insects or not at all? -
Have trees been bearing good, medium or poor crops for the last
three years? . . . . . . . . . . Have you ever sprayed these trees?
How far is the Orchard from the railroad Station?
Is it near a public road? .
How far from the nearest town? . . . . . . . In What direction?
189
Are you near a trolley line? . . . . . . . . . Do you have a spraying out-
fit?
Thanking you for this helpful information, I remain,
- Yours very truly,
H. A. SURFACE.
Economic Zoologist.
If you accept our services according to the conditions on the ac-
companying sheet, please sign here and return this sheet at once.
APPOINTMENTS AT PUBLIC MEETINGS.
After the Economic Zoologist has attended some public meeting
it is not unusual for some persons to write him stating that they were
sorry they did not know he was to be in their region, or was to
speak at a certain meeting, as they desired to see him or ask him
questions concerning some topics. As the services of the State
Zoologist are freely offered to those who desire them, and every pos-
sible effort is made to extend the benefits of such services, he has
deemed it best to publish a list of public appointments which are
at present before him, in order that those who wish to know of such
appointments may be informed thereon. This list at present (Novem-
ber 15, 1909), is as follows: -
November 20, 1909, Organization Meeting of Centre County Fruit
Growers' Association, Spring Mills, Pa. Subject of H. A. Surface:
“How to Get Better Fruits for Pennsylvania.” Forenoon and after-
noon meetings. -
November 30, 1909, Cumberland County Teachers' Institute, Car-
lisle, Pa. Subject: “Agriculture and the Public Schools.” At after-
noon session. -
December 1, 1909, Maryland State Bee-Keepers' Association, Balti-
more, Md. Subject: “Profitable Honey Production for Progressive
Farmers and Fruit Growers.” Evening session. -
December 4, 1909, Cumberland County Farmers' Institute, at
Shepherdstown, Pa., evening session. Two illustrated lectures; one
on “The Birds of Pennsylvania,” another on “Orchard Methods in
Pennsylvania.” -
December 8, 1909, Beaver County Manufacturers' Association,
New Brighton, Pa. Illustrated evening lecture on “The Serpents of
Pennsylvania.” (Attendance by invitation). -
190
December 21, 22, and 23, 1909, State Grange Meeting at State
College, Centre Co., Pa., where the State Zoologist will be present to
answer questions and give individual assistance to all persons bring-
ing samples for inspection or inquiries.
December 27, 1909, Boston, Mass., American Association of Horti-
cultural Inspectors. Topic: “Results of Various Remedies for San
José Scale by Pennsylvania Orchardists, as Seen by the Inspectors
in the Orchards.”
December 28, 1909, Boston, Mass., American Association of Econo-
mic Entomologists, Twenty-second Annual Meeting. Topic: “Some
New Points concerning the Lime-sulfur Wash.”
December 31, 1909, State College, Pa., Farmers' Week. Illustrated
Lecture on “Orchard Insect Enemies.” Afternoon session, 2 P. M.
January 11, 12 and 13, 1910, at Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co., Pa.;
Annual Meeting of State Horticultural Association, at which the
State Zoologist will be present. Details of program not yet ar-
ranged.
Jan. 14, 1910, General Instructions to the State Orchard Inspectors
and Demonstrators, at Tunkhannock, Pa.
January 26, 1910, Annual Meeting of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, Harrisburg, Pa. Report of H. A. Surface as Ornithologist of
the Board. &
It is not yet decided at just what date the orchard demonstration
train will start, but the State Zoologist has planned to be aboard the
train at every stop excepting where annual State meetings in Penn-
sylvania call him away. He will offer illustrated and other lectures
besides demonstrations of methods of pruning and spraying and ex-
hibitions of material, apparatus, fruits and insects.
It is enough for us to say that we regard it as our duty to keep
all appointments strictly, after they are once made and announced,
and for this reason we earnestly request the public not to announce
that we will appear at any public meeting without having previously
made arrangements with us.
- H. A. SURFACE,
Economic Zoologist.
Harrisburg, Pa.
191
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING SEPTEMBER, 1909.

Name and Address of Sender.
S
Mrs. R. K. Typer, Chambersburg.
E. E. McCracken, Greenville.
J. D. Wentling, Greensburg.
F. D. Brinton, West Chester.
H. W. Dubbs, Pittsburg.
Dr. L. E. Chapman, Glade Run.
W. H. Kehl, East Greenville.
J. T. Taylor, Pomeroy.
J. S. Leinback, Williamsport.
J. S. Moyer, Bethlehem.
. W. Brakeman, Sandy Lake.
. A. Allen & Son, Costello.
. B. Emerich, Lebanon.
. Hull, Cambridge Springs.
Jarden, Chestnut Hill, Phila.
.
S
S
Houser, Meadville.
Holzapple, Kantz.
. F. Landis, Honey Grove.
M. Dennen, Millville.
. Sturgeon, Dallastown.
. H.
g ; Brecht, Lansdowne.
. H.
;
F.
is
:
. L. Mericle, Meshoppen.
rs. J. M. Giffin, Tyrone.
. Snyder, York.
. Braymer, Blooming Valley.
. F. Crosby, Coudersport.
Callender, Thompson.
. Williams, Easton.
. Hause, Sugarloaf.
Lohr, Johnstown.
. S. Welker, Wolant.
. T. Savidge, Sunbury.
. S. Esht, Shanesville.
Hepler, Pitman.
. Evans, Richardsville.
. Rhoads, Catawissa.
K. Schwen, Providence Square.
º#
W
i
Name of Specimen.
#
14397
14400
Insects.
Melon louse (Aphis gossypii),
Magnolia scale (Neolecanium cornu-
parvum).
Mººd butterfly (Danais plexip-
DUlſ). -
(a) Aphids,
(b) Melon louse,
Lilac borer larva (Podosesia syrin-
gae).
Indian euphoria (Euphoria inda), --
Indian euphoria,
Melon louse,
San José Scale (Aspidiotus pernicio-
fºllS).
Maple phenacoccus
acericola).
Mole cricket (Gryllotalpa borealis),--
Cabbage aphis (Aphis brassicae), --
Cecropia larvae (Samia Cecropia), --
Scolytids,
(a) Apple woolly aphis (Schizoneura
lonigera).
San José scale,
Jassids,
Papilio butterfly larva, --------------
San José scale,
San José Scale,
Blister beetle (Epicaut a pennsylvan-
iCă).
Cabbage aphis,
Tachini fly (Bombyliomyia abrupta),
Clothes moth (Tineola bisiella), -----
(Phenacoccus
Cicada,
Red-humped apple caterpillar (Schi-
Zura concinna). &
Lygaeid bugs,
San José scale,
Euphoria inda,
Cherry slug (Erioc ampoides lina-
civa).
San José scale,
Walking stick (Diaphemora demo-
rata).
Fruit bark borer (Scolytus rugo-
losus).
San José scale,
Ichneumon cocoons,
San José scale,
Fruit bark beetle,
(a) Round-headed apple borer (Sa-
perda canida),
(b) Codling moth larva (Carpoc-
apsa pomonella),
Tree bug (Brochymena sp.),
San José scale,
Oyster-shell Scale
ulmi).
Red-humped apple Worm,
Red-humped apple Worm,
Cecropia larva,
Magnolia Scale,
Notodontid moth larvae,
Fruit bark beetle,
Potato stalk borer (Trichbaris tri-
notata). . .
Saddle-back caterpillar (Sibine sti-
Imula).
Yellow Swallow-tail butterfly larva
(Papilio glaucus turnus).
Apple sphinx larva (Sphinx drupi-
ferarum).
Saddle-back caterpillar,
Weevil (Balaninus sp.), --------------
(Lepidosaphes
* * * * * * * * * * *
. S. Linvill, Swarthmore.
Shatto, Fort Hunter.
. S. Fritz, Jamison City.
F. Edmonds, Pittsburg.
. J. D. Rose, Murrysville.
S. G. P. West, Danville.
. Kepple, Leechburg.
. Nesbit, Utica.
. H. Wert, Mont Alto.
. Lieberknecht, York.
I. Hershey, Gap,
%
#.
!
. C. Clemens, Catawissa.
. D. Wildrich, Milford.
. Cole, Preston Park.
iss H. H. McMillan, Carlisle.
. C. Martin, Homestead.
:
192
Name and Address of Sender.
i
#
r
g
:
§
W
:
G.
O.
. Adams, Lancaster.
. Sullivan, Morrisdale.
. Reed, Slippery Rock.
Bracken, Johnstown.
. Sellers, Kempton.
. Smith, Mt. Pleasant.
. Baxter, Mt. Airy.
Norton, Huntingdon.
B. Miller, Barnesville.
B. Miller, Martinsburg.
V. Braymer, Blooming Valley.
G. Snyder, ‘Reading.
;
N
Stewart, Landisburg.
H. Mengle, Steelton.
R. Norris, Shirleysburg.
W. Shaver, Huntsville.
A. DeLong, Eaglesmere Park.
. L. F. Kerchner, Washington.
S. Bienenouer, Hellam.
Fratz, North Wales.
N. Hummel, Rupert.
Frye, Jeannette.
Campbell, Erie.
Lindie, Blossburg.
P. Tate, Curwensville.
. Fulton, Clearfield.
Connolley, Danville.
I
©
J. Rice, Easton.
W. Ross, Honesdale.
F. Garies, Pine Station.
W. Palmer, Bradshaw, Neb.
Mrs. A. T. Collins, Swarthmore.
H.
T.
;
:
M
iss A. French, Neshaminy.
Van Waltersdorf, Hanover.
Scarlet, Ambler.
A. Hart, Blairsville.
W. Kells, New Bethlehem.
H. McMinn, Williamsport.
Rieger, Penllyn.
G. Goheen, Penna. Furnace.
C. Woods, Pittsburg.
M. Sellers, Kempton.
K. Miller, Reading.
S. Linvill, Swarthmore..
G. Harris, Uniontown.
C. Kauffman, Columbia.
. M. Johnston. Wilmerding.
Maher, Phila.
J. &
. F. Sager, Beaver Falls.
J.
Renison, Mars.
R. Straw, Wigton.
. B. Mershon, E. Springfield.
SPECIMIENS-Continued.
Name of Specimen.
5
º d;
5 sº
63
2. Q
14401 | (a) Terrapin scale (Eulecanium ni-
grofasciatum), -------------------- 14
(b) San José scale, ------------------
14402 | San José scale, 14
14403 || Cabbage aphis, 14
14404 || San José scale, 14
14408 || Lepidoptera larvae, ------------------ 15
14409 | Fruit bark borer, -------------------- 15
14410 Juniper scale (Diaspis careuli), ------ 15
14411 | Saddle-back larva, -----------------> 15
14412 | (a) Diptera larva, is ºmiſſiº 15
(b) Crane fly (Tipula abdominalis)
14418 San José scale, 16
14419 | White scale (Aspidiotus hederae), -- 16
14420 | Potato stalk borer, ------------------ 16
1421 | Chestnut weevils (Balanivus probos-
coideus). 16
14422 Katydid eggs, 16
14423 Oyster-shell scale, -------------------- 16
14436 | San José scale, 17
14437 | Pigeon tremex (Tremex columba), -- 17
14438 || San José scale, 17
14439 (a) Cecropia larvae, ----------------,
(b) Hickory horned devil othere; 17
nia regalis),
14449 | Potato stalk borer. --------------- <-ºº-º-º: 20
14450 | Ichneumon wasp (Megarhyssa luna- 20
OT).
14451 San José *: 20
14452 | Cherry aphis (Myzus cerasi), ------- 20
14453 | Cabbage aphis, 20
14454 | (a) Scurfy scale (Chionaspis fur-
fura), 20
(b) San José Scale, -----------------
14455 | Mole cricket, 20
14456 Iºn wasp (Megarhyssa at- 20
T8,158, ).
14457 | Soft scale (Coccus hesperidum), ---- 20
14458 | Cabbage aphis, 2
14459 | (a) Locust borer (Cyllene robiniae),
(b) Geometrid larva, ---------------
(c) Cherry slug, 20
(d) Lepidoptera larvae, ------------
14460 | Leaf-cutting bee nest (MegaChile 20
Sp.
14464 || Cherry aphis, 22
14466 | Fruit bark borer, -------------------- 22
14467 | Tulip scale (Fulecanium tulipferae), 22
14468 || Tipula abdominalis, ---------------- – 22
14469 | (a) Scurfy Scale, --------------------] 22
(b) Oyster-shell Scale, --------------
14470 | San José scale, 22
14472 Woolly aphis, 22
14475 | Diptera larvae, 23
14476 || Scurfy scale, * 23
14477 Oyster-shell scale, -------------------- 23
14478 | Lepidoptera larva, +----------------- 23
14479 | Oyster-shell scale, -------------------- 23
14480 | San José scale, 23
14486 || (a) Oyster-shell Scale, --------------- } 24
(b) Woolly apple aphis, ------------
14487 | Megarhyssa lunator, ----------------- 24
14488 (a) Terrapin Scale, ------------------
(b) Fruit bark borer, --------------- 24
() Putnam scale (Aspidiotus ancy-
UIS).
14493 || San José scale, 28
14495 | Old-fashioned potato bug (Lema 28
trilineata).
14496 || San José. scale, 28
14497 | (a) San José scale, ------------------ 28
(b) Oyster-shell scale, --------------
14498 || Oyster-shell scale, -------------------- 28
(To be Concluded.)
9 L
/
. 2 2 3T
THE
ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN
OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
VO Le VII—No. 7
SUBJECT: Reports of Pa. Orchard Inspectors.
DECEMBER 1, 1909.
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist,
Editor.
Entered May 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, Under Act
of Congress of June 6, 1900. *
HARRISBURG:
C. R. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR DECEMBER, 1909.
VOLUME VII, No. 7.
Established in April, io98, at the Office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE DECEMBER BULLETIN.
Page.
Beport of the Pennsylvania Orchard Inspectors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 195
Adams County, by J. D. Herr, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º ºs e º 'º º tº e º e º 'º e s - e º 'º e 196
Allegheny County, by William G. Gish, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Bedford County, by R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Berks County, by J. D. Herr, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Blair County, by R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Bradford County, by D. A. Knuppenberg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Bucks County, by E. L. Loux, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Butler County, by F. L. McClure, ... . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * e s e a e s e e e s e 210
Cambria County, by R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Cameron County, by E. L. McNett, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Carbon County, by F. R. Fertig, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Centre County, by T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Cluester County, by Francis Windle, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Clearfield County, by James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Dauphin County, by Cyrus T. Fox, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Delaware County, by M. E. Shay, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.
Franklin County, by E. C. Bowers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.
(To be continued in January, 1910, Bulletin).

REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ORCEIARD INSPECTORS.
The reports of the Orchard Inspectors in Pennsylvania are of
special interest in the respective district of each man, and of general
interest throughout the entire state. Some of them show the
presence of pests which have not yet found their way into the regions
inspected by others, and most show extensive orchard plantings,
based on satisfactory results in Scale control.
It is advisable for the public to have opportunity to read these ro
ports and learn of the conditions in the various regions of this State
as seen by the men who have spent the entire year in the field and
orchard. It should be said that these reports are prepared at the
request of the Economic Zoologist, to be presented to him and read
at the Annual Fall Meeting of the Orchard Inspectors, recently held
in Harrisburg. The men were not informed that their reports were
for publication, but I believe it is no breach of confidence to publish
these as submitted. While they have been edited, there is absolutely
110 change of statemnt of fact. Important explanations or addition.il
notes are given by the Economic Zoologist in brackets with his
initials signed therafter.
We asked each man to come prepared with a written paper of
eight to twelve minutes length, briefly discussing orchards and
orchard conditions in his district, and answering the following
(ſuestions:
(1) Is there much San José scale in your district? Is it in
creasing or decreasing? What percentage of orchards have you
found infested? What percentage of trees are infested in the
orchards in general?
(2) What remedies have you found to be efficient against the
San José Scale? Have you observed any difference in results accord-
ing to dates in spraying? If the Limesulfur Wash has not been
uniformly successful, why not?
(3) What remedies have you found inefficient, or unable to control
the scale? What materials have injured the trees? In what propor-
tion were these applied?
(4) What other serious insects have you found in your district?
What remedies have you found used successfully against each re-
spectively?
(5) Is the public keeping proper interest in the inspection and
demonstration work? If not, why not?
(6) How is the inspector received in your district? Are the
growers in general willing to f your directions? If not, why
not?

196
(7) What is the outlook for orcharding in your district? Men
tion some definite examples of successful orchardists. Is orchard
planting increasing or decreasing, and why?
(8) Are the farmers and fruit growers co-operating in any sense?
If so to what extent, and what success; and if Ilot, why not?
(9) What would be the result of the suspension of the inspection
and demonstration work at present?
(10) Give suggestions for the improvement of the service.
REPORTS BY COUNTIES.
ADAMS COUNTY.
sº.
Inspector, J. D. HERR, Lancaster, Pa.
Mr. Herr's Counties: Adams, Berks and Lower Lancaster.
There is as yet no co-operation in my territory worthy the name.
Berks County has an Agricultural and Horticultural Society, which
meets once a month. Adams county has a live Horticultural Society,
but with the exception of a few transactions of a quasi-co-operative
nature, nothing in this line has been attempted. The reasons, I
think, are lack of interest and of confidence.
Much good has already been accomplished by the active campaign
carried on by the Division of Zoology during the last four years.
Property representing millions of dollars has been saved to the citi-
zens of this State. I believe, however, a greater good, more far-
reaching in its results, has accrued to the rural people of the common-
wealth by the quickening of their minds, which have been opened to
the laws and principles which govern their physical surroundings.
Get the farmer started to spraying for insects and fungi, and he
will begin to ask questions about the causes of the results he gets.
He will naturally ask questions about other operations on the farm
and in the orchard, and he thus becomes a scientific farmer uncon-
sciously, and in spite of himself.
Much still remains to be done which a field force, such as Ours,
alone can do. We must keep those people going which he have
started, so that others, notin ir success, will follow their ex-

197
ample. The fruit industry of Pennsylvania should be extended.
While little spots of the State have been devoted to fruit growing,
the horticultural possibilities of this State can not be realized. One
half of this entire State of 46,000 square miles is highly adapted to
fruit growing. In the north we grow Baldwins, Spys, Greenings and
Jonathans of the very first quality. Our York Imperial, Ben Davis
and Gano, while of poor quality where grown elsewhere, are quite
eatable as grown in the mountain ranges of the Alleghenies. The
spicy Stayman, the delicious Grimes, the divine Smokehouse, all
grow to perfection in the southeastern third of the State. The
Grapes of Erie county are on a par with the best, while the peaches,
which grow anywhere south of the latitude of forty-one degrees, are
yielding a golden harvest to the intelligent orchardist. We have
the markets at our very doors, and it behooves the State to develop
these untouched resources. There is probably no State in the Union
possessing equal advantages of nature and market, and next to min-
ing and manufacturing, fruit-growing ought to be our greatest in-
dustry. -
I believe the services of the field force can be improved by institut-
ing a system of promotions based upon length of service and effi-
cient work. No system of service is complete unless it holds out
rewards to the faithful and competent worker and provides for the
dismissal of incompetents and sluggards. When these rewards are
not offered the best men naturaly gravitate toward good positions
elsewhere, and the mere hangers-on, who are not worth their salt else-
where, may remain, thus constantly lowering the standard of the
entire body. * ... • -
We have 67 counties, and about 20 regular inspectors, including in
each man’s district from two to four counties, according to number
of orchards and nurseries they contain. By re-districting the State
into as many divisions as there are inspectors, giving each man full
charge of his district, including nursery inspections, the entire State
could be supplied with resident inspectors, thus saving time and ex-
penses, and improving the service to the citizens of the State and re-
sulting in the permanence of the service and the preparation for a
higher grade of work, and consequently giving an impetus to horticul-
ture, and incidentally to agriculture, such as the great State of Penn-
sylvania needs, deserves, and can have.
On the part of the field men, there should be close study, honest
application to the work and enthusiasm in the same. We are en-
gaged in a great and noble cause. We should ever remember that
this great work was conceived in the mind of our chief, Prof. Surface,
and that his energy, foresight and diplomacy have carried it on
through four stormy and troublesome years, beset as he was by
foes without and enemies within the State. This work was an ex-
198
periment, and we were put on probation. We have made good. The
credit belongs to Prof. Surface and those of us who have at all times
been loyal in our sentiments and service.
By a prophetic foresight, the use of Lime-sulfur sprays was chosen
as the safest, surest and most available material to combat the
scale. After all the years of compounding and exploiting of sprays,
the original position taken by our chief is still impregnable, in spite
of a continual bombardment of shot and shell from the guns of
the oil manufacturers and their satellites. What would the Division
of Zoology be today if it had advocated at any time any other spray
but Lime-sulfur? It requires no genius to see that its very name
would be a by-word and a reproach, and the inspection force would
ere this have been relegated “back to the tall timber.”
It remains for me but to cite examples of profitable fruit growing
in my district, and I shall have finished. Among many I submit
these: Dr. Funk, of Boyertown, sold $2,700.00 worth of peaches
per acre in a 10 acre orchard in six years. W. E. Grove, of York
Springs, sold $1,500.00 worth of peaches this fall from 350 6-year-old
trees, and sold them too cheap. J. R. Yentzer, of Conestoga, makes
an independent living from 200 peach trees in his back lot. R. E.
Adams, of Lancaster city, receives five cents each for his peaches at
his orchard. Saml. Bream received $5,000.00 for his 40-acre apple
crop on the trees. W. S. Adams, of Aspers, sold 2,000 barrels of apples
from 60 acres of young orchard planted on mountain land, originally
worth $3.50 per acre. *
Dr. I. H. Mayer, of Willow Street, Lancaster county, picked 4,000
bushels of apples from 19 acres and sold many of them at 15c a
strawberry box, and $2.50 per bushel box.
John A. Scholl, of Adams county, sold this seasons crop for $10,000.
Nearly all of these were grown on an orchard which he bought two
years ago and which cost him, including 80 acres of farm land, about
this sum. This fine crop was saved from a bad infestation of San
José Scale by the commercial lime-sulfur (“Orchard Brand”) after
the oils had failed miserably.
ALLEGHENY COUNTY.
Inspector, WILLIAM G. GISH, 187 Shetland Ave., Pittsburg, Pa.
Orchards inspected during the year past have been found in better
condition as to San José scale than those of the previous year; less
than 50 per cent. of the orchards being infested with the scale, and
with but few exceptions it would not exceed 15 per cent. of the trees
199
in the orchard where found. Oyster Shell scale and Scurfy scale
predominate, and orchardists confuse these with San José. I visited
the orchard of Mr. J. C. H., Robinson township, Carnegie, R. F. D.
No. 3, which contains 200 bearing apples, 200 young apples, 200
learing pears, 400 bearing peach, 500 young peach, 300 bearing plums,
25 young plums, and 50 bearing cherry; all these trees were infested
with San José scale, except the young peach and plum trees, or pos-
sibly 75 per cent. of all the fruit trees. The bearing peach and apple
orchard was entirely ruined by the ravages of the pest. The owner
was not aware of the cause of decline of trees. He became interested,
and promised to spray this fall with Lime-sulfur. He had been
spraying with a solution of lye and oils. I re-visited the orchard
of Mr. M. A. A., of Indiana township, and found he had sprayed 675
young trees, infested with San José scale, using Lime-sulfur solution.
Owing to a strong wind from the south, he only sprayed the southern
side of trees. The subsequent inspection showed that the side
sprayed was entirely free from the insect, and the unsprayed side
showed increased evidence of the pest.
From close observation, where San José scale, Oyster Shell and
Scrufy scales were present, I have found that the Lime-sulfur solu-
tion is the most efficient spraying solution for the control of such
pests, and if used properly, will ultimately eradicate the trouble.
IBut very little spraying with Lime-sulfur has been done in this
county until recently, and where used it has given good results.
I have not found any trees injured to any extent as results of
spraying, except in rare instances, where Bordeaux-Arsenate, or Bor-
deaux-Paris-Green, had been used at greater strength than should
be—thus causing a russeting of the fruit and some injury to the
foliage.
Codling Moth, Woolly Aphis, Tent Caterpillar, Canker Worm,
Oyster Shell and Scurfy scales are more numerous than any others
of the insect class. Very little has been done to control these ex-
cept in rare instances. Spraying has been done for the codling moth,
but more spraying has been done during the year past than any
year previously for ten years. Where the Bordeaux-Arsenite solu-
tion formula, advised by this Department, has been used, it has pro-
Juced good results. -
The interest taken in our work now is greater than it was two
years ago. Commercial orchardists and those having family orchards
are willing to co-operate with us. Two years ago an inspector was
practically unknown. They now look upon our visits with pleasure,
and have shown a very decided interest in our work. They are will-
ing and anxious to accept advice for the betterment of their orchards.
I am pleased to report that your inspector is received with welcome
wherever he goes, and every courtesy is extended. I am earnestly
requested to not postpone my next visit. In fact, I would be kept
200
busy making return visits. When shown the results of lack of atten-
tion to their orchards, to protect them from the insect pests, they
look upon it as a serious matter, and are anxious to have our advice
and assistance. -
Extensive plantings of young orchards have been made during the
past year by persons who intend having large commercial orchards.
A number of old orchards are being renewed. From observation and,
information received, orchards have been neglected and permitted to
decline during the past ten years, for several reasons, viz: Deficiency
of farm labor; time given to other farm crops; the extension of city
limits; the erection of manufacturing plants in proximity to farm
territory, making rural and agricultural property more valuable for
manufacturing, resident, and business purposes; smoke, soot and
fumes from furnaces, effecting destruction to vegetation and great
discouragement to the grower.
The farmer and fruit-grower, notwithstanding the obstacles they
have to combat, have shown a willingness to co-operate with your in:
spector and the Department. Approximately 50 persons have bought
or signified their intention of purchasing spraying outfits and com-
mencing systematic spraying. Others, with outfits, were discouraged
and had discontinued spraying, but have said they would again take
up the work. -
I am of the opinion that the suspension of the work at this period
would result disasterously to the farmer, the fruit grower, and the
Department. All the farmers and fruit growers visited have renewed
their energies to place their orchards in good productive condition,
expecting subsequent assistance from this Department, and no doubt
they will further look for and expect it. It is a fight from the word
“go” to raise fruit of any kind now, and we must continue to give our
advice and aid. : r:
The most important undertaking of the Department is the orchard
demonstration. During the past year a number of orchardists,
residing on main roads leading through several townships, have pur-
chased expensive spraying outfits. Material and labor are furnished
at their expense. The work is done under supervision of the in-
spector. Farmers, orchardists and others, passing, notice the work
being done. They become interested, and watch results.
Considering that the work in this county is comparatively new,
and owing to the inclement condition of the weather during the
past two demonstrations, the attendance at the demonstration meet-
ings was small. This again may be owing to having only one demon-
stration orchard in this county (one of the largest in this State), the
attendance generally being from those residing in the immediate
locality. I would suggest, that, so far as possible, demonstration
orchards be established in each township, selecting a state, county
201
or city institution where suitable; otherwise, selecting an orchard
where the owner will furnish outfit, material and help. This should
obviate a semblance of partiality. The demonstration should be held
under the auspices of this Department, and conducted by the in-
spector of the county. This will give the residents of each township
an opportunity to attend the demonstrations without much incon-
venience or loss of time. It would cause those from isolated parts
to become interested and inspired by the results. It would develop
a much larger attendance, and the missionary value of such effort,
if well undertaken and done, is beyond conception.
I have been requested by a number of orchardists to suggest to the
Department the advisability of having enacted a law on compulsory
spraying, instead of having the Department coax indifferent persons
to better their conditions, financially and otherwise.
We firmly believe that a law, strictly enforced, providing for the
treatment of certain pests in this State, would be of immense benefit
in producing much larger crops of better quality; but it is not our
duty to incur the enmity of our farmers by prematurely attempting
to bring about such legislation. As soon as they realize its import:
ance and request it properly, such law will doubtless be enacted.—
H. A. S.]
BEDFORD COUNTY.
(See Inspector Lee's Report for Somerset County.)
Mr. Lee's Counties: Bedford, Blair, Cambria and Somerset.
BERKS COUNTY.
Inspector, J. D. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.
Mr. Herr's Counties: Adams, Berks and Lower Lancaster.
Speaking of my district as a whole—Berks and Lower Lancaster
and Adams counties—I would say this entire territory lies in what
may be called the San José scale belt of the state—that is, it is
comprised in that section of the State in which practically all
202
premises and the large majority of the individual fruit trees are
more or less seriously infested with San José scale. Expressed in
percentages I would say about 100 per cent. of the orchards and 85
per cent. of the trees are infested. I say “about 100 per cent.” for
infested orchards advisedly, since of the thousands of orchards I
have inspected my reports will show that I found, two years ago, one
Orchard in Lancaster and two in Berks apparently free from scale,
but I believe these have become infested since that time. The per-
Centage given for infested individual trees is estimated.
In answer to the question, “Is the San José scale increasing or de
creasing?” I beg leave to say that upon live trees, receiving no
treatment, the history of San José scale infestation is uniformly a
constant increase of scale until the tree dies. . Nowhere have I found
this pest destroyed by predacious insects or disease, and the expres-
sion one often heard a couple of years ago, that “The San José scale
has voluntarily left the country,” is now never heard.
I have met a few cases where peach trees had been killed back
to the trunk by scale; then after being “dehorned” have grown new
shoots and born fine fruit without treatment. This, although seem-
ing strange, is to be explained on entirely natural grounds. The
Scale living upon the limbs and twigs and not upon the rough or
glassy bark of the trunk, having killed these twigs, itself died for:
want of sustenance. The tree, being dehorned, was thus free from
live scale, and the young wood, bearing within 18 months, was not
yet seriously infested from outside sources.
There is plainly less scale in orchards which have been properly
sprayed according to the instructions sent out from the State Zoolo-
gist’s office.
There are a number of materials which, when used in sufficient
strengths, are fatal to scale insects. In my observation, Whale Oil
soap, 2 lbs. to 1 gal. water, Crude Petroleum, Kerosene Emulsion
(10 per cent. Kerosene), Proprietary Oils, Commercial Concentrated
Lime-sulfur Solution, Home-boiled Lime-sulfur Wash and Hydro-
cyanic acid gas fumigation, all will kill San José scale. . As to differ.
ent dates of spraying, the general statement is made that fall spray-
ing with oils and spring spraying with Lime-sulfur is most effective
in killing scale. On this point, I have not had the privilege of com-
parison, but I do know that the use of oils in the spring has fre-
quently killed the fruit buds where part of the orchard was sprayed
with this material, while the other part, sprayed with Lime-sulfur,
bore abundantly. For this reason, oils, if used at all, should be .
applied in the fall or early winter; while Lime-sulfur, because of its
1ungicidal effect, is preferably used in spring. I have found a few
cases of failure in the use of home-boiled Lime-sulfur Wash, and
upon close investigation, poor materials, inadequate boiling, or in-
203
complete spraying, either one or more, were the sole cause. In one
case, I found that each boiling of 50 gal. of spray fluid, when strained,
left at least one peck of undissolved lime. This constituted almost the
entire 22 lbs. used. Consequently the fluid had not the proper
strength to kill scale. The lime in question was secured from a
neighboring kiln where only agricultural lime was burned, and,
suspect, is of inferior quality. Of course, improper slaking will
also render lime insoluble.
Failure with Concentrated Lime-sulfur Solution is sometimes met
with on account of too weak dilution, viz.: 1 part of the solution to
15 or 18 parts of water. -
Among inefficient sprays must be mentioned Caustic Soda Solution.
All commercial or proprietary miscible oils at such strengths re-
commended by the manufacturers of the same, that is, 1 to 20 or 25 of
water, Carbolic acid solution, and Concentrated Lime-sulfur Solu-
tion diluted above 1 to 10, and unboiled lime-sulfur.
Materials injuring the trees comprise pure crude petroleum, pure
kerosene, proprietary oils in any effective strength, and strong caustic,
soda solutions. Injury from these sprays results to both tree and
buds. On the other hand, I have never noted any case of injury
from spraying with either the Home-boiled Lime-sulfur Wash or the
Concentrated Lime-sulfur Solution at any reasonable strengths.
In some parts of the territory through which I travel the damage
done by borers is quite serious. The remedies found effective are:
1st, Preventive, such as applying alkaline mixtures (as whale oil
soap), strong Lime-sulfur Wash, or even soap and whitewash, to the
trunk of the tree, in the case of peach; and these, in addition to oil
Iaint on apple, pear and quince, in the month of June, are
apparently effective. 2nd, Curative, which consists of cutting
out of the tree in spring and fall such borers as enter; and carbon
bisulfide in the case of apple borers too deeply seated to cut out.
Codling moths and curculios are becoming a more and more serious
menace to the fruit grower. These are effectively controlled by
arsenical sprays. - .*
Green and black aphids caused much damage during this season,
constituting almost a plague in some localities. The usual remedy
applied is Kerosene Emulsion, but unless used early in the season. It
seems to be inadequate. This is no doubt due to the difficulty in
applying any spray to these insects when protected by the curling of
the leaves. The same applies to spraying with tobacco decoction.
The public is, as a rule, much interested in the field work of the
Division, and the inspector is received with much interest. To such
as have benefitted by his advice he becomes an oracle to be consulted
on many occasions. The selection of orchard sites, selection of varie-
204
ties, pruning, spraying, buying, and in fact all kinds of questions on
subjects upon which the Chief of the Division is consulted daily, be:
come themes for discussion and questioning wherever he goes. Even
the holy Sabbath day is not sacred to these questioners. I am men-
tioning this to show the intimate relations which should and do ex-
ist between the field agent of the Division and the farmer and the fruit
grower. -
True, the advice given is not always followed, but much has been
and is being accomplished as the direct result of our efforts. Young
orchards are, as a rule, taken care of: No one is planting these days
except such as have determined to spray. Who can blame the average
farmer if he is appalled at the problem of spraying 40 foot trees with
an outfit equipped with a six foot extension rod, especially as he has
never been accustomed to do such work. He concludes he will let his
trees die and buy his supply of fruit. It is cheaper, he says; but he
will change his mind. He only misses the water when the well runs
dry. The farm orchard will again be planted, and the farmer having
profited by his experience, will spray.
Commercial orchardists are following the teachings of this office
more and more year after year. There is increased interest mani-
fested in fruitgrowing all along the line due largely to our campaign.
Lancaster county has shown her interest, not only by her attendance
at our public meetings, by letters to the inspector, and the office
and personal consultations, but by planting both farm and com-
mercial orchards. One local nurseryman reports that he alone sold
5,000 trees to be planted in this county this fall, and he covers many
counties of the state. This increased planting is in a large measure
due to the work of the Division of Zoology, which holds out the
promise, backed by actual demonstration, that trees can be grown and
pests held in check with the knowledge and means at our com-
mand. -
Much of this planting is being done by young men of energy and
intelligence, who become apt students of Prof. Surface and his assist-
ants. This is a very hopeful sign, and will yield large results in the
future. - -
BLAIR COUNTY.
(See Inspector Lee's Report for Somerset County.)
205
BRADFORD COUNTY.
Inspector, D. A. KNUPPENBURG, Lake Carey, Pa.
(1). There is considerable San José scale found in my district,
and it is increasing. About ten per cent. of the orchards are infested.
Along the river, railroads, and river towns, nearly all orchards are
infested and usually every tree. Back in the country we often find
one or two trees or shrubs infested on each place. ---
(2). The most effective remedy, when the welfare of the tree is
taken into account, is the Lime-sulfur Wash. In cases where the
Lime-sulfur Wash has not been satisfactory, I think the failure can
be traced to faulty material, making or application.
(3). I found where “some kind of oil” had been used trees were
injured, but the party did not know what it was, only something he
bought. -
(4). Other serious insects found are Codling Moth, Borers, Cur-
culio, Canker Worms, Oyster Shell Scale, Scurfy Scale, Putnum's
Scale, Lecanium, Tent Caterpillar, Fall Web Worm, Pear Psylla,
Cherry Worm, Apple Maggot, Pear and Cherry Slugs, Green and
Brown Aphids, Woolly Aphis, Aspidiotus ancylus, Red-necked Cater-
pillar, etc.
(5) The public seems, as a whole, to take deep interest in the
inspection and demonstration work. -
(6). The inspector, as a rule, is well received in my district. The
reasons for the few exceptions are ignorance of our work and inability
on the part of some tree owners to discover the true cause of their
own failures. Most people agree that our directions are good, and
that they must look after this matter of pest control.
(7). The outlook for orcharding is very encouraging in Wyoming
county. As examples of successful orchardists, I would cite Samuel
Egleson, Vernon; Elias Treible, Vosburg; John Henning, Mehoopany;
Cora Burgess, of Forkston; F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen; James Knup-
penburg, Tunkhannock, and many others. -
Bradford county is about one half worked, and, I have found but
few who are making much progress, though several are ready to
launch out on our advice. The reason is because of a lack of know-
ing how to grow trees and produce clean fruit.
(8). The farmers and fruit growers are taking marked interest.
In Luzerne county, W. J. Lewis and brother asked to have the State
take charge of a portion of their orchard of two thousand and three
hundred trees, which was done as public demonstration work. Hun-
dreds of people have visited the place,—several traveling nearly two
hundred miles to view the work and its results. One of these men,
a Mr. Ellsbree, from Athens township, Bradford county, expressed a
206
desire to set a fiften acre orchard next spring, and asks to have State
aid. Another, Mr. Estabrook, of East Athens, Bradford county, was
delighted with what he saw, and said to me he would not take five
hundred dollars for the knowledge gained by his trip, and now he
is going to drop other lines and give all attention to fruit-growing.
He is a representative man, and I predict success for him. In speak-
ing of the Lewis orchard, Mr. Estabrook said he had not thought
such a sight possible. Many are taking hold in a smaller way.
(9). The result of suspension of the inspection and demonstration
work would be very detrimental to the best interests of the State
and people. * *
(10). For improvement of the service let every man grow with the
great work before us. Use plenty of energy and good sense, listen
closely to instructions, and hold up the arms of our superior officer.
In looking around we see fields ready for the harvest. We meet
people who are looking to us for relief from the drudgery that makes
people shun the farm. I believe the problem that our Honorable
Leader has undertaken to solve is one of the greatest subjects now
before the people of Pennsylvania. The word “fail” is not written
in his vocabulary, and we trust that his untiring energy, with his
corps of faithful workers, will leave a wholesome knowledge of fruit-
growing that will not only enrich the people, but also build up an
industry now within our reach that will put our own State of Pennsyl-
vania to the front, where she rightfully belongs. Without this great
work Pennsylvania would feel a just rebuke.
BUCKS COUNTY.
Inspector, E. L. LOUX, Souderton, Pa.
During the last year we have been kept busy examining orchards
and shrubbery in staid old Bucks county. For the greater part of
this time we have been engaged on orchard inspection in the central
portion of the county. At present, inspections are being made in
the northern portion, adjacent to the Northampton border.
The work has been very pleasant during these months and it is
safe to say that the result will be increased interest in fruit culture.
Unfortunately, Bucks is an extremely infested scale bailiwick. At
least ninety-five per cent. of the orchards are infested with San José
scale. In unsprayed orchards, it is steadily increasing and threatens
207
their speedy destruction. Many orchards practically clear of scale
two years ago, are now scaled to the verge of death. If heroic meas-
ures be not taken by the owners of such orchards, they will soon be
beyond redemption.
While we have said that ninety-five per cent. of the orchards are
infested by this dreaded pest, the degree of intensity of infestation
Varies greatly. In the majority of them, practically every tree is
suffering from their ravages. In others only a few trees are thus
affected. It is, however, safe to say that seventy-five per cent. of the
trees examined were scaled.
The remedies used are in general those suggested by the bulletins
of the different State Departments or their experimental stations.
Among the principal we mention home-made lime-sulfur, the various
commercial brands of Lime-sulfur, the commercial oils, especially
Scalecide and Target Brand, Caustic Soda, Lewis’ Lye, etc. -
Of these, Lime-sulfur, home-made, has proved most efficient. In
all cases where it has not controlled scale, such instances may always
be ascribed either to improper preparation or careless application.
Lack of proper boiling has been the most common error of preparation.
In some instances, we have found it simply a mixture of lime lumps
and sulfur grains, of a light yellow color. Such a mixture can not
reasonably be expected to kill scale. In the matter of careless ap-
plication, such work is most commonly done by would-be professional
sprayers, who do their work “by the job.” With them it is a matter
of the number of trees sprayed, not the character and efficiency of the
work done. In one instance we saw one of these charlatans slightly
spray the trunks of apple trees with a bucket sprayer, using a com.
mercial solution about one to thirty. He had the audacity to charge
thirty cents per tree and then hastened to the nearest hotel to enjoy
the proceeds of this robbery. He avowed himself greatly wronged
by our comments on such slipshod work. Nothing else has done so
much to give spraying a black eye. Every one who thus creates a
sentiment against spraying is inded an unworthy servant and should
be exposed. -
The commercial lime-sulfur in the proportion of One to eleven is too
weak to clean a badly-scaled tree. When used one to eight or in
extreme cases, one to six, it proves very effective. We saw an in-
stance where it was used one to one on a badly Scaled tree. It
cleaned up the csale and did no injury whatever to the tree.
Scalecide, according to our observation, is the best of the oil sprays.
We have seen orchards where it has done fine work and a few in-
stances where it has produced injurious effects on the trees, excepting
on peach trees, where its continued use can not safely be recom-
mended. At one to twenty it kills Only a moderate per cent. of scale,
and it should be applied at one to fifteen. A rather high pressure
should be used in its application; dripping is dangerous.
208
Target Brand has proved unsatisfactory in two respects. In many
cases it has utterly failed to control scale, while in others it has
killed the trees. The vicinity of Springtown shows abundant
evidence of the latter. Many of our dealers have discontinued its
sale.
Results obtained from caustic soda or lye are very variable and
they can not be classed as effective scalecides. Washing the trunks
with carbolic acid has been proven in no sense beneficial by a number
of Bucks county fruit growers.
As to the dates for spraying, we do not find much difference in
effectiveness. Fall spraying in this county proves to be of as great
value as that done in the spring, if we discard the fungicidal features.
February spraying seems to give the poorest results, owing to the fact
that this month is a tempestuous one, with frequent heavy rains.
As to the Target Brand claims of fungicidal benefit, we have not been
able to find their claims verified.
But the different species of scale are not the only serious menace
to successful orcharding in Eastern Pennsylvania. The Codling
Moth, an old but dangerous insect, is prevalent in this section. As
a rule, from fifty to seventy-five per cent. of the apple crop is wormy,
and thus the value is decreased by many thousand dollars. Unfor-
tunately but little effort has been made to rid us of this voracious
pest. In orchards where the Bordeaux Arsenate has been used, the
results have been very benficial. One thorough spraying after the
dropping of the blossom-petals has answered the purpose.
Both the round-headed and the flat-headed borers are doing serious
injury in many apple orchards; and their ravages seem difficult to
control. We advocate painting the trunks either with white lead
or lime-sulfur sediment.
Peach borers are a serious pest in eastern Pennsylvania and have
been an important factor in the ruination of a number of peach
Orchards.
It is a great pity that no vigorous campaign is instituted against
caterpillars. In a number of young orchards, this season, they prac-
tically defoliated the trees. We should earnestly advocate their de-
struction. g
We received very many letters about the Angoumois grain moth,
during the last few months. It is a very serious pest in Bucks
county, being occasionaly found even in corn. • &
Our work is daily being more appreciated by farmers and fruit
growers in Bucks county. There are many requests for special in-
spections and re-inspections, which we are unable to give. The
amount of correspondence is daily increasing and the questions asked
are generally very important. The demonstration orchard is at-
tracting more attention than last year, and our methods are being
209
recognized as practical. Invitations for addresses on the subject
of insect pests are becoming numerous, one of the latest being from
the Apgar Science Club, Trenton, N. J.
The greatest drawback to interest in the inspection work is the
notion that fruit growing is not profitable in eastern Pennsylvania.
This false impression is giving way to the facts and figures we im-
press on our citizens.
As to our reception in the district, nothing more could be desired.
In every instance we are courteously received, and in many cases
pertinent questions are asked. Sometimes the reason for the in-
spection must be explained to the good housewives, who fear it may
mean either personal expenses or taxes. Often considerable time
must be given to the examination of ornamental plants, with suit.
able advice as to their insect pests or plant diseases. In some cases
there is considerable doubt expressed as to the utility of spraying.
If there has been a failure in controlling the scale nearby, such or-
chard will be quoted as the horrible example.
Others will have pet remedies to advocate and will claim marvelous
results from their use. But, unfortunately, such claims can never
be verified. Yet, taken as a whole, a very healthy sentiment in
favor of spraying has been created, with Lime-sulfur rapidly gain-
ing favor. In this county the amount of spraying done has increased
one hundred per cent. during the last year. This percentage has in
creased far more rapidly in inspected districts than in those not yet
visited. The outlook for fruit growing is fair. While most of our
farmers make specialties of grain growing and dairying, yet most of
them desire fruit on their premises. To secure this they are begin-
ning to realize that greater care is needed; and they are ready to
take our advice. - - -
The planting of fruit trees is again rapidly increasing in the
county. This is especially true of peach trees. There is but little
planting of plum trees. The new orchards being planted are rather
larger than the former ones. The quality of the trees planted is also
better.
Among our most prominent orchardists are E. W. Paxon, New
Hope; Thomas Knowles, Oxford Valley; Ed. Kiser Estate, Spring-
town; Lewis Gannsle, Springtown; Emmanuel Oppenlander, Passer;
Ed. Johnson, Dolington; Caleb Scattergood, Yardley; The National
Farm School at Farm School; Mr. Krause, Riegelsville; Wm. Balder-
son, Yardley (Morrisville); Thomas Sassaman, Ottsville; and Joseph
Diehl, Bedminster. - - e.
The peach orchards give fine profits; many apple orchards are doing
well for the owners, although the Smith's Cider is too generally
grown. They are gradually being superseded by better varieties.
2
210
\
Bucks county has several granges and quite a number of farmers'
clubs and, as a result, there is some co-operation. But old ideas and
time-worn theories still too often hold sway. In many cases, unlike
the Missourian, they will not believe, even when shown. From lack
of co-operation, the proper advantage is not taken of the best methods,
the best advantages, and the best market. What is needed is more
Consultation, more discussion of methods, and intelligent discussion
of results; thus insuring the seizing of every opportunity for better
barvests. We hope there will soon be organized a live fruit grower's
association. The demonstration orchard is now the only common
bond of sympathy.
Most of the aroused interest in fruit growing can be properly
ascribed to the Department of Zoology. At first much of the seed
fell by the wayside, and the fowls of jealousy and misrepresentation
devoured it. But here and there, some seed fell on fruitful ground
and are now bearing harvest a hundred fold. The practical value of
cur work is being recognized, and its real usefulness is daily be.
coming more evident to the citizens.
The discontinuance of the service now would halt the new move-
ment toward scientific fruit culture and an earnest war against in-
sect pests.
The service should be made a permanent one, so as to bring us into
still closer touch with the fruit interests. We should be given
more control over the nurseries, and more stringent supervision over
the shipments from foreign nurseries.
The appropriation should be made greater, so as to provide ample
funds to carry on the work in a logical manner. We should be more
closely identified with the Farmers' Institutes, where we deserve re-
cognition. &
Working hand in hand along these lines, Pennsylvania could be
placed where she deserves to be, at the head of the fruit-growing
States.
BUTLER COUNTY.
Inspector, F. L. McCLURE, New Wilmington, Pa.
In Butler and Venango counties I find that almost every farmer
has some kind of an orchard. As a general rule the orchards are
small in the number of trees, but the trees are very large.
211
A great many of our orchards have been poorly pruned, and a large
number seldom pruned at all. What pruning is done, in general,
among the Orchards, is to prune off a few of the lower limbs with
a saw or an ax, in most every case leaving a long stub to rot back into
the body of the tree.
There are few Commercial Orchards in Butler and Venango
counties, most of the fruit being used for home consumption. We
have at the present time quite a few good young Commercial Orchards
started, and more being planted every year. At the present time our
conditions for fruit are not good, as so many of the orchards have
passed their usefulness, and our young orchards have not come into
bearing. The orchards want for lack of pruning and cultivation.
Some of the orchards are pruned high and farmed, but a larger
portion of the orchards pastured with stock, which always damage
the trees to a large extent.
I find very little San José scale in Butler and Venango counties.
I can not say whether or not the scale is increasing, as I have not
inspected any territory the second time. I do not find more than
five to ten per cent. of the orchards infested with San José scale.
I find very few orchards where the scale is spread over the entire or-
chard. I often find the San José scale on or near a young tree which
has been killed in the orchard, or along one side near a young infested
orchard. Few of our old orchards are infested with San José scale.
About the only remedy used is the boiled lime-sulfur wash, home-
made. I have not noticed any difference in results from spraying at
different dates. I often find scale where the lime-sulfur was used.
In these cases I find that the lime-sulfur has not been boiled long
enough, or has not been applied with a good spray pump.
I can say nothing in regard to remedies inefficient for the control
of the scale.
I have found the Canker worm, Codling moth, Woolly aphis, Scurfy
and Oyster-shell scale doing serious damage. I find a few that have
sprayed for the Canker worm, with good results from . the use of
Paris Green. The other insects I have mentioned have not been
treated.
I can say that the people of Butler and Venango counties are taking
much more interest than they did when I started in the work two
years ago last June.
The inspector is now received far more cordially than he was
formerly. The fruit growers are now willing to follow our directions,
as a general rule.
The outlook for orcharding is now better than it has ever been
before.
I am very much pleased with the way the farmers are co-operating
to the extent of taking an interest in the work of pruning, spraying
and planting. I went to one of my Demonstration Orchards to do
212
some spraying, and then went to Mercer to buy some spraying mater-
ial. I could not find any Paris green, arsenate of lead or copper
sulfate in the town. I was encouraged to know that all the spraying
materials had gone to the orchardists to be used by them, although
I had to drive ten miles to another town to get the material for my
demonstration the next day.
CAMERIA COUNTY.
(See Inspector Lee's Report for Somerset County.)
CAMERON COUNTY.
Inspector, E. L. McNETT, Roaring Branch, Pa.
- /
Mr. McNett's Counties, Cameron and Tioga.
Cameron county can not be classed as a fruit county. The valleys
are narrow and frosty, and the hills very step and stony. There
are few settlements on the mountains, and the soil appears to be
thin and cold. There are less than a dozen orchards in the entire
county, whose owners are trying to improve them. Except at Sinne-
mahoning, no San José scale was found, but everywhere Oyster Shell
scale is very abundant. Not only in orchards but in the woods, es-
pecially on ash and butternut, it is very prevalent. At Sinnema-
honing about a half dozen cases of San José scale were found in the
village, and two cases in Grove township adjoining. The owners
readily agreed to spray with Lime-sulfur Wash, and will try to pre:
vent it getting a foothold. * * $.
In the eastern part of Tioga county nearly Cvery farmer has an
orchard of from 50 to 300 trees of apples. Not much other fruit
is raised in Union township. Twenty-three cases of San José scale
were found in the village of Roaring Branch. They were all on
young trees, and the owners were not aware, as a rule, that they
213
were on their trees. Nothing has as yet been done to check the ray-
ages of the pest, but they will try to exterminate it this season.
There is very little Oyster Shell, and scarcely a trace of any other
scale, but many of the orchards are neglected, untrimmed, not
cultivated nor sprayed, and Codling Moth is found everywhere.
About the only nice fruit I saw was grown in orchards where hogs or
sheep ate up the fallen apples and thus destroyed the pests. Quite
a number of the enterprising farmers are caring for their orchards,
and much interested in being awakened in the matter. Very many
inquiries are being made regarding the demonstration orchards, and
with the great natural advantages offered by this section of the
country, this will soon become a great fruit country.
A few daring ones have set out and cultivated peach orchards,
and have reaped a golden harvest therefrom. Plums, cherries and
peaches yield an immense crop, but Black-knot is very prevalent,
and but little attention has been paid to it as a rule. In young trees
borers are nearly universal.
The people as a rule receive the inspector gladly and are anxious
to learn. Too many know nothing about the objects of the inspec-
tion. It would be well to have the inspector, during the winter
months, deliver a lecture in each school district in his territory, ex-
plaining the matter in all its points of bearing, so when he visited
the territory later the seed would not fall on barren ground.
CARBON COUNTY.
Inspector, F. R. FERTIG, Lebanon, Pa.
Mr. Fertig's Counties: Carbon and Lebanon.
1. To the best of my knowledge there is not an orchard in
Lebanon county that is not infested to some extent with San José
scale, and fully 30 per cent. of them are so far gone that heroic
measures will be required to rejuvinate them. Fifty per cent. of
the orchards are very badly infested with the scale. Very little
planting has been done during the past several years, excepting here
and there, and not on an extensive scale. -
In Carbon county it is vastly different. While I have found about
fifty per cent. of the orchards in that county infested (so far as I
have gone), and some of them very badly, the trees, taken as a whole,
214
are in much better shape, the scale not yet having had time enough
to so completely poison the trees, as in Lebanon county, but more
Orchards were found suffering for fertilization and cultivation.
2. Where the lime and sulfur solution was used the scale, as a
rule, is under control. So far as my observation goes there is little
difference in the matter of season in treating the trees with the solu-
tion, so long as the application is made properly and thoroughly when
the tree is dormant.
3. In quite a number of cases I have found excellent results se-
cured from the use of Scalecide. If the liquid is kept thoroughly
agitated and mixed during the application, good results may be at-
tained. On the other hand I have seen some bad, yes, very bad,
results which were attendant upon the use of Vacuum oil, due, in my
judgment, to the difficulty of keeping the mixture uniform at all
times during application. As the oil does not properly mix with the
water some trees will be treated with all water, and others with all
oil during the application. Where only the water is applied, the
scale continues to flourish, and where all oil is applied, the tree
suffers serious injury. As a rule the mixture is applied in the pro-
portions of one gallon of oil to 19 gallons of water.
4. In Carbon county, more so than in Lebanon county, I found
many fruit trees badly infested with scurfy scale, oyster shell scale,
and also plenty of borers. In numerous sections in Carbon county
the scurfy scale is looked upon as the San José scale. -
5. As to the question of the public maintaining a proper interest
in inspection and demonstration work, a bit of my own personal
experience will suffice for an answer. When an orchardist drives
from eight to ten miles to bring an itinerent inspector to his place,
takes the man back to his starting point again, and then keeps an
eye on the regular county inspector, and goes through the same
operation again, begging the visitor to remain for a full half day
explaining the work of tree cultivation, one may safely say the or-
chardist is properly interested. This is a frequent occurrence. They
met inspectors at every turn of the road, and driving over mountains
and hills is considered no sacrifice if an inspector can be secured to
give a demonstration. Not infrequently the same interested tree
grower will drive a long distance the same day to see the inspector
demonstrate at some other orchard, and even follow him to his
stopping place to hear the question further discussed. I have known
these inquiring farmers to drive after the inspector on his tour, and
stop at places along the line with the visitor, so as to make sure that
he does not skip their own places which sometimes are located off
the usual line of travel. Men with large farms often send their super-
intendents after the inspector to gather information as to the proper
methods of cultivating trees. In citing these experiences, I wish to
/
215
emphasize the fact that they are not isolated cases, but experiences
frequently to be met with on a tour of any district. Surely this
answers the question as to whether the public is interested. Here
is a letter characteristic of those often received:
Campbelltown, Penna., October 27, 1909.
My Dear Mr. Fertig: I was at your place for a social and business
chat regarding spraying machinery and spraying solutions, but you
were not at home. Would like to hear of some of your experiences
as to results secured from spraying, etc. Should you come up our
way, would like you to stop and give your verdict as to my trees.
Yours truly, etc.”
6. As I indicated above, the inspector is a welcome visitor at any
farm where there are fruit trees. Frequently the whole family ac-
companies him into the orchard, and often note-books are brought
out to preserve the scientific truths he expounds. Very often the
inspector is asked to write on a piece of paper the formula of solu-
tions used in demonstrations, and there are many other evidences
of deepest interest. And, what is more to the point, the tree owners
do their best to put into practice what they learn.
7. The outlook for orcharding is growing more favorable in Car-
bon county, as well as in Lebanon county. During six weeks of in-
spection work in Carbon county, I met with a number of persons who
contemplate planting on an extensive scale as soon as they are
assured that climatic conditions and the state of their soil are con-
ducive to successful ventures in that line. Among them are: J. F.
Hottenstein, O. S. Seager, George Graver, Daniel Smith, Dennis and
Abraham Strohl, W. E. Ash, Amos Jones, Reuben Kemerer, W. O.
Lentz, and C. A. Rex. -
8. Farmers and fruit growers in Lebanon county are fairly well
organized through the medium of granges, and agricultural and
horticultural societies, and through these organizations manage to
profit extensively by co-operation. Several largely-attended farmers'
institutes were conducted during the year, and the beneficial effects
were fully in evidence when H. C. Snavely, Moyer brothers, and J. H.
Yeiser, all extensive fruit growers, not only disposed of their entire
crops at good prices, without shipping any out of the county, but
aided the smaller growers to conduct their sales on the same econ-
omical lines. -
Carbon county growers are not organized and consequently each
individual disposed of his crops last summer as best he could, and
at prices not at all uniform. This difference in conditions was
manifest in the fact that Lebanon county fruit growers received
216
better prices for their wares than those who shipped goods into the
County from other points. Just the reverse was true in Carbon
county. -
9. If the work of the inspector should be suspended at this time,
it would undoubtedly result in irreparable loss to many fruit growers.
It would be a particularly hard blow to those who have recently
started orchards by the encouragement given by the State department,
and especially to the growers who are far removed from larger estab-
lishments where they might get assistance and advice. Selfishness
and commercialism, to say nothing of competition, are elements to
be reckoned with in the business of the farmer and fruit grower,
as well as it is in the commercial and industrial world, and for the
State to desert the small and inexperienced growers at this time
would be to place them at a great disadvantage, and would, in my
opinion, be a great loss to them. Successful farmers and fruit
growers are sometimes met who refuse to divulge the secret of their
own success to their less fortunate neighbor, and who are too narrow-
minded to give the neighbor a chance to profit by the experience
gained by themselves.
A case of that kind came under my observation not so very long
ago. A young man started an orchard, and then took a job in iron
works thirty miles distant, to earn a living until his trees should
reach maturity. No one would volunteer him a bit of advice or sug-
gestion, and when opportunity afforded, he lost a day at work and
hunted up the inspector to seek information. [He is now profiting
by the advice and instruction he so greatly needed.—H. A. S.]
10. In the way of suggestions, I think that the inspectors’ work
would be expedited considerably by having at his disposal printed
cards with the different formulas used in spraying. As mentioned
above, the inspector is frequently asked for these formulas, and if
he had them in printed form ready for distribution, much time would
be saved. It might be well to have printed on the same card brief
suggestions for tree pruning, urging fertilization and cultivation, etc.,
and signed by the chief of our Division.
I would also venture the suggestion that the Department take some
action to prevent unscrupulous agents from charging exhorbitant
prices for commercial preparations, and especially those not recom-
mended by the department. I would also like to suggest that the
blanks given inspectors for their regular service reports be put up
in a more durable manner. If the blanks were provided with a per-
forated stub, the inspector would be able to keep a record himself of
the data he secures on each inspection trip, and this would be of in-
calculable benefit on the occasion of succeeding visits to the same pre:
mises. The change, I am sure, could be effected with no great expense
to the Department, and the benefits would be many. -
217
CENTRE COUNTY.
Inspector, T. O. FOSTER, Winfield, Pa.
Mr. Foster's Counties: Centre, Perry, Snyder and Union.
Centre county, where the work of inspection is at present receiv-
ing attention, is not so very seriously affected by the ravages of the
San José scale, except in the case of Rebersburg and vicinity. Up
to this time inspections have been made in only five townships, and
the results show about 20 per cent. of the orchards to be infested with
San José scale, and about 5 per cent. of the trees, on an average. The
interest is growing in favor of the organization of a County Horticul-
tural Association, which will probably take place some time this
month. [Completed nicely, Nov. 20th.-H. A. S.]
The abandonment of the work which has been in progress for the
past four years would doubtless prove a disadvantage to many fruit
growers who have not yet been reached. The establishment of more
demonstration orchards in each county where the fruit-growing in-
terests are of sufficient importance to warrant it, would be a move
in the right direction; but some modification should be made of the
present arrangement of number of orchards for each Demonstrator
to care for, so as to permit thorough work.
The press of the counties in my district deserve a vote of thanks
for generosity in the publication of the required notices, etc.,
sent to editors. [It must be remembered that this office requires
each inspector to keep the public informed, through announcements
in the local press, as to just where he is working each week, so he
can be consulted.—H. A. S.]
CHESTER COUNTY.
Inspector, FRANCIS WINDLE, West Chester, Pa.
(Report to be published in a future number of this Volume.)
CLEARFIELD COUNTY.
Inspector, JAMES BERGY, Mifflintown, Pa.
(Report to be published in a later number of this Volume under “Mifflin County.”)
Mr. Bergy's Counties: Clearfield and Mifflin.
218
DAUPHIN COUNTY.
Inspector, CYRUS T. FOX, Reading, Pa.
The inspections by the writer in Dauphin county during the year
1909 were in the districts south of the Blue Mountain. In several
of these districts, notably Derry township, scarcely an orchard or
fruit lot was left uninspected. An effort was made to cover each
district as thoroughly as possible.
The conditions in every district, in regard to the ravages of the
San José scale, were much the same. Not an orchard was found
that had escaped its attack, and in some the work of destruction
has been very great. This is especially the case in the limestone
sections. In certain brownstone, or sandstone districts, the infesta-
tion was of less degree. That the pest is increasing is shown by an
examination of earlier reports of inspectors, who returned reports of
orchards as wholly exempt from scale, but which are now badly
infested. The statements of farm owners also confirm this, as well
as the condition of the trees, for while in certain localities trees have
been killed, or are in their last stages, there are other sections where,
owing to the light infestation, it is apparent that it is not long since
the Scale obtained a foothold. Where there is such a general extent
of infestation, it would be impossible to state any percentage as to
the degree, except in regard to such orchards where spraying has
been carefully and persistently observed. There it will be found there
is but slight infestation, and the scale is kept under control. Un-
fortunately, such orchards are few.
The material that has been found most efficient by the writer in
dealing with the San José scale is the lime-sulfur solution, made in
the proportions of 17 pounds of sulfur and 22 pounds of lime to 50
gallons of water, prepared as prescribed in the Monthly Bulletin of
the Division of Zoology. Where this solution has been thoroughly
applied it has killed the scale, whether it was used in the fall, winter
or spring. The lime-sulfur wash, however, has not been uniformly
successful, because, (1) of lack of thorough application; and (2)
perhaps on account of carelessness in making it, either in not using
the correct proportions of lime and sulfur, or not boiling the proper
length of time. (3) Desired results have also not been achieved
because it has not been often enough applied, some persons having
an idea that one treatment should last a year or two; and (4) owing
to the use of gas sprayers, which destroy the value of the lime-sulfur
wash by the action of the gas on it.
The spraying materials that were undoubtedly inefficient, or unable
to control the scale, were some of the commercial preparations, con-
taining oil, according to the descriptions given. It is impossible to
2íð
designate any particular article, as the applications were made mostly
more than a year ago, and neither labels nor cans were retained. An
exception as to this may be mentioned in the case of Mr. James Boyd,
the owner of a number of farms in Swatara and Lower Paxton town-
ships, whose orchards were very badly injured, and whose farm
manager, Mr. Billet, informed the writer that the trees had been
sprayed with “Target Brand” four years ago. Plenty of examples of
trees, however, were to be seen where the bark had been badly dam-
aged by the use of some oil preparation, and cases were told where
the residue, after all trees had been sprayed, was poured around
the trunks of tender trees, such as the peach and plum, near the farm
buildings or in door-yards, and the trees were killed. Here was
evidence, certainly, of the bad effect of applying an oil preparation
too strong or in too great proportion.
As to other serious insects found in the districts visited, the Scurfy
scale was most general. Very few trees were exempt, and there were
examples of trees with some branches as completely covered as though
a coating of white-wash had been applied. The Wooly Aphis was
found to a slight extent and also some oyster shell scale. These pests
were effectually fought where the lime-sulfur solution was used.
In certain districts tent caterpillars were quite thick and this was the
more astonishing in consideration of the fact that these pests make
such a conspicuous display of their presence. It goes to show the
condition of carelessness that prevails, and explains why other in-
jurious insects are able to continue their work of destruction. The
work of the codling moth is, undoubtedly, a matter of serious con-
sideration, and the indifference manifested by the people, as to the
loss sustained through its ravages in the premature dropping of fruit
and the defectiveness of that which ripens, is deplorable. The cur-
culio is also the cause of much loss. While the loss from these insects
can be reduced to a minimum through spraying with arsenate of lead
at the proper time, there is comparatively little of such spraying, and
it can be safely said that 95 per cent. of the apples produced in or-
chards thus neglected are wormy and undesirable. Fungus disease,
blight, peach yellows, and other troubles were found to be quite pre-
valent.
The public in general is not fully showing that interest in the in-
spection and demonstration work that should be manifested, and this
is quite likely due to the fact that the extent of destruction and loss
caused by the San José scale and other insect pests and diseases of
tree and plant life, is just being realized. There is at last an awaken-
ing to the fact that something, which for many years was the source
of so much enjoyment, going back to childhood days, “the old or-
chard,”——is rapidly disappearing. Where one man's eyes have been
opened, other people are now beginning to pay heed.
220
Consequently, the inspector is being given a cordial welcome. Far-
mers, whose trees have been ruined, are ready to plant again when
given assurance that their labor will not be in vain, and when they are
shown how, and also are made to see that they can hope for assistance
from the Division of Zoology.
The outlook for orcharding in Dauphin county, accordingly, is
good, especially when there are such examples of success as will
be found on the premises of Gabriel Hiester, in Susquehanna town-
ship; of Robert J. Walton, in Derry; of J. F. Eaton, in East Hanover;
of John W. Early, in Lower Paxton; and E. C. Brinser, in London-
derry. The enterprise of Mr. Walton is, in particular, deserving of
mention. He has commenced the planting of over four hundred
acres of trees. .
Farmers and fruit growers are, to a certain extent, co-operating
in their desire to better the fruit conditions and save the orchards;
but, on the other hand, there is considerable indifference. This in-
difference is particularly marked in districts where spraying has not
been practiced or has been a failure owing to causes mentioned before,
and, especially, where trees have been ruined, or badly damaged, by
the use of oils. It is then very common to hear some remark like
this: “What's the use of spraying, when to do so you kill your trees.
There's Mr. — He spent lots of money in spraying his trees,
and has killed nearly all. I’ve made up my mind not to spend a
cent.” There are likewise, some persons who believe that the Sam
José scale has been sent by Divine Providence for a purpose, and
that it is useless to express opposition; while there are many who
imagine that the scale will in course of time disappear, and they
have made up their minds to wait until then, when they will re-plant.
Under all the circumstances, with the increase of insect pests to
an alarming extent, and such a general infestation as has been dis-
covered by the writer in his district, and with the people so anxious
to be helped and willing to carry out instructions, it would be ex-
ceedingly regrettable if the inspection and demonstration work should
be discontinued, or temporarily suspended. Such action would result
in the undoing of all that has been accomplished by diligent effort
in the past few years, and would practically relegate Pennsylvania
completely to the rear as a fruit-producing state, when formerly it
was our proud boast that this commonwealth stood well in the front.
As to suggestions as to the improvement of the service, the under-
signed knows of nothing that will so much conduce to good results
as the proper appreciation and encouragement of the man in the field,
who shows himself to be painstaking, energetic and diligent; giving
him the opportunity of having under his direct supervision a few
orchards where the good results of pruning, spraying, and the care
of trees, can be shown for the benefit of, and as object lessons for,
t £21
each community, such orchards to be made model establishments;
and by utilizing the winter season for public lectures, demonstrations
in orchards, and the organization of local horticultural societies,
where matters of interest to fruit growers can be discussed and the
inspector come still more intimately in touch with the people.
DELAWARE COUNTY.
Inspector, M. E. SHAY, Holmesburg, Pa.
Mr. Shay's Counties: Delaware and Philadelphia.
º of Delaware county to be published later with Report for Philadelphia
County.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
Inspector, E. O. BOWERS, East Petersburg, Pa.
Mr. Bower's Counties: Franklin, Lehigh and Upper Lancaster.
As only “a word to the wise is sufficient,” we will take the questions
in order as they appear in the general letter of October 22, 1909:
In the district in which I have been working this season, namely,
“Franklin County, the Battle Ground of Oils,” the infestation of
orchards with San José scale is general. It is increasing to such an
extent (where no spraying is done) that the owners of orchards are
taking the cue from their aggressive neighbors, and are going to
swallow their prejudice or indifference and get to spraying. I have
not yet found a single orchard in which there was no scale, although
in some instances the owner was under the delusion that he was clear
of it. Ninety per cent. of the trees, in general, are infested.
The boiled lime-sulfur is the most efficient remedy for the suppres-
sion of San José scale. A direct question put to one of the strongest
advocates of oil in the county, as to why he did not use oil ex-
222
clusively, brought forth this characteristic reply, “Well, the lime-
sulfur wash has merits that the other stuff does not have.” Spring
Spraying, as late as the conditions of the trees will warrant, gives
the best results. The chief reason why lime-sulfur is not uniformly
successful is in the boiling; forty-five minutes is not enough, as it
should boil not less than one hour, where fire is used; and where
Steam is used, it should boil even longer. I have made careful com-
parisons and can submit data to prove the claim. [I certainly agree
with inspector Bowers on this very important point.—H. A. S.]
Scalecide was used in Franklin county a few years ago extensively,
with decidedly poor results. Where the one to twenty formula was
used it failed to control the scale, and where a stronger formula was
used it would kill the scale and injure the terminals of the branches,
and often very seriously injure the fruit buds. Target Brand, used
One to sixteen, gave fairly good results on apple and pear; but it
is injurious to peach and plum, especially when used strong enough
to kill scale.
The Bud moth, or Bud borer, was quite destructive in some locali-
ties, and although I received instructions from headquarters to take
all time necessary to work on the case, I failed to find the larva, owing
to the lateness of the season. Borers in apple and peach are always
to be reckoned with: the knife and a wire are the remedies. Collar
rot or Root rot on apple is becoming alarming through the Cumber-
land Valley. Three parts quick lime and one part sulfur has been
recommended as a remedy. Peach yellows is prevalent everywhere,
causing thousands of dollars loss each year. No remedy.
Many persons who looked with suspicion and distrust upon the
work in the beginning have seen what has been accomplished, and
have become its warmest supporters. Of course, there are still a few
who insist in chopping off their nose to spite their face, but they are
the exceptions.
The inspector, as a rule, is received courteously. Often his coming
is anxiously awaited; a few suggestions, a little advice, and then, if
it happens to be anywhere near dinner or suppertime, he is “O. K.”
Generally speaking, the advice of the inspector is appreciated and
followed, and very often it is sought by persons who have made or-
charding not only a business but a success.
The outlook for fruit growing is promising. Not only are many
fruit trees being planted on a small scale, but also on a large basis,
due to the fact that the wide-awake grower has not been slow to
adopt the methods prescribed by the Chief under whom we serve.
These are the methods that have for four years withstood every on-
slaught of their enemies, and, like a conquering army, are carrying
everything before them, and even their enemies sing their praises.
223
Some of the most successful growers in Frannklin county are the
following: G. J. Rawhauser, Greencastle, thirty-six acres of apples.
This crop was sold in bulk at a good price. Mr. W. H. Wishard, Cham-
bersburg, R. D. 9, has six hundred bearing apple trees, including
many just beginning to bear, and he sold four hundred and eighty
barrels of apples at two dollars and twenty-five cents per barrel.
In addition to the bearing trees, Mr. Wishard has five thousand young
apple trees and one thousand peach trees, and he is going to plant
many more. Edgar A. Nicodemus, Waynesboro, R. 2, has one hun-
dred and sixty-two acres in apples, one hundred and forty acres in
bearing. The crop was estimated at seven thousand barrels. This
crop was sold for three dollars and fifty cents per barrel, f. o. b. cars,
size of each apple to be not less than two and one-half inches in dia-
meter, Mr. D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro, has one orchard at Quincy
with forty-two hundred apple trees (twenty hundred young, twenty-
two hundred bearing), and thirty-three hundred peach trees (eighteen
hundred young, fifteen hundred bearing, with another orchard at
Mont Alto with fifty-two hundred apple trees, thirty-six hundred
young, sixteen hundred bearing, and sixteen thousand four hundred
and fifty peach trees, two hundred young and sixteen thousand two
hundred and fifty bearing). Mr. Wertz shipped seventy carloads of
peaches this year, and one hundred and thirty-five carloads last year.
J. H. Ledy, Marion, with his orchard adjoining Mr. Wertz's at Mont
Alto, has eight thousand seven hundred apple trees, six hundred
pear, eight hundred plum, and sixteen thousand two hundred and
fifty peach trees. Mr. Ledy expected to ship thirty carloads of
peaches. Philip Bickle, Chambersburg, R. D. No. 12, the most prac-
tical peach grower in the county, has five hundred and forty apple
and eight thousand two hundred peach trees. Mr. Bickle expected . .
ship twenty carloads of peaches.
Mr. Chas. O. Bonner, Chambersburg, R. 10, has five thousand three
hundred peach trees, with a good showing of apples, plums and
cherries. Mr. Bonner is the only person I ever met who does not
sell prematurely ripe peaches. He destroys the fruit along with the
treeS. …”
J. L. Reed & Co., Chambersburg, has five thousand apple and ten
thousand peach trees. Jno. H. Good, Mont Alto, R. 1, has seven hun-
dred and fifty apple and one thousand seven hundred peach trees.
Mr. Good sprayed with Target Brand, and while his apple crop was
good, his peach crop was ruined.
One hundred per cent. more trees are being planted now than four
years ago. First, because people were taught how to care for them;
and second, the profits realized are far above any other product of
the soil.
224
Unfortunately, there is very little co-operation among the farmers
and fruit growers. Each one seems to be doing the best he can for
himself. The reason for this, I think, is that the beneficial results
accruing from co-operation have not been clearly explained to the
growers, hence they do not appreciate what it would mean for theim.
The result of suspending the work at the present time would be
equivalent to brushing away with one stroke the confidence that it
took four years to establish, and give the knockers the chance to say,
“I told you so.”
Each inspector should be stationed in a permanent district: For
example, I receive requests for service from residents of Lehigh, or
the northern district of Lancaster. I am working in Franklin, and
not in a position to respond. Time does not allow it, neither does the
salary. It is simply a case of sowing good seed, then allowing the
tares to choke it. Inspectors should not only be posted on insects,
but should have a good knowledge of the varieties of fruits best
adapted to the locality in which they are working, the soil in which
the varieties should be planted, the preparation of the soil, and the
starting of an orchard.
9 L
f
.72 z >T 7 joll!”
THE

ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN

OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
VOL. VII—No. 9
SUBJECT: Reports of Pennsylvania Orchard Inspectors.
(Continued from December Bulletin.)
FEBRUARY 1, 1910.
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist,
† Editor.
Entered Mau 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, Under Act
of Congress of June 6, 1900.
HARRISBURG :
o. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
1910 -
TEIE MONTEILY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR FEBRUARY, 1910.
VOLUME VII, No. 9.
Established in April, 1903, at the office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE FEBRUARY BULLETIN.
Page
Reports of Pennsylvania Orchard Inspectors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
(Continued from the December Bulletin.)
Chester County, by Francis Windle, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 263
Delaware County, by M. E. Shay, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Huntingdon County, by James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Juniata County, by James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Lancaster County, by E. C. Bowers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Lawrence County, by J. W. Cox, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Lebanon County, by Fred R. Fertig, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Luzerne County, by D. A. Knuppenberg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Mercer County, by J. D. Cox, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Mifflin County, by James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Montgomery County, by J. S. Briggs, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Northumberland County (and Upper Dauphin), by D. E. Murray, . . . . . . . . 276
Perry County, by T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Philadelphia County, by M. E. Shay, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Potter County, by M. L. Benn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Snyder County, by T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Somerset County, by R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Susquehanna County, by A. O. Finn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Tioga County, by M. L. Benn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Union County, by T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Venango County, by F. L. McClure, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Wayne County, by W. H. Bullock, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
(262)
§ 4 º'
REPORTS OF PENNSYLVANIA ORCEHARD INSPECTORS.
(Continued from the December Bulletin.)
CELESTER COUNTY.
Inspector: FRANCIS WINDLE, West Chester, Pa.
There are very few orchards in Chester county entirely free from
the San José scale; about 99 per cent. of them are infested, but vary-
ing greatly in the degree of infestation in different sections. Many
full grown apple orchards are not injured, possibly owing to local
enemies of the scale. [Very old trees, with slow growth and thick
bark, are often not so badly injured.—H. A. S.]
There is a continuous spreading of the scale on the young orchards,
and young trees are being destroyed, but I am inclined to think that
there is a little check on the general increase.
In the sections where I have inspected this year there has not been
much spraying done. The materials mostly used were boiled lime
and sulfur. I have not observed any difference in results according
to dates of spraying. The results generally correspond to the de-
gree of thoroness of the work. Where the spraying was thoroughly
done, according to the State Zoologist's directions, the lime-sulfur
wash has been successful.
Scalecide and other oil preparations have been used by some. No
injury to trees observed this season. Mr. Alexander South, of Ox-
ford, had considerable injury to peach trees from the use of Scalecide
last year.
I have not the information that would enable me to say that any
particular remedy, used in this section, was insufficient, or unable to
control the San José scale.
The Scurfy bark scale has in some instances been destructive to
young apple and pear trees, and species of Aphids or Plant lice were
present in injurious numbers on Norway maple, sweet cherry, oc-
casional plum, young apple (both Woolly and Green Aphis), and cur-
rant bushes. The peach and apple borers and the Bronze Birch
borer have been damaging in some localities. The Codling moth
and Plum curculio have been very harmful to the apple crop,
Samuel L. Brinton reported injury to his strawberries from the
White Grub, and nurseries have suffered great loss therefrom the
past summer. [The White Grub has been unusually bad in many
parts of the State.—H. A. S.]
(263)
264
A few people are realizing the importance of spraying their fruit
trees with arsenate of lead, for the Codling moth worm and the Cur-
culio. Samuel L. Brinton, near West Chester, had excellent results
from such spraying, the past season.
There is considerable interest manifested in the inspection and
demonstration work. Considering that the demonstration orchard
at the County Home is unfavorably located, as to railroads or trolley
lines, the attendance at most of the meetings held there has been
reasonably good. The best evidence of the interést people have in
the work is the number of inquiries addressed to the Inspector, and
requests to visit them for some special inspection.
The Inspector is .almost universally well received. The apparent
willingness of many people to follow his directions is not always sup.
ported by action. Their failure to carry out instructions is gen-
erally explained by lack of time and help, or that they do not think it
will pay them to get an outfit and spend the time necessary to ac-
complish the end desired. There is, however, an apparent demand for
professional sprayers, many say they would like to have their trees
sprayed if they could get some one to do it at reasonable cost, etc.
A few farmers make a partial business of fruit growing, and at-
tend to their trees, others with but the ordinary farm orchard have
realized the necessity of spraying, and other attentions, and are
practising the methods taught them, with good results.
Orchard planting still goes on—though some are discouraged on
account of the scale. All realize that there is no use to plant unless
the trees are cared for, and the fact of their planting in the face of
these conditions, is encouraging for better orcharding in Chester
county. ſº
There is too little commercial fruit growing here, as a special busi-
ness, to make co-operation between farmers and fruit growers much
thought of.
The people are beginning to look upon the Inspector as a necessary
helper, and the suspension of the inspection and demonstration work
would be a misfortune, just when the results of the battle made are
beginning to look good.
I think the service might be improved by giving more attention to
individuals who are desirous of planting or improving their orchards,
by direct help in pruning and spraying, where the orchards warrant
it, as a means of encouragement, as well as instruction.
Some good work might be done through the public schools, by
properly regulated visits of the Inspector, in co-operation with the
County Superintendent, to illustrate to teacher and pupils, the
characater of the San José scale, how to know it, as well as other
scale insects, and how to treat trees and plants infested by them,
265
This line of work was suggested by Superintendent Moore, at the
late County Teachers' Institute, and so far as observed, met with
favor.
IDELAWARE COUNTY.
Inspector: M. E. SHAY, Holmesburg, Pa.
Mr. Shay's Counties: Delaware and Philadelphia.
In Philadelphia and Delaware counties the work of inspection and
demonstration was carried forward, and about 25,000 trees were in-
spected in Delaware county alone. I can safely say that there are
very few places which I have inspected where I did not find San José
scale, but I am at the same time pleased to state that the farmer is be-
coming more interested and anxious to get rid of this pest. He
makes every effort to obtain and follow instructions, and always re-
ceives me with kindness and evidences of pleasure.
There is great improvement to be seen in the Demonstration
Orchard at the Delaware County Home, and much interest has been
taken in this subject. Some of the trees were so badly infested with
San José scale when we undertook the work that it was barely possi-
ble to save them. Many were also injured by scurfy scale. All of
them are now beginning to show the results of our work and what
can really be done by proper methods. If this is continued it will
show practically yet greater improvements in the near future.
There is much satisfatcion in the fact that people are buying spray-
ing machines, and making their own boiled Lime-sulfur Solution, and
always agree to secure all information they can upon the subject of
the modern methods of pest suppression. Whereas they were but
a few years ago, greatly discouraged by the ravages of the deadly San
José scale, they are now planting many new fruit trees, without fear
of loss from this pest, as they now feel that if they want perfect fruit
all that is necessary is to plant the trees and care for them properly.
They realize that they must spray.
I find all kinds of scale destroyers and proprietary insecticides
used, but many have met with only poor results. Where the Lime-
sulfur Solution was used good results are observed, when the spray-
ing was properly done and the material was used at sufficient
strength.
266
Some people seem to think that the San José scale is dying out, but
if they would travel with me for a few days I could prove to them
that it is becoming more numerous and destructive in those orchards,
or upon those trees, that are being neglected. On the other hand,
where the trees have been sprayed it is dying out, but this is by vir-
tue of the proper application of remedies, rather than by any natural
Call SeS. *
I hope the Demonstration Orchards will be continued, as these be-
come the practical means of definitely teaching the agricultural peo-
ple, and convince them that there is hope for fruitfulness in a region
that was rapidly becoming practically barren, as far as fruit-pro-
duction is concerned.
One important feature of the work of the Inspector in Philadel-
phia county has been the inspection of estates, or beautiful resident
premises, where there was much ornamental shrubbery. A great deal
of this, especially of certain kinds, such as Osage Orange, Japan
Quince, Mountain Ash, Purple Plum, ornamental variations of the
fruit trees, currants, etc., were almost uniformly found to be badly
infested with San José scale, and the Linden, Ash, Poplar, Soft
Maple, and a few other trees, were often found badly infested with
oyster shell scale. Where the persons in charge of such premises
followed the advice given, either by me directly, or through the office
of the Division of Zoology, they have in almost all cases obtained
good and satisfactory results in the destruction of such pests, and in
the preservation and restoration of the vigor and beauty of their or-
namental plantings, as well as of their fruit trees.
Since the results of this work are now becoming so apparent many
persons are becoming quite enthusiastic in recognition of the services
thus being rendered and are planting more trees and shrubbery than
ever before.
EHUNTINGDON COUNTY.
Inspector: JAMES BERGY, Mifflintown, Pa.
Mr. Bergy’s Counties: Clearfield, Huntingdon, Juniata and Mifflin.
In Huntingdon county the orchards generally are not so badly in-
fested with the San José scale, but in and about the boroughs of Hunt-
ingdon and Mt. Union, the village of Mill Creek, and in Henderson
township trees and orchards are badly affected. In the other districts of
the county the conditions are not so serious, but the scale is spreading,
and energetic work will be required to keep it in check. Some spray:
267
ing is being done, and where this is the case the scale is not spreading
so rapidly. Many of the orchards in this county are sadly neglected
and greatly need proper pruning and cultivation. The neglected
trees are affected to a considerable extent with scurfy scale, oyster
shell scale, codling moth, woolly aphis, frog-eye fungus, and other
plant diseases.
There is a demonstration orchard at the Reformatory farm at Hunt-
ingdon, and the farmers and fruit growers have been much inter-
ested in the demonstrations held at that place; but the county is
large, and many of those deeply interested in this work were unable
to attend these demonstrations. There should be two or three more
demonstration orchards in this county.
In none of the counties of the district are the farmers and fruit
growers organized to co-operate with each other along this line of
work, or to otherwise advance their interests in this direction.
A.
JUNIATA COUNTY.
Inspector: JAMES BERGY, Mifflintown, Pa.
Mr. Bergy’s Counties: Clearfield, Huntingdon, Juniata and Mifflin.
The inspection of the orchards of Juniata County was completed
in 1908. About sixty per cent. of the orchards were found to be more
or less infested with the San José scale at that time, but the greater
number of orchards so affected were east of the Juniata river. Many
of the peach and plum trees had already been killed and many of the
apple orchards were in bad condition. West of the Juniata River the
orchards were but slightly affected, but since the inspection was fin-
ished the scale has been spreading rapidly. Many orchards have been
sprayed with the lime-sulfur solution, and where thoroughly boiled
and properly applied the result has been satisfactory.
The planting of fruit trees in this county is on the increase. Many
peach, plum and apple trees have been planted within the last two
years, and many new trees have been ordered for planting next spring.
The growing of fruit, especially apples for shipping, is on the increase.
LANCASTER COUNTY.
(See Inspector Herr's Report for Adams County and Inspector Bowers' Report
for Franklin County.)
268
LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Inspector: J. W. COX, New Wilmington, Pa.
Mr. Cox's Counties: Lawrence and Mercer.
Many of the orchards in Mercer and Lawrence counties have been
neglected for many years, their owners taking no interest whatever
in them, and performing no work in them, except to pick the fruit,
and carelessly cut out a few limbs occasionally. Very few orchards
have been fertilized in any way excepting such as they receive from
pasturing. On most farms I find a few plum, peach, pear and cherry
trees, from thirty to one hundred bearing apple trees, and a few young
ones. The object, as a rule, is to have trees enough to provide fruit
for home consumption. In many of the orchards the trees have been
planted too close together, and have grown so high that is is difficult
to spray them or to pick the fruit. The lower limbs have died and
been cut off, until it requires a sixteen-foot ladder to reach the lowest
limbs.
There are some orchards planted within the last thirty years that
have received some attention and are fairly productive, but it re-
quires only a glance to see that the owners do not understand horti-
culture. Occasionally I find an orchard that has been planted and
cared for with the intention of making it profitable, and the owners
of such orchards inform me that the profits are very satisfactory.
There is not much San José scale in my district. Some trees are
badly infested, but only a few have died as a result of the scale in-
festation. I can not say whether the scale is increasing or decreas-
ing. In localities where I have inspected, and held spraying demon-
strations, I know that some have been successfully spraying for the
scale.
I have not inspected one orchard this season that has been sprayed
for the San José scale. Very few owners knew that their trees were
infested until I made the inspection. About fifteen per cent. of the
orchards inspected are infested with San José scale.
About twenty per cent. of the trees in the infested orchards are in-
fested. Often the infestation appears to be confined to a few small
trees, recently purchased from a nursery.
The lime-sulfur wash has been the most efficient spray used. The
owner of an orchard, where I held a spraying demonstration two years
ago, told me recently that the peach trees sprayed at the demonstra-
tion, produced much more and larger fruit this year than the un-
sprayed trees did. I have not had an opportunity to compare trees
sprayed at different dates.
269
I have not seen an orchard in Western Pennsylvania sprayed (for
scale) with any other material than the lime-sulfur wash, during the
past year.
The Canker worm has been doing much damage to many of the
orchards in my district. Orchards have been defoliated for several
years in succession, and many of the trees are dead and others are so
seriously damaged that they are practically worthless. Spraying
with an arsenical spray, either Paris green or arsenate of lead, has
proven very satisfactory. The Codling moth has seriously injured
the apple crop, but, with very few exceptions, has not been treated
with spray.
The public is becoming more interested in the inspection and demon-
stration work each year, and many inquiries are received regarding
the treatment for different insect pests. Many farmers are making
inquiries regarding the proper kind of a spraying outfit for their
orchards. Some say they expect to get an outfit, but know nothing
about the different makes, or the kind that would be best suited for
their orchards.
As a rule where the farmers have any interest whatever in their
orchards they are pleased to have the inspector call and inspect their
trees, and give information regarding the treatment of them.
The growers appear willing to follow directions, but I fear that
many of the orchards will be neglected in the future, as they have been
in the past.
The outlook for orcharding in my district is not very promising
under present conditions. The farmers, with a few exceptions, do
not have a sufficient knowledge of horticulture to properly care for
their trees. I find them less competent for that work than for any
other branch of agriculture. They have never had much opportunity
to learn, but they have commenced to realize that something must be
done to protect their trees from insects, and are pleased to know that
there is a source from which they can get information.
The Zoological Bulletin and Weekly Press Bulletins are very much
appreciated, and I think will be a great help to all who read them.
As my territory comprises about one hundred and fifty square miles,
I find all sorts of conditions existing, and I frequently have the pleas-
ure of inspecting some fine orchards that have been well-cared for
and are yielding their owners very handsome profits.
I think that if our work is continued, a very much better report of
the conditions in Western Pennsylvania can be made in a few years
than at present. &
As successful orchardists, I will refer to Mr. J. B. Johnston, who
owns several large apple orchards near New Wilmington. By prop-
errly caring for his trees, Mr. Johnston is able to secure profitable
crops of fruit every year.
270
Another successful orchardist is Mr. S. H. Huey, a bricklayer and
contractor, who owns about three thousand fruit trees, consisting of
apple, peach, pear, plum and cherry, located about three miles north
of New Castle. Mr. Huey purchased about thirty acres of land that
was not producing profitable farm crops, planted twenty-three acres in
fruit trees, and at present has an orchard that is yielding him a hand-
some profit. Orchard planting is on the increase, and I think that
with a better knowledge of the subject there will be more interest
taken.
The farmers and fruit growers are co-operating to the extent that
they are pleased to have their trees inspected, and in many cases are
acting upon the suggestions made by the inspector.
LEBANON COUNTY.
(See Inspector Fertig's Report for Carbon County.)
LUZERNE COUNTY.
Inspector: D. A. KNUPPENBURG, Lake Carey, Pa.
Mr. Knuppenburg's Counties: Bradford and Luzerne.
Inspections were not made in this county during the year, owing
to lack of enough funds to increase the force to such an extent as to
put a man in here. However, we conducted a Demonstration Orchard
on the premises of Mr. W. J. Lewis & Bro., near Pittston, with re-
markably successful results. These were as follows:
Four Baldwin apple trees were set aside for demonstration and
comparison. One was not sprayed with any material, the second was
sprayed April 21st, with lime and sulfur only, and not again sprayed.
The third was sprayed with the Lime-sulfur Solution in April, and
also, with Bordeaux and arsenate of lead on May 29th. The fourth
was given the same treatment as the third, with additional spraying
of Bordeaux and arsenate of lead on June 12th. On August 9th some
wormy apples were picked from these trees and thrown away as fol-
lows
From the first 348, from the second 103, from the third 36, and
from the fourth only 8. On October 20th, the wormy wind falls, or
dropped apples, were found to be as follows: From the first 135, from
the second 115, from the third 62, and from the fourth 50. On ex-
271
amining a few apples on the trees on August 20th, the percentage of
wormy apples picked was found to be as follows: From the first 11
per cent., from the second 14% per cent., from the third 3 per cent. ,
and from the fourth 4 per cent. In summing up the total percentage
of wormy apples produced, including those lost in the process of
thinning, those dropping prematurely and those picked, the relation
to the sound apples was found on tree No. 1 to be 42 per cent. wormy;
on tree No. 2, 35 per cent. ; on tree No. 3, 10 per cent. ; and on tree No.
4, 11 per cent.
Mr. Lewis produced one of the very finest crops of fruit ever seen
in Pennsylvania in that large portion of his orchard which we did not
take for demonstration purposes, and in which we had no part what-
ever. The fact that he practiced methods advocated by us is to his
credit, and he is more than satisfied with the financial result as well
as the pleasure that comes in producing a large crop of absolutely
perfect fruit. His exhibit from this orchard, shown at the recent
State Horticultural Association, meeting at Tunkhannock, would have
done great credit to any American fruit grower. His boxes of fruits
were far superior to those from the far west, which were exhibited side
by side with his Northern Spies and Sutton Beauties. It is gratify.
ing to know that the demonstration orchard work is bringing such
conspicuously good results in such a short time.
MERCER COUNTY.
(See Inspector Cox's Report for Lawrence County.)
MIFFLIN COUNTY.
Inspector: JAMES BERGY, Mifflintown, Pa.
Mr. Bergy's Counties: Clearfield, Huntingdon, Juniata and Mifflin.
About one-half the orchards in Mifflin county are infested with the
San José scale. In some orchards only a few trees are as yet af-
fected, but in the northeastern part of the county some of the bear-
ing apple trees are so seriously affected that it will be almost impossi-
ble to save them. *
In 1908 the Department took charge of the orchard on the county
farm at Lewistown for a demonstration orchard. A number of
demonstrations in spraying, pruning, fertilizing and cultivation were
272
held at this place. They were well attended, and great interest was
shown in the work. Many people still visit this orchard to see for
themselves the results of the work done there.
There are but few orchards in this county where fruit is grown for
commercial purposes. Most of the fruit is grown for home consump-
tion. However, a great many young trees are being planted to re-
place old ones which have died off and new orchards of from twenty-
five to fifty trees are being started.
The work of the last year has further demonstrated the necessity
for, and the beneficial results of a systematic and energetic warfare
upon the San José scale and other scale insects and other insects
which infest and injure fruit trees in this district. Where spraying
has been done with the proper kind of material, and in a proper man-
ner, the beneficial effects of the work become at once apparent, and
the farmers and fruit growers in the several counties of the district
are realizing more and more the beneficial effects of the work that is
being done by the Department of Agriculture and especially by the
Division of Zoology, in their behalf in this particular direction.
They are taking much more interest in the work than they did two
years ago and are doing more to help themselves. More of them are
spraying their orchards and fruit trees or having them sprayed, and
more interest is being taken in the pruning of the trees and the
proper fertilization and cultivation of the orchards. While the re-
sults already obtained have been very considerable indeed, yet if the
benefit of these results are to be enjoyed this work must be continued,
for the people to be benefited have not as yet arrived at anything
like a full realization of the condition which confronts them, or the
danger which threatens them in the loss of their fruit trees. The
scale insects are still here and hard at their destructive work, and if
the ravages of the pests are to be overcome, and the fruit trees of
the district and State at large saved from destruction, this work
should be continued as energetically in the future as it has been in
the past; and surely the beneficial results to be obtained from the
work fully justify its being continued.
While in those parts of the district in which spraying has been
done, and where the farmers and fruit growers are close enough to
the demonstrfition orchards to be able to observe the beneficial results
of the work done in them, the interest taken in the work is naturally
more pronounced and the efforts of the people to help themselves
and save their trees is greater, yet even in the remoter districts they
are awaking more fully to the danger of the loss of their fruit trees
and are making more of an effort to save them. I am of the opinion
that more demonstrations should be held and the work along that
line continued for the present. If possible, the places for these
273
demonstrations should be selected in the parts of the several coun-
ties which are infested with the scale, or into which it is spreading,
where such demonstrations have not been held in the past.
The people as a general thing receive the visits of the inspector
cordially, and in many cases gladly, and assist him in every way they
can. Numerous requests for demonstrations have been received from
different parts of the district.
The material most generally used by the people who have sprayed
trees for San José and other scale insects has been chiefly home-
boiled lime and sulfur, and where the mixture has been thoroughly
boiled and properly applied the result has generally been very bene-
ficial and satisfactory. There have been some cases where the re-
sult did not seem to be satisfactory, but an investigation showed
that the mixture had not been boiled or applied according to direc-
tions. Some commercial lime and sulfur has been used, and when
properly applied (strong enough) it also has been found to secure
satisfactory results. I find this to be the case with Orchard Brand
of lime and sulfur solution.
Some oils were used for spraying for San José scale in proportion
of 1 to 15, and while they killed some of the scale, they at the same
time injured many of the trees. In one case in particular, in Mifflin
county, I found a dwarf pear tree which had been sprayed with an oil
solution, and while I found some of the scale had been killed, I also
found that the bark of the tree had been injured.
So far as I have been able to determine from my observation during
the last two years the boiled lime and sulfur solution is the most
effective material for destroying the San José scale, oyster shell and
scurfy scale. For the codling moth, woolly aphis, tent caterpillar
and fall web worm, I find spraying with Bordeaux mixture and arsen-
ate of lead to produce satisfactory results, if the spraying is done
at the proper time.
I also find that the apple tree borer is doing considerable injury
to the apple, pear and quince trees in some parts of the district.
This can be prevented by cutting them out with a sharp knife and
then painting the trunk of the tree for a distance of 18 inches from
the ground with white lead and raw linseed oil in the month of June.
As the scale seems to be spreading into parts of the district not
yet infested I would advise that inspections be continued in that
part of the territory, and that demonstrations be held in those parts
of the counties in which they have not yet been held. These demon-
strations should be held at points not too far distant from each other,
so that a larger number of the people can attend them, and find out
what their trouble is and how to make and apply the remedy.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Inspector: J. S. BRIGGS, Norristown, Pa.
To talk about one's own work may to the outsider seem to have the
smack of egotism, but we hope such is not the case in these reports.
We are to answer certain questions bearing on the results and status
of our work in our respective territories.
First, I would say there is much San José scale in Montgomery
county and it is increasing where no remedies have been applied,
quite naturally.
On the other hand, those who have been applying remedies are frank
to say it is decreasing. Some have gone so far as to say: “They do
not concern themselves about the scale; they have it under control
and can now keep it there.”
I would say about 95 per cent. of our orchards are infested, and
about one-third of the trees in general; very rarely do I find all the
trees infested. *
Lime and sulfur when properly prepared has proven the most effi-
cient remedy. I have not observed any material difference as to the
effect in the time of spraying, except perhaps in very cold weather,
when I am led to believe it is not so effective. When the lime and
sulfur wash has not come up to our expectations or desires, we have
been more careful to learn why not, and almost invariably discover
that it was improperly made, many times not boiled, or carelessly ap-
plied.
Next, as to insufficient remedies, there are a number of instances
in which Target Brand has proven injurious to peach trees in Mont-
gomery county, and still others when no appreciable results have been
Observed.
In the early spring of 1907 the local newspapers passed around, so
to speak, the story of the wonderful power of carbolic acid to con-
trol the scale. My mail contained many papers with this article on
the carbolic acid treatment marked, and letters were sent me asking
my opinion as to its value.
I got one of our commercial sprayers to write to Prof. John B.
Smith, of New Jersey, whence this notable discovery, it was assumed,
was made. The answer came back: “It will not be heard of after it
has made its rounds in the newspapers; stick to your lime and sul-
fur.” And true enough it is seldom mentioned now. I can not re-
275
call a single instance where it has been applied recently. Prof. Sur-
face also condemned it from the first. Some few have tried head-
light oil, together with soap and water, and have produced definite
results—the scale was killed—they died with the trees. One man
tried, under instructions from “they say,” one pound of soap and one
Quart of kerosene in 100 gallons of water. He killed nothing save
time.
One man came to Norristown last winter and announced himself
as Prof. Wesley of Brooklyn, entomologist and pomologist, and
claimed there was scale on all our ornamental trees in the streets.
He got a number of jobs and sprayed something on the trunks of
the trees to a height of about four feet. (Instance at Ross.) Finally
he was told to see Mr. Briggs on Powell street, and get his endorse-
ment, and he would have plenty to do. He never made the call.
Some of his customers began a search for him, and he skipped the
town rather suddenly.
I mention these facts to show that people are interested and wish
to save their trees.
One of our serious troubles at present arises from the neglect to
prevent loss from the attack of the codling moth. I believe I am not
overestimating its work or presence when I say that nine out of ten
apple orchards are more or less affected by it. It should be con-
trolled by arsenical spraying just after the blossoms fall.
It affords me pleasure to say that the public is becoming deeply
interested in our work. A prominent orchardist this summer said
to me that when we first entered the field, “Many smiled and said:
‘This will last only a little while and that will be all there is of it.’
Now we realize that your service has been a great help to us and we
want more of it.” Now pardon me for saying no man could expect
to be better received than I have been during the last two years, and
my suggestions have been given due consideration. One man cut
down last summer 44 peach trees in an orchard of 400 trees the day
after my visit. So said his father-in-law, whom I met on a trolley
car a few days later. (This was for yellows, and was consequently
correct. H. A. S.)
I am positive that there never has been such in interest in fruit
growing in Montgomery county as exists at the present time, and
that interest has been growing steadily. More spraying will be done
than ever has been done. We know this from the fact that those who
have taken to it are keeping it up, and the list is increasing each sea-
son. More trees will be planted than in any former season.
We began our work in this county April 12th, 1906, and during
this period of time we have given 49 public demonstrations of spray-
276
ing and 46 public addresses, previously announced in the local papers,
on the life, habits and treatment of insects affecting our fruit trees,
and on the care of our Orchards.
We have organized an association known as the Fruit Growers’
and Market Gardeners’ Association of Montgomery County, Pa. The
first meeting for conference and exhibit of fruit, etc., was held on
the 29th of September last. Time does not allow me to speak of this
meeting in detail. We have 87 members, and others are sending their
names each week asking for membership. This association will ac-
complish a great deal of good and prove an incentive to the pro-
ducers.
As to the suspension of our work in the county, I have this to say:
This department, as well as that of the Governor's will be deluged
with letters to have it resumed or continued. And now as to the
improvement in the service, may I say the Chief of the office under-
stands the needs of our work in general better than any one else,
and each individual ought to know and may know more about his
particular field than any other.
In conclusion I wish to mention some of the more prominent fruit
growers:
John C. Saylor, Pottstown, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa., 5,000 trees.
A. R. Tyson, Norristown, R. F. D. No. 1, Pa., 2,000 trees.
Robert Dyson, Trooper, Pa., 800 trees.
Michael Bros., Norristown, R. F. D., No. 3, Pa., 2,000 trees.
Smith & Wright, Spring City, Pa., 4,500 trees.
Olvin Haines, Norristown, Pa., 2,000 trees.
R. G. Brooke, Schwenkville, R. F. D. No. 2, Pa., 1,500 trees.
George Moyer, Schwenkville, R. F. D. No. 2, Pa., 1,000 trees.
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY (AND UPPER DAUPHIN.)
Inspector: D. E. MURRAY, Liverpool, Pa.
In most of the territory inspected last year, generally, I found
the orchard conditions bad. The soil was not fertilized nor was it
cultivated, with the result that the trees were often dying from star-
vation. The farmer too frequently left the trees to grow at will
and random. Where any pruning was done it often showed evidence
of either ignorance or carelessness. Spraying for San José scale,
the coddling moth, and fungus diseases were generally not thought
of, and the fruit showed the result,
277
I have spoken above in general terms; not all farmers having acted
so indifferently; some have pruned, fed the soil, and made some pre-
tense at spraying.
The San José scale in upper Dauphin county is spreading over a
wide area, and is rapidly increasing; this is especially true in those
orchards which have had no care. Ninety per cent. of the orchards I
have inspected have scale, and from 60 to 75 per cent. of the trees
are infested. It is a great satisfaction, however, while in the midst
of destruction to know that the Scale can be controlled and even ex-
terminated. There is no question that where the L-S has been
properly prepared and applied the scale has been killed. The trouble
has been in preparing it; some have simply put sulphur with white-
wash, found no good results, and have from that condemned the
L-S formula.
I have found a great number of orchards which have been sprayed
with one of the oils; in two instances the trees were killed; in another
orchard about one-third of the trees were living and covered with
Scale, while the balance of the trees were dead. In another case,
that of Mr. Albert Boyer, teller in the Lykens Valley Bank at Eliza-
bethville, who has spent a great deal of money to protect his trees
with indifferent result. Just what brand of oil he used I do not
know.
Besides the San José scale I found the Oyster Shell Scale in abund.
ance on the lilac, and frequently on the apple, but in only two in:
stances did I find it in sufficient numbers to be destructive to fruit
trees; these trees had not been sprayed. I found also the Woolly
Aphis, and the Apple and Cherry Aphis in great numbers, the Codling
moth, and the Peach Lecanium. Where the trees were sprayed for
the Codling moth, using the Bordeaux mixture with arsenate of lead,
I found the fruit in good condition, while the foliage was compara-
tively free from disease spots.
I have confidence in the general public, and believe that it is
awaking to the fact that intelligent care of trees is essential if they
wish to reap a profit. Night after night, I have sought out the most
influential men, farmers who were looked up to by their fellows;
and have talked with them and to them until they thought as I did;
then I turned them over to the office, and I think that Dr. Surface
can show you that their subsequent inquiries were not few. Show
the farmer a way out of the difficulty, and my word for it, they will
act. Some are “from Missouri,” but even they can be shown.
A great number of young trees will be planted in the spring; I be-
lieve I am not placing the estimate too high when I say that the num-
278
ber will go up into the six figures or reach over 100,000. This will
not be due wholly to the inspector's work, but largely through the
assiduous work of the Chief, Dr. Surface.
Mr. Landis, of Harrisburg, owns three or four large farms in the
upper part of the county, on which he has planted trees aggregating
8,000. He has given these trees intelligent care. Mr. Landis over-
sees the work personally, with the result that he is realizing nice re-
turns from his young trees. *
Wilson Boyer, from less than 550 peach trees, sold nearly $800.00
worth of fruit this fall. These men did not go in the business for
fun, but as a hard business propostion. They are winning out, be-
cause they are using up-to-date methods and are not backward about
writing the office when they want information. What makes one's
heart warm toward men of this stamp is that they are willing to give
credit to the source where it belongs.
Just what the result would be if the Inspection work was stopped
now I do not know; I believe there would be an awful protestation
sent up by the farmers. I addressed 20 representative men along this
line, and received replies from every one. The answers were all to
the effect that it would be a great calamity.
I am of the opinion that the best interests of the service demand
that there be more demonstration work; men will watch that work,
see the results, and go home and do likewise. Another feature which
could be improved on is the blank form of the Inspectors’ reports; if
these could be put in such a form as to leave a stub for the Inspector's
personal information, I believe it would systematize his work, and be
the means of gathering important data which otherwise is lost.
Respectfully submitted,
D. E. MURRAY,
Liverpool, Pa.
PERRY COUNTY.
Inspector: T. C. FOSTER, Winfield, Pa.
Mr. Foster's Counties: Centre, Perry, Snyder and Union.
The San José scale infestation of Perry county, where the work of
inspection was completed in the month of August this year, showed
that about 30 per cent. of the orchards and about 10 per cent. of the
trees, on an average, were infested. The organization of a County
Fruit Growers’ Association has greatly assisted in the creating of
considerable activity in the work of spraying for the control of the
San José scale. Fully fifteen new spraying outfits were started last
279
spring, assistance being furnished free by the Division of Zoology
through their representative to all who made application for the ser-
vice, and an additional number are expected to get in the procession
this fall. The Lime-sulfur Wash, both commercial and home-made,
has been used almost exclusively, and is giving almost entire satisfac-
tion wherever applied thoroughly. There have been better results ob-
tained generally from spring spraying rather than fall. A few per-
sons reported that they did not have the success with the Lime-sulfur
that they had anticipated, which was due to poor equipment, weather
conditions, etc. Few remedies, aside from the Lime-sulfur Wash,
have been used in the county for scale; Target Brand Scale Destroyer
and Scalecide in a few instances being tried experimentally, but those
doing so regarded these preparations as too expensive, as well as not
proving satisfactory.
Other serious insects found were Codling Moth, Curculio, Borers
and Aphids, while in a few instances, the Scurfy and Oyster Shell
scales were found to an alarming degree. The remedies used and pre-
scribed for the Codling Moth and Curculio were either arsenate of
lead or Paris green, which proved quite successful in controlling the ,
pests. Aphids, Oyster Shell and Scurfy scale were easily dispatched,
if taken in time, by spraying with Whale Oil Soap, home-made soap or
Kerosene Emulsion, as recommended in the Monthly Bulletins.
There seems now less interest taken in the Demonstration Orchard
in the county, and more in the application of the principles (along
the line we have been working) to the owner's orchard. One other
reason for lack of interest in the County Orchard is explained by
the difficulty in reaching it, being located in a section of the county
having poor railroad accommodations. In the majority of cases the
Inspector has been received respectfully, after stating the object of
his visit. The growers are becoming more interested, and show a
greater inclination to follow directions in orchard care. g
Orcharding in Perry county is advancing, and is being given con-
siderable impetus since the formation of a fruit growers’ society.
Mr. P. F. Duncan, of Duncannon, until recently the owner of a farm
about three miles from that place, claimed that his orchards were
the means of producing a ten per cent. interest on money invested
in the property. Several others have good paying orchards, and
the indications look favorable to the establishment of a number of
commercial plantings. The organization of the Perry County Fruit
Growers’ Association last February has proved a help to its mem-
bers in the purchase of spraying materials, and it is now the inten-
tion to enlarge the benefits to be derived through the means at their
command.
280
PHILADELPHIA COUNTY.
(See Inspector Shay's Report for Delaware County.)
\
POTTER COUNTY.
Inspector: M. L. BENN, Wellsboro, Pa.
Mr. Benn’s Counties: Potter and Tioga.
Whether this is in reality the “Switzerland of America” or that in
this county San José scale fails to find suitable feeding grounds, I
have not yet been able to determine. So far, I have only found the
dreaded scale on two premises. Such limitations in its spread I
attribute mainly to the fact that nearly all the orchards were planted
before San José scale was imported into this country, and to the
very limited setting of orchards since its arrival.
But, inasmuch as there is very little San José scale present in this
county, we have a fitting substitute in our ever present and increas-
ing Oyster Shell scale. This scale I find present in greater or less
Quantities in every orchard, and 99 out of every 100 trees are infested.
From its dormant attitude one would judge it to be very harmless,
but when the increased vigor and healthfulness of the trees, as well
as the fruit, are demonstrated after being sprayed with Lime-Sulfur
wash, there is left no room for doubt as to the destructiveness of this
scale insect. I have found many cases where Oyster Shell scale is
partly controlled by scrubbing the trunks and limbs in June with
hardwood ash lye, in the proportion of four to six quarts of lye to
twelve quarts of water.
Lime-sulfur wash, from the results obtained in the demonstration
orchard and individual demonstrations, is the cheapest, safest, and
most efficient material with which to control Oyster Shell scale. Put-
nam's scale, which I find on the trunks of about two-thirds of the ap-
ple orchards, and also on plum trees, closely resembles the San José
scale in shape, but not in color, nor in its injurious effects and rate
of multiplication. This scale readily succumbs to the “pleasant
touch” and “odor” of Lime-sulfur Wash.
Borers and unprincipled nursery agents seem to work hand in
hand in this section. The fruit tree agent delivers trees not exactly
according to the attached label; and, forthwith, the generous borers
girdle the tree, in many instances removing any doubt in the mind
of the owner as to the veracity of the fruit-tree agents.
281
Coal ashes and paint are used as means for circumventing the
borers, and, I might say in regard to the cases of the painted young
trees, where I found borers, that the trees were painted after being
set. The ground was not removed, as it should have been, and the
trunks were not painted down in the ground for a couple of inches,
and it was here that I found the borers.
Around young trees wrapped with veneer and tar paper I have
found borers, but to only a limited extent. Nevertheless, it proves
even though a young orchard be wrapped when set, the trees will
need some further attention, as the tarred paper does not always
do the work.
I have found that Carbolineum Avenarius, mixed in a naphtha
soap emulsion, and applied to the trunks of plum and cherry trees, so
far seems to be quite efficient. I have found numerous cases of where
the owners learned of Carbon bisulfide through Professor Surface,
and where the holes could be readily reached they have successfully
used that remedy. For borers, prevent them by painting the trunks
with raw linseed oil and white lead, but after they are present kill
them.
Plant lice this last season were particularly plentiful and injur-
ious. I found no one successfully controlling them.
Leaf mite galls (the leaf blister mite), especially in uncultivated
and unfertilized orchards, during dry seasons, are much worse than
where the trees are in good soil conditions. Lime-sulfur wash in the
demonstration orchard, applied in the Spring, controlled this pest.
Codling moth, due to its unrestricted ravages, causes a greater
financial loss than all other insects combined. Arsenate of lead, two
to three pounds to fifty gallons of water, applied when the petals have
just fallen, and again in August for the second brood, has proven very
successful, as high as 90 to 95 per cent. of apples free from worms
resulting. Paris green, applied at the rate of 6 to 8 ounces to 50
gallons, has brought about fair results.
Good interest has been shown in the demonstration work in my dis-
trict, not only by the farmers, but by the public in general. That
it has interested them is proven by citing that there were nearly a
dozen men who sprayed their orchards within a radius of about three
miles from the demonstration orchard, without mentioning the others
living elsewhere in my county. The Inspection work arouses a cer-
tain amount of interest in those men, especially, who have been
getting and reading the bulletins. Others are awakened to their
conditions and possibilities, after going through their orchards with
the inspector, having the insects and orchard defects pointed out and
their means of control and improvement explained. The chief reason
for lack of interest in the inspection work in the northern counties is
the scarcity of San José scale. But when it comes to pruning and
282
spraying, they “sit up and take notice.” Even the fair results of
spraying this year, in the presence of aphis, chalcids and drouth,
are going to set a ball rolling that will soon be gigantic in power
and size in such a well adapted winter-apple region as this.
In Tioga county, since the location of a Demonstration Orchard
and the widely known results of last year, I have been taken, during
inspections, for every kind or class of notoriety, ranging from the
fake inspector, the newspapers mentioned as being in Lancaster county,
to Professor Surface himself. But without elaborating on the point
of how the inspector is received in this county, I would say that in gen-
eral the treatment, interest, and hospitality are par excellence. Just
to show the willingness to follow directions, or rather to get directions
to follow, I had two requests today (Oct. 28), from W. H. W. and E.
O. C., saying that the men in their respective neighborhoods had asked
each of them to try and secure the State's aid, through me, in helping
to prune and spray a part of their orchards, so that all in their neigh-
borhoods might improve their latent orchards. I have many such re-
quests each month.
Orchard planting is decreasing in this locality, due to the unre-
liability of fruit tree agents, and so many of their trees not proving
true to name. It is not necessary to go into details. To mention
tree-agent Schaffer, and his exorbitant prices for oak-root grafted
trees, is but a remembrance. As far as land, soil condition and near-
ness to market are concerned, the locality of Potter and Tioga coun-
ties is first class. Here Northern Spy, King, Baldwin, Rhode Island
Greenings, Talman Sweet, Pippins, Twenty-ounce, English Streaks,
Gravenstein, and many others can be grown to perfection.
Among the successful orchardists, a few might be named as follows:
Gilbert Dewey, of Wellsboro, was getting $.75 per bushel for fall
and summer apples, when hundreds of bushels in other orchards were
rotting on the ground. He did this by working up a good individual
trade of good fruit direct to his customers.
Irving Focht, H. B. Wood, Chas. Steele, and Chas. Benhour are
among the men who have started in spraying this year. They bar-
reled their apples and received $1.50 and more per barrel. All of
these men practically live within sight of the Tioga county demon-
stration orchard.
L. D. Ripple, one of the ex-County Auditors of Potter county,
sprayed his orchard with lime-sulfur for Oyster Shell scale, which
was killing his trees, and as a result saved his trees and received in
the Austin market twenty cents more per bushel than his neighbors.
The Benson Estate, of Coudersport bought a Gould's Pomona spray
pump, and the Inspector gave them a helping hand in getting started
in spraying their orchards this year. -
283
Robert Olmsted, a young lawyer of Coudersport, bought a large
farm with two good orchards on it last year, and began spraying his
trees. I have a letter here from Homer Howe, of Wellsboro, which I
would like to read to you:
“Sometime ago you asked me what success I was having with my
orchards and berries. I am sending you for your opinion a few Sam-
ples of my apples that I have just gathered.
Since I saw your demonstrations, and heard the talk you gave at the
Hatherill farm in the spring of 1908, I have been following those di-
rections as best I could, with marked success in my orchards; and now
do realize that an orchard, instead of being a nuisance, and in the
way, can be made one of the most profitable and pleasant parts of the
farm.
You may not know that two years ago my orchards were practically
abandoned and used for pasture. I was shaking most of the apples
and selling them for seventeen cents to forty cents per hundred
weight, at the cider mill; I am now proud to say that I have orders
from private customers for the most of my choice fruit (Spys and
Kings) at $2.00 per box. The boxes hold from 96 to 120 wrapped ap-
ples; and the barrel apples, which are mostly Ben Davis and Bald-
wins, I have sold at $1.50 per barrel, the dealer furnishing the barrels.
Although it has taken a great deal of hard work in pruning, cultivat-
ing, fertilizing, spraying and thinning, to bring about this change, it
has paid, and has been a great satisfaction. I have kept a little
memorandum for my own benefit from a few trees which have not
been cared for. By careful account this year they average about 12
per cent. good apples; trees sprayed and trimmed 65 per cent. good;
others sprayed, trimmed and thinned in July, 85 per cent. good.
I am very thankful for what the State through your work has done
for me. There are many others in this section making great improve-
Please do not think me presumptious in writing to you, but I am
ments in their orchards since your demonstrations.
As to strawberries, from two acres ( 15,600 plants), set in the
spring of 1908, I sold this season 70,000 plants, averaging $5.50 per
1,000 and 10,340 quarts of berries averaging 8 cents per quart.
Please do not think me presumptious in writing to you, but I am
getting “awakened” about apples.
Respectfully,
EI. B. EIOWE.
Mr. Howe is one of the most up-to-date men in the potato, straw-
berry and fancy apple raising business in the county, and his results
are indicated in his letter.
The general opinion is that peaches can not be grown in this moun-
tainous region of the State, but I would like to mention one case, that
of Mr. Vanderhoof, of Middlebury township, Tioga county. Mr. Van-
284
derhoof has 1,000 (5 acres) bearing peach trees. From these trees
this year he will realize over $1,600.00. Mr. Vanderhoof has made a
careful study of the peach business, and knows just what each tree
needs. They are properly pruned, and this year during the drouth
they were cultivated continually.
There is no co-operation among the farmers and fruit growers. The
farmer is the fruit grower, and until there are a number of commer-
cial orchards planted and properly taken care of, there never will be
any fruit organization here. The farmer, with his little home orchard,
can never expect to make a fortune. It is the man who plants lots
of trees, studies them, and takes proper care of them, that is to be suc-
cessful. To think of all the waste land and cheap land, admirably
adapted to winter apples, but lying idle, is something to make one's
thinking apparatus work and his hands grip. I think that one of
the broadest fields of this Department, outside of saving the scale-
infested trees, already set, is to put the advantages and possibilities
of practical fruit-raising before the people of Pennsylvania. They
have no way of obtaining this knowledge, except through this worthy
Chief of ours, and we who try to ably assist him. It seems to me
there is one Division sorely lacking in the Department of Agriculture
in this State, and that is a Division of Horticulture.
I will admit that the stories are good, and that there is good result.
ing from the lectures who come from the southern or eastern part of
the State to our region and lecture at Farmer's Institutes, on fruit
subjects. But real practical work, by this Department, or by a Di-
vision of Horticulture, is what will count in lessening the humdrum
life of the farmers, who often attempt to raise crops not adapted to
their soils or locations, when there is the broad field of interesting and
successful fruit-raising before them, only needing some guiding hand
and inspiration to lead them to it.
SNYDER COUNTY.
Inspector: T. C. FOSTER, Winfield, Pa.
Mr. Foster's Counties: Centre, Perry, Snyder and Union.
In Snyder county, where much was done in the way of holding pub-
lic spraying demonstrations in every township of the county, the
spraying idea has taken hold of the majority of the up-to-date peach
growers. One owner of a commercial apple orchard, Mr. F. E. Boyer,
of Mt. Pleasant Mills, who has been using the Commercial and Home-
285
made Lime-sulfur wash the past season, writes that he prefers the
Home-made. He used a small lot of Target Brand last year, but
was discouraged from further use on account of failure to determine
when the tree was thoroughly covered, and also in regard to the mat-
ter of expense. Mr. Boyer says he has between 1,200 and 1,500 bush-
els of good apples this year. The Demonstration Orchard established .
in the county this year has attracted some attention and will continue
to do. The scale infestation of the county at the time the inspections
were made, showed 25 per cent. of the orchards of the county infested,
and about 10 per cent. of the trees. Much has been accomplished in
the way of commercial spraying.
SOMERSET COUNTY.
Inspector: R. F. LEE, Somerset, Pa.
Mr. Lee's Counties: Bedford, Blair, Cambria and Somerset.
In my present territory of Somerset county I know of only seven
places of infestation with San José scale, as only a few young trees
have been planted in the last fifteen years. I find mostly the Oyster
Shell and Scurfy scale on the apple; seldom doing any injury to the
large trees, yet present on the trunk and larger limbs. The young
trees, fifteen years old or less, are quite often badly injured; usually
many are damaged. I know that the San José scale is on the increase
in Bedford and Blair counties, and more than half the places are in-
fested in each.
I have had no opportunity this summer to judge as to the efficiency
of the different sprays, except the good results of my own spraying
with lime-sulfur for Oyster Shell and Scurfy scales and Aphids.
The Aphids or Plant lice have come to stay, I believe, but can be
controlled by the lime-sulfur wash used for Oyster Shell and Scurfy
scale.
The Bud moth, Curculio (both of plum and peach), Codling moth,
Canker worm and all leaf-eating insects can be controlled by arsenate
of lead.
The public seems much interested in our work, this interest being
greatly due to the presence of plant lice, over which the general fruit
grower was much alarmed. It will take some time to stir up their
faith into work. The public, being so willing to use second quality
fruit, is largely responsible for the poor quality of stuff offered for
sale, seventy-five per cent. of which is hardly fit for anything but
cider.
286
The majority of the time I am cordially received, but at other times
indifferently. The people appreciate our advice, but I fear few will
follow it, and will hardly buy a sprayer to do so. Their indifference
is due to ignorance of the possibilities and knowledge of fruit culture.
A few good examples of packing, to show what a first class package of
• fruit is, would help greatly.
The outlook for orcharding in Somerset county is fair. Conditions
can not be better for nearness to markets and shipping facilities, but
the fruit growers are lacking. A few large plantings will be made
this fall and spring, and some general planting. Mr. D. B. Zimmer-
man will continue to add to his orchard of (now) one thousand ap-
ple trees; Miller Brothers will plant one thousand trees; N. A. Mos-
teller, at Friedens, will plant twenty-five hundred of all kinds, and a
few others will plant. Mr. H. W. Walker, Somerset, has been the
first individual to spray both with lime-sulfur, Bordeaux and lead
arsenate. His one orchard, sprayed with lime-sulfur, has fine fruit.
The other was hardly worth picking. He is also a successful peach
grower, in spite of the idea that peaches can not be grown here.
Somerset county is also a famous potato country, and more should be
raised, graded and labeled. This would make the county famous.
The Demonstration Orchard at Ebensburg, Cambria County, was
the only orchard in that region, as far as was known, that had any
fruit this year. The seven trees left unsprayed with lime-sulfur were
badly infested with Aphids, which I think were responsible for the
clustered and small fruit, as seen outside of the Demonstration Or-
chard.
There is little if any co-operation in Somerset county as far as I
know. The prices for milk, live stock and general farm crops are
good (always fixed by the purchaser, of course. H. A. S.), and farm-
ers never co-operate until conditions force them.
Suspension of this work would give the insects a free field, as there
would be no one to look after them, or remind the public of their dan-
gers from insects and prescribe remedies. It would be a great mis-
take, and should not be suspended as long as insects are on the move
and the people know so little of such pests and how to control them.
The young generation should be taught in our schools how to recog-
nize these common pests and control them.
The long vacation for the inspector during the winter months, with-
out pay, is the greatest drawback to this work. The public is under
the impression that the inspector is being paid for his time, and any
attempt to do other work or engage in other business would bring
both parties (employer and employee) into disrepute with the public.
If we were paid while at work sufficiently to cover the time lost, the
Inspector could rest.
287
Somerset county needs at least three demonstration orchards, so
as to show all persons how first class fruit can be raised here. A
circular describing the most dangerous common insects and fungus
diseases, with remedies for their control, put into the growers’ hands,
would be a great help. We must, by plain facts proven before them,
win them over from the indifferent to the confidential side. The in-
spector should have power to destroy worthless trees and fruit in
stores, to curtail the insects found in and upon them.
SUSQUEEIANNA COUNTY.
Inspector: A. O. FINN, Clifford, Pa.
In looking over the past year's work I find that the conditions are
Quite similar to those met one year ago. I have covered about the
same amount of territory; have completed Lathrop, Bridge Water, Di-
mock and Sprinkville townships, nearly finished Auburn, and have
Rush and Jessup more than half covered. With two or three excep-
tions I find no up-to-date orchardists in the territory worked, and
not more than four or five who have done anything in the way of
spraying. I have found worse infestations of San José scale this
year than last.
At Dimock there is a very bad infestation. At Lymanville there is
a general infestation in an apple, pear and plum orchard. The San
José scale in my territory is increasing, but has not as yet done a
very great amount of damage, taking the territory as a whole, as I
have only found four general infestations in the county. I think not
more than four per cent. of the orchards have San José scale.
With one exception, lime and sulfur is the only treatment used in
my territory for San José scale, as far as I know.
The exception was at Mr. Comstock's, in Montrose. He used whale
oil soap and also the commercial lime and sulfur, during the year.
I did not see the orchard until both had been applied. In controling
the San José scale it was successful, as the scale was confined to the
young trees, but the work was not thoroughly done on the large trees
and Oyster Shell scale was not killed. I have never found a case
where the lime and sulphur failed when thoroughly applied.
I find apple seed Chalcis very prevalent in my territory, and spray-
ing at the usual time for codling moth with Bordeaux and arsenate
of lead did not seem to check it in any marked degree.
Plant lice were unusually bad in my territory this year; covering
the under sides of the leaves, and completely covering the small ap-
ples and branches in many orchards. I feel sure that they seriously
288
injured the fruit, making it small and gnarly. Whale oil soap and
kerosene emulsion were successful where thoroughly applied, but I
know of only a few instances where used, and then on shrubs and
small trees.
Leaf miners are also very prevalent, and I think that they are not
lessened any by spraying at the usual time with Bordeaux and arsen-
ate of lead for codling moth, as the worst case that I have found this
year was in an orchard thus treated, under the supervision of Pro-
fessors from State College.
Twig blight, although not an insect pest, is a disease that is very
alarming throughout the northeastern part of the State. I have
seen orchards that looked almost as though a fire had gone through
them—limbs blighting back, in many instances, three or four feet.
The fall web worms were very plentiful in nearly all the orchards,
and got their work in well.
In regard to the interest shown by the farmers and fruit growers,
I feel justified in saying that there is a growing interest in the work.
The more knowledge they have of the work that is being done, the
more ready they are to receive the inspector and give him assistance.
As the work progresses and the farmers are informed of the work,
less opposition it met. With one or two exceptions, I have met with
no opposition during the season’s work.
However, I have noticed in some instances that they still feel that
the object of the work is to compel them to do something, rather than
to give assistance, and they do not attend the demonstrations as they
should. Until they can be brought to feel that the work is carried
on for their interest, this condition will exist, as it is a question of
education, and it will take time to bring about the proper relations
that should exist between the fruit growers and the Department.
It seems to me that this will be accomplished more quickly, and
more effectively, by bringing the farmers and fruit growers in close
touch with the Department through its literature and its representa-
tives in field work than in any other way.
The outlook for orcharding in my section is not particularly bright,
not that it could not be carried on successfully, but because few
farmers in Susquehanna county have given the problems of fruit
growing any serious consideration. They depend almost entirely
upon the dairy. Therefore, this branch of farming is worked at the
expense of others. Charles Van Gorden, at Auburn Center, has been
|Quite successful in growing peaches. He has 2,200 trees, about half
of that number bearing. He sold 1,400 to 1,500 bushels this year.
Mr. Bolles, near West Auburn, in the same township, has a fine peach
orchard consisting of about 400 trees. It is just coming into bearing
And is well cared for. The trees are cultivated, which is unusual in
my section. His orchard bids fair to be very productive.
289
F. H. Fassett, just over the line in Wyoming county, has a very
fine apple orchard. He thought that he would have 700 barrels this
year, mostly the Northern Spy.
I cannot say that there is a single apple orchard in all the territory
worked this year that is being cared for along wholly up-to-date
methods. I think that there are fewer trees being set out than in
years past, due partly to the San José scale scare, but more largely to a
feeling that orcharding does not pay as well as some other lines of
farm work in this section; also to a feeling that it is much more
difficult to grow trees than in past years, and to the fact that the
farmers have been faked by so many unscrupulous fruit tree agents.
The farmers are co-operating with the work to some extent, but not
as they should. They do not question that the care given the Demon-
stration Orchards is the proper thing, and that it accomplishes the re-
sults claimed for it. They have even spoken more favorably of the
work done at the Demonstration Orchard at Montrose, than I would
if I were to pass judgment upon it myself. Still, they neglect to do
much in the way of improving their orchards.
To suspend the inspection and demonstration work at the present
time would be a mistake, in my opinion, because the work is only in
its infancy, at least in certain parts of the State. There are only
a few, comparatively, who get to see the demonstration orchards.
True, it is their own fault, but they do not realize the importance
of the work in sections where there is so little scale as they do in
those districts where the trees are being killed by San José scale. It
is an education that is going to take time. I believe the Demonstra-
tion Orchards, for the time used in caring for them, are doing even
more, if possible, to"convince the fruit growers of the importance of
caring for their trees, than is the inspection work. I believe these or-
chards should be more numerous.-There should be several in each
county, if possible.
We, as inspectors and demonstrators, should equip ourselves more
efficiently for the work, and give our very best efforts to the Depart-
ment and those in whose behalf we are engaged.
TIOGA COUNTY.
(See Inspector Benn's Report for Potteh County.)
(See Inspector McNett's Report for Cameron County.)
Ҽ
290
UNION COUNTY.
Inspector: T. C. FOSTER, Winfield, Pa.
Mr. Foster's Counties: Centre, Perry, Snyder and Union.
In Union county, where the work of inspection was completed three
years ago, spraying has not been engaged in to any extent, although
good results mark where it has been thoroughly performed. A
former report covered the extent of scale infestation in the county,
which at this time has changed from the original figures. The Dem-
onstration Orchard at Vicksburg has been visited by a goodly number
during the past two years, and its owner, Mr. Newton Glover, is de-
sirous of having the work continued.
VENANGO COUNTY.
(See Inspector McClure's Report for Butler County.
WAYNE COUNTY
Inspector: W. H. BULLOCK, Honesdale, Pa.
*
In my inspections in Wayne county, I have not found the San José
scale general; but as the work, as yet, has extended over only a small
portion of the territory, it would be impossible at this time to give a
true estimate as to what extent it prevails in this section. It is
known, however, to exist in several widely separated and isolated
places, and it is certainly on the increase, as but little or nothing is
being done to repel it. I know of only one orchard that has ever been
treated for the San José scale. In this case the regular lime-sulphur
wash was effectually used. At the present time the nature and ap-
pearance of the San José scale are little known in this district.
We have another pest, in the form of the Oyster shell scale, that is
doing much injury to our apple trees by sucking out the sap and in-
jecting a poison. It is found in every orchard to a greater or less
extent, and it is surprising how many we meet who have fruit trees
and who are not acquainted with this common and ever present scale.
Only last week I met a man who is interested in the growing of fruit
291
to the extent of 650 trees, and he had a goodly supply of this scale,
and did not know it. Another man not far distant mistook the oys-
ter shell scale for the San José scale. He thoroughly whitewashed
his young orchard with fresh lime, and claimed that he saved his trees
by so doing. He informed me that his orchard has done exceedingly
well ever since, and he has sold his apples at $1.50 per bushel while his
neighbors were selling at $1.00 per bushel.
We have another scale which I have heard very little about, that is
the Putnam's scale. I discovered it first in the borough of Prompton,
and later in South Canaan township, where I frequently found it. I
would say that one-half of the orchards in that section are slightly
infested, and I know of its whereabouts in several other localities.
Very little spraying of any kind has ever been done in Wayne
county. The only orchard that has come to my notice that had been
treated with the Bordeaux mixture is situated in South Canaan town-
ship, and consists of 700 nice young apple trees, that show unmistaka-
ble signs of generous care. All of the trees are of bearing age, but
the mixture was too strong and the effect was discouraging.
If I am allowed to judge by the number of persons who talk of pur-
chasing spraying outfits, and by the number of formulas that I am re-
quested to write, there will be a good number of outfits sold in less
than a year hence. There is a growing interest in the work, es-
pecially by the young men.
We find that there are a large number of young trees being set out
(and I am convinced that the number is rapidly increasing), and
some of them are thriving; as in the case of the Hull Brothers, of
Waymart, who have recently set out 4,000 trees, all of which are mak-
ing a wonderful growth, and they intend to extend the work to sev-
eral thousand more. On the other hand, we frequently find young
9rchards that will be a total failure for the simple reason that the oc-
cupant does not know how to handle and treat his trees successfully.
The inspector is cordially received, and, on the whole, the work set
forth by the Department is being greatly appreciated, and much in-
terest is manifested by the patrons. Many have been afraid to start
young orchards because of the San José scale, but they are now tak-
ing courage from our work.
The benefits derived through the Department by the farmers and
fruit growers cannot be computed, and the good work should be car-
ried on, as the outlook for fruit growing was never so encouraging
as at the present time.
(TO BE CONTINUED IN MARCH).

THE

ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN
OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
OF THE •
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
VOL. VII—NO. 1 O
Work in the Demonstration Orchards.
SUBJECT: Reports of Pennsylvania Orchard Inspectors.
(Concluded)
MARCH 1, 1910
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist,
Editor
Entered May 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, Under Act
of Congress of June 6, 1900
tº mºm m'
HARRISBURG :
C. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
1910
THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR MARCH, 1910.
VOLUME VII, No. 10.
Established in April, 1903, at the office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE MARCH BULLETIN.
Page.
Kinds and Qualities of Materials Needed for Spraying, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
To Spray for Scale Insects, etc., .................................... 295
To Spray for Codling Moth, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
To Spray for the Curculio, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
To Spray for the Plant Diseases, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Keeping Lime Fresh, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * G & e º e º e º e s a e e s e e s e e o e 302
To Compute the Amount of Material Needed, . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * e o e º e º e o e 302
Kinds of Apparatus to Use, . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * e º 'o e e o e º e o e e s e e o e s a • e s e 303
Our Coming to the Demonstration Orchards, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
The Supervision Orchards, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
The Work in Each County, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
District No. 1, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
46 “ 2, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
64 “ 3, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
66 “ 4, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
“ “ 5, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
66 “ 6, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
66 “ 7, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * e o e s e e e s e s a 312
66 “ 8, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
66 “ 9, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 313
6 & “ 10, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * e º e s e e s e e o e e 313
66 “ 11, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6& “ 12, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
List of Demonstrators Who Will Have Charge of Meetings in the Respective
Counties, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Reports of Pennsylvania Orchard Inspectors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
(Continued from February Bulletin).
Westmoreland County, by William H. Rodgers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Wyoming County, by D. A. Knuppenberg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
York County, by E. F. Peirce, . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
}} OUR MONTHLY CHAT WITH READERS.
The Last Monthly Bulletin: Attention of the readers is called to
the fact that according to present plans, this will be the last Monthly
Bulletin of the Division of Zoology, at least until circumstances are
such that the Economic Zoologist is not required to give so much
time to outside public work as to prevent his having an opportunity
to continue the Bulletin work in a manner satisfactory to himself.
During the past seven years we have averaged a page and a half
of printed matter each day, regardless of the fact that our duties play
have called us day after day in different counties, and from one
extreme corner of the State to another. Traveling and working on .
the railroad trains and on the trolleys, day and night, in season and
out, without taking any vacation during that entire time, has been
enough to test the nerves of any person.
We now wish to change the work by giving more effort to the
public demonstration meetings, and inviting the public to attend
those meetings, see the work done properly, ask questions, and learn
directly how to solve their entomological and zoological problems.
The Bulletins have appeared faithfully, and more or less regularly,
during the entire period of the seven volumes which this number
closes. We feel that during that time they have done a great deal of
good, as they have carried plain and practical messages where scien-
tific descriptions and technical terms would have been useless. It
is with most sincere regret that we suspend the publication of the
Monthly Bulletin; and we should not think of severing this impor-
tant connection between the office of the Economic Zoologist and the
public were it not for the fact that we contemplate merely changing
it to a Quarterly Bulletin, and starting to issue the Quarterly pub-
lication at once. Such facts as have been discussed previously in
the Monthly Bulletins will be treated in the Quarterly numbers,
and w; believe that the interest of the public will be better served,
at less financial expense, to issue a Quartely Bulletin than to con-
tinue, the Monthly. ;
The NWeekly News Letter or Weekly Press. Bulletin: This is sent
to all the newspapers of this State from this office, and bears par.
ticularly upon timely topics. If the editor of your local paper has
not been publishing extracts from our Weekly News Letter on Plant
Pests, Spraying, Pruning, Orchard Management, etc., you can doubt.
(325)
\ 326
less induce him to do so by calling his attention to the fact that the
News Letter in the form of proof sheet, is sent from this office each
week, free of charge, to all newspapers of this State, with the belief
that some of the articles will be both timely and useful, if inserted
in the local newspapers. Copies of this Weekly Letter can be ob-
tained by writing to the Economic Zoologist. Hand one or two
copies to your local editor and let him see what they contain.
Our correspondence is heavy, but this we value personally as the
highest service this office can render, and we, therefore, invite the
public to make use of this office through correspondence, the Weekly
Press Letter, the Quarterly Bulletin, and the Public Demonstrations
and Meetings.
Inspections: As soon as the Demonstrations are completed, our
experts will continue the regular work of inspecting throughout the
orchards of this State. We invite the public to make use of their
services, which, in all cases, are absolutely free of charge. Ques-
tions may be asked of the inspectors, as well as of this office, and
specimens should be sent in such manner as to reach us in a fresh and
unbroken condition. It is very important to send specimens in such
a way that they will not be crushed, if they are to be determined and
made the basis of accurate and practical reply.
Address all communications to H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg, Pa.
BEE KEEPING AND HONEY PRODUCTION.
While a few of us keep bees for the purpose of studying their
habits, it must be acknowledged that most bee-keepers desire their
returns in a more substantial form. Some persons in this State are
reaping great rewards in the form of fine honey, in such shape as to
be best exchanged for money, while others are merely letting the bees
keep themselves as best they will, with neither expense nor income
worthy of mention. Bees are like other forms of livestock and culti-
wated crops in the fact that neither pays without some º:
effort and expense. An immense amount of nectar is allowed Yto go
to waste, which might be transformed into honey, and many plants,
are sterile or fruitless, because the bees were not present at the time
of blooming to pollenize their flowers.
While the old style bee-keeping is properly a thing of the past, as
far as profitable returns are concerned, it is possible to keep bees
to-day and realize more profits from only a few hives than the old-
327
º
style bee-keeping formerly realized from many. To do this, how-
ever, it is necessary to have the necessary appliances and the proper
knowledge and skill, and also to go about it in the right way and at
the right time.
Appliances: The appliances needed for modern and successful
bee-keeping are but few in number, and yet they are quite necessary.
Among these are, first, the smoker. While bees are held in subjec-
tion by the use of the smoker, and the owner can then work among
them with perfect safety, he must remember that without it there is
danger of trouble at any time. There is danger of over-smoking the
bees, so as to injure them, but a few judicious puffs of smoke will
calm them down more quickly than anything else.
The kind of smoker that is needed is one that holds a fair amount
of fuel, retains its fire, and makes a good smoke when the bellows
is worked with one hand. All dealers in bee supplies sell such ap-
paratus. The main point is to avoid a very small, cheap and worth-
less affair for this important work.
The kind of fuel is not important, as decayed wood of any kind
can be used to best advantage. Decayed wood retains the fire
withot burning rapidly to a great heat, but if this heat should in-
crease to such an extent as to burn the bees, the operator can and
should at once avoid this by putting some damp leaves or fresh grass
in the smoker on top of the fuel.
The next feature of necessary equipment is a modern hive, with
movable frames, top, and bottom. Modern bee-keeping demands that
bees be kept in hives which can be opened at any time the owner
may wish, and that all parts of hive and all combs be readily visible
for the inspection of the owner. The modern frame hive meets these
requirements. The size and shape of the hive depends upon the size
and number of frames contained, but there is nothing better to be
recommended for a beginner than a ten-frame, dove-tailed hive, hold-
ing a frame known as the “EIoffman L” frame. There is a great ad-
vantage in having all the hives in the apiary of the same kind, and
especially all the frames of the same size. In the proper manage-
ment of the bees it often becomes necessary to move one or more
frames from one hive to another; or to set one hive on another; or
to divide or increase the size of the colonies at the will of the owner.
If comb honey is to be produced it is necessary to order the little
wooden frames in which the bees place this product, and which are
technically known as “sections.” The “supers” are the large boxes
which rest on top of the hive and carry the sections, and are made
according to the kind of section that is to be used. The thin section
is the best ; none excels plain section, 4 x 5 x 1 inch in dimensions.
With the plain sections, a separating device, called “gates,” must be
\ 328
ordered, to keep them apart. While it is cheaper to order all goods
“in the flat,” or not nailed together, it will be better to order one
sample completly nailed and filled in order to use it as a pattern in
putting the others together. *
How to Transport Bees: Many persons would like to undertake
bee-keeping if they could only get the bees to their premises, and
they do not do so because they do not understand how to carry bees
safely. This can be done at any time of year if the two important
points are observed of first closing the hive securely, so that none
can escape during the journey; and, second, giving them an
abundance of ventilation. Enclose them by tacking wire cloth screen
over the entrances, and see that the bottoms and tops of the hives
are secure. Nothing should be left loose or unfastened that is liable
to permit the hives to be opened by jarring or shaking. Strips of
board nailed against the sides of the hives and the bottoms and tops,
will help to hold them in position.
For the successful transportation of bees an abundance of ventila-
tion is absolutely necessary. It is not enough to merely close the
opening of the hive with wire cloth netting, especially where this is
at the bottom of the hive, as it is quite liable to result in suffocation;
and when a few bees fall to the floor and close the entrance, the en-
tire colony will very soon be killed. It is far better to have not only
a wire netting covered over the opening at the regular lower entrance
of the hive, but also have the entire top of the hive covered with wire
netting, for ventilation, and a few strips of wood nailed on top of
the wire cloth over hive, so that the cover can not fit closely and
prevent the desired ventilation. -
At all times it is important to avoid standing the closed hive in
the sunshine, as the bees are in turmoil and create high heat. The
additional heating of the sunshine is liable to melt the comb and
result in the destruction of the bees and the production of a fearful
mess. When properly ventilated, bees can be carried safely by car-
riage, wagon or train, and kept in the hives for many days. How-
ever, it should be remembered that express and freight rates are
especially high for live bees.
How to Transfer Bees: All directions given in this Bulletin for
the management of bees, and all given by modern writers in any
publication, refer to the management of bees in modern hives, or
hives with movable frames. It is entirely impossible to give bees
proper attention when they are in hives from which the tops and
bottoms can not be removed readily, and in which the frames or
comb containing brood and honey can not be adjusted at the will of
the owner. In the old-style box hives, or gums, it is impossible to
ascertain the condition of the colony, learn their needs, or admin-
329
ister to these in the proper way. Therefore, the man who is not
willing to transfer his bees to modern hives need not expect much
success in bee-keeping.
The transferring to modern hives can be done at any time of year,
but it is much better to do this late in the spring or early in the
summer, before the old combs become heavy with honey, and before
tender or delicate new comb has been built, and especially before the
colony has increased in bees to the size that it naturally will during
a season of nectar flow, and before the weather becomes too hot to
do this work with comfort.
In transferring the bees to modern hives the first step is to puff
a little smoke into the old hive, open a hole at its top, turn it upside
down, knock off its bottom board, and set a hive or box without a
bottom on top of it. Then by a slight, occasional smoke and by
considerable tapping on each side of the hive, drive the bees upward
between the inverted combs into the hive or box above. (See Plate
I.) By patient pounding and jarring of the lower hive, letting the
upper hive or box remain as quiet as possible, the bees can be driven
up, and even the queen will desert her comb, eggs, and brood to
escape with her followers. When she goes up most of the remaining
bees will go readily, and the operator can soon recognize when all
is well. It is best to be fairly sure that the queen has gone above, as
there is some danger of destroying her in the process of transferring
the combs. Her presence in the upper hive is indicated by the readi-
ness of the bees to go above and the contented actions in the upper
hive, as well as the great size of the cluster within.
After the bees with their queen have gone up, set the upper box
or hive to one side, taking great care not to jar it or the bees which
have clustered within. It is better to have this hive in the first place
equipped with some strong wired combs, or, in other words, strong
combs built on wired foundation. This gives the bees a good place
to cluster while the process of transferring is being completed.
The second step is to split away one of the sides of the old hive
which extends parallel with the combs within. (See Plate 2.)
It is not necessary to transfer the empty combs, or even combs
containing honey only, as in many cases it may be a matter of econ-
omy to get rid of the crooked or very old combs, and use the old
honey, to give the bees an opportunity to build straight combs in
their new frames. If frames fitted with foundation, either in strips
(“starters”) or complete sheets, be provided for the new hive, it is
surprising how soon the new colony will build out the full new
sheets of comb, and store them with honey. The process of trans-
ferring has a quickening effect upon them similar to that of swarm-
Ing. - - -
330
All straight comb which does not contain honey that the operator
desires to use for himself, and especially all comb containing brood
or young bees, should be removed carefully from the old hive and
fitted accurately into the frames for the new hive. This can be done
by placing the frames on its side on a board, a little larger than
itself, and tacking small or thin strips of wood over the sheets or
pieces of comb to hold them in place. A tack at each side of the
frame, on the top and bottom, will be sufficient to hold each strip,
so that it will keep the comb from falling out. It is particularly
important that all brood, excepting undesired drone larvae, be thus
transferred, and that during the process of transferring, the cold
wind, as well as the hot sunshine, be kept from the very young brood
or bee larvae. (See Plate III.)
After transferring the brood and good comb to the frame, this
should be fitted and fastened from each side, and placed in the hive,
and spaced slightly farther apart than will be done if the bees have
fastened the combs in place. (See Plate IV.) It is surprising how
soon the bees will get to work and clean up all daubs of honey, and
especially fasten the comb into their frames. After the bees have
made the combs secure, the owner can remove the little sticks
that held them in place and shave off any projections of combs which
make them uneven, and stand the frames closer together, or the
usual bee space apart, which is about three-eighths of an inch.
After the transferring is completed and the brood-bearing comb is
placed in the centre of the hive, with frames containing honey, empty
combs, or foundation, at the sides of the hive, an empty hive body
or super should be placed on top, and the bees that were driven up
and permitted to remain in the box which was temporarily set aside,
should be shaken into this empty super standing on the hive with the
brood. The cover then should be put in place, and the hive placed
where it is desired to keep it. Let them remain thus a day or two, or
more, and then remove the empty hive or super above the hive, and
also remove the sticks from those combs which the bees have fas-
tened in place, and proceed to handle the bees in the ordinary man-
ner. It may be that if the transferring is done during a flow of
honey, a super filled with honey sections should soon be placed
above the transferred combs.
The art of turning the transferred comb in the frame at the time
of fastening it is very important, but very simple when once learned.
The frame with the comb fitted in it and fastened by splints across
one side, should be kept upon its side on the under board, and a cloth
placed over it, and another board placed on the cloth. Then with
one hand under the lower board and another above the upper board,
turn the entire combination, so that the frame and its combs will be
Plate I—First Step in Transferring to New Hive. Driving Bees up from Old
Hive into New. Scene in Apiary of Prof. H. A. Surface, State College, Pa.
Plate II—Second Step in Transferring a Colony of Bees from an Old Hive into
New. Splitting away the Side of the Old Hive Parallel with the Sheets of
Comb. Photographed by H. A. Surface, in his own Apiary.


331
turned between the two boards. Now lift off the upper board, which
was previously the lower one, and the frame is turned without
having its enclosed combs disturbed. It is now ready to have these
tacked in place by strips of wood, as was done with the other side.
The use of the cloth is to prevent the recently-capped larvae from
being killed by having their heads rubbed severely against the board
upon which they are now resting. In setting the frame upright, the
two boards can again be used at its opposite sides to prevent the
weight of the combs from resting too heavily upon the splints that
were used to keep them in proper place until the bees fasten them,
which will be quite soon.
To Prevent Swarming: Contrary to the popular idea, the effort of
the modern bee-keeper is to prevent swarming rather than to induce
it. The successful bee-keeper must take for his one Golden Rule:
“KEEP YOUR COLONIES STRONG.” Strong colonies of bees are
sure to give surplus honey in abundance, while weak or small colo-
nies yield none. There are various ways of keeping the colonies
strong, such as stimulative feeding in the spring, abundant feeding
in the fall, not only to more than a sufficient amount of stores for the
winter time, but also to produce young bees, so that the colony goes
into the winter with a great number of fresh young bees, ready to
begin the campaign of gathering nectar and rearing brood as early
as possible in the spring.
Every time the bees swarm, the colony is divided and becomes
weaker, and every time this happens the proportion of surplus honey,
which should go to the keeper, is reduced. The bees will retain for
themselves that which they need before they store it in the supers,
so that it is available for the keeper. A weak colony may store none
whatever, while a strong colony, gathering only what is used by
itself and brood, may make over one hundred pounds surplus during
the same season.
The prevention of swarming is to retain strong colonies and pro-
duce more surplus honey. It also relieves the keeper of the necessity
of giving attention to swarms at a time of year when he is especially
busy with other matters. To prevent swarming, its causes should
be studied. It will be found, when the whole subject is thoroughly
analyzed, that swarming is for the one purpose of escaping adverse
or disagreeable conditions. When the hive becomes overcrowded
with honey and bees, so that they are obliged to hang out in great
bunches in order to find room and ventilation and reduce their
temperature, it may be expected that they will soon divide the colony
by swarming. A careful bee-keeper never permits his hives to be-
come so crowded and illy ventilated that great bunches of idle bees
are to be seen hanging around them during the season when they
332
should be especially busy gathering nectar and transforming it into
honey. Be careful to give the bees room for storage for their honey,
give them shade during hot weather, and above all else give them
abundant ventilation. A good bee-keeper watches his hives, and as
soon as the combs commence to be fairly well filled with honey, he
raises the super or part of the hive containing the honey combs, and
places beneath it another super, properly prepared for the reception
of the surplus honey. The colonies may be so strong that it requires
two or three hive bodies or boxes, one placed upon another, to hold
the bees and their brood, any yet swarming can, to a great extent, be
prevented by giving sufficient room, ventilation and shade. The bee-
keeper should not wait until the honey in the super is capped
before raising it and giving more room. When most of the combs
are fairly well filled, he has an indication that it is time for him to
act immediately.
Swarming can also be prevented and certainly postponed in part
by looking through the brood chamber, or the part of the hive in
which the young bees are reared, and finding, and removing the
Queen cells. Bees will not swarm when there is no queen to be left in
the hive, but the keeper must be assured that if he should remove the
Queen cells and leave unchanged those conditions which lead to their
formation, others will be formed very soon. If new colonies of bees
are desired, it is an appropriate time to remove some of the frames
containing queen cells and also some of the bees themselves, placing
them in another hive, or in the poorest colony in the apiary, and thus
starting a nucleus or small hive from the parent hive. In the place
of those frames that were removed, other frames containing drawn
comb or foundation can be inserted in the hive of the strong colony,
and the queen will proceed at Once to lay eggs in the cells, as soon
as these are ready for her. By removing one or two frames on
brood from each of three or four hives, and placing these in a new
hive with a queen or queen cell, it is possible to start new hives or
colonies without seriously reducing the strength of any one. A
small colony thus newly started is called a “nucleus,” and can soon
become strong. This shows the great advantage of uniformity in
the kind of hives and frames used in any one apiary, in order that
these can be interchanged.
Clipping the Queen's Wings: Most bee-keepers now resort to clip-
ping the wings of the queen, in order to prevent the escape of the
swarm in the event of their swarming. This is not done to prevent
swarming, as is popularly supposed. The colony which has a queen
with clipped wings will swarm just as readily as though the wings
of the queen were not clipped. The purpose in clipping the queen's
wings is to prevent her flight at swarming time. Even with the
333
greatest of care it is impossible to prevent all swarming, and those
bee-keepers who reduce this to a comparatively few colonies count
themselves successful, and, indeed, are well repaid for their efforts
in so doing.
When the queen's wings are clipped, the colony will swarm as
usual, and the queen will come forth with the swarm, but being
unable to fly, she will drop on the ground and hobble around in the
grass. A few of her attendants will accompany her, and probably
form a cluster around her about the size of a walnut. The greater
number of the bees, however, will keep with the fiying swarm and
cluster on a nearby tree or bush for a short time. After learning
that their queen is not present, they will return; yet they may come
out again, and even again, in their efforts to swarm, but upon learn-
ing that their queen does not accompany them, they will return to
the hive and remain only long enough to find it possible to come
forth with one of the young queens, which is about ready to emerge.
Of course, if the wings of an unmated or virgin queen be clipped, she
will not lay fertile or worker eggs afterwards, but will lay only
drone-producing eggs. Therefore, the keeper should be sure that the
queen is laying properly before her wings are clipped. This is shown
by the uniform arrangement of eggs in worker comb, only one in each
cell—not scattered unevenly, with several in a cell. -
What to do When Bees Swarm: If bees be kept in the old box
hives, so that the wings of the queen have not been clipped, they will
of course, swarm in a cluster in the usual way; and the best thing to
do is to prepare a clean hive to receive them, and sprinkle or spray
a little water over the cluster before shaking them down. This pre:
vents their readiness of flight. They then can be shakea into a
basket, and if this is covered at once with cloth they can be carried
down to the ground; or a cluster, if high, can often be obtained by
running a stiff wire around the mouth of a large bag, and by means
of this wire to hold the bag open, slip it over the ciuster of bees.
Then by shaking them vigorously, get them into the bag, and turn
the wire to one side so that the bees are kept therein until they are
brought to the ground. If then they are sprinkled or sprayed with
water, they are less liable to fly.
The chief point in the operation at the time of swarming of bees
is to find the queen by spreading a cloth on the ground in front of
the hive they are to enter, and dropping them upon this cloth in
such a way that they will be spread enough to let the persons hiving
them watch very carefully at the entrance of the hive for the queen
to enter. She should be caught and her wings or wing clipped.
Then she can be dropped among the bees and permitted to run in
the hive, with the knowledge that there will be no absconding or
departing swarming afterwards.
334
Another way to prevent bees from leaving the hive after swarming,
is to put them into a hive, even if the queen can not be found to
clip her wings; but over the entrance of the hive fasten a strip of
queen-excluding zinc, which permits the workers to go in and out,
but will not permit the queen to pass through. After they commence
to build up comb and the queen commences to lay eggs, she can easily
be found by lifting out the frames in the centre of the hive and
seeing her at work around the eggs and young brood. She call then
be captured and clipped, if for any reason she could not be ſouni at
the time of hiving.
The queen’s wings can be clipped with a pair of scissors or with
a sharp-pointed knife. It is not necessary to clip more than one
wing, and it is a good practice to clip the wing or wings on one side
of queens one year, and on the other side those to be clipped the next
year, indicating to the keeper the age of the queen. No good bee.
keeper makes a practice of keeping queens longer than two years,
and the most successful honey producers are those which change
Queens each year. It does not hurt the queen any more to
have her wings clipped than it does to have a person’s hair cut.
However, in doing this, one should be careful not to hold her by the
abdomen or hinder part of the body. She should be held by the legs,
or by one wing, or by grasping between the fingers the thorax, which
is that part of the body to which the wings and legs are attached.
There is no danger of the queen stinging a person, and one need not
be the least afraid to handle her with ungloved fingers.
When the bees swarm with a queen that has been clipped, the
first thing to do is to look around the entrance of the hive and find
the queen, and put her in a cage or vessel, or even under a glass
tumbler, to preserve her for future use. Her presence is often indi-
cated by a small cluster of her followers with her. The next step is
to set to one side the old hive and place a new hive on the old stand,
having the new hive prepared to receive the swarm, which will soon
return to the new hive on the old hive stand. When it returns, let
the queen run into the hive with her followers, and the hiving is
completed. -
If the two distinct colonies or hives of bees are desired, it is best
next to remove all the queen cells but one from the original hive.
This will prevent further dividing of the colony by what is called
“after swarming,” which is due to portions of the bees swarming out
with some of the surplus virgin queens that were left behind after
the first swarm. Of course, it must be remembered that some of the
queens may have escaped from their cells at the time of the primary
swarm or very shortly thereafter. If so, this can be recognized by
seeing the smooth, round openings at the ends of the queen cells,
335
If there be young virgin queens in the original hive, all these but
one should be found and destroyed, in order to prevent, after or Sec-
ondary swarming. -
If the keeper should not care to increase the number of his colo-
nies, but rather should prefer to maintain the strength of the original
colony and increase the honey yield by so doing, it is best for him
immediately to destroy all the queen cells and all the virgin queens,
uniting the two colonies by placing one over the other, or by shaking
the swarm back into the original hive, and giving more room and
ventilation. Of course, properly prepared supers or receptacles for
the honey should also be given at once, with abundant ventilation.
Persons desiring to undertake modern bee-keeping should, of
course, study some of the modern books devoted to this subject, which
discuss in full the habits of the honey bee, and the proper care which
the bees should have, based upon a knowledge of their habits. This
Bulletin is intended merely to give some practical directions, which
may be used for the present to aid in preserving for human use some
of the immense quantity of nectar now going to waste in the myriads
of blossoms in this State, as well as to help fruit growers get the
benefits of the bees by keeping at least a few colonies in their or-
chards. The popular opinion concerning bees destroying fruits is
an error, as the bees never puncture fruits of any kind of their own
accord, although they may work where something else has punctured
the skin of the fruit. The bees are necessary for the setting of fruits
by carrying pollen, and will be found profitable not only for the pro-
duction of honey, but for the insurance of our fruit crop.
NURSERY INSPECTION.
Report of Nursery Inspection in Pennsylvania.
During the past year the inspection of nurseries has been pushed
with more than usual vigor, during both the summer season and the
winter. This is the third year that we have inspected nurseries
during the winter time, and the results are found to be so beneficiaſ
that it is determined to continue this feature of the inspection. The
summer inspection is started the first of August and is continued
until all the nurseries of the State are thoroughly inspected, which
is generally until about the middle of September. However careful
and conscientious the Inspector may be at the time of inspection, it
is impossible to find all the scale insects that may be concealed
beneath green leaves and buds during the summer inspection, and
336
also there is great danger that the scale may spread after this in-
spection is finished and infest nursery stock which was clean at the
time it was inspected.
In order to be certain to find the San José Scale and other tree
pests the February inspection is made when the trees are not in
leaf, and there is a better opportunity to inspect them thoroughly
and see that they are in proper condition for spring sales. The in-
spections have been made with greater care than ever before, and
the nurserymen themselves have commended it and commented upon
the thoroughness with which the present force of inspectors are do-
ing their work. The results are gratifying to all parties concerned.
When the nursery inspection was first undertaken some of the
nurserymen were opposed to it for the reason that they thought it
was interfering with their rights and property, and that they should
be permitted to sell the nursery stock grown on their own land if
the infestation came by means for which they were not responsible.
They now fully understand that to stay in the business permanently
and continue to make sales they must of necessity sell good stock
in good condition, and satisfy customers. Thus they have become
enthusiastic supporters of a very rigid system of nursery inspection.
The greatest evil threatening nursery stock in this State has
been infested trees or shrubbery in the vicinity of nurseries, and
the great danger of the San José scale spreading readily from such
trees to the nursery stock. Several cases of nursery infestation by
such means were found by our inspectors a few years ago, and this
justified the movement on our part to force the owners to rid their
trees of such dangerous pests. As a consequence, last summer we
gave considerable attention to inspecting trees and shrubs in the
vicinity of nurseries but not on the same premises, and notified the
owners that their property must be treated by certain means or it
would be our duty to treat it or destroy it in order to get rid of the
scale threatening the nursery stock and trees of neighbors. We
are much gratified to report that in every case prompt remedial ac-
tion was taken by the owners, and the results are very gratifying
to all parties concerned. Nurserymen report that they have had
during the past season far less infestation from scale from sur-
rounding premises than ever before, and we believe that by this
method we can reduce the San José Scale reaching nursery stock
and consequently extending into the orchards of this State.
Our requirements where trees are found infested in a nursery
are to destroy all trees that can be found attacked by San José
Scale, and fumigate all others from that nursery before they are
sold or shipped. There has been considerable complaint made
against fumigation, some persons claiming that it injured their
337
trees, but we know of a series of fumigation experiments which
show that three times the required dosage of one ounce of the Cya-
nide of Potasium to one hundred cubic feet of space resulted in no
injury whatever to the trees or cuttings. It is by all means best
to have nursery Stock fumigated at the nursery before shipping,
whether it be infested or not. The reports adverse to fumigation
have mostly come from persons who wished to be excused from the
trouble of insuring, by this method, the freedom of their trees from
pests.
It is against the law to ship any nursery stock, of varieties liable
to be attacked by the San José Scale, into this State from any other
State or Country without certificates both of inspection and fumi-
gation being attached to each package, bale or bundle in the ship-
lment. Persons who have opportunity are invited to aid us in the
# secution of the law by Watching for incoming packages at rail-
road stations, express offices, etc., which Inay not bear tags certi-
fying both inspection and fumigation, as required by our State law.
Reports of such infringement should be sent at once to the Secre-
tary of Agriculture, with details of the facts of the case, with the
name of the shipper as well as the consignee, and the railroad or
express company carrying the shipment.
It is likewise illegal to sell, ship or transport any nursery stock,
for any distance whatever in this State, without said stock having
attached thereto a certificate of inspection, showing when and by
whom it was inspected, and if it has been fumigated, a certificate
or statement of fumigation must likewise be attached. Purchasers
are advised to reject all shipments not tagged or labelled in ac-
cordance with these statements, and notify this office of observed
infringements of the law.
The work of the inspection has been greatly increased this year by
the necessity of carefully inspecting all stock imported into this
State from foreign countries, for the purpose of detecting the Brown-
tail moth, the Gypsy moth and other serious pests not at present
known in this Commonwealth. This inspection was mostly done
during the latter part of the winter, and the very early part of the
spring, as it had to be done immediately upon the arrival of the im-
ported stock. It was done at the nurseries or premises where the
cases were opened. About twelve hundred large cases of stock were
inspected, containing a total of nearly two million plants. Nearly
one hundred nests of the destructive Brown-tail moth were found
and destroyed, and it is believed that none escaped. The Gypsy moth
was not found on any of the imported stock.
Although the work of inspection was done through the office of the
Economic Zoologist, Mr. E. B. Engle, as Chief Nursery Inspector, has
been responsible for most of the details of the inspection work, and
338
has spent most of his time in the field. His services have continued
to be given in a very efficient manner, and for this he deserves the
commendation of the growers of plants that are protected by such
service. *
The following is a list of the nurseries inspected and licensed in
the State of Pennsylvania, giving the name, address, area in nursery
stock and certificate number of each:
Plate III—Third Step in Transferring Bees. Fastening Combs with Wooden
Strips into new Frames for Modern Hives. Photo. of Prof. H. A. Surface in his
Experimental Apiary, at Camp Hill, Cumberland Co., Pa.

Plate IV—Fourth Step in Transferring Bees.—Placing Newly Filled Frames and
Strips into new Frames for Modern Hives. Photo. of Prof. H. A. Surface in his
Experimental Apiary at Camp Hill, Cumberland Co., Pa. -

339
LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNsyIVANIA.
. ADAMS COUNTY.

§
§
;:
Name. - Place. §
©
iº q=;
§ | #
Q 3 3
E. P. Garretson, ----------- ---- Biglerville, ---------------- # 1481
H. G. Baugher, ---- tº E: Aspers, -------------------- 3 1460
O. A. Stoner, Gettysburg, --------------- 2 1389
Charles J. Wilson, R. F. D., $º Gettysburg, --------------- 2 1461
PI. R. Plank, t sº York Springs, ------------ 2 1515
Oyler & Hartman, R. D. No. 5, Gettysburg, --------------- 2 1388
Cornelius Bender, R. D. No. 2, ------------------------| Aspers, * % 1887
ALLEGHENY COUNTY.
IElliott Nursery Co., ---- Springdale, --------------- 30 1462
BEAVER COUNTY.
James W. Mackall, ----- Beaver, ------------------- 15 1370
R. C. Mackall, ---- * * * * - Beaver, ------------------- 10 1368
J. Hoyt,” --- - Industry, ----------------- 10 1371
A. P. Goodwin, ----- sº tºº Industry, ----------------- 6 1367
A. J. Freed,” - -, Racine, -------------------- 2 1439
W. A. Freed,” --- - - * = -----------| Racine, - - 4 1440
Joseph and Charles Engle, R. D. No. 2,” -----------| Beaver, ------------------- 6 1369
Arnold Bros., R. D. No. 1,” ------------------------| Beaver Falls, ------------ 5 1438
Enoch Engle, R. D. No. 1,” ----- Beaver, gº-ºº º º gº sº ºn m = * * * * * * * * *- := * 8% 1366
BEDFORD COUNTY.
Austin Wright, sº- ..] Alum Bank, -------------- 2 1522
Penna. Department of Forestry, W. L. Byers, -
Forester, Rainsburg, ---------------- # 1392
BERKS COUNTY.
Wenrich Bros., Robesonia, ---------------- % 1393
Bertrand H. Farr, Wyomissing, -------------- 10 1505
JBRADFORD COUNTY.
Samuel H. Madden, U. S. Weather Bureau, Colum-
bus, Ohio. Nursery at Granville Summit, -------- 3. 1427
BUTLER COUNTY.
Pierce Bros., Butler, 5 1399



"Grow berry or small fruit plants only.
2
340
LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
BUCKS COUNTY.
*
GD
§
:
Name. Place. #
©
§ $E
<! O
J. L. Lovett, ----- s sº as m, m = me s was sº me ºr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Emilie, -- - - - - 3 1472
Henry Palmer, * ge -------------| Langhorne, --------------- 3 1482
Horace Janney, ----- & Fº Newtown, ------------------ 5 1465
D. Landreth Seed Co., ----- - - - Bristol....------------------- 2 1466
The W. H. Moon Co., ------------------------------- Morrisville, ----------------| 200 1452
Samuel O. Moon, -------------------------------------- Morrisville, ---------------- 50 1451
D. J. Youngken, ----- - - * * Richlandtown, ------------- 1 1501
Jacob F. Krout, R. D. No. 1, ------------------------| Perkasie, ------------------ 2 1499
Penna. R. R. Co., Forestry Department, Philadel—
phia, Pa. Nursery near ---------------------------- Morrisville, ---------------- 20 1457
CHESTER COUNTY.
James Donoghue, --- E º -------| Kennett Square, ----------- : 1423
W. H. Doyle, ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Berwyn, ------------------- 5 1418
The Morris Nursery Co., -----------------------------| West Chester, ------------- 200 1459
The Conard & Jones Co., ---------------------------- West Grove, --------------- 30 1422
The Dingee & Conard Co., ---------------------------| West Grove, --------------- 15 1426
The Rakestraw Pyle Co., -----------------------------| Kennett Square, ----------| 200 1463
J. A. Roberts, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * Malvern, ------------------ 6 1456
Hoopes Bro. & Thomas Co., -------------------------| West Chester, -------------| 600 1411
J. B. Reif, ---- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Spring City, -------------- 2 1490
E. B. Keating, --- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = sº sº sº a Kennett Square, ----------| # 1414
Louis B. Eastburn, -----------------------------------| Kennett Square, ---------- 3 1419
CLEARIFIELD COUNTY.
W. S. Wright, ----- sº- * ---| Clearfield, ~ % I521
COLUMBIA COUNTY.
Philip Harris, R. F. D., --- Light Street, -------------- # 1394
CRAWFORD COUNTY.
David Kelty,” --- * * Cochranton, -------------- 1% 1377
M. N. Shepard,” --------------------------------------| Cochranton, -------------- 1 1379
Anderson Bailey, R. D. No. 66,” ---------------------- Cochranton, -------------- 13 1381
Henry Roberts, R. D. No. 66,” * * Cochranton, -------------- 6 1382
J. T. Reed, R. D. No. 66,” ---------------------------| Cochranton, -------------- 2 1380
Samuel J. Cooper, R. D. No. 58, --------------------| Cochranton, -------------- 4% 1378
Lewis E. Swogger, R. D. No. 28,” --------------------| Carlton, ------------------- 2 1432
The Penna. Nursery Co., office at Girard, Pa., ---- Shermansville, ------------ 25 1376
J. Q. Marsh,” ----- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = m, as sº as sº, Geneva, ------------------- 6% 1442
L. L. Wood,” * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = sma, Geneva, ------------------- 3% 1443
Peter Schaffner, R. D. No. 2,” -----------------------| Meadville, ----------------- 3 1429
Henry Shellito, R. D. No. 41, -------------------------| Linesville, ----------------- I 1404

*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.
**
341
LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
OUMBERLAND COUNTY.
wºr- ſ
§
ă
Name. Place. #
©
tº SE
<g O
|
J. T. Opperman,” . ---------------| Camp Hill, ---------------- % 1528
B. F. Cocklin, R. D. No. 2, ----- & se : Mechanicsburg, -----------| # 1529
DAUPHIN COUNTY.
The Berryhill Nursery, -----------| Harrisburg, --------------- 2 1523
C. P. Scholl, R. D. No. 1, -------------------------- - Halifax, ------------------- 5 1514
Andrew Coble, R. D. No. 1, -------------------------- Middletown, --------------- 6 1497
Adolph Thomann, ------------------------------------- Harrisburg, --------------- % 1519
DELAWARE COUNTY.
P. Z. Supplee, ---- * gº tº gº gº ---| Collingdale, --------------- 25 1413
J. J. Styer, ---- - - --> --------------| Concordville, -------------- 2 1479
M. J. Porter, ----- * * as as me • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * as Wayne, -------------------- 5 1498
O. H. Pettiford, --------------------------------------| Lansdowne, --------------- 1. 1524
W. E. Caum (Lessee), -------------------------------| Haverford, ---------------- 12 1520
John G. Gardner, -------------------------------------| Bryn Mawr, --------------- 10 1470
H. H. Battles, ----------------------------------------| Newtown Square, --------- 10 1471
Otto Lochman & Co., -------------------------------- Wallingford, -------------- 1 1504
ERIE COUNTY.
Miss F. C. Day,” -------------------------------------| Girard, * * 2 1407
L. C. Hall, ---- * * - - --------------| Avonia, ------------------- 3. 1408
H. C. Pettis, ----- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m' se s = e mº, mºs Platea, -------------------- % 1445
Dr. A. B. Heard, -------------------------------------| North East, --------------- 4 1526
A. F. Youngs,” ---------------------------------------- North East, --------------- 5 1446
Orton Bros. .” -----------------------------------------| North East, --------------- 2% 1434
L. G. Youngs, ---- - - - - North East, --------------- 4 1401
D. C. Bostwick & Son,” ------------------------------| Ripley, N. Y., ------------ 5 1436
M. E. Kelly, R. D. No. 2,” ---------------------------| North East, --------------- 4 1437
A. J. Youngs,” ---- - - sº º North East, --------------- 1% 1400
W. E. Smith, R. D. No. 3,” --------------------------| North East, --------------- 3% 1435
J. G. Bagley," ...-- North East, --------------- 1 1433.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
Penna. Department of Forestry, Geo. H. Wirt
(Forester), - * Mt. Alto, ----------------- 10 1509
Henry Elcholz, ----------------------------------------- Waynesboro, -------------- # 1478
JUNIATA county.
John K. Oberholtzer," * ----| Mifflintown, -------------- 3. 1496
S. H. Graybill,” ----| Richfield, ------------------ 5 1492
Wm. Banks,” * ----| Mifflintown. --------------- 7 1495
John H. Shellenberger,” ---- tº º McAllisterville, ------------ 6 1494



*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.
342
IIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
LACKAWANNA COUNTY.
i
:
Name. Place. §
©
e º:
# #
3. §
Elmer E. Richards,” ---- -- -------| Baldmount, --------------- # 1475
John W. Shepherd, 945 Clay Ave., -------------------| Scranton, ----------------- 4 1464
Daniel O’Hora, ----- Dunmore, ----------------- # 1506
LANOASTER COUNTY.
John G. Engle, ---------------------------------------- Marietta, ------------------ 2 1518
Maurice J. Brinton, ----------------------------------| Christiana, ---------------- 20 1364
W. P. Bolton, R. F. D., ----------------------------- McCall's Ferry, ----------- 2 1886
D. D. Herr, —-º- * Lancaster, ---------------- 10 1385
Wilson Kready, --- ------| Mt. Joy, ------------------ 1 1467
O. W. Laushey, ----- E tº & sº * * * * - ºg - . . sº º – Gº & º º Eº º E B = * ºn Bird-in-hand, ------------- 2 1489
A. W. Root & Bro., R. D. No. 1, ------------------| Manheim, -----------------| 20 1488
David S. Herr, R. D. No. 7, ----- * * Lancaster, ---------------- 10 1365
M. H. Musser, ---- * Lancaster, ---------------- 5 1390
B. F. Barr & Co., ----------------------------------->| Lancaster, ---------------- 3 1512
Frank A. Suter, ----- - - Lancaster, ---------------- # 1361
Mayer & Son, tº º - - ----| Willow Street, ------------| 2 1360
LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Butz Bros., -- - - gº º New Castle, --------------- º 1405
A. S. Moore, ----- * tº E: -----| New Castle, --------------- 1 1406
D. W. Fisher, ----- sº º ----| New Wilmington, -------- # 1441
LEHIGH COUNTY.
W. B. K. Johnson Estate, Allentown, ---------------- 20 1513
Preston J. Kline, ---- Coopersburg, ------------- 3 1473
LUZERNE COUNTY.
Miss M. A. Maffett, ---- Wilkes-Barre, ------------- 1 1480
MERCER COUNTY.
H. H. McClearn,” ----- -- -------| Stoneboro, ---------------. 3 1872
D. C. McClearn,” ------------ sº Stoneboro, ---------------- 2 1373
Geo. W. Proud,” -------------------------------------- Stoneboro, ---------------- 2 1374
James McClearn,” ------------------------------------- Stoneboro, ---------------- 1% 1375
O. P. McLean,” ----- * E. * * Greenville, ----------------- 1 1883
W. M. Doyle,” ---- &- * ------------| Stoneboro, ----------------| 10 1431
Robert Doyle,” ---------------------------------------- Stoneboro, ---------------- 5 1444
J. W. Nelson,” ----- -----| Volant, -------------------. 2 1527
George E. Brocklehurst, R. D. No. 20,” ------------- Jackson Centre, ----------- 4 1430
J. T. McLean, R. D. No. 46,” ------------------------| Greenville, ----------------- 3 1384
J. L. Hoobler & Sons, R. D. No. 34, --------------- Hadley, ------------------- 3% 1402
W. R. Cribbs,” ---- Mercer, -------------------- 3 1409
H. W. Allison, R. D. No. 9,” ------------------------ Mercer, -------------------- 7 1428


*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.
343
LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
MIFFLIN COUNTY.
s:
g gº
§
§:
Name. Place. #
- - tº &
# #
3 §
Penna. Department of Forestry, W. H. Kraft,
Forester. Nursery and forest reservation near
Greenwood, Huntingdon Co., Pa., -----------------| Belleville, ------------------ 8% 1891
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Chris Koehler, --- Cheltenham, -------------- 2 Tº()3
R. B. Haines Co., ----- sº ----| Cheltenham, -------------- 4 1450
J. B. Heckler, ---- * * - ----------| Lansdale, ----------------- 4 1421
J. W. Thomas & Sons, ---- King of Prussia, ---------- 75 1507
Benjamin Reig, ---- tº º -| Jenkintown, --------------- 3 1500
J. Krewson & Sons, ----- * tº: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Cheltenham, -------------- 20 1449
T. N. Yates & Co., -----------------------------------| North Wales, ------------| 100 145S
J. B. Moore, ----- - - sº -------------| Hatfield, ------------------ 5 1448
Adolph Mueller, ----- * = ----------| Norristown, -------------- 5 1417
Thomas Meehan & Sons, Inc., ------------------------| Dresher, -------------------| 216 1453
Wm. Sturzebecher, Lansdale, ----------------- # 1424
Edward D. Drown, ------------------------------------| Weldon, ------------------- # 1897
J. G. Steffin, Norristown, --------------- 2% 1425
Somerton Nurseries, A. U. Bannard, Mgr., 125 S.
5th St., Philadelphia, Somerton, ----------------- 15 1412
MONROE COUNTY.
E. M. Werkeiser, Stroudsburg, --------------- 2 1510
NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.
Theodore Roth, - - Nazareth, ----------------- I 1469
Hays Nursery Co., - Baston, ------------------- l 1525
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY.
Francis W. Peifer, R. F. D., * | Fishers Ferry, ~~~ 2 | 1484
PERRY COUNTY.
Geo. A. Wagner, R. F. D., Landisburg, --------------- 4 | 1516
IPHILADELPHIA COUNTY. . -*
Chas. A. Knapp, 7634 Carson St., Chestnut Hill, ------------ 1 1420
W. W. Harper, - Chestnut. Hill, ------------| 500 1415
Thos. Meehan & Sons, Inc., Germantown, -------------- 45 1454
T. N. Yates & Co., - ſº p = ** * * **** = as a mesº === | 6 1517
John B. Lewis, Torresdale, ----------------| 15 1447
A.F. Ö'Connell, 4103 Girard Ave., llllllllllllllllll Philadelphia, T.I.I.I.I.III 60 1416
John Stephenson's Son, Oak Lane, ---------------- 2 1893


*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.
344
LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Concluded.
* SNYDER COUNTY.
*
Gl)
rº
8
t;
ſº
Name. Place. #
©
§ $E
John F. Boyer, R. D.,” ----- gº tº Middleburg, -------------* = 6 1483
Philip A. Apple, R. F. D.,” --------------------------| Middleburg, --------------- 2 1485
Fred G. Moyer,” ---- - - & - - Freeburg, ----------------- 2 1491
W. J. Koch, R. F. D., -------------------------------| McClure, ------------------- # 1493
SOMERSET COUNTY.
M. T. Lancaster, ---- - - - Harnedsville, ------------- 4 1359
H. E. Purbaugh, ----- & tº --------| Harnedsville, ------------- * 1363
SUSQUEEIANNA COUNTY.
E. A. Smith,” ----------- | Heart Lake, --------------- 7 1477
Geo. P. Sprout, R. D. No. 66,” ~~~~ Montrose, ----------------- 6 1476
TIOGA COUNTY.
Arthur Edwards, ----- * * &= - Elkland, ------------------- # 1468
Homer B. Howe,” -------------------------------------| Wellsboro, ---------------- 3 1502
E. E. Callahan, ----- - - * * ºr tº Wellsboro, ---------------- l 1503
Penna. Department of Forestry, Paul H. Mulford,
Forester, -------------- * * - - Asaph, --------------------- 8 1511
UNION COUNTY.
C. K. Sober (nursery near Paxinos, Northumber-
land county), ---------------------------------------- Lewisburg, ---------------- 5 1395
WENANGO COUNTY.
Venango Nursery Co., R. F. D. No. 1, -------------- Franklin, ~ 5 1403
WESTMORELAND COUNTY.
John MCAdams, --~~~ Mt. Pleasant, ------------ -, 1 | 1862
WYOMING COUNTY.
F. H. Fassett,” ----- * *-*. tº tº º MeShoppen, ~ 1 1474
YORK COUNTY.
Patterson Nursery Co., -------------------------------| Stewartstown, ------------ 25 14 6
o. E. Stein, ----------------------------------------| East Prospect, ------------ 0 1455
W. S. Newcomer, --- Glenrock, ------------------ 4 1487
E. J. Weiser, R. D. No. 7, | York, ---------------------- * | 1908


*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.
345
LICENSED THEE DEALERS.
ALLEGHENY COUNTY.
H. M. Devereaux, 900 Arch St., Allegheny, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W. B. Bockstose, Castle Shannon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. F. Miller, 1023 Garret St., Pittsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. C. Hauser, Bellevue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
John W. Howard, 715.9 Mt. Vernon St., Pittsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Joseph Jones, 102 Diamond Market, Pittsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kauffman Bros., Pittsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
John Bader, Pittsburg, N. S., . . . . . . . e º e s - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. * * * e e e o e e a e
Joseph Horne Co., Pittsburg
BEAVER COUNTY.
J. C. Withrow, Vanport, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. H. Gutermuth, Rochester, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. E. Grouch, Rochester, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BEDFORD COUNTY.
Elijah Collins, Clearfield, . . . . . . * e º ºs e º 'º º e º e º 'º e s e º e e s e e e s e º e º e e -
A. J. Schwoyer, Hyndman, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jacob H. Weandt, Reading,
M. E. Smeltzer, Reading, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alfred Dreibelbis, Reading, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wm. P. Ruth, Wernersville, e tº e - e º e e e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. M. Neischwender, Hamburg,
James Hopkins, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. F. Giles, Altoona, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > . . . . . . . .
J. F. Gable, Athens, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jos. E. Hamilton, R. D. No. 16, Rome,
BUCKS COUNTY.
John F. Barclay, Dyerstown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BUTLER COUNTY.
Geo. W. Haine, R. D. No. 32, Callery, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wm. C. Riddle, Slippery Rock, • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
CARBON COUNTY.
Paul Neihoff, Lehighton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
David N. Rehr, Lehighton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * c e s e e º e e *** * 0 e º e e
John Alcorn, Malvern, . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º sº e º ſº e º e * e º e º e g © º & © e
Benjamin Connell, West Grove, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
CLEARFIELD COUNTY.
Thos. W. Munro, DuBois, . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * e e s " " a e g o e e e º e e o e e
• e o e s e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * c e s e s e e s e e e
Mark E. Head, Bellevue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chas. Honess & Son, Allegheny, . . . . . . y; e º 'º e º e º e s e e º 'º e º e º e s e e e
J. F. Zimmerman, 6624 Penn Ave., Pittsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. M. Fails, 1807 Runette Ave., Pittsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Max Mueller & Co., Coraopolis, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• * * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
J. P. Sibley, R. D. No. 16, Rome, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of
Certificate.
417
317
410
336
376
313
373
398
346
CLINTON COUNTY.
W. W. Richie, Lock Haven, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. C. Boyd, Guy's Mills, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e e º 'º e º e º e s e e º e s a e "
F. M. Fleming, Cochranton, . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. B. Greenfield & Son, Conneautville, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CUMEERLAND COUNTY.
Ira A. Bigler, Camp Hill, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Rupp, Shiremanstown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Towser & Wolff, Carlisle, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DAUPHIN COUNTY.
A. H. Shreiner, Harrisburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geo. F. Greenawalt, Hummelstown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T. A. Weods, Harrisburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. R. Snavely, Harrisburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. M. Christman, Fort Hunter, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DELAWARE COUNTY.
John Wetherhill, Chester, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.
H.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
J. W.
H. C.
W.
FULTON COUNTY.
;
LANCASTER COUNTY.
Amos D. Herr, Lancaster, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Daniel G. Engle, Marietta, . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e s e e
LEBANON COUNTY.
Samuel P. Moyer, Myerstown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. D. M. Batdorff, Richland, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LEHIGH COUNTY.
C. E. Powell, Lundy's Lane, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. S. Powell, Lundy's Lane, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Pettis, Platea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Wm. Keefe, Erie, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. J. Roberts, Albion, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Hefflefinger, Greenvillage, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
!. Ely, Waynesboro, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. Nisewonder, Mason & Dixon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. Sipe, Harrisonville, …................
. M. Robinson, McConnellsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LACKAWANNA. COUNTY.
Giles L. Clark, Scranton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
A. J. Noble, Scranton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geo. R. Clark, Scranton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of
Certificate.
375
342
393
N. C. Beachy, Allentown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Melchoir Werkheiser, Allentown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samuel I. Leh, Allentown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LUZERNE COUNTY.
B. H. Kilmer, Wilkes-Barre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …
LYCOMING COUNTY.
Evenden Bros., Williamsport, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
McKEAN COUNTY.
F. S. Palmer, Bradford, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MONROE COUNTY.
L. D. Eilenberger, E. Stroudsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S. P. Smiley, Stroudsburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
354
406
343
374
365
323
324
347 *
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
A. E. Wohlert, Narberth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NorthAMPTON county.
Dominico Sebastino, Roseto, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Herbert Inman, Easton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY.
H. F. Frank, Montandon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. W. Foust, Watsontown, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Robert Kreitzer, Liverpool, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Residence, Mahantongo, Dauphin county.)
PHILADELPHIA COUNTY.
Moore Seed Co., Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j ñ, Giffen, 1826. N. Willington St., Philadelphia. . . . . . . . . . .
Wm. Henry Maule, Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walter P. Stokes, Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Henry F. Michell Co., Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Johnson Seed Co., Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lit Brothers, Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
John Wanamaker, Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hosea Waterer, Philadelphia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHUYLECILL COUNTY.
Walter J. Keller, Pottsville, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. O. Snyder. Minersville, • e e º e e º s e e º 'º e º e º 'º e º e s s º e s e e e º e e s
D. H. Smith, Haas, . . . . . . . . tº e º & © e º e º 'º e dº e º e º e º ºs e º e º e º e º e º ºs e e
TIOGA COUNTY.
Edwin C. Matteson, Elkland, . . . . . .e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e s s s a s a s e e s e
E. H. Wheaton, Knoxville, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. G. Oberdorf, Mifflinburg, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bell Floral Co., Franklin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WYOMING COUNTY.
Russell Bros., North Mehoopany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. A. Ney, Eatonville, e e ºr e º e s e º ºs e º e º e º e º e º te e º e º e s tº e e º e º 'º e e
C. H. Snyder, York, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J. H. Painter, York, . . . . . . . . e e s " " s e s e e s e º e º 'º e o 'o e w • * * * * * * * * *
Henry Everhart, Manchester, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. C. Kauffman, IR. D. No. 12, York, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OHIO.
Jones & Vernon, Troy, Miama county, Ohio, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Myers Bros. & Co., Wilmot, Stark county, Ohio, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of
Certificate.
381
384
* 348
NURSERYMEN FROM OTHER STATES WHO HAVE FILED
AFFIDAVITS OF FUMIGATION WITH THIS DEPART-
MENT. f
Alabama.
Chase Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huntsville.
Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huntsville.
Oak Lawn Nursery, A. W. Newson, Prop., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huntsville.
Connecticut. -
Barnes Bros. Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yalesville.
Burr Nurseries, C. R. Burr, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manchester.
Stephen Hoyt's Sons Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Canaan.
- Delaware.
Delaware Nurseries, D. S. Collins, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milford.
Dover Nurseries, G. D. Jackson, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dover.
D. S. Myer & Son, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridgeville.
Georgia.
P. J. Berckmans Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Augusta.
Otto Katzenstein & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlanta.
A. C. Oeschlig & Sons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Savannah.
Illinois.
, Arthur Bryant & Son, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Princeton.
Robert Douglas’ Sons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waukegan.
Dundee Nursery, D. Hill, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dundee.
Hall’s Nursery, S. E. Hall, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cherry Valley.
Swain Nelson & Sons Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chicago.
Peterson Nursery, 108 La Salle St., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chicago.
Vaughan's Seed Store, 84 Randolph St., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chicago.
Indiana.
C. M. Hobbs & Sons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridgeport.
Knox Nurseries, H. D. Simpson, Secretary, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vincennes.
- Iowa.
Mount Arbor Nurseries, E. S. Welch, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shenandoah.
The Gardner Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osage.
Kentucky. -
The Donaldson, Willadean Nursery, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warsaw.
Maryland.
The Franklin Davis Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baltimore.
Fleming and Hetzer, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Williamsport.
Grier Brothers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forest Hill.
J. G. Harrison & Sons, . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berlin.
J. E. Stoner, Westminster Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . s e o e s e e s s Westminster.
Massachusetts.
J. W. Adams & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Springfield.
The Bay State Nurseries, W. H. Wyman, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . North Abington.
Eastern Nurseries, H. S. Dawson, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jamaica Plain.
New England Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bedford.
The Reading Nurseries, J. Woodword Manning, . . . . . . . . . . . . Reading.
W. B. Whittier & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Framingham.
Michigan.
The Greening Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monroe.
Missouri.
$tark Bros. Nurseries & Orchards Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana.
Wild Bros. Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . e e e s s e e s e e s e e o e s e e & e º º is © e Sarcoxie.
349
Nebraska.
German Nurseries, Carl Sonderegger, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beatrice.
New Jersey.
Wm. F. Bassett, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hammonton.
Charles Black, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hightstown.
Jos. H. Black Son & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hightstown.
Bobbink and Atkins, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rutherford.
Arthur J. Collins, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moerestown.
Henry A. Dreer, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . Riverton.
Elizabeth Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & a e e s e e s s e s a Elizabeth.
F. & F. Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Springfield.
Peter Henderson & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jersey City.
Hiram T. Jones, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elizabeth.
J. T. Lovett, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Little Silver.
North Jersey Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newark.
C. Ribsam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trenton.
Geo. A. Schultz, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jamesburg.
T. E. Steele, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Palmyra.
West Jersey Nurseries, Stanton B. Cole, I’ropr., . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridgeton.
New York.
Allen Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Edward Bacon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dansville.
Bay Nursery Co., The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Bloodgood Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flushing.
Nelson Bogue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batavia.
Brown Bros. Co., ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
John Charlton & Sons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Clark Nursery Co., The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waterloo.
Charlton Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Charles J. Chisum, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
G. A. Costich Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Sepharine Costich, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Irondequoit.
Eagle Nurseries, . . . . . . . . tº e º º e º 'º e º tº e º ſº e º 'º e e º e º e g º º e º º ºs e s a º Rochester.
Ellwanger & Barry, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . Rochester.
Emmons & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newark.
Empire State Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waterloo.
Fairview Nurseries, The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irondequoit.
First National Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Foster & Griffith, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia.
Fruit Growers Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newark.
Fruitland Nurseries, The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Genessee Valley Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Genessee Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Glen Brothers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
M. H. Golden & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Graham Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Green's Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
L. W. Hall & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
M. H. Harmon Co., The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
Hawks Nursery Co., The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Herrick Seed Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Henry P. Hill, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s = • , e. e. e. e. e. e. Irondequoit.
T. S. Hubbard Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia.
Jackson & Perkins Co., The , . . . . . . . . . . . . Q - e º e º e º 'º e º º . . . . . Newark.
Geo. S. Josselyn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia.
Knight & Bostwick, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newark.
LeClare Nurseries Co., The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Maloney Bros. and Wells, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dansville.
H. E. Merrell, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
E. Moody & Sons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lockport.
Wm. C. Moore & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newark.
Morey & Son, . . . . . . . . e e s e e s e e º e º 'º e o e º e e s e e s e e o s e º e e e e s e e Dansville.
Olver Brothers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e s is e e e º e s s e e s e s e º e s e e e s s a e " " Rochester.
Orleans Nurseries, The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fort Plain.
Pan-American Nurseries, . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rochester.
Perry Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e - © e º e º ºs e º 'º - e. e. e º ºs e Rochester.
Protective Nurseries, The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 's e º e s e e s - e < * * * * * * * * Geneva.
Reilly Bros., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dansville.
Rice Bros. Čo., • * c e s e e s e e s e s e e o 'o e o e o e s a e s e " ", e o e s e e s e s e e s a Geneva.
Lewis Roesch & Son, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia.
Rochester Nurseries, . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rochester.
Roseview Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
W. A. Salter, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Sears, Henry & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
F. E. Schifferli, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia.
Sheerins' Wholesale Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dansville.
Elmer Sherwood, © º e º e º 'º - tº * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Odessa.
W. & T. Smith Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
Geo. C. Stone, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Dansville.
C. W. Stuart & Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newark.
George A. Sweet, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dansville.
H. S. Taylor Nursery Co., The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Universal Nurseries, Thos. Bolger, Propr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
Van Dusen Nurseries, The W. L. McKay, Propr., . . . . . . . . Geneva.
James Vicks Sons, . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Rochester.
W. S. Waldo Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
Western New York Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
S. D. Willard, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
Willett & Wheelock, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Collins.
Allen L. Wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rochester.
H. S. Wiley & Śon, tº e º e º º º & e º 'º e º e º 'º e e º º e º e º ºs e º e º 'º e e º 'º e º 'º -Cayuga.
- North Carolina.
Biltmore Nurseries, C. D. Beadle, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biltmore.
Waldesian Nurseries, Geo. W. Jones, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bostic.
J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Pomona.
Monroe Robbins (Special), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spear.
Ohio
American Rose & Plant Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Springfield.
W. A. Allen & Sons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geneva.
W. W. Bailey, The Buckeye Orchard Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yellow Springs.
M. Barnes & Co., Station K, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cincinnati.
A. F. Bernard, Rosemont Nursery, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Painesville.
Peter Bohlender & Sons, Spring Hill Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . Tippecanoe City.
S. W. Call, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i º e º & © tº gº tº e º e º e Perry.
Cassell Nursery Co., The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleveland.
. J. Champion & Son, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perry.
W. B. Cole, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painesville.
J. E. & T. Z. Davis, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º & © e º e º 'º e s tº e º e º 'º Delaware.
John Day & Son, Fremont Nursery, . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fremont.
Fairmount Nursery Co., The, C. F. Reece, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . Troy.
Charles Ernst, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moscow.
Farmers' Nursery Co., S. R. Fergus, Prest... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Troy.
French Nursery, The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clyde.
Wm. H. Gwynn, Fruit Hill Nursery, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moscow.
L. Green & Son, Co., The, . . . . . . . . © e º ºs e e º e º e º e º e is e a e e e Perry.
Wick Hathaway, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madison.
Henry Kohankie & Son, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painesville.
Martin Kohakie, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • * * * * * & © & e e º e º e º 'º e º 'º e e a e Painesville.
McNary & Gaines, Xenia Star Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xenia.
J. W. McNary, Dayton & Xenia Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dayton.
Miama Valley Nurseries, . . . . . e º e s a e - e º 'º º e º 'º e s > * * * * * * * * * * * * Tippecanoe City.
W. O. Muchmore, Glen Hill Nursery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fremont.
Norman & Hacker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painesville.
Ohio Nursery & Supply Co., W. P. Bates, Mgr., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elyria.
G. S. Pickett, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Clyde.
Geo. H. Poe, Poe's Vineyard, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenton
Prudential Nursery Co., The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Troy.
M. O. Ressler, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lima.
W. N. Scarff, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Carlisle.
The Schmidt & Botley Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Springfield.
Storrs & Harrison Co., The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painesville.
Wagner Park Conservatories, The , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidney.
Mark Welch, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JPainesville.
T. B. West, Maple Bend Nursery, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perry.
Wetzel Bros., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Painesville.
Tennessee.
Tennessee Wholesale Nurseries, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Winchester.
Wisconsin.
Evergreen Nursery Co., . . . . . . . . tº e > <- e º 'º e º 'º e º e º 'º º tº e º O & © e º 'º º Sturgeon Bay.
351 -
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED DURING SEPTEMBER, 1909—Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
§
5 #
2. ſº
Insects. tº
14499 || Katydid eggs, -- 28 Miss J. L. Hoopes, Swarthmore.
14501 | Aphids, ----------------------------- 28 Miss I. A. Keller, Phila.
14502 | Oyster—shell scale, -----------------| 28 G. B. Forsythe, Carnegie.
14503 l (a) Scurfy scale, ----------------- 28 || W. K. Lunger, Danville.
(b) Work of Codling moth, ------
14504 *º blight (Pemphigus tessela— 28 Miss C. K. Kenworthy, Phila.
UIS).
14505 | (a) San José scale, ---------------| 29 || W. A. Freed, Racine.
(b) Terrapin Scale, ---------------J
14506 || Aphids, * ---| 29 || S. Marserness, Robesonia.
14508 || Collection of insects, --------------| 30 | H. B. Kirk, Harrisburg.
14509 | Lepidoptera pupa, ---------------- 30 | Miss L. M. Sterling, Meshoppen.
14510 | Red-humped apple worm, ---------| 30 | H. L. Anwyll, Inglenook.
14512 | White-line sphinx (Deilethila line— 30 H. T. Diehl, Perkasie.
&lt;8). -
14514 | Scurfy scale, 30 | T. D. Cunningham, Blairsville.
Invertebrates not Insects.
14347 ſ (b) Mites, ----- * - —E 3 || W. H. Jarden, Chestnut Hill, Phila.
14861 Gordius, --------------------------- 7 G. E. Hassinger, Middleburg.
Reptiles and Batrachians.
14364 Water snake (Natrix sipedon), --| 8 || W. Angus, Stoddartsville. ,
14380 Gº, * (Ophiosaurus ven- 9 J. I. Williamson, Uchee, Ala.
TālīS).
14391 || Blowing viper (Heterodon platir– 13 || W. Angus, Stoddartsville.
OS) .
14417 | Ring-necked Snake (Diodaphis 16 || H. I. Breon, Montgomery.
punctatus).
14424 Hellbender eggs (Cryptobranch- 16 || Dr. J. Kalbfus, Harrisburg.
us alleghaniensis). º
14435 | Grass snake (Liopeltis vernalis),--| 17 | O. M. Shull, Millheim,
14446 | House Snake (Lampropeltis dolia- W. Cerlin, Sunbury.
tus triangulus .
14447 || Sculptured turtle (Clemmys in- 20 W. Angus, Stoddartsville.
Sculutus).
14448 || Blowing viper, ---------------------| 20 | O. M. Shall, Millheim.
14473 || Little red snake (Clonophis kirt-
landi). 22 L. Cristy, West Sunbury.
14474 Grass Snake, -----------------------| 22 || J. More, Analomink.
14489 | Blue racer (Bascanion constrictor), 28 J. B. Richard, Bechtelsville.
14480 | House Snake, --------------- :* - = • * * * 28 A. N. Seese, Canadensis.
14491 || Blue racer, tº- - 28 A. B. Lehman, Fayetteville.
14492 | Blowing viper, --------------------| 28 | N. S. Loomis, Glenmore.
14511 || Common swift (Sceloporus undula- 30 J. B. Swoope, Huntingdon.
Mammals.
14507 "Hººs Imouse (Zapus hudso- 29 || J. B. Ebersole, Northumberland.
US tº
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING OCTOBER, 1909.
14518 o; hen scale (Lepidosaphes 1 | Elsie McFate, Turtle Creek.
14519 | Hemispherical scale (Saissetia hem- 1 || T. Roop, Benore.
isphaerica).
14520 | (a) Apple seed chalcis (Syntomas–
pis druparum). -
(b) Codling moth (Carpocapsa 1 || W. T. Dayton, Montrose.
pomonella).
(c) Plum curculio (Conotracelus]
menuphar).
14521 | Noctuid moth (Thysania zenobia), 2 L. B. Cushman, North East.
14523 Aphids, * 2 J. W. Walker, Port Kennedy.
14525 4 || C. A. Wertz, Bedford.

San José scale (Aspidiotus per-
352
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED
DURING OCTOBER, 1909—Continued.
i
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
§
cº
ſº
...
Psylla galls (Pachypsylla celtidis 4 || J. B. Staman, Washington borough.
Imamma). •,
Elater larva (Melanactes piceus), 5 | M. Shimmell, Mt. Gretna.
Grape berry moth (Polychrosis 5 || C. H. Bode, Pittsburg.
Viteana).
Fº ºrk beetle (Scolytus rugu- 5 | H. B. Shatto, Harrisburg.
OSUIS). .
(a) Psylla galls, ------------------ l 6 || J. K. Grimm, Manns Choice.
(b) Lampyrid larva, ------------- J
Scurfy scale (Chionaspis furfura), 6 || J. H. Peachey, Belleville.
Notodontid larva, ----------------- 7 J. W. Humer, Carlisle.
(a) San José scale, --------------- l 8 || M. F. Yeatman, Kennett Square.
(b) Oyster—shell scale, ------------J
San José scale, -------------------- 8 T. J. Frederick, Spring Church.
Lepidoptera larva, ---------------- 11 W. R. Nicodemus, Henrietta.
Pigeon tremex (Tremex colomba), 11 || C. L. Woodcock, Raymond.
Black blister beetle (Epicauta
pennsylvanica). 11 | A. F. Baver, Stony Run.
Sºurfy scale, ----------------------- 11 L. J. Ulmer, Williamsport.
Pine bark aphid (Chermes pini–
corticis). 11 | N. Downs, Threetuns.
Mole cricket (Gryllotalta borealis), 11 J. A. Christman, Ft. Hunter.
Mealy bug, ------------------------- 13 | H. K. Deisher, Kutztown.
Eyed elater (Alaus oculatus), ---- 13 | Geo. W. Worth, Prospect ville.
Diptera larva, ------------------- .* -º 13 | Hoopes Bro. & Thomas, West Chester.
Cynip galls, ------------------------ 14 | Samuel Small, York.
Katydid eggs, --------------------- 15 W. Norris, Conshohocken.
Soft scale (Coccus hesperidum), -- 15 A. L. Ohe, Robesonia.
(a) San José Scale, -------------- 15 D. Weiss, Easton.
(b) Rose scale (Aulacaspis rosae),)
Sciara larva, ----------------------- 15 L. F. Wagner, New Hanover.
San José Scale, -------------------- 18 || C. B. Price, Elwood City.
San José scale, -------------------- 18 W. D. Anderson, Philadelphia.
Walking stick (Diapheromera fe- 19 || I. J. Mest, Oley. -
morata). .
Cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi), ----- 19 | T. M. Storb, New Holland.
Hemispherical scale, ---------------| 19 || Mrs...I. Herring, Easton.
Fruit bark beetle, ----------------- 21 | L. Bixler, Hellam.
Fleas (siphonaptera), -------------| 21 | D. Wilmarth, Scranton.
Terrapin scale (Eulecanium nigro- 22 J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane.
fasciatum). -
(a) San José Scale, ---------------l 23 W. C. Allen, Tunkhannock.
(b) Scurfy scale, ------------------J - *
Butterfly chrysalis, ---------------- 26 H. K. Kerstetter, Liverpool.
San José scale, -------------------- 26 || W. H. Doenning, Philadelphia.
Terrapin scale, --------------------| 26 || A. Rock, Waynesboro.
Terrapin Seale, -------------------- 26 H. C.; Majors, New Brighton.
Silver fish (Lepisma sp.), --------- 26 H. W. Fisher, Oil City.
Lepidoptera larva, ---------------- 26 W. S. Worcester, Mt. Lebanon.
Elater larva, -----------------------| 26 || A. E.; Thºmpsºn...Merger.
Water beetle (Hydrophilus trian- 27 || C. P.; Tuttle, Smiths Ferry.
glaris). $
Soft scale (Coccus hesperidum),--| 27 || Mrs. A. Shue, Glenville.
Diptera larva, ---------------------| 27 | S. C. Ensminger, Manheim.
(a) San José scale, -:) 28 G. Piffer, Raker.
(b) Scurfy Scale, ------------------ Q: - -
Scavenger beetle (Aphodius inqui- 28 J. H. Clase, Snydertown.
natus).
Oyster-shell scale, -----------------| 30 || A. E. Handcock, Haverford.
Invertebrates not InSectS. (
Mite, ------------------------------- 6 T. Allen, Wawa.
Spider, '----------------------------- 8 || O. G. Zigler, Blain.
Mite, ----- - - gº º - 25 H. M. Sharpe, Chambersburg.
Millipedes, ------------------------- 26 G. Armitt, Franklin.
Mites, ------------------------------ 27 | T. Malcolmson, Siverly.
Reptiles and Batrachians.
Spreading adder (Heterodon pla-
tirhinos). 1 | E. W. Thompkins, Eatonville.
House Snake, ---------------------- 1 | D. K. Sterrett, Oakville.
House Snake, 6 John W. Rider, Lewistown.
353
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED DURING OCTOBER, 1909—Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
Qi)
ă §
2. Q
14534 || Pilot snake (Callopeltis obsoletis), & 6 || A. B. Smith, Shirleysburg.
14540 | (a) Ring-necked snake (Diadophis]
punctatus). 7 | S. B. Shelley, Duncannon.
() gram snake (Liopeltis verna—
IS) •
14540 | (a) House Snake, ------------------|- 11 || R. W. Barthold, Effort.
14556 | House Snake, ---------------------- 13 || A. C. Ziegler, Bowmanstown.
14584 || Spotted salamander (Amblysto— 26 E. M. Mixer, Sheffield.
ma punctatum).
14592 || Spotted Salamander, --------------- 27 | E. M. Mixer, Sheffield.
14593 | House Snake, ---------------------- a D. S. Stine, Orwigsburg.
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING NOVEMBER, 1909.
• Insects. &
14604 || Fruit bark beetle, ----------------> 3 || W. C. Barger, Altoona.
14605 | (a) Scurfy Scale, -----------------l
(b) Oyster-shell scale, ------------! 3 | H. E. Gough, Altoona.
(c) San José scale, ---------------J
14606 | San José scale, -------------------- 3 || A. Conner, Greensburg.
14607 | Croton * (Phyllobromia ger– 3 || Capt. J. H. Johnson, Smiths Ferry.
Iſla Ill Cºl) .
14608 || San José scale, -------------------- 3 | S. H. Dean, Mt. Carmel.
14610 Fºus scale (Chionaspis euo- 4 || R. H. Bender, Chestnut Hill.
nyml).
14611 || Two-spotted lady beetle (Adalia 4 G. W. Edwards, Media.
bipunctata).
14612 || Oyster-shell Scale, ----------------- 5 S. G. Heflebower, Gettysburg.
14614 || Work of aphid, ------------------- 8 I. Parry, Horsham.
14615 | (a) Spotted cucumber beetle (Dia—l
brotica. 12 punctata).
(b) Lady beetle (Hippodamia con– 9 || A. B. Miller, Barnsville.
bergens). |
14616 || Fall canker Worm (Alsophila po- 9 E. S. Johnson, Pittston.
metattia).
14619 | (a) Rose scale, --------------------|| 12 | H. S. Bracken, Johnstown.
(b) Aphids, ----------------------- J
14621 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 11 || Mrs. A. Bainey, Pleasant Gap.
14622 (a) Scurfy scale, -------. 11 || Miss S. J. McClure, Clark.
14623 | Diptera larva, ---------------------| 12 | F. Palmer, Kennett Square.
14624 | Scurfy scale, ----------------------- 12 || G. W. Black, Wilkensburg.
14625 | (a) San José scale, ---------------
(b) ºnan scale (Aspidiotus anj 12 || W. H. Bullock, Honesdale.
CyIUIS).
14626 Chrysomphalus obscurus Scale, ---| 13 J. C. Cavener, Media.
14627 | Scurfy scale, -----------------------| 13 | Miss L. I. Stephenson, Hickory.
14628 || Soft scale, * * 13 || W. C. Moyer, Hatfield.
14629 || San José scale, --------------------| 13 || J. S. Cook, Brick Church.
14630 | (a) Clear wing moth (Sesia rho—
doendri). .
(b) English walnut scale (Aspidio— 15 || M. M. Haines, Cheltenham.
tus juglans—regiae).
14632 | San José scale, --------------------| 15 Miss E. S. Hamlin, Bethlehem.
14633 | San José scale, -------------------- 15 J. P. Ackerman, Lancaster.
14634 San José scale, --------------------| 16 || J. Raven, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
14635 | Scurfy Scale, -----------------------| 16 || T. S. Long, Pittsburg.
14636 | San José scale, --------------------| 16 || J. A. Rugh, Greensburg.
14637 | Pigeon tremex, -------------------- 16 || M. Loser, Lebanon.
14638 (a) San José scale, --------------- 16 || H. D. Buzzard, Irvin.
(b) Scurfy Scale, -----------------
14640 | White-marked TuSSock moth (He— 17 | W. C. Allen, Tunkhannock.
merocampa leucostigma). - -
14641 | Scurfy scale, -----------------------| 17 J A. L. Fleck, Tyrone.
14642 | San José scale, --------------------| 17 F. P. Delany, Barnesville.
14643 | Putman Scale, --------------------- 17 P. D. Aurandt, Altoona.
14644 || Scavenger beetle (Geotrupes black- 18 M. J. Alias, Cold Summit. . .
burnii).
354
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING NOVEMBER, 1909–Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
*
GD
º gº
5 $g
63
ź. ſº
14645 || Rose scale, ------------------------- 18 H. S. Shiffer, Bachmansville.
14646 || Oyster—shell scale, -----------------| 19 J. H. McClintic, Belleville.
14647 | Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga 19 I. M. Schantz, Macungie.
cerealella).
14648 || Woolly apple aphis (Schizoneura 19 J. M. Newcomer, Waynesboro.
lanigtera). sº
14649 | San José scale, -------------------- 22 E. C. Sherridan, Johnstown.
14651 | San José scale, -------------------- 22 || J. W. Mayberry, Holmesburg.
14652 | Noctuid moth cocoon, ------------- 22 || W. J. Little, Oberlin.
14653 | (a) San José scale, : 23 J. H. McClintic, Belleville.
..(b) Scurfy scale, -4---------------
14654 || Katydid eggs, ----------------------| 23 A. A. Calaman, Blosserville.
14655 || Woolly apple aphis, --------------- 23 i H. Snowberger, Waynesboro.
14656 | San José scale, --------------------| 23 || J. R. Burket, Claysburg.
14657 | San José scale, --------------------| 23 | P. B. James, Philadelphia.
14660 Tº º Scale (Eulecanium tulip- 24 || N. White, Cossart.
€I’80).
14662 | Fruit bark beetle, ----------------- 24 || W. R. Keefer, Chambersburg.
14663 | Terrapin Scale, -------------------- 24 || J. B. Fretts, Scottdale.
14664 | San José scale, --------------------| 24 | D. C. Kauffman, Abbottstown.
14665 | Scurfy scale, - 26 S. B. Trostle, New Gerry antown.
14666 | San José scale, -------------------- 26 || T. Cromley, Milton.
14667 | San José scale, -------------------- 26 H. R. Geer, Johnstown.
14668 || Maple phenacoccus (Phenacoccus 29 || R. W. Hall, South Bethlehem.
acericola).
14669 | (a) Croton bug, ------------------
(b) Bºuld bug (Melanolestes pici- 29 || C. W. Ashbach, Leechburg.
DUIS).
14671 | (a) Woolly apple aphis, ----------
(b) Cigar case bearer (Coleopho- 29 || M. M. Hildebrant, Mt. Joy.
ra fletcheralla).
(c) Oyster—shell scale, ------------
. 14672 || Woolly apple aphis, --------------- 30 || C. L. Flaccus, Pittsburg.
14673 || Woolly apple aphis, --------------- 30 || J. A. Green, Connellsville.
14674 || Oyster—shell scale, -----------------| 30 || J. E. Traxler, Halifax.
14675 Cecropia cocoon (Samia cecropia), 30 || M. A. Gregg, Wilkinsburg.
Invertebrates not Insects.
14605 | (d) Mites, -------------------------- 3 H. E. Gough, Altoona.
14609 | Nematode, -------------------------- 3 || M. F. Diffenderfer, Manheim.
14618 Nematode cysts, -------------------| 12 E. A. Leitzel, Winfield.
14622 (b) Mite, ---------------------------| 11 || Miss S. J. McClure, Clark.
14631 Spider, ----------------------------- 15 || H. H. Loose, Menges Mills.
14650 | Spider, ----- - 22 | B. A. Reynolds, Riverdale, Md.
14661 || Millipedes, 24 E. Wohlert, Swarthmore.
14670 ite, ----- 29 | E. B. Davis, Greensburg.
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING DECEMBER, 1909.
Insects.
14678 | San José scale, -------------------- 1 W. E. Raffensperger, Newport.
14679 Oyster-shell Scale, ----------------- 1 C. H. Bode, Pittsburg.
14680 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 1 || C. A. Goldschmidts, Mt. Carmel.
14683 | Collembola, ------------------------ 2 W. H. Pickop, Pine Grove.
14684 || Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 2 P. Marsh, Harveys.
14685 | (a) San José Scale, --------------- | 2 || A. J. Freed, Racine.
(b) Scurfy Scale, -----------------
14686 (a) San José scale, --------------- 2 F. Shuman, Tacony.
(b) Woolly apple aphis, ----------
14689 | Terrapin Scale, --------------------- 4 J. K. Schwenk, Providence Square.
14690 k San José scale, -------------------- 6 || J. V. Horn, Douglassville.
14691 || Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 6 || E. W. Hatch & Sons, Union City.
14692 | Black peach aphid (Aphis persi-
cae—niger). 6 || G. W. Kise, Safe Harbor.
14693 l (a) San José scale, --------------
(b) Oyster—shell scale, ------------ 6 || W. Keefe, Erie.
14696 || Bean weevil (Bruchus obtectus), -- 7 | T. B. Roth, Greenville.
14697 | San José scale, 8 J H. Beidler, Plumsteadville.
35
5
º
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING DECEMBER, 1909–Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
(c) Scurfy scale,
3
§ \
§ §
5
2: §
14699 || Oyster-shell scale, ------------------ 8 || W. H. Shepard, Belmar.
14791 || Katydid eggs, ----------------------- 9 || W. C. Hoffman, Aspers.
14702 || Oil beetle (Meloe angusticollis), -- 9 || C. H. Korns, Bradford.
14703 || Oyster—shell scale, ----------------- 9 || M. J. Thompson, Allens Mill.
14507 || Bee moth (Galleria mellonella), --| 13 | N. A. Leonard, Dallastown.
14706 | (a) Hemispherical scale, ---------
(*) gººds: Scale (Aspidiotus he— 13 || C. P. Lewis, Rome.
€Iſae).
14797 Qyster-shell scale, ----------------- 13 A. A. Mabon, Marion Centre.
14708 | Hemispherical scale, --------------- 14 || Mrs. M. Clair, Glenside.
14709 || Rose sºle. ------------------------ 14 | E. Richardson, Torresdale.
14711 | San José scale, ------------------- - 17 | W. H. Weaver, Beavertown.
14712 || Twice-stabbed lady beetle (Chilo–
corus, bivulnerus). 20 | W. J. Moore, Analomink.
14713 | Aphid honey dew, -----------------| 20 | E. C. Moore, North Wales.
14714 | San José scale, -------------------- 21 C. J. Benz, Olney.
14715 Bean weevil, -----------------------| 21 | H. W. Trichtel, Scranton.
14717 | Terrapin scale, -------------------- 29 || J. B. Fretts, Scottdale.
14719 | San José scale, --------------------| 30 | F. Hanzel, Ölney. -
Invertebrates not Insects.
14677 °, ------------------------------- 1 || L. C. Walter, Hopewell.
Reptiles and Batrachians.
1466 Spreading adder, ------------------ 1 W. Sickler, South Eaton.
13688 || Horned toad, ---------------------- 3 Miss H. Adams, Ft. Hunter.
14704 || (a) Sculptured turtle, -------------
(b) Map turtle (Graptemys geo-j. 9 | D. M. Gipple and C. D. Willoughby, Hunting-
graphicus). don.
Mammals.
14687 | Red Squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus), 3 | D. H. Davis, Meshoppen.
14710 ! Weasel (Putorius noeboracensis), 14 || M. M. Haines, Cheltenham.
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED DURING JANUARY, 1910.
Insects.
14720 | Soft scale, ------------------------- 3 || Mrs. W. H. Coleman, Wyalusing.
14721 | Oyster—shell scale, ----------------- 3 || C. H. Wolford, Duquesne.
14722 | (a) Scurfy scale, ----------------- 4 || M. G. Bitner, Reading.
(b) Fruit bark beetle, ------------
14723 | Soft scale, ------------------------- 5 H. R. Burkholder, New Holland.
14724 Chionaspis Sylvatica, -------------- 6 || W. T. Gilkerson, Apollo.
14725 | San José Scale, -------------------- 10 || J. Caithness, Lancaster.
14726 | San José scale, --------------------| 12 || J. A. Good, Middletown.
14727 | Scurfy scale, ----------------------- 13 | James A. Jordon, Washington.
14728 l San José scale, -------------------- 17 | D. R. Bomberger, Fulton House.
14729 (a) Rose scale, -------------------) 18 S. A. Wasser, Hellertown.
- (b) San José scale, ----------- *---J
14730 | San José scale, --------------------| 18 || D. F. Wetzler, Lancaster.
14731 | Lepidoptera eggs, -----------------| 19 | F. H. Neiswender, Pittman.
14732 Scurfy scale, -----------------------| 19 J. A. Jordan, Washington. "
14733 || Aphids, -----------------------------| 21 | J. Pennell, Wawa.
14734 || Codling moth larva (Carpocapsa 21 | Frank McClurg, Pittsburg.
pomonella).
14735 | (a) Scurfy scale, -----------------
(b) Oyster-shell scale, ------------ 22 || A. S. Stoner, Ligonier.
(c) Aphid eggs, ------------------ -
14736 Oyster-shell scale, -----------------| 22 L. M. HartSough, Economy.
14737 || San José scale, --------------------| 22 J. S. Brinser, Middletown.
14739 || Oyster-shell scale, -----------------| 25 | I. S. Miller, Waynesboro.
14740 | (a) San José scale, ---------------
(b) Scurfy scale, ----------------- 25 | H. S. Wagner, Carlisle.
(c) Woolly apple aphis, ----------
14741 | San José scale, ------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 26 J. C. M. Johnston, New Wilmington.
14742 | (a) Scurfy scale, E.T.:
(b) Oyster-shell scale, ------------ 26 J. J. Greenland, Three Springs.
14743 | (a) San José scale, ---------------
(b) Oyster-shell scale, ------------ 28 W. T. Moffitt, Ardara.
356
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED DURING JANUARY, 1909—Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address I Sender.
'º'
3. ©
5 3
63
2. Q
14744 Oyster-Shell Scale, ----------------- 31 E. H. Kirk, McConnellsburg.
14745 || Mealy bug (Dactylopius sp.), ---- 31 || I. M. Seidel, Shoemakersville.
14746 | Tent caterpillar eggs (MalacoSO- 31 || C. W. Burnley, SWarthmore.
ma americana).
Invertebrates not InSectS.
14735 | (d) Mite, 22 || A. S. Stoner, Ligonier.
14748 || Crustacea, -------------------------| 31 | Dr. W. A. Haines, Bristol.
Mammals.
14738 | Star nosed mole (Condylura Cris- 24 | E. Roush, Krealmer.
tata).
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING FEBRUARY, 1910.
Insects.
14749 | (a) San José scale, ---------------- 2 | Capt. J. L. Wilson, Overbrook.
14750 | Scurfy Scale, ---------------------- 2 | S. J. Hunter, Washington.
14751 | Biting lice (Mallophaga), -------- . 2 | H. W. Marks, Columbia.
14752 | San José scale, -------------------- 2 J. Schnupp, Jeannette.
14754 || Cicada killer (Specius Speciosus),-- 2 || Geo. Marburger, Reading.
14755 | San José scale, -------------------- 3 || W. L. Behe, Dysart.
14756 | Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 3 || Edw. E. Auge, Venus.
'4758 Collembola, ------------------------ 8 || R. Brearley, New York City.
14759 | Hemispherical Scale, -------------- 8 || E. R. Brunyate, Shippensburg.
14760 | (a) Hemichionaspis *...] 8 || Rose Forster, St. Marys.
(b) Hemispherical Scale, ---------
14762 Katydid eggs, -------------------- 10 || J. E. Michael, Norristown.
14763 | Scurfy Scale, ---------------------- 10 | F. J. Fisher, Shelocta.
14764 j Tree cricket eggs (Oecanthus sp.), 11 || W. L. McCrerey, Rea.
14765 | Euprestid beetle (Dicerca divari- 14 | F. R. Brunot, Greensburg.
cata).
14766 | (a) Oyster-shell Scale, -----------] 14 || J. W. Phillips, Pine Bank.
(b) Scurfy Scale, -----------------
14767 | Mealy bug, ------------------------- 14 L. V. Beahler, Snyders.
14768 | Lepidoptera eggs, ----------------- 14 | McClellen Bros., Cannonsburg.
14769 | San José Scale, -------------------- 15 J. C. Derck, Fishers Ferry.
14770 | Soft Scale, ------------------------- 15 | H. C. Fasnacht, Lancaster.
14772 | San José scale, -------------------- 21 J. F. Werner, York.
14773 White-marked tussock moth, -----| 21 | McClellen Bros., Cannonsburg.
14774 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 21 || J. W. Nesbit, Oakdale. º
14775 | Fruit bark beetle larva, ----------- 21 | H. A. Derch, Trevorton.
14776 | (a) Scurfy Scale, ------------------ 21 13. F. Long, Blue Knob.
14777 Katydid eggs, --------------------- 21 A. W. Smith, Ridley Park.
14778 || Katydid eggs, -------------------- 21 | H. K. King, Philadelphia.
14779 | San José scale, -------------------- 23 Dr. J. G. Garduc, Mason and Dixon.
14780 | Aspidiotus dictyospermi, ---------, 23 Mrs. J. T. Sheeder, Everett.
14781 || Katydid eggs. ---------------------- 24 T. Shireley, Norristown.
14782 | Scurfy Scales.----------------------- 24 W. E. MattherSpough, Driftwood.
14783 | San José Scale, -------------------- 24 || W. D. Slease, Pittsburg.
14784 || Greenhouse white fly (Aleurodes 24 || F. H. Worch, Waverly.
vaporariorum).
14787 | Terrapin Scale, ------------------- 28 Frank Abbe, Pottstown.
14789 || Katydid eggs, --------------------- 28 D. B. Hadley, Muddy Creek.
Invertebrates not Insects.
14749 (b) Mite, ----- - - 2 || Capt. J. L. Wilson, Overbrook.
14776 (b) Mite, -------------------------- 21 | B. F. Long, Blue Knob.
Mammals.
14761 | Flying squirrel (Sciuropterus vo- 9 || A. F. Seip, Kutztown.
lans).
3
57 .
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING MARCH, 1910.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
(b) Oyster-shell scale,
§
f cº
E; †:
2: Q
Insects
14791 || Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 1 || T. J. Wilson, Beaver Falls.
14792 | Scurfy scale, ---------------. ------ 1 | W. G. Beaver, Catawissa.
14793 || Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 2 D. H. Way, Port Matilda.
14794 | Rose Scale, ------------------------- 2 | D. Z. Miller, Middletown.
14795 || Katydid eggs, --------------------- 2 | H. P. Lederer, New Providence.
14796 | (a) San José scale, ---------------.]
(b) Scurfy Scale, ----------------- } 4 || L. S. Hart, Jr., Duncannon.
(c) Oyster-shell scale, ------------- J
14797 | San José Scale, -------------------- 4 || W. Harvey, Camp Ground.
14798 | Tree Cricket eggs, ----------------- 4 W. Shipp, ‘waynesboro.
14799 || Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 4 || Dr. B. M. Dickinson, Pittsburg.
14801 | San José Scale, -------------------- 5 L. W. . Moore, Reynoldsville.
14802 | Aphid eggs, ----------------------- 5 || C. E. Sheaffer, Newport.
14803 || Oyster-shell Scale, ----------------- 8 || A. D. Engle, Josephine.
14804 || Tree Cricket eggs, ----------------- 8 || J. H. Greesley, Mertztown.
14805 | (a) Scurfy Scale, ------------------ l 8 || W. O. Switzer, Danville.
(b) San José scale, ---------------- -
14806 | San José scale, -------------------- 8 H. Beidler, Plumsteadville.
1 Oyster-shell Scale, > ---------------- 8 || W. W. Waite, Warriors Mark.
14808 || Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 8 || G. C. Benjamin, Towanda.
14809 | Terrapin Scale, -------------------- 8 || J. S. Fisher, Imperial.
14810 | San José scale, -------------------- 8 J J. D. Dreibelbis, Virginville.
14811 | Peach tree borer larva (Sannioi- 8 W. A. Adams, Coraopolis.
dea exitiosa).
14812 | Hymenoptera larva (Aridus tri- 8 J. O. Withrow, Vanport.
maculatus).
14815 (b) Oyster-shell scale, :::::::::::: 9 H. A. Lawrence, Sunbury.
(c) Scurfy Scale, ------------------ 9 || R. C. Beaver, Greenville.
14813 | Arctiidae larva, --------------------
14816 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 9 J. H. Rochester, Marion Centre.
14817 | (a) Rose scale, -------------------.] 9 Mrs. W. A. Gray, South Boston, Va.
(b) San José scale, ---------------J
14818 || Aspidiotus dictyospermi, ---------- 9 || John Dokorski, Erie.
14819 (a) Scurfy scale, ------------------- 9 | N. Green, Valencia.
14820 | Parasitic hymenoptera cocoons, --- 9 || C. F. Moyer, Freeburg.
14821 | Hemiptera egg punctures, --------- 10 || J. Spleen, Kersey.
14822 || Bean Weevil, ----------------------- 10 | E. Anderson, Warren.
14823 | (a) Cecropia cocoon, -------------
(b) White-marked tussock moth
COCOOI). ~ g
(c) San José scale, --------------- 10 || S. S. Hull, Cambridge Springs.
(d) Tree cricket egg punctures, --
(e) Arctid larva, -----------------
(f) Aphid eggs, ------------------J
14824 | San José scale, --------------------| 11 | S. M. Crooks, Apollo.
14825 | Scolytid larva, -------------------- 11. A. M. Herr, Strasburg.
14826 | San José scale, -------------------- 11 || F. G. Betts, Clearfield.
14828 (a) San José scale, --------------- 14 || J. L. Ginck, New Oxford.
(b) Scurfy Scale, -----------------
14829 Oyster-shell scale, --------. .------- 14 | E. Hays, White Haven.
14930 | Soft scale, ------------------------>| 14 || R. S. Clark, Dillsburg.
14931 | (a) San José scale, --------------- 15 || G. H. Transue, Scotrun.
(b) Scurfy scale, -----------------
14832 || Arctid moth (Diacrisia virginica), 15 || C. C. Watt, Philadelphia.
14883 Scurfy Scale, -----------------------| 15 || R. J. Nerlin, Blairs Mills.
14834 Oyster-shell scale. -----------------| 15 | T. J. Wilson, Pittsburg.
14835 | Scurfy scale, -----------------------| 15 C. C. Boyd, Pulaski.
14836 || Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 15 I. W. Rollin, Reading.
14837 Cecropia cocoon, ------------------ 15 W. E. Angewine, Emporium.
14838 Qleander scale, -------------------- 15 S. Boyer, Gratz.
14839 Terrapin scale, -------------------- 16 J. M. Campbell, Webster.
14840 | (a) Tree cricket eggs, ------------ 16 || I. S. Miller, Waynesboro.
(b) Katydid eggs, ---------------- -
14841 | San José Scale, --------------------| 16 J. E. Renoll, East Berlin.
14842 | Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 16 || J. R. Rhoads, Manatawny.
14844 || Willow cone galls (Rhabdophaga 17 | O. A. Faulk, Belleview.
- Strobiloides).
14845 | Scurfy scale, -----------------------| 17 | G. D. Barnes, Grove City.
14846 | (a) Scurfy scale, ----------------- 17 | Mrs. R. J. Peppler, Kelly Station.
358
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED DURING MARCH, 1910—Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
É #
2. Q
14847 | Fall canker Worm eggs, ---------- 17 | Thos. Harris, New Florence.
14848 || San José scale, -------------------- 19 || W. L. Copenhefer, Malta.
14849 | San José scale, -------------------- 19 || W. Noething, Selinsgrove.
14850 | San José scale, -------------------- 19 || J. S. Hill, Gem.
14851 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 21 | D. H. Way, Port Matilda.
14852 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 21 | M. D. Mathias, Hustontown.
14853 | San José Scale, -------------------- 23 E. P. Shook, Spring Mills.
14854 || Oyster-shell scale, ------------------ 23 J. W. Fryling, Sunbury.
14855 || Pine t; aphid (Chermes pini- 23 || T. Cutler. Valley Forge.
COTERCIS).
14856 | Oyster-shell scale, ------------------ 23 || M. E. T. Newbold, Irvine.
14857 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 24 . C. McKenzie, Beaver.
14858 | (a) Oyster-shell scale, ------------.]
(b) Scurfy scale, º: 24 || C. L. Roberts, New Castle.
(c) Putnam Scale, ----------------
(d) San José scale, --------------- -
14859 | Diptera larva, -------------------- 24 E. Woomer, Snyders.
14860 | Oyster-shell scale, ------------------ 24 W. Kough, Cross Fork.
14861 | Rose Scale, ------------------------- 24 L. C. Greim, Reading.
14862 | San José scale, 29 || C. E. Shaffer, Hyndman.
14868 || Scurfy scale, ----------------------- 29 || D. S. Miller, Blacklick.
14864 || Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 29 || C. W. Uhdey, Warren.
14865 | Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 29 || C. R. Lebarre, Kingsley.
14866 || Mealy bug, ------------------------ 29 || M. Reimer, Wyomissing.
14867 Katydid eggs, ---------------------| 29 || H. B. Worrell, Philadelphia.
14868 || San José scale, -------------------- 29 | F. D. Freeborn, Knoxville.
14869 || Oyster-shell scale, ------------------| 29 | P. J. Willebrand, Cresson.
14870 | Oyster-shell scale, ------------------| 29 G. Stryker, Williamsport.
14871 | San José scale, -------------------- 29 || W. S. Bayer, Christiana.
14872 Fall canker worm, ---------------- 29 || H. J. Farmer, Beaver.
14874 || Two-spotted lady beetle, ---------- 29 || Mrs. C. C. Binney, Chestnut Hill.
14875 | San José scale, -------------------- 29 || O. T. Everhart, Hanover. -
14876 | Fall canker Worm eggs, ----------- 29 || A. C. Schaut, St. Marys.
14877 | Seventeen year cicada nymph 30 A. B. Miller, Barnesville.
. (Tibicen septendecim). -
14878 || Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 30 | H. H. Saylor, Roscoe.
14879 | Hickory borer (Cyllene pictus), --- 30 | F. E. Martin, Hatfield.
14880 | Scurfy scale, ----------------------> 30 || W. A. Patton, Elderton.
14881 || Indian cartonia (Euphoria inda), 30 || W. A. Brunner, Annville.
14882 | Ants, 30 || J. H., Bartram, Lansdowne.
14883 Alºhms larva (Sphecodina 30 | Miss A. R. Tompkins, Pittston.
abbottii).
14884 | Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), 30 | W. Worley, Mohnton.
Invertebrates not Insects.
14805 (c) Mite, ----- Tº 8 V. O. Switzer, Danville.
14819 (b) Mite, --------------------------- 9 || N. Green, Valencia.
14823 l (g) Mite, --------------------------- 10 || S. S. Hull, Cambridge Springs.
14873 || Spider egg cocoon, ---------------- 29 S. L. Paxson, Lumberville.
Reptiles and Batrachians. .
14800 | Water Snake. ---------------------- 4 E. W. Tompkins, Eatonville.
14814 || 2 Hemidactylium scuthum, -------- 9 || W. Mattern, Allentown.
14843 Six-lined lizard (Cnemidophorus 17 | Carl Geist, Covington, La.
sexlineatus).
Mammals.
14827 | Miller’s woodland jumping mouse 11 || L. N. Goodenough, Girdland.
(Zapus insignis).
359
SPECIMIENS RECEIVED DURING APRIL, 1910.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
§
sº *
É :
2. Q
InsectS. &
14886 || Rose Scale, ------------------------- 1 | F. P. Jones, West Springfield.
14887 | Two-spotted lady beetle, ---------- 1 Mrs. A. H. Adkins, Langhorne.
14888 || Oyster-shell scale, ----------------- 1 J. T. Black, Flinton.
14890 | San José scale, -------------------- 4 || G. D. Lutz, Greensburg.
14891 || Oyster-shell Scale, ----------------> 4 || J. H. Sievers, Tafton.
14892 | (a) San José Scale, --------------- 4 || O. A. Mack, Pennsburg.
(b) Katydid eggs, ----------------
14894 | San José scale, -------------------- 4 || G. A. Leader, York.
14895 || Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 4 || A. F. Seaman, Wilmore.
14896 || Fall canker Worm, ----------------- 4 W. J. Frankenberger, Franklin.
14897 Katydid eggs, --------------------- 4 D. F. Donavan, Felton.
14899 || Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 5 | H. W. Kemp, Landis Store.
14900 | Cheese skipper (Piophila casei), -- 5 || C. Lindsey, Corry.
14901 | San José scale, -------------------- 5 || W. H. Vonstorck, Dalton.
14902 | San José scale, -------------------- 5 G. H. Wilt, Altoona.
14903 || Scurfy Scale, ---------------------- 5 || G. P. Yost, York.
14904 || Golden tortoise beetle (Coptocycla 5 | E. N. Mumma, Marietta.
bicolor). -
14905 || Oyster-shell scale, ------------------ 6 J. H. Lovell, Glascow.
14906 | Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 6 || C. H. Hinkle, Bakers Summit.
14907 | Terrapin Scale, -------------------- 6 J. W. Nesbit, Oakdale .
14908 Scolytid work, --------------------> 6 P. M. Zehner, Catawissa.
14909 | (a) San José scale, --------------- 6 ſ H. Baum, Brackenridge.
(b) Terrapin Scale, ---------------.
14910 | Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 7 | W. H. Bowder, Cherry Tree.
14911 Oyster-shell. Scale. ----------------- 7 | H. C. Russel, Castle Shannon.
14912 || Plum lºanium (Eulecanium pru- 8 || B. G. Ely, Pink
nastri).
14913 | San José scale, -------------------. 8 || J. Fergus, West Newton.
14914 | Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 8 || L. T. McGinnis, Emlenton.
14915 Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 8 || H. C. Knauff, Pittsburg.
14916 || Bedbug hunter (Opsicoetus perso- 8 || F. V. Bramer, Blooming Valley.
natus). *
14917 | Oyster-shell scale, ------------------| 11 | E. H. Wheaton, Knoxville.
14918 || Fall canker Worm, ---------------- 11 || J. D. London, Cloe.
14919 || Plum lecanium, -------------------. 11 | A. H. Clark, Muncy.
14920 | Soft Scale, ------------------------- 11 Mrs. A. Kling, Mackeyville.
14921 | Cecropia moth, -------------------- 11 Mrs. W. N. Zobler, Lancaster.
14922 Aphids, ----------------------------- 11 || F. H. Steen, Bellevernon.
14923 || Giant water bug (Bennacus gris- 11 | E. C. Bowers, Chambersburg.
eus).
14924 Fall canker Worm, ----------------- 11 | E. E. Black, Knox.
14925 | Ants, ----- q-e Լ ** * 13 || C. W. Ashbaugh, Leechburg.
14928 Tulip tree Scale, -------------------- 12 || A. L. Hoyle, Philadelphia.
14929 iscurfy Scale, ----------------------- 12 Mrs. I. P. Smith, Tyrone.
14931 | San José scale, -------------------- 13 W. H. Denlap, Jersey Shore.
14932 || Rose scale, ------------------------- 13 || W. F. Paxson, Carversville.
14933 || Woolly apple aphis, --------------- 13 || J. D. Gable, Stewartstown.
14934 || Rose Scale, 13 || L. C. Martin, Homestead.
14935 ſ (a) San José scale, --------------- |
(b) Bag worm cocoons (Thyridop- 13 | E. O. Wright, Vernon.
teryx ephemeraeformis). |
14936 | (a) Qyster-shell scale. ------------|| 13 | W. G. Shepherd, Williamsport.
(b) San José scale, --------------!
14937 | San José scale, --------------------| 13 J. W. Smith, Loysville.
14939 || San José scale, -------------------- 14 || C. W. English, Williamsport.
14940 || Clear wing pupa (Sesia sp.), ------ 14 || C. G. Heim, Berwyn.
1494.1 | Qyster-shell scale, -----------------| 14 | Miss H. E. Grimm, Laporte.
14944 || Oyster-Shell scale, ------------------| i5 | W. S. Thompkins, Pittston.
14945 || Braconid, --------------------------| 15 G. A. Beebe, Coudersport.
14946 | San José scale, --------------------| 15 J. H. Harringer, Sligo.
14947 º beetles (Pomphopoea ae- 15 B. S. Riddel, Elberta.
Ilê8).
14943 | San José scale, --------------------| 15 || C. B. Miller, Shellsburg.
14949 | San José scale, --------------------| 18 || G. W. Siglin, Saylorsburg.
14950 * º: Scale (Chionaspis pini- 18 J. G. Gardner, Brynmawr.
Ollā8).
14951 | Qyster-shell seaſe. ------------------| 18 || C. H. Gould, Kunkletown.
14952 || Twice-stabbed lady beetle, -------. is E. F. Shook, Spring Mills.
14953 | San, José scale. --------------------| is w. T. sick, New Paris.
14954 |9Xster-shell scale. ------------------| is w. H. H. Monroe, Pleasantville.
14955 | (a) San José scale, --------------- 18 J. E. Bigham, Pittsburg. -
(b) Scurfy scale, ------------------
360
SPECIMENS RECEIVED DURING APRIL, 1910—Concluded.
Name of Specimen.
Name and Address of Sender.
*
Gło
º o
8 §
5 cº
2: ſº
14956 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 18 || R. P. Heilmaan, Emporium.
14957 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 19 || C. A. McConaughey, Ligonier.
14958 || Oyster-Shell Scale, ------------------ 19 || T. C. Davis, Skinners Eddy.
14959 | San José scale, -------------------- 19 || R. A. Beaver, Catawissa.
14960 | (a) Pine bark aphid, ------------- 19 || P. H. Mulford, Asaph.
(b) Papilio chrysalid, ------------ |
14962 | Woolly aphid, --------------------- 20 || C. R. Wainwright, Phila.
14963 Sciara larva, ---------------------- 20 B. J. Passmore, Malvern.
14964 | Soft Scale, ------------------------- 20 | E. K. Duff, Sandy Lake.
14965 Cecropia cocoon, ------------------ 21 A. P. Blackburn, Irwin. *.
14966 | Bud moth larva (Tnetocera ocel- 21 | A. L. Roth, Sugar Loaf.
lana).
14967 | San José Scale, -------------------- 21 J. W. Sullivan, Morrisdale Mine.
14968 | Flea beetle (Crepidodera rifices), -- 21 | E. H. Snyder & Son, Jacks Mt.
14970 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 22 H. W. Schafer, Sewickley.
14971 | Bag Worm COCOOn, ---------------- 22 || A. H. Hoover, Pleasant Hall.
14972 | Collection of insects, -------------- 22 Karl Geist, Covington, La.
14973 || Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 22 || T. C. Hood, Saltsburg.
14974 | Soft Scale, ------------------------- 22 I. D. Knotts, Davistown.
14975 | Hemiptera eggs, ------------------- 25 | B. F. Kibler, St. Bonifacius.
14976 | (a) San José Scale, --------------- } 25 | N. R. Denman, Greensburg.
(b) Putnam Scale, ---------------
14977 | Oyster-shell Scale, -----------------. 25 | W. W. Brakeman, Sandy Lake.
14978 || Round-headed apple tree borer 25 | O. A. Krechel, Kresgeville.
(Saperda candida).
14979 || Clear wing moth larva (Sesia 25 W. H. Barner, Chestnut Hill.
rhododendri).
14980 (a) Scurfy Scale, ------------------- 25 | E. H. Myerley, Danville.
14981 | Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 25 || M. R. Henderson, Franklin.
14982 Scurfy Scale, ----------------------- 25 | J. H. Wilson, Huntingdon.
14983 | Noctuid larva, -------------------- 25 | W. B. Prince, Newport.
14986 Flea beetle (Crepfdodera rufipes), 25 H. G. Reemsnyder, Ephrata.
14988 || Woolly aphis (Chermes abietis), -- 26 || R. V. Mattison, Ambler.
14989 | San José Scale, -------------------- 26 E. B. Engle, Marietta.
14990 | Hymenoptera (OSmia lignaria), -- 26 J. P. Swoope, Huntingdon.
14991 | Soft Scale, ------------------------- 26 | T. I. Cox, Cornwall.
14992 | Flea beetle (Crepidodera rifipes),-- 26 || T. Harris, New Florence.
14993 Oyster-shell Scale, ------------------ 26 J. Langan, Thorndale.
14994 || Oyster-Shell Scale, ------------------ 26 Mrs. C. V. Filmore, Anselma.
14995 | San José scale, -------------------- 27 | M. S. Greenawalt, New Ringgold.
14996 | San José scale, <------------------- 27 J. E. Smith, Berwick.
14997 || Oyster-Shell Scale, ------------------ 28 E. M. Taylor, Mayfield.
14998 || Rose Scale, ------------------------- 28 J. Brubaker, Phila.
14999 || Oyster—shell scale, ----------------- 28 S. N. Berhey, Somerset.
15000 || Giant water bug (Belostoma 28 L. L. Cilley, Galeton.
americanum).
15001 | (b) Two-spotted lady beetle, ------ 28 Mrs. R. S. Hampton, Titusville.
15003 | Noctuid larva, --------------------- 28 E. N. Fincke, Lopez.
15004 || Colembola, ------------------------- 28 H. Wedge, Wellsboro.
15007 || Woolly apple aphis, ----------- - - - - 29 || G. E. Stein, East Prospect.
15008 || San José scale, -------------------- 29 || W. S. Tompkins, Pittston.
15009 || Oyster-shell Seale, ----------------- 29 S. S. Munshower, Indiana.
15011 | Asparagus beetle (Crioceris as- 30 || A. T. Ashubola, Holmesburg.
paragi).
Invertebrates not Insects.
14889 | Mite, ------------------------------- 4 H. A. McKelvey, Port Matilda.
14893 hº centipede (Scutuitera fur— 4 G. W. Schenck, Noxen.
CepS). * -
14969 (b) Gordius, ----------------------- 21 || C. L. Lindsey, Corry.
14980 (b) Pear leaf blister mite (Erio- 25 | E. H. Myerley, Danville.
phyes pyri).
14984 || Brown mites, ---------------------- 25 C. H. H. Baumann, Scranton.
14985 Millipedes. -------------------------- 25 || A. M. Wetteran, Hazleton.
15001 (a) Pear leaf blister mite, --------- 28 Mrs. R. S. Hampton, Titusville.
Reptiles and Batrachians.
14927 | Sculptured turtle, --- - - * - mºs = * * * * * * * * * 12 W. J. Farnsworth, Millville.
14930 Pºiº skink (Eumeces fas- 12 | E. Robertson, Savannah, Ga.
Cl3,5LIS).
14969 (a), Hellbender (Cryptobranchus 21 || C. L. Lindsey, Corry.
alleganiensis).
361
INDEX TO BULLETINS OF VOLUME VII of THE MONTEILY
BULLETINS.
(Numbers Below Indicate Pages in this Volume.)
Acknowledgment of Specimens, 88, 149.
Agriculture, State Dept. of, 29.
Agriculture, U. S. Dept. of, 29.
Announcements, 229
Ants, 52, 132.
Ants on ilawns, 60.
Aphids, 49, 54, 55, 279,285.
Apiculture, Promotion of, 126.
Apicultural Supplies, 126.
Apparatus, 115.
Apparatus, Ordering of, 113, 303,
Apple, 6, 48, 49.
Apple Aºi. 54, 277.
Apple, Bitter Rot of, 46.
Application, Period of, 19.
Apricot, 6.
Aresnical Poisons, 107, 110.
Arsenical Spray Compounds, 108.
Ainº of Lead, 30, 31, 40, 52, 53.
Asparagus, 6.
Assistance. 100.
Bacterial fiseases, 106.
Balanced Ration, 234.
Bark Borers, 60.
Barrel Sprayer, 115, 183.
Barrel Sprayer, Pump, 1.16.
Beans, 6, 237.
Bed Bugs, 132, 133.
Bee Appliances, 327.
Bees, 120, 124.
Bee Diseases, 117, 118, 127, 128.
Bee-keepers, ſº
Bee-Keepers, National Assoc., 126.
Bee-Keeping and Honey Production, 326.
Bee-Keepers, State Assoc. , 126.
Bee-Keeping in Pennsylvania, 127, 128.
Bees, Preparation of, for Winter, 117.
Bees, Purpose of Feeding, 119.
Bees, Weak Colonies of, 121, 122.
Bees, Wintered on Summer Stands, 125.
Bees, Young, 118 s
Beet, 6.
Birds, Natural Enemies of, 7.
Bitter Rot, 46.
Bitter Rot, Symptoms of, 46.
Black Ants, 51, 52.
Blackberry, 12, 26.
Blossoms, Do not Spray, 39.
Bluestone, 31.
Bordeaux Mixture, 14, 29, 30, 31, 40, 42, 51, 110, 297, 299, 300.
Borer, 279, 280.
Borer of Peach, 56, 176. -
Box Feeders, 120.
Brood, Rearing, Feeding to Stimulate, 119.
Brown Rot, 49.
Brown-tail §ſoth, 70.
Bud Borer, 222.
Bud Moth, 222, 285.
Buffalo Beetle, 132.
Bulletins 3, 4, 5, 29.
Bulletin Publications, 164.
Cabbage, 6, 20, 237.
Canker Worms. 242, 269, 295.
Carbonic Acid Gas, 172. . . -
Carbonic Acid Gas, on Lime-sulfur Solutions, 169,
Carbonic Gas Pressure, 116.
Carbon Bisulfid, 52, 60.
Carnations, 7.
Cattle, 43.
Cauliflower. 6. 20.
Čaustic soda Šolution, 203.
Celery, 7 21.
Certificate of Appointment, 82.
Chemical Preparations, New, 50.
Cherries Rotting on Trees, 49.
Cherry, 5, 7, 53
Gherry, Injuries of, 7.
Chewing Insects, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 107. 109.
Chickens, 43. * -
Chrysanthemums, 7.
Cigarette Beetle, 132.
Clean Culture, 103, 236, 238.
. Clear Wing Moth, 56.
Clipping of Queen's Wings, 332.
Clothes Moths, 132,136.
Clover, 7, 233.
Clover, Crimson, 239. -
Čoding Moth, 42,242, 269, 277, 279, 2S1.
Codling Moth, First Spraying for, 187.
Codling Moth, Second Brood of, 104.
Codling Moth, Second Spraying for, 187.
Codling Moth, to spray for, 297, 307.
Colorado Beetle, 29.
Colorado Potato Bug, 51.
Commendation, 48.
Commercial Lime Sulfur Solution, 165, 167, 171, 207.
Commercial Orchards, 211.
Commercial Orchardists, 204.
Commercial Preparations, 241.
Compressed Air Hand Sprayers, 115.
Concerning Disposing of Specimens Received, 99.
Conical Wire Strainer, 179,
Contact Applications, 109
Contact Fungicides, 110.
Contact Insecticides, 110.
Copper Sulphate, 31, 43, 44.
Corn, 7.
Correspondence, 37, 163, 164.
Corrosive Sublimate, 39.
County Demonstration Orchard, 101.
County Demonstration Orchards, Adams, 243, 249, 309.
$6 * & & 4 Allegheny, 244, 250, 311.
Armstrong; .2442,250,313.
& 6 & 4 & &
* Beaver, 244 0U , *_0 e
& 6 & & 4 & #edford. 244, 250, #11.
& 6 £ 6 & 6 Berks, 344, 350, #16.
& & & 8 & & Blair, 244, 250,311.
* & 4 & é & Bradford, 244, 251, 310.
& 4 é & & 4 Bucks, 244, 251, 310.
tº dº & & 4 & Butler, 244, 252, 312.
6 & 4 4 £ 6 Cambria, 244, 251, 312, 313.
& 4 6 & & 6 Cameron, 244, 252.
& 6 & & & & Carbon, 244, 252, 309.
. “ & 4 6 & Centre, 245, 252, 311.
4 & & & & & Čhester, 245, 252, 264, 314.
£e 6 & & 4 Clarion, 245, 252, 312.
66 & & & & Clearfield, 245, 253, 311.
4 * é & é & Qlinton, 24; 253.
$t & & . & 6 Columbia, 245, 253, 310.
6 & & & & & Crawford, 245, 253, 312.
& & - 6 & & 4 Cumberland, 245, 253, 310. .
& 4 & & 6 & Dauphin, 245, 253, 310.
& £ * & & & fjelaware, 245, 253, 365, 310.
4 & & 4 & 4 Elk, 245, 253, 312.
4 & 6 & & 4 Erie, 246, 253, 312.
& & & 4 & 4 Fayette, 246, 254, 311.
4 & tº 4 & Forest, 246, 254, 312.
& 4 & & £ 6 Franklin, 246, 254, 309.
“ & & & & Fulton, 246, 254, 309.
$ & & & é & Greene, 246, 254, 311.
6& & & 6 & Huntingdon, 246, 254, 266, 311.
$6 & & & & Indiana, 246, 254, 313.
& & é & 46 Jefferson, 246, 254, 313.
& & & & & & juniata, '246, 255, 267.
&G & & - & 6 Lackawanna, 246, 255, 313.
º 363
County Demonstration orchards—Continued. -
6& & 6 “ Lancaster, 246, 255, 267, 309.
&&. & & & 4 Lawrence, 247, 255, 268, 312.
&é 66 66 Lebanon, 247, 255, 270, 309.
6& “ 6 & Lehigh, 247, 256, 309.
&é & & 4 & iuzerne, 247, 256, 370, 313.
& 4 & & & & iycoming, 247, 356, 313.
66 “ & 6 cKean, 247, , 312.
& 6 & & & 4 Mercer, 247, 256, 271, 312.
& & & 4 6 & Mifflin, 247, 256, 271, 311.
6& & & 46 Monroë, 247, 358, 318.
gº & 4 4 & Montgomery, 247, 256, 274, 310.
6& & & & & Montour, #47 9 7, e
& & & 4 66 Northampton, 248, 257, 309.
& 6 & & 66 Rorthumberland, 348, 257 276, 310.
46 & & 6 & ferry, 343, 357, Žiš ©
& 4 & 6 & 4 philadelphia,T343,7257, 280, 310.
& & 6 & 6 & Pike, 248, 257, o -
6& & 4 “ . Potter, 248, 257, 280, 313.
6& “ “ Schuylkill, 248, 257, 309.
& 4 & & & & Snyder, 248, 258, 284, 311.
& & & 6 & 4 Somerset, 348, 358, 235, 311.
é & & & & & Sullivan, 248, 258, 313. -
& 4 & & & 4 Susquehanna, 248, 258, 287, 313.
& & & 4 6 & Tioga, 249, 258, 289, 313.
e Union, 249,258, 290, 311.
Venango, 249, 258, .290, 312.
Warren, 249, 259, 312
& 6 & ſº & & Washington, 249, 259, 311.
&g 66 & & Wayne, 249, 259, 290, 313.
gº 6& & 4 Westmöreland, 349, 259, 313, 316.
($6. &é é & Wyoming, 343, 356, Tâié, Éić.
& & 46 & 6 York, 343,753, 363, gig.
County, Work in each, 309
Cover Crop, 238, 239.
Crops, 237.
Crop Row, 237.
Cucumber, 8.
Cultivate the Orchard, 59.
Cultivating, 59, 103, 187, 235.
Culture with ºns, 237.
Curculios, 279, 285, 298.
Curculio, What Trees to Spray for, 298.
Currant, 8. -
Cyanide of Potassium, 69, 133, 137.
Dates to Spray, 19, 112.
Declining Trees 53.
Demonstration work, 195, 196, 214, 219.
Demonstrations, 101, 227.
iſſemonstration Model’Orchard Plan, 228, 303.
Demonstration Orchards, Location of, 29, 31.
Demonstration Orchards, 31, 68, 84, 111, 114, 227, 228, 231, 243, 265, 266,
337, 333, 385, 335. 396, ’255, 506,363.
Demonstration Orchard Meeting, 99, 227.
Demonstration Work, 219, 264.
Demonstrators, List of, 315.
Dewberry, 12 e
fifferent Brands of Commercial Lime Sulfur, 164.
Directions for Model Orchards, º -
Diseases of Plants, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.
Double Walled Hives, iž4.
Draining, 103.
Dried Blood, 234.
Drip Tin, 185, 306.
Dusting, 114.
Editors, Notice to, 48.
Egg Plant, 8, 23.
Eighth Turn, 113, 184.
Elm, 23.
Tºnemies of Scale Insects, 8.
Equipment, *
Tºxperimental Work, 164.
Experiments, 53, 164, 174.
Expert Advice, 100.
Tºxtension, Rod, 116, 184, 305.
Feeders, 120.
Feeding, Method of, 123.
Tertilizing, 104, 187, 233.
field force, 196, 137.
364 º
Field Work, 203.
Fillers. 239. -
First Ölass Tree Fruits, 238.
Fleas *de
Flea Beetles, 29.
Flies, 60.
Flour of Sulfur, 182.
Flowers of Sulfur, 30, 182.
Foliage, 112.
Formalin, 39, 61.
Formaldehyde, 61.
Formulae, 5, 14. **
Formula, Bordeaux Mixture, 14, 40.
Formula, Lime-sulfur, Home boiled, 241.
Fruit Growers, 276. -
Fruit Growing, 210, 22:2.
Fruit Production, 102.
Fumigation, 69, 133, 134.
Fumigation of Buildings for Insect Pests, 132.
Fungicides, 50, 110.
Fungus,
Fungous Diseases, 106.
Gallons of Material Needed for Spraying Trees, 298.
Game Commission, 146.
Game Ilaws of Pennsylvania, 140.
General Principles, 110
Gooseberry, 23. -
“Grasselli’s Lime-Sulfur,” 166, 167.
Ground or Powdered Sulfur. 296.
Gun ficense flaw, 144, i45, 147, 148.
Gunners, 147 -
Hill's Device, 125. -
Home-boiled, 17-22-50, formula, 166, 273.
Home-boiled, Concentrated formula, 295.
Home-boiled, Dilute Formula, 295, 296
Honey Dew, 121.
“Horicum,” 166.
Hose, 116, 183, 186, 305.
House Flies, 60, 132.
Household Pests, 9.
House Plants, 24.
Hunting, 131.
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, 135.
Inquiries, 67, 149.
Insects, 107.
Insecticides, 50, 110.
Inspection, 214, 219.
Inspections, 326.
inspection work, 195, 196, 264.
Inspectors, 82.
Inter-crops, 237.
Internal Poison. 109.
Introductory, 38.
Investigations, 164.
Iron Sulphate, 44.
Jumping Plant Lice, 55.
Kerosene Emulsion, 50, 54.
Lack of Stores, 121
Larder Beetles, 132.
Last Monthly Bulletin, 325.
Lead Arsenate, 30, 31, 40, 52, 53.
Leaf Blister Mites, 6
Leaf Eaters, 242
Leaf Hopper, 55.
Leaf Miners, 288.
Leaf Mite Galls, 281.
Legal Pointers for Sportsmen, 139.
Legislation, 126.
Lever Spray Pump, 116.
Licensed Tree Dealers, 345.
Lilac, 48.
Lime, 175.
Lime, Keeping Fresh', 302.
Lime-sulfur, 207, 221, 274. -
Lime-sulfur, Home-boiled, 167, 168, 181, 182,273. i.
, Lime-sulfur Wash, 30, 205, 211, 268, 279, 280, 285, 2
Lime-sulfur Wash, Crystalization of ima, 177.
Lime-sulfur Wash, Color of, 173, 174.
365
Lime-sulfur Wash, Commercial, 181.
Lime-sulfur, Concentrated Home-made, 175, 203, 296.
Lime-sulfur Dilute, Amount of, 296.
Lime-sulfur Wash, Lime Necessary for, 176.
Lime-sulfur Wash, Self-boiled, 49.
“Lion Brand” Lime-sulfur, ióð, 167.
Liquid Needed, Amount of, 297, 301.
List of Commercial Sprayers, 85.
List of Inspectors, -
List of Nurserymen, 69, 70.
Live Stock Pests, 9.
Local Demonstration Orchard, 100, 101.
Locust Trees, 9.
Maple Trees, 9, 25.
Maple, Soft, 48.
Material to Use, 109.
Marker on Sprayed Trees, 297.
Material, Kind of for Various Pests, 109, 181.
Material Needed, 295, 298, 301, 302.
Maximum Strength, 111.
Meadow Lark, 146.
Mediterranean Flour Moth, 132.
Meetings, 243.
Melon, 8.
Methods, 5, 14, 101.
Mice, ->
Minimum Strength, 111.
Mites, 6.
Model Orchards, 131, 186, 227, 228, 241.
Model Orchard Club, 228.
Model Orchard Work, 232, 243, 303.
Moths, 41.
Movable Frame Hives, 119.
Mulching, 235.
Mulching Potatoes, 44.
Names and Addresses, 99.
National Farm School, 29, 31.
Nectar, Fall Flow of, 119.
Nectarine, 10, 25.
Nematodes, or Root Worms, 13.
Neverscale, 116, 167.
Niagara Brand, Illime-sulfur, 167.
Nitrate of Soda, 53, 234
Nitrogen Fertilizer, 234.
Norway Maple Ilouse, 58, 59.
Nozzle, 116, 185, 306.
Nurseries in Pennsylvania, List of, 339.
Nurserymen from other States who have filed Affidavits, 348.
Nursery Inspection, 68, 80, 81, 230, :
Nursery Stock, 10, 26, 70, 80.
Oats, 10, 25, 239.
Onion, 10, 25.
Orchards, Age of, 229, 230.
Orchard of Country Homes, 265, 267.
Orchard, Demonstration, 200.
Orcharding, 196, 215, 220.
Orchardists, 209.
Orchard Inspection, 35, 80, 81, 82.
Orchard Management, ©
Orchard Planting, 264, 282.
Original Investigations, 164.
Osage Orange, 10, 25.
Our Monthly Chat With Readers, 35, 67, 99, 131, 163, 325.
Outlook for Orcharding, 205.
Oyster-shell Scale, 47, 48, 199, 277, 279, 280, 285, 290.
Paris Green, 40, 45, 59, 111, 297.
Patent Insecticides, 163.
Pea, 10, e
Peach, 10, 25, 233.
Peach Lecanium, 277.
Peach, Severe Pruning for, 241.
Peach Tree Borer, 56, 176.
Pear, 10, 26.
Pear, Injury to, 11.
Pennsylvania Orchard Inspectors, Reports of, 263.
Personal Acknowledgement, 88.
Pests, 5, 9.
Pests of Apple, 6, 19.
366
Pest of Asparagus, 20.
Pests of Beans,
Pests of Beets, 20.
Pests in Buildings, 132.
Pests in Carnations, 7, 21.
Pests of Cherry, 7, 21.
Pests of Chrysanthemums, 7, 21.
Pests of Clover, 7, -
Pests of Corn, 7, 22
Pests of Cucumber, 8.
Pests, Cucurbit, 22.
Pests of Currant, 8, 22.
Pests on Egg Plant, 8, 23.
Pests on Elm, 8, 23
Pests on Grape, 8, 23.
Pests on Gooseberry, 8, 23.
Pests of Hollyhock, 9, 24.
fests in Household 9 24.
Pests of House Plants, 9, 24.
Pests of Lawn, 9, 24.
Pests on Live Stock, 24.
Pests on Locust, 25.
Pests on Rose, 12, 27.
Pests of Squash, 8.
Pests of Tomato, 13, 27.
Pests of Violets, 13, 27.
Phosphoric Acid, 235.
Pigeons, 7.
Plant Diseases, 105, 299.
Plant Lice, 49, 50, 54, 281, 287, 295.
Plant Enemies, 7
Planting, 232.
Plant List, with Pests, 5. \
Plant Pests, 107. -
Plant Pests, Control of, 102.
Plant Pests, Letters Appreciated, 48.
Plant Pests, Prevention, 102.
Plant Pests, Timely Topics of, 36, 38.
Plants of Property Liable to Injury, 5.
Plant Pest, Treatment, 4
Planting of Fruit Trees, 209.
Planting, Time of, 54.
Planting Young Trees, 187.
Plum, T1, 26, 44.
Poisons, 56.
Poisoning, 43, 108.
Poplar, 11, 26, 48.
Poplar, Carolina, 48.
Potash, 235.
Potatoes, 11, 26, 237.
Potato Blight, 45, 51.
Potato Bugs, 51.
Potato Mulching, 44.
Potatoes, ©
Potato Scab, 38.
Potatoes, Troubles of, 28.
Poultry, 9, 11, 26.
Preface, 3.
Premises Posted, 139.
Press of Pennsylvania, 38.
Preventing the Borer, 57
Prevention, Means of, 104.
Preventives, 46, 103.
Profitable Éruit Growing, 198.
Pruning, 103, 187, 233, 240, 241.
Pruning, Summer, e
Pruning, Winter, 240.
Public Addresses, 276.
Public Demonstrations, .275. . w
Public Meetings, 164, 189, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314.
Fºllº Mºins orchards, $27, 223, 225, $43, 307. 303. 305.
ump, *
Putnam’s Scale, 291.
Pyrethrum, 61.
}ueenlesness, 118.
juick Lime, 30, 31, 182.
juince, 11, 26.
'abbits, 147.
;
367
Raspberry,
Rats, 132
“Red
12, 26.
Rover, ” 132.
Remedies, 105, 107, 207.
Report of Orchard Inspectors,
Brand Lime-sulfur, 167
Red
195, 316.
Right Material, 117.
Ripe Rot, 49
Root Pruning, 231.
Rose, 12, 49.
Rose Bug,
Rose Leaf
57.
Hopper, 50, 55.
Rules in Hunting, 137.
Rye, 237
Salimene,
16
6.
San Jose Scale, 30, 70, 179, 195, 198, 199, 202, 205, 213, 218, 263, 277, 280,
290
311
San Jose Scale, Efficient Remedies, 195.
San Jose Scale Suppression, 131.
Scab, 38
Scalecide, 263, 279.
Scale on Hedge Fences, 41.
Scale Insects, 50, 295.
Scalime, 166
Scolytids,
60.
Scrape Loose Bark, 181.
Scurfy Scale, 199, 263, 279, 285.
Seed Potatoes, Treatment of, 38
Sherwin-William's Lime and S
Shot Hole
ulfur, 166.
Borer, 60.
Skipper, 132.
Snavely's Lime-sulfur, 166, 168.
Snow's Lime-sulfur, 166.
Sod Mulching, 236
Sod System, The,
236.
Soluble Sulfur, 167.
Solution of Sulfur, 166.
Specimens, 3
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens
Specimens,
Received by the Economic Zoologist, 88, 149.
Received During April, 1909, 62.
Received During May, 1909, 89.
Received During June, 1909, 150.
Received During September, 1909, 191, 351.
Received During October, 1909, 351.
Received During November, išč9, 353.
Received During December, 1909, 354.
Heceived During January, 1910, 355.
Received During February, iðið. §56.
Received During March, 1910, 357.
Received During April, 1910, 359.
Sending, 35
Spray, Second or Retouching, 176, 181, 242.
Spray, Dust, 114.
§: How to, 179.
“Spray Motor,” 116.
Spray Pump, 303, 304.
Spray,
When to, 298.
Spray, With What t
Spraying, 109, 114,
o. 298.
117 isſ, #1, 242, 295.
Spraying, Apparatus for, 113, 303.
Spraying, Before, 19.
Spraying, Date of, 179.
Spraying Plum Trees, 44.
Spraying Potatoes, 44.
Spraying, San Jose Scale, 241.
Spraying, Thoroughness of, 113.
Spraying Trees in Bloom, 40
Sprinkling, 114.
Squash, 8.
Squash Bug, 104.
Stop-cock, 184
Stored Products
Strainer, 116.
Strawberry, 12, 27.
Stimulative Feeding, 120.
Striped Cucumber Beetles, 55.
Successful
Successful
12, 27.
304, '805.
27
Growers, 223
Orchardists, 269 , 270



368
*
Sucking Insects, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 54, 55, 107, 109.
Sulfate of Potash, 235
Sulfocide, 168.
Sulfocide (Pratt), 166.
Sulfur, Dissolved, 172.
Sulphate of Copper, 44.
Sulphate of Iron, 44.
Sulphide of Arsenic, 11.
Sulphuric Acid, 133, 137.
Summer Inspection of Nurseries, 68.
Summer Pruning, 187.
Supervision Model Orchards, 227, 228, 229, 249, 308, 309.
Swarming, To Prevent, 331.
Swarm, What to do When Bees, 333.
Śweet Öorn 337.
Tankage, 234.
Target Brand Scale Destroyer, 274, 279, 285.
Tent Caterpillars # 5.
“The Filthy Fly,” 61.
The Hunter, 145.
Thinning, 103, 242, 243.
Thomsen Chemical Čo., (Orchard Brand) Lime Sulfur, 166, 167.
Tobacco, 12, 27.
Tobacco Decoction, 54.
Tomato, 12.
Transfer Bees, How to, 328.
Transport Bees, How to, 328.
Trees. 231.
Tree featers, 76.
Trees, Ordering of . 230.
Tree Row, 237.
Twig Blight, 288.
“Vermorel,” 113.
Veterinarian, 9.
Violets, 13.
Watering, 103.
Web Worms, 288.
Weeds, 137.
Weekly Zoological Press Bulletin, 3, 36, 52, 67, 163, 269, 325.
Whale Oil Soap, 50, 54
wheat, is #3, #.
When to Treat, 19.
Willow, 48.
Winter Killing, 117.
Woolly Aphis, 50, 277.
Work of the Inspectors, 216.
Writing Names Plainly, 35.
“Y "Attachment, 116, 185.
Young Orchards, Planting of, 200.
Young San Jose Scale, 58
Young Trees, To Start Growing, 53.
Zoological Bulletin of the Division of Zoology, 269.
THE
ZOOLOGICAL BULLETIN
OF THE
DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
! OF THE
HPENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
VOL. VII—NOS. 1 1 and 12.
Bee-keeping.
SUBJECTS: Nursery Inspection Report.
Index to Vol. VII.
APRIL AND MAY, 1910.
H. A. SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist,
Editor
Entered May 1, 1903, at Harrisburg, Pa., as Second-Class Matter, Under Act
of Congress of June 6, 1900
tº-º-º-º-mº
HARRISBURG :
C. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
1910

TEIE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF TELE DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
FOR APRIL, 1910.
VOL VII, Nos. 11 and 12.
Established in April, 1903, at the office of the Economic Zoologist.
Edited by H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
CONTENTS OF THE APRIL-MAY BULLETIN. i
Our Monthly Chat with Readers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
a. The Last Monthly Bulletin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ſ
b. The Weekly News Letter or Weekly Press Bulletin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
c. Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bee Keeping and Honey Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _º e
a. Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. How to Transport Bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. How to Transfer Bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - * g º e º •,• * *
d. To Prevent Swarming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • * * * * * * * * *
e. Clipping the Queen's Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~ *
f. What to do When Bees Swarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursery Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Nurseries in Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '• * * * * * * * * *
Licensed Tree Dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sº e s e º 'º e º s e s s a v e e s e e
Nurserymen from other States who have Filed Affidavits of Fumigation with º
this Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 *
Specimens Received During September, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 p
Specimens Received During October, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 3.
Specimens Received During November, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Specimens Received During December, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º e º º e 354
Specimens Received During January, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Specimens Received During February, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Specimens Received During March, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Specimens Received During April, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Index to Bulletins of Volume VII of the Monthly Bulletins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
(324.)

295
WORK IN THE DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS.
KINDS AND QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS NEEDED FOR
SPRAYING.
In response to the many inquiries concerning the kind and amount
of materials needed for spraying in the Model Orchards, we give the
following detailed directions:
1. To spray for scale insects, eggs of plant lice, canker worms, tent
caterpillars and other pests exposed in any of their stages on the
twigs or bark, while the trees are dormant, use lime-sulphur solution
either home-boiled or commercial.
All kinds of fruit trees infested with San José Scale, even though
slightly, and all that are considerably infested with Scurfy scale,
Oyster-shell scale, eggs of plant lice, etc., should be sprayed with
this boiled lime-sulfur wash; and all peach and plum trees, whether
infested or not, should be sprayed with this material while yet dor-
mant. The spraying with strong lime-sulfur should be done before `
the buds burst, and can be at any time when the trees are dormant.
Materials: We recommend for this purpose either the commercial
lime-sulfur solution,-diluted in general, not more than one to eight,
—or the home-boiled preparation, made according to one of the two
following methods:
(A.) Home-boiled, dilute. Boil seventeen pounds of sulfur with
twenty-two pounds of lime, and enough water to keep boiling for at
least three-quarters of an hour; then strain through a strainer, with
at least thirty meshes to the inch, and dilute to fifty gallons, to
apply it as a spray, either hot or cold.
(B.) Home-boiled, concentrated. Boil either with steam or over
fire, for at least three-quarters of an hour, the following proportions:
Lime, one and one-fourth pound; sulfur, two and one-half pounds;
water, one gallon. Add enough water after boiling to make up the
original bulk; strain and keep in a closed vessel as long as needed.
When desired for use, add one measure or part of this concentrated
material to eight measures of water, either warm or cold.
Amount of Material Needed: For the commercial lime-sulfur wash
the orchardist should buy one-ninth as much of the concentrated
solution as he will need to apply to his trees when dilute; and for
the home-boiled concentrated he should make and have on hand one-
ninth as much as he will need of the dilute spray. To make one
hundred gallons of this concentrated solution (which will make one
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thousand gallons when dilute) requires two hundred and fifty pounds
of sulfur, one hundred and twenty pounds of lime, and one hundred
gallons of water.
The old formula for the home-boiled, dilute lime-sulfur wash is
twenty-two pounds of lime, seventeen of sulfur, and fifty of water
boiled at least three-quarters of an hour. This can be kept if
dilute to one-third of its total bulk, and when needed for use stirred
and diluted by adding two measures of water to each measure
of the mixture. *
To estimate the actual amount of dilute lime-sulfur spray that
will be needed in an orchard, we should count upon the following
basis.
For each 1 yr. apple, pear or quince tree, 1 pint.
For each 5 yr. apple, pear or quince tree, # gal.
For each 10 yr. apple, pear or quince tree, 2% gal.
For each 15 yr. apple, pear or quince tree, 5 gal.
For each 20 yr. apple, pear or quince tree, 73 gal.
For each 30 yr. apple, pear or quince tree, 10 gal.
For each 1 yr. peach, plum or cherry, 1 pint.
For each 3 yr. peach, plum or cherry, 2 qts.
For each 5 yr. peach, plum or cherry, 1 gal.
For each 8 yr. peach, plum or cheryr, 2 gal.
For each 10 yr. peach, plum or cherry, 3 gal.
For each currant bush or shrub of similar size, 1 pint.
In using the old or dilute home-boiled formula, for making 3 gals.
of the lime-sulfur mixture, when ready to apply to the tree, there will
be required about one pound of lime and one pound of sulfur, or
about forty pounds of lime and thirty-four pounds of sulfur for each
hundred gallons.
For the concentrated home-boiled, to make each hundred gallons
of the concenträted solution, or one thousand gallons of the dilute
solution, there will be needed two hundred and fifty pounds of
sulfur and one hundred and twenty pounds of lime.
The finely “Ground Sulfur” is the cheapest, and is as good as any
for this purpose; although both “Flowers” and “Flour” of sulfur
are also satisfactory, but more expensive. The lime should be ordi-
nary quick lime or fresh burned. However, it should be reasonably
pure, and if it be found that it leaves much sediment, there should be
as much extra lime used as would equal the amount of sediment.
The basis given above assumes that the trees will be given one
thorough spraying, going over them four times, as follows:
One primary spray from each side, the second made when the wind
is from the opposite direction, and one retouching spray from each
side, as soon as the first or primary coat is dry, or at any time there-
after.
297
In using the spray solutions that do not make a stain or mark
on the tree, it is desirable, excepting when spraying fruits that are
approaching maturity, to use some additional material for the pur-
pose of making a marker, so that the operator can see where the
application has been made. This favors thoroughness and especially
makes it possible for the sprayer, by a second or retouching spray,
to find and retouch any spots that were missed the first time.
The cheapest and most convenient material to use as a marker is
lime. This is best prepared by slaking about five pounds of quick
lime or stone lime, adding water to it to make it thin Hike cream,
then straining it through a fine strainer into the spray tank con-
taining the liquid to be used. About five pounds of lime for each fifty
gallon barrel of spray material is sufficient to act as a marker,
although there is no great objection to the use of more.
2. To Spray for the Codling Moth: The Codling moth is the insect
that makes wormy apples, pears and quinces, feeding in and around
the core. All bearing apple, pear and quince trees must be sprayed
for this pest just after the petals or showy parts of the blossoms
fall, and again in from one to two weeks.
Use either one-third of a pound of Paris green, or two pounds
of arsenate of lead (not both), in each fifty gallons of liquid. We
recommend the arsenate of lead in preference to Paris green because
it is more finely divided, remains better in suspension in the liquid,
is more uniformly applied, sticks much better to fruit and foilage,
and has a more enduring killing effect, than Paris green. However,
the last-named insecticide will do the work all right if the arsenate of
lead be not available.
A mount of Liquid Needed: It must be remembered that the ar-
senical poison can be used either in water alone or in Bordeaux
mixture, and be equally efficient as poisons for the chewing insects
for which they are intended. Thus it is the custom to add such a
poison to the Boredaux mixture in order to kill any chewing insects
that may be present, or about to come, at the time the spraying
with Bordeaux is done to prevent plant disease.
One notable and very important application is generally made
with a combined insecticide for chewing insects, especially the cod-
ling moth, and a fungicide for plant diseases. This is the spraying
shortly after the dropping of the petals of apples, pears and quinces,
for the codling moth ; although the same treatment is likewise
recommended for the curculio of the stone fruits, when these become
about the size of large peas.
Trees that have not yet come into bearing do not need to be sprayed
with an arsenical poison, unless there be present some insects chew-
ing the foliage. Bearing trees are sprayed with either one-third of
a pound of paris green or two pounds of arsenate of lead in each
298
fifty gallons of liquid, whether this be water or Bordeaux mixture.
Therefore, the amount of liquid needed in spraying such trees with
poisons is exactly the same as that later determined by computa-
tion for the Bordeaux mixture.
Amount of Materials Needed: For each one hundred gallons of
spray liquid for chewing insects, the operator will need four pounds
of arsenate of lead, or one pound of Paris green. The former is recom-
mended by us as better for this pest.
3. For the Curculios: The Curculio is the insect which punctures
fruits of all kinds with little crescent-shaped holes, makes knotty
apples, and causes the worminess of the stone fruits. Thus the
“worms” in cherries, peaches and plums, are the larvae or young
of the insect known as the Curculio. While this pest is to be de-
stroyed by the process of jarring, which consists in spreading sheets
under the trees and jarring the pests upon them in the forenoon, it
is better controlled by spraying with the arsenate of lead.
What Trees to Spray for Curculio: For this particular pest the
bearing peach, plum and cherry trees should be sprayed. Those
which have not come into bearing do not need attention for this pest.
|When to Spray: As with all other pests, the proper dates for
spraying are important. For the curculio, the stone fruits should
be sprayed when these first reach about the size of a pea, and again
in two to three weeks, again to be repeated as a third spray when they
are nearly full grown, but before they commence to ripen.
With What to Spray: Arsenate of lead is most highly recommended
for the smooth, hard fruits, such as plums, cherries and grapes, owing
to the greater adhesiveness of this material, and owing to its freedom
from injury. It is also recommended for peach as well as the other
fruits. It is generally used in proportion of two pounds of the
lead arsenate in fifty gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture. We
recommend the half-strength Bordeaux or dilute mixture for the
stone fruits, as the stronger mixture will take off the leaves.
Number of Gallons Needed: The number of gallons of material
needed again depends upon the size and number of the trees to
treat. The amount for each spraying of trees of each respective
size is the same as that given below for Bordeaux mixture sprays,
which the reader can easily compute for his own orchard, on the
basis mentioned.
Number of Pounds of Material Needed: The number of pounds
of arsenate of lead needed in spraying for the Curculio is, like that
needed for the Codling Moth, in direct ratio to the number of gal-
lons of the Bordeaux mixture.used as its carrying agent. The opera-
tor should count upon four pounds or arsenate of lead for each one
hundred gallons of spray for this purpose, regardless of what kind or
strength of liquid is used for carrying it.
299
The curculio is the third and last insect pest for which spraying
is unavoidable, or should be done regularly each year. Of course,
other pests, such as the canker worms, the tent caterpillars, or other
chewing insects, may make their appearance, but if so, they must be
treated by an arsenical poison spray as promptly as possible.
4. For Plant Diseases: Many of the diseases of plants, such as the
leaf spots, the rotting of fruits, leaf curl, the rusts, Smuts, mildews,
some kinds of blight, and other troubles, are due to disease germs,
called “Fungi,” and are prevented by spraying with a preparation
known as a “fungicide,”—the chief of which is Bordeaux mixture.
Extra dilute lime-sulfur wash appears to be coming into favor for
this purpose, but practical experiments and demonstrations have
not yet been carried far enough to justify us in abandoning the well-
known and proven Bordeaux mixture in this important public demon-
stration work in favor of the imperfectly tested lime-sulfur wash of
any form or variation. g
It should be remembered that there are also plant diseases such
as some of the blights, as, for example, the pear blight (also known
as black blight, fire blight, twig blights, bark blight, body blight,
etc.), and the black knot, peach yellows, crown gall and other plant
troubles that can not be controlled by spraying.
Bordeaua, Miature: Bordeaux mixture is so named from the pro-
vince in France where it was first used as an effective remedy of
grape rot. It is necessary to apply this material as a preventive
rather than a cure. This means that it should be used before the
effects of the disease germs are to be seen. It is not possible to cure
a diseased tissue after the germs enter it, for the reason that these
are inside of the tissue of leaf or fruit and can not be reached by any
external application. It must be emphasized that Bordeaux mixture
is not a poison, and will not in the least injure any part of a plant as
food substance for human or animal consumption, although, owing
to the light stain which it makes, its use is objectionable upon fruits
or melons that are about to ripen and would be put upon the market
markd with these stains. Yet the time is at hand when consumers
must learn that it is better to buy fruits that have been thoroughly
sprayed and are sound, even though slightly stained by Bordeaux
or other mixture, than to buy those that are unsound and imperfect,
owing to lack of spraying. The Bordeaux mixture will make no per-
manent stain if not applied shortly before the fruit or other desired
part of the plant is to be gathered. If, however, there should be
danger of serious loss by disease at such time (as by Ripe Rot),
which must be met by spraying with an effective fungicide, it is ad-
visable to use a material that will not make a stain, such as the
lime-sulfur wash, dilute about five times as much as for San José
300
Scale, or a solution of copper carbonate in ammonia, called “cupram,”
and discussed in previous issues of the Monthly Bulletin of the Divi-
sion of Zoology. -
How to Make Bordeaua, Miature: Bordeaux Mixture is made by
dissolving bluestone, or copper sulfate, in Water and pouring into
this the milk of lime, made by stirring up the slaked lime, also in
water. Strain it at the time of pouring the liquids together. It is
important that one or both of these materials should be in dilute
condition before adding the other, as to pour them together While
undilute would make the material combine in the form of a coarser
or heavier precipitate, which would not stay so well in suspension,
and would not give as much satisfaction in results. The dissolving
of the bluestone can be accomplished by putting it into a sack and
hanging it over night just beneath the surface of the Water, in a bar.
rel or tank; or can be hastened by stirring it in boiling water. Avoid
a metal vessel for holding the bluestone solution before the lime is
added.
It is very desirable to make and keep at hand a strong stock solu-
tion of bluestone, to be used by measuring a certain quantity of the
liquid solution when needed, and not be obliged to lose valuable time
by waiting for this to dissolve, which takes place very slowly with
cold water. To make such a solution, put into a barrel, or any vessel
that is not made of metal, a certain amount of water, and in a thin
cloth or bag suspend, just beneath the surface of the water, as many
pounds of the bluestone as there are gallons of water. As soon as it
is dissolved make a plain mark in the barrel showing the height of
the liquid, and if much evaporation should take place, add enough
water to make up for that which evaporated. When ready to use it,
simply dip out one gallon of the solution for each pound of bluestone
that will be needed. It will keep in this solution as long as will
be desired.
Bordeaux mixture should not be made up very long before it is to
be used, as it gradually loses its strength. It is best not to mix more
than is to be used during the day. If, owing to bad weather or other
causes, it must be kept a short time, it will probably not lose its
efficiency within a few days, especially if kept covered, away from the
open air; but if it must be kept mixed for a long time, it is better
to throw it away and mix up a fresh lot when needed. Of course, if
poison has been added to it, this poison will not lose its efficiency,
and the poisoned mixture can be used for its purpose as an insecti-
cide, and a new quantity of bluestone and lime can be added to renew
its fungicidal value.
It is not advisable to mix up a stock solution of Bordeaux mixture
before needed, but it is all right and best to keep on hand a solution
of bluestone in one vessel, as described above, and the wet lime paste
301
under water, in another vessel, as described elsewhere in this Bulle-
tin, and add the two together when needed, after diluting one or
both of the proper quantities of these materials. The chief points
against the commercial or ready prepared Bordeaux mixtures are,
(1) their much higher cost than the home-mixed material, and (2)
their liability to deteriorate in value of composition after they are
once mxied, whether kept either dry or moist.
The Formula for Bordeaua, Miature: This material is generally
made and used in one of two strengths, according to delicacy of plants
or conditions. The half strength.or weak formula is used on peaches,
plums and cherries at all times, and upon all other fruits for the
first spray (only) after the blossoms fall, to prevent the russeting at
such time by the stronger material. This is made by dissolving and
pouring together one and one-half pounds of bluestone dissolved in
water and three pounds of lime (in water) in fifty gallons of water
(i.e., total amount is to be 50 gals.).
The strong formula is made with twice as much bluestone, or
three pounds, dissolved in water, then partly diluted, and mixed
with milk of lime from four pounds of lime, and then fully diluted
to fifty gallons. If the storong formula be used on the very young
fruits of any kind at the very first strong spraying, it is liable to rus-
set them, and if it be used on peach and some of the delicate varieties
of plums, it is likely to remove the leaves, and thus cause injury.
The Amount of Liquid Needed: Trees are sprayed with Bordeaux
mixture only when in leaf. As this is applied with a fine nozzle Only
to foliage and fruit, and with considerable care to avoid drenching
or applying too much, the number of gallons needed for each spray-
ing will be only about one-half the quantity given in the above table
for the lime-sulfur solution for trees of various respective sizes.
Grape wines and other plants of a hardy nature, such as potatoes,
are to be sprayed with the strong formula. The Bordeaux mixture
is used only to prevent injury by plant diseases, and if applied often
enough will keep the fruit and leaves healthy, but will not kill in-
sects. The purpose of the grower should be to keep a very thin
film of the deposit or powder from this mixture always on the leaves
and fruit. As soon as possible after it is washed off by rain, it
should be replaced by another spraying. Owing to the rapid growth
of new leaves, the application of this fungicide should be repeated
about once every two or three weeks during the growing season.
Amount of Material Needed: From the table given above, the reader
can determine how much liquid bordeaux is needed to spray his
trees, according to the different kinds and sizes, by counting on using
half as much Bordeaux as lime-sulfur liquid for each spraying. For
each one hundred gallons of the strong Bordeaux that he will need,
he should count on using six pounds of copper sulfate and about
302
eight pounds of fairly good fresh lime or quick lime. For each one
hundred gallons of the dilute Bordeaux he will need three pounds
of copper sulfate and about eight pounds of lime.
A Pointer on Keeping Lime Fresh: It is often difficult to procure
fresh lime at the time it is needed, and it is too much trouble to
hitch up a team and drive away to a lime kiln or to a dealer, to buy
a few pounds of lime to finish a job of spraying. The proper thing
to do is to buy five or six bushels and slake it by dropping a little
at a time into barrels, tubs or vats containing some water, stirring
until slaked, and after it is slaked fill the vessels with enough water
to stand at a depth of a few inches over the top of the lime and
keep it in the form of a paste or putty. At any time in the future,
when lime is needed in a liquid formula of any kind, all that is needed
is to dip out three times as much of this lime paste or lime putty
as is needed if the operator were using the dry, fresh stone lime.
It will keep well as long as there is enough water to cover it. For this
reason some orchardists have been known to bury their lime barrels
to the top, upright, in a swamp where the water stands at about a
uniform level.
To Compute the Total Amount of Material Needed: The person
who wishes to determine with some degree of precision, how much of
each kind of material he must order to be ready for his season's
spraying, can now do this from the table and directions given above.
He must compute each kind of material according to the age and kind
of tree that he will have to spray and the pest for which the spraying
is to be done. It is to be seen, for example, that he will need sulfur
only in the first spraying mentioned above, which, however, will not
be given in case he does not have San José scale, Oyster-shell scale,
or other pests for which he should do dormant spraying, or peach
and plum trees that are to be sprayed with lime-sulfur wash when
dormant, regardless of the presence or absence of pests.
He will need lime in making the lime-sulfur solution, and also in
making the Bordeaux mixture. However, the amount of this is com-
paratiely small, and a few bushels slaked and kept under water
as described above will serve his needs for the entire season, unless
he is quite an extensive orchardist.
Arsenate of lead will be needed for the two codling moth sprays,
using the same amount in each application, and will also be needed
in each of three curculio sprays of the stone fruits, using the same
amount in each. Paris green can be made to take the place of arsen-
ate of lead in each instance, but we shall not use it if the other form
of arsenical poison is obtainable.
Bluestone, or copper sulfate, is needed for making Bordeaux mix-
ture, and will vary in proportion as the strong or weak formula is
to be used. By knowing the number, kind and size of trees which
303
each individual owner is to spray at each time, he can readily calcu-
late from the above information approximately the number of gallons
of liquid that will be needed to spray these trees with these appli-
catons, and also the number of pounds of materials that will be
needed to make the mixture or solutions of the right strength.
It is much better to have a little too much material rather than
not enough of any and all kinds. It should also be remembered that
each of these chemicals, if properly stored, can readily be kept until
the next season without losing its quality. The sulfur needs only
to be kept dry, and the lime kept under water. If the arsenate of
lead has been received in the form of a paste it likewise should be
kept wet or under water. It is very important that it be not per-
mitted to become dry. If it has been received in the form of a finely
ground dry powder, it can be kept in this condition as long as
desired if dry. When needed for spraying stir water into it with
a paddle, until it becomes pasty, then mix it well with the water in a
spray tank or barrel. The bluestone or copper sulfate can be put
into vessels like fruit jars, stone crocks, or something else (not metal)
that can be covered, and by keeping the moisture of the air away
from it, there will be no trouble in keeping it in good condition
until needed next year. In consideration of these points, and the fur-
ther fact that the more of one kind of material the consumer
buys at one time, the cheaper is the rate per pound, it will surely
pay well to buy and use as much as is needed and properly save the
remainder.
It must be remembered that the purpose of this entire Demonstra-
tion or Model Orchard Work is to show how to produce the greatest
quantity and best quality of fruits at the least necessary expenditure
of money, time and effort; the increased value of fruits from the
comparitively slight expense of spraying will much more than pay
for the cost of the material, apparatus and labor. In the above
discussion, and in all of this work, we have looked toward reducing
as far as is possible, the number of different kinds of materials that
will be needed, so that the owner will not be confused with having
to bother with several different kinds of chemicals. For thousands
of persons in this State spraying will become easy, simple and
profitable this year and always hereafter. Materials should be or-
dered soon in order to be ready when the proper time comes.
Nothing is to be lost in ordering them early, and much may be lost
by a delay of only a few days.
KINDS OF APIPARATUS TO USE.
To the person who have never used a spray pump, the problem
of the kind to order becomes very perplexing indeed. However, he
should find help in our statement that any pump smaller than a
regular barrel pump will be liable to be too small in size and too
304
feeble in power to meet his needs in spraying trees the size of a
full grown pear or apple tree. It does not make so much difference
in regard to the number of trees which he has, as in regard to their
size. It requires an apparatus about as good to spray only a very
few large trees, as to spray many of the same size. The fundamental
point in spraying is to be able to cover the tree completely, quickly,
uniformly and easily. Any kind of apparatus that will do this will
prove effective. Dissatisfaction may arise from the slowness with
which the work must be done by small apparatus, or the extreme
labor required to manipulate an outfit that works hard; but reliable
manufacturers are making every reasonable effort to produce appar-
atus that will meet the needs of customers and keep their goods in the
market by reason of their efficiency and acceptability. We recommend
growers to write to manufacturers, stating the kind, number and age
of trees that they have to spray, and asking for suggestions as to what
is their cheapest, reliable apparatus they make that will meet the
needs of the owner of such an orchard.
The pump should be such as is provided with at least a small air
chamber and throw a steady spray when the handle is worked up and
down. It should work easily, and have enough power to keep two noz-
zles in full play on the end of the hose or extension rod. While some
pumps are a little cheaper than others, it does not appear to be the
function of this office to state what manufacturer offers the cheapest
pump to the public. This is a matter of business, which each man
must decide for himself. We can state whether or not a certain pump
would be satisfactory for an orchard of a certain number of trees
of some given size.
We should here take occasion to warn the orchadist against the
error of buying a small or cheap pump because his trees are now only
medium to small size. They will grow, and he will soon regret that
he did not buy a larger, better or more powerful pump in the first
place. Many persons have started with knapsack sprayers and soon
changed to barrel sprayers, and later to gasolene or other power out-
fits.
A spray pump, if cleaned and oiled after using, will last for many
years, but if not given proper attention will be useless before the
end of the first season. Each time after it is used clean water should
be run through it, and the working parts should be oiled. The nozzle
should be taken apart, washed, oiled and dried. A few inches of
water should be put into the barrel or tank to keep it from drying
or cracking and thus becoming unfit for use when again needed.
One of the most essential features in spraying with any material
that contains lime or other sediment is, to strain this through a
good strainer. By no means should coarse gunny sacking or fibrous
cloth material be used for this purpose. Where fine threads get into
305
}
the spray liquid they are almost sure to clog nozzles and cause
considerable trouble. All spray liquids containing sediment should
be strained through brass wire cloth of at least thirty meshes
to the inch. The best kind of a funnel is one about fifteen inches
across the top, made of thin sheet iron, inside of which a cone five or
six inches high has been built or soldered, using quarter-inch or
half-inch galvanized wire netting to make a support for the brass
wire cloth cone. The latter is then slipped over the supporting cone
of heavier material and is soldered into place. With such a conical
strainer any kind of liquid can be strained almost as rapidly as
water, and when so strained it is possible to spray for hours at a
time without once clogging the nozzles. The chief troubles in
spraying come from clogged nozzles and bursting hose. Another
form of strainer is made by placing a sheet of fine brass wire cloth
at an angle across a funnel or strainer box, in such a way that
one edge of it is lower than the other, and the sediment will settle aft
the angle above its lower edge, while the liquid runs through it just
above this sediment. An ordinary strainer placed level or flat in a
funnel is quite unsatisfactory. It clogs at once and then causes
great loss of time and does not do the work desired. The funnel
should be washed out with clear water each time after using.
The hose is the next important feature to consider in ordering ap-
paratus. This generally comes in sections, each of which is twelve
and one-half feet in length. One line of hose leading from a pump is
called a “lead,” and if only one lead is used, this should be at least
of two sections or twenty-five feet in length, and for tall trees a third
or additional section may be needed to make the hose long enough
to reach the top. The operator should not be content with a rod called
a “hose pole” for supporting the hose, but should use an extension
rod, which can be made either of ordinary gas pipe, or purchased
from the dealers as a “bamboo extension rod,” which is really bam-
boo lined with metal. At the base of the extension rod there should
be a stop-cock to let the spraying operator shut off the pressure
instantly when he is ready to pass from tree to tree; and there
should be another stop-cock between the hose and the barrel to let
the man at the pump shut off the pressure at any time in case
of a bursted hose or other emergency.
The extension rod for spraying trees should be six or eight feet
long, while for spraying truck crops, it should not be more than
three or four feet long. It should carry an eighth-turn, which is
simply a little device for turning the nozzles one-eighth or forty-
five degrees from the direction of the extension rod. Into this eighth-
turn should be screwed a “Y” attachment for carrying two nozzles
On the same rod.
306
The nozzles should be the type of the enlarged Vermorel, among
examples of which are the large Mistry Jr., the Brown, the Deming,
Friend, the Spramotor and the Winkle Mistry. The last named is one
of the best and cheapest we have tried. The Friend Angle Nozzle is
one that is made with the face of the nozzle turned permanently
slightly to one side so that the eighth-turn attachment is not neces-
sary to change the direction of the spray jet. It is a good nozzle.
A good arrangement to prevent liquids from running down the
extension rod from the nozzle is simply a piece of rubber, such as the
sole of an old rubber boot, with a hole cut in it small enough to fit
tightly around the extension rod a few inches below the nozzle. This
serves the purpose of a drip tin, and as it bends back and forth as
the operator reaches among the branches, it does not give the annoy-
ance that is caused by a tin drip disk. Some operators merely use
two or three short pieces of rags tied around the extension rod a
few inches below the nozzle to divert the drip stream, so that it will
fall to the ground and not run down to the hands of the operator.
A final important point is proper protection of workmen and
horses from the spray liquid. The team should always be kept on
the side of the spraying work toward the wind, so that the spray
liquid blows from it. This can be done only by using long enough
hose to let the operator swing partially around the trees at each
side. The men doing the work should oil the exposed parts of their
hands, faces and necks, using Vaseline, which will prevent spray
materials from causing injury. They should also wear cloths tied
about their necks for protection, and should be particular to pro-
wide themselves with cheap gloves, which should be dropped into
melted tallow or parifine, and thus made impervious to penetration
by spray liquids. In using any of the lime-sulfur solutions, it is
very important to have the hands thus protected. Without such
protection, serious trouble may come in the way of sores produced
from continued unnecessary contact with the liquid. We have seen
persons spray for three days at a time, dressed in good clothing,
and not become soiled by the spray liquid, while we have seen other
persons so badly covered with it that they were more or less seriously
injured. There is no need, whatever, of a person failing to take
proper care of himself, or to protect himself from a material that is
purposely made strong enough to kill some of our most hardy in-
sect pests.
Our Coming to the Demonstration Orchards: As has been previ-
ously announced, the Demonstration Orchards selected are of two
general kinds; first, the Public Meeting Demostration Orchards, and,
second, the Supervision Orchards. At the former we will furnish
the material needed for spraying those trees which are taken under
our direct care, and where there will be held public meetings for the
{
307 º
purpose of showing to the public in a practical way the proper
methods of pruning and spraying diseased and infested trees. In-
cidentally, there will be exhibitions of planting and other features
of orchard work, but these will be minor in regard to the fundamental
feature of pest control. Directions will also be given for cultivation
and fertilization. At least two of our experts will be present at each
of the public meetings, and it is the purpose of the State Zoologist
himself to attend as many of these meetings as possible, especially
in those counties where he has not previously been in frequent at-
tendance at orchard gatherings. During the first visit of the ex-
perts at the Public Meeting Orchard, they will prune and spray as
many trees of each size and kind as they can finish, with the help of
the owner or others within two days. On the afternoon of the first
day, as a rule, there will be a public meeting, which is to be fully an-
nounced, as to the exact date and locality, in all the local daily and
weekly newspapers, and through posters. If the weather should prove
bad on the day announced the State's experts will be present anyhow,
and will be ready to hold a meeting in a barn or shed to give the
public the benefit of their discussions and advice, and to examine
specimens, especially of twigs which may be suspected of being in-
fested with San José scale and to answer inquiries and give all help
possible. If the weather should be such as to prevent the public out-
door work during the first day, this will be pushed with all possible
effort on the second day and the public will be invited to attend.
A return meeting may be arranged, if it be thought best by all persons
concerned.
The next public meeting will be at the time of the codling moth
spray, which will be just after the petals fall, or at some time
within the two weeks then following. At this meeting dilute Bordeaux
mixture will be made, and arsenate of lead will be added to the
same and applied, to prevent both plant diseases and injury by the
codling moth. The subject of wormy fruits will be fully discussed,
and stone fruits will be sprayed for the curculio when they are suf.
ficiently advanced. Detailed direction will be given for the cultiva-
tion and fertilization of the orchard as incidental features in promot
ing the growth of the tree and insuring the best results in the work
of overcomng the effects of pests.
The third and last public meeting which is now anticipated, will
be arranged in the fall when the public will be invited to come to
these demonstration orchards and observe for themselves what re-
sults have been obtained. The dates for all these public meetings
will be arranged as far in advance as is possible, and will be an-
nounced through the local press, the daily newspapers, local farm-
ers’ organizations, like the Grange, and by conspicuous posters. This
is the real practical work of showing how to produce the best fruits
308
in greatest quantity, at the least necessary expenditure of money,
time and effort. A very careful record will be kept of the details of
the cost of work in each orchard, and this will be compared with
the profits from such efforts and publicly announced at the
fall meeting. There is no objection to any person making personal
observations of the methods employed in these Public Meeting
Orchards at any time he may so desire during the season.
The Supervision Orchards: These are orchards in which we have
accepted the invitation of the owners to visit them or sent a com-
petent demonstrator, who will give expert supervision in the care of
the trees, and such personal help as he may need in getting started
to spray them, prune them, or otherwise attempt methods with which
he may not be entirely familiar, in accordance with plans outlined.
As a rule, the expert will spend only such time there as is necessary
to give the owner proper directions in regard to the care of his
orchard, and such help as he may need in getting started in the
correct methods of spraying and pruning. This need not be over a
half day at a time. In these Supervision Orchards the owner fur-
nishes all the material and does the work after the needed aid in a
proper start has been given by our demonstrators. He gets the benefit
of expert supervision, and if he should meet any difficulty, or observe
any unusual pest threatening his property during the entire year,
special aid will be given him immediately. In all of the Demon-
stration Orchards the apparatus to be used is to be furnished by the
owners, as the time has arrived when it is impossible for a person to
produce fruits in this State without a spraying apparatus, as surely
as it is to produce field crops without a cultivator.
The work in the Demonstration Orchards of both kinds will be
commenced as early as the weather will permit, and the owners of
Supervision Orchards can, of course, go ahead with their spraying
and pruning when they desire. In that part of the Public Meeting
Orchards, which will not come under our direct care, the owners
may go forward with such methods of pruning and spraying as they
may see fit to practice, or all owners who wish to do so may await
the visits of our expert inspectors and demonstrators, and then adopt
such features of our methods as may appeal to them, or follow these
methods in detail if they may wish.
Owing to the earlier favorable conditions for this work in the
southern part of the State, it will be begun there first and pushed as
rapidly as possible. As the season advances and the weather becomes
fit, it will be carried northward and into regions of higher elevation.
It is our earnest desire to complete the scheduled demonstrations-by
the middle of April, so that the latter half of April may, in general,
yet remain as a period available for special services in this line of
work before the advancement of the buds stops it for this spring.
309
TELE WORK IN EACEH COUNTY.
Promptly on the first of this month the full inspection and demon-
stration force is started in such manner as to give complete service in
each and every County of the State, in the entire list of both Public
Meeting and Supervision Orchards, as published (with slight neces-
sary corrections) in our Bulletin for January of this year. By refer-
ence to that Bulletin, the names and addresses of the owners of nearly
all of these orchards can be obtained. For the purpose of having two
experts work together in each of the Public Meeting Orchards, the
State has been divided into districts, and two good men have been
assigned to each. These districts are as follows:
1. Lancaster, Franklin, Fulton, York and Adams Counties. In
charge of Inspectors Bowers and Peirce. The Public Meetings in
these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, Hon. C. I. Landis, Paradise.
March 16 and 17, Dr. F. Winger, Ephrata.
March 18 and 19, John H. Shenk, Manheim.
March 21 and 22, Forest Preston, Nottingham.
March 23 and 24, Henry Fletcher, Marietta.
March 25 and 26, Frederic M. Small, Emigsville.
March 28 and 29, Farmers’ Club, New Freedom.
March 30 and 31, M. H. Sweitzer, Stewartstown.
April 1 and 2, J. E. Belt, Wellsville.
April 4 and 5, Albert Shorb, Hanover.
April 6 and 7, Mrs. C. N. Weaver, New Oxford.
April 8 and 9, R. H. Lupp, Biglerville.
April 11 and 12, J. L. Reed & Co., Scotland.
April 13 and 14, P. N. Amberson, Waynesboro.
April 15 and 16, Irvin C. Elder, Chambersburg.
April 18 and 19, Mercersburg Academy, Mercersburg.
April 20 and 21, J. B. Runyan, McConnellsburg.
2. Lebanon, Carbon, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Northampton. In
charge of Inspectors Fertig and Moore. The Public Meetings in
these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, J. G. Eisenhower, Myerstown.
March 16 and 17, James N. Bohn, Onset.
March 18 and 19, S. A. Louser, Lebanon.
March 21 and 22, F. A. Fetherolf, Trexlertown.
March 23 and 24, E. N. Cassell, Allentown, orchard of Mennonite
2
310
Orphange, Centre Valley.
March 25 and 26, Dr. Fred Seiberling, North Linville.
March 28 and 29, D. D. Wagner & Son, Easton.
March 30 and 31, H. H. Moore, Nazareth.
April 1 and 2, Enoch Reimer, Bangor.
April 4 and 5, Reuben Boyer Estate, Weissport.
April 6 and 7, Wilson Deitrich, Weatherly.
April 8 and 9, W. D. Mehrkam, Palmerton.
April 11 and 12, W. H. Blumenstein, Pottsville.
April 13 and 14, F. H. Neischwender, Pittman.
April 15 and 16, James Pritchard, Adamsdale.
April 18 and 19, Irwin E. Teter, New Ringgold.
3. Berks, Dauphin, Cumberland, Northumberland, Montour and
Columbia. In charge of Ins; ectors Fox and Murray. The Public
Meetings in these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, S. Lauer, Blandon.
March 16 and 17, A. J. Lesher, Virginsville.
March 18 and 19, George Moll, Bernville.
March 21 and 22, Jeremiah Dierolf, Bechtelsville.
March 23 and 24, E. M. Zerr, Geigers Mills.
March 25 and 26, Emaus' Orphans' Home, Middletown.
March 28 and 29, F. C. Bosler, Carlisle.
March 30 and 31, Simon Heberlig, Newburg.
April 1 and 2, Dr. J. J. Koser, Shippensburg.
April 4 and 5, J. C. Bucher, Boiling Springs.
April 6 and 7, H. L. Lark, Millersburg.
April 8 and 9, Odd Fellows' Orphanage, Sunbury.
April 11 and 12, Chas. N. Marsh, Milton.
April 13 and 14, Edw. Raker, Shamokin.
April 15 and 16, Mr. and Mrs. Isaac M. Gross, Sunbury, R. F. D.
April 18 and 19, Orville B. Savage, Danville.
April 20 and 21, J. Miles Derr, Milton, R. F. D. 1.
April 22 and 23, Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa.
April 24 and 25, Bloom Poor Farm, Bloomsburg.
April 26 and 27, A. G. Everett, Unityville.
April 28 and 29, G. S. McHenry, Benton.
4. Bucks, Delaware, Philadelphia, Montgomery. In charge of
Demonstrators Loux, Shay and Briggs. The Public Meetings in these
districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, E. J. Thomas, Doylestown.
March 16 and 17, H. L. Shelly, Quakertown.
March 18 and 19, H. T. Adams, Kellers Church.
March 21 and 22, George C. Buckman, Newtown.
March 23 and 24, Frank Shuman, Tacony.
March 25 and 26, J. H. Maurer, Manyunk.
311
March 30 and 31, Josiah Smith, Esq., Chester.
April 1 and 2, Richard T. Ogden, Swarthmore.
April 4 and 5, Chas. A. Livezey, Spring House.
April 6 and 7, Irvin P. Knipe, Arcola.
April 8 and 9, I. M. Moll, Red Hill.
April 11 and 12, National Farm School, Farm School.
5. Perry, Snyder, Union, Centre, Juniata, Huntingdon, Mifflin
and Clearfield. In charge of Inspectors Foster and Bergy. The
Public Meetings in these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, R. C. Neal, Cove Forge.
March 16 and 17, J. A. Bower & Son, Landisburg.
March 18 and 19, Tressler’s Orphanage, Loysville.
March 21 and 22, Edw. E. Marshall, Newport.
March 23 and 24, Wilbur D. Keemer, East Waterford.
March 25 and 26, P. M. Kilmer, Kilmer. º
March 28 and 29, E. A. Shafer, Port Treverton.
March 30 and 31, H. H. Renninger, Middleburg.
April 1 and 2, E. A. Earnest, Beavertown.
April 4 and 5, H. H. Laub, Raubs Mills.
. April 6 and 7, M. M. Naginey, Milroy.
April 8 and 9, Wm. P. Woods, Lewistown.
April 11 and 12, D. O. Saylor, Todd.
April 13 and 14, S. L. Smith, Mill Creek.
April 15 and 16, Newton Neidig, State College.
April 18 and 19, J. J. Arney, Centre Hall.
April 20 and 21, W. Fred Reynolds, Bellefonte.
April 22 and 23, George R. Mock, Phillipsburg.
April 25 and 26, W. K. Johnson, Berwindale.
April 27 and 28, Frank Hahne, DuBois.
6. Bedford, Blair, Somerset, Fayette, Allegheny, Washington and
Green. In charge of Inspectors Lee and Gish. The Public Meetings
in these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, E. B. Waychoff, Jefferson.
March 16 and 17, Perry M. Rush, Sycamore.
March 18 and 19, Childrens' Home, Waynesburg.
March 21 and 22, J. W. Cleaver, Beallsville.
March 23 and 24, Julius Lemoyne, Washington.
March 25 and 26, J. M. Raab and Bro., Midway.
March 28 and 29, A. B. Gilfillan, Bridgeville.
March 30 and 31, D. C. Moyer, Sharpsburg.
April 1 and 2, C. C. Dawson, Tarentum.
April 4 and 5, James Fergus, West Newton.
April 6 and 7, Thomas N. Gummert, Braznell.
April 8 and 9, W. H. Barnett, Boswell.
April 11 and 12, Daniel Ott, Windber.
312
April 13 and 14, R. W. Shipman, Hollidaysburg.
April 15 and 16, D. S. Kloss, Tyrone.
April 18 and 19, W. H. Herr, Claysburg.
April 20 and 21, J. Wilson Weaver, Saxton.
April 22 and 23, Hon. John M. Reynolds, Bedford.
April 25 and 26, W. S. Madore, Hyndman.
April 27 and 28, Top Roland, Chapmans Run.
7. Lawrence, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, Warren, McKean and For-
rest. In charge of Inspectors Cox and Burke. The Public Meetings in
these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, C. C. Cox, Pulaski.
March 16 and 17, Philip A. Young, Enon Valley.
March 18 and 19, Mercer County Home, Mercer.
March 21 and 22, George Jr. Republic, Grove City.
March 23 and 24, A. P. Elder, Stoneboro.
March 25 and 26, Theo. B. Roth, Greenville.
March 28 and 29, William A. Hammon, Conneautville.
March 30 and 31, J. A. McLain, Meadville.
April 1 and 2, C. B. Comstock, Edinboro.
April 4 and 5, Dr. C. B. Chidester, Erie. g
April 6 and 7, Hon. Milton Shreve, Harbor Creek.
April 8 and 9, L. J. Halloran, North East.
April 11 and 12, William B. Winchester, Corry.
April 13 and 14, H. Y. Miller, Sugar Grove.
April 16 and 18, John T. Henderson, East Hickory.
April 19 and 20, J. E. Gaul, Marienville.
April 22 and 23, D. C. Young, Smethport.
April 25 and 26, R. J. Gates, Mt. Alton.
8. Butler, Venango, Clarion, Cambria and Elk. In charge of
Inspectors McClure and Weiss. The Public Meetings in these dis-
tricts are scheduled as follows:
March 15 and 16, C. H. Rich, Woolrich.
March 17 and 18, C. B. Grieb, Mill Hall.
March 19 and 21, S. S. Miller, Driftwood.
March 23 and 24, F. X. Blumle, Emporium.
March 25 and 26, E. G. Schreiber, Dagus Mines.
March 28 and 29, D. J. Hetrick, New Bethlehem.
March 30 and 31, Sidney Shirey, Sligo.
April 1 and 2, Mrs. Mary E. Agey, Leeper.
April 4 and 5, J. C. Culberson, Oil City.
April 6 and 7, Alfred Lamb, Pleasantville.
April 8 and 9, Miss Minerva Weed, Titusville.
April 11 and 12, S. H. Templeton, Baldwin.
April 13 and 14, W. M. Sullivan, Saxonburg.
April 15 and 16, R. H. Oliver & Son, Portersville.
313
9. Beaver, Westmoreland, Jefferson, Indiana, Cambria and Arm-
strong. In charge of Inspectors Briggs, Loux and Allaman. The
I’ublic Meetings in these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, A. P. Goodwin, Industry.
March 16 and 17, George S. Reed, Baden.
March 18 and 19, Clarence Kepple, Leechburg.
March 21 and 22, E. M. Gross, Greensburg.
March 23 and 24, J. B. Fretts, Scottdale.
March 25 and 26, J. S. Hill, Latrobe.
March 28 and 29, W. T. Gilkerson, Apollo.
March 30 and 31, K. Stubrich, Kittanning.
April 1 and 2, H. A. Marshall, Dayton.
April 4 and 5, Kerr & Bush, Grange.
April 6 and 7, Dr. J. G. Bethune, Punxsutawney.
April 8 and 9, Prof. L. M. Jones, Brookville.
April 11 and 12, W. E. Kearney, Brockwayville.
April 13 and 14, J. H. Rochester, Marion Centre.
April 15 and 16, M. J. Patterson, Blairsville.
April 18 and 19, Henry Barnhart, Johnstown.
April 20 and 21, Anselm B. Kirsch, Nicktown.
April 22 and 23, A. G. Glenn, Grisemore.
10. Tioga, Potter, Lycoming, Wyoming, Bradford and Sullivan.
In charge of Inspectors Benn and Knuppenberg. The Public Meet-
ings in these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 14 and 15, W. G. Winner, Calvert.
March 16 and 17, William A. Ellis, Muncy.
March 18 and 19, J. J. Sick, Sonestown.
March 21 and 22, J. G. Scouton, Dushore.
March 23 and 24, Erwin McCoon, Towanda.
March 25 and 26, Mrs. Caroline Reynders, Ulster.
March 28 and 29, C. E. Van Gordon, Meshoppen.
March 30 and 31, Felix Ansart, Lake Carey.
April 1 and 2, S. R. Brungess, Tunkhannock.
April 4 and 5, F. L. Estabrook, Athens.
April 6 and 7, Fred Bohleyer, Troy.
April 8 and 9, F. J. Everett, Jackson Summit.
April 11 and 12, Dorsett Bros., Mansfield.
April 13 and 14, Davis J. Jones, Wellsboro.
April 15 and 16, H. A. Gardner, Westfield.
April 18 and 19, Art S. Burt, Ulysses.
April 20 and 21, Bernard Tompke, Germania.
April 22 and 23, A. A. Allen & Son, Costello.
11. Susquehanna, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Wayne, Pike and Mon-
roe. In charge of Inspectors Finn and Bullock. The Public Meetings
in these districts are scheduled as follows:
814
March 14 and 15, Albert Lewis Mfg. Co., Alderson.
March 16 and 17, Irvin Chapin, Shickshinny.
March 18 and 19, Stephen D. Yost, Sugarloaf.
March 21 and 22, Edw. Krewson, White Haven.
March 23 and 24, W. J. Lewis & Bro., Pittston.
March 25 and 26, Lionel Winship, Moscow.
March 28 and 29, Harry C. Lockwood, Mt. Pocono.
March 30 and 31, H. B. Decker, E. Stroudsburg.
April 1 and 2, E. A. Schweitzer, Egypt Mills.
April 4 and 5, Chas. McKinney, Gravity.
April 6 and 7, W. J. P. Warwick, Inglehart.
April 8 and 9, Anthony Stumpf, Milford.
April 11 and 12, Hull Bros., Waymart.
April 13 and 14, M. M. Benson, Susquehanna.
April 15 and 16, F. I. Lott, Montrose.
12. Chester. In charge of Inspectors Windle and Herr. The Pub-
lic Meetings in these districts are scheduled as follows:
March 21 and 22, F. H. Irwin, Coatesville.
March 23 and 24, Dr. J. W. Scattergood, West Chester.
March 25 and 26, Chas. S. Powell, Frazer
March 28 and 29, Dr. A. N. Cleveland, Chadds Ford
March 30 and 31, F. A. Alexander, Oxford.
List of Demonstrators Who Will Have Charge of Meetings
in the Respective Counties.
(Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, will attend as many of the Public
Meetings as his office duties will permit.)
Counties. Local Demonstrator. Additional Demonstrator.
Adams, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. F. Peirce, . . . . . . . . . . . E. C. Bowers.
Allegheny, . . . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish, . . . . . . . . . . R. F. Lee.
Armstrong, . . . . . . . . . . . E. L. Loux, . . . . . . . . . . . . R. W. Allaman.
Beaver, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. S. Briggs, . . . . . . . . . . . . R. W. Allaman.
Bedford, . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish.
Berks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyrus T. Fox, . . . . . . . . . . D. E. Murray.
Blair, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish.
Bradford, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A. Knuppenburg, . . . . . M. L. Benn.
Bucks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. L. Loux, . . . . . . . . . . . . M. E. Shay.
Butler, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. L. McClure, . . . . . . . . . . H. B. Weiss.
Cambria, . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. W. Allaman, . . . . . . . . . . E. L. Loux.
Cameron, . . . . . . . . . . . . H. B. Weiss, . . . . . . . . . . . . F. L. McClure.
Carbon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. R. Fertig, . . . . . . . . . . . . B. S. Moore.
Centre, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . Jas. Bergy.
Chester, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Francis Windle, . . . . . . . . J. D. Herr.
Clarion, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. L. McClure, . . . . . . . . . . H. B. Weiss.
Clearfield, . . . . . . . . . . . . James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster.
Clinton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H Weiss, . . . . . . . . . . . . F. L. McClure
Columbia, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. E. Murray, . . . . . . . . . . Cyrus T. Fox.
Crawford, . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk.
Cumberland, . . . . . . . . . . Cyrus T. Fox, . . . . . . . . . . . D. E. Murray
Dauphin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyrus T. Fox, . . . . . . . . . . . D. E. Murray
Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . M. E. Shay, . . . . . . . . . . . . J. S. Briggs
lk, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. B. Weiss, . . . . . . . . . . . F. L. McClure
Erie, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk, . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox.
Fayette, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish
Forest: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk, . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox.
Franklin, . . . . . . . . . . . . E. C. Bowers, . . . . . . . . . . . E. F. Peirce
Fulton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. C. Bowers, . . . . . . . . . . . E. F. Peirce
Greene, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish, . . . . . . . . . . R. F. Lee.
Huntingdon, . . . . . . . . . James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster
Indiana, . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. W. Allaman, . . . . . . . . . . E. L. Loux.
Jefferson, . . . . . . . . . . . . R. W. Allaman, . . . . . . . . . . E. L. Loux.
Juniata, . . . . . . . . . . . . . James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster
Lackawanna, . . . . . . . . . . Allen O. Finn, . . . . . . . . . . W. H. Bullock
Lancaster, . . . . . . . . . . . E. C. Bowers, . . . . . . . . . . . E. F. Peirce
Lawrence, . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk
Lebanon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fred R. Fertig, . . . . . . . . . . B. S. Moore.
Izehigh, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fred R. Fertig, . . . . . . . . . . B. S. Moore.
Luzerne, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allen O. Finn, . . . . . . . . . . W. H. Bullock
Lycoming, . . . . . . . . . . . M. L. Benn, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A. Knuppenburg
McKean, . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk, . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox.
Mercer, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk
Mifflin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James Bergy, . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster
Monroe, . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. H. Bullock, . . . . . . . . . . Allen O. Finn
Montgomery, . . . . . . . . . . J. S. Briggs, . . . . . . . . . . . . M. E. Shay.
Montour, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. E. Murray, . . . . . . . . . . . Cyrus T. Fox.
Northampton, . . . . . . . . . B. S. Moore, . . . . . . . . . . ... | Fred R. Fertig
Northumberland, . . . . . . . D. E. Murray, . . . . . . . . . . Cyrus T. Fox.
Perry, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . . ames Bergy.
Philadelphia', . . . . . . . . . M. E. Shay, . . . . . . . . . . . . E. L. Loux.
Pike, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. H. Bullock, . . . . . . . . . . Allen O. Finn.
Potter, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. L. Benn, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A. Knuppenburg.
Schuylkill, . . . . . . . . . . . . B. S. Moore, . . . . . . . . . . . Fred R. Fertig.
Snyder, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . James Bergy.
Somerset, . . . . . . . . . . . . R. F. Lee, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish.
Sullivan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A. Knuppenburg, M. L. Benn.
Susquehanna, . . . . . . . . Allen O. Finn, . . . . . . . . . W. H. Bullock.
ioga, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. L. Benn, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A. Knuppenburg.
Union, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Foster, . . . . . . . . . . . James Bergy.
Venango, . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. L. McClure, . . . . . . . . . H. B. Weiss.
Warren, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. H. Burk, . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Cox.
Washington, . . . . . . . . . . Wm. G. Gish, . . . . . . . . . . R. F. Lee.
Wayne, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. H. Bullock, . . . . . . . . Allen O. Finn.
Westmoreland, . . . . . . . . tº e Briggs, . . . . . . . . . . R. W. Allaman.
Wyoming, . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A. Knuppenburg, M. Iu. Benn.
York, . . . . . . . . • * c e s e s e E. F. Peirce, . . . . . . . . . . E. C. Bowers,
(315)
REPORTS OF PENNSYLVANIA ORCEHARD INSPECTORS.
(Continued From the March Bulletin.)
WESTMORELAND COUNTY.
Inspector: WILLIAM H. RODGERS, Mifflintown, Pa.
Since May 18, 1909, I have been tramping over the hills, and
through the valleys of Westmoreland county; inhaling the odor from
coal mines, coke ovens and gas wells; climbing barbed wire fences;
pushing my way through tall briars and tangled ivy; and evading saw-
age dogs, in search of the omniverous San José scale and other pests
that infest plant life. I am free to confess that I found orchards and
orchard conditions in that county very much neglected and dilapi-
dated. Corporations interested in the use of gas (natural gas) for
manufacturing purposes, have decorated the hills and valleys with
immense derricks, illuminating the dark nights with constantly burn-
ing lights, and the fumes of gas fill the air. Many properties which
have come under my observation, containing fine large orchards
which, under proper conditions, would be thrifty and productive,
have been purchased outright by some gas, steel or mining company,
and the orchards and all surface conditions, except that which pro-
duces food for stock, are left to the ravages of the elements; and
those not purchased outright, are either leased for a good round sum
annually, or the mineral interests purchased at such a price as to ena-
ble the owners to live at ease, and leave surface conditions to tenants
for a nominal sum, who take very little interest in their preservation.
Taking out the large veins of coal in the earth has dried up the
springs and streams to an alarming extent. In many neighborhoods
the people are entirely without spring or well water. *
Great depressions are visible in fields and orchards into which trees
have tumbled, and large fissures in the earth disturbing the erectness
of buildings, fences, etc., give one a sort of uncomfortable and un-
certain feeling in relation to his footing. I am of the impression that
it has produced results very injurious to plant life by conditions
that years wil not eradicate. These together with the pests which are
found everywhere in great numbers, militate against, and very greatly
discourage, those engaged in raising fruit, so that Westmoreland
county is not a paradise for the fruit grower. I was almost daily
met with the statement: “We cannot raise fruit here anymore. Since
the mines, coke ovens and gas wells have been in operation the trees
have been on the decline.” They blame the smoke, sulphur and gas
for killing the trees, and yet in the midst of it all, I have once in a
(316)
317
while found trees in a most healthy condition, producing fruit of the
very best, commanding a price far in excess of anything shipped in,
as they have the best market here in the world, but the trees had the
best of care—illustrating conclusively that there are neighborhoods
here in which immense fortunes can be made in the next several years
by the men who have the nerve and the energy to take advantage of this
golden opportunity.
In answer to questions I will state as follows:
No. 1. Is there much San José scale in your district?
Answer. There is. It is found on almost all premises; on some in
such great numbers as to have destroyed many trees, and is sucking
the life out of many others. If its ravages are not stayed by quick
action on the part of the owners in the near future, thousands of dol-
lars will be lost to the fruit tree owners of Westmoreland county, and
it may be seemingly incredible when it is stated that not one in one
thousand knows of its presence and does not know what it looks like.
Yet this is true. In my visits to over twelve hundred premises I
found but two persons who knew San José scale. My observation is,
unhesitatingly, that it is on the increase. Where peach and plum are
found, at least 90 per cent. of the orchards are infested, while on old
apple trees it was difficult to find on the trunks or lower limbs. After
the fruit began to drop, I frequently found it on the apple laying
under the trees indicating its presence on the tender upper branches.
I should judge that about 30 per cent. of the trees in orchards in
general, are infested and would consider this to be a fair average.
In some orchards only a few trees were infested, and, again I would
find it on every tree in an orchard. -
No. 2. What remedies have you found to be efficient, etc.? .
Answer. I would state the Lime-sulfur wash has been generally
accepted as producing the best results. As to my own observations
in dates of spraying I cannot make any statement, but from state-
ments made, and results shown by parties who made the tests, the
late fall gives the best results, as the spray loosens the scale, and the
cold ‘weather following freezes and helps on the work. Lime-sulfur
wash has been uniformly successful.
No. 3. What remedies have you found inefficient, etc.?
I would state that in a number of instances some commercial sprays
were used without success. Parties could not remember names, and
receptacles were destroyed. In two instances Lime-sulfur was used
when trees were in foliage, killing the leaves. It was early in the
season and when I visited them in August the leaves on the young
trees were coming out again more brilliant in hue than ever.
No. 4. What other serious insects have you found, etc.?
318
The Apple-Plant louse was the most serious I found. It appeared
by the thousands in May, infesting the under side of the leaves, and
left them so they could not perform their proper functions. On all
bearing trees the fruit spurs were so much sapped that the apples
failed to develope. It had accomplished its devastation, and was
gone before any remedy was tried. In every apple orchard in which
the curled condition of the leaves, and undeveloped condition of the
fruit, indicated its presence and blight, I found no other pest so seri-
OUIS.
No. 5. Is the public keeping proper interest in the inspection?
It is, but to many it is necessary to explain, and when that is prop-
erly done the interest increases. They are anxious to learn all about
it. Many, very many, do not understand why an inspection is neces-
sary, and will insist that it is not, but when made to understand that
it is done at the instance of the State, and without cost to them, they
begin to warm up, and are willing to have me proceed. Very often I
find a tree near the door, on my way, infested with San José scale;
and if a lady has met me I invite her to take a look at it through the
glass. She responds, and after taking a peep, immediately calls for
the rest of the family, often bringing the bady and sending a child to
the field to tell “Pop” to come. Then often the whole family follows
me, with “Pop” leading the way, from tree to tree, firing questions at
me like cannister out of a cannon, until I must call a halt, close up,
and go on to the next. C
Coming out of an orchard, I found the owner sitting on the fence
talking to a neighbor. I told them who I was and my business, and
was met with the usual statement: “We cannot raise fruit here any
more,” etc.
“No,” I said, with all due respect, “you cannot raise corn, you can-
not raise potatoes, you cannot raise anything, and sit on the fence and
look at it.” Pointing, I said: “look at those few nice large apples
scattered over that tree. You can’t tell me when there was a culti-
vator in that orchard, when that tree received one particle of atten-
tion. You treat no other friend so ill, and yet amidst all your neglect
and ill-treatment I doubt if there is one spot on your farm of the
same dimensions that is doing as well by you as that tree.”
The man came off the fence with the statement that what I said
was true. His friend got out of the buggy and hitched his horse, and
I was marched all over the orchard, invited to dinner, to come back
and spend the night, and always to stay there when in the neighbor-
hood.
No. 6. How is the inspector received where his object is known?
Answer. Often grandly; when not known, infifferently; and where
the people are ignorant or over-smart, often badly. Many are un-
usually anxious to follow directions; some are indifferent; and some
don’t care a continental.
319
No. 7. What is the outlook, etc.?
In some few places, very good; but the vast majority of people are
utterly indifferent, and it will take a very strenuous compulsory law
to eradicate the pests, or even to, in any measure, stop their ravages.
Progressive men are O. J. Mechlin and Clarence Kepple, of Leech-
burg; Robert Burleigh, Buzzard and Conner. Planting is neither in-
creasing nor decreasing. The outlook could be much improved by
greater effort along lines laid out by our Economic Zoologist, if
greater assistance was given him by the State.
No. 8. Are farmers and fruits growers co-operating?
Answer. Not in the way of organized effort. The contest is all in
the line of individual effort. &
No. 9. What would be the result of suspension, etc.? Disastrous.
No. 10. Suggestions. Townships might be helped by having some
well known citizen of good character and standing, who was familiar
with the various pests and remedies to whom they could go for in-
formation and advice. I have spoken to ministers, telling them what
help they could give, and many of them are showing the pests to their
parishioners, and advising them of the remedies. I have even sug-
gested that they could not get a better theme on which to preach a ser-
mon that the San José scale; one of the smallest insects and yet the
most destructive. -
I am an advocate of the Department issuing a folder under the
direction of our very worthy Chief, Professor H. A. Surface, say of
four leaves, with formulas for a few of the worst pests and time to
use them. A few hundred could be carried readily by the inspectors
without very great effort, and they would save much time.
All of which is very respectively submitted.
WYOMING COUNTY.
(See Inspector Knuppenburg's Report for Bradford County.)
YORK COUNTY.
Inspector: E. F. PEIRCE, York, Pa.
Since making my last report I have found scale in over 99 per cent.
of the orchards which I have inspected, and excepting young trees
planted last year, which offer little attraction to birds as an alight-
ing place, on perhaps 90 per cent. of the trees. The infestation
ranges from very bad, near the buildings, where are the plums, peaches
and pears, to very slight on old apple trees, at a distance from these
fertile hatcheries.
320
Where the infestation was very slight in the main orchard, I have
earnestly endeavored to impress upon the mind of the owner the ad-
vantages of attending at once to the small sources, pointing out how
“a stitch in time” may save many times nine.
The list of remedies, which have been used in the orchards which I
have inspected this year, is short: Boiled lime and sulfur, prepared
lime and sulfur, at different dilutions, and scalecide, at different dilu-
tions. I have found failures and successes with each.
One man rubbed his trees (young ones) with salt bacon. White-
wash is the almost universal application. This is sometimes effective
on peach when cut back and treated to a thick coat. Lye and paint
have been used on a few small trees, but not extensively.
The boiled lime-sulfur has been successful when properly made and
thoroughly applied. Where it has failed it does not take much ques-
tioning to discover why, and it is usually admitted that the tree was
not thoroughly covered on account of (1) “difficulty of access,” (2)
windy weather, (3) haste, etc.
They “intended to finish the job later,” but good intentions won’t
kill scale. At one place I nearly despaired of finding the cause of
failure. The men were all from home. The lady of the house was
much interested in the trees. They had used fresh lime. They had
boiled it with the sulfur more than an hour. They had thoroughly
covered the trees. At last I found that it was done on a damp day,
and that a heavy rain set in just as they finished. That was reason
enough for me.
I endeavor to rub in the lesson of thoroughness, speaking of the
number of scale to the square inch, and rapidity of multiplication. I
have not found any of the remedies inefficient when properly diluted
and thoroughly applied, unless I except whitewash, which I have not
regarded as a remedy, and have not thought it necessary to mention
in my reports.
I have not observed any difference in results on account of date of
spraying. It is sufficiently difficult to ascertain the year. I have
found very few trees of which I could say positively that the spray
material had injured them. There is, however, in my mind, no doubt
whatever that an orchard which has been sprayed for several years
with lime-sulfur will always present much more thrifty and health-
ful appearance than an orchard sprayed for the same number of years
with any of the oils. I am not prepared, however, to say that the oils
injure the apple and pear trees. I am inclined to think that the
difference is mostly on account of the great benefit which the lime-
sulfur wash exerts as a fungicide.
Other serious insects in the district are the Scurfy scale, Oyster
Shell scale, Round-headed apple borer, Peach borer, Leaf hopper,
Aphis, and, of course, the ubiquitous Codling moth.
321 - --
The Scurfy scale is bad only on young trees, and on the lower limbs
of trees which need trimming badly. It is worst on trees which are
planted too closely, and which have grown to form a thicket. The
bark of these overshaded limbs is thin and soft and especially favora-
ble to the spread of both Scurfy and San José. Last year I found ap-
ple trees badly infested with Oyster shell scale, but this year I found
it mostly on lilac, willow, a few plum trees, and silver maple. At
one place there was a row of large willow trees absolutely covered
with it, and I was not able, in a ten-minute search, to find a single
one on an apple tree which stood not more than twenty-five yards dis-
tant. - *
The Round-headed apple-tree borer is pursuing his dastardly voca-
tion in practically every orchard, unchecked, except by specialists in
fruit growing. The same may be said of the peach borer, with the
added statement that he is in my district rather a friend of the
farmer, in that he hastens the death of the scale-infested, Yellows dis-
ceminating peach tree, which is the kind of peach tree I have learned
to expect to find.
The Aphis was particularly numerous this year in orchard, street
and forest. The leaf-hopper not nearly so bad as last year, tho’ this
may be a matter of section. The Codling moth still has things pretty
much its own way. I met with a few exceptions, where pyrox was
used with excellent results.
Is the public keeping proper interest in the inspection and demon-
stration work? Each man begins to take a “proper interest” when
he walks through his bearing apple orchard, and finds some cherished
tree all crusted over with scale. There is one saving condition. There
is not a neighborhood but contains at least one man who reads and
thinks and is prepared to set an example. They are influential men.
The inspector is received in York county in all shades of manner,
from quiet acceptance of the inevitable to effusive cordiality, never
with actual discourtesy. I believe there are very few of them that I
fail to convince that I desire their welfare and that I am able to give
valuable advice. The growers, in general, express a willingness to
follow my advice.
I believe the outlook for orcharding in York county is favorable.
Several large orchards have been planted recently. These will be
given care. Already the rumors of large profits, from a few which
have come into bearing, are being repeated in distant places. As
others show big profits, which they will, the interest will increase.
In the meantime many old ones will be lost, or irreparably injured,
but the natural advantages of York county as a fruit growing district,
and the efforts of the Department of Agriculture to enlighten will
insure a great future in this line. Howard Anderson and John Baird,
of near Stewartstown, and M. H. Baer and a Mr. Forry, of near
322
Spring Grove, are up-to-date orchardists. The two former have
already reaped large profits, and the success of the two latter is as-
sured by a co-partnership with a brother of Inspector Herr, and being
in a sense a brother-in-law to all of us, it is impossible for him to fail.
He personally assured me that no tree in these orchards should ever
suffer from the San José scale.
The farmers and fruit growers are co-operating to a certain extent,
but not by any means to the extent that they should. There are sev-
eral wide-awake farmers' clubs and granges in the county, but there
is need and room for many more. There are, in my knowledge, one
or two localities where I am confident that any kind of concerted
effort would result in organization.
A suspension of the work of the Division at present, would be a
calamity. That word may sound strong. Well, I believe firmly that
it belongs right where it is. The most extensive and the most pro-
gressive fruit growers need most the assistance which this Division
is prepared to give them, because their interests at stake are greater.
As others fall into line, they will need the same assistance. It is sur-
prising how many ways there are of not doing it right.
I feel very timid about offering suggestions for the improvement
of the service. If our Chief were strictly an office man he would no
doubt be benefitted by suggestions from those in the field. But he is
himself of the field, and has already weighed and tackled every
idea which would be likely to occur to me. I will content myself with
repeating my suggestion of last year, namely, that the State should
manufacture remedies and furnish them at cost. This plan would
result in incalculable good. There is an idea abroad that the State
should not enter into competition with private interests. I believe it
to be a mistaken idea. The principle of “the greatest good to the
greatest number” is a safe working principle for communities or
nations.