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V. 1.%
PUBLI'ſ VIRGILI'ſ MARO(NIS)
0 PER A,
OR,
THE WORKS 0 F W IR (; ; L.
- WITH COPIOUS NOTES,
MYTHOLOGICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL
ASTRoNOMICAL, CRITICAL, AND EXPLANATORY, IN ENGLISH;
COMPILED FROM THE BEST COMMENTATORS, WITH MANY THAT ARE NEW.
TOGETHER WITH
AN GRDO OF THE MOST IN TRICATE PARTS OF THE TEXT
UPON THE SAME PAGE WITH THE TEXT,
DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF
STUDENTS IN THE COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES, IN THE
- UNITED STATES.
SPECIALLY CALCULATED TO LIGHTEN THE LABOUR OF THE TEACHER, ANP To
LEAD THE STUDENT INTO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE POET
TO WHICH IS ADDED
21 (liable of liteference.
BY THE REV. J. G. COOPER, A. M.
NINTH STEREOTYPE EDITION. ... •
N E W Y O R K :
PR A TT, O A K L E Y & C O M P A NY,
NO. 4 CO R T L A N \) 'i' S T R. E. E. T.
1 8 57.
* * * * * ~ *** *-*-*-****
Entered according to Act of tongress, in the year 1840,
by CATHARINE CoopFR, -
wn the Clerk's Office of the Disºrict Court of “he Southern District of New York.
2&- * **_
sº sº. º. as emº sº. *
&;++
§ſºlette
6-7-2 ºf
RECOMMENDATIONS.
$ NEw-York, July 6, 1815.
An edition of the Works of Virgil, upon the plan adopted by the Rev. J. G
Cooper, I think preferable to those usually put into the hands of boys. His
notes and explanations, so far as I have examined them, are both copious and
judicious. Believing that classical literature will be promoted thereby, I do
cheerfully recommend the work.
WILLIAM HARRIS, D. D.
President of Columbia College.
In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, we do fully and cordially
unite
JOHN BOWDEN, D. D.
Professor of Rhetoric, &c. &c. Columbia College.
Rev. EDMUND D. BARRY,
Principal of the Ep. Academy, New-York.
JOHN BORLAND, A. M.
Teacher of a Select Classical School, New-York.
TILLOTSON BRUNSON, D. D.
Principal of the Ep. Academy, Cheshire, Connecticut,
BALTIMORE, Oct. 20, 1825.
In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, we do fully and cordially
Jnite
§ W. E. WYATT, D. D.
Associate Min. of St. Paul’s Parish.
Rev. JOHN ALLEN, A. M.
Professor of Math. in the University of Maryland, and author of an edition of the
Elements of Euclid, &c. &c.
NEw-York, April, 1827.
In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, I do fully and cordially
agree. JAMES RENWICK,
Professor of Nat. Philosophy and Chemistry in Col. College.
PHILADELPHIA, June, 1827
In the above opinion expressed by Dr. Harris, I do fully and cordially
agree.
JAMES ROSS, L. L. D.
Author of a Latin Grammar, &c. &c.
LEXINGTON, Ky. April 1, 1825.
Having recently examined the Rev. J. G. Cooper's proposed edition of the
Works of Virgil, I have no hesitation in giving my opinion, that the plan which
he has pursued is excellent, and the execution highly creditable to his talents
and scholarship. Such a work will greatly facilitate the study of the poet, on
the part of the youthful learner. It will give him a correct idea of the meaning
of the author in the more difficult passages; and by its copious notes upon
ancient history, and mythology, will enable him to relish beauties that are now
rarely perceived in the early course of classical instruction. I have no doubt
but that its appearance will be welcomed by the intelligent and discerning, as a
publication admirably adapted to enlist the feelings, and stimulate the applica-
tion of youth, in the elementary schools of our country.
GEORGE T. CHAPMAN, D. D.
Professor of History, &c. &c in Transylvania University, Ky
W RECOMMENDATIONS.
BALTIMoRE, Oct. 20, 1825.
The edition of the Works of Virgil proposed to be published by the Rey J.
G. Cooper, appears to me, as far as a very partial examination of it has enabled
me to judge, to be a work of merit, both as to the plan and execution. And I
am persuaded, that its adoption into our Colleges and Seminaries of learning
will greatly facilitate the acquisition of a correct knowledge of that elegant
and distinguished poet.
JAMES KEMP, D. D.
Bishop of the Prot. Epis. Church in the state of Maryland,
So far as I have had opportunity to examine the manuscript of the Rev. J.
G. Cooper for a new edition of the Works of Virgil, I highly approve of the
plan, and think it well calculated to facilitate the study of the poet. It appears
to be a leading object with Mr. Cooper, to lighten the burden of the student.
by elucidating the difficult passages of the author, and by leading the youthful
mind into a relish of his beauties and excellencies.
The substitution of an Ordo of the most intricate passages in the room of a
general interpretation of the text, I consider a material advantage. While it
removes the difficulties in the collocation of the words, it leads the student more
directly to the text, and tends to fix his attention more closely upon the language
of the poet. On the whole, I consider the work deserving of public patronage:
and I wish him every encouragement in his endeavours to promote the interests
of classical literature.
FRANCIS E. GODDARD, A. M.
President of the Southern College, Bowling-Green, Ky
November 6, 1823.
LousvilDE, Ky. December 20, 1823.
Having been favoured with the perusal of notes upon the Works of Virgil,
compiled by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, together with an Ordo of the more intri
cate parts of the text, I am fully persuaded they are well calculated to assist the
younger classical students to read and understand the poet, especially in the
more difficult passages; to enlarge the mind in the Geography of the country,
and to explain the mythology of the age in which he wrote.
The criticisms on the text are generally correct, and display an intimate
acquaintance with the syntax of the Latin language: and I do not hesitate to
say, that in my opinion, the work would be very useful in the Academies and .
Seminaries of the United States.
GIDEON BLACKBURN. D. D.
CAMBRIDGE, MAss. May 10, 1815
AN edition of the Works of Virgil, upon the plan adopted by the Rev. J. G
Uooper, will. I am persuaded, be found useful in instruction. It provides for a
portion of that assistance in the interpretation of the poet, for which resort is
frequently and injudiciously had to translations; while it is, at the same time,
exempt from any of the disadvantages attending such a mode of studying this
author.
JOHN T. KIRKLAND, D, D
..President of Harvard University
KINGHAM, MAss. May 8, 1815.
From a partial examination of the manuscript copy of the Works of Virgil
with English notes, &c. by the Rev. J. G. Cooper, it appears to have been
prepared with much labour and care. I have no doubt that a work of this kind
would be of essential advantage to classical students, especially to those who
RECOMMENDATIONS. V
have not made considerable progress in the Latin language, previous to their
commencing the study of the poet.
DANIEL KIMBALL, A. M.
Principal of Derby Academy
I fully assent to the opinion expressed above by Mr. Kimball, as to the value
and usefulness of an edition of Virgil, upon the plan proposed by the Rev. Mr
Cooper. IIENRY WARE, D. D.
* Professor of Divinity in Harv. University.
TIIE edition of the Works of Virgil, prepared by the Rev. J. G. Cooper,
appears to be well calculated to facilitate a knowledge of the poet. To those
who may wish to study the poet, without the aid of an instructor; and to in-
structors themselves, who have not enjoyed a correctly classical education, it
will be eminently useful.
JOHN S. J. GARDINER, D. D.
BosTon, May, 1815.
At the request of the Rev. J. G. Cooper, I have cursorily examined a print-
ed specimen of his proposed edition of the Works of Virgil ; and am of opinion,
that, if the whole should be executed in the manner of this sample, it will be
deserving of patronage. t
J. L. KINGSLEY,
º Professor of the Latin Language.
YALE Co.LEGE, April 14, 1827.
ELLwooD SEMINARY, (near Philadelphia,) Dec. 9, 1826.
I have perused the specimen of your proposed edition of the Works of Virgil,
which, I think, will deserve a reception into every classical Academy.
JAMES TATHAM.
Rev. J. G. Cooper.
From a specimen of the proposed edition of the Works of Virgil, by the Rev.
J. G. Cooper, I am induced to believe the publication will be an aid to the
cause of our literature, by going into use among the younger students.
HECTOR HUMPHREYS,
Professor of ancient Languages, Washingtoni College
HARTFoRD, April 14, 1827.
I highly approve of the plan adopted by the editor, having for many years
believed such an edition of Virgil a great desideratum in our schools.
THOMAS DUGDALE, jr.
Teacher of Latin and Greek, in Friends' Academy, Philadelphia.
WASHINGTON CITY, Dec. 1825.
Sir—I am highly pleased with your edition of Virgil. I think the English
notes will be of infinite advantage to the scholar, and very interesting to the
teacher. I am anxious to have a sufficient number of copies to supply my
school, as I am determined to use no other for the future.
Yours respectfully,
A. R. PLUMLEY
Rev. J. G. CoopFR.
z BosToN, May 9th, 1815
SIR-So far as I can judge of the plan on which you propose to publish an
edition of Virgil, from the few pages of manuscript submitted to my inspection
l think it calculated to facilitate the progress of the learner; and peculiarly
*
vi - f{ECOMMENDATIONS.
*
adapted to the younger class of pupils, who are with difficulty made to under
stand the notes in the original, when hurried, as they frequently are, into this
author.
BENAMIN A. GOULD,
*. Principal of the public Grammar School
I cheerfully concur in approving the plan of Mr. Cooper's proposed edition
of the Works of Virgil.
- FRANCIS FELLOWS,
Associate Principal of the Mount Pleasant Classical Institution, (near Amherst,) Mass.
APRIL, 1827.
We, the subscribers, do approve of the plan adopted by the Rev J. G.
Cooper for a new edition of the Works of Virgil: and, when published, we do
hereby recommend his work to those classical students, who may attend our
respective Seminaries.
Rev. W.M. RAFFERTY, D. D.
Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.
EDWARD SPARKS, M. D.
Professor of Languages in St. John's College, Md.
Rev. SAM’L. K. JENNINGS, M. D.
Principal of the Asbury College, Baltimore.
MICHAEL POWER, A. M.
Professor of Languages, Asbury College Baltimore,
Rev. TIMOTHY CLOWES, L. L. D.
Principal of Washington College, Maryland.
Rev. HENRY L. DAVIS, D. D.
Principal of Wilmington College, Delaware.
Rev. FREDERIC BEASELY, D. D.
Provost of the University of Pennsylvania.
J. G. THOMSON, A. M.
Professor of Languages of the University of Penn
B. CONSTANT,
Principal of the Literary, Scientific and Military Lyceum, Germantown, Penn.
JOHN BORLAND,
Professor of Classical Literature in the Collegiate School, New-York.
Rev. E. D. BARRY, D. D.
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York
A. PARTRIDGE,
Superintendant of the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy, Middletown, Conn.
E. B. WILLISTON,
Professor of the Greek and Latin languages in the A. L. S. and Military Academy, Middletown, Conn.
- Rev. JOSEPH SPENCER,
Professor of Languages in Dickinson College, Pennsylvania
Rev. JAMES WILTBANK,
Principal of the Grammar School of the University of Pennsylvania
Rev. SAMUEL B. WYLIE, D. D
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia.
GEORGE HALENBAKE,
Principal of a Classical and Mathematical Academy, Philadelphia.
JOHN ANDERSON,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelph):
C. FELLT,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia.
W. J. BIRKEY,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia
HENRY HOOD,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia.
B. J. SCHIPPER,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia.
RECOMMENDATIONS wii
We, the subscribers, do approve of the plan adopted by the Rev. J. G.
Cooper for a new edition of the Works of Virgil ; and, when published, we
do hereby recommend his work to those classical students, who may attend
our respective Seminaries
Rev. W.M. BALLANTINE,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia.
WM. MANN, A. M.
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia.
J. P. ESPY,
Principal of a Classical Academy, Philadelphia
DAVID PATTERSON,
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York.
WM SHERWOOD,
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York
W. H. BOGART, A. B.
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York
JOSEPH PERRY, A. M.
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-Yorf,
GOULD BROWN,
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York
JACOB T. BERGEN,
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York
JAMES ANDERSON,
Classical Teacher in the La Fayette Seminary, N. York
J. SLOCOMB,
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-York
SAMUEL U. BERRIAN,
Classical Teacher, New-York
W. LORD,
Associate Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore
A. ROGERS,
Principal of a Select Classical Academy, Baltimore
JAMES STEEN,
Principal of the Wentworth Academy, Baltimore
JOHN PRENTISS,
Princioal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore,
Rev. J. G. ROBERTSON, -
Principal of a select Classical Academy, Raitinlore,
JAMES GOULD, tºr
Principal of a Classical Academy, Baltimore.
ELIJAH GARFIELD,
Teacher of Languages, Middletown, Conn,
ELl.JAH P. BARROWS, Jr.
Precepur of the Hartford Grammar School, Conn.
JOHN M. KEAGY, M. D.
w Principal of the Harrisburg Academy, Penn
BARNABAS BATES,
Principal of a Classical Academy, New-Yonk
THOMAS P. HAGGERTY,
Principal of a Clussleal Academy, Georgetown, D. C.
To Professors and Teachers of Classical Literature ºn
the Colleges, Academies, and other Seminariés in the
United States :
GENTLEMEN,
The very favorable opinion that many of you have expressed, of the plan
and execution of this Edition of the works of Virgil, claims my respectful
acknowledgments.
Every attempt to facilitate the acquisition of classical literature will, I am
persuaded, meet your approbation; I shall, therefore, offer no apology for
adding this new edition to the many others, already before the public.
Soon after I commenced the instruction of youth, I became sensible of the
impropriety of the use of the editions of Virgil, then in our schools. Those of
Ruapus and Davidson were generally, if not exclusively, read ; both equally
objectionable, the former by affording too little aid to the student in the illus-
tration of the text, the latter by affording him too much. It was at this early
period that I ſormed the plan of the present edition. Except the two last books
of the AEmeid, it was finished in the year 1815, as you will perceive by the date
of several of the recommendations. Since which time, they have been com-
pleted, and the whole carefully revised and greatly improved. This delay in
the publication gave me a further opportunity to become acquainted with the
wants of students, especially in the early course of study, and to collect the
opinions of teachers upon this subject. That opinion has uniformly been in
favor of my plan ; which takes a middle course between the opposite extremes
of affording too little, and too much assistance to the student.
The partial ordo is designed to assist him in the more intricate parts of the
text; and where recourse otherwise must be had to the teacher. The notes
and explanations are copious. They embrace whatever was deemed necessary
to elucidate the poet, and to lead the youthful mind to relish his beauties. Some
of the more difficult passages I have translated ; and, in general, where a word
is used out of its common acceptation, I have given its sense and meaning in
that particular place: and where commentators are not agreed upon the mean.
ing of a word or phrase, I have given their respective opinions. In the text, l
have adopted the reading of Heyne, except in a few instances, where the com
mon reading appeared preferable.
To the Bucolics, Georgics, and Æneid, I have given, in the first instance, a
general introduction; and to each Eclogue, and book of the Georgics and
AEneid, a summary or particular introduction: so that the student, knowing
beforehand the subject, and anticipating the beauties and excellences of the
poet, will proceed with ease and pleasure, and in a manner catch his spirit.
To each I have added a number of questions, to be asked by the teacher, and
( x )
answered by the pupil. They may be increased or modified at discretion
This method of instruction, by question and answer, will be found useful. It
serves to excite inquiry and attention on the part of the student, and affords the
teacher a ready method of discovering the degree of knowledge which he has
obtained of the subject. In this particular, I acknowledge my obligation to
several eminent teachers, who suggested the improvement. *
The commentators, to whom I am principally indebted, are Heyne, Ruasus,
Dr. Trapp, Davidson, and Walpy. But it will be seen, in the course of the work,
that I have not been confined to these alone. Wherever I found any thing
useful, tending either to elucidate the poet, or to interest the student, I have
taken it.
Throughout the whole, it has been a principal object with me, to render the
poet intelligible, and to elucidate those passages which are obscure and intricate.
To the whole is added, a table of reference to the notes, where any particular
article is considered or passage explained.
To you, gentlemen, I present it, with the humble trust that it will be found to
answer the purposes for which it was designed, namely, to lighten the labor of
the teacher, and to facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of the poet.
J. G. COOPER.
NEw-York, Oct. 1827.
§
THE LIFE OF WHRGILe
PuBLIUs VIRGILIUS MARO was born at a village called Andes, about three
miles from the city of Mantua, on the 15th day of October, in the year of
Rome 684, and 70 years before the Christian era. Pompey the Great and
Marcus Licinius Crassus were consuls.
His parents were in humble circumstances. His father cultivated a small
farm for the maintenance of his family. His mother, whose name was Maia
was related to Quintilius Varus, who rose to be proconsul of Syria, and after.
wards was appointed to the command of the Roman army in Germany.
The first seven years of his life were passed under his paternal roof: after
which he was removed to Cremona, a town situated upon the banks of the Po.
and not far from Mantua. While here, he distinguished himself in those studies
suited to his age, and gave presage of his future eminence. In this pleasant
retreat he passed ten years, till he assumed the Toga virilis, which, among the
Romans, was at the age of 17. At an early period he showed himself to be a
favorite of the Muses, and manifested a genius that one day was to rival the
author of the Iliad. At this time Pompey and Crassus were in their second
consulship.
From Cremona he removed to Mediolanum, a town not far distant, and soon
after to Naples. Here he devoted his time to the study of the Greek language,
of which he soon became master. By this means he was enabled to read the
Greek poets in the original, to enter fully into their spirit, and to discover their
beauties and excellencies. This proved of essential service to him in his future
labors. With a mind thus stored with literature, and a taste formed by the best
models, he entered upon the study of medicine, mathematics, and philosophy.
These last, more especially, were his pleasure and delight, as he has intimated
in several parts of his works.
He studied the Epicurean philosophy, then in much repute, under one Syro,
an eminent teacher. He afterwards composed his Sixth Eclogue, with a view
to compliment his preceptor, and to express a grateful remembrance of his
instructions. Varus was a pupil with him at the same time. Here they con-
tracted a friendship for each other, which continued during the remainder of
their lives. Having finished his studies at Naples, which occupied several
years, it is said, he visited Rome; but it is more probable that he returned to
Mantua, and retired to his paternal inheritance. Here he acquired that prac.
tical information which’so eminently qualified him for writing the Georgics.
A person of Virgil’s extensive attainments, and above all, of his poetic genius,
could not long remain in obscurity. His fame reached the ears of Pollio, who
was no less distinguished for ris love of literature, and of the muse, than for
xii - - LiFE OF VIRGIL.
his military achievements. He was a particular friend of Antony, and under him
commanded the troops in Cis-Alpine Gaul; in which Mantua was situated.
Here he became acquainted with Virgil, who was introduced to him either hy
Varus or Gallus; both of whom our poet has mentioned in his Eclogues, in the
most affectionate terms. •.
After the battle of Philippi, which proved fatal to the republican party, Au-
gustus divided the lands in the neighborhood of Mantua among his veteran
troops, to whom he was indebted for that victory. Virgil was involved in the
common calamity. This circumstance, in all human appearance to be lamented,
and which to others proved a heavy calamity, to our poet was the commence-
ment of an illustrious career, and the harbinger of an immortal day.
Pollio, wºo entertained a sincere friendship for Virgil, and was well qualified
to form a correct estimate of his talents and acquirements, becoming acquaint-
ed with his case, recommended him to Maecenas, who was then at Rome, and
held the highest place of honor and confidence with his prince. The friend of
Pollio found also a friend in Maecenas. He laid his case before Augustus, and
by his influence with his prince, obtained the restoration of his estate. Virgil,
at this time, probably was about 29 years of age. He immediately returned
with the edict of the emperor for the restoration of his farm, which had fallen
into the hands of one Areus, a centurion ; but he was resisted and ill-treated by
the new possessor, and forced to swim over the Mincius to save his life. This
cruel treatment is the subject of the ninth Eclogue. -
He went a second time to Rome upon the subject. But it is probable he
never after resided upon his estate. A wider field now opened before him ; and
he made the seat of the empire the place of his residence. Here his acquaint-
ance and friendship were sought by the most distinguished men; and the favorite
of the Muses became also the favorite of Augustus. -*
With a view to compliment his prince, and to express the happy state of the
empire under his administration, it is said, he composed the following distich.
which, in a private manner, he affixed to the gate of the palace :
Nocte pluit tota, redeunt spectacula mane:
Divisum imperium cum Jove Caesar habet
Augustus was highly pleased with the compliment paid to him, and the deli.
cate manner in which it was expressed ; and he desired to find out the author.
Virgil's modesty and diffidence prevented him from making an avowal. Al
length, one Bathyllus, a poet of inferior merit, had the hardihood to claim to be
the author. The emperor richly rewarded him. This greatly mortified our
poet, who wrote the same lines upon the gate of the palace, with the following
one under them : -
Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores:
together with the beginning of another line in these words,
Sic vos non vobis,
repeated three times. Augustus wished to find the author; and as the surest
way of doing it, demanded that the lines should be finished. Several attempts
were made without effect. Bathyllus was not able to do it; which led to a
suspicion of his imposture. At last Virgil finished them, and thus avowed him.
self the author of the previous distich. The lines are as follow :
-- Sic vos non vobis midificatis aves;
Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves;
Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes:
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves.
This detected the impostor, and covered him with ridicule and contempt
LIFE OF VIRGIL xiii
About this time, at the suggestion of Pollio, Virgil cominenced writing his
Eclogues; which occupied him three years The first was written to express
his gratitude to his prince for the restoration of his lands. This he did in so
delicate and modest a manner, that it raised him greatly in the estimation of
his friends and countrymen ; and the poet conferred a greater favor upon
Augustus, by immortalizing this act of his beneficence, than he did by restoring
to him his lands. The others were written upon various occasions, and for
various purposes.
The Eclogues were extremely popular. So well were they received, that
they were several times repeated upon the stage. Cicero, upon hearing thern,
was so much pleased, that he did not hesitate to say of the author: Magnac spes
altera Roma, which words the poet afterwards introduced into the twelfth book
of the AEneid, applied to Iulus. Virgil may be considered the first who intro-
duced pastorals among the Romans. It is a fact worthy of notice, that he was
the introducer, and at the same time the perfector, of this kind of writing. All
succeeding poets have taken him as their model, and found the surest way to
success to be, to copy his beauties. It is true, he was much indebted to
'l'heocritus, who was the first pastoral writer of eminence among the Greeks:
but he followed him with judgment, and improved upon him so much in
correctness of taste, in purity of thought, and delicacy of expression, that we
lose sight of the original. So much was he esteemed, that all classes of per-
sons crowded to see him, whenever he appeared in public ; and on entering the
theatre, the people rose up to do him reverence, no less than to Augustus
himself.
During the civil wars, agriculture had been much neglected: and so gene-
ral had the distress become on that account, that serious apprehensions were
entertained for the peace of Italy. All classes of people began to murmur, and
to cast the blame upon Augustus, and his administration. In this state of
things, it occurred to Maecenas, that the most effectual method of averting the
impending evils, and of restoring peace to the people, and confidence in the
administration, was to revive the agricultural interests of the country. For this
purpose, he desired Virgil to write a treatise upon agriculture. He well knew
no person was better qualified for a work of this kind. He possessed an
extensive knowledge of the subject, a correct taste, and could enliven it with
the charms of poetic numbers; and he already possessed the confidence and
affections of his countrymen. º
After a short respite, he entered upon the work. That he might be less
Interrupted in its prosecution, he retired from Rome to Naples, a city more
tranquil, and, at the same time, more healthy. In this pleasant retreat, removed
from the bustle of the capital, the intrigue of courts, and the jarring interests of
politics, he composed the Georgics—a poem, the most perfect and finished of
any composition in the Latin language He spent seven years in the work.
The public expectation was raised high ; but it was far surpassed: and Virgil
conferred a greater blessing upon his country, than if, in the field, he had ob-
tained the most splendid victory over its enemies.
The Georgics were every where well received, and Italy soon assumed a
flourishing appearance. The people found themselves in the enjoyment of
peace, plenty, and domestic happiness. The poet dedicated the work to his
friend Maecenas, a statesman distinguished equally for his love of literatute and
science, the correctness of his politics, and the wisdom of his councils.
Virgil was now forty years of age. At this time, he found himself in the pos
session of a large estate, chiefly from the liberality of his prince. His fame was
Coextensive with the empire, and the lovers of the muse courted his society
Among the particular friends of Virgil, may be reckoned Horace, a distinguished
xiv THE LIFE OF WIRGIL.
poet of that age, and a friend equally of Polho and Maecenas. Between these
two favorites of the Muses there subsisted, during their lives, the most cordial
friendship. How sincerely they esteemed each other, we may learn from an ode
which Horace afterwards composed upon the occasion of Virgil's setting sail fo
Greece, on account of his health. .
Having completed the Georgics, our poet soon commenced the ACneid an
epic or heroic poem. This is the noblest species of poetic composition, re-
quiring a correct judgment, a lively imagination, and an universal knowledge.
Virgil possessed them all in a high degree. It is supposed that he had the sub-
ject in contemplation for several years previous, and that he alludes to it in the
sixth Eclogue in these words :
Cúm canerem reges et prelia, Cynthius aurem
Wellit et admonuit: Pastorem, Tityre, pingues
Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen.
He probably had something of the kind in view; but whether it was, what the
Æneid afterwards proved to be, is uncertain.
The subject of the poem is the removal of a colony of Trojans from Asia
Minor, under the conduct of Æneas, and their settlement in Italy. The Iliad
and Odyssey undoubtedly suggested to Virgil the idea of the AEneid; and with-
olt the former we should not have had the latter. - .
It has been supposed by some, that the AEneid was designed merely as an
encomium upon Augustus, who was now raised to the highest temporal power.
But if this had been his only object, the poet might have saved much time and
labor, by composing short pieces, or brief panegyrics upon his prince, as
Horace did on several occasions. It is true, Virgil was very fond of compli-
menting the Caesars, and in several parts of his works, he has done it in the
Inost extravagant manner. -
The AEneid was undoubtedly designed for the benefit and instruction of the
Roman people generally, who were now happily enjoying the blessings of peace,
after having suffered, for a series of years, all the calamities of civil war. The
poet wished these blessings to be perpetuated. He, therefore, endeavors to
dissuade his countrymen fiom further attempts to restore the republic, and ad-
vises them to submit to the authority of a man who derived his origin from the
gods, and under his auspices, to cultivate harmony, and the arts of civilized life.
This is the moral of the poem, and an object worthy of the patriotism and
benevolence of the poet. -
Virgil wrote with a wonderful degree of exactness. Every thing which he
mentions is founded upon historical truth; and the voyage and adventures of his
hero are given with geographical precision. He has also given us a full and
perfect account of the religious rites and ceremonies of the age. The whole so
artfully blended with the subject, and so skilfully interwoven into it, as to be-
come an essential part of the poem. And while he is delighting the fancy with
the harmony of his numbers, he informs the understanding, and enlarges, the
bounds of our knowledge. -
As soon as it was known that Virgil had commenced the AEmeid, the public
expectation was raised very high; and so great was the general enthusiasm on
ºne occasion, that Sextius Propertius did not hesitate to say:
tº Cedite, Romani scriptores, cedite Graii;
- Nescio quid majus nascitur Iliade.
His delicate health caused considerable interruption in his labors; and he
ſound himself under the necessity of travelling, to sustain his feeble constitution
He visited Sicily, and several parts of Italy; but Naples was his favorite place
of residence. * - -
* LIFE OF WIRGIL. XV
[Ie spent seven years in composing the first six books of the Æneid. Au-
gustus wished to hear what he had written, and desired him to recite them to
him. The poet complied with the request of his prince; and for this purpose,
selected the second, fourth, and sixth books. Into this last, he had incorpo.
rated, with an ingenious hand, the funeral rites of Marcellus, who died a short
time before, and whom Augustus designed for his successor in the empire. He
was a very promising youth, the darling of his mother, Octavia, and the favor-
ite of the people. When the poet came to this part, Octavia, who was present,
was so much affected, that she fainted away : and Augustus was so highly
pleased with the compliment paid to his nephew, that he ordered ten sestertia
to be given for every line of the eulogium. This amounted to a very large sum.
The verse 165, had been left in an unfinished state, and in the heat of fancy,
occasioned by the recital, it is said, the poet added the words, Martemque ac-
cendere cantu, which complete the measure.
In four years afterwards, he finished the remaining six books, so that the poet
spent eleven years in writing the AEneid. At this time, he was in the fifty-
first year of his age, and his health considerably impaired. He had revised the
Eclogues and the Georgics, and continued to improve them till the year before
his death, as appears from some passages, particularly the closing verses of the
last Georgic. Augustus was on the banks of the Euphrates, in the year of
Rome 734. At this time Virgil was fifty years of age, and the Georgics had
been published ten years.
It was the intention of Virgil to revise the AEneid also, before it was publish-
ed. And for this end he visited the classic soil of Greece, where he purposed
to devote three years to the poem: and, this being done, to turn his attention
to philosophy. This, from his earliest years, had been his darling study, as he
Informs us in the latter part of the second Georgic ; and he wished to spend the
remaining years of his life in contemplating the works of nature, and in ele-
vating his mind to its divine Author.
But soon after his arrival, his health became so delicate, and his strength so
much exhausted, that he was obliged to relinquish it; and Augustus being on
his return from Asia, Virgil thought proper to accompany him. At Megara.
a town not far from Athens, he became seriously indisposed, and apprehensions
were entertained of his recovery. He hastened his return to Italy, but con-
tinued to decline, and a few days after his arrival at Brundusium, a town in the
eastern part of Italy, he expired, on the 22d day of September, being nearly
51 years of age. He died with that composure and resignation, which be-
came so good and virtuous a man. He wished to be interred at Naples, the
favorite place of his residence; and Augustus ordered his body to be removed
thither, according to his desire; where it was buried with every testimony of
respect and esteem. Just before his death, he wrote the following lines, as his
epitaph :
Mantua me genuit: Calabri rapuere: tenet nunc
Parthenope: Cecini pascua, rura, duces.
This was inscribed upon his tomb ; and it is characteristic of the modesty of
that great poet and distinguished philosopher. It is said his tomb is to be seen
at the present day on the road from Naples to Puteoli, about two miles frºm
the former place. *.
Virgil left a will. By it, he directed the AEneid to be burned, as being im-
perfect and unfinished. But this was countermanded by Augustus, at whose
desire, it is said, it was undertaken; and we are indebted to him for the preser-
Vation of one of the greatest efforts of human genius. The manuscript was put
into the hands of Varus, Tucca, and Plotius, all friends of Virgil, and poets of
some distinction, with direction to expunge whatever they deemed improper :
-
, &
xvi. IIFE OF WIRGIL.
but to make no additions themselves. To this circumstance it is probably ow-
ing that we find so many imperfect limes in the AEneid.
Virgil died in the possession of a large estate, the half of which he bequeathed
to Valerius Proculus, his half-brother, on his mother's side. Of the rest, he
gave half to Augustus, and the remainder to Maecenas, Tucca, Varus, and
Plotius.
Virgil was tall and of a brown complexion, extremely temperate and regular
in his habits. His constitution was feeble, and his health often delicate. He
was much afflicted with a pain in his head and stomach; and often with the
spitting of blood. He was extremely modest, and even bashful to a fault, at-
tended with a hesitation in his speech. Like other great men he had his ene-
mies and detractors: but their aspersions only served to increase his fame, and
add new lustre to it.
Virgil has been emphatically styled the prince of Latin poets; and it has not
been decided whether the palm should be awarded to the Roman or Grecian
poet. It is true, Virgil was much indebted to Homer, who may be considered
the master; but the pupil had the happy talent of making every thing that
passed through his hands, his own. -
The condition of these two great favorites of the Muses was very different in
their lives. Homer, as his name implies, was blind; and so humble was his
birth and parentage, that the place of his nativity has not been ascertained.
He wrote the Iliad and Odyssey in detached pieces, and recited them in the va-
rious cities of Greece, to obtain a subsistence. Virgil wrote under the auspices
of one of the greatest of princes, and nothing was wanting that could contribute
to his ease and comfort. His friends were the best and the greatest men of the
age. He was honored in his life, and lamented in his death. Homer left no
friend to point the traveller to his monument; and nearly four centuries rolled
away, before his countrymen sufficiently appreciated his merits, to collect his
scattered productions, and rescue them from oblivion. The world is indebted
to Pisistratus, an Athenian, for the preservation of these inimitable poems;
which are, and will ever be, the delight, and, at the same time, the wonder and
admiration of civilized man.
INTROL)|UCTION TO THE BUCOLICS.
OF the several kinds of poetry, none is more generally admired than the
pastoral. Its subjects, the variegated scenes of the country, the innocent
employment of shepherds and shepherdesses, possess charms which never
fail to please and interest our minds. But this species of poetry is difficult in
execution; which may be the reason that there have been so few, who excelled
in it. - -
If the poet were to make his shepherd talk like a courtier, a philosopher, ot
a statesman, we should immediately perceive the impropriety; or were he to
make him utter low and vulgar sentiments, we should turn from him with dis-
gust. The medium is the true course. To maintain this, however, at all
times, is no easy matter.
Theocritus was the only pastoral writer of eminence among the Greeks,
and Virgil among the Romans. The former denominated his pastorals Idyllia,
the latter Eclogae, Virgil, however, cannot so properly be called an original
pastoral writer, as an imitator of Theocritus. , Many of his finest touches are
taken from the Grecian. He imitated him, however, with judgment, and in
some respects improved upon him, particularly in preserving the true charac-
ter of pastoral simplicity; in which the other on many occasions failed.
The word Bucolica is of Greek derivation, and signifies pastoral songs, or
the songs of shepherds. Virgil denominated his Bucolica, Eclogae; which is
also from a Greek word signifying to choose or select out of. The Eclogues
are, then, a selection of choice pieces, such as he thought worthy of pub-
lication. -
He began this part of his works in the twenty-ninth year of his age, and in
the year of Rome 713; and finished it in the space of three years. The
Eclogues were so well received by his countrymen, that they were pronounced
publicly on the stage. After hearing one of them, Cicero, it is said, did not
hesitate to say of him : Magna spes altera Roma. -
It appears to have been the design of Virgil in writing his pastorals, to cele-
brate the praises of Augustus, and of some other of his friends at Rome, par.
ticularly Maecenas and Pollio.
QUESTIONs.
What are the subjects of pastoral poetry? At what age did he begin this part of his
Does this kind of poetry possess any pe- works?
culiar charms?. - In what year of Rome?
Is it difficult in execution ? H did h nd in writ
Who among the Greeks was the first pas- ow many years did ne spend in writing
toral poet of eminence? the Eclogues? º
What did he call his pastorals? Were they well received by his country-
What did Virgil denominate his? Iſle Il P
In what light are we to consider Virgil, as What was probably the reason of his
a pastoral poet? - writing the Eclogues
2
Pe VIRGIL II MAR ONIS
BUCOLICA.
-
º
ECILOG A PRIMA,
MELIBOEUS, TITYRUS.
At the termination of the civil war, which placed Augustus securely on the Imperial
throne, to reward his soldiers for their services, he gave them the lands lying about
Mantua and Cremona, dispossessing the former owners.
Among the unfortunate suf-
ferers was Virgil himself; who, however, by the interest of Maecenas with the Emperor,
received his lands again.
In the character of Tityrus, the poet sets forth his own good fortune; and in that of Meli-
bacus, the calamity of his Mantuan neighbors.
This is the subject of the pastoral.
The scene is laid in a beautiful landscape. A shepherd, with his flock feeding around
him, is lying at ease under a wide-spreading beech-tree: the sun is approaching the
horizon: shadows are falling from the mountains: the air is tranquil and serene : the
smoke is ascending from the neighboring villages.
This scenery a painter could copy
MEL. TITYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi,
Sylvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avená :
Nos patriae fines, et dulcia linquimus arva ;
Nos patriam fugimus: tu, Tityre, lentus in umbră
Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida sylvas.
TIT. O. Meliboee, Deus nobis hascotia fecit.
Namgue erit ille mihi Semper Deus: illius aram
Saepe tener nostris abovilibus imbuet agnus.
Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum
Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti.
MEL. Non equidem invideo : miror magis: undique
En ipse capellas
Protentis aeger ago: hanc etiam vix, Tityre, duco :
Hic inter densas corylos modó namgue gemellos,
Usque adeč turbatur agris.
8. Stepe tener agnus
ab nostris
9. Ille permisit meas
boves errare, et me ip-
sum ludere carmina,
10 quae
14. Namgue modó
[totis connixa gemellos, spen
gregis, ah reliquit eos
hic inter densas corylos,
in nuda silice.
NOTES.
1. Fagi: gen. of Fagus, the beech-tree. $.
It is glandiferous.
2. Sylvestrem musam. A pastoral song.
•Avena : properly oats. By Met, the straw;
and hence an oaten, or oat-straw pipe. JMe-
ditaris : you practice or exercise.
3. Arva, neu. plu. properly cultivated
fields: from the verb aro.
4. Tu lentus: thou at ease in the shade,
dost teach the woods, &c. •Amaryllida, a
Greek acc. of Amaryllis. See 31.infra.
, 6 Deus. A god, namely Augustus, who
had reinstated him in his possessions; and
whom the Romans had deified. Hec otia:
this rest or ease. Otium is opposed to labor
in signification. -
9. Errare. To feed at large.
10. Calamo agresti: upon a rural reed,
Musical instruments were at first made of
oat, or wheat straw; then of reeds and box
wood; afterwards of the leg bones of tho
crane; of the horns of animals, &c. Hence
they are called avena, stipula; calamus,
gººd, cicuta, fistula; buzws, tibia, cornua,
C. -
12. Turbatur usque adea totis, &c. Lit.
It is disturbed so much in the whole coun-
try all around. There is so much commo-
tion in the whole country, I wonder that
you should enjoy such peace and quiet.
14. Corylos : hazles—Gemeilus ; twins.
4 P. VIRGILII MARONIS &
Spem gregis, ah! silice in nudā connixa reliquit.
] §
$ Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset,
17. Menini querºus De coelo tactas memini praedicere quercus:
tactas de coelo sabpe prae-
dicere
Saepe sinistra cavă praedixit abilice cornix.
Sed tamen, ille Deus quisit, da, Tityre, nobis.
20, Ego stultus puta. TIT. Urbem, quam dicunt Roman, Meliboee, putavi
vi urbem, quam dicunt
Roman esse similem huic
nostre JMantuſe,
Stultus ego huic nostrae similem, quê sa 'pe solemus
Pastores ovium teneros depellere foetus. 22
Sic canibus catulus similes, sic matribus hoedos
Nöram : sic parvis componere magna solebam.
25
25. Haec Roma extulit Werúm hac tantüm alias inter caput extulit urbes,
Quantūm lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. .
MEL. Et quae tanta fuit Roman tibi causa videndi ?
TIT, Libertas:
quae Sera, tamen respexit inertem;
Candidior postguam tondenti barba cadebat:
Respexit tamen, et longo pöst tempore venit,
30
Postguam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit.
Namgue (fatebor enim) dum me Galatea tenebat,
NOTES.
16. Hoc malum nobis. There seem to be
required here, to make the sense complete,
the words: and I might have understood it;
simens, &c. If my mind had not been foolish.
18. Sinistra cornia: : the ill-boding crow.
The Romans were very superstitious. They
considered every thing as ominous. The
flight of some kinds of birds, the croaking
of others, the darting of a meteor, a peal
of thunder, were signs of good or bad luck.
Those that appeared on their left hand, for
the most part, they considered uniucky.
Hence sinister and lavus carne to signify
unlucky, ill-boding, &c. And those that ap-
peared on their right hand, they considered
to be lucky. Hence, deacter came to signify
fortunate, lucky, &c. The best reason that
can be given, why they used sinister and
la;vus, sometimes in a good, at other times
in a bad sense, is, that they occasionally
interpreted the omens after the manner of
the Greeks, who considered those that ap-
peared in the eastern part of the heavens to
be lucky; and turning their faces to the
north, as their custom was, they would be
seem on the right hand. The Romans, on
the contrary, turned their faces to the south
in observing the omens; and consequently,
their left hand would be toward the east,
corresponding to the right hand of the
Greeks. Ilice : the holm-oak.
19. Qui sit Deus: who may be that God of
yours—of whom you speak?, Da nobis : tell
me. JNobis : in the sense of mihi.
20. Romam. Rome, a city of Italy, situ-
ated on the river Tiber, founded by Romu-
lus 753 years before Christ. Mantua was
a city of the Cis-Alpine Gaul, now Lom-
bardy, situated on the eastern bank of the
river Mincius, which falls into the Po.
22. Factus. This word signifies the young
of any thing or kind, whether animate or
inanimate. We have introduced it into our
language without any variation. Teneros
Joetus ovivim, simply, our lambs. &
23. Sic canibus, &c. This passage Ser-
vius thus explains: I thought before that
Rome resembled Mantua and other cities,
as I knew whelps and kids resemble their
dams or mothers, differing only in size. In
this I was mistaken : I find it to be of a
different species from other cities, as the
cypress differs from the shrub.
24, Componere: in the sense of comparare.
25. Eactulit caput ; hath raised its head. A
figurative expression,butextremelybeautiful.
26 Viburna, plu. of viburnum, a species
of shrub. Some take it for a withy, others
for the wild-vine. .
28. Libertas. Virgil here speaks of him
self as being an old man, having a hoary
beard, and as having been a slave. Nei-
ther of which was the case. But it was not
necessary for him to describe himself in all
his circumstances. That would have been
too plain, and would have taken from the
beauty of the pastöral. Inertem : indolent—
inactive. Sera : late in life. . .
29. Candidior barba : my gray, or hoary
beard. The comp. is here plainly to be
taken in the sense of the pos.Tondenti : to me
shaving it.
31. Amaryllis—Galatea. Some think these
are to be taken allegorically; the former for
Rome, the latter for Mantua. But this is not
necessary; nor will it be easy to support the
allegory throughout. It is better to take
them literally, for the names of the poet's
mistresses. Servius thinks nothing in the
Bucolics is to be taken allegorically. Dr.
Trapp thinks Virgil insinuates that his old
mistress Galatea, was in favor of Brutus,
and his new one Amaryllis in favor of Au-
gustus; and by changing mistresses, he de
BUCOLICA. ECL. I.
Nec spes libertatiserat, nec cura peculi:
Quamvis multa meis exiret victima septis,
Pinguiset ingratae premeretur caseus urbi,
35
Non unquam gravis aere domum mihi dextra redibat.
MEL. Mirabar, quid moesta Deos, Amarylli, vocares,
Cui pendere suá patereris in arbore poma.
Ipsae te, Tityre, pinus,
Ipsite fontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant.
Tityrus hinc aberat.
37. Mirabar, quid tu
moesta, Amarylli, voca-
res Deosei cuipatereris
40
TIT. Quid facerem 2 neque servitio me exire licebat,
Nectam praesentes alibi cognoscere divos.
Hic illum widi juvenem, Meliboee, quotannis
Bissenos cui nostra dies altaria fumant.
Hic mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti:
45
Pascite, ut anté, bowes, pueri : Submittite tauros.
MEL. Fortunate senex 1 ergo tua rura manebunt :
Et tibi magna satis : quamvis lapis omnia nudus,
Limosoque palus obducat pascua junco
Non insueta graves tentabunt pabula foetas,
Nec mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent.
Fortunate senex 1 hic inter flumina nota,
Et fontes sacros, frigus captabis opacum.
Hinc tibi, quae semper vicino ab limite sepes
Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti,
54. Hinc sepes, quae
50 dividit tuum agrum ab
vicino limite, semper
depasta quoad florem
salicti Hyblaeis apibus.
saepe suadebit tibi inire
somnum levi susurro
55 apum.
NOTES.
licately hints at his changing political sides,
and in consequence thereof leaving Mantua,
and going to Rome.
From the circumstance of Augustus de-
priving the Mantuans of their lands, we
may infer that they were generally in favor
of the Republic, and Virgil might have been
of that party, till all hope of liberty was
lost, and prudence dictated a change of
politics. Galatea reliquit, is for reliqui Ga-
lateam, by Euphemismus. After he had
left Galatea, and transferred his affections
to Amaryllis, he obtained liberty and pro-
perty : that is, after he had changed politi-
cal sides.
33. Peculi. By apocope for Peculii. This
word properly denotes the property of a
slave—that which his master suffers him to
possess, and call his own. In this sense, it
is peculiarly proper, as Virgil here speaks of
himself as having been in that humiliating
condition.
35. Urbi. The city Mantua.
36. JN on unquam, &c. Never did my
right hand return home heavy with money.
—JMihi : in the sense of mea.
_40. Arbusta : the groves themselves, &c.
There is a great beauty in the personification
of inanimate things; or attributing to them
the actions of real life. The Arbusta were
large pieces of ground set with elms or other
trees, commonly at the distance of about 40
feet, to leave room for corn to grow between
them. They were sometimes pruned, and
served for stages to the vine. The verb vo-
"abant is to be re, eated with each of the
nominatives preceding, and to govern the
pronoun te.
42. Praesentes : propitious or favorable.—
.Alibi : in any other place—any where else.
—Cognoscere: to experience, or find.
43. Hic. Here, at Rome.—Juvinem : Oc-
tavius, who was then about twenty-two
years of age; afterward by a decree of the
senate called Augustus.-Cui nostra : for
whom our altars smoke, -in honor of, &c.
46. Puer. Swains. The word puer pro-
perly signifies a boy, in opposition to a girl—
also a male slave or waiter. •
49. Obducat omnia pascua, &c. Rugeus
understands this not of Virgil's own lands,
but of the lands of his neighbors. Dr.
Trapp very justly rejects this interpretation.
The poet is felicitating himself on his good
fortune under the character of an old man
And, though his farm was covered over
partly with rocks and stones, and partly
with a marsh; yet no unusual or improper
pasture should injure his (graves foetas) preg-
nant ewes; nor any noxious contagion of a
neighboring flock should infect or hurt them.
-—Faeta : the female of any kind big with
young—a breeder.
52. Inter flumina nota. The Mincius and
Po. ' -
55. Saepes depasta florem, &c. This con-
struction frequently occurs among the poets,
and is in imitation of the Greeks; who
sometimes placed the noun or pronoun in
the acc. case, omitting the governing prep
Fed upon as to, or with respect to, its flower
of willow, &c.—Hyblaeis: an adj. from Hv
%
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Saepe levisomnum suadebit inire susurro.
Hinc altà Sub rupe canet frondator ad auras.
Nectamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes,
Nec gemere aérià cessabit turtur ab ulmo.
TIT. Anté leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi,
Et freta destituent nudos in litore pisces:
Antë, pererratis amborum finibus, exul
65. At nos expulsi Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim,
hine, alii nostrum ibi- Quâm nostro illius labatur pectore vultus.
Imus ad sitientes Afros,
pars noström veniemus
ad Scythiam,
MEL. At nos hinc alii sitientes ibimus Afros,
Pars Scythiam, et rapidum Cretae veniemus Oaxem,
65
68. En unquam mi- Et penitàs toto divisos orbe Britannos.
rabor videns
NOTES.
bla, a town and mountain in Sicily, famous
for honey.—Wicino limite : from the neigh-
boring field. Hinc : on the one hand. It
is opposed to the Hinc in line 57. infra;
which is to be rendered : on the other hand.
57. Jºld auras : to the air—aloud, so as to
pierce the air. -
60. Amté. The ante in this line is mere-
ly expletive; the sense is complete without
it. ,’ -
61. Destituent : in the sense of relinquent.
62. Antë, pererratis, &c. Parthus, by
Synec. for the Parthians collectively. They
were a people descended from the Scythians,
and possessed that part of Asia, which is
bounded on the west by Media, on the north
by the Caspian sea, on the east by Bactri-
ana, and on the south by the deserts of Car-
mania. In process of time, they became
very powerful, and were the most formida-
ble enemies of the Persians; and from their
frequent conquests over that people, are
sometimes confounded with them. Germa-
nia. An extensive country in Europe, put,
by meton. for the inhabitants of that coun-
try. Ararim. A river of France arising
from mount Vogesus (hodie Vauge) and run-
ning in a southern direction, falls into the
Rhodanus at Lyons, and along with it, into
the Mediterranean. It is famous for the
bridge built over it by Julius Caesar. Its
present name is the Soane. Tigrim. This is
a very rapid river of Asia, rising in Arme-
nia, and taking a southerly direction, pass-
ing by Mesopotamia and Assyria, unites
with the Euphrates, and with it falls into
the Sinus Persicus. The Araris is not in
Germany properly so called. But it is well
known that the Germans extended their
conquests beyond that river, and effected
settlements among the Sequani, and other
nations of Gaul. Nor is the Tigris in Par-
thia proper. But the Parthians extended
tneir conquests as far west as the Euphra-
tes. Not far from this river they vanquished
Crassus, the Roman general. The mean-
ing of this passage, which hath so much
patrios En unquam patrios longo pöst tempore fines,
y
divided the opinions of commentators, ap-
pears to be this: that these two nations,
the Germans and the Parthians, shall ex-
change countries with each other (finibus
amborum pererratis) sooner than (ante quam)
the image of that youth should be effaced
from his breast. But the former could never
be ; therefore, the latter would remain. Per-
erratis, in the sense of permutatis.
65. Sitientes: thirsting or parched. This
epithet is peculiarly proper for the inhabi
tants of Africa, the greater part of which lies
between the tropics.
66. Scythiam. The Scythians were a
brave and warlike people, leading a wan
dering life. They extended their conquests
over a very considerable part of Europe and
Asia. Hence the term Scythia came to
be used indefinitely, to denote any part or
the whole of the northern parts of Europe
and Asia. Oaxis: a river of Crete; a large
island in the Mediterranean. It is celebra
ted for having been the birth-place of Jupi
ter, and for its having once had a hundred
cities. Veniemus, in the sense of ibimus.
68. En unquam. Alas! shall I ever won-
der, beholding, &c. Germanus, Ruasus and
Davidson connect aliquot aristas with mea
regma. . But Dr. Trapp takes post aliquot
aristas to mean after some years; and con-
strues mea regna with culmen tuguri. It is
true, arista, may be taken for years. But
aliquot aristas does not very well answer to
the longo tempore post, mentioned just be-
fore. And if it did, it would be only a use-
less repetition. But connect aliquot aristas
with mea regna, as in the ordo; any impro-
priety of this kind is removed; and we have
a beautiful representation of Meliboeus's
possessions; which consisted in a few acres
of land, lying adjacent to his cottage, the
roof of which just rose above the corn that
was planted around it, and might not im-
properly be said to be concealed among it,
or behind it. Tuguri, by apocope, for tu-
gurii. Congestum cespiti : covered over with
turf.
BUCOLICA. ECL. II. 7
Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen, *. tempore º
Post aliquot, mea regna, videns mirabor aristas? 70 * à †: i.
Impius haec tam culta novalia miles habebit 7 in, post aliquot ais:
Barbarus has segetes? En quo discordia cives tas, tota mea regna.
Perduxit miseros I en queis consevimus agros!
Insere nunc, Meliboee, pyros, pone ordine vites:
Ite meat, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. 75
Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro, 76. Ego posthac pro-
Dumosá pendere procul de rupe widebo. jectus in viridi antro,
non videbo vos procul
Carmina nulla canam : non, me pascente, capella 79 pendere
Florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras.
TIT. Hic tamen hanc mecum poteris requiescere noc-
Fronde super viridi. Sunt nobis mitia poma, [tem
Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis.
Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant,
Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrăe.
NOTES.
71. Novalia : fallow-ground. had labored, and had improved his lands, to
72. Quo : whither—to what state of mi- be now possessed by a cruel soldier.
# e. - 82. Copia press, lactis : a plenty of curds
sery. Perduzit: hath reduced, or brought. and cheese. JMolles, may here mean ripe, or
74. Insere nunc, &c. Meliboeus says this soft and smooth, in opposition to the hirsu-
ironically to himself, being vexed that he tae, or rough. m
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this pastoral? Where is the scene of the pastoral laid
To reward his troops, what did Augustus What is the time of the day?
do 2 - - What is the state of the atmosphere?
Who is represented under the character To what is otium opposed ?
of Tityrus? Were the Romans a superstitious peo
Who under that of Meliboeus 2 ple?
ECLOGA SECUNIDA,
ALEXIS
The subject of this charming pastoral is the passion of the shepherd Corydon for the
beautiful youth Alexis. The shepherd complains of the cruelty of the boy in slighting
his overtures; and withal advises him not to trust too much to his complexion and
beauty. He endeavors to prevail on him to visit the country, where he promises, to
entertain him with music, nuts, apples, and flowers. But when he finds nothing will
avail, he resolves to seek another lover. By Corydon some understand Virgil himself,
and by Alexis a beautiful slave, belonging to his friend and patron, Maecenas. In
several parts of this pastoral, the poet is indebted to Theocritus. The scene is laid in
Sicily.
Formosun pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim,
Delicias domini: nec, quid speraret, habebat.
NoTEs.
1. Ardebat: he greatly loved—he burned 2. Delicias: the darling—the delight of
for. This word very forcibly marks the his master. It is placed in apposition with
degree of his passion. • .Alezim. It is used only in the plural.
8 . P. VIRGILII MARONIS
§:
3. Inter densas fagos Tantùm inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos
ſtabente" umbrosa caeu-Assidue veniebat: ibi haec incondita solus
iIlllla. Montibus et sylvis studio jactabat inani. 5
O crudelis Alexi, nihil mea carmina curas:
Nil nostri miserere : mori me denique coges.
- Nunc etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant;
--- Nunc virides etiam occultant spineta lacertos:
10. Thestylis contun-Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu
10
dit alli, sºpyllumque. Allia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentes.
olentes herbas, messori-
bus fessis rapido aestu.
At, dum lustro tua ves-
tigia, arbusta
At mecum raucis, tua dum vestigia lustro,
Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis.
Nonne fuit satius tristes Amaryllidis iras,
Atque superba pati fastidia 2 nonne Menalcan 7
18,
Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses.
O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori:
Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur.
Despectus tibi sum, nec qui sim quaeris, Alexi :
Quâm dives pecoris nivei, quâm lactis abundans.
Mille mea Siculis errant in montibus agna :
23. Canto carmina,
20
que Dirceus Amphion. Lac mihi non astate novum; non frigore defit.
solitus est cantare,
Canto, quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat,
w
*
NOTES.
4. Ibi solus jactabat, &c. There alone he
poured forth these indigested complaints. Jac-
tabat : he threw them away—they were of
no avail to him, because they were unheed-
ed by Alexis.
5. Inani studio: with unavailing pleasure,
or fondness. He speaks the language of a
lover. The beauty and accomplishments of
the boy had taken possession of his affec-
tions. He dwells upon them with rapture
and delight. But all this is vain and una-
vailing. The boy regards him not. He
then breaks forth : O crudelis Alea’i, nihil
mea carmina curas, &c.
7. JN'il. This word is often used in the
sense of mon, as a simple negative. So also
is nihil.
9. Lacertos: lizards. Spinetum: a place
where thorns and prickly shrubs grow: here
put for the thorns themselves, by meton.
10. Thestylis. The name of a servant;
taken from Theocritus.
11. Allia : plu. of allium, an herb called
garlic. Serpyllum: wild-thyme, or running-
betony; an odoriferous herb. -
13. Cicadis. The cicada is an insect of
the species of the grasshopper, making a
very hoarsé and disagreeable noise, particu-
larly in the heat of the day. Satius: in the
sense of inelius.
15. JMenalcan.
cas. See Ecl. 3. Fastidia: plu. of fastidium:
disdain—haughtiness. Pati: to bear—en-
dure.
18. Ligustra : plu. of Ligustrum: a privet
or with-bind, a species of shrub or plant
bearing very white flowers; taken for the
A Greek acc. of Menal-
flowers themselves, by meton. Vaccanva
the blackberries or bilberries. Some take
them for the Hyacinth of Theocritus, whom
Virgil here imitates. The meaning of the
poet is this: as the privets, though white and
fair, (cadunt.) lie neglected because they are
useless; and the blackberry is gathered and
saved for its usefulness: so, Alearis, shall
you, though fair and beautiful to the sight,
be neglected for your pride; while Menalcas,
though black and swarthy, shall be loved
for his good disposition, and his conciliating
temper.
21. Siculis. The mountains of Sicily are
mentioned, either because they are famed
for excellent pastures, or because the scene
of the pastoral is laid in that country.
22. AEstate : in summer. Frigore : in
winter. t
23. Siquando : the same as quando. When
he called his herds. It was usual with shep-
herds to walk before their sheep, and call
them.
24. Amphion. A celebrated musician,
said to have been the son of Jupiter and An-
tiope, and born on mount Cythera. He was
king of Thebes, and is said to have built the
walls of that city by the music of his lyre
We are to understand by this, perhaps, his
persuading, by his eloquence, a barbarous
people to unite, and build a city for their
common safety. His mother was wife to
Lycus, king of Thebes, and put away by
him for the sake of Dirce, whom he married.
Dirca:ws: an adj. either from Dirce his step-
mother, or from a fountain of that name in
Beotia. Aracyntho a town and mountain
BUCOLICA. ECL. II. 9
Amphion Dircaeus in Acteo Aracyntho.
Nec sum aded informis : nuper me n litore vidi,
25
Cüm placidum ventis staret mare: non ego Daphnim,
Judice te, metuam, si nunquam fallat imago.
U tantùm libeat mecum tibi sordida rura,
Atque humiles habitare casas, et figere cervos,
Hoedorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco 1
30
Mecum una in sylvis imitabere Pana canendo.
Pan primus calamos cerā conjungere plures
Instituit: Pan curat oves, oviumque magistros.
Nec te poeniteat calamo trivisse labellum.
Haec eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas?
35
Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis
Fistula, Damoetas dono mihi quam dedit olim :
Et dixit moriens: Te nunc habet ista secundum.
Dixit Damoetas: invidit Stultus Amyntas.
Praeterea duo, nec tută mihi valle reperti,
Capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo,
Bina die siccant ovis ubera : quos tibi servo.
Jampridem à me illos abducere Thestylis orat:
Et faciet: quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra.
Huc ades, 6 formose puer. Tibi lilia plenis
38. Nunc ista fistule
habet te secundum do-
2minum. -
40. Duo capreoli re-
pertimihi, nec tută valle,
siccant bina ubera ovis
in die, pellibus etiam
nunc sparsis albo
45
NOTES.
in Beotia. But why it should be called Ac-
taeus, there is a difference of opinion. Ser-
vius thinks it is so called from a Greek word
which signifies the shore. Probus derives it
from Actaeon, who, hunting near this moun-
tain, was torn in pieces by his dogs, for hav-
ing discovered Diana bathing herself. Mr.
Davidson places the mountain in the con-
fines of Attica and Beotia; and thinks it is
so called from Acta or Aete, the country
about Attica. Ruasus interprets Actaeo by
maritimo.
26. Daphnim. A beautiful shepherd.
See in Ecl. 5. Placidum : in the sense of
tranquillum. te
27. Imago. His image reflected from the
water. JYunquam : in the sense of nom.
28. O tantùm libeat tibi: O that it would
please you to inhabit with me, &c. These
are sweet lines. Sordida rura. Most com-
mentators join tibi to sordida, disdained or
despised by thee. But there is no need of
this refinement. Sordida is a very proper
epithet for cottages and country villages,
which in general are indifferent in them-
selves, and poorly furnished, when compar-
ed with the splendor and luxury of cities.
Or, we may suppose the poet to speak in the
character of a lover, who thinks nothing
good enough for the object of his affections.
Rus is opposed to urbs. a'
30. Piridi hibisco. Ruasus takes these
words to be in the dative case, and under-
stands by them: to green or verdant pasture;
ad virentern hibiscum, says he taking the
hibiscum for a kind of plant. But this in-
terpretation is attended with difficulty. Dr
Trapp takes it for a large plant or little tree,
out of which wands were made. He ob-
serves, Virgil no where mentions it as food
for cattle. Compellere, &c.; to drive them
with a green switch.
31. Pana. Pan, the god of shepherds and
hunters, is said to have been the son of Mer-
cury and the nymph Dryope. He was edu-
cated in Arcadia; and wrapped in the skin
of a goat, he was carried up to heaven by
Jupiter, where all the gods ridiculed his ap-
pearance. He chiefly resided in Arcadia.
He is said to have invented the pipe with
seven reeds. He was worshipped in Arca-
dia, and is said to have given out oracles on
mount Lycaeus. His festivals, called by the
Greeks Lycae, were introduced into Italy by
Evander, and established at Rome under
the name of Lupercalia, and celebrated the
15th of February. He was the chief of the
Satyrs.
34. Trivisse labellum : to have worn the
lip. From the verb tero.
36. Cicutis. Cicuta, an herb much like
the Hemlock. Hence used for any hollow
reed: hence also, by Meton. for a pipe. Fis-
tula : a pipe connected together with seven
unequal reeds, &c. These were put toge-
ther with wax, as mentioned 32 supra.
41. Duo Capreoli : two young goats. Ca-
preoli : a diminitive noun, from capra or
caper. These were undoubtedly wild kids,
taken from their dams, which he esteemed
very much ; and not those lost by him, and
recovered again. * Servius says: kids have
10 P
W]]RGILII MARONIS
Q
Ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis: tibi candida Nais
Pallentes violas et summa papavera carpens,
Narcissum et florem jungit bené olentis anethi:
Tum casia, atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis,
Mollia luteolà pingit vaccinia calthã.
60
Ipse ego cana legam tenerá lanugine mala,
Castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat.
Addam cerea pruna : et honos erit huic quoque pomo:
Et vos, 6 lauri, carpam, et te, proxima myrte:
55. Quonian vos po- Sic positae quoniam suaves miscetis odores.
; Rusticus es, Corydon; nec munera curat Alexis:
Nec si muneribus certes, concedat Iolas.
sitae sic miscetis
58. Quid ego volui
mihi misero? Perditus
55
immisianstrum floribus, Eheu, quid volui misero mihi 7 floribus Austrum
et apros.
Perditus, et liquidis immisi fontibus apros.
NOTES.
at first white spots, which afterwards change,
and lose their beauty. If it be so, this
circumstance will explain the words, sparsus
etiam nunc pellibus albo ; which also denotes
that they were young.
46. Ecce ferunt : behold the nymphs bring
for you lilies wm full baskets, &c. The fol-
lowing lines are extremely beautiful. Mr.
Warton observes, they contain the sweetest
garland ever offered by a lover. The agi-
tation and doubts of a lover’s mind are
finely set forth : nec munera curat Alearis,
&c. At length he seems to come to himself,
and to reflect upon the state of his affairs:
vitis semiputata est, &c. Nymphae. They
were a kind of female Divinities supposed
to exist for a very great length of time; but
not to be altogether immortal. They were
divided into two general classes—Nymphs
of the land, and Nymphs of the water.
Each of these classes was divided into seve-
ral others. The former into Dryades—Ha-
madryades—Oreades—Napaedº—Limoniades,
&c. The latter into Oceanides—JNereides—
JNaïades or JWavdes—Potamides—Limniades,
&c. All of which are of Greek derivation.
The nymphs were further distinguished
by an epithet taken from the place of their
residence. Thus the Nymphs of Sicily are
called Sicelides—those of Corycus, Coryci-
ades or Corycides, &c.
Echo is said to have been formerly a
nymph; but falling in love with a beautiful
youth called JNarcissus, who refused her ad-
dresses, at which she was so much grieved
that she pined away, till every part of her
was consumed but her voice, that continued
to haunt the woods and fountains, which
she once frequented. JNarcissus, stopping to
repose himself by the side of a fountain,
where he chanced to see his image reflected
in the water, became enamoured with it:
taking it for a nymph, he endeavored to
appreach it; but all his attempts being un-
availing, he was so much disappointed that
he killed himself. His blood was changed
into a flower, which bears his name.
47. Summa papavera carpens : gather-
ing the heads of poppies. Papaver and
•Anethus were two beautiful youths; who,
according to Servius, were changed, the
former into the flower, which we call the
poppy; the latter into the herb, which we
call anise or dill. Bené olentis : sweet-
smelling.
50. Pingit mollia, &c. She adorns or sets
off the soft hyacinths with saffron-colored
marygold. Vaccinium, here is plainly the
Hyacinthus of Theocritus, whom Virgil here
copies; so say Turnebus, Salmasius, and
Ruasus.
51. JMala. Malum signifies several kinds
of fruit, such as apples, peaches, quinces,
&c. The last is here meant, as appears
from the cana tenera lanugine: white with
soft down, or fur. Mr. Dryden renders
mala, peaches.
53. Cerea : of waxen-color.
54. JMyrte. The Romans used crowns or
garlands of laurel in their most splendid
triumphs: and those of myrtle, in the ovatio,
which was on horseback, and considered the
lesser triumph, or triumph of less honor and
dignity than that in which the conqueror
rode in a chariot. The myrtle tree was
sacred to Venus, and the laurel to Apollo.
Proacima : neart in honor to the laurel.
56. Rusticus: in the sense of stultus.
57. Iolas. The owner or master of Alexis.
58. Ehew, quid volui, &c. Lit. what have
I done to myself, a miserable man? Alas !
ruined, I have let in the south winds, &c.
These expressions are proverbial, and ap-
plicable to those who wish for things that
prove ruinous to them. Dr. Trapp explains
the passage thus: By my folly in indulging
this extravagant passion, I have ruined my
peace and quiet, and permitted my affairs to
go to decay, which were before wellmanaged,
flourishing, and prosperous. Volui. Ruteus
interprets it by feci.
BUCOLICA. ECL. II,
11
{}
Quem fugis, ah, demens! habitärunt di quoque sylvas,
Dardaniusque Paris.
Pallas, quas condidit arces,
61
Ipsa colat : nobis placeant ante omnia sylvae.
Torva laena lupum sequitur : lupus ipse capellam •
Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella :
Te Corydon, 6 Alexi : trahit sua quemgue voluptas. 65
Aspice, aratra jugo referunt suspensa juvenci,
Et sol crescentes decedens duplicat umbras.
Me tamen urit amor : quis enim modus adsit amori'ſ
Ah, Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia cepit !
Semiputata tibi frondosá vitis in ulmo est.
Quintu aliquid saltem potius, quorum indiget usus,
Viminibus mollique paras detexere junco?
Invenies alium, site hic fastidit Alexim.
70 71. Quin potius tu
paras detexere saltem
aliquid eorum, quorum
usus indiget viminibus.
NOTES.
60. Demens: O foolish boy, whom do you
flee 2 Demens, compounded of de and
mens.
61. Paris. See mom. prop. under Paris.
Dardanius, an adj. of Dardanus, one of the
founders of Troy. Pallas, the same as Mi-
nerva. See Geor. I. 18.
62. Colat : in the sense of incolat.
65. Sua voluptas trahit quemque : his own
pleasure draws every one—every one is
drawn by his own pleasure.
66. Referunt. After the labor of the
day, they drew home the plough inverted,
so that the share would glide easily over the
ground, and hang, as it were, lightly upon
the yoke.
71. Quin tu, &c. Why do you not rather
prepare to make (weave) at least some of
those things which need requires, of osiers
and pliant rushes: The verb indigeo go-
verms the genitive. Usus : need, or neces-
sity.
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this pastoral?
Who is represented under the character
of Corydon:
Who under that of Alexis?
Where is the scene laid 2'
Who was Amphion? What is said of
him *
Who was Pan? What is said of him?
What were his festivals called by the
Greeks? What by the Romans?
By whom were they introduced into Italy?
When were they celebrated?
Who were the Nymphs? Into how many
classes may they be divided ?
Was each of these classes subdivided into
other classes?
Can you mention some of those subdi-
visions?
Who was Echo said to have been:
From what language are the names of
the Nymphs derived?
|ECLOGA TERTIAe
MENALCAS, DAMCETAS, PALAEMON
THE subject of this pastoral is a trial of skill in music between the shepherds Menalcas
and Damoetas; who after rallying each other a while, resolve to try a song in the pre-
sence of their neighbor Palaemon, whom they constitute judge of their performances.
Having heard each of them attentively, he declared he was unable to decide so weighty
a controversy; but pronounced each one to be deserving of the pledge.
This beautiful pastoral is in imitation of the fifth and eighth of the Idylls of Theocri-
tus.
It is conjectured that under the character of Damoetas, we are to understand
Virgil ; and under that of Menalcas, some rival poet at Rome.
1. Cujum pecus est
istud? an est pécus Me-
liboei? non: verüm est
pecus HEgonis.
MEN. DIC mihi, Damoeta, cujum pecus 2 an Meliboei?
DA. Non, verüm AEgonis: nuper mihi tradidit AEgon.
ME. Infelix, Ö, semper, oves, pecus! ipse Neaeram
Dum fovet, ac, me me sibi praeferat illa, veretur,
Hic alienus oves custos bis mulget in horá : 5
Et succus pecori, et lac subducitur agnis.
DA. Parciús ista viris tamen objicienda memento
8. Novimus et qui Novimus et quite, transversâ tuentibus hircis,
corruperint te et in quo Et quo, sed faciles Nymphae risére, sacello.
sacello, hircis tuentibus
transversä, sed
ME. Tum, credo, clim me arbustum vidére Myconis, 10
10. Tum, credo, ille Atque mală vites incidere falce novellas.
riserhunt, cum vidére me
incidere arbustum
DA. Authic ad veteres ſagos, cum Daphnidis arcum
Fregisti et calamos: quae tu, perverse Menalca,
Et cum widisti puero donata, dolebas ;
16. Audent facere ta- Et, si non aliqué nocuisses, mortuus esses. 15
lia. ME. Quid domini facient, audent clim talia fures 7
NOTES.
1. Cujum : an adj. agreeing with pecus:
in the sense of cujus.
2. JEgon. The name of a shepherd, the
rival of Menalcas in the love of JWeara.
It is derived from a Greek word signifying
a goat.
3. O oves, infelic pecus. The sheep are
called unhappy, because their master Ægon,
while in love with JWeaera, had given up all
care of them; and because they had fallen
into the hands of a hireling, who treated
them so inhumanly.
5. Alierius. An alien, or hireling shep-
herd—custos.
6. Succus: may mean the same with lac
mentioned just after. By milking the dams,
the natural food (lac) of the young would
be taken from them, and they suffered to
starve. Or succus may mean nourishment
in general. It being taken away or dimi-
nished to the dams, the milk would be di-
minished or taken away proportionably
from their young. This was a heavy charge
brought against Damoetas. He highly re-
sented it.
8. Transversä : crosswise—asquint. An
adv. from the adj. of the neu. plu. in imi-
tation of the Greeks.
9. Sacello: any place consecrated to the
worship of God—a cave or grotto; as in
the present case.
10. Arbustum: properly, a place planted
with trees for vines to grow up by. By
meton, the trees themselves. See Ecl. I. 40.
JNovellas: new, or young.
13. Quº tu, &c. Which (bow and arrows)
when you sawgiven to the boy, you both grieved,
and would have died, if you had not, in some
way, injured him.
16. Fures: slaves. They were sometimes
so called, because notorious for stealing.
BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 13
Non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum
Excipere insidiis, multâm latrante lyciscă 7
Et clim clamarem; “Quð nunc se proripit ille 7
Tityre, coge pecus:” tu post carecta latebas.
DA. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille,
Quem mea carminibus meruisset fistula, caprum ?
Sinescis, meus ille caper fuit; et mihi Damon
Ipse fatebatur, sed reddere posse negabat.
ME. Cantando tuillum ? aut unquam tibi fistula cerå 25 25. Tu vicisti illum
Juncta fuit 2 non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas cantando 3
Stridentimiserum stipulà disperdere carmen?
DA. Wis ergö inter nos, quid possit uterque, vicissim
Experiamur' ego hanc vitulam (ne forté recuses.
Bis venit ad mulctram, binos alit ubere foetus) 30
Depono : tu dic, mecum quo pignore certes.
ME. De grege non ausin quicquam deponere tecum;
Est mihi namdue domi pater, est injusta noverca :
Bisque die numerant ambo pecus; alter et hoedos.
Werúm, id quod multö tute ipse ſatebere majus,
Insanire libet quoniam tibi, pocula ponam
Fagina, coelatum divini opus Alcimedontis:
Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis
Diffusos hederā vestit pallente corymbos.
In medio duo signa, Conon : et quis fuit alter,
20
35. Verum, quomiam
libet tibiinsanire, ponam
id quod tute ipse fate-
bere esse multö majus
pignus, nempe, duo fagi-
na pocula, coelatum opus
40
35
NOTES.
Y,
18. Lycisca. A mongrel dog—an animal
half dog and half wolf.
20. Post carecta; behind the sedges. See
Ecl. I. 68.
21. An non victus cantando : vanquished
in singing, should he not return to me the goat
which, &c.
26. Triviis. Trivium, a place in which
three ways met. So Bivium and Quadrivium,
places in which two and four ways met.
Disperdere miserum carmen : to murder a
sorry, or wretched tune, on a squeaking straw-
1106,
p . Ubere: the udder. By meton. for the
milk contained in it. Foetus : calves.
31. Quo pignore: with what pledge or bet.
Tell me what pledge you will put against
my heifer.
34. Ambo numerant : they both count the
flock twice in a day; and one counts the kids.
Pecus is properly a flock or herd of neat-
cattle, as here. Alter, properly is one of two
—unus, one of many.
36. Insaniré: to be beside yourself—to play
the fool; by contending with me, who am .
so much more skilful than you. . Pocula fa-
gina ; beechen bowls—made of the beech-
wood.
37. Alcimedontis. The name of a very
skilful and ingenious carver. Mr. Martin
thinks he was some intimate friend of Vir-
gil, who wished to transmit his name to
posterity. History is silent respecting him.
38. Lenta vitis quibus : around which a
limber vine, superadded by the easy carving in-
strument, covers over (mantles) the diffused
(loosely hanging) clusters with pale wy.—
These lines are somewhat intricate, and
have divided the opinions of commentators.
Ruasus talkes quibus is the abl. and inter-
prets facili torno by ope facilis torni. Dr.
Trapp and some others take facili torno in
the dat. and understand by it the wood after
it is smoothed and polished in the turner’s
lathe, by meton. Davidson, on the other
hand, takes quibus for the dat. and facili
torno for the abl. but then he takes these last
for the wagenious carver, or easy skilful work-
man, which he might do by meton. The
sense I have given is the most natural and
easy. The meaning of the poet is this :
That each of these bowls was engraved or
carved with vine and ivy boughs, so curiously
interwoven, that the ivy-berries were shaded
or mantled with the limber or pliant vine.
40. Conon. The name of a famous ma
thematician and astronomer of Samºs, a co-
temporary and friend of Archimedes. Signa:
figures. Et quis fuit alter 2 This is a very
pleasant turn. There is something agreeable
in this picture of pastoral simplicity. He
had mentioned the name of one, but had
forgotten the name of the other. He turns
to himself and asks: quis fuit alter 3 but
the name not recurring to him, he goes on
to describe him by his works: It was he,
14
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem 7.
Tempora quae messor, quae curvus arator haberet”
Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo.
DA. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit,
Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho :
45
Orpheague in medio posuit, Sylvasque sequentes.
Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo.
Siad vitulam spectes, nihil est quëd pocula laudes.
ME. Nunquam hodie effugies: veniam quocunque vo-
Audiat haec tantüm vel qui venit: ecce, Palaemon: [căris
Effician posthac ne quemguam voce lacessas.
5]
DA. Quin age, si quid habes; in memora non erit ulla:
Nec quemauain fugio : tantüm, vicine Palaemon,
NOTES.
who, &c. It is supposed that Aratus or
..Archimedes is meant. The former wrote in
G. eek a treatisé concerning the situation
a;;d motions of the heavenly bodies: which
was translated into Latin. The latter
was a famous mathematician and astrono-
mer of Syracuse, in Sicily. By the help of
his burning-glasses and engines, he nobly.
defended that city when besieged by the
Romans under Marcellus. After a siege of
three years, however, it was taken by stra-
tagem. Archimedes was slain by a soldier,
while in the act of demonstrating a propo-
sition.
45. Amplexus est ansas : he encircled
the handles around with soft acanthus. The
parts of the verb are here separated for the
sake of the verse, by Tmesis. Acanth0 : a
plant called Bear's-foot.
46. Orphea : acc. of Greek ending.—
Orpheus was a most ancient and excellent
poet, the son of CEagrus, king of Thrace.
But according to fable, he was the son of
Apollo and Caliope, one of the Muses. . He
received a lyre from Apollo, some say from
Mercury, upon which he performed in such a
masterly manner, that the rivers ceased to
flow—the savage beasts forgot their ferocity
—and the lofty oaks bowed their heads and
listened to his song. He was beloved by all
the nymphs. Eurydice alone could make
an impression on his mind. He married
her; but their happiness was short. For
Aristaeus fell in love with her; and fleeing
from him, a serpent lying in the way
wounded her in the foot, of which she died.
Orpheus was so much afflicted at the loss,
that he resolved to recover her, or perish in
the attempt. For this purpose, he descend-
ed to Hell, and gained admittance to Pluto,
who was so charmed with his music, that
he consented to restore to him his wife, upon
the condition that he would forbear to look
behind him till he passed the bounds of
his empire. The condition was accepted;
but as they were very near the region of
ight, the unhappy lover turned his eyes to
behold his long-lost Eurydice. He saw her,
but she immediately visished away. He
attempted to follow her, but was refused.
The only consolation he could find, was in
the sound of his lyre in groves and moun-
tains apart from society. The Thracian
women, whom by his neglect and coldness
he had offended, set upon him, while they
were celebrating the orgies of Bacchus, and
having torn his body in pieces, they threw
his head into the river Hebrus, which con-
tinued to articulate Eurydice Eurydice .
as it was carried down the stream into the
Agean sea. After his death, some say, he
received divine honors. His lyre was trans-
ferred to the heavens, and made a constel-
lation. Sequentes : obedient to his lyre.
47. Condita: laid up safe : a part. from
condo, agreeing with pocula.
49. Munquam effugies hodie: you shall by
no means avoid the trial this day. Damoe-
tas had proposed to stake a heifer which
Menalcas said he could not do through fear
of his father and step-mother; but proposed
to pledge his bowls. Damoetas insisted upon
the heifer, and so seemed to avoid the con-
test, because the conditions could not be
accepted by Menalcas. At length, however,
confident of victory, and laying aside hig
fear, he says: Veniam quocumque vocêris :
I will come to any conditions you shall pro-
pose. Accordingly the bowls are laid aside,
and a heifer is the prize.
50. Tantum vel qui venit, &c. Only (I have
nothing more to say) even let him who
comes yonder, hear these things. Menalcas
was so sure of victory, that he was willing
to submit to the decision of any third per-
son; and accordingly seeing some person
at a distance, says: even let him, who is
coming there, be the judge of our contro-
versy, whoever he may be. Upon his near
approach, discovering who he was, he says
behold, it is Palaemon our neighbor. Voce
in the sense of cantu.
51. Effician: I will cause.
53. Fugio : in the sense of , ecuso.
i
BUCOLICA
ECL. III. 15
Sensibus hæc mis, res est non parva, reponas.
PAL. Dicite: quando quidem in molliconsedimus herba :
Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos;
56
Nunc frondent sylvae, nunc formosissimus annus.
Incipe, Damoeta: tu deinde sequère, Menalca.
Alternis dicetis: amant alterna Camenae.
DA. Ab Jove principium, Musae ; Jovis omnia plena :
Ille colit terras; illi mea carmina curae. .
ME. Et me Phoebus amat: Phoebo sua semper apu
Munera sunt, lauri, et suavé rubens hyacinthus.
DA. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella :
Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit anté videri. , 65
60. O musse, princi-
61 pium omnium est ab
d Jove :
62. Sunt Phoebo sem-
per apud me sua mu-
nera, nempe, lauri
[me
ME. At mihi sese offert ultro, meus ignis, Amyntas:
Notior ut jam sit canibus non Delia nostris.
DA. Parta mea Veneri sunt munera: namdue notavi
Ipse locum, ačriae"huo congessere palumbes.
ME. Quod potui, puero sylvestri ex arbore lecta
Aurea mala decem misi: cras altera mittam.
DA. O quoties, et quae nobis Galatea locuta est!
Partem aliquam, venti, divām referatis ad aures.
70
71. Quod solum potul
facere
72. Et quae dulcia ver-
ME. Quid prodest, quðd me ipse animo non spernis,
Si, dum tu sectaris apros, ego retia servo 7
DA. Phyllida mitte mihi, meus est natalis, Iola.
[Amynta,
76
Cüm faciam vitulá pro frugibus, ipse venito.
ME. Phyllida amo ante alias: nam me discedere flewit
NOTES. y
54. Imis sensibus : your deepest attention,
or thoughts. Res; the controversy.
59. Alternis : in alternate verses. This
is called carmen amabaeum. It consists not
solely in the dialogue; but requires that
what the first says shall be replied to by
the other upon the same or similar subject.
Carmina : verses, is understood. Camaenae:
the Muses. It was formerly written Car-
menſe and Casmence. Theme, carmen.
60. JMusae. They were nine in number,
the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.
They were supposed to preside over the
arts and sciences. They were born in
Pieria in Macedonia, and were said to re-
side on mount Helicon and mount Parnassus,
the former in Beotia, the latter in Phocis.-
Their names are: Calliope, Clio, Erato,
Thalia, JMelpomene, Terpsichore, Euterpe,
Polyhymnia, and Urania. -
61. Ille colit: , he regards the earth ; he
regards my verses.
62. Phoebus. The same as Apollo and
Sol; tho son of Jupiter and Latona. The
laurel and hyacinth were sacred to him.
Hence they are called sua munera, his own
See Ecl. IV. 10.
66. Ignis: properly a fire or flame. By
meton. love—also the object of love; as in
the present case.
. 67. Uljam Delia non: so that Delia now
* not better known &e. Diana is some.
times called Delia from Delos, the place of
her birth. She was the goddess of hunting,
and protectress of Dogs. Ruteus and Dr.
Trapp understand by Delia, not Diana, but
a servant of Menalcas by that name.
68. Meſº veneri: for my love—the dear
object of my affections.
69. Congessere: in the sense of nidifica-
verwºn't.
71. Aurea : yellow—ripe.
72. Venti, referatis : bear some part of
them, O winds, &c. Either because her
words were so sweet that they would de-
light even the ears of the gods: or that the
gods might be witnesses to her promises.
74. Quid prodest, &c. Damoetas had been
just before expressing his joy at the conver-
sation which he had with his mistress. Me-
nalcas now endeavors to go beyond him in
sentiments of tenderness and affection; and
intimates that he cannot have any enjoy-
ment while Amyntas is absent; nay, unless
he share with him his dangers.
75. Retia : plu. of rete : toils, or snares
set to take any prey.
76. Phillida : a Greek acc. of Phillis.
She was the slave of Iolas, and mistress both
to Damoetas and Menalcas.
77. Faciam vitulá - that is, faciam sacra
ea: vitula : I will make the sacrifice of a
heifer for the fruits.
16
P. W IRGILII MARONIS
Et, “longum, formose, vale, vale,
” inquit, Iola. ... *
DA. Triste lupus stabulis; maturis frugibus imbres; 8
Arboribus venti; nobis Amaryllidis irae. -
ME. Dulce satis humor; depulsis arbutus hoedis,
Lenta Salix foeto pecori: mihi solus Amyntas.
JDA. Pollio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Musam.
86. Pascitetaurumilli, Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro.
ME. Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina ; pascite taurum,
qui jam
85
Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam.
*8. Veniatuuoque quê
DA. Quite, Pollio, amat; veniat quð te quoque gaudet:
****P* Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum.
ME. Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Maevi.
Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos.
DA. Qui legitis flores, et humi nascentia fraga,
rigidus, 6 pueril fugite hinc, latet anguis in herbä.
ME. Parcite, oves, nimium proce
Creditur : ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat.
92. O puerl, qui legitis
flores et fraga nascentia F
numi, fugite
91
e: non bené ripa,
Q5
DA. Tityre, pascentes à flumine reice capellas:
Ipse, ubi tempus erit, omnes in fonte lavabo. -
ME. Cogite oves pueri: si lac praeceperit aestus,
Ut nuper, frustrå pressabimus ubera palmis.
DA. Eheu, quâm pingui macer est mihi tauros in arvo'
102. Neque est amor
certé causa his meis ovi-
5us, cursint tam macra. Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.
Idem amor exitium pecoriest, pecorisque magistro."
ME. His certé neque amor causa est: vix ossibus has
[rent
NOTES.
79. Longun, formose, &c. These are not
the words of Phillis, addressed to Iolas, but
of Menalcas; and first addressed to Me-
nalcas by Phillis. They made a deep im-
pression on his mind—they stole his affec-
tions. O beautiful youth, said she, farewell
—farewell, a long time. Stabulis : sheep-
folds. By meton. the sheep. Triste is to
be supplied with each member of the sen-
tence following, as also the verb est.
82. Arbutus: the strawberry tree, so call-
ed from the resemblance of its fruit to a
strawberry. Depulsis : the words & lacte
are understood.
82. Satis. The dat. plu. a substantive
from the part, pass. of the verb sero! I sow.
It signifies anything sown or planted—stand-
ing corn. Depulsis hadis: to the weaned
kids. Dulcis is to be supplied in each mem-
ber of the sentence; as also the verb est.
85. Pierides. The Muses are so called
from Pieria, the place of their birth. See
60. supra. -
86. Pollio. A noble Roman, the friend
and patron of Virgil. See next Ecl. JNova :
good—excellent. -
88. Veniat quo gaudet, &c. May he also
arrive at those honors to which it delighteth
him that thou hast arrived. Pollio was in-
vested with the consulate in the year of
Rome 714, and in the following year he re-
ceived a triumph. He was also a poet and
historian; and considered among the most
learned men of his time. See Ecl. IV. 12.
89. Amomum. An aromatic fruit of great
value. The Assyrian was considered the
best. Rubus : the blackberry bush.
90. Qui Bavium non odit. Bavius and
Moevius were two contemptible poets, and
very inimical to Virgil and Horace. These
two lines are wonderfully satirical. Let
the same persons yoke oxen and milk he-
goats. But this would be a useless, as well
as a ridiculous employment.
93. Frigidus: deadly, by meton. or cold,
descriptive of the nature of the snake.
95. Creditur. It is not easy to translate
impersonal verbs always literally. They
frequently occur in sentences, when such a
version would be very awkward English,
This is the case here. Menalcas is caution-
ing his sheep, not to proceed too far; and
adds as a reason for so doing, that it is
\not well to trust to the bank. To give force
to this caution, he mentions the case of the
ram that had just recovered of a fall from
It into the river, and was then drying his
fleece.
96. Reice. Imp. of the verb reicio, by
syncope for rejicio: drive back. -
98. Praeceperit: if the heat should dry up
the milk—should take it before us, then in
vain, &c. ºf .
103. Quis oculus: what evil eye bewitch-
es my tender lambs. JMihi : in the sense of
71.60S. * -
BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 17
DA. Dic quibus in terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo,
Tres pateat coeli spatium non ampliès ulnas. 105 -
ME. Dic quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum -
Nascantur flores ; et Phyllida solus habeto. 109. Et tu es dignus
PA Non nostrum ‘nter vos tantas componere lites. Vitº. **
- " iſ . T A $º of hire • º 110. Quisquis aut me-
Et vitulá tu dignus et hic : et quisquis amores tuet dulces amores, aut
Aut metuet dulces, aut experietur amaros. 119 experieur amarts amo.
Claudite jam rivos, pueri: sat prata biberunt. Treº.
NOTES.
105. Spatium cºeli pateat. Damaetas here to settle, &c. Est is to be supplied. Palae-
proposes a very intricate riddle. Various mon declares his inability to determine the
ñave been the conjectures to solve it. It is controversy between them; but pronounces
Inost generally thought that the place in- them both worthy of the prize.
tended is the bottom of a well, from whence 110. JMetuet dulces: shall fear successful
the space of the heavens appears no broad- love—shall fear that it would not be lasting.
er than its mouth, which in the general may Earperwetur amaros : shall experience disap-
ge taken for three ells. pointed love—love not returned or recipro-
107. Flores nascantur inscripti. Without cated.
solving the riddle of Damoetas, Menalcas' 111. Claudite. This is a beautiful line:
proposes this one, and it is an equal match shut up your streams, O swains, the meads
for his. The solution of it is all conjec- have drunk enough. It is a metaphor taken
ture. It is generally supposed that the hy- from rivers refreshing the meadows through
acinth is the flower alluded to. JNomina which they pass; to music and poetry, de-
inscripti : inscribed as to the names of lighting the ear, the fancy, and the judg-
kings—or with the names of kings. See ment. It implies that it was time to cease
Ecl. ſ. 55. their song; they had given sufficient proofs
108. JN on nostrum : it is not in my power of their skill in music.
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this pastoral? What did he do to recover his lost Eury-
Does Virgil here imitate Theocritus? dice 2
Who is to be understood under the cha- What became of him at last 2
racter of Damoetas: Who under that of In what consists the carmen amaebaeum ?
Menalcas? Who under that of Palaemon? Who were the Muses? How many were
Who was Conon? Who was Archimedes? they in number f What were their names?
What did he do against the Romans? Who was Diana: Where was she born ?
What became of him afterwards? Over what did she preside 2
Who was Orpheus? Whom sid be marry? -
3
ECIAOGA QUARTA,
POLLIO.
§
Viagil's design in this pastoral is to celebrate the birth of a son of Pollio, as appears
from verse 17; on which account he dedicated it to that noble Roman. But it is evident
that he ascribes to the son of his friend, what cannot be attributed, with any propriety,
to a being merely human. On examination, it will be found that there are several
expressions and passages, which remarkably correspond with the prophecies and pre-
dictions of the Messiah, contained in the scriptures of the Old Testament; and parti-
cularly with those of the prophet Isaiah. That the poet was inspired is not pretended.
We are assured, on the most credible testimony, that about this time there was a general
expectation of the Messiah’s appearance. This was partly from the dispersion of the
Jews over the Roman empire, who carried with them their scriptures; and partly from
the Sibylline oracles then much in repute. What, therefore, was generally said, and
was the common opinion concerning the Messiah, the poet applies to the son of Pollid
It was not fulfilled in him. For he died on the ninth day after his birth. It was, how
ever, actually fulfilled in about forty years afterwards, when the Savior appeared.
Some suppose that the poet hath i
view Marcellus, the son of Octavia, the sister of
Augustus, whose birth corresponds with the consulship of Pollio.
him, and designed him for his successor in the empire.
Augustus adopted
This is the same Marcellus
whom Virgil highly compliments in the sixth book of the Æneid. He died soon after
he arrived at manhood.
M *.
SICELIDES Musae, paulē majora canamus
Non omnes arbusta juvant, humilesque myrica.
Si canimus sylvas, sylvae sint consule dignaº.
Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas
NoTEs.
1. Sicelides: an adj. from Silicia, the
island of Sicily, the country of Theocritus,
the father of pastoral poetry. Hence Sice-
lides JMusæ, pastoral muses.
2. Arbusta—myricae.
the style and manner in which they are
sung, by meton. JMyrica : a shrub called
the tamarisk. The poet here proposes to
write in a style different from the usual
style of pastoral ; for that does not please
every ear. A more elevated strain he will
now attempt. .
3. Sylvas: the woods. By meton. pas-
Loral or rural subjects. If we sing of pas-
toral subjects, those subjects should be
worthy of a consul’s ear. ,
4. Ultima aetas: the last age of the sibyl-
fine prophecy hath now arrived—the last
age, which was the subject, &c. I would
here observe that the last days—the latter
days, or times, are common expressions in
the scriptures to denote the age of the Gos-
pel, which is the last dispensation of grace.
Cumaï an adj. from Cumae, a city of Cam-
pania. In Italy, famous for having been the
Trees and shrubs
séem to be put here for pastoral subjects, or
residence of a sibyl. There were several
others of the same name; but the most dis-
tinguished were, a city of AEolis, in Asia
Minor, and a city of Euboea, an island in
the Ægean sea; hodie, JNegropont. The re-
sidence of this sibyl was a cave or vault
dug into a rock. Justin Martyr informs us,
that he visited the spot, and was shown a
kind of chapel in the rock, into which the
inhabitants told him (as they received it
from their forefathers) she retired whenever
she gave out her oracles. He also men-
tioned several other particulars. Onuphrius
tells us, that the cave or residence of the
sibyl remained in the same state Justin
Martyr described it, until 1539, when it was
entirely destroyed by an earthquake which
shook all Campania. See Prideaux’s Con.
Part 2. Lib. 9. The sibyls were women
said to have been endued with the spirit of
prophecy, and to have foretold the destinies
of states and kingdoms. They lived at
different periods of time, and in different
countries. They took the name of Sibyllae,
or Sibyls, from the first, who was thus en-
dued, her name being Sibylla. Varro enu
BUCOLICA. ECL IV.
19
Magnus ab integro seclorum nascitur ordo. 5
Jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna :
Jam nova progenies coelo demittitur alto.
Tu modó nascenti puero, quo ferrea primūm
Desinet, ac toto surget gens aurea mundo,
Casta, ſave, Lucina: tuus jam regnat Apollo.
#
8. Tu modó, casta
Lucina, fave nascenti
puero, sub quo ferrea
gens primum desinet, ac
aurea gens surget tota
10 mundo.
NOTES.
merates ten : The Delphica, Erythraea, Cu-
ma'a, Samia, Cumana, Hellespontica, Libyca,
Persica, Phrygia, and the Terburtina. Of
these, the Sne most noted was the Cumaean.
She seems to have been the same that the
Greeks called Erythraea, from the circum-
stance of her being born at Erythrae in Ionia,
of the Lesser Asia; from whence she re-
moved to Cumae, in Italy. Carminis: in the
sense of vaticinii.
5. Magnus ordo. Some suppose that the
poet here hath reference to the great Plato-
nic year; of which Claudius says, Ch. 1
of the sphere: Omnia, quaecumque in mundo
sunt, eodem ordine esse reditura, qui nunc
cernuntur. This would embrace the period
of 25,920 of our years; when the equinoxes
will have made the circuit of the ecliptic, and
the same stars, which describe the equator,
tropics, and polar circles, by the diurnal
motion of the earth, will describe them over
again. Ruapus, however, is of a different
opinion, and very justly understands by
magnus, great and illustrious; implying that
the period of which the poet spake as then
commencing, should be distinguished by
great and illustrious characters. Soºclorum,
by syncope for saeculorum. Sæculum properly
signifies the period of a hundred years.
It is also used to demote an indefinite period,
as in the present instance.
6. Virgo. The poet here means Astrata,
the goddess of justice, the daughter of Ju-
piter and Themis. See nom. prop. under
Astrapa. Saturnia regna: the reign of Sa-
turn. According to fable, Saturn was the
son of Coelus and Terra, or Vesta. Coelus
confined in Tartarus all his sons, except
Saturn; who with the assistance of his
mother, banished his father, and set his bro-
thers at liberty. He succeeded to the king-
dom by the consent of his brother Titan, on
the condition that he should raise no male
offspring. He accordingly devoured his
sons as soon as they were born. But when
Jupiter was born, his wife Rhea, or Ops, un-
willing to see all her sons perish, concealed
him; giving to her husband a stone in room
of the child, which he devoured, without
discovering the cheat. In the same way she
preserved Neptune and Pluto.
Titan being informed that his brother had
broken the terms of their contract, made
war upon him, and made both him and his
wife prisoners; they were, however, soon
set at liberty by Jupiter. But Saturn did
not long remain mindſul of this favor.
He conspired against him to dethrone him,
and possess the empire himself. Upon this,
Jupiter banished him from heaven. He
came to Italy, which was afterwards called
Latium, from the circumstance of its being
the place of his concealment; from the verb
lateo. Janus, who was then king, received
him with hospitality, and made him partner
in his kingdom. Saturn employed his time
in civilizing his subjects, teaching them agri-
culture, and the several arts and sciences,
His reign was so mild, so beneficent and
virtuous, that it came to be denominated the
Golden Age, to intimate the happiness and
tranquillity which then were enjoyed. The
Silver Age succeeded, when men began to
degenerate, and their peace to be disturbed
by feuds and animosities. The Brazen Age
followed, when avarice and licentiousness
took possession of the heart. To this suc-
ceeded the Iron Age, when the world became
sunk into a general and total dépravity.
These four ages are much spoken of by the
poets, but particularly the first. By this
time men had become so wicked and dege-
nerate, that they were all destroyed by a
deluge, which took place in the reign of
Deucalion, king of Thessaly. He and his
wife Pyrrha were the only survivors.
8. Fave nascenti puero ; favor, or be pro-
pitious to the infant boy. JVascens does not
refer here so much to his birth, as to his in-
fant years. As Lucina had safely brought
the child into the world, it is the desire o.
the poet that she should continue her atten-
tion and regard to him during the dangers
of infancy.
9. Gens : in the sense of aetas.
10. Casta Lucina. Lucina was the god-
dess supposed to preside over child-bearing,
and called Lucina from lur, because through
her means children were brought to see the
light. This office was attributed both to
Juno and Diana; the latter of whom is the
one here meant, as appears from Tuus jam
regnat Apollo: now thy Apollo reigns.—
This hath led some into a singularity. By
Apollo they would understand Augustus,
and by Lucina his sister Octavia. Virgil
was fond of complimenting his prince, but
there can be no necessity of such an inter-
pretation here. Ruacus understands it of
Apollo himself, who may be said to reign,
2()
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
11. Adeo hoc decus Teque aded decus hoc aevi, te consule, inibit,
avi inibit, te, te consule, Poljio :
O Pollio.
et incipient magni procedere menses
Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri,
Irrita perpetuá solvent formidine terras.
Ille Deûm vitam accipiet, Divisque videbit
15
Permixtos heroas, et ipse videbitur illis :
Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem
NOTES.
because it is now manifest that his predic-
tions are true. Apollo was the god, under
whose influence the Sibyls were, when they
prophesied, or gave out their oracles.
Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona,
and brother of Diana. Juno, in order to
vent her rage against Latona, sent the ser-
pent Python, to vex and torment her. She
was unable to find a place where she could
be delivered of her children in peace, till
Neptune, taking pity on her, raised the island
Delos, where she was safely delivered of
Apollo and Diana at a birth. As soon as
he was born, Apollo slew the serpent Python,
from which circumstance he is sometimes
called Pythius. He was accounted the god
of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence,
all of which, it is said, he invented. His
son Æsculapius being killed by Jupiter for
raising the dead, he in turn slew the Cy-
clops, who had made the thunderbolt that
slew him. Jupiter being much enraged at
this piece of conduct, banished him from
heaven, and deprived him of his dignity.
He came to Admetus, king of Thessaly,
and hired himself as a shepherd, in which
employment he served nine years. Hence
he is sometimes called the god of shepherds.
Apollo was amorous, and had many chil-
dren. His worship was very general. At
Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Patara, &c.
he had celebrated oracles. He had several
names: Pythius, already mentioned; Delius,
from the island Delos, where he was born;
Cynthius, from Cynthus, the name of a
mountain on the same island; Paean, from
a Greek word which signifies to strike, or
wound, in allusion to his killing the Python ;
Delphicus, from Delphi, in Phocis, where
he had his most famous temple and oracle;
Clarus, &c. He was called Phoebus, or Sol,
in heaven. There were several among the
ancients, who went under the name of
.Apollo. Cicero mentions three, besides the
son of Jupiter and Latona.
11. Hoc decus ºvi : this glory of the age,
i.e. this glorious age, shall commence in your
consulship.
12. JMagni menses. Servius and Pompo-
nius think we are to understand the months
of July and August, because they bore the
names of Julius and Augustus. But we
are undoubtedly to understand the magni
wnenses here, in the same manner and sense,
as magnus ordo steelorum, verse 5, supra.
Pollio. A very distinguished Roman. He
arrived to the highest honors that the people
could bestow. He was appointed Profectus
of Hispania Ulterior by Julius Caesar. On
some occasion or other, being in Cis-alpine
Gaul, he became acquainted with Virgil,
for whom he conceived a very high regard,
and recommended him to Maecenas, who
was then at Rome. A way was thus open-
ed to our poet for the recovery of his lands.
In the year of Rome, 714, Pollio was ap-
pointed consul, and in the following year
he triumphed over the Partheni, a people
of Illyricum, who adhered to the party of
Brutus and Cassius. He wrote the history
of the civil wars, and was both a poet and
orator. . He died in the eightieth year of his
age, and in the year of Rome, 757.
13. Siqua vestigia, &c. The poet here
alludes, most probably, to the perjury of
Laomedon, king of Troy; to which the
Trojans attributed their misfortunes and
calamities. See Geor. I. 502; or to the
civil wars which were carried on between
Caesar and Pompey. Or lastly, to the death
of Julius Caesar, who was slain by Brutus
in the senate house; which was the cause
of a second civil war, between Brutus and
Cassius on the one part, and Octavius and
Anthony on the other. It terminated in
the ruin of the Republic, and in the esta-
blishment of the Empire.
14. Irrita: being effaced, or done away
will free the earth, &c. Irrita, of in nega-
tivum, and ratus; agreeing with vestigia.
15. Ille accipiet vitam : he shall partake
the life of the gods, &c. Here is an allu-
sion to the Golden Age, when, the poets
say, the gods had familiar intercourse with
men, and dwelt on the earth. That happy
period was again about to return.
17. Regel, &c. He shall rule the peace-
ful world by his father's virtues. Meaning
that the child should arrive at the highest
honors of the state, that is, should be a con-
sul. Or, he shall rule the world, reduced to
peace by his father’s virtues. Pollio and
Mascenas effected a reconciliation between
Octavius and Anthony, which gave hope.
of a lasting peace. Orbem here means the
Roman Empire; which, in the height of its
greatness, comprehended the greater part
of the world that was then known.
BUCOLICA. ECL. IV
21
At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu,
Errantes hederas passim cum baccare tellus,
Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho.
Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae
Ubera : nec magnos metuent armenta leones.
Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula flores:
18. At tellus fundet
º munuscula i.
puer, nullo cultu,
20%m. errantes hederas
passim cum baccare,
colocasia que mixta ri-
denti acantho.
Occidet et serpens, et fallax herba Veneni
Occidet: Assyrium vulgó nascetur amonum.
At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis
Jam legere, et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus:
Molli paulatim flavescet campus aristã,
Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva,
Et durae quercus Sudabunt roscida mella :
25 *
26. At sixthul jam po-
teris legere laudes he-
roum, et facta parentis
et ,
30
Pauca tamen suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis,
Quae tentare Thetim ratibus, quae cingere muris
Oppida, quae jubeant telluri infindere sulcos.
Alter erit tum Tiphys, et altera qual vehat Argo
Delectos heroas: erunt etiam altera bella,
Atque iterum ad Trojam magnus mittetur Achilles.
32. Quae jubeant ho-
tnimes tentare Thetim
ratibus; quae jubean: il-
e los cingere oppida muris;
35 et quae jubeant illos in-
findere sulcos telluri.
Hinc, ubi jam firmata virum te fecerit aetas,
Cedet et ipse mari vector : nec nautica pinus
NOTES.
te
19. Baccare. Baccar, a sweet herb called
by some ladies-glove; by others, clown-spike-
nard. Colocasia: Egyptian beans. Acan-
tho the herb called bear's-foot. It has a
long and broad leaf.
23. Cunabula ipsa : the cradle itself—
the very cradle. Blandos : in the sense of
jucundos.
24. Serpens occidet : the serpent shall die.
This is a very remarkable passage. The
Messiah was promised to bruise the head of
the serpent, Gen. Ch. iii. 15th verse. Fallac
herba veneni : the deceiving herb of poison
shall die—every herb whose poisonous
quality is not known. For if it were known,
no person would meddle with it, and con-
sequently none would be deceived. Amo-
mum. See Ecl. iii. 89.
28. JMolli : ripe. For the fields do not
grow yellow till the approach of harvest.
•Arista : corn—an ear of corn.
29. Sentibus : thorn-bushes.
31. Tamen pauca, &c. We may here
observe the several gradations of the Gold-
en Age. With the birth of the child it
commenced: Cunabula fundent flores. Du-
ring the years of his youth, the earth is to
bring forth abundantly. There is to be
no want of any thing: Campus flavescet,
&c. All vestiges of former crimes, howe-
Ver, were not done away. Some traces of
the Iron Age were to be visible in the con-
duct and actions of men: Quae jubeant, &c.
But when he has arrived to years of full
maturity, then the earth is to produce all
things spontaneously: Omnis tellus feret
omnia; and the Golden Age is to appear
in all its felicity and glory. Fraudis, in
the sense of sceleris.
32. Thetim. Thetis, a goddess of the sea,
the daughter of Nereus and Doris. Jupitei
fell in love with her, and determined to
marry her; but being informed by Prome.
theus of a decree of the fates, that she should
bear a son who should be greater than his
father, he desisted from his purpose. Where-
upon Peleus, king of Thessaly took her to
wife, and of her begat Achilles. Thetis, by
meton, is put for the sea in this place.
34. Tiphys. The name of the pilot of the
ship Argo. It was so called, either from
Argus, the architect; or from Argivi, Greeks,
whom it carried. It was built at Pegasa, a
promontory and town of Thessaly. Hence
sometimes called navis Pegasa.a.
35. Delectos heroas: chosen heroes.—
These were noble Greeks, chiefly of Thes-
. They were about fifty in number,
and went to Colchis in the ship Argo, to
bring away the golden fleece, which was
guarded by a dragon, and bulls breathing
fire. Jason commanded the expedition.
Castor, Pollua, Hercules, Theseus, Orpheus,
Zetes, and Calais accompanied him. The
crew collectively was called Argonautaº.
See nom, prop, under Jason.
36. Achilles—Trojan–Argo–Tiphys.
These are here put for any hero, any city,
an. ship, any pilot. #
36. Nec mautica pinus, g-c. Nor shall the
naval pine exchange commodities—carry on
traffic. Pinus is here put for a ship made
of that tree, by meton. Vector: the mari-
ner. Cedet: shall leave, or abandon.
22 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Mutabit merces: omnis feret omnia tellus.
Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem .
Robustus quoque jam tauris juga solvet arator.
Nec varios discet mentiri lana colores :
43. Sedaries ipse in Ipse sed in pratis aries jam suave rubenti
º Murice, jam croceo mutabit vellera luto:
rice, jam Sponte suá sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos.
46. Parce concordes Talia sæcla suis dixerunt, currite, fusis
stabili numine fatorum Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcae.
dierunt, suis fºsis, 2 Aggredere, 6, magnos, aderit jam tempus, honores,
. "...º.º. Clara Deûm soboles, magnum Jovis incrementum
magnum in...ement. Aspice convexo mutantem pondere mundum,
Jovis, aggredere mag-Terrasque, tractusque maris, coelumque profundum :
nos honores Aspice venturo latentur ut omnia sæclo.
53. O ultima pars O mihi tam longae maneat pars ultima vitae,
tam, longe vite maneat Spiritàs et, quantūm sat erit tua dicere facta!
40
*
45
50
mihi, et tantūm spiritàs,
quantum
Non me carminibus vincet, nec Thracius Orpheus,
Nec Linus : huic mater quamvis, atque huic pater adsit.
55
Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo.
Pan etiam Arcadia mecum si judice certet,
Pan etiam Arcadiá dicat se judice victum.
Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem:
60
NoTEs.
42, Lana discet, &c. Nor shall the wool
learn to counterfeit various colors.
44. JMurzee. Murex, a sea-fish of the
shell kind. It is said to have been of great
use among the ancients for dying purple.
Hence, by meton. put for the purple color
itself. Croceo : an adj. from crocum, or
crocus, saffron. Luto: the Luthtm was an
herb used in dying yellow. Hence the color
itself, by meton. Modern botanists describe
it under the name of luteola, wild-woad,
and dyer's weed. It is used in coloring
both wool and silk. JMutabit: shall tinge,
or dye.
45. Sandya: ; the scarlet color—vermilion.
46. Fusis : to their spindles.
47. Parca. They were the daughters of
Erebus and Nox, and said to be three in
number : Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos.
They were supposed to preside over the
birth, life, and death of mankind. The first
was represented as presiding over the mo-
ment of birth, and holding a distaff in her
hand; the second, as spinning out the events
and actions of human life; the last as cut-
ting the thread of it with a pair of scissors.
They were considered powerful goddesses,
and were worshipped with great solemnity.
Stabili numine : in the fixed purpose or de-
cree. Clara. Some copies have cara.--
JMagnum incrementum : great son of Jove.
48. Aggredere. Ruteus says accede.
50. Aspice mundum : see the world with
its globous mass or load, nodding (reeling
to and fro) both the land, &c. Dr. Trapp
wakes convezo pondere in the sense of converi
ponderis, and connects it with mundum, and
not with nutantem, as is commonly done.
For he observes, that it is impossible for the
earth to reel to and fro or nod, with its own
weight or load. He chooses, therefore, to
understand it of the load of its guilt and
misery: mole malorum, vitiorumque; but
rejoicing at the happy change about to be
introduced, which is expressed in the next
line : omnia loºtentur steclo futuro. Some ex-
plain the words, aspice mundum, &c., look
with compassion upon a world, nutantem
mole malorum vitiorumque : laboring and
oppressed with a load of guilt and misery.
Ut: in the sense of quomodo. {
55. JNon vincet. JW on appears to be used
in the sense of nullus. No one shall excel
me in singing, neither Thracian, &c.
56. Linus. He was the son of Apollo
and Terpsichore, one of the muses. He
was an excellent musician, and the precep-
tor of Orpheus and Hercules. He is said to
have been killed by the latter, by a stroke
of his lyre, because he laughed at his sing-
ing. Quamvis mater Calliopea adsit, &c.
Although the mother Calliopea should assist
this Orpheus; and fair Apollo, the father,
should assist this Linus. Orphei : a Greek
dat. of Orpheus.
59. Arcadić judice: Arcadia being judge.
Arcadia was an inland country of the Pelo-
ponnesus, famous for its excellent pastures.
The whole of it was sacred to Pan. Seo
Ecl. ii. 31.
60. Risu cognoscere, &c. Begin, sweet
boy, to know thy mother by her smiles
1BUCOLICA, ECL. IV
23
Matri longa decem tuierunt fastidia menses.
Incipe, parve puer, cui non risere parentes,
Nec Deus hunc mensã, Deanec dignata cubili est.
63. Nec Deus digma-
tus est hunc mensã
t NOTES.
This is the sense which Rugeus and some
others give to risu. But Dr. Trapp takes
it otherwise, applying it to the boy. Begin
to know and acknowledge thy mother by
smiling on her; as a kind of recompense for
the pains she endured for thy sake.
61. Fastidia : qualms, as of a woman
with child. Longa : tedious—without in-
termission. Decem menses : ten months
brought to your mother, &c. . .
62. Cui parentes non risere, &c. It is
plain the poet here intends a threat of some
kind to the child. But upon the nature or
extent of the threat, commentators are not
agreed. It is generally thought that refe-
rence is here made to verse 15, where the
babe was promised divine honors: ille ac
cipiet vitam Deorum; and lest he should fail
of it, the poet urges him to smile upon his
parents, that in turn they might smile upon
him. For, on whom his parents have not
smiled, him hath a god neither honoured
with his table, nor a goddess with her bed.
Thus Dr. Trapp.
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this pastoral?
In what light has it been considered by
some 3 2.
Are there any passages in it which have
a resemblance to the prophecies of our Sa-
viour, as contained in the scriptures?
Was the poet divinely inspired 2
About this time was there a general ex-
Sectation of the Messiah’s appearance 2
How was this occasioned 2 -
At what age did the son of Pollio die?
How many years before the birth of .
Christ?
Do some suppose the poet celebrates, the
birth of Marcellus?
Who was this Marcellus?
did he live 2
Who were the Sibyls? How many does
Varro mention? Of these, which was the
most distinguished?
Where did she reside
To what age
What does Justin Martyr say of her resi-
dence 2
Who was Saturn ? What is said of him 2
Whence did Latium derive its name?
How did Saturn employ his time after
his banishment to Italy 2
How many ages do the poets mehtion be-
fore the deluge in the reign of Deucalion ?
Describe those ages?
Who was Apollo? What is said of him?
For what was he banished from heaven?
What did he then do?
Where were his most celebrated oracles?
What were his names? -
Who was Pollio 2 To what honors did
he arrive 3
Was it through his means that Virgil re-
covered his land? In what way?
To what age did he live?
Who were the Parce : How many in
number? What was their supposed office?
ECLoGA QUINTA.
MENALCAS, MOPSUS.
The subject of this excellent pastoral is the death of some eminent person under the
character of Daphnis.
conjectures.
But concerning the person intended, there have been various
It is most prºbable the poet had in view Julius Caesar, who was killed in
the senate-house by Brutus; and afterwards enrolled among the Roman deities.
By
Menalcas, we are to understand Virgil; and by Mopsus, some poet of reputation, who
probably had been Virgil's pupil.
Ruasus thinks it was written when some games or sacrifices were performed in honor of
Caesar.
The scene is beautiful, and adapted to the subject.
The shepherds sit on the
verdant grass in the awful gloom of a grotto, overhung with wild vines, The pastoral
is properly divided into two parts—the Lamentation at his death, and his Deification, or
Apotheosis.
1. O Mopse, quoniam M.E. CUR mon, Mopse, boni quomiam convenimus ambo,
nos convenimus und.
ambo boni; tu
Tu calamos inflare leves, ego dicere versus,
i.e. “iºs al. Hic corylis mixtas inter consedimus ulmos!
ego bonus dicere versus;
cur non consedimus hic
inter ulmos mixtas cory-
lis'
Mo. Tu major: tibi me est aequum parere, Menalca :
Sive sub incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras, 5
Sive antro potius succedimus: aspice, ut antrum
5. Sub imus umbras Sylvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis.
incertas motantibus,
6. Aspice ut sylves-
tris labrusca sparsit
9. Idem Amyntas certet
ME. Montibus in nostris solus tibi certet Amyntas.
Mo. Quid si idem certet Phoebum superare camendo?
ME. Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phyllidis ignes
Aut Alconis habes laudes, aut jurgia Codri.
1]
NOTES.
1. Bont: skilful—expert. An adj. agree-
ing with mos, understood.
4. Major. Thou art the older: or it may
mean, my superior, in singing.
5. Umbras: shades. By meton, put for
the trees causing them. Incertas: waving—
moving to and fro.
7. Sylvestris labrusca. Simply, the wild
wine. Raris racemis: with thin bunches of
grapes—its bunches scattered here and
there.
10. Si habes out quos ignes : if you have
either any loves of Phyllis, or &c. She
was the daughter of Lycurgus, king of
Thrace, and fell in love with Demophoon,
the son of Theseus, king of Athens, on his
return from the Trojan war. He went
home to settle some business, and tarrying
longer than the time appointed for their
nuptials, Phyllis, imagining herself neglect-
ed, hung herself, and was changed into a
-eafless almond-tree. Demophoon after-
wards returned and on his embracing the
tree, it put forth leaves. Ignis; by meton
love; also the object loved. . .
11. Alconis. Gen. of Alcon, a celebrated
archer of Crete. He aimed an arrow so
truly at a serpent, entwined around the
body of his son, that he killed him without
injuring the child. Jurgia Codri : the strife
or contentions of Codrus. He was the son
of Menander, and the last king of Athens.
In a war with the Lacedemonians, it was
given out by an oracle that victory should
be on that side, whose king was slain. In
the mean time the enemy had given strict
charge not to hurt the Athenian king.
Being informed of this, as well as what the
oracle had given out, Codrus put on the
habit of a peasant, went among the enemy,
raised a quarrel, and suffered himself to be
slain. As soon as this was known, the La-
cedemonians were panic struck, and the
Athenians obtained a complete victory.
This noble sacrifice of himself for the good
of his country, so endeared his name to
them, that they considered no person worthy
to succeed him, .
BUCOLMCA. ECL. W.
25
Incipe : pascentes servabit Tityrus hoedos.
Mo. Immö haec, in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi
Carmina descripsi, et modulans alterna notavi,
Experiar tu deinde jubeto certet Amyntas. 15
13. Immö experiarhaec
carmina, quae nuper des.
crips,
15. Jubeto ut Amyn-
tas certet mecwm.
ME. Lenta Salix quantùm pallenti cedit olivae,
Puniceis humilis quantüm saliunca rosetis:
Judicio nostro tantúm tibi cedit Amyntas.
Mo. Sed tu desine plura, puer: successimus antro.
Extinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim
Flebant: vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis :
Cüm, complexa sui corpus miserabile nati,
Atque Deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater.
Non ulli pastos illis egére diebus
19. Desine loqui plura
20 verba
21. Vos, O coryli et
flumina fuistis testes
nymphis;
Frigida, Daphni, bowes ad flumina : nulla neque amnem 25. O Daphni, non
Libayit quadrupes, nec graminis attigit herbam.
Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones
Interitum, montesqug feri sylvaeque loquuntur.
Daphnis et Armenias curru subjungere tigres
Instituit: Daphnis thiasos inducere Baccho,
Et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas.
26 ulli pastores egere pas
tos boves
28. Ferique montes,
sylvaeque loquuntur,
30 etiam Paenos leones
30. Daphnis instituit
inducera
Vitis ut arboribus decoriest, ut vitibus uva,
NOTES.
15. JModulans alterna notavi : tuning, or
singing them alternate, I wrote them down.
Earperiar: I will try—attempt. Carmina:
Wel'SeS.
17. Saliunca : the herb lavender. Puni-
ceis rosetis : to red rose-beds: or by meton.
the red rose. Puniceus, sometimes written
Phaeniceus, an adj. from Phoenicia, a coun-
try lying along the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean, including Tyre and Sidon,
famous for its purple or red color. The
same word is used for an inhabitant of
Carthage, because that city was founded by
a colony from Tyre, or Phoenicia.
20. Daphnim, eactinctum: Daphnis slain, or
cut off by a cruel death. This circum-
stance applies very well to the case of Julius
Casar, who was slain unexpectedly, receiv-
ing no less than twenty-three wounds with
the dagger.
22. Cúm matercomplewa: when the mother
embracing, &c. Cerdanus understands by
mater the wife of Caesar, who a little be-
fore his death dreamed her husband was
stabbed in his breast. Ruacus understands
Rome, and Dr. Martyn Venus. Vocat, &c.
She calls the gods and stars cruel—she
blames the gods and cruel stars. Vocat,
Dr. Trapp takes for vocabat, where the
sense evidently determines it.
35. Amnem: in the sense of aquam.
26. Nulla quadrupes. Rugeus thinks the
Poet hath in his view a passage in Sueto-
nius. , Speaking of the prodigies which
preceded the death of Cesar, he says:
Proacimis diebws equorum greges, quos in tro-
jiciendo Rubicone flumine consecrárat, ac
vagos et sine custode dimiserat, comperit per-
timacissimë pabulo abstinere, ubertimque
jlere. In this case, by quadrupes, we are to
understand equus, a horse. Libavit; drank
—tasted.
27. Paenos leones: African lions. Poenos :
in the sense of Punicos, vel Africanos. Car-
thage was the principal city of Africa.-
Hence by synec. it may be put for Africa in
general. Being founded by a colony from
Phoenicia, its inhabitants were called Poeni,
as well as Carthagimienses. These lions are
mentioned, either because they were the
most savage, or because Africa abounded
in lions, and other savage beasts.
28. Interitum: in the sense of mortem.
Feri : wild—uncultivated.
29. Armenias: an adj. from Armenia, an
extensive country of Asia, abounding in
tigers. Curru, for currwi, the dat. case.
Nouns of the fourth declension sometimes
formed the gen. in wis, and when the gen.
Was contracted into tis, the dat. was some-
times contracted into w. Many instances
of this contraction we find in Virgil and
other writers.
30. Thiasos. Thiasus, a kind of dance.
The word is of Greek origin.
31. Interere lentas hastas, &c. To wreath,
or entwine limber spears, &c. Ruasus inter
prets interere, by induere.
32. Ut vitis est decori arboribus : as the
vine is for an ornament to the trees, as the
grapes, &c. The words sunt decori are to
be supplied.
26
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis;
34. She tu eras omne Tu decus omne tuis: postguam te fata tulerunt,
decus tuis Ipsa Pales agros, atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 35
36. In sulcis, quibus Grandia sæpe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis,
mandavimus grandia Infelix lolium, et steriles nascuntur avenae.
hordea, saepe Pro molli violà, pro purpured narcisso,
Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis.
Spargite humum foliis; inducite fontibus umbras, 40
Pastores: mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis.
Et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen :
43. Ego Daphnis ja- Daphnis ego in sylvis, hinc usque ad sidera notus;
tº lae in Sylvis, notus Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse.
hinc ME. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poéta, 45
Quale sopor fessis in gramine; quale per aestum
Dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo.
Nec calamis solum aequiparas, Sed voce magistrum.
Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ap illo:
§
50, Tamen nos dice-Nos tamen haec quocumque modo tibi nostra vicissim 50
mus hºnostrº * Dicemus; Daphningue tuum tollemus ad astra;
- Daphnin ad astra feremus: amavit nos quoque Daphnis.
Mo. An quicquam nobis tali sit munere majus 7
Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus, et ista
Jampridem Stimicon laudavit carmina nobis.
55
ME. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi,
. . Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis
58. Ergo alacris vo- Ergö alacris sylvas et caetera rura voluptas,
luptas tenet sylvas
Panaque, pastoresque tenet, Dryadasque puellas
NOTES.
34. Tu omne decus twis: so thou wast all
the ornament to thy friends. Tuis: to thy
fellow swains. Virgil represents Daphnis,
whoever he be, as a swain and shepherd.
35. Pales. See Geor. iii. 1. Apollo. He
is considered here under the character of
the god of shepherds. See Ecl. iv. 10.
36. Hordea: barley, here put for any kind
of grain; the species for the genus.
37. Infelic lolium: the hurtful cockle.
38. JWarcisso : the flower JNarcissus, of
which there are two kinds, the white and
the purple. See Ecl. ii. 46.
39. Carduus : the thistle. Paliurus : a
species of thorn. It abounds in Italy.
42. Carmen: an epitapn, or inscription.
45. Tale tuum carmen. The elegance
and sweetness of this and the two following
lines are not to be equalled, unless by the
answer, which Mopsus returns in verse 82,
et sequens. Est is to be supplied.
47. Restinguere, &c. To allay thirst in
a purling rivulet of sweet water in the sum-
mer heat. This is a most beautiful com-
parison. Nothing could give a livelier idea
of the charms of his music, and the melody
of his song. .
48. JMagistrum : the master. It appears
from this, that Mopsus had been a pupil of
Menalcas, and much esteemed by him.
49. Alter ab illo: the next from him—the
next in fame after him. -
50. Quocumque modo : in some manner or
other—as well as I can. .
52. Daphnis, &c. As we are to under-
stand Virgil under the character of Menal-
cas, it is urged that Daphnis cannot be Ju-
lius Caesar, because Virgil was little known
in his time. But Ruteus explains it of the
Mantuans in general, who, with the other
inhabitants of Cis-alpine Gaul, were che-
rished and protected by Caesar.
53. An quicquam sit: can there be any
thing more acceptable (majus) to me than
such an employment?
54. Puer ipse. Servius infers from this
that Daphnis cannot be Julius Cæsar, since
he was 56 years old when he was killed.
Ruteus understands it of his being lately
enrolled among the gods. But this, is an
unnecessary refinement, and the objection
of Servius will be of no weight, when it is
considered that Virgil speaks of Daphnis
under the character of a shepherd, or swain.
See 43 and 44, supra; and puer is the word
generally used to denote either.
56. Candidus: white—clothed in white.
This is an emblem of divinity; white being
the color assigned to the celestial gods, as
black is to the infernal gods. Insuetum - a
BUCOLICA.
|ECL. W 27
Nec lupus insidias pecori, nec retia cervis wº
Ulla dolum meditantur: amat bonus otia Daphnis.
Ipsi laetitiã voces ad sidera jactant
Intonsi montes : ipsae jam carmina rupes;
Ipsa sonant arbusta : Deus, Deus ille, Menalca.
Sis bonus, 6 felixque tuis en quatuor aras :
Ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duoque altaria Phoebo.
Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis,
Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi.
Et multo imprimis hilarans convivia Baccho,
Ante focum, si frigus erit; si messis, in umbră,
60 60. Lupus meditatur
63. Jam rupes ipse
sonant carmina; jam
arbusta ipsa sonant hoc
O Menalca, ille est Deus,
ille est Deus.
65. En aspice quatuor
aras: ecce aspice duas
aras tibi
67. Statuam bina po-
cula spumantia novo
lacte, duosque
70
NOTES.
part. of vnsuesco, unaccustomed, referring to
his being but lately deified. Lymen Olympi :
the threshold of heaven. There were se-
veral mountains by the name of Olympus.
The most distinguished, however, was one
in Thessaly, near the confines of Macedo-
nia; the top of which arose above the clouds.
Hence the poets feigned it to be heaven, the
seat of the gods.
60. Insidias: plots. This word hath no
singular. Retia : neu. plu. toils—snares.
JMeditantwr: devise, or prepare.
61. Amat otia, &c. This expression seems
to allude to the clemency of Caesar toward
his enemies, for which he is much celebrated
by Cicero and others.
62. Jactant : in the sense of emittunt.
63. Intomsi : uncultivated—wild.
64. Deus ille. Divine honors were de-
creed to Julius Caesar by the Triumviri, in
the year of Rome 712, Lepidus and Plancus
being consuls. From this time, Octavius
began to be called the son of a god.
65. Aras. Ara was an altar dedicated
both to the gods above, and to those below.
.Altare was a high altar, and dedicated to
the gods above exclusively. Felix : propi-
tious—kind.
68. Crateras : acc. plu. of crater, a large
cup, or bowl. . This word is purely Greek.
Statuam : in the sense of offeram.
69. Hilarans convivia, &c. Cheering or
making merry the feasts with much wine.
Bacchus, the god of wine, was the son of
Jupiter and Semele. He was educated, ac-
cording to some, in the island of JNaarus,
one of the Cyclades, under the care of the
nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda; and
while asleep was carried off by some mari-
ners, all of whom he changed into dolphins,
except the pilot, who showed him some ten-
derness and regard. Bacchus is celebrated
as a warrior. He marched into India at
the head of a large army composed of men
and women, all inspired with a divine fury,
ºd armed with the thyrsus, cymbal, &c.
His Conquests were easy—the people sub-
mitting wherever he came, without resist-
ance. Pentheus, king of Thebes, refused to
immediately tore him in pieces.
acknowledge his divinity, and forbade his
subjects to pay adoration to him; and even
ordered Bacchus himself to be seized and
cast into prison. But the doors opened
of their own accord, as if refusing to con-
tain him a prisoner. Whereupon the king
became enraged, and ordered the whole
band of Bacchanals to be destroyed. But
this was not carried into effect. Pentheus
became desirous to see the celebration of
the Orgies, or feasts of Bacchus. For this
purpose, he concealed himself on mount
Citheron, whence he could see all their ce-
remonies. But being discovered, the Bac-
chanals fell upon him. His mother was
the first who attacked him, and was follow-
ed by her two sisters, Ino and Autone, who
See Ovid.
Met. Lib. 3.
Midas, king of Phrygia, had entertained
Silenus, the preceptor of Bacchus; who
desired him to ask any thing he might
please, and it should be granted him.—
Whereupon he asked that whatever he
might touch should be converted into gold.
This was granted. But he was soon con-
vinced of his imprudent choice; for his food
became gold in his mouth, and he was on
the point of perishing with hunger, when he
besought Bacchus to take back his gift; he
readily did so, and directed him to wash in
the river Pactolus, whose sands were con-
verted into gold.
The festivals of Bacchus, called Orgia,
Bacchanalia, or Dyonisia, were introduced
into Greece by Danaus and his daughters,
from Egypt. The panther was sacred to
him, because in his expedition to India, he
was covered with the skin of that animal.
The fir-tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the
ivy, and the vine, were all sacred to him
Bacchus had several names: Liber, Bro
mius, Lyteus, Evan, Thryonaºus, Iacchus, &c.
He is represented as drawn in a chariot by a
tiger and a lion, accompanied by Pan, Sile
nus, and the other satyrs. Bacchus, by me-
ton. is frequently put for wine, as in the
present case.
& P. VIRGILII MARONIS
• *.
Q.
Ti. Arvisia vina que Vina novum fundam calathis Arvisia nectar.
67 ºf
Cantabunt mihi Damoetas, et Lyctius AEgon :
79. Ut Agricole fa-Saltantes Satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus.
eient vota quotannis Haec tibi semper erunt ; et cum solennia vota
Baccho Cererique, sic Reddemus Nymphis,
facient ea tibi
81. Quae, quae dona
reddam
et cum lustrabimus agros. 75
Dum juga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit,
Dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicada,
82. Nam neque sibi-Semper honos, nomengue tuum, laudesque manebunt.
lus venientis Austri ju- Ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis
vat metanºmineclitora Agricolae facient:
percussa fluctu tam ju-
vant me; nec flumina.
quae decurrunt inter
damnabis tu quoque votis. 80
Mo. Qua, tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona 7
Nam neque me tantüm venientis sibilus Austri,
saxosas valles, tam ju- Nec percussa juvant fluctu tam litora, nec quae
vant me. Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles.
NOTES.
71. Arvisia vina: Chlan wine. Arvisia: ration of her darling child. He endeavored
an adj. from Arvisus, a promontory of the
island Chios, in the Archipelago, famous for
its good wine. JNovum nectar: nectar was
properly any kind of pleasant wine, or
other liquor. Hence the poets feigned it to
be the drink of the gods. JNovum : good—
excellent. The wine here offered was to
be as good as nectar—good or excellent
nectar. See Ecl. iii. 66.
72. Lyctivs : an adj. from Lyctus, a city
of Crete.
73. Saltantes Satyros: leaping or wonton
satyrs. The Satyri were demi-gods of the
country, the origin of whom is not well
known. They were of a hideous form,
and generally distinguished themselves by
their riotous and wanton demeanor in the
orgies of Bacchus, which they generally at-
tended. The Romans called them indis-
criminately Fawni, Panes, and Sylvani.
.Alphesiboeus. See Ecl. 8.
75. Lustrabimus. Lustro may here be
taken in the sense of circumeo, to go around
or encompass; or of purgo, to cleanse or
purify by sacrifice; or it may comprehend
both. For it is agreed by all, that the poet
liath a reference to what is called the sacri-
..ficum ambervale, spoken of Geor. i. 345,
which see. Circumimus campos cum hostia,
says Rugeus. Reddemus: in the sense of
solvemus.
79. Cereri. Ceres was the goddess of
husbandry, the daughter of Saturn and Ops,
and-mother of Proserpine by Jupiter, whom
Pluto carried off while she was gathering
flowers in the plains of Enna, in Sicily.
The loss was grievous to Ceres, who sought
her both day and night; when at length
she found her veil near the fountain of
Cyane. She could obtain no information
of her daughter, till the nymph Arethusa
told her that she was carried off by Pluto.
Upon this, she immediately ascended to
heaven, and demanded of Jupiter the resto-
to reconcile her to Pluto as a son-in-law ;
but to no purpose. At length he consented
that she should be restored, provided she
had eaten nothing in the dominions of the
ravisher. Ceres repaired immediately to
the infernal regions, and found she had
eaten the seeds of a pomegranate, found in
the Elysian fields. Her return, therefore,
was impossible : but Jupiter consented that
she might pass six months of the year with
her mother on earth, and the remainder
with Pluto. - -
During all this time, the cultivation of the
earth had been neglected. To repair the
loss which mankind sustained by her ab-
sence, Ceres went to Attica and instructed
Triptolemus, the son of Celeus, in all that
pertained to agriculture.
Ceres is supposed to be the same as the
Egyptian Isis, and her worship to have been
brought into Greece by Erechtheus about
1426 years before Christ. She is supposed
to be the same as Tellus, Cybele, Berecynthia,
&c. The Romans paid her great veneration,
and her festivals were generally celebrated
for eight days in the month of April. Ceres,
by meton. is often put for bread grain, &c.
80. Damnabis tu, &c. Thou shalt also
bind them to their vows—thou shalt grant
the requests of those, who ask. The pro-
priety of this mode of expression will ap-
pear, when it is considered that the person
who asked anything of a God, virtually,
if not directly, promised or vowed some-
thing in return; and if his requests were
granted, then he became condemned, and
judicially bound to the performance of his
promise or vow. And the god, when he
granted any petition or request, was said
to condemn, or bind the promiser to pay his
WOWS.
82. Sibilus ; the whistling of the rising
south wind.
BUCOLICA. ECL. V.
. 29
ME. Håc te nos fragili donabimus antè cicutà.
Haec nos, Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexim :
Haec eadem docuit, Cujum pecus 7 an Meliboei?
Mo. At tu sume pedum, quod, me clim Saºpe rogaret
Non tulit Antigenes (eterattum dignus amori)
Formosum paribus nodis atque aere, Menalca.
Af
85 86. Haec eadern cicuta
docuit nos,
88. Sume pedum for
mosum paribus modis
” atque &re, quod Anti-
gines non tulit, cum
90 stepe regaret me, et
NOTEs.
85. Nos donabimus: I will present thee
with this, &c. Cicuta : properly, a pipe
made of the stalk of the hemlock. See
Ecl. I. 10. -
86. Haec eaderm docuit : this. same pipe
taught me: formosum Corydon, &c. i. e. with
this same pipe I sang the second Eclogue.
Habc docuit : this same taught me : Cujum
ecus? i. e. with this same pipe I sang the
third Eclogue.
88. Sume pedum : take this crook, as a
testimony of my regard. -
90. Formosum: beautified with equal knobs
and brass—with knobs at equal distances: .
or uniform, in regard to size. e
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this pastoral?
Who probably is meant by Daphnis 2
Who is to be understood under the cha-
racter of Menalcas 2 Who under. that of
Mopsus? -
When does Rugeus suppose it to have
been written ? -
Where is the scene laid: -
Tnto how many parts is the pastoral di-
vided ? -
Who was Alcon? and what is said of
him:
Who was Codrus 2 and what is said of
him 2
Who was Bacchus * What is said of him?
What were his festivals called 2
By whom were they introduced into
Greece; and from what country
"What were his votaries called?
What were some of the names of Bacchus?
How is he represented as drawn 2
What is the word Bacchus frequently
used for 2
Who were the Satyri: How did they
distinguish themselves?
Who was Ceres 2 What is said of her 2
Is she supposed to be the same with the
Egyptian Isis 2
By whom was her worship introduced
into Greece 2 and at what time 2
When were her festivals celebrated?
|ECLOGA STEXTA,
SILENUS,
The subject of this fine pastoral is Silenus.
He had promised the swains Chromis and
Mnasilus a song; but had put it off from time to time. Wearied with the delay, they
surprised him asleep in his grotto, just recovering from his intoxication. His garlands
lay at some distance from him : with these they bind him fast; and in this condition
they demand of him the fulfilment of his promise. At this moment, Ægle, one of the
nymphs, joins them. . Upon which he begins, and explains to them the origin of the
world upon the principles of the Epicurean philosophy; and concludes with several
interesting fables by way of episode.
It is generally supposed this pastoral was designed as a compliment to Syro the Epicu
rean, who taught Virgil the principles of that philosophy By Silenus we are to under-
stand Syro, and by the swains Chromis and Mnasilus, his two pupils, Virgil and Varus.
PRIMA Syracosio dignata est ludere versu
2. Nostra Thalia pri-Nostra, nec erubuit sylvas habitare, Thalia.
ma dignata est
Cüm canerem reges et praelia, Cynthius aurem
Wellit, et admonuit: Pastorem, Tityre, pingues
Pascere oportet oves, deducturn dicere carmen.
6. Namgue, O Vare, Nunc ego
supererunt tibialii poette
qui cupiant
(namgue super tibi erunt, qui dicere laudes,
Ware, tuas cupiant, et tristia condere bella)
Agrestem tenui meditabor arundine Musam.
Non injussa cano: si quis tamen haec quoque, si quis
NOTES.
1. Syracosio versu : in pastoral verse.
Syracosio: an adj. from Syracusa, the birth
place of Theocritus, the first pastoral poet
of eminence; the chief city of Sicily, and
famous for its defence against the Romans
under Marcellus.
2. Thalia. One of the Muses. See Ecl.
iii. 60, JWec erub wit, &c. Nor did she blush
to inhabit the woods. This verb here is
both expressive and beautiful; the perf. of
erubesco. Thalia was supposed to preside
over comedy and pastoral poetry. Virgil
was the first pastoral writer among the Ro-
mans; which explains the words, nostra
Thalia prima: my muse first deigned, &c.
3. Cum cameram, &c. Virgil is said to
have begun a work upon the affairs of Alba
Longa, but afterwards relinquished it, and
commenced the Bucolics. Cynthius: a
name of Apollo. See Ecl. iv. 10. Wellit :
pinched my ear; a proverbial expression,
implying admonition.
5. Deductum: a part. of deduco, humble,
or slender. A metaphor taken from wool
spun out till it is made fine or slender.
6. Supererunt: in the sense of erunt alii
oetſe. The parts of the verb are separated
y Tmesis.
7. Ware. It is generally thought that the
poet here means Quintilius Varus, who
arose to the highest honors under Augustus.
He was consul in the year of Rome 741,
after which he was prefect of Syria eigh
years. Having returned home, he was sen
into Germany with three legions, which he
lost, being drawn into an ambush. This
mortified him so much, that he killed him-
self. This happened in the year 762. Con-
dere: to write—-record.
9. JVon injussa cano: I do not sing things
forbidden by Apollo. He permits me to
sing of pastoral subjects, but not of kings
and battles. Si quis tamen, &c. The tamen
does not refer to the words, non injussa cano,
but to the third and fourth lines, where
Apollo forbids him to write in the lofty
style of heroic poetry. The meaning seems
to be this: though he forbid me to describe
your actions in heroic verse, he permits me
to do it in the humble style of pastoral.
And if any should be taken, captus amore,
with the love of this kind of writing, and
should read these pastorals, he shall here
find them. Haec: these things—these my
Bucolics. Quoque; in the sense of etiam.
BUCOLICA.
ECL. VI. 31
Captus amore leget; te nostrae, Ware, myrica:
Te nemus omne canet: mec Phoebo gratiorulla est,
Quâm sibi quae Wari praescripsit pagina nomen.
Chromis et Mnasilus in antro
Silenum pueri somno vidére jacentem,
Inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, Iaccho.
Serta procul tantâm capiti delapsa jacebant:
Et gravis attrità pendebat cantharus ansà.
Pergite, Pierides.
10 10. Nostrae myrica?
canent te, O Vare, omne
nemus canet te: necest
ulla pagina gratior Phoe-
bo, quâm illa quae
14. Pueri Chromis et
15 Mnasilus vidére
15. Ut semper est mos
illi
Aggressi (nam saepe senex spe carminis ambo
Luserat) injīciuntipsis ex vincula sertis.
Addit sé sociam, timidisque supervenit AEgle :
20
AEgle Naiadum pulcherrima: jamgue videnti
Sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit.
Ille dolum ridens: Quà vincula nectitis' inquit.
Solvite me, pueri: satis est potuisse videri.
Carmina, quae vultis, cognoscite: carmina vobis ;
Huic aliud mercedis erit: simul incipit ipse.
Tum verö in numerum Faunosque ferasque videres
24. Satis est me po
tuisse videri sic vobis.
25. Sunt carmina vo-
bis: huic AEgle erit alius
mercedis.
Ludere, tum rigidas motare cacumina quercus.
Nectantùm Phoebo gaudet Parnassia rupes,
Nectantùm Rhodope mirantur et Ismarus Orphea
30
Namgue canebat uti magnum per inane coacta
|NOTES.
10. JNostra myrica : in the sense of nostra
Bucolica. The omne nemus in the following
line probably }. every elevated com-
position, such as epic or heroic. We are
led to this interpretation from the declara-
tion of the poet in the sixth line, that there
would be other poets, who would celebrate
the praises of Varus in heroic verse, though
he himself would prefer to do it in the
humbler style of pastoral. -
14. Silenum. Silenus was one of the rural
deities, the god of mysteries and knowledge,
and the foster-father of Bacchus. He is
said, by some, to have been the son of Pan ;
others say, the son of Mercury. Malea, in
the island of Lesbos, is the supposed place
of his nativity. He is represented as a fat
and merry old, man, riding on an ass,
crowned with flowers, always intoxicated.
15. Inflatum, &c. Swollen as to his veins,
with his yesterday's wine. See Ecl. i. 55.
Iaccho : a name of Bacchus; here put, by
meton. for wine. It is derived from a Greek
word signifying a shout or confused noise.
It was given to him on account of the riot
and vociferation of his inebriated followers.
See Ecl. v. 69.
16. Serta : plu. of sertum, a garland, or
Wreath of flowers. To be crowned with a
garland, was an indication of drunkenness.
Silenus had all the signs of being in such a
State. He was lying down—he was sleep-
ing; but his garlands were not on his head;
!ºnlúm delapsa ; they had only fallen off—
they were neither broken nor bruised.
18. Aggressi, &c. The swains, seizing, put
on him cords of these very garlands—they
bind him with cords made of them.
20. AEgle. The name of a nymph, de-
rived from a Greek word signifying splendor,
or brightness. Naiadum. See Ecl. ii. 46.
Widenti : to him just opening his eyes.
Timidis ; to the trembling swains.
22. JMoris. Morus was the fruit of the
mulberry-tree. It is here called sanguineus,
red, or bloody. It is said to have been ori-
ginally white; but assumed the red on
purple color, in memory of the two lovers;
Pyramws and Thisbe, who slew themselves
under a mulberry-tree. See Ovid. Met.
Lib. 4.
23. Quo : why—for what purpose.
25. Cognoscite : in the sense of audite.
26. Aliud mercedis. The same as alia
nerces: another reward.
27. Ludere in numerum : to dance, or
leap about in regular time, or measure.
Their motions exactly corresponded to the
notes or measure of the verse. Fawnos
The Fauni were demi-gods of the country,
to whom the first fruits of all things were
generally offered. See Ecl. v. 73.
29. Parnassia rupes. The mountain Par
nassus in Phocis ; a country in Grecia Pro-
pria, much celebrated by the poets, and
sacred to the Muses. Here Apollo had a
famous temple. -
30. Rhodope—Ismarus. Two mountains,
or rather ranges of mountains, in Thrace,
the country of Orpheus.
31. JNamgwe camebat, &c. For he sung how
the seeds, both of the earth, and of the air,
32
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Semina terrarumque, animaeque, marisque fuissent,
33. Ut ea his primis Et liquidi simul ignis : ut his exordia primis
amnia susceperunt
modo solum coeperit
37. Jamque camebat
ut terrae stupeant
38. Utgue imbres ca
dant & nubibus submo-
tis altius à terra.
Omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis.
35, Tum canebat quo. Tum durare solum, et discludere Nerea ponto
Coeperit, et rerum paulatim sumere formas.
Jamgue novum ut terrae stupeant lucescere solem,
Altius utgue cadant submotis, nubibus imbres :
Incipiant sylvae clim primūm surgere, cumque
Rara per ignotos errent animalia montes.
35
40
Hinc lapides Pyrrhae jactos, Saturnia regna,
Caucaseasque refert volucres, futrumque Promethei.
NOTES.
and of the sea, &c. Silenus here relates
the origin of the world, according to the
system of Epicurus, who taught that incor-
poreal space, and corporeal atoms, were the
first principles, or elements, of all things.
The former he denomenated Imame, the lat-
ter Plenum. The Iname or Vacuum, he
considered space, every way indefinitely
extended. By the Plenum, he understood
the atoms or minute particles of matter
moving in every direction through the Inane,
which Virgil here calls the semina, because
it was thought by their fortuitous concur-
rence arose what we call the four elements,
earth, air, water, and fire. Epicurus held
many other erroneous notions, particularly
concerning the nature of God. He was an
Athenian, and born about 340 years before
the Christian era. He had many followers.
32. Anima : in the sense of ačris. With-
out air, there could be no animal existence.
33. Liquidi ignis: of pure fire. His pri-
mis: of these first principles or elements
(earth, air, water, and fire) all things sprang
or had a beginning. The Epicureans
maintained that, though their atoms and
incorporeal space were the first principles
or elements of earth, air, water, and fire,
yet these last were the principles or elements
of all other things, or out of which all other
things sprang. Omnia eacordia : all things
received or took a beginning. The verb
susceperunt, or some other of the like im-
port, is plainly understood, and to be sup-
plied. Ut: how.
35. JWerea: acc. sing of Mereus, a god of
the sea, the son of Oceanus and Terra. He
married Doris, by whom he had fifty daugh-
ters who were called JWere?des. He possess-
ed the gift of prophecy, and is said to have
informed Paris of the fatal consequences of
his carrying off Helen, the wife of Menelaus.
It was by the direction and assistance of
JWerews, that Hercules obtained the golden
apples of the Hesperides. The word JNereus
is often put, by meton. for the sea, as in this
lace. Solum, &c. Then he sang how the
and began to grow hard and to separate the
waters from itself, and confine them to their
channel. Ruteus says, Dispellere aquas ā
ce in mare.
38. Utgue. Some copies have atque, but
wtgue is the easier.
40. Rara : few in number, or thinly dis-
persed. ~ *-
41. Hinc refert lapides, &c. After that he
relates the thrown stones of Pyrrha, &c.
Pyrrha was the daughter of Epimetheus,
and wife of Deucalion, the son of Prome
theus, and king of Thessaly. The poets
say, that some time during his reign the in-
habitants of the earth were destroyed by a
universal deluge, except himself and his
wife Pyrrha. They were preserved in a
small ship, and carried by the waters to
mount Parnassus, which was the only place
not overwhelmed. Here they consulted the
oracle of Themis concerning the restoration
of the human race; when they were in-
formed, to cast behind them the bones of
their great mother; by which they under-
stood stones. They immediately obeyed the
command of the oracle, and those thrown
by Deucalion became men, and those by
Pyrrha, women. See Ovid. Met. Lib. i.
Saturnia regna, the reign of Saturn, or the
Golden age. See Ecl. iv. 6.
42. Furtum Promethei: the theft of Pro-
metheus. The poets say that he stole fire
from heaven, with which he animated a
man of clay, made by himself. At this,
Jupiter was so much enraged, that he ox-
dered Mercury to chain him to a rock on
mount Caucasus. He did so, and placed
a vulture to prey upon his liver; which,
however, grew as fast as it was consumed.
Hence Caucaseas volucres : the vultures of
Caucasus. This is a very celebrated moun-
tain, or rather range of mountains, lying
between the Euxine and Caspian seas.
Promethei: the word Prometheus is of
Greek origin, and properly signifies fore-
sight, or an anxious care or solicitude.
This is a key to the story. It conveys a
strong idea of the troubles men create to
themselves, by taking too much care and
thought for the morrow. •
RUCOLICA. ECL.
vi. 33
His adjungit, Hylan nauta quo fonte relictuin
Clamässent : ut litus, Hyla, Hyla, omne Sonaret.
Et fortunatam, si nunquam armenta fuissent,
Pasiphaën nivei solatur amore juvenci.
Ah, virgo infelix, quae te dementia cepit 7
Proetides implérunt falsis mugitibus agros :
At non tam turpes pecudum tamen ulla secuta est
Concubitus; quamvis collo timuisset aratrum,
Et sacpe in levi quaesisset cornua fronte.
45
46. Et solatur Paal
phaën amore nivei ju
venci, fortunatam, si
49. At tamen nonulla
earum secuta est tain
50 turpes
Ah, virgo infelix, tu nunc in montibus erras'
Ille, latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho,
Ilice sub nigrá pallentes ruminat herbas,
Aut aliquam in magno sequiturgrege. Claudite, Nymphae,
Dictaeae Nymphae, nemorum jam claudite saltus:
Si qua forté ferant oculis sese obvia nostris
Forsitan illum,
Aut herbä captum viridi, aut armenta secutum,
Perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia Vaccàº.
Errabunda bovis vestigia.
53. Ille taurus fultus
quoad niveum latus mol-
li hyacintho, ruminat
56 55. Aut aliquam vao-
C047??
58. Forsitan aliquge
vacca perducant illum,
aut captum viridi herbă,
60 aut secutum armenta ad
Tum canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam :
Tum Phaëthontiadas musco circumdat amarae
NOTES.
43. Hylan. Hylas was the companion of
Hercules in the Argonautic expedition, and
much beloved by him. Having gone on
shore to obtain water, by some means or
other, he was lost. The poets say he was
carried off by the nymphs. Hercules and
his companions were much grieved at the
loss of the boy, and went along the shores,
when they found he was missing, calling
him by name, Hyla, Hyla. Clamássent : in
the sense of vocavissent. See Ecl. iv. 35.
46. Pasiphaën : a Greek acc. the daugh-
ter of the sun, and wife of Minos, king of
Crete. See AEm. vi. 24.
47. Virgo. The poet here calls Pasiphaë
a virgin, though she was the mother of
Phadra, Ariadne, and Androgeus. The an-
cients sometimes called any woman in early
life a virgin. -
48. Proetides : the daughters of Proetus,
king of the Argives, who vied with Juno in
beauty. The goddess, by way of punish-
ment, caused them to imagine they were
changed into heifers. Their lowings, mu-
gitus, are here called false, because they’
were not in reality heifers. Secula est : in
the sense of quaesivit.
50. Quamvis timwisset : although each one
had feared the plough upon her neck—the
yoke from which the plough was hung or
suspended.
.53. Fultus : supported—resting or recli-
ning.
56. Dictaſe : an adj. from Dicte, a moun-
tain of Crete. Silenus turns again to the
story of Pasiphaë, whom he here introduces
as speaking, and calling upon the nymphs
to shut up the openings of the groves. Per-
haps somewhere or other the wanderingsteps
of my bull may present themselves to my
eyes. Obvia : an adj. from obvius, agreeing
with vestigia. The sense is complete with-
out it. Saltus, is properly a lawn, or open-
ing in a grove or park, where cattle have
room to sport and play; from the verb salio.
59. Captum : delighted with, desirous of,
the green pastures. Ruteus says, cupidum.
60. Gortymia : an adj. from Gortyma, a
city of Crete, famed for its excellent pas-
tures. , -
61. Tun canit puellam, &c. Then he
sings the damsel admiring the apples of the
Hesperides. This was Atalanta, the daugh-
ter of Schoeneus, king of the island of Scy-
rus, in the AEgean sea. She consented to
marry the man who should outrun her, but
if he were beaten, he should lose his life.
Several had lost their lives. At length she
was beaten by Hippomenes, the grandson
of Neptune or Mars. At the suggestion of
Venus, Hippomenes cast three apples, taken
from the garden of the Hesperides, on the
ground, one at a time, when she was gain-
ing upon him; which so captivated the
virgin, that she stopped to pick them up ;
and by this means he obtained the beauteous
prize. Hesperidum. The Hesperides were
three in number, JEgle, Arethusa, and Hespe-
rethusa, the daughters of Hesperus, the bro-
ther of Atlas. They resided in Mauritania,
in Africa, where it is said they had gardens,
in which were trees that bore golden apples.
These gardens were watched by a dragon
that never slept. Hercules slew him, and
stole the apples. See AEn. iv. 484.
62. Tum circumdat, &c. Then he encloses
the sisters of Phaëthon in the moss of bitte-
bark—he sings them transformed into pop-
34
P WIRGII,II MARONIS
64. Tum canitutuna Corticis, atque solo proceras erigit almos.
sororum duxerit Gallum
errantem ad flumina
Permessi
Tum canit errantem Permessi ad flumina Gallum.
67. Ut Linus pastor Utdue viro Phoebi chorus assurrexerit omnis;
ornatus quoad crines flo- Ut Linus hæc illi divino carmine pastor,
tibus, atque amaro apio Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro,
dixerit hac illi divino Dixerit :
carmine: O Galle, Musæ
dant hos calamos tibi;
Aomas in montes ut duxerit una sororum : 65
Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae,
Ascraeo quos antè semi : quibus ille solebat 70
enaccipe eos, quos iſ Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos.
dederant
His tibi Grynaei nemoris dicatur origo:
74. Aut, ut narraverit Ne quis sit lucus, quo se plūs jactet Apollo.
Scyllam filiam Nisi, aut
eam quam fama secuta
est succinctam quoad
Quid loquar aut Scyllam Nisi, aut quam fama secuta est,
Candida succinctam latrantibusinguina monstris,
75
NOTES.
lar or alder trees. Phaëthontiadas. These
were the sisters of Phaëthon, or Phaëton,
and daughters of the sum. They were
sometimes called Heliades. Their names
were Phaëthusa, Lampetie, and Lampethusa.
Phaëton imprudently desired of his father
the management of his chariot for one day.
Phoebus refused for a long time. But, at
last, overcome by his importunity, he con-
sented. He was, however, soon convinced
of his rashness; for the horses, perceiving
an unusual driver, became impatient of the
reins; and when they had passed the meri-
dian in their course, and began to descend,
he was no longer able to restrain them, and
the youth was thrown headlong from the car
into the Eridanus, or Po. His sisters grieved
immoderately at this misfortune of their
brother; and were changed, some say, into
poplar trees, others say, into alder trees.
See Ovid. Met. Lib. 2.
63. Circumdat. Ruasus says, cing it. Pro-
ceras: stately.
64. Permessi. Permessus, a river of Beo-
tia, rising at the foot of mount Helicon.
Gallum. See Ecl. 10.
65. In Aonas montes: to the Beotian
mountains, Helicon and Citheron, famous for
being the seat of the Muses. Beotia was
originally called Aonia, from Aon, the son
of Neptune, who reigned in that country.
66. Omnis chorus. Here Virgil pays Gallus
a very high compliment as a poet; and he
does it in the most delicate manner. They
rose up in his presence, to do him honor:
assurreacerit viro.
67. Linus. See Ecl. iv. 56. Carmine: in
the sense of versibus.
70. Ascraeo seni: to the Ascrean sage—
Hesiod; who was a native of Ascra, a town
of Beotia not far from Helicon. He was a
eelebrated poet.
71. Quibus ille, &c. It is said of Orpheus,
that the lofty oaks bowed their heads, and
listened to the charms of his music. The
same effects are ascribed here to the music of
Hesiod. It is the highest compliment that
possibly could be paid him.
72. Grynſei : an adj. from Grynium, a
city of Æolis, where Apollo had a temple,
built of white marble, and a grove. Hera
was a famous oracle.
74. Scyllam. There were: two by the
name of Scylla : one the daughter of Nisus,
king of the Megarenses, who, falling in love
with Minos, king of Crete, as he lay siege
to Megara, betrayed her father to his enemy.
For which deed, it is said, she was changed
into a lark; while he was changed into a
hawk. See nom. prop. under JNisus.
The other was the daughter of Phorcus
Some there are, who think Virgil here con
founds the two, attributing to the former
what properly belongs to the latter. But
there will be no need of this, if we only sup-
ply the word eam, or illam.
The story of Scylla, the daughter of
Phorcus, is briefly this: Glaucus, the sea
god, fell in love with her, but she refused
his addresses. In order to render her more
favorable to him, he applied to the sorce-
ress Circe ; who, as soon as she saw him,
became enamoured with him herself; and
instead of affording him any assistance,
endeavored to divert his affections from
Scylla, and fix them on herself, but without
any effect. For the sake of revenge, Circe
poured the juice of some noxious herbs into
a fountain, where Scylla used to bathe her-
self. And as soon as she entered it, to her
great surprise, she found the parts below
her waist changed into frightful monsters,
like dogs, that were continually barking or
making a growling noise. The rest of her
body assumed an equally hideous form.
This sudden and unexpected metamorphosis,
filled her with such horror, that she threw
herself into that part of the sea, which di-
vides Sicily from Italy, where she became a
rock, or rather a ledge of rocks. See En.
iii. 420. Secuta est reported. Loquar; in
the sense of dicam.
*
Y
BUCOLICA. ECL. Vl.
35
Dulichias vexãsse rates, et gurgite in alto
. Ah! timidos nautas canibus laceråsse marinis?
Aut ut mutatos Terei narraverit artus'
Quasilli Philomela dapes, quae dona parărit."
Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus anté
Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis?
Omnia quae, Phoebo quondam meditante, beatus
Audit Eurotas, jussitdue ediscere lauros,
Ille canit: pulsae referunt ad sidera valles;
Cogere donec oves stabulis, numerumque referre
Jussit, et invito processit Vesper Olympo.
candida inguina latran-
tibus monstris, vexãsse
78. Mutatos in upupam.
80. Et quibus alis in-
felix Tereus supervoli-
80 taverit tecta sua anté.
* 82. Ille Silenus cantt
omnia, quae beatus Eu
rotas audiit, Phoebo
quondam meditante
84. Valles pulsbe cantu
85 referunt eum ad sidera :
donec Vesper jussit pas-
tores cogere oves
NOTES.
76. Dulvehias : an adj. from Dulichium,
an island in the Ionian sea, forming a part
of the kingdom of Ulysses. Dulichias rates :
the ships of Ulysses.
78. Terei: gen. of Tereus, a king of
Thrace, who married Procne, or Progne,
daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. She
had a sister by the name of Philomela,
whom she tenderly loved. Finding herself
unhappy in being separated from her, she
desired her husband to go and bring her
to Thrace. Accordingly he went to Athens;
but as soon as he saw her, he was enamoured
with her, and resolved to gratify his pas-
sion. This he did, and afterwards cut out
her tongue, to prevent her from disclosing
the barbarous deed. He left her in con-
finement #3 and having taken every precau-
tion to prevent its coming to light, he re-
turned to his wife, and informed her that
Philomela had died on the way. Not long
after, however, she found otherwise. Phi-
lomela, during her captivity, described on a
piece of tapestry her misfortunes and suf-
ferings, and privately conveyed it to her
sister, who hastened to her release. Here
they concerted measures how to be revenged
on Tereus. It was agreed that Progne
should kill her son Itys, and serve him up
for his father. In the midst of his meal,
he called for his son, when his wife told
him that he was then feasting on his flesh.
At this moment, Philomela appeared, and
threw the head of Itys on the table before
him. At this moment he drew his sword,
and was going to punish them both, when
he was changed into a upupa, a bird called
by some the hoopoé, by others, the lapwing;
Philomela, into the nightingale; Progne,
into the swallow; and Itys, into the pheasant,
See Ovid. Met. Lib. 6.
©
80. Cursu: in the sense of celeritate.
Deserta : the deserts: loca, is to be under-
stood : desert places.
81. Tecta sua antè his palace his own
before his transformation—but his own no
longer. Tectum, is any covered place that
is inhabited ; from the verb tego.
82. Phoebo quondam meditante : Apollo,
formerly singing. The poet here alludes to
the ſable of Apollo’s being in love with the
beautiful youth Hyacinthus, the son of La-
con; and in that state wandering along the
banks of the Eurotas, singing upon his
harp.
83. Eurotas. A very celebrated river of
the Peloponnesus: its banks abounded in the
laurel. In its course, it forms nearly a se-
micircle, passing by the ancient city Lace-
daemon, and falls into the Sinus Laconicus.
84. Valles pulse, &c. The vallies struck
with the song, waft it back to the stars—
bear it to the stars.
85. Referre: to count over their number
to see that none be missing.
86. Vesper. The same as the planet Ve-
nus. When it precedes or goes before the
sun, it is called Lucifer, and sometimes Phos-
phorus, from the Greek; but when it goes
behind him, Vesper, or Hesperus, the even-
ing star. It is also taken for the evening,
particularly that part denominated the twi-
light. Processit invito Olympo: marches
along the unwilling heaven. The word in-
vitus, beautifully represents the struggle
between the light and darkness in the time
of twilight. The day is loth, or unwilling
to yield; or, it may refer to its regret at
being deprived of so charming a song as
that of Silenus.
QUESTIONs.
What probably was the design of this
pastoral?
Who is intended under the character of
, Silenus: Who was Syro:
Whom are we to understand by the swains
Chromis and Mnasilus * by
Where is the scene laid 2
What is said of Silenus *
Does Virgil give the principles of the
Epicurean philosophy :
What were those principles?
Who was Epicurus?
36 P VIRGILII MARONIS
, who was Nereus? Of whom was he the Who were the Hesperides 2 What were
father? - their mannes 2 . - sº
What is the word Nereus sometimes taken Who was Phaëton : What rash act did
for P - he attempt 2
By what figure is it so taken 2 What became of him :
Who was Deucalion ? What is said to What were the names of his sisters?
have taken place in his reign : What became of them 2
Who was his wife 2 Who was Hesiod? Where was he born ?
What were they directed to do in order to How many were there of the name of
re-people the earth : Scylla :
What do you understand by the words Describe, or give an account of each:
Saturnia regna 3 Who was Tereus 2 .
Who was Prometheus 2 What is said of What is said of him:
him 2 Into what was he transformed 2
What is the proper meaning of saltus 2 What was the name of his wife 2 Into
} Who was Atalanta ? What is said of what was she transformed &c.
her 3
ECLoGA septiMA.
MELIBOEUS, CORYDON, THYRSIS.
This pastoral contains a trial of skill in song between the shepherds Corydon and Thyrsis.
It is much of the nature of the fourth, and is an imitation of the eighth of the Idylls of
Theocritus. It is conjectured that by Corydon and Thyrsis we are to understand Gallus
and Pollio; of whom our poet speaks on several occasions in the most honorable terms.
The scene is laid on the pleasant banks of the river Mincius. Meliboeus is thought to
be Virgil himself, and Daphnis some mutual friend of theirs. They both listen atten
tively to their song; which being ended, they give the palm to Corydon.
MEL. FORTE sub argutà consederat ilice Daphnis,
Compulerantgue greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum :
3. Thyrsis compulerat Thyrsis owes, Corydon distentas lacte capellas.
oves, Corydon compule- Ambo florentes astatibus, Arcades ambo:
rat capellas Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. - 5
6. Hic caper ipse vir Hic mihi, dum teneras defendo à frigore myrtos, •
gregis deer averal mihi, Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat: atque ego Daphnim
dum Aspicio: ille ubi me contrà videt; Ocyūs, inquit,
NOTES.
1. Arguta : whispering. The word very for its pastures and flocks; and in a man-
aptly expresses the rustling noise made by mer sacred to shepherds. They were both
the wind among the leaves: to which refe- in the prime of life: florentes attatibus.
rence is here had. - 5. Pares cantare: equal at singing. Par
2. Corydon: this is derived from a Greek is properly equal in match to contend for
word signifying a lark. Thyrsis: from a victory. - -
Greek word signifying a spear bound with 7. Daphnim : from a Greek word signi-
vine, in honor of Bacchus. In wrium: into fying a laurel. Vir : in the sense of dua.
one place, locum being understood. 8. Contra. This is here used adverbially,
3. Capellas distentas lacte; his goats dis- in turn; or over against him. The word
tended with milk—having their udders dis- may be taken in either sense. The former
tended. s seems preferable in this place.
4. Ambo Arcades. Not indeed that they 9. Ades: in the sense of veni. JMeliboee
were both natives of Arcadia; but they are from a Greek word signifying a shepherd
so called, because that country was famous or one who has the care of flocks.
BUCOLICA.
ECL. VII. 37
Huc ades, 6 Meliboee ; caper tibi salvus et hoedl ;
Et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbră.
Huc ipsi potum venient per prata juvenci:
Hic viridis tenerá praetexit arundine ripas
Mincius, éque sacrá resonant examina quercu.
9. Caper est salvus
10 tibi, et hoedi quoque runſ
salvi
12. Hic viridis Min-
cius praetexit
Quid facerem? neque ego Alcippen, nec Phyllida habe-
Depulsos a lacte domi, quae clauderet agnos:
Et certamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum.
Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo.
[bam,
16. Corydon certabat
cum Thyrside
Alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo
Coepère : alternos Musae meminisse volebant.
Hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis.
CoR. Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides, aut mihi car-
Quale meo Codro, concedite : proxima Phoebi
Versibus ille facit: aut si non possumus omnes,
Hic arguta sacrā pendebit fistula pinu.
TH. Pastores, hederā crescentem ornate poétam, 25
Arcades, invidiá rumpantur utilia Codro.
Aut si ultrà placitum laudārit, baccare frontem
Cingite, ne vatinoceat mala lingua futuro.
CoR. Setosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus
Et ramosa Mycon vivacis cornua cervi.
Si proprium hoc fuerit, levi de marmore tota
19. Wolebant me me
20 minisse alternos versus
20. Corydon referebat
*
ſmen, 21. Aut concedite tale
carmen mihi, quale con-
cessistis
23. JNos omnes non
possumus facere id
27. Cingite meam fron-
term
29. O Delia, parvus
30 Mycon ºffert tibi hoc -
cadut
NOTES.
10. Quid; temporis is unders ood, govern-
ed by quid : any time—a little time. -
11. Potum : to drink: a sup. in win, of the
verb poto, put after the verb venient.
12. Praetexit : in the sense of tegit.
13. Mincius : a small river rising out of
the lake Benacus, and falling into the Po.
Hodie, JMengo.
14. Alcippen—Phyllida ; the names of
two servants; both derived from the Greek.
15. Depulsos & lacte: taken away from
the milk: weaned. Domi : at home.
17. Posthabui, &c. I postponed my se-
rious business to their song: to listen to their
song. Ludo : in the sense of cantwi.
19. JMusſevolebant: the meaning is, the Mu-
ses would have them sing alternate verses.
20. Referebat: in the sense of cantabat.
21. Libe:hrides : an adj. from Libethra, a
fountain in Beotia; others say in JMagnesia,
over which they presided. Iſence they are
called Libelhrian nymphs. Noster amor:
my delight, or love. -
22. Concedite: grant such a song to me
as ye granted to my Codrus: inspire such
a song, &c. Codrus was a poet cotempo-
rary with Virgil, as we learn from Servius,
and of superior merit. Prozima next in
excellence to the verses of Apollo. Carmi-
nºt is understood.
23. Facit: in the sense of componit.
34. Sacra pinw: the pine-tree was sacred
to Cybele, the mother of the gods, on ac-
count of the transmutation of her darling
4twº into that tree. It was a custom, when
any one lay down his art or profession, to
hang up and consecrate the instruments
which he had used, to the god who pre-
sided over that art.
25. Hederö. Poets were crowned some-
times with ivy, at other times, with laurel.
These both were evergreens, and designed
to denote a lasting fame. Ornate : in the
sense of coronate. By poetam we are to un-
derstand Thyrsis himself.
26. Ilia Codro : the sides to Codrus; the
same as Ilia Codri. This construction is
frequent with Virgil: the dat. in the sense
of the gen.
27. Ultra placitum : beyond my pleasure,
or desire. Immoderate praise was thought
by the ancients to have in it something of
the nature of fascination; and to avert its
malignant influence, they wore a garland of
baccar, or lady's-glove, as a counter charm.
The pron. me is understood.
29. Delia : A name of Diana, from De-
los, the place of her birth. Setosi : bristly.
30. Mycon. The swain Myeon is sup-
posed to be Corydon's friend, and to pro-
mise these things to Diana in his name.
31. Si hoc fuerit proprium. If this (suc-
cess which you granted me in hurting) shal,
be lasting, you shall stand entire in polished
marble: I will make you a full-length statue
of polished, &c. It was usual to make only
the head and neck of a marble statue. Here
Corydon promises Diana an entire statue,
provided she continued to prosper his pur-
suits.
3S
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
32. Tu stabis tota de Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno.
lev, marmore evincta
quoad suras
33. O Priape, sat est
te expectare quotannis
à me
litus
TH. Sinum lactis, et haec te liba, Priape, quotannis
Expectare sat est: custos es pauperis horti.
Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus: at tu, 35
i foetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto.
CoR. Nerime Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae,
Candidior cycnis, hederā formosior albá:
Cúm primūm pasti repetent praesepia tauri,
Si qua tui Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 40
TH. Immö ego Sardois videar tibi amarior herbis,
42. Algá projecta ad Horridior rusco, projectà vilior algä; .
Si mihi non haec lux toto jam longior anno est.
44. Si sit vobis quis Ite domum pasti, si quis pudor, ite juvenci. -
CoR. Muscosi fontes, et somno mollior herba, 45
pudor
Et quae vos rară viridis tegit arbutus umbră,
Solstitium pecori defendite: jam venit astas
NOTES.
32. Puniceo : in the sense of purpureo.
See Ecl. 5. 17. Cothurmo. The colhurmus
was a kind of high-heeled shoe or boot
worn when hunting and on the stage, by
both sexes. See Geor. 2. 9.
33. Priape : Priapus was the tutelar god
of gardens, lakes, &c. He was the son of
Venus, by Mercury or Bacchus. The place
of his birth was Lampsacus, near the Helles-
pont, where he was chiefly worshipped. He
was usually represented with a human face
and the ears of a goat. He held a stick in
his hand to drive away birds, a club to drive
away thieves, and a scythe to prune the
trees. Sinum: in the sense of vas; a kind
of vessel swelling out in the middle like a
pitcher.
35. Pro tempore: according to the time;
in proportion to my present ability. Thyr-
sis promises him now a marble statue, and
if his flocks increase so that he can afford it,
he will make him a golden one.
36. Suppleverit: shall enlarge—multiply.
37. JNerine : an adj. from JWerews, a god
of the sea. The poet does not here mean
that this Galatea was actually the daughter
of Nereus; but he merely intends it as a
compliment, intimating that she possessed
equal charms with her namesake. Hyblae.
Hybla was a mountain in Sicily, abounding
in Thyme, and celebrated for its bees, and
excellent homey—sweeter than the thyme of
Hybla, fairer than the swans, more beautiful
than the white ivy. These comparisons are
extremely chaste and delicate.
39. Căm primūm : in the sense of ut pri-
milm.—Cura: regard.
41. Sardois herbis. The herb here spoken
of is supposed to be the Holly-bush, of sharp
and prickly leaves, and of a very bitter
taste. It is called Sardinian, from the island
Sardinia, where it grew in great abundance.
It is said to have caused a convulsive laugh-
er with griñning. Hence Sardini” “sus,
a forced laughter; some take it for the Crow
Joot. *.
42. Horridior rusco : rougher than the
butcher's broom. This is a prickly shrub or
plant.—Wilior: more vile, or worthless.-
JAlga. This was a kind of weed or grass,
which grew in great abundance about the
island of Crete. When torn from the rocks
where it grew, by the violence of the waves,
tost about ..we sea, and then cast upon the
shore, it became quite useless: it lost its
color, and presented to the eye an unseemly
appearance.
43. Luac in the sense of dies.
44. Pasti : in the sense of saturat.
45. JMuscosi fontes: ye cool (mossy) foun.
tains. The epithet muscosi is expressive of
coolness, because moss will seldom grow
where there is any considerable degree of
heat. It grows the best on the banks of rivers
that face the north. Also on the north side
of trees.—Herba mollior, &c. This charming
expression is taken from Theocritus. Ruacus
says, dulcis ad somnum, which is not the
meaning of the poet. The expression, softer
than sleep, is extremely delicate.
46. Viridis arbutus, &c. This is a singu-
lar construction. The nom. here seems to
be used in the place of the voc. By using
the nom. it placed the relative quae in the
third person, and consequently the verb;
whereas they should be in the second per-
son sing. O viridis arbute, quae tegis v0s
Tara winbrå. The vos refers to the fountains
and grass mentioned above.
47. Solstitivm. This word properly sig.
nifies that point in the ecliptic, which coin-
cides with the tropics, or is 23° 28′ from the
equator, measured on an arc of the meri-
dian: and the sun being in this point on a
particular day in June and December, the
word is taken by Synec. for either summer
or winter. Again by meton. for heat or
cold, according as the sun is either in the
BUCOLICA. ECL. VII.
39
Torrida: jam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae.
TH Hic focus, et taedae pingues: hic plurimus ignis
Semper, et assiduá postes fuligine nigri.
49. Hic est focus, et
50 h?c sunt
Hic tantūm Boreae curamus frigora, quantum
Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas
CoR. Stant et juniperi, et castaneae hirsutae :
Btrata jacent passim sua quâque sub arbore poma :
Omnia nunc rident: at si formosus Alexis
Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca.
52. Quantùm aut lu-
pus curat numerum
ovium, aut torrentia flu-
mina curant ripas
55 53. Hic stant et juni-
peri
TH. Aret ager; vitio moriens sitit ačris herba :
Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras.
Phyllidis adventu nostrae nemus omne virebit:
Jupiter et lasto descendet plurimus imbri.
59. Sed omne nemus
60 virebit.
CoR. Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis Iaccho :
Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo.
Phyllis amat corylos : illas dum Phyllis amabit, ‘ ºf
Nec myrtus vincet corylos, nec laurea Phoebi.
TH. Fraxinus in sylvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis,
NOTES.
sign of Cancer or Capricorn. It is the sol-
stice of Cancer, or the summer solstice,
which is here meant. Defendile : in the
sense of avertite.
48. Palmite: the shoot or branch of the
vine—Gemmae : the buds, or first appear-
ances of the young shoots of trees or shrubs.
Laeto: fruitful—ſertile.
49. Pingues taºdaº ; fat pines; or, we may
take taºdaº in a wider sense, implying any
fuel, or combustible matter.
50. Fuligine : in the sense of fumo. The
cottages of the poor seldom had a chimney.
The fire was made directly under an aper-
ture in the roof to discharge the smoke.
We may well suppose the interior of the
house to be blackened by that vapor.
51. Höc tantùm curamus. The meaning
is: we care nothing for the cold of Boreas.
Boreas is the Greek word for the north wind.
The poets say he was the son of Astrous
and Aurora; or, according to others, of the
river Strymon, in Macedonia. He was king
of Thrace, and carried away by forceorythia,
the daughter of Erictheus, king of Athens,
by whom he had two sons, Zetes and Calais.
He was worshipped as a god.
53. Juniperi. The juniperus was a tree,
having sharp and narrow leaves, and bearing
a small, round, and odoriferous fruit. Ser-
Vius understands juniperi and castanea, to be
the trees which are loaded with their re-
spective fruit. Mr. Davidson takes them for
the fruit itself, and considers stant in oppo-
flition to strata jacent: the former stand or
ºng ripening on the boughs, the latter in
rich profusion cover the ground under their
Fespective trees. Hirsuties rough—prickly,
in opposition to those that were smooth,
mentioned Ecl. i. 82: or it may only mean
that they were yet in the shell, see Eči.x, 76.
54. Poma jacent, &c. Much hath beer
said upon the reading of this line. Some
read it thus; Poma jacent strata passim, quae-
que sub sua arbore: apples lie scattered all
around, every one under its own tree.
Others read it thus: sua poma jacent strata
passim, sub quáque arbore : their own apples
lie scattered all around under every or each
tree. This last, Dr. Trapp is fully persuaded
is the correct reading. Heyne reads, quáque.
56. Videas et, &c. You would even see
the rivers dry. The word et here is em-
phatical.
57. Vitio ačris : by the infection of the
air; or, the excessive heat of the air. Sitit.
is parched.
58. Liber. A name of Bacchus. See
Ecl. v. 69. Invidit: hath refused the sha-
dows of the vine to our hills. The meaning
is: the vine does not flourish upon our hills
60. Jupiter: the air—condensed vapor.
Lato imbri : in fertilizing showers.
61. Alcidae : Hercules, called also Alcides,
from Alcatus, his grand-father. The populus
was sacred to him. It is said he wore a
own of white poplar leaves when he de
scended to the infernal regions.
62. JMyrtus. The myrtle tree was sacred
to Venus, on account of the delicacy of its
odor, or because it flourishes best on the
margin of the sea, out of the foam of which
she is said to have sprung.
61. Iaccho : a name of Bacchus. The
vine was sacred to him, because, it is said,
he was the inventor of wine; or at least
taught men the cultivation of the vine.
62. Lawrea. The laurel tree was sacred
to Apollo, on account of his beloved Daphne,
who was changed into a laurel; therefore
it is called swa, his own. &
65. Frazinus : the ash-tree.
40 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis. 66
Siepiùs at si me, Lycida formose, revisas;
Fraxinus in Sylvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis.
ME. Haec memini, et victum frustrà contendere Thyrsin.
Exillo Corydon, Corydon est tempore nobis. 70
NOTES.
70. Ea illo tempore. from that time, Co- is in imitation of Theocritus, Idyl. viii. 92,
rydon, Corydon is the one for me. Heyme but far inferior to the original.
observes, this line is unworthy of Virgil. It
QUESTIONS.
Who was Boreas P For what did the
Greeks take the word 2
For what is the word Jupiter sometimes
What is the subject of this pastoral?
Whom are we to understand by Corydon
and Thyrsis? Whom by Meliboeus and
Daphnis? taken 2 s -
Where is the scene laid 2 What do you understand by the word
Who comes off conqueror: solstitium ?
Is this pastoral imitated from Theocritus?
For what is it used figuratively?
Who was Priapus? and what is said of him 2 .
E. C. L. O. G. A. O C T AWAe
PHARMACEUTRIA.
DAMON, ALPHESIBCEUS.
This pastoral consists of two parts: the first is taken chiefly from the third Idyl of
Theocritus: the latter from the second Idyl. The shepherd Damon bewails the loss of
his mistress, Nisa, and is much grieved at the success of Mopsus, who had succeeded
in obtaining her for a wife. Alphesiboeus relates the charms, or, incantations of
some enchantress, who endeavored, by magic arts, to make Daphnis in love with her.
Pharmaceutria, the title of this Eclogue, is the same with the Latin Venefica, and sig-
nifies a sorceress. This Eclogue was written in the year of Rome 715, when L. Mar-
cus Censorinus, and C. Calvisius Sabinus, were consuls. It is not certain to whom it
was inscribed, whether to Augustus or Pollio; most commentators are in favor of the
latter.
1, Dicemus musam PASTORUM Musam, Damonis et Alphesiboei,
º”. Immemor herbarum quos est mirata juvenca,
tº: jº im. Certantes, quorum stupefactæ carmine lynces,
mor herbarum mirata Et mutata Suos requièrunt flumina cursus
NOTES.
1. JMusam : in the sense of carmen.
4. JMutata flumina, &c. This line may
be read in two ways. The first and easiest
ls given in the ordo; the other is, mutata jiu-
mina requièrunt suos cursus. In this case,
requiesco must be taken actively, and mu-
taia, in the sense of turbata, as Ruteus in-
terprets it. But Virgil never uses that verb
in an active sense in any part of his works,
and as he is fond of imitating the Greeks,
it is better to suppose that he follows them
in the present instance, than that he deviates
here from his uniform practice in the use of
the verb. Beside, if we take requiesco ac-
tively, we must take mutata out of its usual
acceptation. +
BUCOLICA.
ECL, WIſ!. 41
Damonis Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei.
Tu mihi, seu magni superas jam saxa Timavi ;
Sive oram Illyrici legis aequoris : en erit unquam
Ille dies, mihi cum liceat tua dicere facta |
En erit, ut liceat totum mihi ferre per orbem
Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno!
A te principium ; tibi desinet: accipe jussis
Carmina coepta tuis, atque hanc sine tempora circum
Inter victrices hederam tibi serpere lauros.
Frigida vix coelo noctis decesserat umbra,
Cúm ros in tenerá pecori gratissimus herbă est:
Incumbens tereti Damon sic coepit olivae.
DA. Nascere, praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, al-
Conjugis indigno Nisae deceptus amore
Dum queror, et divos (quanquam nil testibus illis
Proſeci) extremä moriens tarnen alloquor horá.
{, est; quorum carmine
lynces stupefactae sunt;
et ſlumina mutata quoad
suos cursus requièrunt
dicemus, inquam, musam
6. Tu, O Pollio, fave
10 mibi, seu
8. En ille dies erit.
cum liceat mihi
11. Principium meo-
rum laborum eral à te .
meus labor desimet tibi
12. Sine hanc hede-
ram serpere
17. O Lucifer, nas-
cere, præveniensque age
[mum; almum diem; dam ego
deeeptus indigno amore
20
15
NOTES.
5. Dicemus : in the sense of narrabimus.
6. Tu mihi, &c. It is generally thought
that the poet addresses himself to Pollio,
who, about this time, returned to Rome in
triumph, having overcome the Partheni, a
people of Illyricum. The verb fave, or adsis,
must be supplied, to make the sense com-
plete. Ellipses of this kind are frequent,
particularly among the poets. Timavi.
See HEn. i. 244.
7. Sive legis, &c. Whether you coast
along the shore of the Illyrian sea. Illyri-
cum was a very extensive country lying on
the right of the Adriatic sea, or gulf of
Venice, including the ancient Liburnia and
Dalmatia. JEquors. JEquor properly sig-
nifies any plain or level surface, whether
land or water. Erit: in the sense of aderit.
10. Colhurno. The cothurnus was pro-
perly a high-heeled shoe, worn by the tra-
gedians to make them appear taller; by
meton, put for tragedy, or the tragic style.
Sophocleo: an adj. from Sophocles, an Athe-
nian, the prince of tragic poetry. He was
cotemporary with Pericles. Tua carming
sola, &c. Your verses alone worthy of the
buskin—worthy of being introduced upon
the stage. The cothurnus is here called
Sophoclean, because Sophocles introduced
it upon the stage. Pollio was not only a
statesman, but a poet, and a distinguished
writer of tragedy. See Ecl. iv. 12.
I1. Principium, &c. This line is elliptical.
The ellipsis is supplied in the ordo: the be-
º of my labors was from thee; my
labors shall end with thee. From this
Circumstance, some have been led to think
that the poet alludes to Au gustus, and not
to Pollio. He wrote his first Eclogue, it is
true, to compliment the generosity of his
rince, and the AEneid to flatter his vanity.
*We are tº remember, it was through the
interest and friendship of Pollio, that he re-
#
covered his lands, and so had an occasion
given him for writing; and further, that
poets promise many things, which they do
not perform.
12. Sine hanc, &c. Permit this ivy to
creep around thy temples amidst thy vic-
torious laurels—permit me to crown thee
with ivy, while others crown thee with lau-
rel. This is a very delicate verse. The
poet here entreats his patron to permit his
ivy to entwine about his temples among his
victorious laurels; in other words, to accept
these his verses, in the midst of his vic-
tories. The poetic crown was originally
made of ivy exclusively, afterwards, some-
times it was made of laurel: but the tri-
umphal crown was always made of laurel.
Pictrices lauros : alluding to the triumph
with which he was honored for his victory
over the Partheni.
16. Tereti olivae : leaning against a taper-
ing olive, Damon thus began.
17. Praeveniens. The parts of the verb
are separated for the sake of the verse, by
Trnesis. This figure is frequent among the
poets. Lucifer: the morning star, or Venus.
It is called Lucifer when going before the
sun; Hesperus, when following after him.
There is a fitness and propriety in Damon's
calling upon the star, or planet Venus to
arise, as if to listen to his complaint, since
it was a love affair. Age: in the sense of
advehe. ºr’
18. Conjugis. Conjua here is a betrothed
or expected wife. Indigno amore : may
mean immoderate love ; or a love ill-requi-
ted—a love of which Nisa was unworthy.
20. Profeci : I have gained, or profited
nothing. Illis testibus. It would seem that
Nisa had pledged her faith to Damon, and
called the gods to witness it; yet she vio-
lated her promises.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
Maenalus argutumque nemus pinosque loquentes
23. Ille mons Manalus Semper habet: semper pastorum ille audit amores,
* Passus ºtoalamos Panaque, qui primus calamos non passus inertes.
(2386
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
25
, Mopso Nisa datur: quid non speremus amantes?
Jungentur jam gryphes equis; aewoque sequenti
Cum canibus timidi venient ad pocula damae.
Mopse, novas incide faces; tibi ducitur uxor.
Sparge, marite, nuces; tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
31
32, Q Wisłconjuncta O digno conjuncta viro ! dum despicis omnes,
digno viro; dum despi-
cis omnes alios
34. Prolixaque mea
barba sunt tibi odio.
Dumque tibi est odio mea fistula ; dumque capellae,
Hirsutumque supercilium, prolixaque barba :
Nec curare Deûm credis mortalia quemguam.
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
Sepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala,
35
38. Vidi teadhue par- (Dux ego vester eram) widi cum matre legentem:
Yº legentern rocida Alter ab undecimo tum me jam ceperat annus:
mala
Jam fragiles poteram a terrá contingere, ramos.
40
NOTES.
21. JMoºmalios versus : Maenalean, or pas-
toral verses—such as used to be sung on
mount Maenalus in Arcadia. It was sacred
to Pan. By reason of its pleasant groves,
and whispering pines, it was much frequent-
ed by shepherds, where they sang their
loves. The poet personifies the mountain,
and makes it listen to the songs of shep-
herds. sº
22 Loquentes : whispering—tuneful.
24. Qui primus: who first, &c. See Ecl.
ii. 31. Inertes : in the sense of invitiles.
27. Gryphes: griffons. They were fa-
bulous animals, having the body of a lion,
and the wings and beak of an eagle.
28. Dama timidi : me timid deer. Ad
pocula : in the sense of ad aquam, vel potum;
by meton. .
29. Incide faces. It was a custom among
the Romans to lea, the bride to the house
of her husband with lighted torches before
ber. These torches were pieces of pine, or
Some unctuous wood, which were cut to a
point, that they might be lighted the easier.
It was usual to have five of these torches.
Hence ducere warorem, came to signify, to
marry a wife; it is said of the husband: nºw-
bere viro, to marry a husband; this is said
of the wife.
30. Sparge nuces: scatter nuts. It was
a custom among the Romans at nuptials,
for the husband to throw nuts, &c. upon the
floor, that the boys and the rest of the com-
pany might divert themselves in gathering
them. Hesperus deserit Oetam tib : the
evening star is leaving Oeta for you, Oeta
was a mountain, or rather range of moun-
tains, of great height, in Thessaly. The in-
habitants of Attica and Beotia being to the
eastward, would observe the stars retiring
or settling behind it. Hence, as it respected
them, the expression is the same as saying,
the evening star is setting, and consequently
the evening somewhat advanced; which
would not be an unpleasant circumstance
to the new-married couple.
34. Hirsutum supercilium: my rough, or
shaggy eyebrows. There could be no ground
of complaint against JYisa for not loving
these, and his long beard. These surely
possess no charms. But as Dr. Trapp ob-
serves, the ground of his complaint lay in
this: that her cruelty and scorn had so dis-
heartened him, as to render him negligent of
his outward appearance.
35. JMortalia: things done by mortals.
This line is both beautiful and pathetic.
37. In nostris sepibus : in our enclosures
—gardens, fields. This and the four fol-
lowing lines are extremely delicate, and
show the hand of a master. The circum-
stances here enumerated, the age of the
young shepherd, his being just able to reach
the boughs, his officiousness in helping the
girl and her mother gather the fruit, and
his falling in love with her at the same
time, are so well chosen, and happily ex-
pressed, that we may consider this passage
as one of those happy and delicate touches
which characterize the writings of Virgil.
Roscida. ‘By this we are to understand,
Heyne observes, that the apples were wet
with the dew of the morning. This will
determine the time of the day, when they
took their walk into the orchard.
39. Alter annus, &c. Lit. another year
after the eleventh had just then taken me
I had just entered my twelfth year.
#
BUCOLICA.
ECL. VIII, 43
Ut widi, ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error!
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus
Nunc scio quid sit amor.
Duris in cotibus illum
lsmanus, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes,
Nec generis nostri puerum, nec sanguinis edunt.
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
Saevus amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem
Commaculare manus: crudelis tu quoque, mater:
Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille 7
Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque mater.
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
Nunc et oves ultrö fugiat lupus, aurea durae
Mala ferant quercus, narcisso floreat alnus,
45 45. Edunt ilium in
dqris cotibus, puerum
nec nostri generis, nec
nostri sanguinis
48. Tu, O mater eras
quoque crudelis: eras me
50 mater magis crudelis, an
ille puer magis impro-
bus ! ille puer eral im-
probus; sed tu, O mateſ,
quoque eras crudelis.
Pinguia corticibus sudent electra myrica.
Certent et cycnis ululae : sit Tityrus Orpheus:
55
Orpheus in Sylvis; inter delphinas Arion.
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
Omnia vel medium fiant mare: vivite sylvae.
Praeceps aérii speculá de montis in undas
Deferar: extremum hoc munus, morientis habeto.
60. Habeto tu hoc ex-
tremum munus tui mo-
60 rientis amatoris
NOTES.
41. Ut widi, ut, &c. How I gazed, how I
languished, how a fatal delusion carried me
away! Nothing can exceed this line in
tenderness of expression. The me malus
abstulit error, represents him as Snatched
from himself, deprived of his reason and
judgment, and lost in wonder and admira-
tion, while he surveyed her beauteous form,
and attractive charms. It also conveys to
us a just idea of the nature of love, which
is often delusive, deceptive, and unsuccess-
ful, as was the particular case of Damon.
Error: in the sense of insania, vel amor,
says Heyne. JMalus: fatal—unhappy.
44. Ismarus, &c. Ismarus and Rhodope
were two very wild and rocky mountains in
Thrace. Garamantes. These were a savage
people inhabiting the interior parts of Africa.
Hence they are here called eactremi.
45. Edunt : plainly for ederunt, by Enal-
lage; and that in the sense of producerunt
or genwerunt.
47. JMatrem. Medea, the daughter of
Aºtes, king of Colchis, a famous sorceress.
She fell in love with Jason, one of the Ar-
gonauts, and by her directions and assist-
ance, he obtained the golden fleece. She
married him, and returned with him to
Thessaly. He afterwards repudiated her,
and married Creüsa, the daughter of the
king of Corinth. In revenge for which, she
slew the children, whom she bore him, be-
fore his eyes. See Ovid. Met. 7. Docuit;
in the sense of impulit.
48. Commaculare: in the sense of pollwere.
50. Improbus: wicked—impious.
, 52. Mune lupus wltrú, &c. Now may the
Wolf of his own accord flee from the sheep ;
the hard oaks, &c. As if he had said: In OW
the natural course of things may be chang-
ed. The most unlikely and unnatural things
may take place, since a woman is found
capable of such unfeeling and cruel conduct.
53. Alnus: the alder-tree. JNarcisso: the
flower daffodil. See Ecl. ii. 46.
54. JMyrica: ; shrubs—tamarisks. The
word is sometimes taken for pastoral poetry.
Sudent : in the sense of stillent. Electra.
ping wid: rich amber.
55. Tityrus sit Orpheus, &c. May Tityrus
become an Orpheus;–Orpheus in the woods,
and an Orion among the dolphins. Orion
was a famous lyric poet of Lesbos, who, on
his return home from Italy with great
wealth, was cast into the sea by the sailors
for the sake of his money. A dolphin that
had been charmed with his music, it is said,
took him on his back, and carried him safe
to Tanarus, a town on the southern pro-
montory of the Peloponnesus. For Orpheus,
see Ecl. iii. 46.
58. Omnia vel medium, &c. Let all things
become even the middle of the sea—the
deep sea. Since I must perish, let all the
world be drowned. Vivite: elegantly put
for valete.
59. Specula : the top, or summit. It pro-
perly signifies any eminence which com
mands a prospect of the country around it,
•Aérii months. This may allude to the fa-
mous rock in Arcadia, called the lover’s
leap ; from which, those, who threw them-
selves into the sea, were cured of their love.
60. Deſerar. This appears to be used in
the sense of the Greek middle voice, which
generally hath a reflex signification: I will
throw myself.
44
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
t Desine Maenalios, jam desine, tibia, versus.
62. Damon divithtec: Haec Damon : vos, quae responderit Alphesiboeus,
Yº, Pierides, * * Dicite, Pierides: non omnia possumus omnes.
quae
63. JNos omnes non
ALP. Effer aquam, et molli cinge haec altaria vittà:
possumusſacere omnia Verbenasque adole pingues, et mascula thura,
65
, Conjugis ut magicis Sanos avertere sacris
Experiar sensus.
Nihil hic nisi carmina desunt.
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
Carmina vel coelo possunt deducere Lunam :
Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulyssei:
70
Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis.
73. Primúm circumdo
haec terna licia tibi, di-
WOISã.
Effigiem duco.
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
Ternatibi haec primüm triplici diversa colore
Licia circumdo, terque haec altaria circum
Numero Deus impare gaudet.
75
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim
Necte tribus nodis termos, Amarylli, colores; .
78. Neete eos modó : Necte, Amarylli, modó : et Veneris, dic, vincula necto.
et Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
81. Sic Daphnis emol-
liabur nostro
83. Ego wro hanc
Limus ut hic durescit, et ha-cut cera liquescit,
Uno eodemdue igni: sic nostro Daphnis amore.
Sparge molam, et fragiles incende bitumine lauros
80
NOTES.
63. Pierides: the Muses. They were so
called from Pieria, where, it is said, they
were born. See Ecl. iii. 60. -
64. Effer aquam. Here Alphesiboeus per-
sonates some enchantress, who by charms
and magic rites endeavors to make Daphnis
in love with her. The words are supposed
to be addressed to her servant maid Ama-
ryllis, mentioned verse 78, infra.
65. Verbenas. A species of plant or herb
called vervain, much used in magic opera-
tions. It is sometimes taken for all kinds
of herbs used in such rites. Mascula. By
this we are to understand the strongest and
best kind of frankincense.
66. Ul earperiar: that I may try to turn
away the sound mind of my spouse: i. e.
throw him into a violent passion for me,
causing liim to lose his reason and judg-
ment. Conjuz, here means an intended or
expected husband. By it we are to under-
stand Daphnis, who it seems had left her
for some other mistress. Sacris: rites, or
ceremonies. -
67. Carmina : charms—a solemn form of
words; to which the ancients attributed
great efficacy.
70. Circe. The name of a famous sor-
ceress. See AEn. vii. 10.
71. Canlando : ger. in do, of the verb
canto. Ruapus says: dum incantatur: while
the incantations or magic rites are per-
forming. .
73. Triplici colore: with triple color. The
ancients had a great veneration for the
number three. This was thought the most
perfect of all numbers, having regard to the
beginning, the middle, and the end. Diver-
sa: diversified—various.
74. Circumdo; in the sense of circumligo.
78. Veneris : in the sense of amoris.
JModo in the sense of nunc.
80. Ut hic Limus, &c. The sorceress
made two images or figures, one of mud
(limus) to represent herself; the other of
wax (cera) to represent Daphnis. . The
former would naturally harden, and the
other melt in the same fire. It was the re-
ceived opinion that as the image Imelted
and consumed, so did the person it repre-
sented melt and dissolve into love, losing all
his cruelty and hardness of heart toward
his mistress; while she, who was represent-
ed by the other figure, would grow harder,
and more indifferent to the object of her
love.
82. Sparge molam: break, or scatter the
salt-cake. The mola was a kind of cake
much used in sacrifices. It was made of
the flour of grain that grew the same year,
highly seasoned with salt. It was placed
upon the forehead of the victim, and upon
the fire. Incende: burn the crackling lau-
rels with bitumen. The laurels were burnt
to consume the flesh of Daphnis, on whose
account these rites were performed. The
cake was crumbled upon his image, or upon
the victims in sacrifices. Such was the na-
ture of these ridiculous rites.
83. JMalus Daphnis: cruel Daphnis burns
me; I burn this laurel upon Daphnis—upon
his image. By burning the effigy of a per-
BUCOLICA.
‘ECL. VIII. 45
Daphnis me malus urit, ego hanc in Daphnide laurum.
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim,
Talis amor Daphnim, qualis, clim fessa juvencum
Per nemora, atque altos quaerendo bucula lucos,
Propter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulvå
Perdita, nec serae meminit decedere nocti:
Talis amor teneat: nec sit mihi cura mederi.
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit,
Pignora chara sui : quae nunc ego limine in ipso,
85 85. Utinam talis amor
occupet Daphnim, qua-
lis, clim bucula ſessa
quaerendo juvencum per
memora, atque altos lu-
89 cos, procumbit
89. Teneat Daphnim
95. Moeris ipse dedit
has herbas
Terra, tibi mando: debent ha-c pignora Daphnim, .
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
Has herbas, atque haec Ponto mihi lecta venena
Ipse dedit Moeris, nascuntur plurima Ponto.
His ego Sape lupum fieri, et secondere sylvis
Moerin, saepe animas imis excire sepulchris,
Atque satas alić widi traducere messes.
95
96. Enim plurima ve-
mena mascuntur in Pon
to. Ego vidi Moerin ip
sum stepe fieri lupum
his venenis, et condere se
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Sylvis; widi illum stepe
Fer cineres, Amarylli, foras: rivoque fluenti,
101 excire
Transque caput jace : ne respexeris. His ego Daphnim
Aggrediar
nihil ille Deos, nil carmina curat.
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim
Aspice : corripuit tremulis altaria flammis.
105
NOTES.
son magically, it was thought that they burnt
the person himself; or that some how or
other, he was affected in a similar manner.
85. Juvencum : the bull. Talis. Here
is an ellipsis of the words, occupal juvencum,
or some other of the like import, to make
the sense complete.
87. Ulva : a kind of sedge, or meadow-
grass. Some copies have herba.
88. Perdita: wretched—desperate; with-
out hope of finding the object of her search.
JMec serge nocti, &c. She is so intent upon
the object of her love, that she thinks of
nothing else—she thinks not of returning
home, even though it be late at night. De-
cedere serge nocti : to yield or give place to
the late night.
89. JMederi : to cure him.
91. Ille perfidus, &c. That perfidious
(shepherd) formerly left these clothes with
ine, as the dear pledges of himself. It ap-
pears hence that Daphnis had pledged his
love to her, but afterward violated his word.
This justifies the use of the word conjur, as
applied to him, verse 66.
92. In ipso limine : in the very threshold,
or entrance. Servius thinks we are to un-
derstand the entrance of the temple of
Yºsta ; others, of Daphnis' own house. But
*is better to understand it of her own house,
for it appears that here she performed her
magic rites.
93. Mando in the sense of committo.
Hºe Pignorg: these pledges owe Daphnis to
me. The clothes that a person once wore,
or anything that belonged to him, were
thought to be very eſficacious in enchant
ments. Accordingly she lays much stress
upon them ; she is sure they will bring him
home to her. One part of these magic rites
was to bury the clothes of the lover under
the threshold, to constrain him to return.
95. Ponto. Pontus, an extensive coun-
try in Asia Minor, bordering upon the Eux-
ine sea. It abounded in poisonous herbs.
Mithridates, king of Pontus, rendered his
country motorious by the long and bloody
wars which he maintained against the Ro-
mans. He was, however, at last overcome
by Pompey the Great. Venena: magic
plants. Those of a poisonous quality were
considered the most efficacious, and were
particularly sought for, and required in all
enchantments.
101. Fer cineres. The most powerful,
and usually the last efforts of the enchanter,
were to throw the ashes of the magical sa-
crifice over the head backward into running
water. Servius says, this was done that the
gods might catch the ashes without being
seen, as they were unwilling to show them-
sclves, unless on extraordinary occasions.
102. Ne respeaceris: in the sense of ne
fespace.
103. Aggrediar his, &c. With these ashes
I will assail Daphnis. JNihil and nil are
often used as simple negatives, in the sense
of non: he does not regard the gods, &c.
In other words, he does not regard his so-
lemn promises made in the presence of the
gods; he regards not my charms.
105. Aspice. This and the following line
46
P VIRGILII MARONIS
106. Bonum omen
Sponte suá, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse: bonum sit
Nescio quid certé est: et Hylax in limine latrat.
109. O mea carmina'
Credimus ! an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt 7
Parcite, ab urbe venit, jam parcite, carmina, Daphnis
|NOTES.
to cinis ipse, were spoken by Amaryllis, as
appears from dum ferre moror: while I de-
lay to carry them. If we attribute the
words to the enchantress, we must suppose
her to do what she commands to be done.
But beholding the ashes kindle the altar
into a trembling flame of its own accord, in
a transport, she exclaims: may it be a good
omen. The ancients considered the sudden
blazing of fire to be a good omen.
107. JNescio quid, &c. As if she had said
some body is coming; I know not certainly
who it is. Hylaw. The name of a dog; from
a Greek word signifying to bark.
108. Credimus 2 am qui, &c. Do I believe
it? or, do those who love form dreams to
themselves 2 Yes, it is he. Cease, now
cease, my charms, Daphnis comes from the
city.
QUESTIONS.
How is this pastoral to be divided ?
What is the subject of it?
What is the meaning of the word Phar-
maceutria, the title of the Eclogue 3
When was this Eclogue written ?
Who were consuls 7
To whom was it probably dedicated 3
Why do you suppose it to be dedicated to
Pollio rather than to Augustus 3
When is the planet Venus called Lucifer?
When Hesperus :
Can you mention any line that has been
ºfed by commentators as extremely ten-
er
Who was Medea 3
What is said of her 3
Why are the Muses sometimes called
Pierides?
E CHAO GA. N. ON A,
LYCIDAS, MOERIS.
When Augustus divided the lands about Mantua among his soldiers, the estate of Virgil
fell to Arius, a centurion. When he went to re-enter upon his estate, after it had been
restored to him, he met with much severe treatment from the new possessor, and on
one occasion, was near being killed. He saved his life by swimming over the river
Mincius. In consequence of which, he returned to Rome to acquaint the Emperor of
the matter. He left his steward, who is here called Moeris, behind, and directed him
to treat his new landlord with civility and respect. Moeris is going to him with a pre-
sent of some kids, and meets Lycidas, who is supposed to be some Mantuan shepherd.
Upon their meeting the pastoral opens. The scene is the road to the town. The
evening is coming on: the air is tranquil and serene. The pastoral contains a com-
plaint of Virgil's hard treatment under the character of Menalcas; a compliment to
his friend Varus, and another to Julius Caesar, and consequently to Augustus; toge-
ther with several scraps of poetry artfully interwoven with the subject. The whole
pastoral is elegant and beautiful.
Lyc. QUö te, Moeri, pedes 7 an, quð via ducit, in ur-
MoE. O Lycida, vivipervenimus; advena nostri [bem
(Quod nunquam veriti Sumus) ut possessor agelli
1. O Moeri, quo twi
pedes ducunt te ž an dw-
cunt te in urbem, quê
via ducit 2
NOTES.
2. Vivi pervenimus : we living have come
to that condition—or have lived to see the
day, that, &c. Advena: a noun of common
gender, here used as an adj. It may signi-
fy intruding—usurping, as well as foreign,
in the present case, it includes the idea of
all of them.
BUCOLICA. ECL. IX
47
Diceret: Haec measunt; veteres migrate coloni.
Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versat,
Hos illi (quod nec bené vertat) mittimus hoedos.
2. JNos vivi perveni
5 mused miserie, ut ad-
vena possessor
4. Haec arva sunt mea;
Ly. Certé equidem audieram, quâ se subducere colles vos, oveteres coloni,
Incipiunt, mollique jugum demittere clivo, º
Usque ad aquam et veteris jam fracta cacumina fagi,
Omnia carminibus vestrum servâsse Menalcan.
MoE. Audieras, et ſama fuit: sed carmina tantüm
Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantum
Chaonias dicunt, aquilá veniente, columbas,
Quod nisi me quâcumque novas incidere lites
Anté sinistra cavă monuisset abilice cornix;
Nectuus hic Moeris, nec viveret ipse Menalcas.
7. Certé equidem au-
dieram vestrum Domi-
0 num Menalcan servâsse
sibi omnia arva swis car-
minibus ab eo loco, quâ
colles incipiunt subdu-
Cere SC
11. Audieras illud, et
15 talis fuit fama
13. Columbas valere
14. Quod nisi sinistra
Ly. Heu! cadit in quemduam tantum scelus' heu tua cornix monuisset me
Pené simul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca
[nobis anté ab ilice cava inci-
Quis caneret Nymphas' quis humum florentibus herbis dº
Spargeret? aut viridi fontes induceret umbră 2 20
Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper,
Cúm tead delicias ferres Amaryllida nostras'
“ Tityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas :
“Et potum pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum
“Occursare capro, cornu ſerit ille, caveto.”
MoE. Immö haec, quae Varo, necdum perfecta, canebat.
“Ware, tuum nomen (superet modó Mantua nobis,
18. Heu tua solatia
rapta sunt penê nobis
simul tecum
21. Vel quis cameret
carmina, quae tacitus
23. Quorum versuum
5 hoc est fragmentum : Q
Tityre, pasce
26. Immo potius ques
camerethabc.carmina, quse
ille JMenalcas
NOTES.
3. .4gelli : a moun diminutive from ager :
a little farm.
5. Fors: in the sense of ſorluna.
6. Quod nec bené vertal: which (present
of the hiº I wish may not turn out well
to him. The usual mode of congratulation
upon receiving a favor was: Bené vertal,
I wish you joy—may it turn out well to you.
nec bené verlat, therefore, was a kind of im-
precătion: may it prove a mischief to you.
7. Subducere se : to decline—to fall.
8. Demittere jugum: to lower their ridge,
or top, by an easy descent. Here we have
a description of the farm of Virgil. It was
bounded on one side by a sloping hill; in
other parts of its limits, were the broken
top of an old beech-tree, a marsh, and the
river JMincius.
9. Ad aquam : perhaps the river Mincius.
13. Aquilá veniente: the eagle coming upon
them—pursuing them. Here we have a
beautiful circumlocution, expressing the in-
utility of his verses, and the charms of po-
ety, amidst martial arms. Chaonias : an
adj. from Chaonia, a part of Epirus, where
was the city Dodona, and a grove of the
Sºme name, famous for its oracular oaks.
Columbas: two doves endued with a pro-
Phetic spirit are said to have resided among
these oaks. Afterward one of them is said
tº have flown to the temple of Apollo at
Delphi, and the other to the temple of Jupi-
ter Ammon in Africa. They are here put
*or doves in general y p
14. Incidere novas lites, &c. To break off
my new disputes in any way whatever.
Lis, is properly an action or case at law.
15. Sinistra : ill-boding. See Ecl. 1. 18.
16. Hic tww.s JMoeris. It appears from this
that the life of Virgil, who is here called
Menalcas, and that of Moeris, had been in
danger from the new landlord.
17. Hew, tantum scelus, &c. Alas! that so
great wickedness should fall upon any one,
Or the words may be rendered thus; Alas
that so great wickedness should come inte
any one’s mind:—that any one should con-
ceive the idea of perpetrating the horrid
deed of murder. This is the usual sense
given to the words. -
18. Heu, tua solalia, &c. Alas, Menalcas,
your delight (the delight of your song,) was
almost snatched from us with yourself: and
if you had been quite slain, in that case,
who would have sung the nymphs, &c. Heyne
observes that by solatia we are to under-
stand the song, carmina, or verses of Menal-
CölS. -
21. Sublegi : I purloined from you. Ru-
teus says, surripui.
22. JNostras delicias: for nostram amicam.
Delicia is used only in the plural; delight——
darling : here a mistress.
24, Age pastas: drive them full fed to
drink. Potum: sup. in um, to drink—take
water. Inter agendum : in driving them—
while driving them, beware, &c.
26. Varo; to Varus. See Ecl. 6."
48
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
*.
27. Quorum hoc est “ Mantua,
was miserae nimium vicina Cremonae !)
*...? W. “Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni.”
cantantes cycni ferent
tuum nomen
LY. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos,
Sic cytiso pasta distentent ubera vaccae.
Incipe, si quid habes: et me fecere poétam
Pierides: Sunt et mihi carmina : me quoque dicunt
34. Ego sum non cre-Watem pastores, sed non ego credulus illis.
dulus illis.
35. Nam adhuc videor
nihi dicere carmina dig-
na nogue
Nam neque adhuc Varo videor, nec dicere Cinnä
Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores. -
MoE. Id quidem ago, et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse vo-
35
38.Nunc recordorfrag-Si Valeam meminisse: neque est ignobile carmen. [luto,
mentum ejus: ades huc, “ Huc ades, Ó Galatea : quis est nam ludus in undis 2
O Galatea :
“ Hic ver purpureum ; varios hic flumina circum
40
“Fundit humus flores: hic candida populus antro
“Imminet, et lentae texunt umbracula vites.
43. Sine ut insani
44. Quæ carmina au- Lv. Quid,
dierum te solum Canem- Audieram 2 m
tem sub pura nocte
“ Huc ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus.”
qua te purå Solum sub nocte canentem
umeros memini, si verba tenerem.
MOE. “Daphni, quid antiquos signorum suspicis ortus'
4b
Ecce, Dionai processit Caesaris astrum :
NOTES.
28. Cremonte. Cremona was a city on
the western bank of the river Po, not far
from Mantua. Its inhabitants were in-
volved in the same misfortune with those of
Mantua, in having their property and lands
taken from them by Augustus. Hence the
epithet miserae.
29. Cycni : properly swans. By meton.
poets. The meaning of this fragment is,
that if Mantua should be preserved from the
calamity which had befallen Cremona,
through the influence of Varus, the Man-
tuan poets would celebrate his praises and
raise his name to the stars. By Cantanles
cycni, says Heyne, we are to understand the
Mantuan poets.
30. Cyrneas; an adj. from Cyrnus, an
island in the Mediterranean sea. Hodie
Corsica. This island abounded in the yew-
tree : hence the epithet Cyrnean. The ho-
ney made of this tree was of a bitter quali-
ty, and universally considered bad. For
this reason Lycidas wished the swarms of
his friend to shun those trees. Eacamina :
swarms of bees.
32. Poetam : a poet. Watem: a poet, or
prophet. These words are frequently used
as synonymous, but they are not strictly so.
35. Cinné. Cornelius Cinna, the grand-
son of Pompey the Great. He became a
favorite of Augustus. -
36. Digna: things worthy of ; or it may
agree with carmina, understood; verses
worthy of the attention of Varus and Cin-
na; or worthy to celebrate their actions.
strepere anser: to gabble as a goose among
tuneful swans—to make inharmonious
sounds, &c.
37. Ago; in the sense of favio. Tacitus
ipse voluto: I am thinking silently with my-
self, if I can recollect it. Voluto: I am re-
volving it in my mind.
39. Quisnam ludus : what sport is there
in the waves? The parts of the word are
separated by Tmesis. Nothing can be more
beautiful than the whole of this fragment.
It is in imitation of the eleventh Idyl of
Theocritus. .
40. Pu, Purewm : blooming—gay. Est is
to be supplied.
41. Fundit: in the sense of producit.
42. Teacunt: in the sense of efficiunt.
Umbracula : a dim. noun from wºmbra, a lit
tle, or pleasant shade.
43. Insani : raging—stormy.
44. Qwid: in the sense of cum
45. JMimini numeros: Irecollect the tune;
if I knew the words, I would sing them.
These last, or some other of the like import,
are evidently implied. Or else we must take
si in the sense of Utimam; I wish—O that.
46. Suspicis: in the sense of miraris.
47. Astrum. This word properly signifies
a constellation of stars. The poet uses it
here for a single star, thereby giving the
greater dignity to the star of Caesar. Vir-
gil makes ſtilus the son of Æneas, the founder
of the Julian family. Itilus was the grand-
son of Venus, who according to some was
the daughter of Dione, a nymph of the sea,
by Jupiter. Hence the epithet Dionteam.
About the time of Julius Caesar's death, it is
said a remarkable comet appeared, which
the Romans considered to be the soul of
Caesar received up to heaven. The poet
calls it the star of Caesar, agreeable to the
vulgar notion. This comet, according to
Dr Halley, appeared the third time in
BUCOLICA.
49
ECL IX.
*
“Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo
“Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem.
“Insere, Daphni, pirus, carpent tua poma nepotes.”
Saepe ego longos
Cantando puerum memini me condere soles.
Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque.
50
51. Ego memini me
puerum saepe condere
Nunc oblita mihitot carmina ; Vox quoque Moerim
Jam fugit ipsa : lupi Moerim vidére priores.
Sed tamenista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas.
Ly. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores:
Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet a quor, et Omnes
(Aspice) ventosi ceciderunt murmuris auraº.
55 55. Ista carmina tibi
stepe satis
56. Longum tempus
Hinc adeo media est nobis via : namdue sepulchrum
Incipit apparere Bianoris : hic, ubi densas
Agricolae stringunt frondes; hic, Moeri, canamus :
Hic hoedos depone, tamen veniemus in urbem:
Aut si, mox pluvian ne colligat ante, weremur :
Cantantes licet usque (minus via ladet) eamus.
Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo.
MoE. Desine plura, puer: et quod nunc instat, agamus. we
Carmina tum meliùs, cum venerit ipse, canemus.
60 62. Tamen veniemus
opportune
63. Anté quim perve-
merimus ad eam, licet
nobis ut eamus usque
65 cantantes.
66. Desine loqui plura
rba
67. Cúm JMenalcas ipse
NOTES.
1680. In its nearest approach, to the sun,
\ts tail was about 60 degrees long. Pro-
:essit; moves along—hath begun its course.
48. Quo segetes, &c. Under which (by the
mfluence of which) the fields shall rejoice
with corn. Or, the crops shall abound in
grain; taking segetes for the stalks or spring-
(mg corn. Gauderent, by enallage for gaude-
bunt. Sata abundabwnt frumento, says Ru-
fºllS.
49. Uva duceret coloren: shall take co-
Wor—grow ripe. Duceret : for ducet, by
enallage.
50. Insere piros: plant or graft your pear-
trees. The star of Caesar shall extend its
influence to them. They will grow and
flourish; and if you should not live to reap
the fruit of your labor yourself, be assured
your offspring will. Piros may be put for
fruit trees in general: the species for the
genus. **
51. AEtas: in the sense of tempus. Ani-
mum : in the sense of memoriam.
52. Condere longos Soles: to pass or spend
long days in singing. Sol is often taken for
the day, as Luna is for the night. See AEm.
2. 255. -
54. Lupi przores : the wolves first have
seen Moeris. He hath lost his voice—he can-
not sing. Alluding to a superstitious notion
that if a wolf saw a man the first, he would
lose his voice. .
55. Referet : in the sense of recitabit.
56.0ausando: by framing excuses. From
the verb causor. Ducis : you put off—defer.
Amores: pleasure—sentertainment.
57. Omne stratum cquor, &c. The whole
level surface of the water, is still for you.
Stratum : smooth—level. To consider stra-
tum as expressing the tranquillity of the
water is mere tautology: that is sufficiently
expressed by silet. AEquor any plain or
level surface, whether land or water; here,
probably, the river JMincius. Omnes awrae,
&c. Every breeze of whispering wind hath
ceased. Ventosi murmuris : in the sense of
murmwrantis vent.
59. Aded: only—surely.
60. Sepulchrum Bianoris : the tomb of
Bianor. He was said to be the son of the
river Tiber and the nymph JManto. He
founded, or rather enlarged Mantua, and
called it after the name of his mother. See
źn. 10, 198. His tomb was placed by the
side of the way.
61. String unt : prune, or lop off the thick
boughs.
62. Urbem. The city Mantua. Depone
hoºdos : lay down your kids. He was pro-
bably carrying them upon his shoulders.
Let us stay here awhile and amuse our-
selves in singing: we shall, nevertheless,
arrive in town in good time.
64. Usque: all the way—all the time.
Lędet : in the sense of fatigabit.
65. Levabo te, &c. I will ease you of this
burden—load: to wit, the kids, which he
was carrying to town for his new landlord.
See verse 6, supra.
66. Puer: swain.
herds in general. . .
67. Căm ipse, &c. It is probable that Vir-
gil composed this Eclogue when he was at
Rome. -
It is applied to shep-
50
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
QUESTIONS.
To whom did the estate of Virgil fall in
the distribution of the Mantuan lands 2
Did he receive any hard treatment from
Arºus 2 How did he save his life? What
was the name of his steward 2 Who is Ly-
cidas supposed to be * When does the pas-
toral open 2 Where is the scene laid: What
is the time of the day? What is the subject
of this pastoral? What is the character of it?
What is the distinction between poeta,
and Vates ?
What remarkable appearance was ob-
served in the heavens about the time of Ju-
lius Caesar's death 2 -
What does the poet call it? .
When did it appear the third time 2
Who was Bianor? What did he do?
ECLOGA DECIMA,
GALLUS.
THE sup)ect of this fine pastoral is the love of Gallus for Lycoris, who refused his ad-
dresses, and gave her affections to an officer.
This Gallus was a particular friend of
Virgil, and was an excellent poet. He raised himself from a humble station to great
favor with Augustus, who appointed him governor of Egypt after the death of Anthony
and Cleopatra.
THE scene of the pastoral is laid in Arcadia, whither the poet supposes his friend to have
retired in the height of his passion.
inquire the cause of his grief, and endeavor to moderate it.
Here all the rural deities assemble around him,
This Eclogue is not sur-
passed by any of the preceding, except the fourth, in beauty and grandeur. Here, too,
Virgil imitates Theocritus, particularly in his first Idyl. By Lycoris is meant Cytheris,
a most beautiful woman, and celebrated actress. *
EXTREMUM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede laborem.
2. Pauca carmina sunt Pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris,
dicenda
Carmina sunt dicenda: neget quis carmina Gallo 2
Sic tibi, cum fluctus subter labére Sicanos, -
Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam. 5
Incipe, sollicitos Galli dicamus amores,
NOTES.
1. Arethusa. A nymph of great beauty,
the daughter of Nereus and Doris. Also, a
fountain on the island Ortygia, in the bay
of Syracuse, upon which stood a part of the
city. Syracuse was famous for its being
the birth place of Theocritus and Archime-
des; and for its valiant defence against the
‘Roman fleet and army under Marcellus. It
was taken after a siege of three years.
Concede, &c. Grant me this last work—
favor me in the execution of this my last
pastoral essay. The reason that the poet
invoked this nymph is, that she was the
goddess of a fountain of that name, in the
place where Theocritus was born, and where
pastoral poetry was much cultivated.
4. Tibi : with thee—with thy water.
5. Amara Doris. Doris, a nymph of the
sea, the daughter of Occanus and Tethys,
and married to her brother JWerews, of whom
he begat the nymphs called JWereides; here
put by meton. for the sea, whose water is
salt and of an unpleasant taste; which the
poet prays may not be mingled with the sweet
and pleasant waters of the fountainArethusa,
in its passage under the Sicilian sea. See
AEn. iii. 694 and 6. Alpheus, a river of the
Peloponnesus, is said to have been in love
with the nymph Arethusa, who, flying from
him, was turned by Diana into a fountain.
Sue made her escape under the sea, to the
island Ortygia, where she rose up. But Al-
pheus pursuing her by the same way, arose
up in the same fountain, mingling his waters
with hers. Undam: in the sense of aquam.
6. Galli. There were several persons by
the name of Gallus. The one here meant
is Publius Cornelius Gallus. He raised
himself by his extraordinary merit to great
favor with Augustus, who appointed him
BUCOLICA. ECL. X.
5]
Dum tenera attondent simae virgulta capellae.
Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia sylvae.
Quae nemora, aut qui vos Saltus habuere, puellaº
Naiades, indigno clim Gallus amore periret 7
Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi
Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonia Aganippe.
Illum etiam lauri, illum etiam flevére myrica.
Pinifer illum etiam solà sub rupe jacentem
Maenalus, et gelidi flewerunt saxa Lycaei.
Stant et oves circum, nostri nec poemitet illas:
Nec te poeniteat pecoris, divine poéta.
10
11. Nam neque wila
juga Parnassi, nam ne-
que ulla juga Pindi, ne-
que fons, Aonia Aga-
nippe, ſecere ullam mo-
15 ram vobis. Etiam laur,
feverunt illum
Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis.
Venit et upilio, tardi venère bubulci :
Uvidus hybernå venit de glande Menalcas.
Omnes, unde amor iste, rogant, tibi ? Venit Apollo.
Galle, quid insanis 7 inquit: tua cura Lycoris,
20
21. Unde estiste amor
tibi, O Galle
Perque nives alium, perque horrida castra secuta est.
Venit et agresti capitis Sylvanus honore,
NOTES. /
governor of Egypt after the death of An-
tony and Cleopatra. His prince, however,
for some cause or other, conceiving a violent
enmity against him, sent him into banish-
ment; which sentence was ratified by the
senate. This cruel and undeserved treat-
ment had such an effect upon his mind,
that he killed himself. After his death,
Augustus lamented his own severity and
that of the senate toward so worthy a man.
Gallus was a great friend of Virgil, and
highly esteemed by Pollio and Cicero. He
was a poet as well as statesman and soldier.
It is said he wrote four book of elegies to
Cytheris, whom Virgil calls Lycoris. He
also translated some part of the works of
Euphorion, a poet of Chalcis.
7. Simoe: flat-nosed.
8. Respondent : will answer—will echo
back our song.
9. Habwere v0s: in the sense of detinuerunt
vos. JYemora : properly signifies a grove or
wood thinly set with trees, where flocks may
feed and graze; derived from the Greek.
Saltus: properly a thick wood, where bushes
and fallen trees do not permit animals to
pass without leaping; from salio. Habwere
v0s: detained you from coming to console
Gallus in his grief. Puellae: in the sense
of nymphae.
11. Juga : in the sense of cocumina.
Parnassi. Parnassus was a mountain, or .
rather range of mountains in Phocis, sacred
to the Muses. , Pindi. Pindus was a range
of mountains in the confines of Epirus and
Macedonia, also sacred to the Muses.
ºppe was the name of a fountain issuing
from mount Helicon in Beotia, and flowing
ſhto the river Permessus. It is called A onian,
from 42n, the son of Neptune, who reigned
in Beotia.
•Aga-.
15. JMaenalus. A mountain in Arcadia,
celebrated for its pines. Lycaei. Lycaeus,
a mountain of the same country, noted for
its rocks and snows; hence the epithet ge-
lidi. The whole of this passage is very
fine. It contains a reproof to the nymphs for
not assisting in alleviating the grief of Gallus.
16. Stant et oves, &c. His flocks too stand
around him—nor are they ashamed of him
—nor do they disregard his grief. Gallus
is represented under the character of a swain,
feeding his sheep on the mountains of Ar-
cadia. JYostri: our friend-–Gallus.
18. Adonis. He was the son of Cinyras,
king of the island of Cyprus, by his daugh-
ter JMyrrha. He was so beautiful, that
Venus ranked him among her favorites, and
honored him with her bed. When hunting,
he received a wound from a boar, of which
he died, and was greatly lamented by her.
19. Penit et upilio : the shepherd too came,
and the slow moving herdsmen came. Upilio,
for opilio, by metaphasmus. Opilio, proba-
bly from oves, by changing the v into p.
The word et is often used to express empha-
sis, and has the force of etiam or quoque, as
in the present case. When it has its cor-
respondent et in the following member of
the sentence, it is usually translated by the
word both, and the following et by and. The
conj. que, when it has its correspondent
que, is rendered in the same way.
20. Uvidus de : wet from gathering the
Winter mast.
21. Apollo. He came, the first of the
gods; because he was the god of poetry.
22. Tua cura: for tua amica. *
24. Sylvanus. He was the god of the
woods, and said to be the son of Mars. He
always bore on his head a branch of cypress
Like Pan, he was represented as half man,
tº
52
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Florentes ferulas et grandia lilia quassans.
.26. Quem nosipsi vi Pan Deus Arcadiae wenit, quem widimus ipsi
dimus
Sanguineis ebuli bac,cis minioque rubentem.
Ecquis erit modus' inquit: amor non talia curat.
29. Crudelis amor mec Nec lacrymis crudelis amor,
saturatur lacrymis
31. At ille tristis in-
quit: tamen, O Arcades,
0)0S
Arcades.
unus ex vobis
37. Certe sive Phillis,
sive Amyntas, seu qui-
cumque esset mihi fu-
ror, jaceret
42. Hic, C Lycori,
sunt gelidi
44. Insanus amor de-
Nec cytiso saturantur apes, nec fronde capellae.
Tristis at ille: Tamen cantabitis, Arcades, inquit,
ontibus haec vestris: soli cantare periti
O mihi tum quâm molliter ossa quiescant,
Westra meos olim si fistula dicat amores!
35, Utinam fuissem Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem
Aut custos gregis, aut maturae vinitor uvae
Certé sive mihi Phyllis, sive esset Amyntas,
Seu quicumque furor (quid tum, si fuscus Amyntas?
Et nigra violae sunt, et vaccinia nigra.)
Mecum inter salices lentâ sub vite jaceret.
Serta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas.
Hic gelidi fontes, hic mollia prata, Lycori:
nec gramina rivis,
30
35
40
tinet me in armis duri Hic nemus: hic ipso tecum consumerer aevo.
Martis inter
Nunc insanus amor duri me Martis in armis
NOTES.
and half goat. He fell in love with Cypa-
rissus, the favorite of Apollo, who was
changed into a tree of that name. Agres-
tº honore capitis: with the rustic honor of
his head—with a garland of leaves upon
his head. Honore: in the sense of corona.
25. Florentes ferulae: blooming fennel.
There are two kinds of ferula, or feſſnel,
the small, or common, and the large, or
giant fennel. This last grows to the height
of six or seven feet. The stalks are thick,
and filled with a fungous pith, which is used
in Sicily for the same purpose as tinder is
with us, to kindle fire. From this circum-
stance, the poets feigned that Prometheus
stole the heavenly fire and brought it to earth
in a stalk of ferula. Some derive the name
from ferendo, because its stalk was used as a
walking-stick; others derive it from feriendo,
because it was used by school-masters to
strike their pupils with on the hand. Hence
the modern instrument, or ferula, which is
used for the same purpose, though very dif-
forent from the ancient one, and capable of
giving much greater pain.
27. Rubentem: stained with the red ber-
ries of alder, and with vermilion. Ebuli.
Jºbulum is the plant called dwarf elder. It
grows about three feet high, and bears red
berries. In England it has obtained the
name of dane-wort; because it was fabled
to have sprung from the blood of the Danes,
at the time of their massacre. It is chiefly
“ound in church-yards. JMunio. Minium is
the native cinnabar. It was the vermilion
of the ancients; it is our present red-lead.
28. JModus: in the sense of finis.
29. Rivis: with streams, or rills of water.
30. Saturantwr: are satisfied.
31. Arcades. This address of Gallus to
the Arcadians is tender and pathetic, espe-
cially that part of it where he wishes he
had been only a humble shepherd like
them. -
32. Hapc: these my misfortunes.
33. O quâm molliter: O how softly then
my bones, &c.; alluding to a superstitious
notion of the ancients that the bodies of
the dead might be oppressed by the weight
of the earth cast upon them. Accordingly
they crumbled it fine, and cast it lightly into
the grave, using the words, sit tibi terra levis:
may the earth be light upon thee.
34. Olim: hereafter. This word refers
to future as well as to past time. JMihi : in
the sense of mea, agreeing with Ossa. .*
36. Vºnitor: a vine-dresser. It seems to
be used here in the sense of vindemiator, a
gatherer of grapes—a vintager.
38. Furor. This word properly signifies
any inordinate passion, such as love, anger,
rage, fury, and the like; by meton, the ob-
ject of such passion—the person loved.—
Fuscus: black. The verb sit is to be sup-
plied.
39. Vaccinia: whortle-berries, or bil-ber-
ries. Mr. Martyn takes the word for the
flower of the hyacinth.
41. Serta: garlands of flowers.
43. Consumerer, &c. I could spend my
very life here with you in this pleasant re-
treat, gazing upon the beauty of your per-
son. Ruteus says: traducerem omnem (etaten
tecwm. But consumerer may be used in the
sense of the Greek middle voice. Virgil
was fond of the Greek idiom.
44. JYunc insanus amor, &c. The mean-
ing of this passage appears to be: in this
\
BUCOLICA. ECL. X.
53
Tela inter media atque adversos detinet hostes.
Tu procul ă patriá (nec sit mihi credere) tantúm
Alpinas, ah dura, nives, et frigora Rheni
Ah te ne frigora lasdant!
Ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas'
Ibo, et Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu
Carmina pastoris Siculi modulabor avená.
Certum est in sylvis, inter spelaea ferarum,
Malle pati, tenerisque meos incidere amores
Arboribus : crescent illae, crescetis amores.
Interea mixtis lustrabo Maenala Nymphis,
Me, siné sola vides.
45 46. Tu, all dura fema
na! procul ă patria (uti-
nam sit mihi nec credere
td) wides tantüm Alpi-
nas nives, et frigora
Rheni, sola siné me.
50. Et modulabor
avená Siculi pastoris
Theocriti, carmina, quay
50
54. Illae arbores cres
cent: vos, O mi amores
55
Aut acres venabor apros : non me ulla vetabunt
Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus.
NOTEs.
pleasant place, if you had consented, we
might have both lived happy and secure.
But now, on account of your cruelty, we
are both unhappy and miserable. Through
despair, I expose myself to the dangers and
hazards of war; and in the mean time your
love of a soldier hurries you to distant
countries, over the snows of the Alps, &c.
Gallus here supposes Cytheris to accompany
her lover, and to undergo the fatigues and
hardships incident to a military life. JMe.
This passage would be much easier, if we
could read te in the room of me. The sense
naturally leads to such reading ; , but we
have no authority for making the substitu-
tion. JMartis. Mars was esteemed the god
of war. He was the son of Jupiter and
Juno, as some say ; others say, of Juno
alone. His education was intrusted to Pri-
apus, who taught him all the manly exer-
cises. In the Trojan war, he took a very
active part, and was always at hand to as-
sist the favorites of Venus. His amours
with that goddess have been much celebra-
ted by the poets. Vulcan, her husband,
being informed of their intrigue, made a met
of such exquisite workmanship, that it could
not be perceived. In this net he caught the
two lovers, and exposed them to the ridicule
of the gods. He kept them in this situation
for a considerable time, till Neptune pre-
vailed upon him to set them at liberty.
The worship of Mars was not very general
among the Greeks, but among the Romans
he received the most unbounded honors.
His most famous temple was built by Au-
gustus, after the battle of Phillippi, and de-
dicated to JMars Ultor.
called Salii, and were first instituted by
Numa. Their chief office was to keep the
sacred ancyle, or shield, which was supposed
to have fallen from heaven. Mars was
sometimes called Gradivus, JMavors, and
Quirinº; by meton, put for war in general
-a battle—a fight, &c. -
45. Adversos; in the sense of infestos.
46 Tantum. only—nothing beside.
His priests were
57. Alpinas: an adj. from Alpes, a very
high range of mountains separating Italy
from France, Switzerland, and Germany,
and covered with almost perpetual snow.
Rheni : the river Rhine. It rises in the
mountains of Switzerland, and runs a north-
erly course, forming the boundary between
France and Germany, and falls into the
German sea near the Hague. Its length is
near six hundred miles. Dura: in the sense
of crudelis. Sola: Lycoris was alone, as
respected Gallus.
49. Plantas : in the sense of pedes. As-
pera : sharp. The whole of this address to
his mistress is extremely tender and pathe-
tic.
50. Qute condita sunt, &c. Which were
composed by me in elegiac verse. . Chalci-
dico; an adj. from Chalcis, a city of Euboea,
(hodie, JYegropont,) the birth-place of Eu-
phorion, an elegiac poet ; some of whose
verses, it is said, Gallus turned into Latin
verse. To this, Ruasus thinks, the poet re-
fers. However this may be, it cannot be
made from the words without straining
them. They simply imply that Gallus
wrote some verses or poems in the same
kind of verse, or measure, in which Eupho-
rion wrote.
51. JModulabor : in the sense of canam.
52. Certum est, &c. It is certain—I am
resolved, that I had rather suffer in the
woods any dangers and hardships than fol-
low after Lycoris. These, or words of the
like import, seem to be necessary to make
the sense complete. Speltea : dens, or
haunts of wild beasts; from the Greek.
53. Incidere : to cut, or inscribe.
55. JManala : neu. plu. a mountain in
Arcadia. In the sing. JManalus. Lustrabo:
in the sense of circumibo. JMiaºtis nymphis.
The meaning is, that he was in company
with the nymphs; or that they, in confused
and irregular order, pursued their course.
56. Acres : fierce—dangerous. Petabwnt.
in the sense of prohibebunt.
57. Parthenios. Parthenius was a moun
54
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Jam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantes
Ire: libet Partho torquere Cydonia cornu
60. Tanquam hecom- Spicula: tanquam hac sint nostri medicina furoris,
Aut Deus ille malis hominum mitescere discat.
Jam neque Hamadryades rurslim, nec carmina nobis
nut sint
61. Aut tanquam ille
Deus Cupido
60
64. Illum DeumCupi- Ipsa placent: ipsae rurslim concedite sylvae. .
dinem; nec equidem, si Non illum nostri possunt mutare labores;
Nec si frigoribus mediis Hebrumque bibamus,
65
Sithoniasque nives hyemis subeamus aquosae :
67. Nec equidem, si Nec si, clim moriens altà liber aret in ulmo,
versemus oves Hºthiop- AEthiopum versemus oves sub sidere Cancri
um, sub sidere cancri, Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori.
cúm
70. O Dive Pierides, Haec sat erit, Divas, vestrum cecinisse poétam,
70
sat it vestrum poet. Dum sedet, et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco,
cecinisse hee carmina Pierides: vos hac facietis maxima Gallo:
72. Facietis hac fieri Gallo, cujus amor tantūm mihi crescit in horas,
Quantüm vere novo viridis se subjicit alnus.
Surgamus: solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra :
75
NOTES.
tain in Arcadia, where virgins used to hunt;
from a Greek word signifying a virgin. It
is here used as an adj. Circumdare : in the
sense of cingere.
58. Somantes: echoing—resounding.
59. Cydonia : an adj. from Cydon, a city
of Crete, the arrows of which were held in
great estimation. Partho cornu : a Parthian
bow. The Parthians were a people famed
for their skill in handling the bow, which
they made of horn. Hence cornu : a bow.
Libet: in the sense of juvat.
60. Medicina furoris : a remedy for our
love. Tanquam; as if. -
61. JMalis: in the sense of miseriis.
62. Hamadryades: nymphs of the woods
and trees. Their fate was supposed to be
connected with that of particular trees,
with which they lived and died. It is de-
rived from the Greek. See Ecl. ii. 46.
63. Rursum concedite: again, ye woods,
farewell.
for valete. I wish you may grow and flourish,
though I languish and die.
65. Hebrum. The Hebrus is the largest
, river of Thrace, rising out of mount Rho-
dope, near its junction with mount Haemus,
and taking a southerly course, falls into the
AEgean sea; hodie, JMarisa. The ancient
Thrace forms a province of the Turkish
empire, by the name Romania. Frigori-
hus: in the sense of hyeme.
66. Sithonias: an adj. from Sithonia, a
part of Thrace, bordering upon the Euxine
sea. Subeamus : endure—undergo.
67. JMoriens liber: the withering bark, or
rind.
Concedite, is here elegantly put
68. Persemus: feed, or tend upon; in the
sense of pasceremus. JEthiopum : gen. plu.
of JEthiops, an inhabitant of Æthiopia, an
extensive country in Africa, lying principal-
ly within the torrid zone. Here it is put for
the inhabitants of any country lying in a
hot climate. Cancri, Cancer is one of the
twelve signs of the Zodiac. The sun
enters it about the twenty-first day of June,
causing our longest day.
69. Amor vincit, &c. The poet here hath
finely represented the various resolutions
and passions of a lover. Gaſlus having
tried various expedients to divert his affec-
tions, and finding nothing sufficiently enti-
cing to him, to accomplish that end, finally.
abandons the vain pursuit with this reflec-
tion: Love conquers all things—let ws yield
to love.
71. Teacit: formed—made.
the sense of vimine.
72. JMarima: most acceptable—i. »st
precious.
73. In horas hourly—every hour.
Hibisco: 1s.
74. Subjicit set shoots itself up—springs
up.
75. Umbra solet, &c. The shade of the
evening is wont to be injurious to singers.
Umbra here must mean the shade or dusk of
the evening, which, on account of the falling
dew, is reckoned an unhealthy part of the
day. That the word is to be taken in this
sense, appears from the circumstance men-
tioned in the following line. Hesperus venit: .
the evening star is approaching. Cantanti-
bus; some read cunctantibus: to those de-
laying, or loitering.
BUCOLICA. ECL. X.
55
Juniperi gravis umbra: nocent et frugibus umbre.
Ite domum saturae, venit Hesperus, ite capellae.
77. Wos, O meat sature
capellae, ite, ite domum
NOTES.
76, Umbra juniperi: the shade of the
juniper tree is injurious : not so in fact;
it is both pleasant and healthy. It is
odoriferous in itself, and is often burned,
to absorb the noxious part of the atmos-
phere, and to prevent infection. Poets often
take liberties that are not allowable in prose
writers. They may follow the common re-
ceived opinions of things, however incor-
rect, without justly incurring censure. This
we may be sure Virgil did in the present
instance. It might have been the current
opinion that the juniper tree changed its
qualities as the evening came on ; or, we
may understand, it thus: so noxious is the
evening air, that even the juniper tree will
not secure from its effects.
77. Satura: ; full-fed—sufficiently fed;
implying that time enough had been spent
in pastoral writing.
º QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this pastoral?
Who was Gallus 2
Where is the scene of the pastoral laid:
What took place after his arrival, in Ar-
cadia?
What is the character of this pastoral?
Whom does Virgil imitate :
Who was Lycoris?.
Who was Arethusa 2
Was there any fountain of that name?
Where was it situated P
For what was Syracuse famous?
Why did the poet invoke the nymph Are-
thusa :
What is said of the river Alpheus:
Where was the mountain Parnassus?
Where was Pindus?
Where were the mountains Maenalus and
Lycaeus 2
What is said of them?
Who was Mars?
What is said of him 2
By whom was the most celebrated temple
of Mars built?
What were his priests called?
What was their chief office 2
What were the names of Mars?
For what is the word JMars put for by
meton. 2
Where is the river Hebrus?
Where does it rise and empty its waters ?
Where is AEthiopia situated?
INTRODUCTION TO THE GEORGICs.
THE civil wars, that had distracted the Roman empire, had nearly desolated
Italy. The land lay neglected, and the inhabitants were reduced to great dis-
tress for want of the necessaries of life. In this state of things, they cast the
blame upon Augustus, and murmured against his administration. To remedy
the existing evils, and to avert heavier calamities, it became necessary to revive
agriculture; which for many years had been almost wholly neglected, the peo-
ple being taken from their lands to supply the armies. It occurred to Maecenas
that a treatise upon that subject would be highly useful to the inhabitants of
Italy; he therefore engaged Virgil, who had just finished his Eclogues, to
undertake the work. It had the desired effect. For, after the publication of
the Georgics, Italy began to assume a new and flourishing appearance, and the
people found themselves in plenty, and in the enjoyment of peace and content.
Virgil spent about seven years in this part of his works. His correct taste,
his chaste style, and above all, his extensive knowledge, duly qualified him for
a work of this kind. The Georgics, like the Eclogues, were every where well
received. .
The rules for the improvement of husbandry, and the advice given to the
farmer upon the several subjects connected with it, were not only suited to the
climate of Italy, but have been esteemed valuable in every country where “due
honor has been paid to the plough,” down to the present time.
The word Georgica is from the Greek. Its original word properly signifies
the cultivation or tillage of the earth. In the Georgics, Virgil imitated Hesiod,
who wrote a treatise upon this subject, entitled, Opera et Dies, but he far ex-
celled him in every respect. He began this part of his works in the year of
Rome 717, being then about thirty-two years of age, and dedicated it to Mac-
cenas, his friend and patron, at whose request he wrote it.
The Georgics are divided into four books. The first treats of the various
Soils, and the proper method of managing each. The second treats of the various
ways of propagating fruit trees, and particularly the vine. The third treats of
the several kinds of grass, and the proper method of raising horses, cattle,
sheep, and goats. The fourth treats of the proper management of bees.
With the main subject, the poet hath interwoven several very interesting fables
and episodes, which contribute to our pleasure, and relieve the mind under the
dryness of precept.
QUESTIONS.
What was the state of Italy, when Virgil Were they well received by his countryment
began his Georgics? 2 Was Virgil well qualified to write upon
At whose request did he write them? the subject of agriculture?
To whom did he dedicate them : Whom did he imitate?
What is the meaning of the word Geor- What is the comparative merit of each
gicq, or Georgics? work?
From what language is the word derived? Do the Georgics contain valuable rules
at effect had the Georgics upon the and directions to the agriculturist in all
state of Italy? countries?
How long was Virgil in writing them? Into how many books are they divided?
In what year of Rome did he begin them? What is the subject of each book? &
Pe VIRGILII MARONIS
GEORGICA.
LIBER PRIMUS.
This Book opens with the plan of the whole work: and in the four first lines informs us
of the subject of each book. The poet then proceeds to invoke the gods, that were
thought to have any concern in the affairs of tillage or husbandry; and particularly, he
compliments Augustus with divinity. After which, he goes on to show the different
kinds of tillage proper for the different soils. He traces out the origin of agriculture.
He describes the various implements proper for that use. He notices the prognostics
of the weather.
And concludes, by relating the prodigies which happened about the
time of Julius Caesar's death; and by invoking the gods for the safety of Augustus,
his prince.
The whole is embellished with a variety of other matter, so judiciously blended with the
subject, that, besides preventing languor and fatigue under the dryness of precept, it
contributes to our pleasure and delight.
QUID faciat laetas segetes; quo sidere terram
Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adjungere vites,
Conveniat: quae cura boum; qui cultus habenº
Sit pecori; atque apibus quanta experientia parcis;
Hinc canere incipiam. Vos, 6 clarissima mundi
Lumina, labentem coelo quae ducitis annum.
Liber et alma Ceres, vestro si munere tellus
Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit aristã,
Poculaque inventis Acheloja miscuit uvis :
2. O Mecenas, inci-
piam canere hinc, quid
faciat lietas segetes, quo
sidere conveniat vertere
terram
3. Quæ sit curaboum;
qui
7. O Liber, et alma
Ceres, si
NOTES.
1. Laetas: in the sense of copiosas velfer-
tiles.
3. Qui cultus, &c. What management is
necessary for raising cattle. It is plain that
necessarius, aptus, or some word of the like
import, is to be supplied, agreeing with cul-
tus. Habendo may be a future part. pass.
or a gerund in do, of the dat. case.
4. Quanta experientia, &c. How great
care, or attention, is necessary to rear the
frugal bees. Or, it may mean ; how great
experience, foresight, and regular manage-
meat, in their affairs, there may be to the
frugal bees. When sentences are very el-
liptical, it is sometimes difficult to fall upon
the meaning of the author.
6. Lumina. We are here to understand,
apprehend, the sun and moon, as they go-
vern the seasons; rather than Ceres and
Bacchus, as some imagine.
7. Liber et alma Ceres. Rubeus considers
these as the Clarissima Lumina mundi in
the preceding line. But the reason which
he gives for so doing appears insufficient.
•Alma : an adj. cherishing—nourishing. In
, this sense it is a very appropriate epithet of
Ceres, as being the goddess of husbandry.
It also signifies, pure—holy, &c.
8. Chaoniam glandem : Chaonian acorns,
or mast: here put for mast in general; the
species for the genus. Chaoniam : an adj.
from Chaonia, a part of Epirus, in which
was the famous grove Dodona,that abound
ed in mast-trees.
9. Acheloïa pocula : draughts of pure wa-
ter. Pocula, properly the cups, here put by

60
* P. Vi RGILII MARONIS
10. Et vos, O Fauni, Et vos, agrestām praesentia numina, Fauni,
I ()
Pººr Ferte simul Faunique pedem Dryadesque puellae;
tām; O Faunique Dry-
adesque puellae, ferte
pedem simul:
Munera vestra cano.
Fudit equum magno tellus percussa tridenti,
Tuque Ö, cui prima frementem
14. Et, tu O Aristice, Neptune: et cultor memorum, cui pinguia Caeae
cultor nemorum, cui ter Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta juvenci:
Ipse nemus linquens patrium, saltusque Lycaei,
Pan ovium custos, tua si tibi Maenala curae,
Tegeaee, favens: oleaeque Minerva
centum nivei juvenci
16. Tu ipse, O Tegeaee
Pan, custos ovium, lin- Adsis, Č
quens patrium nemus, AdSIS, 9
15
NOTEs.
meton. for the water itself. Acheloža : an
adj. from Achelous, a river of Ætolia, sup-
posed by the ancients to have been the first
that arose out of the earth : hence put, fre-
quently, for water in general. Ceres, it is
said, taught men husbandry, and Bacchus,
the cultivation of the vine: to which the
words vestro munere allude. At the first,
men lived upon the spontaneous productions
of the earth.
10. Praesentia: in the sense of propitia.
11. Dryades. Nymphs or goddesses of the
woods, from a Greek word signifying an
oak. See Ecl. ii. 46.
14. JNeptune. Neptune, god of the sea,
and father of fountains and rivers. He was
the son of Saturn and Ops, and brother of
Jupiter and Pluto. In the division of the
world with his brothers, he obtained the em-
pire of the sea. He is said to have married
Amphitrite, the daughter of JWerews or Oce-
anus. He is said to have been the first who
tamed the horse. Hence the poets feign,
that when a dispute arose between him and
Minerva, respecting the name to ºffe given
to the city Athens, it was referrêt to the
gods for their decision; who declared it
should be called by the name of the party
that should confer on mankind the greatest
benefit; whereupon Neptune struck the earth
with his trident and produced the horse, a
warlike animal ; and Minerva with her
spear produced the olive, the emblem of
peace: upon which the case was given in
her favor. JYeptunus, by meton. is often
put for the sea. Cultor memorum. The per-
son here meant is Arista:us, the reputed son
of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, the daugh-
ter of Peneus, the god of the river Penews
in Thessaly. After his son Actaeon was torn
to pieces by dogs for looking upon Diana,
as she was bathing, Aristºus left Thebes,
and took up his residence in the island Caea,
one of the Cyclades. He is said to have
been the first, who taught mankind the cul-
tivation of bees. See Geor. iv. 317.
17. Si tua JManala, &c. The meaning is:
if you have a regard for Maenalus, Lycaeus,
and the rest of your mountains in Arcadia,
come and be propitious to my undertaking.
These mountains were sacred to Pan.
18. Tegeaee: an adj. from Tegea, a city of
Arcadia, sacred to Pan. JMinerva. Goddess
dess.
of wisdom and the liberal arts. She is said
to have been produced from the brain of Ju-
piter full grown, and immediately admitted
into the assembly of the gods; where she
distinguished herself by her wise counsel.
Her power was very great. She could hurl
the thunderbolts of Jupiter, prolong the lives
of men, and bestow the gift of prophecy.
JArachne, the daughter of 1dmon, a Lydian,
challenged the goddess to a trial of skill in
embroidery. She represented on her piece
the amours of Jupiter in a masterly man-
ner. She was, however, outdone, and ha-
ving hung herself through chagrin, was
changed into a spider by the victorious god-
Minerva took a very active part in
support of the Greeks at the siege of Troy,
and protected her favorite Ulysses in all his
dangers. Her worship was universally es-
tablished. She had magnificent temples
dedicated to her in most countries. Sais,
Rhodes, and Athens, were her favorite pla-
ces. She was variously represented ac-
cording to the characters in which she ap-
peared; but most generally with a helmet
on her head, and a large plume waving in
the air; with one hand holding a spear;
with the other a shield, having the head of
Medusa upon it. This shield was called
the AEgis. When she is represented as the
goddess of the liberal arts, she is covered
with a veil called the Peplum. She had a
very celebrated statue called the Palladium,
said to have been about three cubits in
height, and represented her sitting, and hold-
ing in her right hand a pipe, and in her left
a distaff and a spindle. It is said to have
fallen from heaven near the tent of Ilus,
as he was building the citadel of Troy, on
the preservation of which, the safety of that
city depended. It was carried off by Ulys-
ses and Diomede, who privately found a way
into the temple. It is said, however, that
the true palladium was not taken away,
but only a statue of similar shape; and
that Æneas carried the true one with him to
Italy. The olive-tree, the cock, the owl,
and the dragon, were sacred to her. She
had various names, and as various offices
and functions attributed to her. She was
called Athena, from the city of Athens, of
which she was the tutelar goddess: Pallas,
from a giant of that mame whom she slew :

GÉORGICA. LIB. I.
61
Inventrix, uncique puer monstrator aratri :
Et teneram ab radice ferens, Sylvane, cupressum :
Dique, Deaeque omnes, studium quibus arva tueri,
Quique novas alitis non ullo semine fruges,
Quique satis Margum coelo demittitis imbrem.
Tuque aded, quem mox quae sint habitura Deorum
Concilia, incertum est, urbesne invisere, Caesar,
Terrarumque velis curam: et te maximus orbis
Auctorem frugum, tempestatumque potentem ,
. Accipiat, cingens maternå tempora myrto :
An deus immensivenias maris, actua nautº
Numina sola colant: tibi serviat ultima Thule,
saltusque Lycaei, si tua
0 Manala sint tibi cure,
adsis favens: Tu que O
Minerva, inventrix
21. O omnes Dique
Deague, quibus est stu-
dium
24. Tuque aded O
Caesar, quem, incerturn
est, quae concilia Deo-
rum habitură sint mox:
ne velis invisere urbes,
et suscipere curam ter-
30 rarum:
Teque sibi generum Tethys emat omnibus undis.
Anne novum tardis sidus te mensibus addas,
Quà locus Erigonen inter Chelasque sequentes
Panditur: ipse tibijam brachia contrahit ardens
NOTES. O
or rather, from a Greek word signifying to
vibrate, because as goddess of war, she
brandished a spear in her right hand: Par-
thenos, because she preserved her chastity:
Tritona, because she was worshipped near a
lake of that name in Africa: Glaucopia, be-
cause she had blue eyes: Agorea, because
she presided over markets: Hippia, because
she taught mankind to manage the horse:
Stratia, and Area, because of her martial
character.
19. Puer. Triptolemus the son of Celeus,
king of Elusina, a city of Attica. He is
said to have taught the Greeks agriculture,
having himself been previously instructed
by Ceres. See Ecl. v. 79.
20. Sylvane. One of those demi-gods that
go under the general name of satyrs. He is
said to have been passionately fond of the boy
Cyparissus, who having, through mistake,
killed a deer, of which he was very fond,
pined away and died. He was changed into
the Cypress tree. See Ecl. 5. 73.
21. Studium: in the sense of cura.
22. JN on willo semine. Some read nonnullo
semine. But the former appears to be the
better; and it is supported by several an-
cient manuscripts, as Pierus informs us.
JNonullo semine: from no seed, that is, such
as spring up spontaneously. Heyne, after
Heinsius, reads non ullo semine.
24. Aded: in the sense of praecipué.
25. Urbes. The common reading is wrbis;
but as all interpreters agree that it is for
urbes, the acc. plu. I have ventured so to
write it. The nom. and acc. plu. of the
third declensions sometimes ended in eis,
which was contracted into is; as, omneis,
contracted omnis—urbeiz, contracted wrbis.
But there is no reason that it should be re-
tained in preference to the regular termina-
tion. Valpy reads wröes. .*
26. Maximus: the sup. in the sense of
the pos.: the great world.
27. Potentern : the ruler—one who has
power over: rectorem, says Ruasus. It has
here the force and efficacy of a substantive.
Tempestatum: in the sense of temporum.
28. JMaterna myrto. The myrtle tree was
sacred to Venus, the mother of AEneas, from
whom, according to Virgil, Caesar descended.
30. Thule. One of the Shetland islands
on the north of Scotland, the farthest land
westward known to the ancients. The poet,
therefore, calls it wiltima. Colant: in the
sense of adorent, vel precentur.
31. Tethys. The daughter of Caelus and
Terra, and wife of Oceanus. She was mo-
ther of the nymphs Oceanides; elegantly
put, by meton. for the sea itself.
32. Anne addas, &c. Or whether you
would add yourself a new constellation to the
slow summer months. The months are called
slow, because the days in the summer are
the longest, and so their motion appears the
slower; or rather, to speak philosophically,
because the earth moves slower in her orbit.
during the summer months. -
33. Erigonen. Erigone, the daughter of
Icarus, who, on account of the murder of her
father, hung herself for grief; but was
translated to heaven, and made the constel-
lation Virgo. Sequentes Chelas: the follow-
ing claws—the claws following the sign
Virgo. The Chelae were the claws or arms
of Scorpio, extending over, and occupying
the sign of Libra. The ancients at first
divided the Eclipticinto eleven parts, leaving
out the sign Libra, and giving to Scorpio a
space of the Zodiac equal to 60°. By re-
ducing it to an equality with the rest of the
signs, a space of 30° remained for Caesar, if
he chose to occupy it. -
34. Ardens: impatient—greatly desirous
of thy coming; rather than ardent, burn-
ing, &c. as it is sometimes rendered.
62
P. VIRGILII MARONS
t Scorpius, et coeli justä plus parte reliquit. 35
36. Quicquid Numen Quicquid eris (nam te nec sperent Tartara regem,
eris, da
Nec tibi regnandi veniat tam dira cupido:
Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia campos,
Nec repetita sequi curet Proserpina matreih)
Da facilem cursum, atque audacibus annue coeptis:
40
41. Tuque miseratus Ignarosque viae mecum miseratus agrestes
agrestesignarosviae,
cum ingredere
* Ingredere, et votis jam nunc assuesce vocari.
Were novo, gelidus canis cum montibus humor
Liquitur, et Zephyro putris se gleba resolvit;
* Depresso incipiat jam tum mihi taurus aratro
45
Ingemere, et sulco attritus splendescere vomer.
Illa seges demum votis respondet avari
Agricolae, bis quae solem, bis frigora sensit:
Illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes.
At prius ignotum ferro quâm scindimus aequor,
Wentos et varium coeli praediscere morem
50
52. Cura sit nobis prae- Cura sit, ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum:
discere
Et quid quaeque ferat regio, et quid quaeque recuset.
Hic segetes, illic veniunt feliciús uvae:
Arborei foetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt
Nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores,
Gramina.
55
58. At nudi Chalybes India mittit ebur, molles sua thura Sabiei ?
mittunt ad nos ferrum. At Chalybes nudi ferrum, virosaque Pontus
NOTES.
39. Proserpina. See Ecl. v. 79.
42. Ingredere: enter upon your office of a
god, and even now accustom yourself to be
invoked by vows.
43. Gelidus humor: here, ice or snow.
Humor is properly any kind of moisture or
liquor. Novo were. The poet advises the
husbandman to begin his ploughing in the
early part of the spring, as soon as the snow
melts from the mountains, and the earth be
sufficiently softened, that he may be in due
season with the work of the year.
45. Depresso aratro ; in the plough put,
or laid, deep in the earth. Or the words
may be put absolutely: the plough being
put deep in the earth.
48. Quº bis sensit, &c. Which feels twice
the summer, and twice the winter; that is,
lies fallow for two years together, or with-
out tillage. Seges: in the sense of terra,
vel ager, says Heyne.
49. Ruperunt. The sense seems to re-
quire the present; accordingly Ruteus hath
interpreted it by rumpunt; his immense
harvests burst his barns—his barns are not
capable of containing his crops.
50. AEquor: properly any plain or level
surface, whether land or water. Here used
in the sense of ager or campus. Ignotum :
cujus natura ignota est nobis,
51. Praediscereventos, &c. To learn before
hand the winds and the various qualities
of the weather—to observe, to what winds
the fields are most exposed, and whether
the climate be moist or dry, cold or hot.
JMorem coeli : naturam vel temperiem ačris,
says Heyne.
52. Patrios cultus: the culture of our
fathers. This is the sense of Davidson and
Heyne. Colendi rationer, probatam usu
majorum, says the latter. Ruaus says:
Propriam culturam. Habitus locorum: the
habits of the places—the habit or peculiar
nature of the various soils. Land, by being
tilled in a certain way, acquires an aptitude
to produce some kinds of grain better than
others. This is what is meant here.
54. Felicius: more luxuriantly.
55. Arborei fetus: nurseries, or young
trees. Faetus signifies the young of any
kind, animate or inanimate. Injussa: not
sown--spontaneously.
56. Tholus. A mountain in Phrygia, in
the confines of Lydia, famous for its saffron.
hence the epithet croceos.
57. JMolles Sabaei: the effeminate Sabe-
ans. These were a people inhabiting Ara-
bia Felix, which abounded in frankincense.
58. Chalybes nudi: the naked Chalybes
send us iron, and Pontus, &c. The Chaly-
bes were a people of Spain, according to
Justin; but of Pontus, according to Strabo,
said to have wrought naked, on account of
the heat of their furnaces, or forges. Hence
Chalybs came to signify the best kind of
iron and steel. Pontus. See Ecl. viii. 95
GEORGICA. LIB. I.
63
Castorea, Eliadum palmas Epirus equarum ?
Continuð has leges asternaque foedera certis
Imposuit natura locis, quo tempore primūm
Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem :
Unde homines nati, durum genus.
Ergö age, terræ
Pingue solum primis extempló a mensibus anni
Fortes invertant tauri: glebasque jacentes
Pulverulenta coquat maturis solibus aestas.
64. Extemplo à primus
65 mensibus anni fortes
tauri
At si non fuerit tellus foecunda, sub ipsum
Arcturum tenui sat erit suspendere sulco :
Illic officiant laetis ne frugibus herbae;
Hic, sterilem exiguus me deserat humor arenam.
Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales,
Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum.
Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra;
Unde priès laetum siliquà quassante legumen,
Aut tenues foetus vicia, tristisque lupini
Sustuleris fragiles calamos, sylvamgue sonantem.
Urit enim lini campum seges, urit avenae:
Urunt Lethaeo perfusa papavera somno.
70 §
71. Tu idem patiere
tonsas movales cessare
alternis annis, et
74. Unde pričis sustu-
leris latum legumen
75 quassante siliquá, aut
tenues foetus vicia, fra-
gilesque
77. Seges avenae urit
Cººl. ,
NOTES.
59. Virosa castorea: strong-scented castor.
According to Pliny, the castor was contain-
ed in the testicles of the beaver. But the
moderns have found that the castor is con-
tained in certain odoriferous glands about
the groin, and in both sexes. Epirus pal-
mas, &c. Epirus (produces) the victors of
the Olympic mares—produces those mares
that obtain the palm of victory in the
Olympic races. Palmas equarum ; Ruteus
says equas victrices in Olympico cursu. Epi-
rus, once a powerful kingdom, is bounded
by the Ionian sea on the south and west,
and by Thessalia, Macedonia, and Achaia
on the north and east, famous for its excel-
lent horses. Elidum : an adj. gen, plu.
from Elis, or Elea, a maritime country of
the Peloponnesus, the chief cities of which
were Elis, on the river Peneus, and Olympia,
on the river Alpheus, famous for the games
there celebrated in honor of Jupiter. They
were instituted 1458 years before Christ,
and celebrated every fifth year.
60. Faedera: in the sense of conditiones.
62. Deucalion. See Ecl. vi. 41.
63. JWał? : in the sense of ort, sunt.
66. Solibus: Sol, properly the sun, by me-
ton. heat. JMaluris: in the sense of vehe-
memlibus, vel ardentibus. Coquat: emoliat
et rarefaciat, says Heyne.
68. Sub ipsum Arcturum: about the rising
of Arcturus. This is a star of the first
magnitude in the constellation Bootes, near
the tail of the great Bear. The poet recom-
mends, if the soil be rich, to turn it up
with a deep furrow oarly, that it may lie
and bake through the heat of the summer;
but if the land be of a thin soil, and light,
will be sufficient to turn it up with a thin
furrow, and some time in the fall, about the
rising of Arcturus. In the former case,
(illuc) that the grass and weeds may not
injure the springing crop; in the latter case
(h?c) that the scanty moisture may not
leave the barren land.
71. Tonsas movales, &c. You should suffer
your reaped fallow grounds to rest every
other year. JNovalis terra, is properly new
ground, or ground newly broken up. Hence
it came to signify fallow ground, because
by resting it is recruited, and, as it were,
renewed.
72. Situ : with a sword. Situs here
means the grass, weeds, &c. which over-
spread the ground, and bind it down into
what is commonly called a sword. Campum
segmem: your field lying idle.
73. Sidere mutato: the year being changed.
Some copies read semine mutato. Sidus, in
the sense of annus, is frequently used by
Virgil.
#. Laetum : in the sense of fertile ve.
copiosum. Siliqua : in the rattling pod, or
shell.
75. Tristis: bitter. Tenues fetus, Ruasus
interprets by parva grana.
76. Sylvam. This word is frequently used
for a thick luxurious crop or growth of any
thing. -
78. Papavera perfusa : poppies impreg
nated with oblivious sleep, or possessing the
quality of causing sleep. Lethaeo: an adj.
from Lethe, a word of Greek origin, im
plying forgetfulness or oblivion. The
poets feigned it to be one of the rivers of
hell, the water of which the dead were said
to drink after they had been in the regions
below some time. It was represented as
64
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
79. Labor erit facilis Sed tamen alternis facilis labor : arida tantúm
alternis annis :
80. Tantúm nepudeat
fe saturare sola
Ne saturare firmo pingui pudeat sola; neve
Effoºtos cinerem immundum jactare per agros.
80
Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt foetibus arva.
Nec nulla interea est imaratae gratia terrae.
Saepe etiam steriles incendere profuit agros,
Atque levem stipulam crepitantibus urere flammis
85
Sive inde occultas vires et pabula terrae
Pinguia concipiunt; sive illis omne per ignem
Excoquitur vitium, atque exudat inutilis humor:
Seu plures calor ille vias, et cæca relaxat
9. Seu ille calor ma- Spiramenta, novas veniat quâ succus in herbas :
Seu durat magis, et venas astringit hiantes:
Ne tenues pluviae, rapidive potentia solis
Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat.
gis durat terram, et
92. Ne tenues pluviae
penetrent altiès; acriorve
potentia
90
95. Adeo ille juvat Multúm aded, rastris glebas qui frangitimertes,
arva multim, qui frangit Vimineasque trahit crates, juvatarva ; neque illum
Flava Ceres alto nequicquam spectat Olympo:
Et qui, procisso quaº suscitat a quore, terga
97. Et ille multim ju-
vat arva, qui perrumpit
terga, quae suscitat in
95
primo procisso equore, Rursus in obliquum verso perrumpit aratro:
aratro verso rursus in Exercetaue frequens tellurem, atque imperat arvis.
obliquum :
Humida solstitia atque hyemes orate serenas,
100
NOTES.
having the power of causing them to for-
get whatever they had done, seen, or heard
before. A river in Africa of that name,
which flowed under ground for some dis-
tance, and then rose to its surface, is sup-
posed to have given rise to this extravagant
fable.
79. Labor facilis. The meaning appears
to be this: that the above mentioned crops
may be sown every other year, notwith-
standing their injurious qualities, provided
the land be well manured.
80. Arida sola: dry or thirsty soils.
81. Effoºtos : worn out—exhausted.
82. Faetibus: in the sense of segetibus.
83. JWec nulla gratia est imarata terrae :
nor, in the mean time is there no gratitude
in the land untilled—left fallow every other
€ar. -
The whole of this section contains a num-
ber of excellent precepts and instructions for
the husbandman. In the first place, he ad-
vises the farmer to let his land rest every
other year; or, if he cannot do that with
convenience, then to change the crops, and
to sow wheat after the several kinds which he
mentions, but not to sow flax, oats, or pop-
pies: for these burn and impoverish the
land. He says, notwithstanding this, they
may be sown in turn, provided care be taken
to recruit and enrich the land by manure.
The poet concludes by observing, that if the
ground be left fallow, as he at first advised,
instead of being sown with any of those
grains, it would not be ungrateful—it would
abundantly repay the farmer for this indul-
gence.
86. Sive inde, &c. The poet here gives
four reasons for the farmer's firing his lands.
1. That they might hence receive an in-
crease of nutriment. 2. That the noxious
moisture might be dried up to them. 3.
That the close and dense soil might be loosen-
ed. And 4. That the loose soil might be
rendered closer. This he founds upon the
principle of those philosophers who taught
that fire was the universal element.
88. Witium ; the bad quality.
90. Spiramenta caeca : secret avenues, or
passages, by which moisture is drawn into
the new plants.
93. Penetrabvle: in the sense of penetrans,
penetrating—searching. Rapidi: in the
sense of ardentis.
97. Et qui, &c. The poet recommends
to the farmer to harrow his ground well,
before he commit the seed to it; but if it be
hard and obstinate, and lie up in ridges,
(terga) so that it will not yield to the har-
row, then it will be profitable to plough it
again crosswise. Proscisso aequore: in break
ing up his field. Suscitat ; raises up—
makes.
99. Eacercet, &c. He exercises his land
frequently, and commands his fields. This
is a metaphor taken from a general training
or exercising his troops giving them com-
mands, and dispensing discipline among
them.
100. Solstitia ; summers
GEORGICA. LIB. l.
65
Agricolae: hyberno laetissima pulvere farra,
Laetus ager: nullo tantūm se Mysia cultu
Jactat, et insa suas mirantur Gargara messes.
Quid dicam, jacto qui Semine cominūs arva
Insequitur, cumulosque ruit malê pinguis arenae :
101. Farra Sumt lactis-
sima hyberno pulvere:
ager est lietus
104. Quid dicam de
105 eo, qui
Deinde satis fluvium inducit, rivosque sequentes?
Et clim exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis,
Ecce, supercilio clivosi tramitis undam
Elicit: illa cadens raucum per levia murmur
Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva.
Quid, qui, ne gravidis procumbat culmus aristis,
Luxuriem segetum tenerá depascit in herbă,
Cúm primūm sulcos &quant sata ? quique paludis
Collectum humorem bibulá deducit arena Ž
Praesertim incertis si mensibus amnis abundans
Exit, et obducto laté tenet omnia limo,
110
111. Quid dicam de
illo, qui, ne culmus pro-
cumbat gravidis aristis,
depascit
113. Quique deducit
115 humorem collectum in-
star paludis bibulá arenå
Unde cavae tepido Sudant humore lacunae.
Nectamen (haec clim sint hominumque, boumque abores
Versando terram experti) nihil improbus anser,
Strymoniaeque grues, et amaris intuba fibris,
Pater ipse colendi
Officiunt, aut umbra nocet.
101. Farra: in the sense of segetes.
102. JMysia. There were two countries
of this name: the one in Europe, and bound-
ed on the north by the Danube; the other
in Asia Minor, near the Propontis and Hel-
lespont. The latter is here meant. Mysia
delights herself so much in no cultivation,
as in moist summers and dry winters—no
culture renders her so fruitful, as to have
moist, &c. .
103. Gargara: neu. plu. A part of mount
ſda, the country near which was much famed
for its fertility.
104. Quid dicam, &c. What shall I say of
him, who, the seed being sown, closely plies
his fields, and breaks down the ciods or
ridges (cumulos) of his barren soil? For malé
pinguis; Ruteus says, male compactſe; and
Valpy, too rich and adhesive. Ruit: in the
sense of frangit.
106. Sequentes rivos: in the sense of flu-
entes rivulos. *
108. Ecce, elicit aquam, &c. Lo! he leads
down a stream of water from the brow of
a hilly tract. AEstuat: is parched, or burn-
ed
110. Scatebris: with its streams, or rills.
Temperat: Ruteus says, humectat.
114. Quique deducit. The probable mean-
ing of this passage is: that the husbandman,
for the purpose of watering his fields in the
dry season, should form reservoirs or ponds,
by collecting into them the water that fell
in the rainy season. He had already ad-
vised the plan of bringing water from the
higher grounds upon his fields. But where
that could not be done, he advises to substi-
tute the reservoir or pond, as the only alter-
120
121. Colendi terram
NOTES.
native. This appears to be the opinion of
Heyne. Humorem: in the sense of aquam.
115. Incertis mensibus: in the variable
months—those months when the weather
is most changeable. -
118. JVec tamen, &c. Though the farmer
be never so careful in the culture of his land,
the poet reminds him not to stop there.
After the crop is put into the ground, it still
requires his attention. For the foul or
greedy goose, the Thracian cranes, the suc-
cory, or endive, as also the shade, injure it
The two negatives, nec–nihil, amount to an
affirmative.
120. Strymoniae: an adj. from Strymon, a
river in the confines of Macedonia and
Thrace, where cranes abounded.
121. Pater ipse voluit: father Jupiter him-
self willed that the way of cultivating the
earth should not be easy. He was fabled to
have been the son of Saturn and Ops; and
called the father of gods, and king of men.
Saturn, who received the kingdom of the
world from his brother Titan, on the condi-
tion of his raising no male offspring, devour-
ed his sons as soon as they were born; but
his mother, regretting that so fair a child
should be destroyed, concealed him from
his father, as she also did Neptune and Pluto,
and intrusted him to the care of the Cory-
bantes, or Curetes, who educated him on
mount Ida, in Crete. As soon as he came
to mature years, he made war against the
Titans, who had made his father a prisoner.
He was victorious and set him at liberty.
But growing jealous of his son's power, he
conspired against him; whereupon Jupiter
expelled him from his kingdom, and he fled
6
66
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Haud facilem esse viam voluit, primusque per artem
Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda: -
Nec torpere gravi passus sua regna veterno.
Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni:
125
Nec signare quidem, aut partiri limite campum
Fas erat: in medium quaerebant: ipsaque tellus
Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat.
Ille malum virus serpentibus addidit atris,
Prædarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri,
130
Mellaque decussit foliis, ignemdue removit,
Et passim rivis currentia vina repressit:
Ut varias usus meditando extunderet artes
Paulatim, et sulcis frumenti quaereret herbam,
Et silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem.
13b
Tunc alnos primúm fluvii sensére cavatas:
Navita tum stellis numeros et nomina fecit,
138. Appellans
Pleiadas
eas Pleiadas, Hyadas, claramque Lycaonis Arcton.
Tum laqueis captare feras, et fallere visco,
Inventum ; et magnos canibus circumdare saltus.
140
Atque alius latum funda jam verberat amnem
NOTES.
for safety to Italy, where Janus was king.
After this, Jupiter divided the empire of the
world with his two brothers, reserving to him-
self the empire of heaven and earth. The
Giants, the offspring of the earth, to avenge
the death of the Titans, whom Jupiter slew,
rebelled against him. Piling mountains, one
upon another, they hoped to scale heaven
itself, and attack Jupiter in person. He,
however, completely vanquished them, and
inflicted on them the severest punishment
for their crimes. He married his sister Juno,
who was very jealous of him, and sometimes
very troublesome. His power was the most
extensive of any of the gods. His worship
was general, and surpassed that of any of
the gods in dignity and solemnity. He had
several celebrated oracles, but that at Do-
dona, in Epirus, and at Ammon, in Lybia, per-
haps took the lead. He had several names,
chiefly derived from the places where he was
worshipped, and from his offices and func-
tions. He was called Hospitalis, because
he was the protector of strangers; Optimus,
because he was the best; JMacimus, because
he was the greatest; Olympius, because he
was worshipped at Olympia, &c. Jupiter,
is sometimes put for the air, or weather.
123. JMovit: in the sense of coluit.
124. Gravi veterno. Veternus, or veternum,
is a disease causing a stupor both of mind
and body, something like the lethargy.
Torperegravimeterno, is highly metaphorical.
Veterno: in the sense of olio, vel desidia,
says Rugeus.
131. Removit ignem: he removed fire from
the sight of men, and concealed it in the
veins of the flint. Prometheus is said to
have stolen it from heaven, because it was
found necessary to man. Decussit : he
shook off the honey from the leaves, i.e. he
caused the honey to cease.
133. Ut wsus eactunderet : that experience,
by observation, might find out the various
arts by degrees.
134. Sulcis: by agriculture—by the plough.
136. Cavatas almos: simply, boats; be-
cause, at first, they were made of the alder-
tree.
138. Pleiadas: acc. plu. of Greek termi-
nation. They are seven stars in the neck
of Taurus, and are called Pleiades, from a
Greek word signifying, to sail; because by
their rising, they indicated the proper time
to put to sea. They were sometimes called
.Atlantides, from Atlas, a king of Maurita-
nia, whose daughters they were fabled to
be, by the nymph Plešone. The Romans
sometimes called them Vergiliae. Their
names were, Electra, Alcymoč, Celaeno, Sle-
rope, Taygeta, JMaia, and JMerope. Hyadas.
These are seven stars in the front of Taurus,
so called from a Greek word signifying, to
rain. They were fabled to have been the
daughters of Atlas and AEthra. Refusing
consolation for the death of their brother
Hyas, who was slain by a lion, Jupiter, ta-
king pity on them, changed them into as
many stars. Their names are Ambrosia,
Eudoaca, Pasithoé, Cirone, Pleasauris, Pytho,
and Syche. Arcton. A constellation near
the north pole, called the Ursa Major. Ly-
caon was a king of Arcadia, whose daugh-
ter Calisto, out of jealousy, was transform-
ed by Juno into a bear; and Jupiter, for his
regard to her, translated her in that form to
heaven, and made her the constellation
JArcton.
GEORGICA. LIB I
67
Alta petens, pelagoque alius trahit humida lina.
Tum ferri rigor, atque argutae lamina serrae :
(Nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum)
Labor omnia vincit
Tum variae venère artes.
144. Primi homune:
Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egestas.
Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram
Instituit: cum jam glandes atque arbuta sacrae
|Deficerent sylvae, et victum Dodona negaret
Mox et frumentis labor additus; ut mala culmos
Esset rubigo, Segnisque horreret in arvis
Carduus : intereunt segetes, subit aspera sylva,
Lappaeque, tribulique: interque nitentia culta
Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae.
Quðd nisi et assiduis terram insectabere
Et sonitu terrebis aves, et rurls opaci
Falce premes umbras, votisque vocaveris imbrem:
Heu, magnum alterius frustrà spectabis
Concussāque famem in sylvis solabere quercu.
Dicendum, et quae sint duris agrestibus arma :
Queis siné, nec potuere seri, nec surgere messes.
Womis, et inflexi primūm grave robur aratri,
Tardaque Eleusinae matris wolventia plaustra,
Tribulaque, trahebeque, et iniquo pondere rastri:
Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex,
145
150
rastris, 155
acervum,
160 160. Dicendum ent
nobis, et qua
#62. Primúm vomis, et
grave
165
Arbutea crates, et mystica wannus Iacchi.
NOTES.
142. Petens alta: seeking the deep parts
of the sea, or river. Altum, when it is used
for the sea, properly signifies the channel,
or the deepest part of it; while pelagus pro-
j signifies that part of the sea near the
land.
143. Tum rigor ferri : then the hardening
of iron, and the blade of the grating saw,
were invented.
145. Improbus labor constant, perseve-
ring labor overcomes all difficulties. Dw-
ris rebus: in poverty. Egestas: in the sense
of necessitas. Wenére: in the sense of in-
wentſ& Sunt.
148. Arbuta : the fruit of the arbute tree.
Dodona: a famous grove in Epirus, abound-
ing in mast trees. See Ecl. ix. 13.
150. Labor: in the sense of morbus, dis-
ease. JMala rubigo esset : that the noxious
mildew should consume the stalks. Esset,
for ederet.
152. Segnis carduus : the useless thistle
Wave, or look rough. Sylva. See 76, supra.
153. Lappte: burrs, a species of herb.
Tribuli ; the brambles—land-caltrops. In-
felic: noxious—injurious.
154. Dominantur: bear rule—have the
ascendency.
157. Premes umbrass you should trim off
the limbs (of the trees) of a shaded field,
&c. Umbras: in the sense of ramos, by
meton
159. Solabere famem, &c. The poet as-
sures the farmer that, unless he follow the
directions just given, he will behold the
abundant crops of his neighbor, while his
will fail him, and he be under the necessity
of allaying the craving of nature upon no-
thing better than acorns.
160. Arma : implements, tools, &c. neces-
sary to the farmer. Et: in the sense of
quoque.
163. Tarda volventia: the slow-moving
wagons of mother Ceres. Elusinſe; an adj
from Eleusis, a city of Attica, where she
was worshipped. Inflexi : in the sense of
Cº/Tº)2. .
164, Tribula. This was a kind of sledge
or carriage, used among the ancients to thresh
their corn with. It was pointed with iron,
and drawn over the grain by oxen. Trahea.
This was an instrument something like the
tribulum, and made use of for the same
purpose; a sledge.
164. Iniquo: Ruteus says, magno.
165. Wilis virgeague supellew: the cheap
or common wicker-baskets. Celei: Celeus
was the father of Triptolemus, whom Ceres,
it is said, instructed in the art of tillage and
husbandry. See Ecl. v. 79. -
166. Arbutea crates: hurdles of the ar-
bute tree. Pannus ; a sieve, or winnowing
machine. It is called mystica, mystic, be-
cause used in the mysteries of Bacchus,
Iacchi : Iacchus, a name of Bacchus.
68
P. VIRGILIſ MARONIS
Omnia quae multö anté memor provisa repones,
Site digna manet divini gloria ruris.
169. Continuo in syl-Continué in Sylvis magnâ vi flexa domatur
et curvi formam accipit ulmus aratri.
* Huic a stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo,
vis flexa ulmus domaiur In burim,
magna vi in burim,
accipit
170
* †. Huie bur; temo Binge aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso.
protentus a stirpe in octo Caeditur et tilia antë jugo levis, altaque fagus,
pedes aptatur ;
duplici dorso aptantur.
binae Stivaque, quae currus à tergo torqueat imos ;
aures, et dentalia cum Et suspensa focis explorat robora fumus.
Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre,
175
Ni refugis, tenuesque piget cognoscere curas.
178. Cum primisrebus Area cum primisingenti aquanda cylindro,
area est aquanda in- Et vertenda manu, et cretà solidanda tenaci :
genti
Ne subeant herbae, neu, pulvere victa fatiscat:
Tum variae illudunt pestes.
180
Saepe exiguus mus
Sub terris posuitclue domos, atque horrea fecit .
Aut oculis capti fodère cubilia talpae.
184. Bufo inventus est Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae
cºis, et Plurima mon- Monstra ferunt: populataue ingentem farris acervum
stra, quae
Curculio, atque inopi metuens formica Senectae.
186
Contemplator item, cum se nux plurima sylvis
NOTES.
167. Omnia quae memor: all which things,
being provided long before hand, you should
be mindful to lay up.
168. Divini ruris. The country is here
called divine, either on account of its inno-
cence and happiness, or because it was ori-
ginally the habitation of the gods. Gloria:
reward. Rugeus says, laws; for divini, he
says, beati.
171. Stirpe: from the back part, or bot-
tom. t
172. Binae aures : two mould or earth
boards, one on each side of the temo, or
beam. The poet here mentions the several
parts of the plough. The buris, or bura,
was the part which the ploughman held in
his left hand—the plough tail. The dentale,
the chip, or part of the plough to which the
vomer, or share, is fastened. Duplici dorso :
with a double back. Some understand du-
plea in the sense of latus; but there is no
need of this. The plough, which the poet
is describing, is altogether of a singular
kind to us. It had two mould-boards; two
chips or share-beams we might supposed it
to have had, one on each side of the temo,
or main beam, which, being joined together,
might not improperly be said to form a
double back. Stiva : the handle, which the
ploughman holds in his right hand.
173. Et levis tilia. Tilia, the linden, or
lime-tree. It is a light wood, and therefore
more suitable for the plough. -
174. Quaº torqueat ; which may turn the
lowest wheels from behind—may turn the
extreme or hinder part of the plough. The
plough here described we may suppose run
upon wheels, which is the reason of the
poet's calling it currus, a carriage. Rugeus
says: quibusdam in regionibus aratrum in-
struitur rotis; but commentators are by no
means agreed as to the form and construc-
tion of this plough of the poet.
175. Fumus ea:plorat. Wood seasoned in
the way here mentioned will be less liable
to crack or split, than if seasoned in the
usual way, in the sun and open air.
180. Victa pulvere : overcome with dry-
ness, should crack. Pulvere. Rugeus says:
siccitate, quad creat pulverem.
181, Tum : in the sense of praetered.
183. Talpa capti oculis. Talpa, the mole,
a small animal, supposed to have no eyes,
and living chiefly under the ground.
184. Bufo : the toad. JMonstrum, pro-
perly signifies any thing contrary to the
ordinary course of nature ; also, any mis-
chievous animal, whether man or brute;
which is the meaning here.
186. Curculio : the weavel; a mischievous
animal among grain.
187. Contemplator item, &c. Observe in
like manner when the nut-tree in the woods
clothes itself abundantly with blooms. Of
the nut-tree, there are several kinds. . The
one here meant is supposed to be the Ar-
mygdala, or almond-tree, because its flow-
ers or blossoms were supposed to be an in-
dication of the fertility of the year. Plu-
'rima: an adj. Sup, agreeing with nua.
This construction frequently occurs, and is
more elegantly translated by its correspond
ing adverb. -
GEORGICA. LIB. I.
69
Induet in florem, et ramos curvabit olentes:
Si superant foetus, pariter frumenta sequentur,
Magnaque cum magno veniet tritura calore.
At si luxuriá foliorum exuberat umbra,
Nequicquam pingues paleå teret area culmos.
Semina widi equidem multos medicare serentes,
Et nitro priès et nigrá perfundere amurcă,
Grandior ut foetus siliquis fallacibus esset.
Et quamvis igni exiguo properata maderent,
Widi lecta diu, et multo spectata labore,
Degenerare tamen; ni vis humana quotannis
Maxima quaeque manu legeret: sic omnia fatis
In pejus ruere, ac retrô sublapsa referri.
Non aliter quâm qui adverso vix flumine lembum
Remigils subigit: si brachia forté remisit,
Atque illum in præceps prono rapit alveus amni
Praeterea tam sunt Arcturi sidera nobis,
Hoedorumque dies servandi, et lucidus anguis;
Quàm quibus in patriam ventosa per aequora vectis
Pontus et ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi.
Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas,
194. Equidem widi
multos serentes medi-
190 care semina, et prius
quêm sérent, perfundere
ea nitro et nigra amur-
ca, ut
196. Quamvis semina
properata exiguo igni
maderent; tamen vidi
° ea lecta diu, et spectata
multo labore, degene-
rare; ni
* 199. Sic vide omnia
fatis ruere in pejus, ae
200 sublapsa referri retrö.
202. Si forte remisit
brachia, ruit et sublapsus
refertur retrô, atque al-
veus rapit illum in præ-
ceps prono amni. -
206. Quâm iis vectis
per ventosa aquora in
swam patriam, quibus
Pontus et ostriferi fau-
ces Abydi
205
NOTES.
189. Foetus: in the sense of flores.
190. JMagno calore. Calor here seems to
paean the sweat and heat of the laborer or
thresher, rather than the heat of the summer.
191. At si wrmbra : but if the boughs
abound in a luxuriancy of leaves, in vain,
&c. The meaning seems to be this: that
if the blossoms upon the tree shall exceed
the leaves, then you may expect a plentiful
crop. But if, on the contrary, the leaves be
the most numerous, you may expect a scan-
ty crop—a crop rich only in husks and
chaff. Umbra: in the sense of rami.
193. Serentes: part. of the verb, sero,
taken as a substantive: Sowers. The poet
here gives the husbandman to understand
that the greatest care is to be taken in se-
lecting his seeds; that it is sometimes use-
ful to impregnate them with other qualities
to prevent them from degenerating; and
sometimes to soak and steep them over a
slow fire, in order to hasten their sprouting
and coming forward. And although care
be taken in the selection, they will be found
nevertheless to degenerate: and all that
remains for him to do, is, to select every
year with his own hand the fairest and best
seeds; and in this way only he may keep
his crops from degenerating to any great
extent. This advice is worthy the atten-
tion of every farmer.
194, Perfundere; this may either mean
to sprinkle them (semina) over with, or put
them into. Ruteus says, spargere.
195. Fallacibus. The pods or ears are
called fallacious, because they are some-
times large, when there is very little in
them. Foetus : the grain or produce.
2 tors.
198. Humana vis: human care. In the
sense of homines. Unless men should se-
lect with the hand, &c. Ruapus says, homi-
num industria.
201. Adverso flumine: against the cur-
rent.
203. Atque. Rugeus, on the authority of
Gellius, takes atque in the sense of statim.
Davidson and Heyne take it in its usual
signification as a conjunction, supposing an
ellipsis of the words: ille ruit ac sublapsus
refertur retrö. And carries him headlong
down the strèam. Alveus : properly the
channel or bed of a river; here, the river in
general: the current, or impetus of the wa-
ter; by meton.
205. Haedi. Two stars in the shoulder of
•Auriga, a constellation in the heavens.
Lucidus Angwis ; a constellation called Dra-
co. The poet here intimates that it is the
duty of the farmer to observe the stars, and
the various signs of the weather; and that
he will find it as useful to him in the course
of his business, as it is to the mariner.
207. Fauces Abydi. The Hellespont or
straits, which separate Europe from Asia:
called ostriferi, because abounding in Oys-
Jäbydus : a city on the Asiatic shore,
over against Sestus. Tentantwr: in the
sense of navigantur.
208. Die : for Diei. The gen, of the
fifth declension was sometimes thus written,
Somni, is elegantly put for noctis. Ubi Li-
bra fecerit. Libra is one of the signs of the
zodiac, which the sun enters the 23d of
September; at which time he is on the equa
tor, and makes the days and nights equal.
70
P. VIRGILIH MARONIS
Et medium luci atque umbris jam dividit orbem
Exercete, viri, tauros, serite hordea campis,
219
Usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem
Necnon et lini segetem et Cereale papaver
213. Tempusest tegere Tempus humo tegere, et jamdudum incumbere rastris,
* *gº lºº. 9°- Dum sicca tellure licet, dum nubila pendent.
reale papaver humo
214. Dum licet tibi
Were fabis satio : tum te quoque, Medica, putres
215
facere id, tellure sicca, Accipiunt Sulci ; et milio venit annua cura:
et dum
Candidus auratis aperit clim cornibus annum
215. Satio fabis est in Taurus, et averso cedens canis occidit astro.
Vere: tum
At si triticeam in messem robustaque farra
Exercebis humum, Solisque instabis aristis:
220
Anté tibi Eoa Atlantides abscondantur,
Gnossiaque ardentis decedat stella coronae;
Debita quâm sulcis committas semina, quâmque
Invitae properes anni spen credere terrae.
225. Multi coepere se- Multi ante occasum Maiae coepére: sedillos
Expectata seges vanis elusit aristis.
Tere ante
225
Si veró vicianque seres, vilemgue faselum,
NOTES.
211. Brumſe: properly the shortest day
of winter, or the winter solstice: this is its
meaning here. By synec. it is sometimes
put for the whole winter. The meaning is,
that the farmer may extend his sowing as
late as the winter solstice, which is about
the 21st of December. Intractabilis : in the
sense of dura, vel aspera.
212. Cereale: an adj. from Ceres. The
poppy was so called, most probably, because
it was consecrated to her. Her statues
were generally adorned with it. JVecnon:
in the sense of quoque. -
213. Incumbere rastris: to ply the har-
rows. The poet is speaking of sowing, or
committing to the earth the several crops:
which could not be done till after the
ploughing. Besides it requires dry weather
to use the harrow : to which reference is
made in the following line. But the plough
may be used in wet weather. Heyne reads
aratris. But he informs us that Heinsius,
Pierius, and others read rastris, which the
sense seems to require.
214. Pendent: in the sense of suspensa
-- St/? ..!.
215. JMedica. A species of grass, or plant,
brought into Greece by the Medes in the
time of the Persian wars. Hence called
medica, now lucerne. It made the best pro-
vender for cattle, and when sown, it is said
to last in the ground thirty years.
216. JMilio. The milium was a species of
grass, or plant, which required to be sown
every year. Hence annua cura. Now call-
ed millet. & ^-
218. Cwm candidus Tawrus. Taurus is a
sign of the ecliptic. The sun enters it about
the 21st of April. The year was commonly
thought to be opened by Aries, or the
month of March: but Virgil dissents from
the received opinion, and assigns it to Taw-
rus, or the month of April; because, as the
etymology of the word implies, all nature
seems to be released from the fetters of win-
ter, and vegetation opens and shoots forth.
Canis cedens, &c. The dog giving way to
the retrograde sign, sets. Sirius (commonly
called the dog star) is a star in the mouth of
the great dog, a constellation in the hea-
vens. Averso Astro. Astrum here is the
constellation or sign Argo, which immedi-
ately follows the dog, and sets after him.
It rises with its stern foremost, and in that
manner goes through the heavens, contrary
to the ordinary motion of a ship. The epi-
thet averso, inverted, or turned about, is
very proper.
221. Eoce Atlantides. The morning Ple-
iades; that is, when they set in the morn-
ing, or go below the horizon about the ri-
sing of the sun. This is called their cosmi-
cal setting. See 138. Supra.
222. Coronte. The Corona is a constella-
tion in the heavens called Ariadne’s Crowni.
Gnossia: an adj. from Gnossus, a town in
the island of Crete, where JMinos reigned,
whose daughter Ariadne was carried off by
Theseus, and left in the island JWavus, where
she married Bacchus. At the time of their
nuptials, among the other presents she re-
ceived from the gods, was a Corona or
crown from Venus; which Bacchus trans-
lated to the heavens. Ardentis: in the
sense of splendentis. .
225. JMaide. The name of one of the Pleš.
ades, by synec, put for the whole of them.
227. Pician. The vicia is a species of
pulse called the vetch. Faselum.: the fase-
lus was a kind of pulse, common and
GEORGICA. LIB. I. *
71
Nec Pelusiacae curam aspernabere lentis;
Haud obscura cadens mittet tibi signa Bootes:
Incipe, et ad medias sementem extende pruinas.
Idcirco certis dimensum partibus orbem
Per duodena regit mundi Sol aureus astra.
Quinque tenent coeliim zona : quarum una corusco
Semper Sole rubens, et torrida semper ab igni:
Quam circum extrema: dextrá lavāque trahuntur,
Coeruleå glacie concretae atque imbribus atris.
Has inter mediamdue, dua, mortalibus aegris
Munere concessae Divām, et via secta per ambas,
Obliquus quâ se signorum verteret ordo.
Mundus ut ad Scythiam Riphaeasque arduus arces
Consurgit; premitur Libya devexus in Austros.
Hic vertex nobis semper sublimis; at illum
Sub pedibus Styx atra widet, Manesque profundi.
Maximus hic flexu sinuoso elabitur anguis
Circiim, perque duas in morem fluminis Arctos:
Arctos, Oceani metuentes a quore tingi.
230 231. Idcirco aureus
Sol regit orbem dimen
sum certis partibus per
duodena astra mundi.
234. Quarum una 20ma
est semper rubens
235. Circiim quam duo
extrema zonſe trahuntur
dextrálavāque, concretae
237. Inter has duas,
mediamdue zonam, dua
aliq concessa sunt Begris
mortalibus munere D1-
vām; et via secta est per
ambas, quá
244. Hic (ad sublimen
polum) Maximus anguis
elabitur circlim polum
sinuoso flexu, extendens
que
235
940
245
NOTES.
cheap, which is the meaning of vilis, in
this place.
228. Lentis. The lens was a kind of pulse,
which abounded in Egypt, and particularly
at Pelusium, a town situated near the east-
ern mouth of the Nile. Hence the adj. Pe-
lusiaca.
229. Bootes . cadens : the Bootes setting
will give, &c. Bootes, a star in the constel-
lation of the same name, near the north
pole. It sets acronically, or with the sun,
about the beginning of November; and cos-
mically, or at the time of his rising, about
the beginning of March. The former is
here meant. JMittet: in the sense of dabit.
232. Duodena astra. Astronomers divide
the ecliptic, or the circle in which the sun
appears to move, into 12 equal parts, called
signs, and each of these signs into 30 equal
parts called degrees. A space 8 degrees in
breadth on each side of this circle is called
the zodiac, because it contains the 12 con-
stellations, which take the names of certain
animals: as Aries, Taurus, &c. It also con-
tains the orbits of the planets.
233. Quinque zona. Geographers divide
the surface of the earth into five grand por-
tions called zones: one of which they de-
nominate the torrid or burning; two the
temperate; and two the frozen zones. The
torrid is that portion of the earth's surface
included between the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn. In every part of which the sun
is vertical twice in every year. The ancients
supposed it to be uninhabitable on account
of its great heat. Those parts of the earth's
surface that lie between the two tropics and
polar circles, are denominated the tempe-
rate zones. The two frozen zones embrace
. parts between the polar circles and the
901&S. -
235. Trahuntur: are extended—stretched
out.
239. Obliquus ordo : the ecliptic. It is
called obliquus, because it makes an angle
with the equator. The quantity of the angle
is 230 28’.
240. Scythiam: a vast country lying to-
ward the arctic circle. See Ecl. i. 66. Ri
phaeas arces : the Riphaean mountains. An
extensive range stretching along the north
of Europe, and covered with perpetual snow.
Ut as. In austros : simply, to the south.
242. Hic verter. The poles are two ima-
ginary points in the heavens directly in a
line with the axis of the earth. On the
equator these points are in the horizon. In
all places on the north of the equator, the
north pole is visible; while the south pole
will be depressed below the horizon. Illum :
the south pole.
244. JMaximus anguis. The dragon,
(Draco,) the keeper of the garden of the
Hesperides, after he was killed by Hercu-
les, was translated to heaven, and made a
constellation near the north pole. With his
tail he touches Ursa major, and with the
flexure of his body embraces Ursa minor:
the greater and lesser bears : here called
•Arctos. This will be seen by looking upon
a celestial globe. -
246. Arctos metuentes : fearing to be
touched in the waters of the ocean. The
elevation of the pole at any given place is
always equal to the latitude of that place.
Consequently all those stars that are near-
er the pole than the distance any place is
from the equator in degrees, will not set be-
low the horizon at that place, but continue
to revolve about the pole. This is the case
with the two constellations here mentioned,
in the latitude of Italy
*
72
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
t
247. Illic, (ad austra. Illic, ut perhibent, aut intempesta silet nox
lem polum) ut perhibent
homºnes, aut
Semper, et obtentà densantur nocte teneorae .
Aut redit à nobis Aurora, diemgue reducit ;
Nosque ubi primus equis oriens afflavit anhelis, 250
Illic sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper.
Hinc tempestates dubio praedicere coelo
Possumus ; hinc messisque diem, tempusque serendi,
Et quando infidum remis impellere marmor
Conveniat; quando armatas deducere classes,
255
Aut tempestivam sylvis evertere pinum.
Nec frustrà signorum obitus speculamur et Ortus,
Temporibusque paren diversis quatuor annum.
259. Si quando frigi- Frigidus agricolam si quando continet imber :
*imber ontinet agri. Multa, forent quae mox coelo properanda sereno,
Maturare datur: durum procudit arator
Womeris obtusi dentem; cavat arbore lintres:
Aut pecori signum, aut numeros impressit acervis.
colam domi, twmc tempus
datur maturare multa,
quae mox forent prope-
randa, coelo sereno:
260
Exacuunt alii vallos, furcasque bicornes,
Atque Amerina parant lentæ retinacula viti.
265
Nunc facilis rubeå texatur fiscina virgå :
.* Nunc torrete igni fruges, nunc frangite saxo.
Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus
Fas et jura sinunt: rivos deducere nulla
Religio vetuit, segeti praetendere sepem,
Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres,
270
Balantümque gregem fluvio mersare salubri.
NOTES.
248. Densantur: is thickened—rendered
still more dark, night being extended, or
lengthened out. At the poles there are six
months day, and six months might, alter-
nately.
249. Aurora : Aurora returns to them,
from us. She was goddess of the morning,
the daughter of Titan and Terra. She fell
in love with Tithonus, the son of Laome-
don, king of Troy, by whom she had JMem-
non, who came to assist Priam against the
Greeks, and was slain by Achilles. She
obtained for her lover immortality; but for-
got, at the same time, to ask for perpetual
youth and beauty. At last he grew old
and infirm; and requested her to remove
him from the world; but as that could not
be done, she is said to have changed him
into a grasshopper: which, as often as it
grows old, renews its age. By meton. ele-
gantly put for the morning.
250. Oriens: in the sense of Sol.
255. Deducere: to launch the armed fleets.
JMarmor: in the sense of mare.
256. Tempestivam: seasonable—denoting
the time proper for cutting the pine. Ever-
tére: in the sense of cardere.
261. JMaturare: to do in season—or, at
leisure.
262, Dentem: the edge of his dull or
plunt share. Lintres. These were vessels
dug out of the solid body of trees—troughs
—bowls, &c. & - -
263. Signum : in the sense of notas. Acer-
vis. Acervus is a heap or pile of any thing
—a heap of grain. Here, probably, it is
taken for the sacks or bags that contained
the grain.
265. Amerina retinacula : osier strings,
to fasten the limber vine. Amerina : an
adj. from Ameria, a town in Umbria, a
spacious country in Italy, where osiers
àbounded. .
266. Rubea virgá: with the osier or wick-
er twig. Rubea : an adj. probably from
Rubi, a town of Campania, near which the
virga, or wicker abounded. Dr. Trapp un-
derstands it in this sense, and as a reason
for so doing, he observes that rubeus, from
rubus, the bramble, is no where found.
Heyne is of the same opinion.
267. Torrete : dry. Fruges: grain—corn.
269. Fas et Jura simunt eacercere, &c.
There is a difference of signification between
fas and jus. The former implies a divine
law, or what may be done, or is permitted
to be dome, by the laws of God. The lat-
ter a natural right—or a law founded in
reason—common law. Deducere rivos : to
drain the water from his fields.
272. Balantúm : gen. plu. of the pres. part.
of balo, here used as a substantive—sheep.
GEORGICA. LIB. l. 73
g
Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli,
Wilibus aut onerat pomis: lapidemgue revertens
Incusum, aut atrae massam picis, urbe reportat.
Ipsa dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna
Felices operum. Quintam fuge: pallidus Orcus,
Eumenidesque satae : tum partu Terra nefando
Coeumque, Iapetumque creat, saevumque Typhoea,
Et conjuratos coelum rescindere fratres.
Ter'sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam.
Scilicet, atque Ossae frondosum involvere Olympum :
274. Revertens domum
275 erurbe, reportat
277. Pallidus Orcus
satus est, Eumenidesque
satae sunt, illo die.
280
Ter Pater extructos disjecit fulmine montes.
Septima post decimam felix, et ponere vitem,
Et prensos domitare bowes, et licia telae
Addere: noma fugae melior, contraria furtis.
Multa aded gelida meliùs se nocte dedēre:
Aut clim Sole novo terras irrorat Eolis.
284. Septima dies post
285 decimam est felix, et po
Nocte leves stipulac meliùs, nocte arida prata
Tondentur: noctes lentus non deficit humor.
Et quidam seros hyberni ad luminis ignes
Pervigilat, ferroque faces inspicat acuto.
Interea longum cantu solata laborem
Arguto conjux percurrit pectine telas:
Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem,
Et foliis undam tepidi despumat aheni.
Rere
286. Nona dies est me
lior fugae, sed
290
294. Conjux solata
295 longum laborem cantu
percurrit
NOTEs.
274. Lapidem incusum : a furrowed or
indented stone, for the purpose of grinding
corn; something like our mill-stone.
276. Alios dies : other days. Alio ordine :
in a different order from those above men-
tioned. The ancients superstitiously thought
some days of the month to be lucky, and
others unlucky. -
278. Eumenides: the furies. They were
said to have sprung from the blood of a
wound, which Coelus received from his
brother Saturn. Some say they were the
daughters of Acheron and Nox, or of Pluto
and Proserpine. They were three in nun
ber: Tisiphone, JMegatra, and Alecto. They
were supposed to be the ministers of ven-
geance to the gods, and to be constantly
employed in punishing the wicked in hell.
They were sometimes called Furice and
Erinnyes. They were worshipped; but the
people dared not to mention their names, or
even to fix their eyes upon their temple.
They were represented holding a burning
torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpisms
in the other hand. -
278. Creat : in the sense of edidit, vel
produzit.
279. Caeumque, &c. These are the names
of three giants, who attempted to scale hea-
ven and dethrone the gods. They were the
sons of Titan and Terra. Those here named
were the principal ones. ºff. fratres.
These included the whole fraternity, that
were engaged in the enterprise.
{4
281. Pelio. The mountains here men
tioned were very high mountains in Thes-
saly, near the Sinus Thermaicus. The lat-
ter is sometimes taken for heaven.
286. Fugae: in the sense of itineri ; and,
contraria, in the sense of adversa, vel si-
nistra.
288. Eoils : the morning star; by meton.
the morning. JYovo sole : in the sense of
die incipiente, vel oriente.
289. Stapula : in the sense of aristae, says
Rugeus. Mowing in general is best effected
when the dew is upon the grass.
292. Inspical : he forms matches with a
sharp knife. Any instrument made of iron
may be called ferrum.
295. Decoquit : she boils away the liquor
of sweet must, and skims, &c. JMuslum is
sweet or new made wine. The juice of
the grape, when boiled down one third part,
formed what was called sapa, and when one
half, it formed the defrutum. Vulcanus:
was the son of Jupiter and Juno. On ac-
count of his deformity, he was cast down
from heaven upon the island of Lemnos,
where he taught the inhabitants the smith
trade, and married Venus. The Cyclops
were his workmen and assistants. He was
the god of fire; hence Pulcanus, by meton.
often is put for fire itself, as in the present
instance. He was sometimes called JMulci.
ber, Ignipotens, and Pandamator.
296. Undam. By this we are to under
stand the liquor in the boiling kettle. Terit
74
P. VIRGILII MARONis
At rubicunda Ceres medio succiditur aestu, *-*.
Et medio tostas aestu terit area fruges.
Nudus ara, sere nudus: hyems ignava colono.
Frigoribus parto agricolae plerumque fruuntur,
300
Mutuaque inter se lasti convivia curant:
Invitat genialis hyems, curasque resolvit.
Ceu pressa cüm jam portum tetigère carinae,
Puppibus et lasti nautae imposuère coronas.
Sed tamen et quernas glandes tum stringere tempus,
Et lauri baccas, oleamque, cruentaque myrta :
307. Tune tempus est Tunc gruibus pedicas, et retia pomere cervis,
quoque pomere
308. Tum est tempus
venatorem figere damas
torquentem stupea ver-
bera Balearis
clim
Auritosque sequi lepores; tum figere damas
Stupea torquentem Balearis verbera fundae;
Cüm mix alta jacet, glaciem cum flumina trudunt.
funde, Quid tempestates autumni et sidera dicam 7
Atque, ubi jam breviorque dies, et mollior aestas,
310
Quae vigilanda viris' vel clim ruit imbriferum ver:
Spicea jam campis clim messis inhorruit, et clim
Frumenta in viridi stipulà lactentia turgent 7
Saepe ego, cum flavis messorem induceret arvis
316
Agricola, et fragili jam stringeret hordea culmo,
318. Ego saepe vidi Omnia ventorum concurrere praelia widl,
omnia prelia ventorum Quae gravidam late segetem ab radicibus imis
concurrere,
** Sublime expulsam eruerent; ita turbine nigro
320
Ferret hyems culmumque levem, stipulasque volantes.
Saepe etiam immensum coelo venit agmen aquarum,
NOTES.
thresnes, or beats out.
dry, or ripe grain.
297. JMedio aestu : in the middle of the
day. Ceres : for seges, the grain, or harvest.
Rubicunda : in the sense of flava.
299, JWudus ava, &c. The poet's meaning
here is, that the farmer should be industrious,
and turn the summer to the best account;
for the winter is a season of rest and festi-
vity, when he may enjoy the fruit of his la-
bors.
300. Parto : what he had gotten during
the summer. Rebus per a statem comparatis,
says Ruasus. s
301. Curant: in the sense of parant.
304. Ceu pressa carinae: may either mean
laden ships, or weather-beaten ships. Ca-
rina is properly the keel; by synec. the
whole ship.
305. Stringere : in the sense of colligere.
309. Balearis fundae; the Balerian sling.
The islands Majorca, Minorca, and Uvica,
on the coast of Spain, were called by the
ancients Balearides ; the inhabitants of
which were famous for the use of the sling.
Stuped verbera : the hempen strings.
312. AEstas: in the sense of calor, vel
aestus. The verb est is to be supplied. Wi-
gilanda: curanda, vel providenda, says
Heyne. Viris : for agricolis.
313. Ruit : hastens to a close. Ruteus
says desinit, and Servius, praecipitatur.
Fruges tostas: the
315. Lactentia: milky—filling with milk
318. Omnia pralia ventorum ; all the pow-
ers of the winds in fierce contest engage.
Ruteus says: pugnas omnium ventorum
misceri. This comparison of the wind with
the wind, and of growing corn with chaff,
has been censured by some critics; but the
passage is probably to be understood as re-
presenting the growing corn uprooted by
the tempest, and whirled aloft (sublimë) as
easily as light straw is by an ordinary
whirlwind. Martyn, Heyne, and Vossius,
oncur, says Valpy, in this interpretation.
320. Earpulsam ; in the sense of dissipa-
tam. JWigro turbine: in a black whirlwind;
a whirlwind bringing with it clouds and
darkness, and imbruing a storm. Hyems :
in the sense of tempestas.
322. Immensum agnen, &c. Nothing can
surpass, in grandeur and sublimity, the de-
scription which we here have of a sudden
storm, of its rise, and effect. An immense
band or army of vapors march along the
heavens; the clouds, impregnated deeply
with vapor, collect together from the sea;
and, forming themselves into globous
wreaths, brew a deep and threatening storm.
They then burst, and discharge such a de-
luge of water, that the whole heaven seems
dissolved, and pouring upon the fields. The
floods sweep away the fertile (lata) crops,
the labors of man and beast; the ditches
tº
GEORGICA. LIB. I.
75
Et foedam glomerant tempestatem imbribus atris
Collectae ex alto nubes: ruit arduus aether,
Et pluvià ingenti sata laeta, boumque labores
325
Diluit: implentur fossae, et cava flumina crescunt
Cum sonitu, fervetoue fretis spirantibus aequor.
Ipse pater, media nimborum in nocte, coruscă
Fulmina molitur dexträ: quo maxima motu
Terra tremit: fugère ferae, et mortalia corda
330
Per gentes humilis stravit pavor: ille flagranti
Aut Atho, aut Rhodopen, aut alta Ceraunia telo
Dejicit: ingeminant Austri, et densissimus imber:
Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc litora plangunt.
Hoc metuens, coeli menses et sidera serva :
335
Frigida Saturnisese quð stella receptet:
Quos ignis coeli Cyllenius erret in orbes.
Imprimis venerare Deos, atque annua magnæ
Sacra refer Cereri, laetis operatus in herbis,
Extrema sub casum hyemis, jam were sereno.
Tuncagni pingues, et tunc mollissima vina.
Tunc somni dulces, densaeque in montibus umbrae.
340
341. Tuncagni runt
Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret:
Cui tu lacte favos, et miti dilue Baccho,
NOTES.
are filled; the winding rivers swell, and the
sea roars in its foaming friths.
327. Fretis. Fretum is properly a strait,
or arm of the sea. Spirans, as here used,
is beautiful and expressive. The figure is
taken from water boiling, which seems to
breathe (spirare) by emitting a steam or
vapor, and is all in commotion. -
329. JMolitur: in the sense of vibrat, vel
jacit. Quo motu. . By this we are to under-
stand probably the act of vibrating or hurl-
ing the thunder-bolt—the thunder itself.
What the ancients supposed to be the bolt,
was nothing more than the lightning—the
electric matter, passing from one cloud, or
part of the atmosphere, to another, that was
differently electrified, and thus became vi-
sible.
330. Fere fugere: the wild beasts have
fled. There is a peculiar force in the use of
the perſect tense here. The beasts of the
forest fear, and they are gone, and are out
of sight in a moment, seeking their wonted
retreats.
332. Atho: a Greek acc. A mountain
in Macedonia, which overlooked the AEgean
sea. Rhodopen. A mountain, or rather
range"of mountains in Thrace. Ceravºnia :
acc. plu. neu. mountains in Epirus. They
were so called from a Greek word signify-
ing thunder, because, from their height, they
were much exposed to it.
333. Imber densissimus.
pluvva est copiocissima.
336. Quo frigida stella; to what part of
heaven the cold star of Saturn betakes it-
self. Saturm is called cold most probably
Ruasus says:
from the circumstance of its great distance
from the sun, and the small degree of heat
it receives from him. On the other hand,
the planet Mercury is called ignis, on ac-
count of its nearness to the sun, and the de-
gree of heat it probably receives from him.
Cyllenius. A name of the god Mercury.
He was the son of Jupiter and Maia, the
god of eloquence, and messenger of the
gods. He had a winged cap called Petasus,
and winged feet called Talaria. The in-
vention of the lyre, and its seven strings, is
attributed to him; which he gave to Apollo,
and received in return the celebrated Ca-
duceus, which was a rod or wand encircled
with serpents, and said to possess extraor-
dinary virtues and qualities. It was his
business to conduct the manes of the dead
to the infernal regions. He presided over
orators, merchants, and thieves. The wor-
ship of Mercury was established in Greece,
Egypt, and Italy. He was called Cyllenius,
from a mountain in Arcadia of that name,
where he is said to have been born; Caduced-
tor, Triplea, Delius, &c. According to Cicero,
there were four others to whom the name
of Mercury was given. Of these, was a
famous philosopher ef Egypt, whom they
called Hermes Trismigistus. Cyllenius ignis:
the planet Mercury.
337. Erret: in the sense of moveat. Or-
bes: planets.
344. Cui tu dilue favos: for whom do
thou mingle honey with milk and sweet
wine. Favos : the comb; by meton. the
honey contained in it.
&
*
76
P. VIRGILII MARONIS , ºr
Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges,
346
346. Quam, hostian: Omnis quam chorus et socii comitentur ovantes;
oimis chorus, **socii Et Cererem clamore vocent in tecta: neque anté
Falcem maturis quisquam supponat aristis,
Quâm Cereri, tortà redimitus tempora quercu,
Det motus incompositos, et carmina dicat.
350
Atque haec ut certis possimus discere signis,
AEtusque, pluviasque, et agentes frigora ventos;
Ipse pater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret,
Quo signo caderent Austri, quid saepe videntes
Agricolae propiùs stabulis armenta tenerent.
355
Continuð, ventis surgentibus, aut freta ponti
Incipiunt agitata tumescere, et aridus altis
Montibus audiri fragor; aut resonantia longé
Litora misceri, et nemorum increbrescere murmur.
Jam sibi tum curvis malé temperat unda carinis:
360
Cüm medio celeres revolant ex æquore mergi,
Clamoremdue ferunt ad litora, cumque marinae
363. Sicco litore
In sicco ludunt fulicae; notasque paludes
364. Ardeague deserit Deserit, atque altam supra volat ardea nubem.
notas Paludes, atque vo- Saepe etiam stellas, vento impendente, videbis
**P*** Precipites coelo labi; noctisque per umbram
Flammarum longos à tergo albescere tractus;
Saepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas,
Aut summâ mantes in aquà colludere plumas.
At Boreae de parte trucis cum fulminat, et clim
370
Eurique Zephyrique tomat domus; omnia plenis
Rura natant fossis; atque Omnis navita ponto
NOTES. º
345. Felic hostia. The poet here alludes
to the sacrificium ambervale, so called, be-
cause the victim was led three times around
the field; ab ambire arva.
346. Omnis chorus et socii: the same as
omnis chorus sociorum.
349. Redimitus tempora: bound as to his
temples with a wreath of oak. The poet
enjoins upon the farmer to make two offer-
ings to Ceres: the first of honey and wine,
at the beginning of spring: dilue favos, &c.
The other of a victim at the beginning of
harvest: ter felic hostia, &c.
350. Incompositos motus: the irregular or
immethodical dance; such as is performed
by rustics. Cereri : nempe, in honorem Ce-
reris.
351. Haec: nempe, Gestusque, pluviasque.
353. JMoneret : in the sense of indicaret.
354. Signo : in the sense of indicio.
Quod indicium esset venti moa, cessuri, says
Heyne. Austri: here put for any boister-
ous wind: the species for the genus.
356. Freta ponti; simply, for pontus, vel
mare. Fretum, properly a strait, or narrow
part of the sea.
358. Aridus fragor; a dry cracking
sound, such as is made among dry trees
when they break.
360. Jam tum unda malê temperat: then
the waves scarcely restrain themselves from
(swallowing up) the bending ships. JMalé:
in the sense of difficilé.
361. JMergi: a species of sea-fowl, ge-
nerally taken to be the cormorant: from the
verb mergo. -
363. Fulicoe : a species of sea-fowl much
like the common duck; a coot, or moor-hen.
364. Ardea: a bird, swift on the wing,
and soaring high. From which circum-
stance called ardea, quasipro ardua a heron.
365. Sape videbis stellas: you will also
often see stars, &c. The poet speaks in
conformity to the vulgar motion. No star
moves from its station. Those appearances
to which the poet alludes are of an electric
nature—meteors. They are sometimes seen
to dart across the heavens, and through the
darkness of the night, appear to draw after
them a train (tractus) of light or flame.
Impendente : threatening—being near at
hand. -
371. Domus Eurique, &c. That part of
the heavens from which these winds blow,
the poet calls their house or habitation.
The expression is highly poetical. Here
the poet mentions twelve signs or prognostics
of rain.
GEORGICA. LIB. I.
77
Humida vela legit.
Obfuit.
Nunquam imprudentibus imber
Aut illum surgentem vallibus imis
Aériae fugère grues; aut bucula coelum
Suspiciens, patulis captavit naribus auras.
Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo:
375
376. Suspiciens ad coe-
lum
Et veterem in limo ranae cecinére querelam.
Saepius et tectis penetralibus extulit ova
Angustum formica terens iter; et bibit ingens
380
Arcus; et é pastu decedens agmine magno
Corvorum increpuit densis exercitus alis.
Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quae Asia circum
Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri,
Certatim largos humeris infundere rores;
Nunc caput objectare fretis, nunc currere in undas,
Et studio incassúm videas gestire lavandi.
Tum cornix plená pluviam vocat improba voce,
Et Sola in sicca secum spatiatur arenå.
Nec nocturna quidem carpentes pensa puellae
383. Jam videas va-
rias volucres pelagi, et
385 eas, querimantur circum
- Asia prata in dulcibus
stagnis Caystri, certatim
infundere largos rores
humeris
390
Nescivere hyemem: testá cum ardente viderent
Scintillare oleum, et putres concrescere fungos.
Nec minus ex imbri soles, et aperta serena
Prospicere, et certis poteris cognoscere signis.
Nam neque tum stellis acies obtusa videtur,
Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna :
393. Nec minus ex
imbri poteris prospicere,
et, certis signis, cognos-
cere sudos soles, et aperta
et serena coela.
395
NOTES.
373. Imprudentibus, &c. Never hath a
shower hurt any person unforwarned : that
is, a shower always gives such certain signs
of its approach, that any who will attend
to them, may avoid receiving injury from
it. Heyne informs us, that the Medicean,
and some other copies, read prwdentibus; he,
however, prefers the usual reading, impru-
dentibus. Prudentibus is the easier.
374, Illum surgentem, &c. This sentence
is capable of two constructions: 1. The
cranes may flee the shower, rising out of the
valleys; which is the sense Ruacus gives. 2.
Davidson takes it to mean that the crames
flee into the valleys, to avoid the rising
storm. This is also the opinion of Valpy.
378. Et range cecinere, &c. This alludes
to the fable of the transformation of the
Lycians into frogs for reproaching Latona,
of which hard treatment, when they croak,
they are said to complain. See Ovid. Met.
Lib. 6.
380. Ingens arcus : the spacious bow hath
drunk; alluding to a vulgar notion that the
rainbow drank the water that supplied the
clouds. -
883. Asia: an adj. from Asius, a lake and
town between the river Caystrus and the
mountain Tmolus, in the confines of Lydia
and Phrygia Major. Caystrus falls into the
Ægean sea, not far from the once famous
city of Ephesus. On its banks the swan
abounded. Rimantur: in the sense of fre-
quemtamt.
385. Infundere largos : to throw eagerly
much water upon their backs. Rores : in
the sense of aquam.
387. Studio lavandi : through a desire of
washing themselves in vain. Incassim may
be understood in three senses. 1. Because
nothing can add to the whiteness of the
swan, the fowl here spoken of 2. Because
they need take no pains to wash themselves,
for the impending rain will do it without
their labor. 3. Because, according to Ser-
vius, water will not wet their feathers.
390. Carpentes : carding their nightly
tasks of wool.
392. Fungos : the clots or spungy, sub-
stance that gathers round the wick of the
lamp or candle. Scintillare: to sputter or
snap in the burning shell.
393. JNec minºs. Having mentioned the
signs of a storm, the poet now enumerates
those of fair weather. He makes them in
number nine. Eac imbri : after a shower
Soles : days. º
395. Acies stellis : Ruabus says, lua stella
rum. Widelwr: in the sense of apparet.
396. Luna surgere obnoacia : nor will the
moon seem to rise beholden (or indebted) to
the beams of her brother. The moon will
rise so clear and bright, that she will seem
to shine by her own inherent light, and not
by reflecting the rays of the sun. Sol and
Luna in heaven, the same as Apollo and
Diana on earth, were said to have been the
children of Latona. See Ecl. iv. 10.
78
P. W 1ſt.GILII MARONIS
Tenuia nec lanae per coelum vellera ferri.
Non tepidum ad solem pennas in litore pandunt
Dilectae Thetidi Halcyones: non ore solutos
Immundi meminere sues jactare maniplos.
At nebulae magis ima petunt, campogue recumbunt;
401. Ima loca
400
Solis et occasum servans de culmine summo
Nequicquam seros exercet noctua cantus.
Apparet liquido sublimis in aére Nisus,
Et pro purpureo poenas dat Scylla capillo.
405
Quâcunque illa levem fugiens secat athera pennis,
Ecce inimicus, atrox, magno stridore per auras,
Insequitur Nisus:
quà se fert Nisus ad auras,
Illa levem fugiens raptim secat aethera pennis.
410. Tum, corvi ter Tum liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces
410
*** *geminant Aut quater ingeminant: et sape cubilibus altis,
liquidas
412. Laeti, nescio quá
dulcedine, præter soli-
um morem strepitant
Nescio quâ praeter solitum dulcedine lasti,
Inter se foliis strepitant: juvat imbribus actis
Progeniem parvam, dulcesque revisere nidos.
415, Haud equidem Haud equidem credo, quia sit divinitàs illis
415
****, quiº Ingenium, aut rerum ſato prudentia major :
Verãm, ubi tempestas et coeli mobilis humor
419. Densat ea, quae Mutavere vias:
modó erant rara, et re-
laxat ea, quae priis erant
densa
et Jupiter humidus Austris
Densat, erant quae rara modó ; et, quae densa, relaxat.
Wertuntur species animorum, et pectora motus
420
421. Concipiunt nunc Nunc alios, alios, dum nubila ventus agebat,
NOTES.
397. Tenuia vellera : thin white clouds,
like fleeces of wool.
399. Halcyones. Ceyx, king of Trachi-
nia, going to consult the oracle of Apollo at
Clarus, was shipwrecked in the AEgean sea.
His wife, Halcyone, seeing his dead body
floating near the shore, flung herself upon
it in a transport of her passion. Thetis,
out of compassion to the lovers, transform-
ed them into the birds called king-fishers:
hence dilecta. Thetidi. It is said the sea is
calm a certain number of days about the
winter solstice, that they may more conve-
niently bring forth their young. Hence
. days were sometimes called Halcyon
ays.
400. JManiplos: bundles of straw—straw
in general.
403. Noctuq servans: the owl observing
the setting of the sun, &c. The meaning
of the expression seems to be this: that
as the hooting of the owl in general is a
sign of foul weather, yet when these signs
of fair weather occur, she hoots in vain;
she will be disregarded; or, if any regard
her prognostics, they will find themselves
disappointed.
that sings exclusively in the night; hence,
seros cantus eacercet.
404. JVisus: the falcon, or hawk. Scylla:
the lark. See Ecl. vi. 74; also nom. prop.
under JWhsus.
405. Scylla dat pºenas. Scylla is punished
The owl is the only bird
for the purple lock. Dare—reddere—pendere
—solvere poenas, velsupplicium, to be punish-
ed. These are phrases. In like manner:
qfficere poend vel supplició—capere—sumere
—petere papnas, vel supplicium, to punish.
410. Presso guttere: with their throats
compressed. This would render the sounds
more clear and shrill.
416. Ingenium ; discernment, or mental
capacity. JMajor prudentia fato, &c. A
greater knowledge or foresight in the course
and order of things, than men have. This
passage, as it is commonly rendered, is
unintelligible. To take fato in the ablative,
governed by major, Dr. Trapp observes, is
complete nonsense; and yet this is the opi-
nion of Heyne, and Valpy who follows him:
and it is very little better to take it for the
agent or means by which this greater
knowledge was obtained. It is perfectly.
easy as rendered above. Rugeus says: re-
rum prudentia, quae potentiorest fato; which
is with difficulty understood.
417. JMobilis humor: the moving vapor of
heaven. Włas is here used in the sense of
modus, or qualitates. Tempestas: the wea-
ther—temperature of the weather.
418. Jupiter humidus: the air moistened
by the south winds. Jupiter is here put
poetically for the air; which passing over
the sea that lay to the south of Italy, be-
came moist, or impregnated with vapor.
420. JMotus: motions—affections.
GEORGICA. LIB. I.
79
Concipiunt: hinc ille avium concentus in agris,
Et latae pecudes, et ovantes gutture corvi.
Si verö Solem ad rapidum Lunasque sequentes
nunquam te crastina fallet
Ordine respicies;
alios motus, et nuncalios.
dum
422. Hinc oritur ille
concentus aviuminagris,
et hinc pecudes sunt
425
Hora, neque insidiis noctis capiere serenae.
Luna, revertentes clim primúm colligit ignes,
Si nigrum obscuro comprenderit ačra cornu ;
Maximus agricolis pelagogue parabitur imber.
At, si virgineum suffuderit ore ruborem,
430
Ventus erit: vento semper rubet aurea Phoebe.
Sin ortu in quarto (namgue is certissimus auctor)
Pura, neque obtusis per coelum cornibus ibit;
Totus et ille dies, et qui nascentur ab illo
432. Sin illafuerit pu-
ra in quarto ortu, neque
ibit per coelum
Exactum ad mensem, pluvià ventisque carebunt : 435
Wotaque servati solvent in litore nautae 436. Servati à tempes-
Glauco, et Panopeae, et Inoo Melicertae. tafe
Sol quoque, et exoriens, et clim secondit in undas, O
Signa dabit: Solem certissima signa sequumtur,
Et quae manè refert, et quae surgentibus astris.
Ille ubi nascentem maculis variaverit ortum,
440 440. Et quae refert
mané, et quae refert
Conditus in nubem mediogue refugerit orbe ;
Suspecti tibi sint imbres : namdue urget ab alto
NOTEs.
425. Crastina hora : simply, to-morrow.
427. Colligit revertentes ignes: when first
the moon collects the reflected, or returning
rays, (ignes ;) if she embrace, &c. The poet
here mentions three prognostics of the
weather from the moon. 1. If the new
moon be obscured by dusky air, (nigrum
aéra) look for rain. 2. If she be red, look
for wind. 3. If, on the fourth day, she be
bright, expect the remainder of the month
to be fair weather; whence the common
saying: pallida Luna pluit; rubicunda flat;
alba serenat.
432. Auctor: sign—prognostic.
437. Glauco. Glaucus was a fisherman
of Anthedon, in Beotia, by some said to
have been the son of Neptune and the nymph
Na'is. As he was fishing, he observed the
fish that he caught, as he laid them on the
grass, to receive fresh vigor, and immedi-
ately to escape from him by leaping into
the sea. From this circumstance, he ima-
gined there must be some extraordinary
virtue in the grass; whereupon he tasted it,
and found himself suddenly moved with a
desire to live in the watry element; and
leaping into the sea, he was made a sea-god
by Qceanus and Tethys. Panopea: ; a nymph
of the sea, the daughter of Nereus and Do-
ris. Melicertae. Melicerta, or Melicertes,
was the son of Ino, the daughter of Cad-
mºs, and wife of Athamas, king of Thebes;
who fleeing from her husband, who had
Blain her son Learchus, leaped into the sea
with Melicerta in her arms, both of whom
were changed into sea-gods, and worship-
ped. Inoo, an adj. from Ino, agreeing with
JMelicertoº. Melicertes was sometimes called
Palaemon. See AEn. v. 823.
440. Astris surgentibus. When the stars
appear in the evening at the approach of
darkness, in the language of poetry, they
are said to rise : so when they disappear at
the approach of day, they are said to set.
442. Medio refugerit orbe. Most commen-
tators take orbis here for the face or disc of
the sun; and understand by the words me-
dio refugerit orbe, when he shall disappear
with half his orb or disc, the other half re-
maining visible. Ruseus says: latuerit me-
dié sui parte. Valpy says, “When the ri-
sing sun appears bordered by clouds, the
centre alone remaining visible.” Davidson
translates the whole passage thus: “When
he (the sun) shall chequer his new-born face
with spots, hidden in a cloud, and coyly
shun the sight with half his orb.” Servius
seems to understand the words to imply that
the centre of the sun retired, as it were.
from view, by appearing hollow like the ca-
vity of the hand, while the edge was con-
cealed in a cloud. I know not that philo-
, sophers have noticed any such appearances
of the sun; I am sure they must be very
rare. Besides, this half concealment of the
sun does not come up to the obvious mean-
ing of conditus in nubem, which certainly
means that he was wholly concealed from
sight. By taking medio orbe, for, in the mid-
dle of his course, or diurnal revolution, which
may very well be done, the passage will be
rendered intelligible and easy. Thus: when
the sun, in his ascent above the horizon,
shall have passed behind fleecy clouds, and
80
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Aboribusque satisque Notus, pecorique sinister
Aut ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese
445
Diversi erumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile ;
Heu, malê tum mites defendet pampinus uvas,
Tam multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando.
450. Magis profuerit Hoc, etiam emenso clim jam decedet Olympo,
450
meminisse hoc, etiam Profuerit meminisse magis: nam šepe videmus
cum jam sol decedet
Olympo emenso:
453. Coeruleus sol
Ipsius in vultu varios errare colores.
Coeruleus pluviam denunciat, igneus Euros
Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni;
Omnia tunc pariter vento nimbisque videbis
Non illä quisquam me nocte per altum
Fervere.
Ire, neque à terra moneat convellere funem.
458. At si orbis solis At si, clim referetoue diem, condetdue relatum,
erit lucidus, cum
461. Denique Sol da-
Lucidus orbis erit, frustrà terrebere nimbis;
*; Et claro sylvas cernes Aquilone moveri.
Denique, quid Vesper serus vehat, unde serenas
460
bit signatibi, quid serus Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster,
vesper
Sol tibi signa dabit: Solem quis dicere falsum
Audeat 7 ille etiam caecos instare tumultus 3.
Saepe monet, fraudemgue, et operta tumescere bella. 465
Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Roman;
Cüm caput obscurá mitidum ferrugine texit,
* * *
** --
Impiaque aeternam timuerunt Saºcula noctem.
Tempore quanquam illo tellus quoque, et aequora ponti,
Obscoenique canes, importunaeque volucres,
Quoties Cyclopum effervere in agros
Signa dabant.
470
Vidimus undantem ruptis formacibus AEtnam,
Flammarumque globos, liquefactaque volvere saxa 7
Armorum somitum toto Germania coelo
Audiit; insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes.
475
NOTEs.
pe sometimes concealed by them from sight;
and when he shall have approached the me-
ridian, and finished half his course, he shall
be wholly concealed from sight by the in-
creased and condensed vapor in the atmos-
phere, then rain is to be expected. Imbres :
in the sense of pluvia.
444. Sinister: injurious—hurtful.
452. In vultu : in the sense of per vultum.
454. Immiscerier : by Paragoge, for im-
misceri, to be mingled with sparkling light.
Igni : lumine, says Rudeus.
456. Fervere. This verb forcibly ex-
presses the violence of the storm. All things
are confusion and wild disorder. Turbari,
says Ruteus.
462. Cogitet: in the sense of praparet.
Serends: in the sense of siccas.
467. Obscura ferrugine: with a dark red
color—a color resembling blood.
468. Saecula. Saeculumn is properly an
age; by meton. the inhabitants or men of
that age. Impua sacula the same as im-
mii homines
470. Obsconi canes: foul dogs—dogs of
bad omen—howling frightfully. The an-
cients considered any thing of this kind in-
auspicious. Importuna: ; inauspicious. Cujus
cantus erat mali ominis. -
471. Quoties widimus: how often have we
seen Ætna risingin waves, its furnaces being
burst, &c. Undantem, expresses very forcibly
the violence and agitation of the flames
pent up in the mountain, rising by turns
against its sides, which, no longer able to
resist the shock, open a passage; when, in
an instant, it covers the adjacent country
with lava. The Cyclops were the servants
of Vulcan, and said to be the sons of Caelus
and Terra. They were so called from their
having but one eye, which was in the mid-
dle of their forehead. Their business was
to assist Vulcan informing the thunder-bolts
of Jupiter, and the arms of the gods, and
celebrated heroes. Their forges were under
AEtna. The most noted of them were
Brontes, Steropes, and Pyracmon. When
Ulysses visited Sicily, Polyphemus, say the
GJ.ORGICA. L. B. [.
8}
Vox quoque per lucos vulgö exaudita silentes
Ingens ; et simulacra modis pallentia miris
Visa sub obscurum noctis. pecudesque locutae,
Infandum ! sistunt amnes, terraeque dehiscunt.
Et moestum illacrymat templis ebur, aeraque Sudant.
Proluit insano contorquens vortice sylvas
Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes
Cum stabulis armentº tulit: mec tempore eodem
481 481. Eridanus proluit
sylvas, contorquens eas
insano.
Tristibus aut extis fibra apparere minaces,
Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit; et alté
Per noctem resonare, lupis ululantibus, urbes.
Non alias coelo ceciderunt plura Sereno
Fulgura, nec diri toties arsere cometae.
Ergö inter sese paribus concurrere telis
Romanas acies iterum vidēre Philippi;
Nec fuit indignum Superis, bis sanguine nostro
484. Fibra nec cessa-
485 verunt aut apparere mi-
naces in tristibus extis;
aut cruor cessavit ma-
nare ë puteis; et urbes
77.077 CéSSavérºnt TeSOmare
alté per noctem, lupis
400 ululantibus.
491. Nec visum fuit
Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos.
NOTES.
poets, was their king. Diodorus informs us
that the Cyclops were the first inhabitants
of Sicily, of a gigantic stature, and of a
fierce and savage nature. They dwelt
chiefly about mount AEtna.
477. Simulacra; spectres, or ghosts, pale
in a wonderful manner, were seen, &c.
478. Obscurum: an adj. of the neu. taken
as a sub. in the sense of obscuritatem. Ru-
aeus interprets it by crepusculum.
480. JMostum ebur: the mournful ivory
(ivory statues) wept. JEra: brass—statues
made of brass.
481. Insano vortice: with its rapid current
—eddies. ,
482. Eridanus: the river Po. It is here
called the king of rivers, because the largest
in Italy. It rises in Piedmont, and running
an easterly course, after receiving a number
of tributary streams, falls into the Gulf
of Venice by several mouths.
483. Tristibus eactis. One mode of con-
sulting the omens, was an examination of
the entrails of the victim. If any defect or
singularity appeared, it was thought to be
portentous. Tristibus : ominous—baleful.
485. Alté. Heyne reads allº, agreeing
with wrbes. -
488. Cometap. Plutarch informs us that a
very bright comet appeared at Rome for
several days about the time of Caesar's
death. To this the poet refers in Ecl. ix.47.
Suetonius says: Ludis, quos primo conse-
cratos ei hatres Augustus edebat, stella crimita
per septem dies continuos fulsit, eacoriens circa
wndecimam horam: creditwmque est animum
esse Caesaris in coelum recepti. *.
489. Ergö : therefore—on account of the
death of Caesar, which was the cause of the
civil war. -
490. Philippi iterum; Philippi hath seen
the Roman armies again, &c. It is agreed
that Virgil here alludes to the two famous
battles, one fought between Caesar and Pom-
pey; the other, between Brutus and Cas-
sius on one side, and Augustus and Antho-
ny on the other. But history informs us
that the former was fought on the plains or
Pharsalia, in Thessaly, the latter at Philip-
pi, in the confines of Thrace, more than two
hundred miles distant. To explain this ap-
parent inconsistency, there have been many
attempts. The most probable solution is,
that the poet does not mean that both these
battles were fought on the same spot. This
would contradict history. He would not
commit such a blunder. We are told that
the city Theba. Thessalice, or Phthotica,
which was in sight of Pharsalia, was called
also Philippi. And though historians, for
sake of distinction, called the one Philippi,
and the other Pharsalia, the poet might,
without any impropriety, call them both by
the common name of Philippi. Ruasus
has one conjecture which may be deserving
of notice: that the adverb iterium may re-
fer, not to Philippi, but to the Roman ar-
mies: Philippi saw the Roman armies
again engage for the empire of the world.
though not for the first time. They had
engaged for a similar purpose before on the
plains of Pharsalia. This appears to solve
the difficulty.
492. Emathiam—Latos campos Haemi.
Here is an apparent difficulty. Haemus is
a mountain in Thrace; and neither of the
battles was fought in Emathia or JMacedo-
nia, properly so called. But the language
of poetry does not always conform to his-
torical or geographical exactness. We are
told that the ancient Emathia was consi-
dered by the poets to extend as far east as
the river Nessus, including a considerable
part of Thrace beyond Philippi; and to
the south comprehending all Thessaly, and
consequently Pharsalia, or the Pharsalian
82
P VIRGILI I MARONIS
Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis
Agricola, incurvo terram molitus aratro,
Exesa inveniet scabrá rubigine pila:
49b
Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanes,
Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris.
Dii patrii Indigetes, et Romule, Westaque mater,
Quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana palatia servas,
Hunc saltem everso juvenem succurrere sa=clo
500
Ne prohibete: satis jampridem sanguine nostro
Laomedontea luimus perjuria Trojae.
Jampridem nobis coeli te regia, Caesar,
Invidet, atque hominum queritur curare triumphos.
505 Sunt tot bella
Quippe ubi fas versum atque nefas, tot bella per orbem,
Tam multae scelerum facies: non ullus aratro
506
507. Colonis abductis Dignus honos; squalent abductis arva colonis,
ad malitiam
Et curvae rigidum falces conflantur in ensem.
NOTES.
Philippi. Taken in this extent, the poet
would be consistent. Emathia could be
wet twice with Roman blood. Again Hae-
mus is not so much a single mountain as a
range of mountains, branching out in va-
rious directions, and in various parts assu-
ming different names. Casting our eye on
a map of that country, we find the range
commencing at the Euxine sea, and taking
a south-westerly direction till it enters Ma-
cedonia, then turning northerly till it reaches
the 439 of N. lat, when it takes a southern
direction, passing into Thessaly; and con-
sequently its extensive plains might be
fattened by the blood, shed in both those
battles.
494. JMolitus: in the sense of vertens.
Scabra: in the sense of corrosa.
498. Dii patrii, Indigetes. The Romans
divided their deities into three classes. The
first embraced the supreme or select gods,
who were honored with the highest ado-
ration, and considered eminent above the
rest. Of these, twelve were called Consentes,
because on particular occasions they were
admitted to the council of Jupiter. Six of
these were male and six female : Jupiter,
Apollo, JMercury, JMars, JNeptune, and Pul-
can ; Juno, Dvana, JMinerva, Venus, Vesta,
and Ceres. These were sometimes called
Dii JIajores. The second class compre-
hended those of inferior power, and was
very numerous. It embraced all the deified
heroes, such as Romulus, Hercules, Perseus,
&c. and all that in any manner had ob-
tained divine honors. These were some-
times called the Dii.JMinores. The third class
was without number. It embraced all the
sylvan deities: all the nymphs; the penates;
the genii; the virtutes, &c. Indigetes: pro-
perly deified heroes. Some derive the word
from Indigetare, to call by name; because
it was customary to address them by their
name. Others derive it from degere, be-
cause they had been men, and dwelt on the
earth: or because they were now dwelling
among the gods. Others again, and perhaps
with more propriety, derive it from Indegere;
because being translated to heaven, they
stood in need of nothing. JMater Vesta.
There were two by the name of Vesta, one
the mother of Saturn, the other his daugh-
ter; but commonly confounded together.
The latter presided over the perpetual fire.
It is said that Æneas brought her along with
his household gods into Italy, and introdu-
ced her worship. Her mysteries were trans-
mitted to the Albans, and from them intro-
duced among the Romans by Numa He
instituted a college of virgins, who kept
alive the perpetual fire as the safety, or
palladium of the state.
500. Hunc Juvenem: meaning Octavius,
afterward called Augustus Caesar. Everso
sa-clo: the ruined or falling age.
502. Satºs luimus jampridem; we have
long ago atoned sufficiently for the perjury
of Trojan Laomedon, with our blood. La-
omedon was the father of Priam, and king
of Troy. During his reign, the poets tell
us, the walls of Troy were built by Neptune
and Apollo, for a certain price; but when
the work was done, he refused to pay them.
On which account, they became hostile to
the Trojans, and exerted all their power
against them in the war with the Greeks.
The Romans, pretending to descend from
them, the poet supposes were punished for
this injustice of their ancestor. The story,
perhaps, may be explained by supposing
Laomedon to have employed the money,
which had been designed for religious pur-
poses, to this use.
505. Ubi: where—(that is,) here among
men. Fas alque nefas versum : right and
wrong are confounded.
507. Squalent: lie neglected—are over
grown with weeds.
GEORGICA. LIB.
Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum:
Wicinae ruptis inter se legibus urbes
510
Arma ferunt : shevit toto Mars impius orbe
Ut, clim carceribus sese effudère quadrigae,
Addunt se in spatia: et frustrà retinacula tendens,
Fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas.
NOTEs.
509. Euphrates. A noble river of Asia,
rising in the mountains of Armenia, fertili-
zing JMesopotamia, as the Nile does Egypt,
and uniting with the Tigris in its course,
falls into the Persian gulf. It is here put,
by a figure of speech, for the nations of the
east, particularly the Parthians, who were
very troublesome to the Romans.
510. Legibus : in the sense of federibus.
511. Impius : cruel—merciless; a suitable
epithet of JMars.
512. Ut, cum quadrigae. This is a noble
simile. The uncontrolled licentiousness of
the age is likened to the rapidity and vio-
lence of ungovernable horses in the chariot
race, when they mock both the driver and
the reins. Quadrigae: four horses harness-
ed together; also, a chariot drawn by four
horses, by meton. Of Quatuor and ago, be-
cause four were driven together : or con-
tracted of Quadrijugus, four yoked together.
Carceribus. Carcer was the mark, or starting
place, in races. Spatia : the race ground,
or course. Effudère. Rugeus says, erupe-
ºrvºn't.
513. Addunt : in the sense of immittunt,
says Heyne. Some copies leave out the se.
Others read in spatio. Ruteus, in his inter-
pretation, omits the words addunt se, and
connects in spatia with the preceding verb.
They are not necessary to make the sense
complete. -
514. Currus : a chariot: by meton. the
horses in the chariot. JYeque audit habe
mas: nor do they regard, or obey the reins.
QUESTIONS.
How does this book open?
What does the poet proceed to do?
What does he do in the next place 2
What precepts does the poet give about
ploughing land 3
What does he give about planting, and
To whom does he ascribe the origin of changing crops ?
agriculture ?
What signs or prognostics of the weather
does he mention ? .
How does he conclude the book 2
Are there any fables introduced by way of
episode 2 What are they
Why are Bacchus and Ceres invoked next
after the heavenly bodies?
Who was Neptune? and what is said of
him * -
Who is said to have been the first who
taught mankind the propagation of bees?
Who was Aristbeus 2 *
Who was Minerva 2 and what is said of
her 2
What power did she possess
How is she represented under her different
characters ? -
What celebrated statue had she
What are some of her names *
Who is said to have first taught the
Greeks agriculture ?
What is probably meant by Ultima Thule 3
, Was the Ecliptic at first divided into 12
, signs? How was it divided ?
Where were the Olympic games celebra-
ted: In what year before Christ were they
instituted? -
How often were they celebrated 2 and in
honor cf what god?
Who was Jupiter?
To whom was his education intrusted 2
Where was he educated P
What are some of his names?
Who were the Giants 2 and what is said
of them 2
What are the Pleiades 2
What other names have they
What are the Hyades?
What are their names?
Who was Aurora 2
What is said of her?
What were the Furies?
What were their names?
What was their office?
Who was Yulcan? What is said of him?
What were some of his names 2
What is the word Vulcanus often used for?
By what figure is it so used ?
Who were the Cyclops?
Where does the poet represent them as
residing:
Why are they called Cyclops?
Whp was Mercury 2
What is said of him 2
What was his office 2
How is he represented:
Of what was he the inventor?
What were some of his names 2 *
Who was Glaucus * What is said of him?
84
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Into how many classes were the Roman
deities divided ? Of these, how many were
called Consentes?
Why were they so called 2
What were their names 2
What were these sometimes called 2
What did the second class contain 2
What were these sometimes called 2
What did the third class contain 2
Were they very numerous?
Who were the Indigetes 2
From what is the word probably derived 2
Who was Vesta ? -
How many were there of that name 2
What was her office P -
Who introduced her worship into Italy:
By whom were her mysteries introduced
among the Romans?
LIBER SECUNDUS.
THE subject of this book is the cultivation of the several kinds of trees. The poet de-
scribes with much judgment the soils proper for each: and after giving a variety of ex-
cellent precepts for the management of the vine, the olive, &c. he digresses into the
praises of Italy; and concludes with a panegyric upon a country life.
1. Hactenus cecini
cultus
HACTENUS arvorum cultus, et sidera coeli:
Nunc te, Bacche, canam, necnon Sylvestria tecum
Virgulta, et prolem tardé crescentis olivae. -
} Huc, pater ð Lenaee : tuis hic omnia plena
Muneribus; tibi pampineo gravidus autumno b
Floret ager, spumat plenis vindemia labris.
Huc, pater ð Lenaee, veni: nudataque musto
8. Tingeque mecum Tinge novo mecum direptis crura cothurnis.
nudata crura novo mus-
to, cothurnis direptis.
Principio arboribus varia est natura creandis.
Namgue aliae, nullis hominum cogentibus, ipsae
10
Sponte suá veniunt, camposſue et flumina laté
Curva tenent : ut molle siler, lentaeque genistae,
15. AEsculusque max-
ima nemorum, quae fron-
det Jovi, atque quercus,
quº habitae sunt
Populus, et glaucá canentia fronde salicta.
Pars autem posito surgunt de semine : ut altae
Castaneae, nemorumque Jovi quae maxima frondet
AEsculus, atque habitae Grails oracula quercus.
15
NOTES.
º
2. JVecnon ; also. Two negatives have
the force of an affirmative in Latin and
English.
3. Virgulta: shrubs, or underbrush;
here put for trees in general. Tardé cre-
scentis oliva. The olive is of a very slow
growth. Some say it is a hundred years in
growing.
4. Lenge: Lenaeus, a name of Bacchus,
from a Greek word signifying a vine-press.
.Adsis, is to be supplied, or some word of the
same import.
5. Ager gravidus : the field heavy with
the produce of the vine. Autumno : the
season for gathering grapes and other pro-
ductions of the earth, put, by meton. for
the grapes themselves. Floret: in the sense
of maturescit. The fields do not bloom in
autumn, but with propriety they may be
said to ripen. Pampineo autumno ; the pro-
duce of the vine—grapes. . .
9. Cothurnis. The cothurnus was a kind
of high-heeled shoe, worn by Bacchus. Re-
ference is here made to the custom of tread-
ing out the grapes with their feet. The co-
thurnus was used by tragedians to make
them appear taller; hence put for tragedy
itself—also for the tragic style. JNatura -
in the sense of ratio, vel modus.
12. Siler: an osier, or small withy. Ge-
mista: ; the broom. Populus: the poplar
tree, of which there are three kinds.
13. Salicta : willow-grounds; by meton,
the willows. -
16. AEsculus: a species of oak, sacred to
Jupiter. The JEsculus was a mast-tree, and
abounded in Dodona, in Epirus, where there
were oaks said to have given out oracles;
to which here is an allusion.
$.
GEORGICA. LIB. II.
Pullulat ab radice aliis densissima sylva :
Ut cerasis, ulmisque : etiam Parnassia laurus
Parva sub ingenti matris se subjicit umbră.
Hos natura modos primūm dedit: his genus omne
Sylvarum, fruticumque wiret, nemorumque sacrorum.
Sunt alii, quos ipse viä sibi repperit usus.
Hic plantas tenero abscindens de corpore matrum
Deposuit sulcis : hic stirpes obruit arvo,
Quadrifidasque sudes, et acuto robore vallos:
20 20. Natura primum
dedit hostres modos pro
ducendi arbores in his
Sylvarumque aliae pressos propaginis arcus
Expectant, et viva Suá plantaria terrã.
Nil radicis egent aliae: summumque putator
Haud dubitat terrae referens mandare cacumen.
Quin et caudicibus sectis, mirabile dictu,
Truditur è sicco radix oleagina ligno.
Et sacpe alterius ramos impunè videnus
30
Vertere in alterius, mutatamgue insita mala
Ferre pyrum, et prunis lapidosa rubescere corna.
Quare agite, 6, proprios generatim discite cultus,
35
Agricolae, fructusque feros mollite colendo.
Neu segnes jaceant terrae: juvat Ismara Baccho
Conserere, atque oleá magnum vestire Taburnum.
NOTES.
17. Sylva: here means the suckers, that
shoot up under, and near the trunk of the
parent tree.
18. Cerasis : to the cherry-trees. Laurus.
This tree is called Parnassian, because it
abounded on mount Parnassus. It was sa-
cred to Apollo.
19. Subjicit se : shoots itself up.
21. Sylvarum fruticumque : trees and
shrubs.
22. Wiá : by practice, or experience.
Sunt alii: there are other methods of pro-
ducing trees, which, &c. The poet proceeds
to enumerate the methods of raising the se-
veral kinds of trees, which he reduces to
seven. 1. By planting the shoot or scion.
2. By burying the stump or stock in the
earth. 3. By burying the stake or trunk
split at the bottom. 4. By the layer. 5.
By planting in the earth a bough or twig
taken from the top of the tree. 6. By
planting the trunk or stalk of the tree, de-
prived of its root and branches. This suc-
ceeds very well with the olive-tree. 7. By
grafting or transferring a branch or scion of
one tree into anothier. z
23. Plantas: the shoots or scions from
the body of the mother tree.
24. Obruit stirpes : another buries the
stocks in the ground, and stakes split in four
parts at the lower end, and poles, the wood
being sharpened into a point.
26, Alice sylvarum; other trees of the
wood—simply, other trees. Rugeus says,
aliſe arbores. Propaginis. The propago was
the layer, or branch of the parent tree, bent
down and fastened in the ground, until it
*
idle.
took root, firm enough to support itself; and
was then severed from it. This was about
the third year. Arcus : the arches, or cur-
ved figures of the layers, or branches so bent
down.
27. Viva plantaria : living shoots to be
put in their own earth—not cut off as in
other cases, but suffered to grow, to the pa-
rent tree for a time... Defodi, or a word of
the like import, is understood.
29. Referens mandare: to commit the top-
most shoot to the earth whence it sprang.
Summum cacumen : the highest shoot, or
branch. Referens mandare, simply for man-
dare, says Heyne.
30. Cawdicibus : Caudex, is properly tha.
body of the tree distinguished from the root,
as truncus is the body distinguished from
the top or head. -
32. Impunè : without injury. Alternus
in the sense of univs. Arboris is under
stood. \
33. Wertere: for verti, the active for the
passive, by enallage: or, vertere se in ramos
alterius arboris.
34. Corna lapidosa : the corneil trees,
which naturally produce a stony hard fruit,
by being grafted, will produce the plum—
will redden with plums.
37. JNew segmes terrae jaceant. Dr. Trapp
renders these words: let not your lands lie
JWe terrae sint inutiles, says Rugeus.
But the connexion is better preserved by
rendering it: let not your barren lands lie
neglected or unimproved. Ismara neu.
plu, a mountain in Thrace. Tuburnus a
mountain in Campania, fertile in olives
86
P. VIRGILIl MARONIS
\
Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborem;
cum : tu, O decus, O N
merità maxima pars nos-
trae famse
39. Tuque, Maecenas, O decus, 6 famäe merità pars maxima nostrae, 40
ades, decurreque incep- Maecenas, pelagogue volans da vela patenti.
tum laborem ună me- Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opto:
on, mihi si linguæ centum sint, oraque centum, f
Ferrea vox: ades, et primi lege litoris oram.
45
43. Non possem am- In manibus terra? : non hic te carmine ficto,
plecti ea, si sint mihi
47. Arbores quae tol-
lunt se suá sponte
Atoue per ambages et longa exorsa tenebo.
Sponte suà quae se tollunt in luminis auras,
Infoecunda quidem, sed lata et fortia Surgunt.
Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque si quis
Inserat, aut scrobibus mandet mutata subactis, 50
Exuerint sylvestrem animum : cultuque frequenti,
In quascumque voces artes; haud tarda sequentur.
53. Et, illa arbor que Necnon et sterilis quae stirpibus exit ab imis,
exit sterilis
Hoc faciet, vacuos si sit digesta per agros:
Nunc altae frondes et rami matris opacant,
55
Crescentique adimunt foetus, uruntdue ferentem.
Jam, quae seminibus jactis se sustulit, arbos
Tarda venit, seris factura nepotibus umbram :
Pomaque degenerant, succos oblita priores:
Et turpes avibus praedam fert uva racemos.
60
Scilicet omnibus est labor impendendus, et omnes
63. Sed oleae respon-
dent meliùs de trumcis;
vites de propagine, et
myrtus
Cogendae in sulcum, ac multà mercede domandae.
Sed truncis oleae meliùs, propagine vites
Respondent, solido Paphiae de robore myrtus,
Plantis et durae coryli nascuntur, et ingens
6H,
NOTES.
The object of the poet is to persuade the
farmer not to neglect his rugged and barren
lands, and suffer them to lie useless; for, by
culture, he may render them profitable to
him. He adduces the case of Ismarus and
Taburnus, which, though maturally rugged
and barren, had become, by cultivation and
proper attention, very productive. Baccho
is here put for the vine.
39. Decurre. Here we have a beautiful
..allegory, drawn from the sailing of a ship.
The verb decurro signifies to sail before the
wind—to sail with a prosperous gale. La-
borem: the work or task, viz. the Georgics,
which he begun at the request of Maecenas.
41. Da volans, &c. And flying, spread the
sails to the opening sea—accompany me
through this great work, which spreads be-
fore me like an open sea, expanding on
every side. Some copies have volens.
45. Ficto carmine : in the sense of fabw-
loso poémate. -
46. Ambages et longa eacorsa: preambles,
and tedious introductions. a
50. Scrobibus subactis : in trenches pre-
pared for the purpose. JMutata: transplant-
ed—removed from their native soil.
52. In quascumque artes, &c.; in the sense
of in quocumque modo, vel via tractes. In
whatever mode you may require, says
Valpy.
56. Adimunt foetus ; and take away the
fruit from it growing up, and starve it while
bearing. The poet’s meaning appears to be
this: that the sucker, which springs up from
the root of the parent tree, will be fruitful
and productive, if transplantcd into open
ground, and arranged in proper rows. For
while it remains, the leaves and boughs of
the parent tree will overshadow it, and pre-
vent it from bearing fruit as it grows up : or,
if it should bear fruit, it will be pinched and
small, by being deprived of the rays of the
sun and proper nourishment.
57. Jam : here is used in the sense of
porró, or prasterea.
60. Uva : the grape; by meton. for the
vine. Praedam: as a prey for birds—only
fit for birds.
62. Mulla mercede: with much labor, or
expense.
63. Olete respondent, &c. The olive is
raised or propagated better from the stump;
the vine from the layer; the myrtle from
the solid wood; the hazle, the ash, the pop-
lar, and the oak, from the scion, or young
shoot.
64. Paphite : Venus, so called from Pa-
phos, a city of Cyprus, where she was
particularly worshipped. The myrtle was
sacred to her. Respondent : in the sense of
proveniunt, vel orvuntur.
GEORGICA. LIB, Il.
87
f
Fraxinus, Herculea-que arbos umbrosa coronae,
Chaoniique patris glandes; etiam ardua palma
Nascitur, et casus abies visura marinos.
Inseritur verö ex foetu nucis arbutus horrida,
Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes:
Castaneae fagus, ornusque incanuit albo
Flore pyri; glandemgue sues fregére sub ulmis.
Nec modus inserere atque oculos imponere simplex.
70
71. Fagus incanuit
e castaneae, ornusque
tncanuit albo flore pyri
Nam qua se medio trudunt de cortice gemmae,
Et tenues rumpunt tunicas, angustus in ipso
75
Fit nodo sinus: huc alienā ex arbore germen
Includunt, udoque docent inolescere libro.
Aut rursum enodes trunci resecantur, et alté
Finditur in solidum cuneis via: deinde feraces
Nec longum tempus, et ingen
Plantae immittuntur.
Exiit ad coelum ramis felicibus arbos,
79. In solidum lignum
81
Miraturque novas frondes, et non Sua poma.
Praeterea genus haud unum, nec fortibus ulmis,
Nec salici, lotoque, nec Idaeis cyparissis :
Nec pingues unam in faciem nascuntur olivae,
85
Orchades, et radii, et amará pausia baccà :
Pomaque, et Alcinoisylvae: nec surculus idem
Crustumiis, Syriisque pyris, gravibusque volemis.
NOTES. º
66. Umbrosa arbos : the poplar-tree. It
was sacred to Hercules. He wore a crown
made of the leaves of this tree, to the infer-
nal regions.
67. Glandes: properly acorns; by meton.
the oaks that bore them. Chaonii patris :
Jupiter; so called because he had a temple,
and was splendidly worshipped at Dodona,
a town of Chaonia in Epirus. The oak
was sacred to him.
68. Viswra. This is said of the fir-tree,
because ships were built of its timber. JMa-
rinos casus: in the sense of periculae maris.
69. Arbutus inseritur : the arbute or
strawberry-tree is grafted with the shoot or
scion of the nut-tree.
70. Platani. The plane tree affords a
large and pleasant shade, but bears no fruit.
It is therefore called sterilis. However, says
the poet, even this has been made to bear
apples by being grafted.
73. Imponere oculos : to inoculate. Ocu-
lus is the bud which is enclosed or put in
the bark of the tree to be inoculated. In-
serere: to ingraft. JNec modus, &c. Neither
is the method of ingrafting and inoculating
one and the same—they are different pro-
CeSSes. - *
76. Sinus angustus: a small slit or gash,
made in the bark of the tree, (where the bud
was putting forth) for the purpose of re-
ceiving the graft.
. 77. Docent: they teach it to grow up, or
incorporate itself with the moist bark. Li-
ber is the inward part of the bark of the
tree; Corter, the whole bark, or rind.
78. Aut rursum. Having described the
process of inoculation, the poet gives us that
of ingrafting. Truncus : the body of the
tree, properly after the top and branches
are cut off. This is split, and the graft put
into the fissure. He seems to prefer this
mode of cultivating trees, inasmuch as they
soon come to maturity. JWec longum tem-
pus (says he,) et ingens arhos: it is not a
long time, and the mighty tree, eaciit, hath
shot up to the skies. There is a peculiar ele-
gancy in the use of the perfect tense here.
80. Plantae: grafts, or scions of fruit-
bearing trees. -
82. Poma non sua : that is, poma non sui
generis.
84. Idaeis Cyparissis : to the Idaean Cy-
presses. There were two mountains by the
name of Ida, the one in Phrygia, the other
in Crete; the latter is here meant. - *
86. Orchades. The poet here mentions
three species of olives: the orchades, a round
olive, a word derived from the Greek; the
radii, an oblong olive; the pausia, an olive
of a bitter taste, so called from pavio, says
Columella, because its chief use was for oil;
to obtain which, it was brayed or beaten.
87. Sylvae Alcino? : the orchards of Alci-
notis, king of the Phaeaceans. They were
celebrated by the poets.
88. Crustwmiis: to the Crustumean pears,
so called from Crustumium, a town in Tus-
cany, whose pears were much esteemed;
they were of a reddish cast. Syriis pyris.
These were so called, because they were
brought from Syria. They were also called
88
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Non eadem arboribus pendet vindemia nostris,
Quam Methymnaeo capit de palmite Lesbos.
Sunt Thasiae vites, sunt et Mareotides albae :
Pinguibus hæ terris habiles, levioribus illae.
Et passo Psythia utilior, tenuisque lageos
Tentatura pedes olim, vincturaque linguam.
95. Sunt Purpurete, Purpureae, preciaeque: et quote carmine dicam
Rhaetica 7 nec cellis ideo contende Falernis.
preciósque was
95
99. Est Argitis minor Sunt et Ammineae vites, firmissima vina:
tiva, cui
102. Et, te, O bumaste,
eum twis tumidis race-
mis.
*
Sedneºusest nu- Aut tantüm fluere, aut totidem durare per annos.
Tmolus et assurgit quibus, et rex ipse Phanaeus ;
Argitisque minor,
cui non certaverit ulla,
100
merus, quâm multae spe- Non ego te, Dis et mensis accepta secundis,
'cies sunt, nec quae.
105. Quem numerum
qui velit scire, idem ve-
lit discere quâm multae
arenge Libyci asquoris
turbentur
Transierim, Rhodia ; et tumidis, bumaste, racemis.
Sed neque, quâm multae species, nec nomina quae simt,
Est numerus : neque enim numero comprendere refert.
Quem qui scire velit, Libyci velit asquoris idem
Discere, quâm multae Zephyro turbentur arenae;
105
s NOTES.
Tarentina, and were of a blackish cast.
Some think them to be the Bergamot pear.
Polemis: to the Volemian pears. These were
so called from the circumstance of their fill-
ing the palm of the hand; from vola. The
surculus, or shoot, of all these was different.
89. Arboribus: in the sense of vitibus.
90. JMethymna:0: an adj. from JMethymna,
a city of Lesbos, an island in the Ægean
sea, famous for its vines.
91. Thasiſe: an adj. from Thasus, an
island in the Ægean sea. JMareotides : an
adj. probably from JMareolis, a lake near
Alexandria, in Egypt. Some take it from
a place of the same name in Lybia, in the
confines of Egypt. These latter (hop) re-
quired a rich soil; the former (illa) a light soil.
93. Psythia: an adj. agreeing with vitis,
understood. Its derivation is uncertain. It
is probably from the name of some town in
Greece, where that species of vine flourish-
ed. Utilior passo: better for passum, or
sweet wine. This was made of raisins or
dried grapes; from the word pation: quëd
solem aut ignem patitur. Lageos. This was
a species of grape, deriving its name from
a Greek word signifying a hare, because it
resembled the color of that animal. Te-
nwis: subtle or penetrating. Quod facile
ebrietatem inducit, says Servius.
95. Purpurea, preciaque. These are both
adjectives, and agree with vites, or more
probably with woº, understood. Precia :
early ripened—ripened before other grapes.
96. Rhaetica : a grape, so called from
Rhetia, a country bordering upon Italy on
the west. Cellis Falernis: with the Faler-
nian wine. Cellis : the cellars; by meton.
for the wine in them. Falernis: an adj.
from Falernus, a mountain in Campania,'
colebrated for its good wines.
97. Amminea, vites. There are various
conjectures concerning this vine, but nothing
certainly known. It produced excellent
wine—firmissima vina, strong, and of good
body.
98. Qwibus et Tmolus: to which both
Trmolus, and Phanaeus himself, the king of
vine-bearing mountains, rise up in sign of
respect—they yield the pre-eminence to the
Amminean vine. Assurgit, as here used, is
highly metaphorical. It conveys to our
minds the idea of one mountain rising up to
another in token of respect, and yielding to
it precedency. Thnolus : a mountain in
Lydia, famous for its wines. Phana’ws :
another mountain in the island Chios, in
the Ægean sea, celebrated for its winos.
99. Argitis: a species of the grape, pro-
bably derived from a Greek word signify-
ing white, or from Argos, a city of the Pe
loponnesus.
100. Tantüm fluere.
juice. -
101. JMensis et D’s secundis. The first ta-
ble or course was composed of meats. The
second of fruits, and what we generally call
desserts. At this second table or course
there were libations made to certain gods.
Secundis is generally connected with Dis.
to yield so much
It is, however, better to connect it with men-
sis: it will then be: the Rhodian wine is
acceptable to the second table or course,
and to the gods that were them invoked—
acceptable, or fit for libations.
102. Rhodia : an adj. from Rhodus, a fa-
mous island in the Mediterranean sea.
Bumaste; the bumastus was a species of
grape, whose clusters were swollen out, like
the udder of a cow. It is derived from the
Greek. .
103. Quâm in the sense of tam.
GEORGICA. LIB II.
Aut, ubi navigiis violentior incidit Eurus,
Nösse, quot Ionii veniant ad litora fluctus.
Nec verö terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt.
Fluminibus salices, crassisque paludibus alni
Nascuntur, steriles saxosis montibus orni,
Litora myrtetis lastissima : denique apertos
Bacchus amat colles, Aquilonem et frigora taxi.
Aspice et extremis domitum cultoribus orbem,
Eoasque domos Arabum, pictosque Gelonos.
Sola India nigrum
Divisae arboribus patriae.
Fert ebenum, solis est thurea virga Sabaeis.
Quid tibi odorato referam sudantia ligno
Balsamaque, et baccas semper frondentis acanthi ?
Quid nemora AFthiopum molli canentia laná 7
Welleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres?
110
115 *
120 120. Quid referam tibi
IlêIIłOF8,
Aut quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos,
Extremi sinus orbis 7 ubi ačra vincere summum
Arboris haud ullae jactu potuere Sagittae :
NOTES. *
110. Salices mascuntur: the willows by
the side of rivers—the alders by stagnant
pools—the barren wild ashes on the stony
mountains, spring up, and flourish.
112. JMyrtetis: in groves of myrtle. Laº-
tissima : in the sense of feracissima.
113. Bacchus : here put for vites, by me-
ton. Taaci: the yew trees. The verb amant
is to be supplied.
114. Aspice orbem. The meaning is, that
the remotest parts of the world were redu-
ced to a state of cultivation by their re-
spective inhabitants, both the east (Eoasdo-
mos Arabum) and the north, the country of
the Geloni. The inhabitants, by meton. put
for the country. They painted themselves
that they might, be more terrible to their
enemies. This explains the word pictos.
115. Gelonos : the Gelomi were a people
inhabiting the northern parts of Europe.
116. Patriae divisa : countries are distin-
guished by their trees. Patria, one's native
country—Regio, any country.
117. Thurea virga: the frankincense tree.
118. Referam: in the sense of dicam, vel
describam.
119. Balsama : plu. of balsamum, a plant
of a very delicious fragrance. Its juice is
obtained by cutting the branches in the sum-
mer months, from which incisions the juice
flows. Acanthi. There were two kinds of
Acanthus; one the herb commonly called
5rank-wrsin, or bear's-foot; the other an
Egyptian tree, always green, and abounding
in berries. -
120. JMolli lanó: with soft cotton. JEthi-
qpum: gen, plu. of JEthiops : an inhabitant
of AEthiopia, an extensive country in Africa,
abounding in the cotton tree. Uts in the
sense of quomodo
121. Seres: a people of India, who fur-
nished the rest of the world with silk. It
was a common received opinion that they
collected it from the leaves of trees. To
this the poet refers in the words, depectant,
&c. they comb off the fine fleeces from the
leaves. -
123. Eactremi sinus orbis. It is somewhat
difficult to fix the meaning of sinus, in this
place. If it could be read sinui, in the dat.
to agree with oceano, it would be easy.
But it is usually read in the nom. It must
therefore mean the same as India, in the
preceding line. But how it can be applied
with any propriety, to express a tract of
country, doth not appear. If we take sinus
for the gen. connected with eactremi, the dif.
ficulty will be removed, in a good degree,
and orbis for the nom. Now orbis some-
times means no more than a single country,
or any division or part of the earth. If we
take it thus, the passage may be rendered:
Or, why need I mention the groves which
India, nearer the ocean, the country of
(bordering upon) the farthest bay, produ-
ces?, Valpy says: the extreme convexity,
of the globe. Heyne: interior remoivorque
terra eactrema: orbis partis. Ruteus : reces-
sus witimi mundi. The sinus I take for the
bay of Bengal, called by the ancients the
Sinus Gangeticus. The parts of India be-
yond the Ganges were very little known to
them ; extremi, therefore, may be very well
applied to them. Summum ačra: the high-
est air—the air surrounding the topmost
branches. This is evidently an extravagant
hyperbole, notwithstanding the declaration
of Pliny, as to the height of the trees. Vin-
cere: in the sense of superare.
126. JMedia. A country of Asia, bounded
on the north by the Caspian sea, on the
90
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Etgens illa quidem sumpts non tarda pharetris
125
Media fert tristes succos, tardumque saporem
Felicis mali: quo non praesentius ullum
(Pocula si quando savaº infecáre novercae,
Miscueruntgue herbas, et non innoxia verba)
Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena.
130
131. Ipsa arbor estin- Ipsa ingens arbos, faciemque simillima lauro ;
gens, simillimaque lauro Et, si non alium laté jactaret odorem,
quoad faciem
§
Laurus erat: folia haud ullis labentia ventis:
Flos apprimâ tenax: animas et olentia Medi
Ora fovent illo, et senibus medicantur anhelis.
135
Sed neque Medorum sylvae, ditissima terra,
Nec pulcher Ganges, atque auro turbidus Hermus,
Iaudibus Italiae certent : non Bactra, neque Indi,
Totaque thuriferis Panchaïa pinguis arenis.
Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem
140
Invertère, satis immanis dentibus hydri:
Nec galeis densisque virim seges horruit hastis:
Sed gravidae fruges, et Bacchi Massicus humor
Implevere : tement oleaeque, armentaque lasta.
Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert:
145
Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges, et maxima taurus
NOTES.
west by Armenia, on the east by Hyrcania
and Parthia, and on the south by Persia.
proper. Under Cyrus the great, it became
a constituent part of the Persian monarchy.
127. JMali : the citron. Its rind is bitter,
and its seeds are covered with a bitter skin:
hence tristes succos, bitter juices; and tar-
dum saporem, a taste remaining long on the
palate. It is called Felic, happy, on account
of its many virtues, and qualities; some of
which are mentioned. JNon larda; in the
sense of strenua vel fortis.
128. Infecere: have poisoned. Pocula:
by meton. the wine. Praesentius : more
certain—more efficacious. Some copies
have praºstantius.
129. Non innoacia verba : in the sense of
noacias incantationes.
134. Apprimâ an adj. neu. plu, taken
as an adverb, in imitation of the Greeks.
The same as apprime. .4nimas et olentia
ora, &c. With this (fruit, malo) the Medes
correct their breath, and (cleanse) their
stinking mouths. See AEn. viii. 410. Ru-
aus says; Corrigunt halitum swum et grave-
olentia ora. -
137. Ganges. One of the finest rivers in
the world. It rises in the kingdom of Thi-
bet, and taking a south-easterly direction,
after a course of about 2000 miles, falls into
the gulf or bay of Bengal; having in its
course received a number of tributary
streams, eleven of which, it is said, are as
large as the Rhine. It is considered by the
inhabitants upon its banks, as a god. Her-
mus a river of Lydia, famous for its golden
sands. It received in its course the cele-
brated Pactolus; and with it, fell into the
Sinus Phocaicus.
138. Bactra : neu. plu. the principal city
of the Bactrii. By synec. put for their
whole country, which was called Bactriana,
and was bounded by Parthia on the west,
India on the east, and by the river Ozus on
the north.
139. Panchaia: a country of Arabia Fe-
lar. Pinguis: rich, in frankincense-bear-
"fng soil. - - •
140. Haec loca : these places bulls breath-
ing fire have not turned, &c. This alludes
to the fable of Jason, who, with a company
of men, went to Colchis to get the golden
fleece. Here were bulls breathing fire bound
to a plough. Upon their turning the earth,
it was sown with dragon's teeth, which im-
mediately sprang up, seges virüm, into men
armed and prepared for combat, to supply
the place of those that had been slain. The
dragon that guarded the fleece being slain,
Jason obtained the prize. This was the fa-
mous Argonautic expedition. See Ovid,
Met. vii. It is supposed that this was only
a commercial expedition, which proved very
lucrative. - .
143. JMassicus: a mountain in Campania,
fertile in the vine; here used as an adj.
JMassicus humor Bacchi: Massic wine.
Humor Bacchi : the liquor of Bacchus, i. e.
wine. .
146. Clitumme: Clitumnus a river of Um-
bria in Italy, famous for the flocks of white
#
GEORGICA. Ll B [[.
91
Victima, Gaepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro,
Romanos ad templa Deûm duxere triumphos.
Hic ver assiduum, atque alienis mensibus aestas.
Bis gravidae pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbos.
At rabidae tigres absunt, et sava leonum
Semina : nec miseros fallunt aconita legentes:
Nec rapit immensos orbes per humum, neque tanto
Squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis.
Adde tot egregias urbes, operumque laborem;
Tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis;
Fluminaque antiquos subter labentia muros.
An mare, quod suprā, memorem , quodgue alluit infră
Anne lacus tantos? te, Lari maxime; teque
Fluctibus et fremitu assurgens, Benace, marino?
An memorem portus, Lucrinoque addita claustra,
Atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequor;
Julia quâ ponto longé Sonat unda refuso,
153. Nec squameus
anguis rapit immensos
orbes per humum, neque
colligit se in spiram cum
tanto tractu hac, quâm
quibusdam aliis region-
155 ibus.
158. An memorem
mare, quod alluit Italiam
suprā, Quodgue alluit eam
infra & Anne memorem
tantos lacus, te, O max-
160 ime Lari, teque, O, Be-
InāCe,
162. AEquor indigna-
tum circa illa claustra
magnis
150
NOTES.
sheep that fed on its banks. The victims
were washed in it, to make them the whiter.
White victims alone were offered to Jove on
triumphal days. To this the poet alludes.
149. JAEstas alienis mensibws: summer in
other months—in months motits own. As-
siduum: in the sense of perpetuum.
150. Bis pecudes, &c. The meaning is,
that the flocks bring forth twice in a year,
and the trees produce two crops of fruit.
Pecudes; here must mean sheep and other
minor animals. It could not be said of
cattle or horses. The poet, in many instan-
ces, in praising his country, exceeds the
bounds of credibility. Utilis: in the sense
of fertilis, says Heyne.
i52. Aconita: wolf's bane. It is taken
here for any noxious or poisonous plant, dº the Julian Port.
herb. According to Solinus, it takes its
name from Acon, a port in Pontus, a coun-
try notorious for poisomous plants. Others
take it from a Greek word signifying a
stone, because it grew principally on stony
grounds. Semina : in the sense of proles.
155. Laborem operum : the labor, or work
of artificers. Operum appears to be used
in the sense of Opificum, or Operariorum.
Heyne takes laborem operwm, simply for
opera, vel a dificia. -
156. Tot oppida. Many of the cities of
Italy were built upon high and elevated,
grounds. To this the words pra'ruptis savis
allude. Congesta in the sense of eactructa.
157. Subter: Heyne takes this in the
sense of praeter: making the sense to be,
that the rivers flowed or passed by the walls
of cities. He observes that many of the
cities of Italy were built upon the margin of
rivers: which seems to warrant that sense
of the word.
158. An JMare, &c. Italy is washed by
the Adriatic sea, on the north-east, and by
the Tuscan sea on the south. The former
was sometimes called JMare superum, and
the latter JMare inferum; hence the suprā
applied to the one, and infră, to the other.
159. JMaxime Lari : Larius, a large lake
at the foot of the Alps. It communicates
with the Po, by the river Addua. Hodie,
Lago di Coma.
160. Benace: Benacus, a large lake, com-
municating with the Po, by the river Min-
cius. Its present name is Lago di Garda.
•Assurgens : swelling with the waves, and
roaring of a sea.
161. Lucrino—Avernis. Lucrinus and
Avernus were two lakes in Campania. Here
Augustus made a haven, which he called
This was done by uniting
them by a canal, and connecting them with
the sea. Portum Julium apud Baias, im-
misso in Lucrinum et Avernum Lacum mari,
efficit, says Suetonius. Addita claustra. It
would seem from this, that Lucrinus was
originally a bay, and probably connected
with the sea, by a narrow strait, but after-
ward, either by some operation of the wa-
ter, or artificially, was separated from it,
forming a lake. This was the opinion of
Strabo, who informs us that Lucrinus was
originally a bay; but had been separated
from the sea, ever since the days of Hercu-
les, by a mound or bank of sand; that this
was occasionally broken over by the waves
of the sea, but was repaired and made se-
cure against all encroachments of that ele.
ment, by Agrippa, for the purpose of ma-
king it a safe and convenient station for the
Roman fleet.
162. Indignatum : the same as indig-
nans: roaring—raging.
163. Julia aqua. Heyne seems to under-
stand this, in the sense of Julius portus, the
92
P. VIRGILII MARONIs.
Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur aestus Avernis?
165, Heceadem Italia Haec endem argenti rivos, aerisque metalla
165
*tendit *venis rivos Ostendit venis, atque auro plurima fluxit.
167. Hec Italia extulit Haec genus acre virãm, Marsos, pubemdue Sabellam,
acre genus virtum, nempe. Assuetumque malo Ligurem, Wolscosque verutos
169. Hec Italia extulit Extulit.: ha-c Decios, Marios, magnosque Camillos,
Scipiadas duros bello; et te, maxime Caesar,
170
Qui nunc extremis Asiae jam victor in oris
Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum.
Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus,
Magna virãm: tibi res antiquae laudis et artis
Ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontes:
175
AScraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen.
177. Locus est dicendi
de ingeniis
Nunc locus arvorum ingeniis: quae robora cuique,
Quis color, et quae sit rebus natura ferendis.
Difficiles primúm terrae, collesque maligni,
180. Ubi sunt tenuis Tenuis ubi argilla, et dumosis calculus arvis,
Palladiá gaudent sylvå vivacis olivae.
argilla, et calculus
180
Indicio est tractu surgens oleaster eodem
NOTES.
harbor that had been made by excluding the
sea—the water in the harbor. Lucrinus
was not entirely separated from the sea.
It was connected with it by a strait, or nar-
row channel, for the ingress and egress of
the fleet, and for the admission of the water
of the sea.
164. Fretis Avernis: the canal which con-
nected Avernus with Lucrinus, is here call-
ed fretum, a strait. AEstus: in the sense of
1700.7°6. -
165. JMetalla ſeris: simply, brass. Fluſcit:
in the sense of abundavit.
167. JMarsos. The Marsi were a people of
Italy lying to the south of the Appenines,
and to the east and north of the AEqui and
Polsci. They originated, according to some,
from a son of the sorceress Circe: others
say, from JMarsia, a king of Lydia. Their
principal city was JMarrubium, or JMarru-
vium, not far from the Lacus Fucinus. Pw-
bem Sabellam: the Sabelli were a very an-
cient people of Italy, originally including the
Samnites, the Sabines, and the Ausoneans.
168. Ligurem: the Ligurean accustomed
to fatigue or toil. The Ligures were a
people inhabiting that part of Italy, which
lies at the head of the JMare Ligusticum, or
sea of Genoa. The Volsci were a very war-
ike people. They inhabited that part of Ita-
ly, through which the river Liris passes, and
were bounded on the west by the Rutuli
and Latini, on the east by Aurunci and
Campani, and on the north by the JEqui
and Hernici. Verutos, armed with darts :
from veru a kind of dart.
169. Decios : these were three Romans,
who sacrificed their lives for their country.
.Mariost the JMarii, of whom Caius Marius
was the most celebrated. Though of hum-
ble birth, he rose to the highest honors. He
triumphed over Jugurtha, king of Numidia,
and over the Cimbri. He died in his se-
venth consulship. Camillos. The most cele-
brated of the Camilli was JMarcus Furius
Camillus. He triumphed over the Vientes.
He rescued Rome from the Gauls. He was
called a second Romulus, and died at the
age of eighty years. See AEm. vi. 825.
Scipiadas. See AEm. vi. 843. Duros : invin-
cible—capable of enduring the fatigues of
War. • ?
173. Saturnia tellus. Italy is so called
because here Saturn found a safe retreat
ºfter his expulsion from heaven. He reign-
ed here conjointly with Janus. Res: a sub-
ject. Tibi : for thee—for thy advantage.
174. Virüm : in the sense of heroism.
Laudis antiquae, et artis. Laudatas et eaccul-
tas ab antiquis, says Rugeus.
176. Ascraeum carmen: an Ascrean strain,
or verse; that is, in imitation of Hesiod,
who was a native of Ascra, a village in Beo-
tia, not far from mount Helicon. . It is said,
he wrote a treatise upon agriculture.
177. Ingeniis; the nature or quality of
the lands. Robora, plu. of robur, strength
or ability to produce. The poet proceeds
to point out the several methods of distin-
guishing the various soils. He makes ten
such methods. *
179. JMaligni: thin—poor, with reference
to the quality of the soil. Difficiles: rough.
181. Palladia, sylvá Minerva’s grove.
Palladia: an adj. from Pallas, a name of
Minerva, to whom the olive was sacred.
182. Oleaster nascens plurimus: the wild
olive, springing up thick and luxuriant in
the same tract, is for a sign.
GEORGICA. LIB, II.
93
Plurimus, et strati baccis Sylvestribus agri.
At quae pinguis humus, dulcique uligine lasta,
Quique frequens herbis, et fertilis ubere campus,
Qualem saepe cavá montis convalle solemus
Despicere: huc summis liquuntur rupibus amnes,
Felicemgue trahunt limum : quique editus Austro,
Et filicem curvis invisam pascit aratris:
Hic tibi praevalidas olim multoque fluentes
Sufficiet Baccho vites: hic fertilis uvae,
Hic laticis; qualem pateris libamus et auro,
Inflavit câm pinguisebur Tyrrhenus ad aras,
Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta.
Sin armenta magis studium, witulosque tuerl,
Aut foetus ovium, aut urentes culta capellas:
Saltus et saturi petito longinqua Tarenti,
Et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum,
Pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos.
Non liquidi gregibus fontes, non gramina desunt:
Et quantùm longis carpent armenta diebus,
Exiguá tantüm gelidus ros nocte reponet.
Nigra feré, et presso pinguis sub vomere, terra,
Et cui putre solum (namgue hoc imitamur arando)
Optima frumentis; non ullo ex æquore cernes
Plura domum tardis decedere plaustra juvencis :
Aut unde iratus sylvam devexit arator,
Et nemora evertit multos ignava per annos,
Antiquasque domos avium cum stirpibus imis
Eruit: illae altum nidis petiere relictis :
At rudis enituit impulso womere campus.
NOTES.
184. At humus, quae
185 est pinguis, lataque dul-
ci uligine, campusque,
qui est frequens herbis,
et fertilis ubere -
188. Campusque, qui
est editus Austro, et pas-
cit
190 190. Hic campus suff-
ciet tibi -
191. Hic campus erit
fertilis uvae, hic idem
erit fertilis talis laticis;
195 qualem
195. Sin studium sit
tibi magis tueri armenta
198. Et talem campum,
qualem
200
201. Quantùm herba-
Tuºm armenta.
203. Terra ferè nigra,
et pinguis sub presso
vomere ; et cui est
205
207. Aut illa terra est
optima frumentis, unde
210 210. Altum ačrem
183. Strati : covered with.
184. Lºta: in the sense of abundans.
Uligine: the natural moisture of the earth.
198. JMantua infelia amisit : such as un-
happy Mantua hath lost. The poet alludes
to the circumstance of Augustus’ depriving
187. Liquuntur: in the sense of defluunt. e!" Mantuans of their lands, and bestowing
188. Felicem: fertilizing, or enriching. them upon his soldiers, as a reward for their
189. Filicem: the fern or brake, whose services. Infelic, here, is peculiarly appro-
roots, by their contexture, are very trouble- priate. Mantua was situated upon the ri-
some to the plough. Invisam ; hated. ver Mincius, which abounded in grass and
191. Sufficiet: in the sense of producet. reeds. Flumine: perhaps, in the sense of
192. Pateris et auro: by Hendiadis, for ripa, vel litore. -
awreis pateris: in golden bowls. 200. Liquidi : in the sense of puri. De-
193. Tyrrhenus; an inhabitant of Etru sunt: Heyne reads deerunt, in the future.
ria or Tuscany, an extensive country in 204. Imitamur hoc, &c. The design of
Italy, whose ancient inhabitants were fa- ploughing land being to loosen its texture,
mous for indulging their appetite; hence the and to render it soft and mellow; by doing
epithe) pinguis: fat or corpulent. Reddi- this, we imitate, says the poet, a soil which
mus: we offer to the gods the warm en- is naturally so. He observes, that a dark
trails, &c. Ebur: properly ivory—any mould, and one that looks fat and greasy,
thing made of ivory. Here, an ivory pipe. as it is broken up with the share, and is, at
195. Tueri: in the sense of alere, vel the same time, rotten or mellow, is the best
nutrire. . for grain: non ea wllo aqwore cernes, &c.
196. Urentes: nipping—destroying. Cul- The same too may be said, he observes, of
tº ; an adj. from cultus. This denotes any land newly cleared: unde iratus, &c. Ira
thing that is dressed, taken care of, or ma- tus, angry, on account of the barrenness of
naged in any way by culture. Here it means the wood. Ignava: barren—useless.
young trees—nurseries. 205. AEquore: in the sense of agro,vel campo.
197. Tarenti: Tarentum, a town in Ca- 211. Rudis campus: but the new (before
labria, in the eastern part of Italy; which uncultivated) field hath shone under the
justifies the epithet longinqua : remote deep laid share. For enituit, Dr. Trapp
fields. Arva is understood. would read emitet, the pres.
94
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Nam Jejuna quidem clivost glarea ruris
214. Chelydris viz
ministrant eas quoque
Wix humiles apibus casias roremdue ministrat.
Et tophus scaber,
Creta : negant alios aequé serpentibus agros
et nigris exesa chelydris
216
Dulcem ferre cibum, et curvas praebere latebras.
217. Illa terra quae ex- Quae tenuem exhalat nebulam, fumosque volucres,
halat
Et bibit humorem, et, cum vult, ex se ipsa remittit, *
Quaeque suo viridi semper se gramine vestit,
Nec scabie et salså ladit rubigine ferrum ;
220
221. Illa terra intexet Illa tibi laetis intexet vitibus ulmos:
Illa ferax oleae est: illam experière colendo
Et facilem pecori, et patientem vomeris unci.
Talem dives arat Capua, et vicina Wesevo
Ora jugo, et vacuis Clanius non aequus Acerris. .
Nunc, quo quamgue modo possis cognoscere, dicam.
226. Nunedicam quo-
225
modo possis cognoscere Rara sit, an supra morem sit densa, requiras:
wnam quamgue terram,
si requiras, an sit rara
229. Densa terra favet
Cereri magis
(Altera frumentis quoniam ſavet, altera Baccho:
Densa, magis Cereri; rarissima quaeque, Lyaeo)
Anté locum capies oculis; altéque jubebis
230
In solido puteum demitti, omnemoue repones
Rursus humum, et pedibus summas a quabis arenas.
233. Si arenae deerunt
ad replendum locum, uber
erit rarum, aptiusque
Si deerunt, rarum, pecorique et vitibus almis .
Aptius, uber erit:
Ire loca, et scrobibus superabit terra repletis,
sin in sua posse negabunt
235
Spissus ager; glebas cunctantes crassaque terga
Expecta, et validis terram proscinde juvencis.
Salsa autem tellus, et quae perhibetur amara,
Frugibus infelix:
Nec Baccho genus, aut pomis sua nomina servat:
ea nec mansuescit arando,
24()
NOTES.
212. JNam jejuna glarea. Having men-
tioned the land best for grain, the poet here
observes, that the land in which the dry
gravel, jejuna glarea; or the rough rotten-
stone, scaber tophus; or the chalk stone,
creta, abounds, will scarcely produce the
herb casia, and consequently is unfit for
grain: besides, it is the haunt of noxious
reptiles and vermin. Rorem: in the sense of
flores, says Heyne: quibus ros solet inesse.
215. Tophus scaber, &c. Heyne takes
tophus scaber and creta eacera as nominatives
to negant. º
220. Scabie, rubigine: with scurf–with
Iust. Ferrum : the plough-share.
221. Inteacet : will entwine—embrace.
Implicabit, says Rugeus.
223. Facilem pecori: to be good for pas-
ture, and patient of the bending plough—
will bear frequent tillage.
224. Capua : a city of Campania, sur-
rounded by a fertile country. Its inhabit-
ants were celebrated for their wealth and
luxury. It took its name from Capys, a
companion of Æneas; but Strabo derives it
from caput, because it was the chief city in
that part of Italy.
225. Ora: in the sense of regio. Jugo
Wesevo: the mountain Vesuvius, in Cam-
pania, near Naples, well known as a volca-
no. Acerris : Acerrae was an ancient city
of Campania, which the river Clanius, by
its frequent inundations, almost depopula-
ted. Hence the propriety of non (equus, not
just, or kind—destructive.
227. Rara. Rarus, loose, light, is the
opposite of spissus; and in the present case,
of densus.
228. Baccho—Lyao. These both by me
ton. are here put for the vine.
230. Anté: in the sense of primūm.
231. Demitti: in the sense of defodia, Pu-
teum: in the sense of foveam. In solido: in
the solid ground.
234. Uber: in the sense of solum, vel
humus.
236. Earpecta cunctantes: expect hard
clods, and large tough ridges.
239. Ea nec manswescit: that land neither
mellows by ploughing, nor preserves its
kind to the vine, nor their own names to the
fruit. The vine and fruit degenerate, and
lose their original flavor and qualities when
planted in such a soil. Infeliac: in the sense
of inapta, vel infoºcunda.
GEORGICA.
LIB II 95
Tale dabit specimen. Tu spisso vimime qualos,
Colaque prelorum fumosis deripe tectis.
Huc ager ille malus, dulcesque à fontibus undae
Ad plenum calcentur: aqua eluctabitur
Scilicet, et grandes ibunt per vimina guttac.
At sapor indicium faciet manifestus; et ora
omnis
245
Tristia tentantôm sensu torquebit amaror.
Pinguis item quae sit tellus, hoc denique pacto
Discimus; haud unquam manibus jactata fatiscit;
Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit habendo.
Humida majores herbas alit, ipsaque justo
[.ætior: ah mimiäm ne sit mihi fertilis illa,
Neu se praevalidam primis ostendat aristis
Quæ gravis est, ipso tacitam se pondere prodit;
Quaeque levis.
Et quisquis color.
250
251. Humida terra alit
majores herbas, ipsa que
est letior justo :
254. Terra, quie est
gravis, quaeque est levis,
Promptum est oculis praediscere nigram, prodit se tacitam
At sceleratum exquirere frigus
Difficile est: piceae tantüm, taxique nocentes
256 256. Et quisquis color
sit wnicunque terra.
Interdum, aut hederae pandunt vestigia nigrate.
His animadversis, terram multö anté memento
Excoquere, et magnos scrobibus concidere montes,
Anté, supinatas Aquiloni ostendere glebas,
Quâm laetum infodias vitis genus: optima putti
Arva solo : id venti curant, gelidaeque pruinte,
Et labefacta movens robustus jugera fossor.
At si quos haud ulla viros vigilantia fugit:
Anté locum similem exquirunt, ubi prima paretur
Arboribus seges, et quo mox digesta feratur;
261
262. Optima arvasun,
& putri solo
965
- 266. Exquirunt locum
similem illi, ubi prima
seges
NOTES.
242. Deripe: in the sense of cape, vel
sume. Qualos : baskets made of thick
wicker.
243. Huc : hither—into the basket. JMa-
lus ager: the earth of bad quality. Unda: ;
in the sense of aqua.
244. Eluctabitur: in the sense of effluet,
vel elabitwr. -
246. Sapor : the taste or relish, denoting
the quality of any thing. It differs from
sensus, which here means the sensation or
effect produced on the mouth by the act of
tasting. Indicium ; a discovery of the
quality of the land.
247. Tentantùm : in the sense of gustan-
tium. Tristia : in the sense of salsa, vel
0.7m (17°0.
249. Jactata : in the sense of versata.
250. Habendo: by handling.
251, Justo : than just—above due mea-
sure. The abl. after the comparative.
253. Aristis : arista here means the blade
or stalk of the grain.
254. Tacitam: in the sense of tacité.
255. Promptum : in the sense of facile.
256. Seeleratum: in the sense of novium,
vel permciosum. .
260. Eacoquere terram: to drain, or dry
your land. ... Concidere. Davidson, on the
authority of Pierius, reads circumdare. Ex-
coquere: to dry—bake. The poet here ad
vises to let the land lie exposed both to the
heat of the sun during the summer, and to
the north wind during winter; that is, for
a whole year. The antè in the following
line appears entirely expletive. Some lºave
proposed to read in room of it, atque, which
would be preferable, if there were authority
for the change. Heyne seems to approve
of atque. -
261. Ostendere: in the sense of ea po-
were. Supinatas: turned toward, or lying
exposed to. $,
264. Labefacta jugera: his loosened acres
—mellowing under the instruments of hus-
bandry. Curant: in the sense of efficient
will render the ground soft and mellow.
, 265. Si quos: some men.
267. Seges: a nursery, or place where
trees are first planted or reared, till they be
of sufficient size to be transplanted. In this
passage, the meaning appears to be, that
those who would have good orchards, should
pay a particular attention to the soil, where
they intend to plant the trees, and select a
soil of the like kind for the nursery; from
which (ea quo) afterward the trees are to
be taken and transplanted; lest when so
transplanted, they should not readily unite
with the earth. Not only so, they should
96
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Mutatam ignorent subutó ne semina matrem.
Quin etiam coeli regionem in cortice signant;
270. Ut restituant Ut, quo quaeque modo steterit, quâ parte calores
270
unamquamgue ed modo, Austrinos tulerit, quae terga obverterit axi,
quo quequesteterit, qua Restituant
parte g
Quaere prius.
Densa sere.
acclive tumulis
Aded in teneris consuescere multum est.
Collibus, an plano melius sit pomere vites, .
Sipinguis agros metabere campi,
In denso non segnior ubere Bacchus.
276. Sin eligas solum Sin tumulis acclive solum, collesque supinos,
Indulge ordinibus : nec Secius omnis in unguem
276
Arboribus positis secto via limite quadret.
Ut Saape ingenti bello, cum longa cohortes
Explicuit legio, et campo stetit agmen aperto,
280
Directaeque acies, ac laté fluctuat omnis ; :
AEre renidenti tellus, necdum horrida miscent
Praelia, sed dubius mediis Mars errat in armis.
284. Omnia intervalla Omnia sint paribus numeris dimensa viarum :
Non animum modó uti pascat prospectus inanem,
viarum sint dimensa
285
Sed quia non aliter vires dabit omnibus aequas
Terna, neque in vacuum poterunt se extendere rami.
Forsitan et Scrobibus quae sint fastigia quaeras.
Ausim vel tenui vitem committere sulco.
Altius ac penitàs terrae defigitur arbos :
290
NOTES.
carefully observe what particular side stood
toward the several parts of heaven, that
they might be placed, every one in the same
manner—on what side they sustained the
summer heat, and on what side the winter
cold. Seges: in the sense of seminarium,
says Heyne. Digesta: arranged in rows.
Feratur; in the sense of transferatur.
268. Semina: young plants, or trees. JMa-
trem: the ground into which they are trans-
planted. -
271. Aaci : in the sense of septentrioni.
272. Consuescere in teneris: to be accus-
tomed in their tender age avails so much—
has so much influence over them. Some
copies have à teneris. Annis is understood.
274. JMelabere: if you shall lay out for
planting. Rugeus interprets it by eligas.
275. Densa: for dense, an adv. Bacchus
mon segnior : the vine will not be less fruit-
ful in a thick and rich soil. Some take in
denso simply for densé, and render it thus:
the vine will not be less fruitful in a rich
soil, if planted thickly. In this case, ubere
is taken for richness or fertility of soil.
This appears to be the opinion of Heyne.
Ruasus connects denso with wbere. In this
case, denso must be taken in the sense of
pingul, vel spisso; and wbere in the sense of
solo. -
276. Swipinos: sloping—descending gra-
dually.
277. Indulge ordinibus: indulge in your
rows—plant your vines farther apart. JWec
secites : also—likewise; porró, says Heyne.
places.
278. Omns via, &c. Every space, or ave-
nue, should square exactly, the trees being
placed in a path or line cut across—every
space should exactly form a square, the
rows of trees being planted at equal dis-
tances, and at right angles to each other
In unguem : exactly—to a tittle.
281. Acies directae: the lines are formed
—the battalions are marshalled. Acies
an army in order of battle; agnen : in or
der of march ; eacercitus: in order of exer.
cise. Fluctuat: in the sense of coruscat.
282. Renidenti are : with gleaming brass,
JEre : in the sense of a reis armis.
283. Dubius : doubtful—uncertain; not
knowing on which side of the embattled
armies the victory will fall.
284. Omnia sint, &c. All the spaces
should be measured out in equal proportions.
Davidson supposes intervalla, or a word of
the like import, to agree with omnia, and to
govern viarum. Ruteus connects viarum
with numeris, and supposes it to be govern-
ed by that word. But to take omnia viarum
in the sense of omnes viaº, is more simple.
and of this construction we have many ex
amples in Virgil. Opaca locorum : dark
AEn. ii. 725. Opaca viarum : dark
ways, or passages. Æn. vi. 633.
288. Fastigia; in the sense of profundi
tas. Scrobibus: to the trenches—holes.
290. Altiis. The common reading is al
tiès; but Heyne, Heinsius, and some others,
have altior.
GEORGICA. LIB. Iſ
97
Æsculus imprimis, quae quantüm vert.ce ad auras
AEthereas, tantúm radice in Tartara tendit.
Ergö non hyemes il'am, non ſlabra, neque imbres
Convellunt: immuia manet, multosque per annos,
Multa virüm volvens durando Saecula vincit.
295
Tum fortes laté ramos et brachia tendens
Huc illuc, media ipsa ingentem sustinet umbram.
Neve tibi ad Solem vergant vineta cadentem:
207. Ipsa media writer
&uos ramos sustinet
Neve inter vites corylum sere: neve flagella
Summa pete, aut summas defringe ex arbore plantas,
(Tantus amor terrae :) neu ferro laede retuso
301
Semina : neve oleae sylvestres insere truncos.
Nam saepe incautis pastoribus excidit ignis,
Qui furtim pingui primūm sub cortice tectus
Robora comprendit, frondesque elapsus in altas
305
Ingentem coelo sonitum dedit: inde secutus
Per ramos victor, perque alta cacumina regnat,
Et totum involvit flammis nemus, et ruit atram
Ad coelum piceå crassus, caligine nubem :
Praesertim si tempestas a vertice sylvis
Incubuit, glomeratoue ferens incendia ventus.
Hoc ubi; non à stirpe valent, caesaºque reverti
Possunt, atque imā similes revirescere terrá;
Infelix superat foliis oleaster amaris.
310
312. Ubi hoc acetdit,
tum vites non valent re-
verti à stirpe
Nec tibi tam prudens quisquam persuadeat auctor
Tellurem Borea rigidam spirante movere.
316
Rura gelu tum claudit hyems, nec semine jacto
# NOTES.
{
292. Tartara tendit: Tartarves, mas. in the
sing, neu. in the plu. one of the regions of hell.
Here, as the poets say, the wicked and im-
pious are punished. Ixion, Tityus, Tanta-
lus, Sysyphus, and the Danaides, were sen-
tenced to this place. The poet advises to
commit the vine to a light furrow, just be-
low the surface of the earth; but to put the
tree, and especially the AEsculus, deep in the
earth, that they may take root better and
more firmly. The vine properly belongs
neither to the species of the tree, nor to that
of the shrub ; but is between both : ter-
tium quiddam, quod nec arborem, nec fruti-
tem proprié diverim, says Columella. See
AEm. iv. 445.
294, JMultos per annos. Heyne reads,
multos nepotes. He observes that Heinsius,
and some others, read the same. Per annos,
is the general reading, and appears to be
the easiest. If nepotes be read, it must be
taken in the sense of a tales, vel ava; but
that is expressed in the following line, by
the words, mulla sæcula virãm.
295. Pºincit: in the sense of superat.
299. Neve pete summa: neither seek the
topmost shoots, nor break off the topmost
scions from the tree.
. The advice which the poet gives, is: that
in propagating trees, whether by grafting,
or otherwise, you should not take the top-
most shoots of the tree, but those that are
nearer the root; for they will grow and
flourish better, having more strength in
them, and having already contracted a fond-
ness for the earth—tantus amor terrap. Se-
mina : in the sense of surculos, vel plantas.
300. Defringe. Heyne reads destringe.
302. JNeve insere, &c. Nor plant the trunks
of the wild olive among your vines. Inte,
vites, is understood.
306. Secutus; increasing more and more,
it reigns victorious.
308. Ruit : in the sense of emittit, vel
erigit. JYemus: in the sense of vinetum.
310. A vertice: from on high; or, accord
ing to Servius, from the north. Desuper,
vel de colo, says Heyne; a septentrione, says
Ruteus. t -
312. Ubi hoc: when this happens—when
your vineyards are burnt, your vines cannot
shoot forth again from the root; nor, if they
be cut, can they do it, and spring up such
as they were before. They will be entirely
destroyed, and nothing but the barren wild
olive will survive and remain. Reverti : in
the sense of renasci.
317. Rura : in the sense of arva. Semine
jacto; in the sense of surculo defosso
98 - P. VIRGILll MARONIs
º
Concretam patitur radicem affigere terræ.
Optima vinetis satio est, cum were rubenti
Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris:
320
Prima vel autumni sub frigora, cum rapidus Sol
Nondum hyemem contingit equis, jam praeterit astas
323. Aded verest utile Veraded frondi nemorum, ver utile sylvis;
frondinemorum, Verest Were tument terrae, et genitalia semina poscunt. -
Tum pater omnipotens foecundis imbribus aether 325
Conjugis in gremium laetae descendit, et omnes
Magnus'alit, magno commixtus corpore, foºtus
Avia tum resonant avibus virgulta canoris,
Et Venerem certis repetunt armenta diebus.
Parturit almus ager: Zephyrique tepentibus auris 330
331. Omnibus arvis
Laxant arva sinus: superat tener omnibus humor;
Inque novos soles audent se germina tutó
Credere : nec metuit surgentes pampinus Austros,
Aut actum coelo magnis Aquilonibus imbrem:
336. Non crediderim
alios dies illuxisse in
prima origine crescentis
Sed trudit' gemmas, et frondes explicat omnes. 335
Non alios primâ crescentis origine mundi
Illuxisse dies, aliumve habuisse tenorem
imundi, hºbuissevealium Crediderim : ver illuderat, ver magnus agebat
tenorem: illud tempus Orbis, et hybernis parcebant flatibus Euri;
erat Ver
Căm primúm lucem pecudes hausere, virámque 340
Ferrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,
Immissaeque ferae Sylvis, et sidera coelo.
Nec res hunc tenera possent perferre laborem,
NOTES.
319. Rubenti : blooming—blushing; in
the sense of purpureo. .
320. Canulida avis: the Ciconia, or stork.
So esteemed was this bird on account of its
destroying serpents and noxious reptiles,
that in Thessaly, Pliny informs us, it was a
capital crime for any person to kill one;
hence, invisa longis colubris.
325. Tum omnipotens pater: then almighty
father AEther descends into the bosom of his
joyous spouse in fructifying showers, and
great himself, mingling with her great body,
nourishes all her offspring.
These lines are extremely beautiful, as
well as this whole description of spring.
The AEther, or air, by the poets, is frequently
called Jupiter, on account, perhaps, of its
great utility, and its necessity to life and
vegetation; and because of the intimate
connexion between the surrounding air and
the earth, the poet represents the latter as
Juno, calling it the spouse of Jove.
328. Avia virgulta: the sequestered
woods, or thickets. Avius is evidently com-
pounded of the Greek alpha, negativum,
and via, a way. We meet with several in-
stances of the like composition in the Latin
language: as demens, of de and mens,
amens, &c. -
331. Arva lawant, &c. The fields open
their bosom to the warm breezes of the
zephyrs. This is extremely beautiful, and
highly poetical.
332. Germina. The usual reading is
gramina. Heyne reads germina. Burma-
nus, Martyn, Vossius, and some others, do
the same. It is evidently the better.
340. Cum primūm, &c. This is an allu-
sion to the deluge, which, the poets say,
happened in the reign of Deucalion, king
of Thessaly, of which he and his wife Pyrrha
were the only survivors. Being grieved at
the general destruction of men, they were
directed by an oracle to cast behind them
the bones of their great mother, which they
understood to be stones, and they should
instantly spring up into men. See Ecl. vi. 41.
341. Duris arvis: stony fields. Ferrea.
because they sprang up all armed and
equipped for war. .
343. Res tenera. It is not certain whe-
ther the poet here speaks of spring at the
creation of the world, or returns to his de-
scription of spring in general. In the for
mer case, res tenera will be the tender and
infant creation; in the latter, the tender
productions of nature. Dr. Trapp takes it
in this latter case, and understands by tes
merge, frail, an epithet, says he, which was,
and ever will be, proper for all sublunary
things. Rugeus seems to take it in the for-
GEORGICA. J.I.B. II.
99
Sinon tanta quies iret, frigusque caloremdue
Inter; et exciperet coeli indulgentia terras.
345
Quod superest; quaecumque premes virgulta per agros,
Sparge fimo pingui, et multà memor occule terrá :
Aut lapidem bibulum, aut squalentes infode conchas.
Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit
Halitus, atque animos tollent sata ; jamgue reperti, 350
348. Infode circum ea
bibulum lapidem aut
squalentes conchas :
enim inter eas
Qui Saxo super atque ingentis pondere testaº
Urgerent: hoc effusos munimen ad imbres;
Hoc, ubi hiulca siti findit canis aestifer arva.
Seminibus positis, superest deducere terram
Saepiùs ad capita, et duros jactare bidentes;
Aut presso exercere solum sub vomere, et ipsa
Flectere luctantes inter vineta juvencos:
Tum leves calamos, et rasae hastilia virgae,
Fraxineasque aptare Sudes, furcasque bicornes:
Viribus eniti quarum, et contemnere ventos
Assuescant, summasque sequi tabulata per ulmos.
Ac, dum prima novis adolescit frondibus aetas,
Parcendum teneris : et dum se lastus ad auras
350. Reperti sunt ho-
mines, qui urgerent illa
super saxo, atque
352. Hoc est munimen
355 ad effusos imbres : hoc
est munimen, ubi aestifer
canis findit
358. Superest tum ap-
tare vitibus
360
363. Parcendum est
Palmes agit, laxis per purum immissus habenis,
Ipsa acié nondum falcis tentanda ; sed uncis
Carpendae manibus frondes, interque legendae.
Inde ubi jam validis amplexas stirpibus ulmos
tibi teneris vitibus, dum
prima
365 365. Ipsa vitis nondum
tentanda acie falcis
NOTES.
mer sense. JMundus adhuc tener, says he.
Heyme follows the opinion of Dr. Trapp,
and by tenera res understands the young
and tender vegetation in general. David-
son is of the same opinion. Hunc laborem:
this suffering, viz. the extremes of heat and
cold.
345. Eacciperet: in the sense of eaccepisset.
So iret in the preceding line, for ivisset.
Eaciperet: had favored—visited.
346. Premes : in the sense of plantabis.
Virgulta: in the sense of surculos.
348. Infode bibulum lapidem; bury around
them the spongy stone, and rough shells.
349. Tenwis halitus, &c.
probably from an opinion, that a circulation
of air about the root was necessary to the
growth of the plant or scion. Sata: in the
sense of surculi. Animos: in the sense of
7)7.7°C.S. :
352, Effusos imbres: excessive, or immo-
derate rains. *
. 353. AEstifer canis: the sultry dog. This
is a star in the mouth of the great dog, a
constellation in the heavens. It is said to
have a considerable influence, while in con-
junction with the sun, upon the heat of the
Weather. This space of time is usually
denominated the dog-days. The name of
the star is Sirius.
335. Cºpita ; here plainly means the
roots; which are so called, either because
by them they draw nourishment from the
earth as by a mouth; or because, by propa-
This is said
gating the vine by the layer, the top was
placed into the ground, which consequently
became the root. Ruteus says, radices. Bi-
dentes : Bidens was a kind of rake or hoe,
having two teeth or forks—a grubbing hoe;
compounded of bis and dens. Seminibus
positis: in the sense of surculis defossis, vel
plantatis.
358. Hastilia : poles pointed like spears.
Rasa virgº; of peeled wood—the barktaken
off to render them more smooth. Virgi,
decorticatis, says Ruteus.
359. Bicornes furcas : two-pronged forks.
Bicornis, of bis and cornu.
360. Quarum viribus : by whose support
they may accustom themselves to rise, or
mount up.
361. Tabulata. These were branches of
elms extended at proper distances, to sus-
tain the vine and enable it to spread. We
have no word in English answering to it.
364. Immissus laaris habenis : rushing
forth with loosened reins. This is a meta-
phortaken from the horses in the race. Agit
in the sense of erigit. f
365. Acie falcis. This is the reading of
Heyne, Valpy, and some others. Acies, in
the mom. is the common reading. The vine
is not to be attempted with the pruning-
knife, but the leaves are to be plucked and
carefully culled by the bending hand, inter-
!egendae. y
367. Validis stirpibus : with strong
wreaths—stems. Stringe: thin—trim off.
*
* , ”
3 .
100
P WIRGILII MARONIS
Exierint ; tum stringe comas, tum brachia tonde
Anté reſormidant ferrum : tum denique dura
Exerce imperia, et ramos compesce fluentes.
Texendae sepes etiam, et pecus omne tenendum,
371. Sepes texondae
370
et circºm ºilº, et annº Praecipuè dum frons tenera, imprudensque laborum
pecus tenendum est ab
illus.
Cui, super indignas hyemes, Solemgue potentem,
Sylvestres uri assidué capreadue sequaces
376. Nec frigora con-
creta cana pruiná, aut
gravis Bestas incumbens
Illudunt : pascuntur oves, avidaeque juvencae.
Frigora nec tantüm canã concreta pruiná,
Aut gravis incumbens Scopulis arentibus aestas ;
376
arentibus scopulis, no- Quantum illinocuere greges, durique venenum
cuere vitibus tantùm, Dentis, et admorso signata in stirpe cicatrix.
quantùm illi greges
Non aliam ob culpam Baccho caper omnibus aris , 380
Caeditur, et veteres ineunt proscenia ludi;
Praemiaque ingeniis pagos et compita circum,
Theseidae posuere: atque inter pocula laeti
Mollibus in pratis unctos saliere per utres.
Necnon Ausonii, Trojã gens missa, coloni
388
Versibus incomptis ludunt, risuque soluto:
Oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis.
Ette, Bacche, vocant per carmina laeta, tibique
Oscilla ex altâ suspendunt mollia pinu.
NOTES.
370. Eacerce dura wnperia: exercise rigid
sway—rule them imperiously. Fluenles:
superfluous—wide-spreading.
372. Imprudens laborum: unused—unac-
customed to hardships. -
373. Indignas : in the sense of duras, vel
savas. Super : in the sense of praeter.
375. Illudunt : in the sense of mocent.
377. Gravis a stas : excessive heat.
381. Proscenia. The Roman theatre was
of a semi-circular form, and divided into
four parts. The porticus, or gallery. Here
were the seats for the common people, in
the form of a wedge, and were called Cunei,
The Orchestra was the inner part, or centre
of the theatre. Here the senators and
equites sat, and the dancers and musicians
performed. The Proscenium was the space
between the Orchestra and Scena, more ele-
vated than the former, but lower than the
latter. Here the actors performed. The
Scena was that part over against the specta-
tors. The Postscenium was the place be-
hind the Scena, or curtain, where the actors
retired. The amphitheatre was built in a
circular form, with nothing to obstruct the
view from any part. Seats were all around
it, and in the middle was a large open space
or area, where the gladiators and wild beasts
used to fight.
382. Ingeniis: to genius, or wit. The
common reading is ingentes, an epithet en-
tirely useless. Davidson, on the authority
of Pierius, reads wrgeniis. He says he
found it so in the most ancient manuscripts.
It is also the reading of Heyne and Bur-
mannus,
383. Theseidae: the Athenians, so called
from Theseus, one of their kings, the son of
AEgeus and Æthra. He taught them to live
in cities, and contributed much to their ci
vilization. Tragedy is said to have origi
nated among the Athenians. Thespis, one
of their poets, hath the honor of inventing
it. It is said he performed in a kind of
cart. -
384. Unctos utres. The utres were bags
of goatskins filled with wind, and besmeared
with oil. At the feasts of Bacchus, it was
the custom to leap upon them with one foot,
and being slippery, often caused the leaper
or dancer to fall, which always excited
mirth and laughter in the by-standers.
385. Coloni. Colonus signifies both a
tiller of the earth, and any inhabitant of a
country. In this last sense it seems to be
used here, denoting the Romans generally.
They were originally a colony of Trojans,
led into Italy by Æneas. Hence the pro-
priety of their being called gens missa Trojá.
Ausonii: an adj. from Ausonia, the origi-
mal name of Italy: in the sense of Romani,
vel Itali. -
386. Soluto: in the sense of immodico.
387. Ora : in the sense of larvas, masks.
389. Oscilla. These most probably were
small earthen images of Bacchus, hung upon
the branches of trees, where they swung,
and were turned about by the wind. They
were supposed to confer fertility to the vine,
in whatever direction they chanced to turn
their faces. JMollia: moveable, because they
turned easily, and obeyed every breeze; or
perhaps, effeminate, because Bacchus was
GEORGICA. LIB, II.
101
Hinc omnis largo pubescit vinea foetu:
390
Complentur vallesque cavae Saltusque profundi,
Et quðcumque Deus circlim caput egit honestum.
Ergö rité suum Baccho dicemus honorem
392. Et locus, quocum-
que Deus circumagit
Carminibus patriis, lancesque et liba feremus;
Et ductus cornu stabit sacer hircus ad aram :
395
Pinguiaque in verubus torrebimus exta colurnis.
Est etiam ille labor curandis vitibus alter,
Cui nunquam exhausti satis est; namdue omne quotannis
Terque quaterque solum scindendum, glebaque versis
AEternåm frangenda bidentibus, omne levandum
Fronde nemus.
400
Redit agricolis labor actus in orbem,
Atque in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus.
Et jam olim seras posuit câm vinea frondes,
Frigidus et sylvis Aquilo decussit honorem;
Jam tum acer curas venientem extendit in annum
405
Rusticus, et curvo Saturni dente relictam
Persequitur vitem attondens, fingitaue putando,
Primus humum fodito, primus devecta cremato
Sarmenta, et vallos primus sub tecta referto :
Postremus metito.
Bis vitibus ingruit umbra :
410
Bis segetem densis obducunt sentibus herbae :
Durus utergue labor.
Exiguum colito.
Laudato ingentia rura,
Nechon etiam aspera rusci
Vimina per sylvam, et ripis fluvialis arundo
413. Aspera vimina
rusci cacdumtur per syl-
vam, et fluvialis arundo
capditur ripis
NOTES.
always represented as youthful and de-
bauched. JMobilia, says Heyne.
390. Foetu: in the sense of proventu, says
Heyne.
393. Honorem: in the sense of laudes.
396. Colurnis' verubus: hazle-spits. The
hazle seems here to be mentioned, as the
instrument on which the sacrifice was to be
roasted, because it was injurious to the vine.
The goat was sacred to Bacchus, and usu-
ally offered to him. See 380, supra.
397. Est etiam ille alter : there is also
another labor. Curandis ; in the sense of
colendis. The dat. is here plainly used in
the sense of the gen. But this construction
is common with the poets.
398. Satis eachausti: enough of pains
taken. Eachaustum, though properly a part.
of the verb eachawrio, is here used as a sub-
stantive, governed by the adv. salis.
400. AEternºm : in the sense of assidué.
Bidentibus : the same with ligonibus., Ne-
mus: in the sense of vinea, vel vinetum.
401. Actus in orbem: that is, perpetuus,
vel continuus : because there is no end or
termination in a circle.
402. Annus: in the sense of annuus la-
bor, vel annua opera. The same labor or
work is to be done every year, and it re-
turns in the same order and course.
404. Decussit honorem: hath shaken from
the trees their beauty and foliage.
406. Curvo dente with the crooked knife
of Saturn. The scythe, or pruning-hook,
was the badge of Saturn. Reliclam : de-
prived of its fruit and foliage, like a forlorn
mother bereaved of her children. Nothing
can surpass this in force and beauty. Dente:
in the sense of falce.
408. Primus. The poet here advises the
vintager to be the first to perform every
piece of business belonging to his vineyard;
such as digging and mellowing the ground,
carrying home and burning the useless
branches (sarmenta) of the vine, and carry-
ing home and securing from the weather
the stakes and poles (vallos) that supported
the vine; but to be the last to gather his
grapes, as they would grow better by re-
maining on the vine, and having a longer
time to ripen.
410. Bis umbra, &c. The vine requires
to be cleared of its superfluous leaves twice
in the season, and twice to be cleared of
‘weeds and grass. This circumstance will
explain the words of the poet.
411. Sentibus : with weeds—briars.
412. Laudato. The poet here means:
you may admire a large farm, but be sure
to till a small one: or, you may praise a
large one in the possession of another, but
you should prefer a small one yourself, be-
cause you will find it in the end more pro-
fitable.
413. Rusci: the shrub called the butcher’s
broom.
102
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Caeditur ; incultique exercet cura Salicti.
415.
416. Vites vincte ul-Jam vinctae vites, jam falcem arbusta reponunt,
misjam reporturº fa'eem Jam cant extremos effactus vinitor antes:
Sollicitanda tamen tellus, pulvisque movendus:
Et jam maturis metuendus Jupiter uvis.
Contrà, non ulla est oleis cultura: neque illae
420
Procurvam expectant falcem, rastrosque tenaces;
422. Radices haserunt Cúm semel haeserunt arvis, aurasque tulerunt.
arvis, verticesque earum
tulerunt auras. Tellus
ipsa, cum recluditur un-
co dente, sufficit humo-
Ipsa satis tellus, cum dente recluditur unco,
Sufficit humorem, et gravidas cum vomere fruges.
Hoc pinguem et placitam paci nutritor olivam.
425
rem satis oleis: et suffi- Poma quoque, ut primūm truncos sensere valentes,
ciet gravidas fruges cum Et vires habuere suas, ad sidera raptim
recluditur vomere:
Vi propriá nituntur, opisque haud indiga nostra.
Nec minus interea foetu nemus omne gravescit,
Sanguineisque inculta rubent aviaria baccis.
Tondentur cytisi:
Pascunturque ignes nocturni, et lumina fundunt.
Et dubitant homines serere, atque impendere curam'
432, # quibus noctur-
ni ignes
430
taedas sylva alta ministrat,
Quid majora sequar? Salices, humilesque genistae,
Aut illae pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram
435
Sufficiunt; sepemcue satis, et pabula melli.
439. Juvat videre arva.
Et juvat undantem buxo spectare Cytorum,
non obnoxia rastris, non Naryciasque picis lucos: juvatarva videre,
ulli cura hominum.
Non rastris, hominum non ulli obnoxia cura’.
NOTES.
415. Salicti: willow-ground. The pron.
te, is to be supplied after eacercet.
416. Reponwnt. In the language of po-
etry, the vines are said to lay aside the
pruning knife, when they no longer stand
in need of its being applied to them. This
takes place when they have sufficiently em-
braced or entwined around the elms, and
other trees planted in the vineyard for the
purpose of supporting them. Vincta : in
the sense of ligatae, says Ruasus. Arbusta:
in the sense of vinela. See Ecl. i. 40.
417. Effoºtws vinitor: the wearied vinta-
ger sings his last rows—that he hath gotten
to his last rows.
dines (orites) vitium, says Heyne.
419. Jupiter: the air, or weather.
423. Unco dente. Dens is any instrument
of one tine or fork for opening the earth
about the roots of trees or plants, or for
loosening the ground in any way. The
meaning of the poet is: that the earth of
itself, if opened and kept loose with this in-
strument, will afford sufficient moisture to
the olives (satis) lately planted; but if
opened and kept loose with the plough, it
will render the olive more thrifty, and cause
it to bear a fruit full, large, and good.
Ploughing the land, says Mr. Martyn, is al-
ways considered to increase the produce of
the olive. This circumstance fully explains
the poet's meaning; which Ruasus, and
Br. Trapp after him, evidently mistook,
Pervenil ad eactremos or-
considering it as an hyperbole, denoting
that the fruit would be almost coeval with
the ploughing. Slatim cum ipso vomere,
says Ruteus.
425. Höc: with this—the plough. Or ob
hoc, according to Servius, on account of
this facility in propagating. Placitam paci
delighting in peace.
426. Poma : the fruits: by meton. put for
the trees that bore them.
429. Omne nemus: Heyne says, omne ge-
nus arborum. - ;
431. Cytisi tondentur. This may mean
either browsed upon by cattle, or cut and
prepared for their use. The cytisus was a
shrub much esteemed for its property of
causing cattle to give excellent milk. Taº-
das: torches—materials for making torches.
433. Serere: to plant them.
434. Salices: the willows. Genista the
brooms. Sequar majora: in the sense of
commemorem majores arbores.
436. Pabula melli: materials for honey—
flowers for the bees.
437. Cytorvm : Cytorus, a mountain in
Paphlagonia, in the neighborhood of the
Euxine sea, abounding in the box-tree.
438. JNarycia : an adj. from JYarya, or
JNarycia, a city in that part of Italy called
JMagna Graecia. It abounded in trees of the
pitch and resinous kind.
439. Non obnoria, not requiring—not
exposed to. Ruteus says, non egentia.
GEORGICA. LIB. II.
103
lpsæ Caucaseo steriles in vertice sylvae,
440
Quas animosi Euri assidué franguntdue feruntºue,
Dantalios aliae foetus; dant utile lignum
Navigiis pinos, domibus cedrosque cupressosque.
Hinc radios trivere rotis, hinc tympana plaustris
Agricolae, et pandas ratibus posuere carinas.
442. Dantalios foetus:
alia, dant pinos, lignum
utile navigiis, alive dant
cedrosque cupressosque,
445 lignum utile domibus:
Viminibus salices foecundae, frondibus ulmi :
At myrtus validis hastilibus, et bona bello
Cornus; Ityraeos taxi torquentur in arcus.
Nec tiliae leves, aut torno rasile buxum,
Non formam accipiunt, ferroque cavantur acuto.
447. Myrtus est bona
validis hastilibus,
449. Necnon leves
450
Necmon et torrentem undam levis innatat alnus
Missa Pado; necnon et apes examina condunt
Corticibusque cavis, vitiosaeque ilicis alveo.
Quid memorandum aequé Baccheia dona tulerunt?
Bacchus et ad culpam causas dedit: ille furentes
Centauros leto domuit, Rhoetumque, Pholumque,
454. Quld Bacchela
455 dona tulerunt tequë me-
morandum ?
Et magno Hylaeum Lapithis cratere minantem.
O fortunatos nimiäm, sua si bona nÓrint,
Agricolas! quibus ipsa, procul discordibus armis,
Fundit humo facilem victum justissima tellus.
Si non ingentem foribus domus alta superbis
Mané salutantúm totis vomit aedibus undam ;
Nec varios inhiant pulchrá testudime postes,
Illusasque auro vestes, Ephyrelaque aera ;
Alba neque Assyrio fucatur lana veneno,
460
461. Si apud illos alta
domus cum superbis fo-
ribus non vomit ingen-
tem undam hominum sa-
lutantūm manè e totis
465 Bedibus; nec illi in hiant
Nec casià liquidi corrumpitur usus olivi :
NOTES.
440. Caucaseo: an adj. from Caucasus, a
mountain, or rather range of mountains,
extending from the Euxine to the Caspian
Sęal.
444. Tympana: the naves or felloes of the
wheel, in which the (radii) spokes are fast-
ened. Some take the tympanum to be a
solid wheel, or one without spokes. Trivére:
in the sense of fecerunt, vel tornaverunt.
447. Bello: for war—the implements or
weapons of war. Ad alia arma, says Ruasus.
448. Ityraeos: an adj. from Ityra'i, a peo-
ple of Parthia, according to Servius; but
others say of Syria, famous for shooting the
bow. Cornus: the corneil-tree, or wild cher-
ry-tree. Taari : the yew-trees. Bucum: the
box-tree, or box-wood. Pierius found, in
some ancient manuscripts, curvantwr for tor-
quentwr. Ruteus says, flectumtur.
451. Alnus : the alder-tree, of which
boats were at first made. They were dug
out of the solid wood. Pado : the Po, the
largest river in Italy, put for any river.
453. Alveo : cavity.
454. JMemorandum : in the sense of dig-
mum laude, or simply, laudandum.
456. Centauros—Lapithis. These were
people of Thessaly, the former inhabiting
mount Pelion, the latter mount Pindus.
The poet here mentions the principal or
shief of the Centaurs only.
Coelosyria, and Leucosyria.
459. Discordibus armis: not wars, for that
would not be strictly true. They rage in
the country, as well as city; but rather
factions, quarrels, and evil commotions,
which are more frequent in cities and popu-
lous towns, than in the country.
460. Facilem : easy procured. Justissi-
ma: the earth may be considered most just,
because it returns what is committed to it,
with a liberal reward. Fundit: in the sense
of producil.
461. Si mom, &c. It was a custom among
the Romans, for clients and dependants to
come early in the morning to salute their
patrons. Undam : in the sense of multi-
tudimen. *
463. Varios: in the sense of variatos.
464. Illusas awro : embroidered with gold
Ephyreia: an adj. from Ephyra, the origi
nal name of Corinth. Ruabus says, Co
rinthia.
465. Assyrio veneno: with the Syrian, or
purple color. The invention of the pur-
ple, find the method of dying that color
are attributed to the Syrians, or Phoeni-
cians. Phoenicia was a part of that region
of Asia, called Syria; sometimes Assyria,
Syria and As-
syria were frequently confounded.
466. Casić the bark of a tree, or shrub,
in India, used as a spice—bastard cinna
104
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
467. At apud illos Se- At secura quies, et nescia fallere vita,
cura quies
Dives opum variarum ; at latis otia fundis,
Speluncae, vivique lacus; at frigida Tempe,
Mugitusque boum, mollesque sub arbore somni
Illic Saltus, ac lustra ferarum,
471. Illic sunt saltus Non absunt.
470
Et patiens operum parvoque assueta juventus,
Sacra Deûm, Santique patres.
Extrema per illos
Justitia excedens terris vestigia fecit.
Me verö primüm dulces ante omnia Musae,
475
476. Perculsusingenti Quarum sacra fero, ingenti perculsus amore,
tlılıOIO €0.7°2.711.
Accipiant; coelique vias et'sidera monstrent,
Defectus Solis varios, Lunaeque labores:
Unde tremor terris: quâ vi maria alta tumescant
Objicibus ruptis, rursusque in seipsa residant
480
Quid tantūm Oceano properent se tingere Soles
Hyberni.: vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.
Sin, has ne possim naturae accedere partes,
Frigidus obstiterit circlim praecordia sanguis;
Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes,
NOTEs.
mon. The ancients used it to flavor their
oil. Liquidi; in the sense of puri.
467. Vita nescia fellere: a life knowing
not to deceive—a life of substantial happi-
ness, in opposition to that of cities and
courts, which is showy, false, and deceit-
ful. -
468. Latis : some copies have lastis.
Heyne takes it in the sense of apertis vel
patentibus.
469. Tempe: neu. plu. A most pleasant
vale in Thessaly, surrounded by the moun-
tains Ossa, Pelion, and Olympus. The river
Peneus flows through it. The poet here
means any pleasant vale, putting the species
for the genus. Wivi lacus: in the sense of
perennis aqua. Frigida Tempe, for umbrosae
valles.
474. Justitia : the goddess Astrata.
Ecl. iv. 6.
475. Perú primūm ante: but, in the first
place, above all things, may the sweet
See
muses accept of me, whose sacred ensigns,
&c. Though the poet praises the country
bife so much, he prefers the charms of poe-
try, and the noble entertainments of science,
particularly philosophy and astronomy. The
muses presided not only over poetry, but
also over the sciences and liberal arts. The
poets called themselves the priests of the
muses. Hence the propriety of quarum
sacra fero. :
477. Pias et sidera coeli : in the sense of
cursus siderum in coelo. . *
479. Unde tremor terris : whence earth-
quakes arise: by what power the deep seas
swell. Objicibus ruptis : its barriers being
broken down. The poet is speaking of the
ebbing and flowing of the tide. He hath
in his view the swelling of a mighty stream.
thing in its course.
It rises with the mountain torrent. It
rushes against the opposing mounds. Here
it is stopped in its course for a time; but
gathering strength from its accumulated
waters, it bursts the barriers, sweeping every
Wis : here, not simply
violence or force, but the moving or effi-
cient cause of the rising of the waters. The
true cause of the ebbing and flowing of
the tide was not known, till the immortal
Sir Isaac Newton placed it beyond doubt.
He demonstrated it to be the attraction of
the heavenly bodies, particularly of the
IſlOOIl.
481. Quid tantºm, &c. The poet here
speaks of winter and summer. What may
be the reason, why the winter days are so
quick in ending ; and what delay may put
off, or retard the approach of the summer
nights. What may be the reason that the
days in summer are so long. Tingere: in
the sense of occidere. *
484. Sin frigidus sanguns.: but if cold
blood around my heart should hinder, that I
could not, &c. Secundum Physicos, qui di-
cunt stullos homines esse frigidioris sangui-
mis, prudentes calidi. Unde et senes, in qui-
bus jam friget; et pueri, in quibus necdum
calet, minus sapiwnt; says Servius. Pra:-
cordia : properly a membrane surrounding
the heart, and separating it from the lungs.
It is taken often for the heart itself, as in the
present instance. -
485. Rigui : in the sense of fluentes. The
meaning of the poet appears to be : that if
he had not capacity for the higher subjects
of philosophy and astronomy, he would re-
tire into the country, and there pass his time,
unheeded and unknown, amidst aural da
lights. -
GEORGICA LIB. II.
105
Flumina amem sylvasque,inglorius.
O ubi campi,
Sperchiusque, et virginibus bacchata Lacaenis
Taygeta | 6 qui me gelidis in vallibus Haemi
Sistat, et ingenti ramorum protegat umbră
Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
486. O şi essem, ubi
sunt campi, fluviusque
Sperchius, et Taygeta.
487. O sit aliquis, qu
sistat me
490 490. Ille est felix, qu
potuit
Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari!
Fortunatus et ille, Deos qui novit agrestes,
Panaque, Sylvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores!
Illum non populi fasces, non purpura regum.
495
Flexit, et infidos agitans discordia fratres;
Aut conjurato descendens Dacus ab Istro :
Non res Romanæ, perituraque regna : neque ille,
Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti.
Quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura
500
Sponte tulere suá, carpsit; nec ferrea jura,
Insanumque forum, aut populi tabularia widit.
Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca, ruuntdue
In ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regum.
NOTES.
486. O, wbi—O qui, &c.
Davidson justly observes, are not questions,
as Rugeus and Dr. Trapp both take them;
but exclamations, which in all languages
are usually elliptical. Campi: Tempe, those
pleasant fields of Thessaly are undoubtedly
*
intended. Sperchius: a river of Thessaly,
rising at the foot of mount Pindus, and falls
into the Sinus JMaliacus.
488. Taygeta: neu. pleu. a mountain of
Laconia, famous for hunting, and the cele-
bration of the orgies of Bacchus: hence,
Piginibus bacchata Lacanis; frequented by
the Laconian or Spartan virgins. Haemi.
See Geor. i. 49. -
492. Acherontis: Acheron, a fabulous
river of hell. It seems here to be put for
death. In that sense the epithet avari is
very proper. Strepitum, &c. will then mean
the noise or tumultuous dread generally oc-
casioned through the fear of death. Or, it
may mean, the noise, tumult, and bustle of
the infernal regions generally. In this last
case, Acherontis will mean hell, or the infer-
nal regions, by synec.
494. Pana. See Ecl. ii. 31. JNymphas so-
rores. See Ecl. ii. 46. Sylvanum. See Ecl.
K. 24. **
495, JNon fasces populi : not the honors
of the people, nor the purple, &c. . The Ro-
man magistrates were chosen by the peo-
ple, in the Comitia. The fasces, properly,
Was a bundle of birchen rods, The dicta-
tor had 24 of these rods—the consuls 12–
the provincial praetors 6—the city praetors
2; which were carried before them by per-
sons, who were called lictors. Fasces is
frequently put for the power and authority
of the magistrate, by metor. Flexit in
the sense of move:
These, as Mr.
497. Dacus. The Dacii were a people in-
habiting the north of the Danube, or Ister,
very troublesome to the Romans. Istro
conjurato: the conspiring, or leagued Dan-
ube. The name of the river put for the
people living near it, by meton. The Dan
ube is one of the largest rivers in Europe.
It rises in Germany, and taking an easterly
course, it falls into the Euxine sea by six
mouths, at a distance of about 1600 miles
from its source.
498. Res Romance: the Roman republic.
It is opposed to regna peritura. The for-
mer they vainly imagined would always en-
dure; while kingdoms would fall, and their
names be forgotten. Fleaverant illum, is
understood.
499. Doluit miserans, &c. The poet could
not mean that his countryman possessed a
stoical apathy, which rendered him insensi-
ble to the wants, and deaf to the calls of the
poor; but that in the country, there were
not those objects of poverty and wretched-
ness to excite his grief and compassion; or
at least, few of them in comparison to the
number in cities. In this very circum-
stance, we see a high commendation of a
, country life.
501. Ferred jura ; the same as duras le-
ges.
502. Insanum : noisy—tumultuous, or,
perhaps, litigious. Tabularia. The tabula-
rium was a place at Rome, in which the
public records were kept, and the accounts
of the public money received, and paid out.
It answers to our treasury office. Caeca: in
the sense of ignota.
504. Penetrant, &c. Insinwant se prin-
cipibus, wi intimi fiant, says Servius.
106
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Hic petit excidiis urbem miserosque Penates, 605
Ut gemmä bibat, et Sarrano indormiat ostro :
Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro :
Hic stupet attonitus rostris: hunc plausus hiantem
Per cuneos (geminatur enim) plebisque patrumque .
510
510...4tii gaudent per- Corripuit; gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum,
Exilioque domos et dulcia limina mutant,
fusi
Atque alio patriam quaerunt Sub Sole jacentem.
Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro :
514. Hinc est labor Hinc anni labor :
anni; hinc agricola sus-
timet
hinc patriam, parvosque nepotes
Sustinet: hinc armenta boum, meritosque juvencos. 515
516. Nec requies est Nec requies; quin, aut pomis exuberet annus,
anno; quin
Aut foetu pecorum, aut Cerealis mergite culmi:
Proventuque oneret sulcos, atque horrea vincat.
Venit hyems; teritur Sicyonia bacca trapetis:
Glande sues laeti redeunt: dant arbuta sylvae:
520
Et varios ponit foetus autumnus ; et alté
523. Dulces nati pen-
dent circum oscula pa-
Yeni wºn :
Mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis.
Intereà dulces pendent circum oscula nati:
Casta pudicitiam servat domus : ubera vacca
Lactea demittunt: pinguesque in gramine lasto
Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus hoedi
NOTES.
505. Penates. These were the household
gods; and were thought to preside over
houses and domestic affairs. Their statues
or images were usually made of wax, ivory,
silver, or earth, and generally placed in the
innermost part of the house : hence that
place was called Penetrale ; and they were
called sometimes, from that circumstance,
Penetrales. They were worshipped with
wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes with
the sacrifice of a lamb. Penates, by meton.
is used for one’s country, habitation, house,
or dwelling: and sometimes for the family,
or inhabitants, as in the present instance.
See AEn. ii. 717.
506. Sarrano ostro ; upon Tyrian purple.
Sarrano, an adj. from Sarra, the ancient
name of Tyre. Gemma: a cup made, or
set with gems.
508. Rostris. The Rostrum was the place
of common pleas, at Rome, so called, as
Livy informs us, from this circumstance:
The Antiates, a maritime people of Latium,
being overcome by the Romans; to perpetu-
ate the memory of the victory, they placed
the beaks of their ships (rostra) around the
suggestum, or place of pleading, by way of
ornament. Hic stupet: this one stands
amazed, being astonished at the courts of
justice. Plausus patrumque plebisque, &c.
t appears that the orders of patricians and
plebeians expressed their approbation by
turns. If we suppose the patricians, who
occupied the Orchestra, or the part of the
theatre near the stage, to be the first; this
will give a reason for the words, enim
geminatur per cuneos: for it is redoubled,
or repeated along the cunei. These were
seats in the back part of the theatre, appro-
525
priated to the common people, or plebeians. ,
See 381. supra. Hunc: in the sense of aliwm.
Geminatur. Heyne reads Geminatus, agree-
ing with plausus; without a parenthesis.
512. Sub alio sole : under another sun–
in another clime. This is beautiful, and
highly poetical.
516. JWec requies: there is no rest: but
the year abounds either, &c. This passage
is extremely beautiful and poetical. The
poet represents the year as laboring without
intermission, in bringing forth her produc-
tions. Ruasus refers the whole of this fine
passage to the husbandman: JNec cessat
agricola donec annus abundet, &c. says he.
But he gives no reason for his taking quin
in the sense of donec.
517. JMergite Cerealis culmi: with bun-
dles or sheaves of grain.
519. Sicyonia: an adj. from Sicyon, a city
of Achaia, not far from the isthmus of Co-
rinth, abounding in olive trees. Bacca.
the olive.
520. Arbuta: properly the fruit of the
arbute tree. Here, perhaps, taken for wild
fruit in general. Laeti : in the sense of sa-
twrat.
521. Ponit foetus: in the sense of dat, vel
reddit fructus. r :
524. Casta domus : the virtuous family
preserves, &c. By being trained to industry
and good order, they are not in danger of
losing their virtue, or character.
$
GEORGICA. LIB. II
107
Ipse dies agitat festos: fususque per herbam,
Ignis ubi in medio, et socii cratera coronant,
528. Ubi est ignis
Te libans, Lenaee, vocat: pecorisque magistris
Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo,
Corporaque agresti nudat praedura palaestrå.
Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini,
Hanc Remus et frater : sic fortis Etruria crevit,
Scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces.
Anté etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis, et anté
533. Remus et frater
ejus Romulus coluerunt
35 hanc: &
535. Unaque circum-
--- dedit septem
5
Impia quâm caesis gens est epulata juvencis;
Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat.
Necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum
Impositos duris crepitare incudibus enses.
Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus aequor,
Et jam tempus equúm fumantia solvere colla.
539. Necdum etiam
540 homines -
542. Tempus est sol-
were à jugo
NOTES.
527. Agitut: in the sense of celebrat. Fu-
sus: in the sense of stratus.
528. Corgnant: they fill up to the brim.
531. Palaestra : this may mean either the
exercise itself, or the place of exercise.
532. Sabini. An ancient people of Italy,
whose young women were seized by the Ro-
mans, at certain shows or exhibitions, to
which they had been invited. Upon this,
the Sabines made war upon them to avenge
the atrocious deed. A treaty of amity,
however, was concluded between the two
parties; and in the event they became one
people. Coluere: they religiously observed,
or practised.
533. Etruria : the same as Tuscia, Tus-
cany, a country in Italy, separated from
Latium by the Tyber.
534. Scilicet et, &c. What is here said of
Rome was literally true in the time of Vir-
gil. It was then in all its glory, and was
truly the wonder of the world : Rerum: res
hath a variety of significations. Here it
evidently means the world, or the whole
earth.
535. Una circumded it. The walls of Rome
embraced seven hills, when that city was in
the height of its glory. Their names were:
Palatinus, Coelius, Capitolinus, Aventinus,
Esquilinus, Quirinalis, and Viminalis.
536. Amté sceptrum : before the reign of
the Dictean king. Jupiter is so called from
Dicte, a place in the island of Crete, where
it is said, he was nourished and brought up
by the Corybantes or Curetes.
Before the reign of Jove, and before the
impious race of men fed upon bullocks
slain, golden Saturn led this life upon the
earth. This is a beautiful allusion to the
golden age. See Ecl. iv. 6. Agebat: in the
sense of ducebat.
537. Gens : in the sense of genus homi-
num, says Heyne.
541. Sed nos. This is an allegory taken
from the chariot race. By confecimus aequor
immenswm spatiis, the poet may mean that
he had run over a plain not measured by
stages; or one which did not lie within the
limits or bounds of his proposed race or
course. In this sense, divested of the
figure, it will be : I have now finished my
digression into the praises of a country life,
it is time to lay aside my pen. Rugeus in-
terprets spatiis by longitudine, and under
stands by equor immensum spatiis, a plain
immeasurable in length.
Each course of chariots in the race was
called spatium. This was repeated seve
times. Hence spatia, the plural, came to
signify the race ground. Cum septimo spatio
palmae appropinquant. -
The starting place was called carcer, and
the turning place meta. g
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this book?
What does the poet do in the first place?
. How many methods does he mention for
the propagation of trees?
What is the difference between grafting
and inoculation ? . -
For what is the propago or layer the best?
After the several kinds of trees, and the
methods of producing them, what does the
poet consider in the next place 2
How many kinds of soil does he make?
Where does the Ganges rise 2
What is its length 2
What is it considered to be, by the inhabi-
tants upon its banks:
Where does it empty?
What did the ancients call the bay ?
What city now stands near the mouth of
this river ? * .
Of what country was Hemus a river?
108
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
What river did it receive in its course 2
What was the Pactolus celebrated for 2
Where did these rivers empty 2
What was the Argonautic expedition?
Why was it so called?
Who commanded that expedition ?
Where was Colchis?
What was the object of that expedition 2
How is this fable to be understood?
How many accompanied Jason 3
What direction does the poet give for
planting trees?
How should the rows be arranged 2
Among what people did scenic representa-
tions originate 2
Why were the Athenians called Theseidae 2
Who may be considered the inventor of
tragedy ? -
What did he make use of as a stage?
What was the form of the Roman theatre?
Into how many parts was it divided ?
What was the form of the amphitheatre :
What was the original name of Italy
Why were the Romans sometimes called
.4wsones 2
What do you understand by the word
fasces 2
How many of these rods were carried be-
fore the Roman magistrates?
By whom were they carried?
For what is the word fasces used by me-
ton. 2
Who were the Dacii 2.
Where did they inhabit?
Where does the river Ister rise f
What course does it run ?
Where does it empty 2
What is its length:
Who were the Penates ?
How were they represented:
Where were their statues placed 2
What were they sometimes called from
that circumstance 2
For what is the word taken by meton, 2.
Why was the place of common please, at
Rome, called Rostrum 2
What was the word Rostrum properly?
Who were the Sabines 2 -
Did the Romans offer any violence to
their young women? . -
What was the event of the affair?
How many hills did the walls of Rome
encompass 2 -
What were they called 2
How many courses were there in the cha-
riot race 2
How does the book end?
LIBER TERTIUs.
HE subject of this book is the raising of cattle. The poet begins with an invocation of
some of the rural deities, and a compliment to Augustus. After which, he addresses
himself to his friend Maecenas. He then proceeds to give rules for the breeding and
management of horses, oxen, sheep, and goats. And, by way of episode and embel-
lishment, he gives us a description of a chariot race, of a battle of bulls, of the force of
love, and of a Scythian winter. He enumerates the diseases incident to cattle, and pre
scribes their remedies : and concludes by giving an account of a fatal murrain, which
once raged among the Alps.
1. Et te, O pastor,
memorande ab Amphry-
so : Canemus vos,
Sylvae
4. Omnia caetera car-
TE quoque, magna Pales, et te, memorande, canemus
Pastor ab Amphryso: vos, sylvae, amnesque Lycaei.
Caetera, quae vacuas tenuissent carmina mentes,
Omnia jam vulgata. Quis aut Eurysthea durum,
NOTES.
1. Pales. The goddess of shepherds, and
of feeding cattle. She was worshipped
with milk. Her feasts were called Palilia,
and were celebrated on the 12th of the ca-
lends of May. -
2. Amphryso. A river of Thessaly, where
Apollo fed the flocks of Admetus, when he
was driven from heaven for having killed
the Cyclgps. See Ecl. iv. 10. Sylva, et
0.77%63 #. the groves and streams of
Arcadia. Lycaeus: a mountain in Arca-
dia, evidently taken for the whole country,
by synec. *
3. Carmina ; by meton, the argument, or
subjects of song. Heyne reads carmine,
connecting it with vacuas. In this case, it
is to be taken in its usual sense. Tenuva-
sent : in the sense of delectavissent. Ruteus
says, omnia argumenta. -
4. Eurysthea. Eurystheus, was king of
JMycenſe. Instigated by Juno, he imposed
upon Hercules, who had been given up to
GEORGICA.
LIB. III. 109
Aut illaudatinescit Busiridis aras 7
Cui non dictus Hylas puer, et Latonia Delos,
Hippodamegue, humerogue Pelops insignis eburno,
Tentanda via est, quá me quoque possim
Acer equis 7
5 mina, quae tenuissent
vacuas mentes, jam vul-
gata sunt.
Tollere humo, victorque virim volitare per ora.
Primus ego in patriam mecum (modó vita supersit)
Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas:
1()
Primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas :
Et viridi in campo templum de marmore ponam
Propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat
Mincius, et tenerá praetexit arundine ripas.
15
In medio mihi Caesar erit, templumque tenebit.
Hlli victor ego, et Tyrio conspectus in ostro,
Centum quadrijugos agitabo ad flumina currus.
Cuncta mihi, Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi,
NOTES.
lim at the command of an oracle, the se-
verest labors: they were twelve in number,
and go under the name of the twelve la-
bors of Hercules.
5. Busiridis. Busiris, a king of Egypt,
who sacrificed to his gods the strangers who
visited him. He was slain by Hercules.
Illaudati: impious—infamous. This kind
of negatives express, generally, more than
the mere want of a good quality. They
imply the possession of a contrary one.
Detestati, says Heyne.
6. Hylas. See Ecl. vi. 43. Latonia: an
adj. from Latona, the daughter of Coeus,
one of the Titans, and mother of Apollo
and Diana, whom she brought forth at a
birth on the island Delos: hence called La-
tonian Delos.
7. Hippodame. She was the daughter of
OEnomaus, king of Elis, and Pisae who
having learned from an oracle that he was
to be slain by his son-in-law; in order to
avoid it, he proposed to the suitors of his
daughter, a chariot race, upon this condi-
tion, that the one who got the victory should
have his daughter; but if vanquished should
be slain. After thirteen had lost their lives,
Pelops won the beauteous prize, by bribing
Myrtillus, the charioteer of OEnomaus, to
place the chariot upon a frail or brittle axle.
It broke during the race, and CEnomaus
was so much bruised by the fall, that he
died of his wounds. Thus the oracle was
fulfilled. Pelops was the son of Tantalus,
king of Phrygia ; who, as the fable goes,
invited the gods to a banquet, and having
a mind to try their divinity, drossed his own
son, and set before them. All abstained
from so horrid a repast except Ceres, who
took a piece of the child’s shoulder. Jupi-
ter afterwards restored him to life, and gave
him an ivory one in its room. Hence in-
signis eburno humero; famed for his ivory
shoulder. For this horrid deed, Tantalus,
after death, was doomed to perpetual hun-
ger and thirst; and compelled to abstain
from both meat and drink, which were pla-
ced before him, by way of aggravation.
8. Acer equis. This may allude to his
victory over OEnomaus; or it may mean no
more than that he was skilled in the ma-
nagement of horses; which is the sense of
Ruasus. ' -
11. Aonio vertice : from the Aonian
mount, Helicon. This was a mountain in
Beotia, originally called Aonia, sacred to
the muses.
12. Primus referam: I, the first, will bring
to thee, O Mantua, Idumaean palms—noble
palms. The palm-tree abounded in Idu-
maea, a country of Syria; so called from
Edom, a son of Esau, who settled there.
Virgil was not the first who introduced the
Greek poetry into Italy; and, therefore, to
do away, or prevent any objection, he men-
tions Mantua, the place of his birth. He
was, however, the first who brought it to
any degree of perfection.
13, Ponam Templum. The poet appears
to mean, that he will not only imitate the
Greeks, but hé will surpass them; and in
honor of his victory, he will build a temple,
and institute games. Through the whole,
under color of honoring himself, he very
artfully compliments Augustus, his prince
and patron. Ponam: in the sense of ea-
trulam.
14. Errat: meanders—winds.
18. Centum. I will drive a hundred four-
horse chariots along the river. The poet
takes the definite number 100 for an indefi-
nite number; or he alludes to the Circen-
sian games, when in one day there were
twenty-five races of four chariots each,
making the exact number here mentioned.
These were in imitation of the Olympic
games, and were on the margin of a river.
Illi: for him—in honor, of Cesar. -
19. Cuncta Graecia. The meaning is, that
all Greece would leave their own games,
1 10
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Cursibus et crudo decernet Graecia caestu.
Ipse, caput tonsae foliis ornatus olivae,
#.
Dona feram. Jam nunc solemnes ducere pompas
Ad delubra juvat, caesosque videre juvencos :
24. Vel videre ut scena Vel scena ut versis discedat frontibus, utgue
discedat,
Purpurea intexti tollant aulaea Britanni. . .
In foribus pugnam ex auro solidoque elephanto
25
Gangaridám faciam, victorisque arma Quirini :
28. Atque hic sculpam Atque hic undantem bello, magnümque fluentem
Nilum undantom bello Nilum, ac navali surgentes are columnas.
Addam urbes Asiae domitas, pulsumque Niphaten,
30
Fidentemque fugā Parthum versisque sagittis;
Et duo rapta manu diverso ex hoste trophaea, }
NOTES.
and come to these, as far excelling in gran-
deur and magnificence. Alpheum: a river
of Elis, in the Peloponnesus, near the city
Olympia. Hence the games there celebra-
ted were called Olympic. The river here,
by meton. is put for the games themselves.
They were instituted by Hercules, in honor
of Jupiter, as near as their date can be as-
certained, in the summer of the year of the
world, 3228, and before Christ, 776. They
were celebrated every fifth year; or after
an entire revolution of four years; which
was denominated an Olympiad. This form-
ed a very important era in the history of
Greece.
Lucos JMolorchi: the groves of Molor-
chus : by meton. the JNemapa certamina, or
Nemean games. These were instituted in
honor of Hercules, on account of his killing
the lion in the Sylva JVemaca, near Cleona!, a
city of the Peloponnesus. JMolorchws was
the name of the shepherd who entertained
the hero, and at whose request he slew the
Nemasan lion. Besides these, there were
other games called Pythia, instituted in ho-
nor of Apollo, on account of his killing the
serpent Python. Hence he derived the
name Pacan, from a Greek word signifying
to pierce or wound. There were also games
called Isthmia. These were instituted by
Theseus, king of Athens, in honor of Nep-
tune. They derived their name from the
circumstance of their being celebrated on
the Isthmus of Corinth. JMihá: for me—in
honor of me. -
20. Crudo: because the castus, or gaunt-
let, was made of raw hide: or simply, cruel
—bloody. See AEn. v. 379.
22. Pompas. These were images of the
gods carried in procession before the peo-
ple at the Circensian games—the proces-
sion itself. Feram dona : in the sense of
proponam praemia.
24. Ut: in the sense of quomodo. Scena:
that part of the stage where the actors were
—the curtain, or hanging, behind which
they retired from the audience. It was
raised up when the actors were upon the
stage, and let down when they retired from
it. It appears to mean the same thing with
awla'a in the following line. See Geor. ii.
381.
25. Interti. The Britons (the victories of
Julius Caesar over them) supposed to be
painted on, or interwoven in, the curtains;
which, by a figure of speech, they might be
said to hold, or lift up. .
27. Gangaridim. The Gangaridae were
a people of India, near the Ganges. Qui-
rini. This is one of the many reasons we
have for believing that Virgil continued to
revise the Georgics until his death. It was
debated in the senate, whether Octavius
should be complimented with the name of
Augustus, or Romulus, who was also called
Quirinus. But this debate did not take
place till three years after the publication
of the Georgics; and was seven years be-
fore his victory over the Gangaridae. The
poet must, therefore, have added this line
at least ten years after the first publication,
or in the year of Rome, 734.
27. Facian, in the sense of sculpam.
28. Magnúm : Rugeus takes it in the
sense of longé. Copiosé, says Heyne. Un-
dantem: swelling and waving with war, as
it did with its waters. This is a metaphor,
beautiful and grand. The poet here al-
ludes to the victory obtained by Augustus
over Anthony and Cleopatra, and the cap-
ture of Alexandria, the principal city of
Egypt, near the mouth of the Nile. It was
built by Alexander the Great. All Egypt
soon followed the fate of Alexandria, its
capital. -
29. JNavali aere: with naval brass. Au-
gustus is said to have made four columns out
of the brazen beaks of the ships, taken from
Cleopatra and Anthony; to which the poet
here seems to allude. -
30. Miphaten: Niphates, a mountain of
Armenia, taken for the inhabitants of that
country: by meton. Armenios fugatos, says
Ruteus. -
32. Duo trophæa. Probably those two
victories obtained by Augustus over Antho-
GEORGICA. LIB. IIl
| | I
Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes
Stabunt et Parii lapides, spirantia signa,
Assaraci proles, demissaeque ab Jove gentis
Nomina ; Trosque parens, et Trojae Cynthius auctor.
Invidia infelix furias amnemdue severum
35
36. Trosque parens
.Assaract
Cocytl metuet, tortosque Ixionis angues,
Immanemdue rotam, et non exsuperabile Saxum.
Interea Dryadum sylvas Saltusque sequamur
Intactos, tua, Maecenas, haud mollia jussa.
Te siné nil altum mens inchoat: en age, segnes
40 40. Sylvasque, saltus
que intactos ab aliis
scriptoribus.
Rumpe moras: vocatingenti clamore Cithaeron,
Taygetique canes, domitrixque Epidaurus equorum :
NOTES.
ny, the one at Actium, in Epirus, on the
northern shore of the Mediterranean, the
other at Alexandria, in Egypt, on the south-
orm. Hence the propriety of utroque litore.
Rapta manu: obtained by valor, or by his
own hand—where he commanded in person.
Diverso hoste, and triumphalas gentes, mean
the same ; and probably we are to under-
stand the Asiatic and African troops that
composed the army of Anthony in these
two battles. This is the opinion of Ruasus.
Some understand the passage as referring
to the Gandaridae, a people of Asia, and to
the Britanni, situated in Europe, in differ-
ent quarters of the world. But Augustus
did not conquer the Britons.
34. Parii lapides : Parian marble. Parii:
an adj. from Paros, one of the Cyclades, fa-
mous for its shining marble. Spirantia sig-
na: figures, or statues to the life. They
shall be of such exquisite sculpture, that one
could scarcely distinguish them from real
life—they should almost breathe.
35. Proles Assaract: the offspring of As-
saracus, and the names of the family, &c.
The poet here, as in other places, compli-
ments the Caesars with divine descent. Ac-
cording to him, it may be thus traced :
Dardamus was the son of Jupiter and Elec-
tra; Erichthonius, the son of Dardanus;
Tros, the son of Erichthonius; Ilus and
Assaracus, sons of Tros; Ilus begat Lao-
modon, the father of Priam, and Assaracus
begat Capys, the father of Anchises; of
Anchises and Venus sprang Æneas, the fa-
ther of Ascanius, or Itilus, the father of the
Julian family. -
36. Cynthius: Apollo. He was born on
the island Delos, where was a mountain by
the name of Cynthus; hence he was called
Cynthius. He and Neptune, it is said, built
the walls of Troy in the reign of Laomedon.
See Ecl. iv. 10, and Geor. i. 502.
37. Infelic. This epithet is added to
envy, because it is the principal source of
unhappiness to men.
38. Cocytis Cocytus, a fabulous river of
hell, flowing out of Styx. Iacionis: Ixion,
the father of the Centaurs. For making an
attempt upon Juno, he was cast down to
hell, and bound with twenty snakes to a
wheel, which kept constantly turning, as a
punishment for his crime. The poets say,
that Jupiter substituted a cloud in the form
of Juno, and of it he begat the Centaurs.
Upon his return to the earth, he boasted of
his amour with the queen of the gods, and
was punished for it by Jupiter in this ex-
emplary manner. The truth is, the Cen-
taurs were a people of Thessaly. They
dwelt in a city by the name of Nephele.
That being the Greek word for a cloud,
gave rise to the story of their being the off-
spring of a cloud. They were the first who
broke and tamed the horse. Ixion was their
king. The poet here intimates in a very
delicate manner the unhappy end of those
who envied Augustus the glory due to his
illustrious deeds; who dared refuse to sub-
mit to his authority; and who meditated a
renewal of the civil wars.
39. Saawm. Sisyphus, a notorious rob-
ber, was slain by Theseus, king of Athens,
and for his punishment, he was sentenced to
hell; there to roll a stone to the top of a
hill, which always rolled back before he
could reach it. This made his labor per-
petual. Non earsuperabile; not to be gotten
to the top of the hill.
41. Tua haud mollia jussa: thy difficult
commands. - -
Virgil, at the request of Maecenas, wrote
the Georgies; to which circumstance he
here alludes—a subject new, and which
had not been handled or treated of by any
preceding writer. Sequamur: we will en
ter upon. -
43. Cithaeron: a mountain in Beotia,
abounding in pasture, and herds of cattle.
Taygeti; Taygetus, a mountain in Laconia.
famous for hunting. Epidaurus. There
were several places by that name. The one
here intended, is probably in Argolis, on the
eastern shore of the Peloponnesus, near the
Sinus Saronicus, that part being celebrated
for its horses. The meaning is, that he shall
now treat of those animals that abounded in
the above mentioned places .
112
P VIRGILII MARONIs
Et vox assensu nemorum ingeminata remugit.
45
Mox tamen ardentes accingar dicere pugnas
Caesaris, et nomen famá tot ferre per annos,
Tithoni primâ quot abest ab origine Caesar.
Seu quis, Olympiacae miratus praemia palmae,
52. Forma torvie bo-
vis est optima, cui est
turpe caput, cui est plu-
rima cervix, et cui pa-
Pascit equos, seu quis fortes ad aratra juvencos;
Corpora præcipué matrum legat.
Forma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plurima cervix,
Et crurum tenus à mento palearia pendent.
Optima torvae
learia pendent à mento Tum longo nullus lateri modus : omnia magna;
tentis crurum.
54. Omnia membra
sunt magna :
56. Nec vacca insig-
nis maculis et albo dis-
pliceat mihi:
58. Et est propior tau-
ro quoad faciem : quae-
que est tota
62. Caetera aetas ea-
Pesetiam, et camuris hirta’ sub cornibus aures.
Nec mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo :
Aut juga detrectans, interdumque aspera cornu,
Et faciem tauro proprior: quaeque ardua tota,
Et gradiens imä verrit vestigia caudā.
AEtas Lucinam justosque pati Hymenaeos
Desinit ante decem, post quatuor incipit annos:
Caetera nec foeturae habilis; nec fortis aratris.
ſ
60
rum est mechabilis fetu- Intereà, superat gregibus dum laeta juventus,
ra, nec est fortis aratris. Solve mares: mitte in Venerem pecuaria primus,
69. Erunt semper ali- Atque aliam ex alià generando suffice prolem.
Optima quaeque dies miseris mortalibus aevi
Prima fugit: subeunt morbi, tristisque senectus:
Et labor, et durae rapit inclementia mortis. .
quae pecudes, quarum
corpora, tu malis mutari.
Enim semper refice ar-
menta; ac, ne post requi-
65
ras ea amissa, anteveni Semper erunt, quarum mutari corpora malis:
º
NOTES.
45. Voz Assensu, &c. The meaning is,
that the groves unite in inviting him, and
echo back the call.
46. Ardentes : in the sense of illustres.
.Accingar: in the sense of the Greek middle
voice: I will prepare myself. The poet
here seems to intimate his purpose of writing
the JEmeid; which was chiefly designed to
flatter Augustus and the Roman people.
48. Tilhoni. Tithonus was either the son
or brother of Laomedon, and greatly below-
ed by Aurora.
gustus, were one thousand years, according
to the best accounts. But to extend his
fame only for that length of time, would
not come up to the design of the poet, whose
wish was to perpetuate his fame to the la-
test posterity. According to Servius and
Eustathius, Tithonus may here be taken for
the sun, in the same sense that Titan is;
they both being derived from the same
Greek verb. This would fully come up to
the views of the poet in immortalizing his
prince. The sun having existed from the
beginning of time, may be considered a
* quaedam eternitas; or the poet may assume
the definite number, 1000 years, for an in-
definite period. See AEn. iv. 585.
51. Legat; in the sense of eligat.
52. Turpe: large—disproportionate. Bo-
vis: in the sense of vacca. -
56. JMaculis—et albo ; the same as albis
maculis, by Hendiadis. Aspera : pushing,
or butting. -
From his time down to Au-"
60. Lucinam: the goddess of child-bear,
ing, so called å luce, quam infantibus dabat.
by meton, child-bearing itself—the bringing
forth of young in general. Hymenaeos.
Hymen or Hymenaeus, was the son of Bac-
chus and Venus; the god of marriage: by
meton, marriage itself—also the intercourse
of the sexes, as in the present instance.
The meaning of the poet is, that the proper
time for cattle to breed, ends before the
tenth, and begins after the fourth year of
their age.
63. Intered : in the mean time—between
the years of four and ten, let loose the males
among 'your herds. Superat: âbounds—is
vigorous.
64. Pecuaria : properly pasture grounds •
by meton, the cattle fed upon them. Here,
the females; the boves, vel vacca.
65. Suffice: raise up one stock after ano-
ther. AEvi : in the sense of vitae. -
68. Inclementia: rigor—severity. -
69. Semper erunt. This, and the tw
following lines, Dr. Trapp thinks to be an
interpolation. He says, the sense of the
whole three lines is extremely jejune and
flat. What occasion of admonishing the
farmer to continue the succession of his
cattle : The thing had just been expressed
before. Let it be further considered, what
a different face it puts upon the whole, if
these lines are left out. Having concluded
the article of the propagation of kine, with
that fine reflection upon the imperfect state
GEORGICA. LIB. Ilſ
113
Semper enm refice: ac, ne post amissa requiras,
Anteveni: et sobolem armento sortire quotannis.
Necnon et pecoriest idem delectus equino. &
Tu modó, quos in spem statues submittere gentis,
Praecipuum jam inde à teneris impende laborem.
70
74. Impende praeci-
Continuo pecoris generosi pullus in arvis
Altius ingreditur, et mollia crura reponit:
75 puum laborem illis jam
inde à teneris annis,
quos,
Primus et ire viam, et fluvios tentare minaces *
Audet, et ignoto sese committere ponti:
Illi ardua cervix,
Argutumque caput, brevis alvus, obesaque terga ;
Nec Vanos horret strepitus.
79. Est illi ardua.
80
Luxuriataue toris animosum pectus: honesti
Spadices, glaucique; color deterrimus albis,
Et gilvo : tum, si qua sonum procul arma dedēre,
Stare loco nescit, micat auribus, et tremit artus;
Collectumque fremens volvit sub naribus ignem.
82. Spadices, glauci
que sunt honesti colores
84. Tremit per artus
85
Densa juba, et dextro jactata recumbit in armo.
At duplex agitur per lumbos spina : cavatdue
Tellurem, et solido graviter sonat ungula cornu,
Talis Amyclabi domitus Pollucis habenis
Cyllarus, et, quorum Grail meminere poète,
Martis equi bijuges, et magni currus Achilles.
Talis et ipse jubam cervice effudit equină
Conjugis adventu pernix Saturnus, et altum
Pelion hinnitu fugiens implevit acuto.
90 90. Et tales erant bi-
juges equi Martis, et
currus magni Achilles,
quorum
94
Hunc quoque, ubi aut morbo gravis, aut jam segnior
Deficit, abde domo, nec turpi ignosce Senectae.
[annis
NOTES.
of mortality, he immediately passes on to
the propagation of horses. And what fur-
ther confirms him in this opinion, is, the use
of the verbs antevenio and sortior. The for-
mer, says he, is no where else used by Vir-
gil; and the latter never, in the sense it is
used here: for substituo.
71. Sobolem : a succession—issue.
73. Submittere: in the sense of sepomere.
75. Pullus generosi : a colt of generous
breed—of noble blood. Continuo : from
the first—as soon as foaled.
76. Reponit mollia crura: he moves his
pliant, or nimble legs. Reponil implies both
the alternate movements of his feet, and the
quickness and frequency of them.
81. Luacurial toris : his courageous breast
abounds (swells out) in muscles.
82. Spadices, glauci : the bright bay, and
dappled-gray, are good colors; the worst
color is the white and dun. It is very dif-
ficult, as Dr. Trapp observes, to ascertain
the names of colors in a foreign and dead
language. Besides, one nation may prefer
this color, and another may prefer that. He
takes albus for a dull, dirty white, and to be
distinguished from candidus ; because, an-
teire wives candore, Virgil makes the mark
of a fine horse. See Aſſn. xii. 84.
84. Fremens. The common reading is pre-
mens; but several ancient copies have fre-
*
mens, as Heyne informs us. That learned
editor reads, fremens. Ignem: in the sense
of calorem, vel ardentes anhelitus. Of the
horses of Diomede, Lucretius says: ignem
naribus spiraverunt.
87. Duplea: ; round—large. In a lean
horse, as the spine or back-bone rises up
sharp ; so in a fat horse, there is a kind of
hollow or gutter running through the middle
of the back, and seeming to divide it into
two parts. In this sense, duplea: spina may
be a double spine. Agitur: passes along,
or extends.
87. Lumbos : in the sense of dorsum, vel
tergum.
89. Talis Cyllarus : such was Cyllarus,
broke by the reins, &c. Amyelºi : an adj.
from Amycla, a city of Laconia, not far
from Lacedaemon, where Castor and Pollux
were born. Hence they are sometimes
called Lacedaemonii, as well as Amyclabi.
Cyllarus was the name of the horse.
91. Currus : in the sense of equi, by me
ton.
92. Et talis pernia, Saturnus ipse: and
such swift Saturn himself spread his mane,
Saturn, as the poets say, was in love with
Philyra, the daughter of Oceanus. During
their amours, on a certain occasion, Rhea,
his wife, came upon them. To prevent a
discovery, Saturn transformed himself into
114
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
97. Senior equus est Frigidus in Venerem senior, frustràque laborem
frigidus
Ingratum trahit: et, si quando ad praelia ventum est,
Ut quondam in stipulis magnus siné viribus ignis,
Incassúm furit.
102. Quis dolor sit
cuique victo, quae glo-
ria, sit cuique palmae
arrectab punt.
Ergö animos aevumque notabis
Præcipué : hinc alias artes, prolemgue parentum :
Et quis cuique dolor victo, quae gloria palmae.
Nonne vides 7 cum praecipiti certamine campum
Corripuere, ruuntdue effusi carcere currus;
105. Spes juvenum Cúm spes arrectae juvenum, exultantiaque haurit
Corda pavor pulsans: illi instant verbere torto,
100
10b
Et proni dant lora: volat vi fervidus axis :
Jamgue humiles, jamgue elati sublimë videntur
Aéra per vacuum ferri, atque assurgere in auras.
Nec mora, nec requies.
At fulvae nimbus arenae i 10
111. Equi humescunt Tollitur : humescunt spumis flatuque sequentām :
spumis, flatuque eorum Tantus amor laudum, tantae est victoria curae.
sequentām
116. Dorso equorum
117. Et equwm glo-
II] era.re
Primus Erichthonius currus et quatuor ausus
Jungere equos, rapidisque rotis insistere victor.
Frana Pelethronii Lapithae, gyrosque dedēre,
115
118. Magistri wirius- Impositi dorso; atque equitem docuere sub armis
que artis equé exquirunt Insultare solo,
equum juvenemque, cali-
dumque animis
et gressus glomerare superbos.
AEquus utergue labor: æqué juvenemque magistri
120. Nº acquirunt Exquirunt, calidumque animis, et cursibus acrem ,
senem equum quamvis
Quamvis saepe fugā versos ille egerit hostes,
120
122. Ipsa origine equi Et patriam Fpirum referat, fortesque Mycenas;
Neptuni.
123. Tempus admissu-
raº ; et
124. Distendere equum
denso pingui, quem
Neptunique ipsá deducat origine gentem.
His animadversis, instant sub tempus; et omnes
Impendunt curas denso distendere pingui,
Quem legére ducem et pecori dixere maritum ;
125
NOTES.
a horse, and fled to Pelion, a mountain of
Thessaly, filling it with his shrill neighings.
Philyra bore to him Chiron, one of the Cen-
taurs. .
96. Ignosce senectſe nec turpi : spare his
old age, not inglorious. This is the sense
usually given to the words, and implies that
the old horse should be treated with kind-
ness and humanity, now in his old age, in
consequence of his former glorious deeds.
.Abde hunc domo: in the sense of include
hunc stabulis.
101. Hinc alias artes : after that (you
should observe) his other qualities. Artes
here evidently means the qualities, proper-
tles, or endowments of the horse. Prolem :
the stock, breed, or ancestry.
102. Palmae: to the victor, or conqueror.
The palm of victory, by meton, put for the
victor, or conqueror.
104. Effusi : starting—springing. In
races, carcer was the mark, or starting
place. Eacultantia: beating—palpitating.
107. Wi: with the rapid motion of the wheel.
114. Rapidis rotis. This is the common
reading. But Heinsius and Heyne read ra-
pidus in the nom. agreeing with victor. Ro-
tis: properly the wheels ; by meton, the
chariot borne upon them.
115. Lapithae : a people of Thessaly, near
mount Pelion. Pelethronii : an adj. from
Pelethronium, one of their cities. The
meaning of the poet appears to be this:
that Erichthonius invented the use of the
chariot and horses, and that the Lapitha,
afterward improved upon the use of the
horse by managing him with the bridle, and
turning him about with the reins at their
will. Dedëre: in the sense of invenerunt.
116. Equitem. Ruacus takes this in the
sense of equum. Heyne observes that the old
grammarians understood it in the same
sense. But Davidson refers the whole
to the rider. It appears that the last
clause of the following line should be ap
plied to the horse rather than to the rider.
Eques: properly, the rider; by meton. the
horse.
118. Ulerque labor aequus ; each labor, or
art, is equal; the management of horses in
the chariot, and the management of them
with the bridle.
121. Epirum— Mycenas, Epirus and My-
cente were both famous for their excellent
horses. Referat: have, claim, or boast.
124, Pingui: in the sense of pinguedine.
125. Maritum : in the sense of admissa-
2°27.4%, t -
GEORGICA. LIB, III. I 15
Pubentesque secant herbas, fluviosque ministrant,
Farraque : ne blando nequeat superesse labori,
Invalidique patrum referant jejunia nati.
Ipsa autem macie tenuant armenta volentes.
Atque ubi concubitus primos jam nota voluptas
Sollicitat; frondesque negant, et fontibus arcent:
Saepe etiam cursu quatiunt, et Sole fêtigant;
Cüm graviter tunsis gemit area frugibus, et clim
Surgentem ad Zephyrum paleae jactantur inanes.
Hoc faciunt, nimio ne luxu obtusior usus
Sit genitali arvo, et sulcos oblimet inertes:
Sed rapiat sitiens Venerem, interiusque recondat.
Rursus, cura patrum cadere, et succedere matrum
Incipit, exactis gravidae clim mensibus errant.
Non illas gravibus quisquam juga ducere plaustris, 140
130
135
137. Sed utilla pare
sitiens
138. Et cura matrum
incipit succedere
Non Saltu superare viam sit passus, et acri
140. Non quisquam
passus sit illas
Carpere prata fugā, fluviosque innare rapaces.
Saltibus in vacuis pascant, et plena secundum .
Flumina : muscus ubi, et viridissima gramine ripa,
Speluncaeque tegant, et saxea procubet umbra.
144. Ubi sit muscus,
145 et ripa
Est lucos Silari circa, ilicibusque virentem
Plurimus Alburnum volitans, cui nomen asilo
Romanum est, Oestron Graii vertère vocantes !,
Asper, acerba sonans: quo tota exterrita sylvis
Diffugiunt armenta, furit mugitibus aether
150
Concussus, sylvaeque, et sicci ripa Tanagri.
Hoc quondam monstro horribiles exercuit iras
Inachiae Juno pestem meditata juvencae.
NOTES.
127. Superesse: to accomplish—be suffi-
cient for. Fluvios : in the sense of aquam
copiosam.
128. JNati: , the colts.
sense of ferant. -
129. Volentes : willing—on purpose, or
with design. Armenta here is evidently
taken for equas, the mares.
131. Frondes: in the sense of pabulum,
vel victum. Quattunt : in the sense of agi-
tant.
135. JWe wsus genitali arvo sit obtusior ne-
mio luxu. . These words Rugeus interprets
thus: JWe trajectus (via) genitalis partis sit
striction ob nimiam ping witudinem.
136. Oblimet : in the sense of claudat.
137. Venerem: the object of their desire
—the semen masculinum.
142. Acri fugé : in the sense of celeri
cursu. Rapaces: in the sense of rapidos.
Referant : in the
*143. Saltibus. Saltus is properly an open-
ing, or vacant space, in a grove, or park.
It is, however, sometimes used in the sense
of nemus and lucus; from the verb salio.
Ruºus says spatiis apertis.
145. Sarea umbra: a rocky shade may
fall on them—a rocky cliſt may project over
them, under which they may be sheltered
from the sun and rains.
146. Circa lucos Silari, Alburnumque. Si-
larus, a river of Italy, in Lucania: hodie Selo,
•Alburnum : Alburnus, a mountain in Italy,
abounding in the holm-oak: hodie Alborno;
out of which issues the river Tanagrus,
small, and nearly dry in summer. Pluri-
mus volitans: around the groves, &c. there
are many flies, to which asylus is the Roman
name, but the Greeks called it destron.
This construction is very peculiar; the idiom
we cannot introduce into our language.
Plurimus volitans we must take in the sense
of plurimi volitantes. Cui nomen asylo. This
is evidently the same as cut asylus est Roma—
no nomini : perhaps by antiptosis. Asylus
is what we commonly call the gad-fly, or
breeze. It is the same as the tabanus, or
tabanum. The sting of this insect causes
great painto the animal that is wounded by it.
148. Pocantes vertère: simply, vocaverunt,
vel reddiderunt.
149. Acerbă an adj. neu. plu. taken as
an adverb in imitation of the Greeks; the
same as acerbè. Asper. This may have
reference to the sharpness of its bite or sting.
Sonans: making a sharp or shrill noise.
150. Furit: in the sense of resonat. .
153. Inachiae juvence. Io, the daughter
of Inachus, king of the Argives, (or of a
16
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
154. Hunc asilum
Hunc quoque (nam mediis fervoribus acrior instat)
Arcebis gravido pecori; armentaque pasces, 155
Sole recéns orto, aut noctem ducentibus astris.
Post partum, cura in vitulos traducitur omnis:
Continuoque notas et nomina gentis inurunt :
159. Et, notant eos, Et quos, aut pecori malint submittere habendo,
160
*** submit Aut aris servare sacros, aut scindere terram,
Et campum horrentem fractis invertere glebis.
tere pecori
Caetera pascuntur virides armenta per herbas.
Tu, quos ad studium atque usum formabis agrestein,
.164. Jam tu hortare Jam vitulos hortare, viamoue insiste domandi;
Yº...quos formabis Dum faciles animi juvenum, dum mobilis aetas.
Ac primūm laxos tenui de vimine circlos
Cervici subnecte:
ad studium
165
dehinc, ubi libera colla
Servitio assuérint ; ipsis é torquibus aptos
Junge pares, et coge gradum conferre, juvencos.
Atque illis jam saºpe rotae ducantur inanes
170
Per terram, et summo vestigia pulvere signent.
PÖst valido nitens sub pondere faginus axis
- . Instrepat, et junctos temo trahat areus orbes.
174: Intereº, carpes Interea pubi indomitae non gramina tantùm,
manu non tantùm gra-
mina indomitae pubi
179. Sin tuum studi-
Nec vescas salicum frondes, ulvamgue palustrem;
Sed frumenta manu carpes sata: nec tibi foetae,
More patrum, nivea implebunt mulctralia vacca: ;
175
um sit magis ad belium, Sed tota in dulces consument ubera natos.
ferocesque
Sin ad bella magis studium, turmasque feroces,
NOTES.
river god of that name) whom Jupiter
transformed into a heifer, when he was likely
to be surprised by Juno in his amour with
her. But discovering the trick, the goddess
sent Asilus to torment her. Upon which
she fled to Egypt; where Jupiter, taking
pity on her, restored her to her proper
shape. After which, she was married to
king Osiris; and, after her death, was wor-
shipped as a goddess under the name of Isis.
154. Medvis fervoribus : for media die.
158. Inurunt : in the sense of imprimunt.
159. Submittere: to set apart for breeders
—for propagating your stock or herd.
161. Horrentem: in the sense of asperum.
162. Caetera armenta. The poet's mean-
ing is plainly this: that those calves that
are designed for breeding, for sacrifice, or
for the plough, are to be particularly desig-
nated, and taken care of; while it is suffi-
cient for the rest of the herd to feed at large,
without any such care or attention ; and
with regard to those designed for the
plough, they should be trained up from the
first, and be accustomed to the yoke, while
they are docile and tractable. .
.164. Hortare: imp. of hortor: teach, or
train up. Ad studium : for labor. JMobilis:
In the sonse of docilis.
166. Circlos: by syn. for circulos: bind
oose collars about their necks.
169. Junge pares, &c. The poet directs
the farmer to begin with his steers at an
early age; and first to hang collars lightly
about their necks. Afterwards, join two of
equal size by a cord connecting these col-
lars; and in this state make the m walk and
keep pace together; and after they have
become accustomed to this discipline, then
make them draw empty wheels along the
ground—wheels without any carriage upon
them. * , -
172. Valido : in the sense of magno. Or-
bes: for rotas, wheels. $
174. Pubi indomitte: for your steers un-
broken—not entirely subdued to the yoke.
175. Ulvam. The ulva was a kind of
grass, which grew in marshy grounds. We
have no particular name for it in our lam-
guage. JNec: in the sense of et.
176. Frumenta sata : planted, or sown.
COTIl.
The poet would have the farmer to under
stand, that the care of his steers is so ing-
portant, that he should not only gather #.
them grass, and the tender leaves of the
willow, and the marshy ulva; but even the
growing corn. . He should consider nothing
too costly for them.
177. Faetae vacca: ; your suckling cows.
Foetae: having young. The word also sig
fies, being with young. -
GEORGICA.
IIIB. III 117
Aut Alphea rotis praelabi flumina Pisae,
180
Et Jovis in luco currus agitare volantes ;
Primus equi labor est, animos atque arma videre
Bellantúm, lituosque pati, tractuque gementem
Ferre rotam, et stabulo franos audire sonantes.
Tum magis atque magis blandis gaudere magistri
185
Laudibus, et plausae sonitum cervicis amare.
Atque haec jam primô depulsus ab ubere matris
Audiat, inque vicem det mollibus ora capistris
187. Audiau nabc jam
primö depulsus ab ubere
Invalidus; etiamdue tremens, etiam inscius aevi.
At, tribus exactis, ubi quarta accesserit astas,
190
Carpere mox gyrum incipiat, gradibusque Sonare
Compositis: sinuetoue alterna volumina crurum,
Sitgue laboranti similis: tum cursibus auras
Provocet : ac per aperta volans, ceu liber habenis,
AEquora, vix summâ vestigia ponat arenå.
195
Qualis hyperboreis Aquilo cum densus ab oris
Incubuit, Scythiaeque hyemes atque arida differt
Nubila : tum segetes alta campique natantes
Lenibus horrescunt ſlabris, summa-que Sonorem
Dant sylvae, longique urgent ad litora fluctus:
Ille volat, simul arva fugā, simul aequora verrens
200
201. Ille ventus vokat
Hic, vel ad Elei metas et maxima campi
Sudabit spatia, et spumas aget ore cruentas;
Belgica vel molli meliùs feret esseda collo.
Tum demum crassà magnum farragine corpus
NOTES.
180. Praelabi rotis. The poet here alludes
to the chariot races at the Olympic games,
celebrated upon the banks of the river Al-
pheus. -
183. Lituos : the clarion, or curved horn;
put, by meton. for the sound of that instru-
ment.
Gementem tractu : in the sense of striden-
tem dum trahitur, says Heyne.
186. Somitum plausa cervicis : the sound
of the patted neck.
This refers to the custom of stroking, or
gently patting the horse on the neck, to
inspire him with courage
188. Inque vicem: by Tmesis, for invicem
que; and now and then—occasionally.
.Audiat. This is the common reading.
But Heyne, after Heinsius, reads audeat, of
the verb audeo.
189. Inscius aevi : ignorant, or inexperi-
enced, on account of his age—not conscious
of strength—knowing his weakness. Ser-
vius says: nondum habens ab annis fiduciam.
Davidson says: propter imbecilitatem avi.
It is a Greek construction.
191; Sonare compositis gradibus: to prance
in regular steps. -
Sinuetgue : and let him bend the alternate
joints of his legs—or alternately the joints
of his legs. - -
Carpere: in the sense of describere.
193. Similis laboranti. The meaning of
the poet appears to be this: After the horse
hath commenced his fourth year, let him be-
gin to amble, and prance, and exercise,
however laborious and fatiguing it may be
to him. Or rather: let not his exercise in
reality be laborious and fatiguing, on ac-
count of his age ; but let him resemble, or
be like to one laboring only, lest he be dispi-
rited from experience of his weakness. But
when he is properly trained by exercise, his
courage increased, and his confidence in
himself confirmed, then let him labor—let
him challenge the winds in his course.
194. Provocet. This is the common read-
ing. Heyne reads tum vocet. -
JEquora : in the sense of campos.
197. Incubuit : rushes forth. Ruseus says,
imminet. r
198. JNatantes. 'n the sense of whdantes.
182. Animos : courage. Contentiones,
sāys Rugeus.
202. Hic, vel ad metas: this horse, either
at the goals of Elis, &c.
204. Esseda. The essedum was a kind of
vehicle, or carriage, adapted both for travel-
ling or war. It was used by the ancient
Gauls and Britons. JMolli: tractable, in
opposition to reluctant.
205. Crassa ſurragines, with rich or fat
tening marsh. The farrago was a mixture
of wheat bran and barley meal, according
to Servius.
1 \8 I” VIRGILII MARONIS
306. Illis domitisjugo: Crescere jam domitis sinito: namdue ante domandum
Ingentes tollent animos; prensique negabunt
Verbera lenta pati, et duris parere lupatis.
Sed non ulla magis vires industria firmat,
Quàm Venerem et casci stimulos avertere amoris;
Sive boum, sive est cui gration usus equorum.
Atque ided tauros procul atque in sola relegant
Pascua, post montem oppositum, et trans flumina lata:
{ Aut intus clausos satura ad praesepia servant.
Carpit enim vires paulatim, uritgue videndo 215
Foemina : nec nemorum patitur meminisse, nec herba
217. Illa quidem facit Dulcibus illa quidem illecebris, et sape superbos
hoc dulcibus illecebris, et Cornibus inter se subigit decernere amantes.
210
Sæpe subigit
Pascitur in magnâ sylvå formosa juvenca :
Illi alternantes multà vi praelia miscent
220
- Vulneribus crebris: lavit ater corpora sanguis,
222. Obnixos adversa- Versaque in obnixos urgentur cornua vasto
7°20'S
Cum gemitu : reboant sylvaeque et magnus Olympus.
224. Nec est mos duos Nec mos bellantes ună stabulare : sed alter
Dellantes
Victus abit, longèque ignotis exulatoris;
225
226. Plagas factas cor- Multa gemens ignominiam, plagasque superbi
* superbi victoris, Victoris, tum quos amisit inultus amores:
tum eos amores, quos
Et stabula aspectans regnis excessit avitis.
229. Et inter dura Ergö omni curá vires exercet, et inter
saxa jacet
Dura jacet pernox instrato saxa cubili;
230
Frondibus hirsutis et carice pastus acutá:
Et tentat sese, atque irasci in cornua discit,
Arboris obnixus trunco: ventosque lacessit
Ictibus, et sparsâ ad pugnam proludit arenå.
Pöst, ubi collectum robur, viresque refectae,
235
Signa movet, praecepsque oblitum fertur in hostem •
NOTES.
206. Manque. The poet advises the
farmer not to pamper or fatten his horses
before they are broken, and rendered tracta-
ble. If he do, they will be mettlesome and
high minded, (tollunt ingentes animos,) they
will show a stout and surly temper, and
when caught, will refuse to bear the limber
whip, and to obey the hard bits. Ante do-
mandum : before breaking. The gerund in
dum is of the nature of a substantive noun.
Ruteus says, antequêm domentur. |
209. Industria; in the sense of cura.
211. Usus: in the sense of cultus. zº,
214. Satura: in the sense of plena.
216. Foºmina: the female—the heifer.
220. Alternantes : in the sense of vicissim.
222. Cornwa versa in obnia:0s: and their
fiorns turned against the contending foes,
are struck, &c.
. . Cum vasto gemitu. This seems not to re-
er to the rage and violence of the antago-
nists, so much as to the groans and bellow-
angs of the conquered party; or to the oc-
casional groans of each, produced by the
repeated strokes given and received.
224. Bellantes : a part. of the verb bello,
used in the sense of adversarios.
Stabulare : in the sense of habitare.
226. JMulta: in the sense of multism.
228. Avitis regnis: from his hereditary
realms—from those fields in which he was
born, and in which he bore rule. *.
Aspicens: in the sense of respiciens. -
230. Instrato cubili. Dr. Trapp, and Da-
vidson understand this to be a naked or un-
strowed bed. Ruasus takes instrato in the
sense of strato, strowed or made. The prept
£n sometimes in composition adds to the sig-
nification of the primitive word; at other
times, changes it to an opposite sense.
Carice acutó: sharp sedge.
235. Reſecta. This is the reading of
Heyne, after Heinsius. But receptºe is the
common reading. -
236. JMovet signa: he moves his stand-
ards. A metaphor taken from the move-
ment of an army. i
GEORGICA.
LIB, III. 119
Fluctus ut, in medio coepit clim albescere ponto,
Longiās ex altogue sinum trahit; utdue volutus
Ad terras, immané sonat per saxa, nec ipso
Monte minor procumbit: at ima exa-stuat unda 240
Vorticibus, migramgue alté subjectat arenam.
Omne aded genus in terris hominumque ferarumque,
Et genus aequoreum, pecudes, pictaeque volucres,
In furias ignemdue ruunt: amor omnibus idem.
Tempore non alio catulorum oblita leana
245
Saevior erravit campis: nec funera vulgó
Tam multa informes ursi stragemdue dedēre
Per sylvas: tum savus aper, tum pessima tigris:
Heuſ male tum Libya solis erratur in agris.
Nonne vides, ut tota tremor pertentet equorum
250
Corpora, si tantúm notas odor attulit auras | -
Ac neque eos jam frana virãm, neque verbera saeva,
Non Scopuli, rupesque cavae, atque objecta retardant
Flumina, correptos undă torquentia montes.
Ipse ruit, dentesque Sabellicus exacuit sus,
255
Et pede prosubigit terram, fricat arbore costas,
Atque hinc atque illinc humeros ad vulnera durat.
Quid juvenis, magnum cui versat in ossibus ignem
Durus amor! nempe abruptis turbata procellis
Nocte natat caecă serus freta : quem super ingens
258. Quid juvenis fa-
cit, cui durus
260
Porta tonat coeli, et scopulis illisa reclamant
AEquora : nec miseri possunt revocare parentes,
Nec moritura super crudeli funere virgo.
NOTES.
238. Trahit sinum: and draws a billowy
train, far from the deep.
Utgue. Davidson reads atque, and thinks
it to be the correct reading, as being easier.
Some other copies have atque.
The whole of this description of the bat-
tle of the bulls, as well as what precedes it,
of the power of love, is among Virgil's mas-
ter-pieces, and is admired by all critics.
Nor less admired is what follows. The va-
riety of objects, the force of the illustra-
tions, the propriety of the arrangement, and
the beauty and grandeur of the descriptions,
are obvious to every reader.
241. Subjectat: in the sense of erigit.
244. Rww.nt in furias ignemque: rush into
a passion, and flame of this kind.
Furia, the same as furor, denotes any in-
ordinate passion or affection of the mind,
such as love, anger, &c. from the verb furo.
Ignem is much more expressive than amo-
rem. Besides the simple idea of love, it
implies the consuming and destructive ef-
fects of that passion upon the subjects of it.
248. Pessima; most fell—or savage.
249. Libya. Libya, a part of Africa, taken
for the whole of it, by synec. This is men-
tioned, because it abounded in the most
savage beasts. JMalê erratur: it is danger-
ous “a wander.
251. Odor attulit notas auras. This is, by
Commutatio, for, aura attulit notwm odorem.
Equa vel foeminae is understood.
254. Aquà: in the sense of v: aquarum.
Objecta: Ruapus says, interjecta.
255. Sabellicus sus ipse: The Sabelline
boar rushes forth, &c. Sabellicus : an adj.
from Sabelli, or Sabini, a people of Italy,
whose country abounded in forests, and
haunts of wild beasts.
258. Quid juvenis. The poet here alludes ,
to the story of Leander and Hero. §
Leander was an inhabitant of Abydus, on
the Asian shore of the Hellespont, and pas-
sionately in love with Hero, a beautiful
maid, and priestess of Venus, who resided
at Sestus, on the European shore, and op-
posite to Abydus. He used to swim the
strait to visit his fair mistress. On a certain
occasion, passing over in a storm, he was
drowned. His dead body was driven to the
European shore, and espied by Hero; who,
in a transport of passion, threw herself upon
the corpse of her lover, and perished also.
259. Abruptis: violent—sudden.
261. Reclamant : in the sense of resonant.
263, JWec virgo moritura. This alludes to
the case of Hero, above mentioned. Super"
in, or by.
120 P. WHIRGILII MARONIS
Quid Lynces Bacchi variae, et genus acre luporum,
Atque canum ? quid, quae imbelles dant praelia cervi ?
Scilicet ante omnes furorest insignis equarum : . 266
Et mentem Venus ipsa dedit, quo tempore Glauci
Potniades malis membra absumpsére quadrigae.
Illas ducit amor trans Gargara, transque sonantem
Ascanium: , superant montes, et flumina tranant :
265. Quid cervi faci-
unt, et quab praelia illi
imbelles dant?
270
Continuèque avidis ubi subdita flamma medullis,
Were magis (quia vere calor redit ossibus) illae
Ore omnes versae in Zephyrum, stant rupibus altis,
Exceptantaue leves auras: et sape siné ullis
Conjugiis, vento gravidae, mirabile dictuſ
275
Saxa per et scopulos et depressas convalles
277. Non ad tuos or- Diffugiunt: non, Eure, tuos, neque Solis, ad ortus,
tus, 9 Eure; neque, ad In Boream, Caurumque, aut inde nigerrimus Auster
ortus Solis; neque in Bo-N
ream, CauruInque, aut
ad eam partem, unde
ascitur, et pluvio contristat frigore coelum.
Hinc demum, Hippomanes, vero quod nomine dicunt
Pastores, lentum distillat ab inguine virus :
279
º Hippomanes, quod saºpe malae legére novercae,
283. Miscuerunt her- Miscueruntgue herbas, et non innoxia verba.
bas cum eo
285. Dum nos capti
amore describendi
286. Hoc est satis
Sed fugit interea, fugit irreparabile tempus,
Singula dum capti circumvectamur amore.
Hoc satis armentis: superat pars altera curae,
285
Lanigeros agitare greges, hirtasque capellas.
Hic labor : hinc laudem fortes sperate coloni.
Nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum.
NOTES.
264. Lynces. The Lynx is an animal,
some say, of the species of the wolf and
deer; others say, only spotted like a deer,
or panther, very quick sighted, and swift of
foot. The Lynces, as well as tigers, were
bound to the car of Bacchus. Hence Lyn-
ces Bacchi. Dant: in the sense of ge-
runt.
267. JMentem: disposition—passion. In-
dolem, says Heyne.
268. Potniades: an adj. from Potnia, a
town in Beotia, the native place of Glau-
cus: who, it is said, withheld the horse from
his mares; which so enraged them, that, by
way of revenge, at the instigation of Venus,
they tore him in pieces.
Polniades quadriga. The Potnian mares.
‘See Geor. i. 437.
269. Gargara : neu. plu. a part of mount
Ida, in Troas: here put for any mountain.
.Ascanium. Ascanius, a river in Bithynia,
in Asia: here put for any river. f
275. Gravidae vento. This account of the
mares becoming pregnant by the wind, is
wholly fabulous; although mentioned by
Salinus, Columella, and Parro, as Rugeus
observes.
277. Mon Eure, &c. Some understand
the passage thus: not to thy rising, O east,
nor the rising of the sun; but to the north,
&c. Ruſeus, thus: the v fled not to the east,
nor to the north, nor to the part whence the
black south wind arises. And he gives, as
his reason: Quăd maſcima pars scriptorum
videlur tribuerehanc vim (impregnandi equas)
wni Zephyro. Heyne understands it in the
first sense: sed in Boream, &c. -
278. Caurum: the north-west wind.
279. Contristat: blackens. Ruasus takes
pluvio frigore in the sense of pluvia tempes-
tate. So does Heyne. Frigus, it is plain, is
not here to be taken in its usual sense. For
the south wind is not cold; on the contrary,
it is hot, and generally brings with it heavy
rains. It seems here to be used in the
sense of nimbus; a cloud impregnated with
vapor and rain.
280. Hippomanes. The Hippomanes was
of two kinds. The one a tough clammy
substance, lentum virus, which fell from the
mare, when she wanted the horse. This is
the kind here meant. The other was a
bunch, said to be on the forehead of the
newly foaled colt. See En. . v. 516.
Hinc demum : from hence at length.
After the conception, above mentioned, at
length, lentum virus distillat. Heyne reads:
Hłc demum.
283. JW on innoſcia : in the sense of male-
Jica, says Rugeus. …
287. Agilare : to treat of fleecy flocks,
GEORGICA.
LIB, III. 12?
Quâm sit, et angustis hune addere rebus honorem.
Sed me Parnassi deserta per ardua dulcis
Raptat amor; juvat ire jugis, quâ nulla priorum
Castaliam molli divertitur orbita clivo.
Nunc, veneranda Pales, magno nunc ore sonandum.
Incipiens, stabulis edico in mollibus herbam
291 -
292. Quânulla orbita
priorum poétarum
294. Nunc sonandum
295 est nobis
Carpere oves, dum mox frondosa reducitur aestas:
Et multà duram stipulà filicumque maniplis
Sternere subter humum, glacies ne frigida laedat
Molle pecus, scabiemgue ferat, turpesque podagras.
Pöst, hinc digressus, jubeo frondentia capris
Arbuta sufficere, et fluvios praebere recentes;
298. Subter ipsis ovi-
bus
300 300. Jubeo agricolam
sufficere
Et stabula á ventis hyberno opponere Soli
Ad medium conversa diem: căm frigidus olim
Jam cadit, extremoque irrorat Aquarius anno.
Hae quoque non curá nobis leviore tuendae,
Nec minor usus erit: quamvis Milesia magno
Wellera mutentur, Tyrios incocta rubores.
Densior hinc soboles, hinc largi copia lactis.
Quâm magis exhausto spumaverit ubere mulctra ;
Laeta magis pressis manabunt flumina mammis.
Nec minus interea barbas incanaque menta
Cinyphii tondent hirci, setasque comantes,
305. He capra tuendae
sunt nobis non leviore
curá quâm oves
306. Milesia vellera
incocta quoad Tyrios ru-
bores mutentur magno
pretio.
310. Tantò magislata
flumina lactis
312. Interea pastores
tondent barbas, incana-
que
305
310
NOTES.
290. Quâm-magnum: how great, or diffi-
cult.
According to Heyne, vincere ea verbis, may
mean, to reduce, or bring those things into
poetic numbers: Earprimere haic commodë
poética oratione, says he. Rudeus says, su-
oerare ista argumenta sermonis dignitate.
.Angustis: in the sense of parvis vel hu-
milibus.
291. Parnassi. Parnassus was a moun-
tain in Phocis, at the foot of which was the
fountain Castalia, sacred to the muses. See
Ecl. vi. 29.
292. Quà nulla orbita priorum. This is
a most happy circumlocution, to denote a
subject entirely new, and which had never
been treated of by any one before him.
294, JMagno ore : in a high and lofty
strain, in order to add dignity to the sub-
ject; which, in importance, was inferior to
what he had just before been treating of.
Pales: see note 1, supra.
297. JManiplis filicum: with bundles of
the fern.
299. Ferat scabiem: should bring on the
scab, and foul gout.
The podagra was a disease of the feet, as
its name implies.
Columella mentions two diseases, that
affect the feet of sheep. One, when there is
a galling, and filth in the parting of the
hoof, the other, when there is a tubercle,
or swelling, in the same place, with a hair
in the middle, and a worm under it.
300. Brondentia arbuta: in the sense of
frondes arbuti.
301. Fluvios: in the sense of aquam.
Sufficere: in the sense of dare.
304. Cum frigidus Aquarius: when cold
Aquarius at length sets, and sheds his dew
in the end of the year.
Aquarius is a sign of the Ecliptic, into
which the sun enters about the 22d of Ja-
nuary. Also the same as Ganymedes, the
son of Tros, king of Troy, whom Jupiter,
in the form of an eagle, carried up to hea-
ven, and made his cup-bearer. Hence he is
usually represented with a pitcher pouring
out water. The poet here seems to consider
the year as beginning with the month of
March, or Aries.
306. JMilesia : Milesian wool. JMilesia
an adj. from JMilesus, a city in the confines
of Ionia and Caria, famous for its wool.
308. Hinc densior: from hence (from the
goats) is a more numerous breed than from
the sheep—from them too a greater quan-
tity of milk.
Copia largi lactis : for larga copia lactis.
This is not, properly speaking, by any figure
of speech, but by what is commonly called
poetica licentia.
309. Ubere eachausto: their udders being
drained. -
Quàm magis : in the sense of quantò
magus. f
312. Cinyphii: an adj. from Cºnyms, a
river of Africa, near the Garamantes, where
the goat was the most shaggy.
122
P WIlèGILII MARONIS
Usum in castrorum et miseris velamina nautis.
314. Veró capre pas- Pascuntur verö sylvas, et summa Lycaei,
Cuntur
Horrentesque rubos, et amantes ardua dumos.
315
. Atque ipsae memores redeunt in tecta, Suosque
317. Ducuntgue suos Ducunt, et gravido superant vix ubere limen.
foetus secum
Ergö omni studio glaciem ventosque nivales,
Quð minis est illis curae mortalisegestas,
Avertes: victumque feres et virgea laetus
320
Pabula: nec totă claudes foenilia brumã.
322. Cúm lieta testas At veró, Zephyris cum laeta vocantibus aestas,
**, *phyris Yoºn. In saltus utrumque gregem atque in pascua mittes:
tibus, mittes utrumque
gregem ovium et capra-
77/270. -
Luciferi primo cum sidere, frigida rura
Carpamus: dum mané novum, dum gramina canent,
Etros in tenerá pecori gratissimus herbă est.
326
Inde, ubi quarta sitim coeli collegerit hora,
Et cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae;
Ad puteos, aut alta greges ad stagna jubeto
Currentem ilignis potare canalibus undam :
330
AEstibus at mediis umbrosam exquirere vallem,
Sicubi magna Jovis antiquo robore quercus
333. Sicubinemus ni- Ingentes tendat ramos; aut sicubi nigrum w
grum orebris ilicibus ac- Ilicibus crebris sacra nemus accubet umbră.
cubet
335. Tum jube pasto-
res dare illis tenues
Tum tenues dare rursus aquas, et pascere rursus
Solis ad occasum: cum frigidus aéra Vesper
335
Temperat, et saltus reficit jam roscida Luna,
Litoraqge halcyonen resonant et acanthida, dumi.
NOTES.
314. Sylvas: in the sense of arbores, vel
per sylvas, &c.
Summa : in the sense of cacumina.
Lycaei: Lycaeus was a mountain in Ar-
cadia, sacred to Pan.
315. Ardua : high grounds.
derstood. .
316. Suos: their young—the kids.
320. Pirgea pabula : osier food—tender
twigs, or browse.
324. Cum primo, &c. The meaning is,
when the planet Venus first rises, going be-
fore the sun, for then it is called Lucifer,
the farmer should drive his flocks to pas-
ture; and early in the morning, when the
grass is moist and tender, let them feed.
Sidere: in the sense of ortu.
Carpamus frigida rura. Servius inter-
prets these words thus: Cogamus capras car-
pere frigida rura: hoc est, educamus greges
ad carpenda, &c.
327. Coeli. Davidson connects coºli with
sitim. Ruabus and some others take it in
the sense of dies, and connect it with quarta
hora. Either preserves the sense and spirit
of the poet. -
He begins the day at the rising of the
sun, otherwise by the fourth hour, the sun
could not have caused thirst to man or beast.
This would correspond with our ten o’clock,
on those days when the sun is upon the
Loca is un-
equator, but on every other day in the year,
it would vary from it. * .
The Jews, and some other nations, began
their day at the rising of the sun. They
divided the time of his being above the ho-
rizon into 12 equal parts, and the time of
his being below it into 12 other equal parts,
making 24 portions of each diurnal revolu-
tion. But this would make the hours of
very different lengths in the different parts
of the year. Some nations, on the other
hand, began the day at the setting of the
sun, and divided it in the same manner.
Modern nations generally begin the day at
midnight. The nautical day begins at noon,
or when the sun is upon the meridian.
328. Rumpent: weary, or rend the groves.
Cantu : in the sense of stridore.
330. Ilignis canalibus: in oaken troughs
Ilignis: an adj. from Ilear: the holm-oak.
331. JEstibus: in the sense of die.
334. Accubet sacrá unbrá : hangs down,
or bends, with its sacred boughs. Umbra.
in the sense of ramis, by meton. Rugeus
says: Earplicat sacram umbram.
338. Litora resonant : the shores resound
the king-fisher, and the bushes, the gold
finch—with the music of the king-fisher,
and that of the goldfinch. -
J?canthida : a Greek acc. of Acanthus,
See Geor, i. 399. *
GEORGICA.
LIB. III. 123
Quid tibi pastores Libyae, quid pascua versu
Prosequar, et raris habitata mapalia tectis'
Saepe diem noctemoue, et totum ex ordine mensem
Pascitur, itdue pecus longa in deserta siné ullis
º Omnia secum
Hospitiis; tantum campi jacet.
340 340. Quid prosequar
tibi versu pastores Li-
bya, quid
342. Saepe pecus pas-
citur
Armentarius Afer agit, tectumque, laremdue,
Armaque, Amyclabumque canem, Cressamgue pharetram.
Non sectis ac patriis acer Romanus in armis
346
Injusto sub fasce viam cum carpit, et hostem
Ante expectatum positis stat in agnine castris.
At non, quâ Scythiae gentes, Maeoticaque unda,
Turbidus et torquems flaventes Ister arenas:
349. At non est suc,
350 quâ runt Scythia gentes
Quâque redit medium Rhodope porrecta sub axem.
NOTEs.
340. Prosequar: in the sense of dicam. Sal-
lust describes these JMapalia, (or JMagalia,)
thus: Edificia JNumidarum, quae mapilia illi
vocant, oblonga incurvis lateribus tecta sunt;
quasi navium carina. Heyne says of them:
Sparsa passim per agros, non in vicos collecta.
Ruasus takes habitata in the sense of con-
stantes. Pawcis casis constantes, says he.
341. Ea: ordine : in succession—one after
ther without intermission.
343. Hospitiis; retreat—shelter.
344. Larem. The Lares were domestic
gods like the Penates. There is some un-
certainty with regard to their origin. At
the first, their office was confined to houses
and domestic affairs. Afterward, however,
their power and influence were very much
extended. We find the Lares Urbani, that
presided over cities; Lares Rustici, that pre-
sided over the country; Lares Compilales,
that presided over cross-ways; Lares JMa-
rini, that presided over the sea; Lares Pi—
ales, that presided over roads, &c. Some
say there were only two that were properly
called Lares, and these the sons of Mercury
and the nymph Lara, or Larunda. It is
more probable, however, that they were
the JManes of parents, who being buried
within the walls, or at the entrance of
the house they inhabited, were thought to
have a care of the things pertaining to it, and
through the superstition of the age, received
divine honors. They were worshipped un-
der the form of a dog : or, as some say,
only covered with the skin of that animal,
because he is a trusty guard to the house.
Lares, by meton. is often put for one’s
house, habitation, or family. Agit: in the
sense of fert.
345. Amycleum : an adj. from Amyclab,
a city of Laconia, famous for its dogs and
hunting, and for its being the reputed place
of the nativity of Castor and Pollux.
Cressam ; an adj. from Creta, a well
known island in the Mediterranean, whose
inhabitants were famous in the art of
shooting. Arma : utensils.
346. JW on seeds: no otherwise than the brave
Roman in the arms of his country, when he'
marches out under his unequal load, and
stands in battle array against the expected
enemy.
This passage hath somewhat divided com-
mentators. Vegetius, quoting it in his art
of war, hath hostem instead of hosti: ante
hostem ea pectatum. This certainly is the
best and easiest reading. But hosti is the
usual reading. Ante eaſpectatum is usually
taken in the sense of antequam expectetur, on
the authority of verse 206, where ante do-
mandum is plainly for ante domelur. But
the two cases are not exactly similar; the
latter being a gerund, and the former a par-
ticiple adjective. On the whole, I prefer
hostem, as being the easiest.
But there is another reason, which hath
some weight. Let it be asked, why the
Roman should march forth, pitch his camp,
and stand in battle array, while an enemy is
not looked for, or expected? But taking
expectatum, with Vegetius, to agree with
hostem, the difficulty will be removed.
.Ante expectatum hostem: before, or against
the expected foe—in the way to meet him.
.Ante signifies before, with respect to place,
to time, and to dignity.
Heyne informs us that the Medicean, and
some other copies have hostem, but he retains
the usual reading. -
347. Sub injusto fasce. The Roman sol-
dier carried his shield, sword, helmet, &c.
and also provisions sufficient for half a
month : in weight about 60 pounds. Fasce:
in the sense of onere.
349. JMarotica winda. This is the Palus
JMarotis, or the sea of Azof, lying to the north
of the Euxine, but connected with it by the
straits of Caffa. The ancients called all
those nations lying toward the north of
Europe and Asia, Scythians. -
350. Ister : the Danube. -
351. Rhodope. A range of mountains
rising in Thrace, and extending to the east
124 T. WIRGILII MARONIS
Illic clausa tenent stabulis armenta: neque ullae
Aut herbae campo apparent, aut arbore frondes:
354. Terra jacet, in- Sed jacet aggeribus niveis informis, et alto
formis niveis aggeribus, Terra gelu laté, septemque assurgit in ulnas.
et alto gelu laté Semper hyems, semper spirantes frigora Cauri.
356. Illic semper est • s &
Tum Sol pallentes haud unquam discutit umbras:
358,
hyems Nec clim invectus equis altum petit asthera ; nec clim
Praecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore currum. -
Concrescunt Subitae currenti in flumine crustae: 360
Undaque jam tergo ferratos sustinet orbes, -
Puppibus illa priès patulis, nunc hospita plaustris:
T * x AEraque dissiliunt vulgö, vestesque rigescunt
364.Ceduntvina priès Induta, caeduntdue securibus humida vina, .
humida Et totaº solidam in glaciem vertère lacunae, 365
Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis.
Interea toto non secitis aére ningit:
Intereunt pecudes: stant circumfusa pruinis
Corpora magna boum: confertoque agnine cervi -
* Torpent mole nová, et summis vix cornibus extant. 370
371. Incole non agi- Hos non immissis canibus, non cassibus ullis,
tanthos pavidos , , Puniceaeve agitant pavidos formidine pennae:
*.*.*.* Sed frustra oppositum trudentes pectore montem
*** *** Cominus obtruncant ferro, graviter 'udent
trâtrudentes pectore op- arro, g que rudentes 2-- *
positum montemºnivis Caedunt, et magno lasti clamore reportant. 3:15
376. Incole ipsi agunt Ipsi in defossis specubus secura sub altà
secura otia Otia agunt terrå: congestaque robora, totasque
Advolvére focis ulmos, ignique dedēre.
Hic noctem ludo ducunt, et pocula laeti
Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis. 380
Talis Hyperboreo septem subjecta trioni
NOTES.
and south till it meets mount Hemus; after
which it turns, and stretches toward the
north.
354. Informis: deformed—disfigured by
the mounds of snow.
355. Septem ulnas ; this is about ten and
a half feet of our measure.
357. Discutit : in the sense of dissipat.
359. Lavit: washes his descending car in
the red surface of the ocean.
The ocean is here called red, on account
of the reflection of the sun’s rays from its
surface, when near the horizon.
361. Ferratos orbes; wheels bound with
II'OIl,
362. Illa priis hospita: that (the water
in the rivers) before friendly to the broad
ships—now to wagons.
Hospita : hospitable—kind ; receiving
them as a guest, and treating them with
kindness.
364. Humida: in the sense of liquida.
Prius liquida, says Ruſeus,
So intense is the cold in high northern
latitudes, that the spirit of wine has been
frozen in the thermometer.
371. Non agitant hos: they do not pur.
sue them, &c.
The formido was a line or cord, to which
plumes of various colors were fastened, for
the purpose of terrifying wild beasts. It
was so extended or stretched in their usual
haunts, or paths, as to lead or direct them
insensibly into the net. Puniceae : red—
crimson. - $
379. Laeti imitantwr: joyous, they imitate
the draughts of wine with their beer and
acid cider.
Fermento: any fermented liquor.
.Acidis sorbis : the acid sorb-apples, or
service-berries; by meton. for the liquor
made of them, usually rendered cider.
380. Vitea pocula: wine. This is highly
poetical. -
381. Septem—trioni. The parts of the
word are separated by Tmesis. .
The Septembrio is a constellation near the
north pole, called the greater bear ; in
which are seven stars, sometimes called the
plough, because they are supposed to lie in
that shape ; also the parts of the world
GEORGICA. LJB.
III. 125
Gens effraena virãm Riphaeo tunditur Euro:
Et pecudum fulvis velantur corpora setis.
Si tibilanicium curae : primúm aspera sylva,
Lappaeque tribulique absint: fuge pabula laeta :
Continuèque greges villis lege mollibus albos.
Illum autem, quamvis aries sit candidus ipse,
Nigra subest udo tantúm cui lingua palato,
Rejice, ne maculis infuscet vellera pullis
Nascentām; plenoque alium circumspice campo.
385
387. Autem, quamvis
aries ipse sit candidus,
rejice illum, cui tantúm
390 migra.
Munere sic niveo lanae, si credere dignum est,
Pan Deus Arcadiae captam te, Luna, fefellit,
In nemora alta vocans: nec tu aspernata vocantem.
At cui lactis amor, cytisum, lotosque frequentes
Ipse manu, Salsasque ferat praesepibus herbas.
393. Nec tu aspernata
623 &2&ſº
395
Hinc et amant fluvios magis, et magis ubera tendunt,
Et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem.
Multi jam excretos prohibent à matribus hoedos,
Primaque ferratis praefigunt ora capistris.
Quod surgente die mulsére, horisque diurnis,
Nocte premunt: quod jam tenebris, et sole cadente,
Sub lucem exportans calathis adit oppida pastor,
400 400. Quod lactis mul-
sere die
401. Quod lactus mul-
sere tenebris
Aut parco sale contingunt, hyemique reponunt.
Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema: sed unā
Veloces Spartae catulos, acremdue Molossum
405
Pasce sero pingui : nunquam, custodibus illis,
Nocturnum stabulis furem, incursusque luporum,
Aut impacatos a tergo horrebis Iberos.
Saepe etiam cursu timidos agitabis omagros:
Et canibus leporem, canibus venabere damas.
410
Saepe volutabris pulsos sylvestribus apros
Latratu turbabis agens: montesque per altos
Ingentem clamore premes ad retia cervum.
NOTES.
lying under that constellation; also simply,
the north. Subjecta : lying—placed.
384. Lanicium: the woollen trade, or
manufacture.
Lappſeque, tribulique :
thistles.
386. Greges: in the sense of oves.
390. JNascentām; a part of nascor, used
as a sub.: of the lambs.
391. JNiveo munere. The poet hath refer-
ence here to the fable of Pan's being in love
with Luna. By changing himself into a
snow-white ram, he deceived her; and de-
coying her into the woods, deflowered her.
Probus, however, relates the story different-
ly. He says, Pam being in love with Luna,
offered her the choice of any of his flock;
and choosing the whitest, she was deceived,
because they were the worst.
396. Tendunt : in the sense of distendunt.
, 398. Eaccretos: grown large—or suffi-
ciently grown to take care of themselves;
of ex and cresci,
both burrs, and
399. Prima ora prºfigunt ferratus capts
tris : by Hypallage for, prºfigunt ferrata ca-
pistra prims oribus : they prefix to the end
of their mouths iron muzzles. These were
in such a form as to prick the dam, if she
offered to let them suck; but not to prevent
them from eating grass.
402. Earportans calathis ; carrying it in
baskets, he goes, &c.—carrying it made into
butter, curds, and cheese.
405. Spartae : the most famous city of the
Péloponnessus, and celebrated for its excel-
lent dogs. -
JMolossum: a dog, so called from JMolossa,
a country of Epirus, so called from JMolossus,
the son of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and
Andromache, the widow of Hector. See
AEn. ii. 292.
408. Iberos: the Spaniards, so called, from
the Iberus, (Hodie, Ebro,) a river of Spain.
They were so notorious, for their robberies.
that they became a proverb. The poet here
uses their name for robbers in general.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Disce et odoratam stabulis accendere cedrum,
Galbaneoque agitare graves nidore chelydros.
415
Saepe sub immotis praesepibus, aut mala tactu
Vipera delituit, coelumque exterrita fugit;
Aut tecto assuetus coluber succedere et umbrae,
Pestis acerba boum, pecorique aspergere virus,
Fovit humum. Cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor,
Tollentemque minas, et sibila colla tumentem, 421
& Dejice: jamgue fugå timidum caput abdidit alté,
Cüm medii nexus, extremaeque agnmina caudae,
Solvuntur, tardosque trahit sinus ultimus orbes.
Est etiam ille malus Calabris ir saltibus anguis, 425
Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga,
427. Maculosus quoad Atque notis longam maculosus grandibus alvum :
longam
428. Qui serpens colit
stagna
Qui, dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus, et dum
Were madent udo terrae, ac pluvialibus Austris,
Stagna colit; ripisque habitans, hic piscibus atram 430
Improbus ingluviem, ranisque loquacibus explet.
Postguam exhausta palus, terraeque ardore dehiscunt;
433. In siccum cam- Exilit in siccum ;
pum
et flammantia lumina torquens,
Saevit agris, asperque siti, atque exterritus aestu.
Ne mihi tum molles sub dio carpere somnos,
435
Neu dorso memoris libeat jacuisse per herbas,
Cúm positis novus exuviis, nitidusque juventā,
Wolvitur, aut catulos tectis autova relinquens,
Arduus ad Solem, et linguis micat ore trisulcis.
Morborum quoque te causas et signa docebo.
440
NOTES.
415. Galbaneo: an adj. from galbanum,
a gum, or liquor, at the smell of which ser-
pents flee. -
Chelyaros : Chelyarus is properly a water
tortoise—a land or water snake : qui modø
in paludibus, modó in arboribus latet.
417. Vipera : a species of serpent, very
poisonous; so called from the circumstance
of its bringing forth its young alive.
Caelum : for lucem. JMala: noxious—
poisonous.
418. Coluber: a species of snake, which
Mr. Martyn takes for the same that Pliny
calls boas, from the circumstance of its feed-
ing on cow’s milk, which it draws from the
teat. If this be the case, we see the pro-
priety of the poet's calling the serpent,
acerba pestis boum: the direful pest of cattle.
420. Fovit terram: hugs the ground.
423. JMedii nearus : the middle joints.
..Agminaque eactrema, caudae: the move-
ments, or windings of the end of his tail.
Agmen is properly an army of men on the
march; it is also said of a serpent: Quia
corporis pars post partem succedit, atque agi-
tur instar eacercitās agninatim procedentis,
says Ruteus.
424. Ultimus sinus : the extreme joints or
folds of his tail draw the slow wreaths or
spires along. Ruapus says, eactrema curvatura.
425. Calabris : an adj. from Calabria, the
south-eastern part of Italy.
It is agreed that the snake here spoken of
is the chersydrus. These serpents abounded
in that part of Italy. They were amphi-
bious. Their name is of Greek origin.
The poet here gives a very lively descrip-
tion of that destructive reptile.
428. Rumpuntur : in the sense of erum-
punt, vel rumpunt se.
430. Improbus implet: greedy, he fills his
filthy maw with fish, &c.
432. Eachausta : exhausted—dried up.
Valpy reads eacusta, but mentions no autho
rity. Eachausta is the common reading.
435. Tum ne libeat mihi : then may it not
please me to take, &c. - ... •
436. Dorso. Some render dorso, on the
back, referring it to the posture of lying.
But there is no necessity of this, if we sup-
pose the grove to be on an eminence, or hill
—on the side or edge of a grove.
437. Positis eauviis : his skin being put
off. The snake, it is well known, changes
his skinevery year. Eacuit a capite primūm.
says Pliny.
438. Teclis : his habitation—den.
439. JMicat ore: he vibrates with his three
forked tongue in his mouth; that is, his
three forked tongue vibrates in his mouth.
GEORGICA. LIB, III.
127
lurpis oves tentat scabies, ubi frigidus imber
Altius ad vivum persedit, et horrida cano
Bruma gelu : vel cum tonsis illotus adhaesit
Sudor, et hirsuti secuerunt corpora vepres.
Dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri
443. Bruma horrida
cano gelu $
445
Perfundunt, udisque aries in gurgite villis
Mersatur, missusque secundo defluit amni:
Aut tonsum tristi contingunt corpus amurcă,
Et spumas miscent argenti, vivaque sulphura,
Idaeasque pices, et pingues unguine ceras,
450
Scillamgue, helleborosque graves, nigrumque bitumen.
Non tamen ulla magis praesens fortuna laborum est,
Quâm si quis ferro potuit rescindere summum
Ulceris os: alitur vitium, vivitQue tegendo:
Dum medicas adhibere manus ad vulnera pastor
455
Abnegat, et meliora Deos sedet omina poscens.
Quin etiam ima dolor balantúm lapsus ad Ossa
Cüm furit, atque artus depascitur arida febris;
Profuit incensos aestus avertere, et inter
Ima ferire pedis salientem sanguine venam,
Bisaltae quo more solent, acerque Gelonus,
Cüm fugit in Rhodopen, atque in deserta Getarum,
Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino.
Quam procul, aut molli succedere saepiùs umbrae
Wideris, aut summas carpentem ignavius herbas,
Extremamque sequi, aut medio procumbere campo
Pascentem, et serae solam decedere nocti ;
Continué culpam ferro compesce, priusquam
460
461. Eodem more, quo
Bisalte solent ferire ve-
720.770,
464. Quam ovem vi-
deris procul, aut succe-
465 dere sepius moll, um-
bras -
466. Extremamque se
qui cateras
NOTES.
443. Tonsis : to the shorn sheep. Ovibus
is understood.
445. JMagistri : in the sense of pastores.
446. Gurgite: in the sense of fluvio.
448. Tristi : bitter.
Contingunt: in the sense of ungunt.
449. Spumas argenti : litharge. Some
understand quicksilver; but it is not certain
whether the ancients called that, spuma ar-
genti. -
450. Ida as pices: the pitch is here called
Idaean, from mount Ida, in Troas, whose
pitch was the best.
451. Seillam: the squill, or sea onion; it is a
bulbous root, like an onlon, but much larger.
Helleboros. There are two kinds of hel-
lebore, the white and the black. The for-
mer, says Mr. Martyn,is serviceable in dis-
eases of the skin, if it be externally applied;
but it will not do to be taken internally, as
the black kind will. Hence he thinks, Vir-
gil here means the white, by his using the
epithet gravis, strong-scented.
,452. Fortuna laborum: remedy of their
disease, or sufferings. Præsehs ; speedy–
efficacious.
454. Summum os wiceris: the highest part,
or head of the sore. Witium: the malady,
or disease. Tegendo; by being concealed.
456. JMelvora omina: better success—or
luck.
Verbs of asking, teaching, &c. govern
two accusatives, one of the person, the other
of the thing.
457. Lapsus: penetrating.
460. Inter ima pedis ; in the sense of wr-
ter imas wngulas pedis ; between the divi-
sions or parts of the hoof. Ferire: to open
a vein.
461. Bisalta: ; a people of Macedonia.
Geloni: a people of Scythia, who paint-
cd their bodies, to be more terrible to their
enemies. •,
462. Getarum: the Gette were a people
of Thrace, inhabiting JMoesia interior, not
far from the mouth of the Ister.
463. Concretwm: thickened.
467. Decedere serae nocti: to yield or give
place to the late night. She was the last
to leave the pasture grounds, and then com-
pelled only by the darkness of the night.
She yielded to the darkness, and went
home.
468. Culpam. By this we are to understand
the diseased sheep, and not simply the af-
fected part, as Ruteus and some others un-
derstand it. The poet advises, as soon as
you discover, by the signs above mentioned
128
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Dira per incautum serpant contagia vulgus.
Non tam creber, agens hyemem, ruit aequore turbo; 470
471. Quâm pestes per Quâm multae pecudum pestes: nec singula morbi
cudum, sunt multae
Corpora corripiunt; sed tota aestiva repenté,
Spemgue, gregemdue simul, cunctamgue ab origine gen
474. Tum ºsºt Tum sciat, ačrias Alpes et Norica si quis
Castella in tumulis, et Iapidis arva Timavi,
hoc esse verum, siquis eti-
am nunc quoque tantö
[tem
475
pºst Videat agrias Alpes, Nunc quoque post tantò videat, desertaque regna
et Norica castella in tu- Pastorum, et longé saltus latéque vacantes.
mulis, et arva. Iapidis
Hic quondam morbo coeli miseranda coorta est
*** ***...*&^ Tempestas, totoque autumni incanduit astu,
na pastorum, et saltus
Et genus omne neci pecudum dedit, omne ferarum, 480
Corrupitºlue lacus, infecit pabula tabo.
Nec via mortiserat simplex: sed ubi ignea venis !
Omnibus acta sitis miseros adduxerat artus; ; :
Rursus abundabat fluidus liquor; omniague in se
Ossa minutatim morbo collapsa trahebat.
485
Saepe in honore Deûm medio stans hostia ad aram,
Lanea dum niveå circumdatur infula vittà,
Inter cunctantes cecidit moribunda ministros.
489. Aut si sacerdos Aut si quam ferro mactaverat anté sacerdos;
*** * * Inde neque impositis ardent altaria fibris,
Nec responsa potest consultus reddere vates:
tiam ferro, antè-quêm
deciderat, inde
490
492, suppositi vicer:- Ac vix suppositi tinguntur sanguine cultri,
bus vix tinguntur
498. Victor equus, in-
felix, et immemor studi-
Summaque jejună sanie infuscatur arena.
Hinc lastis vituli vulgö moriuntur in herbis,
Et dulces animas plena ad praesepia reddunt.
Hinc canibus blandis rabies venit; et quatit aegros
495
orum, atque herbie, a- Tussis anhela sues, ac faucibus angit obesis.
oitur -
Labitur infelix studiorum, atque immemor herbae
NOTEs.
that any one of your sheep is diseased, to
take away the faulty animal: kill it forth-
with, that the contagion may not spread
among the unwary flock. This is the sense
of Davidson and Valpy.
474. Norica: an adj. from JNoricum, a
country of Germany, in the neighborhood
of the Alps, but beyond them with regard
to Italy. - *
Timavi : Timavus, a small river in the
Venetian territory, called Iapidis (Iapidian)
from Rapides, an ancient people, who in-
habited that part of it, through which the
Timavus flowed.
476. Regna : possessions.
479. Miseranda tempestas: a direful pes-
tilence arose. -
JEstu; heat. Incanduit : raged during
the whole heat of autumn.
481. Tabo ; with a poisonous quality.
Lacus: in the sense of aquam.
482. JWec via mortis: nor was the manner
of their death simple and common. It was
complicated, and attended with affecting
circumstances. . -
483. Sitis: properly thirst. By meton.
the fover causing it. Ignea sitis: the raging
fever. - -
485. Trahebat omnia ; and drew all the
bones, wasted, or consumed, little by little,
by the disease, into itself. Convertebat in
se, says Rugeus.
487. Infula. This was a broad wreath,
or band, made of wool, and bound about the
temples of the victim; but not covering
the whole head: from it hung the vitta, or
fillet.
490. Fibris : the flesh.
492. Suppositi: applied to the carcass,
or flesh.
493. Jejuna sanne : with the meagre gore.
In these diseases, the blood was wasted, or
converted into a thin meagre flu'd, which
the poet calls fluidus liquor. This per-
vaded the body so thoroughly, that it even
converted the marrow, and life of the bones,
into itself.
496. Rabies: madness.
497. Anhela tussis : a wheezing cough
shakes the diseased swine.
Obesis : a disease something like the
quinsy.
498. Studiorum: of his exercises—those
races in which he bore off the palm of vic-
tory.,
GEORGICA. LIB. III.
129
Wictor equus, fontesque avertitur, et pede terram
Crebra ferit: demissae aures: incertus ibidem
Sudor; et ille quidem morituris frigidus: aret
Pellis, et ad tactum tractanti dura resistit.
Haec ante exitium primis dant signa diebus:
Sin in processu coepit crudescere morbus,
Tum veró ardentes oculi, atque attractus ab alto
imaque longo
Spiritus interdum gemitu gravis:
Ilia singultu tendunt : it naribus ater
500 *
501. Et ille sudor qui-
dem erat frigidus its
morituris
504. In processu tem-
505 poris
*
* * t º º
Sanguis, et obsessas fauces premit aspera lingua.
Profuit inserto latices infundere cornu
Lenaeos: ea visa salus morientibus una.
Moxerat hoc ipsum exitio : furiisque refecti
Ardebant: ipsique suos, jam morte sub agrã,
Di meliora piis, erroremdue hostibus illum)
iscissos nudis laniabant dentibus artus.
Ecce autem duro fumans sub vomere taurus
509. Primă profuit.
510
511. Illi refecti illo
vino
512. Ipsique jam sub
aegra morte, laniabant
suos artus discissos
515
Concidit, et mixtum spumis vomit ore cruorem,
Extremosque ciet gemitus: it tristis arator,
Moerentem abjungens fraternå morte juvencum,
Atque opere in medio defixa relinquit aratra.
Non umbrae altorum nemorum, non mollia possunt
520
Prata movere animum, non, qui per saxa volutus
Purior electro campum petit, amnis: at ima
Solvuntur latera, atque oculos stupor urget inertes,
Ad terramgue fluit devexo pondere cervix.
Quid labor, aut benefacta juvant 7 quid vomere terras
Invertisse graves? atqui non Massica Bacchi
Munera, non illis epulae nocuere repòsta :
Frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae :
525. Quideorum labor,
526 aut benefacta homini
juvant eos ? Quid juval
eos invertisse graves ter-
ras vomere?
Pocula sunt fontes liquidi, atque exercita cursu
Flumina : nec somnos abrumpit cura salubres.
530
... Tempore non alio, dicunt, regionibus illis,
Quaesitas ad sacra boves Junonis, et uris
NOTES.
Infelia: ; Unhappy—miserable, after all
his noble deeds. This is the sense of Ruacus.
500. Incertus : uncertain—the cause of
which was unknown: or, various—fluctua-
ting—coming on, and going off, by turns.
Crebrå: here used adverbially; a Grecism.
506. Spiritus altractus : their breath,
drawn from the bottom of the breast, is
sometimes heavy (interrupted) with a groan.
Singultu : a sob, or sobbing.
508. Obsessas: swollen—obstructed.
510. Lenteos lalices : simply, wine.
Cornu inserto ; a horn put down their
throat, through which the wine was poured.
513. Dii meliora, &c. May the gods
grant better things to the pious, and that
madness, or destruction to our enemies.
The verb reddant, or another of the like
import, is understood. -
523. Ima latera : their flanks are lank, or
flabby. Flaccescunt, says Heyne.
Stupor: a stupor, or death-like appear-
ance, rests upon their heavy eyes.
525. Juvant : Ruapus says, prosumt.
526. JMassica: the Massic gifts of Bac
chus—wine. º
JMassica : an adj. from JMassicus, a moun-
tain in Campania, famous for its rich wines.
530. Nec cura, &c. Nor does care inter-
rupt their healthful slumbers.
The whole account of this fatal murrain
is one of Virgil's finest pieces. But from the
515th line, Ecce autem, &c. it is extremely
tender, and inimitable in beauty; and par-
ticularly the last six lines. They were se
mućh admired by Scaliger, that he declares,
he had rather have been the author of
them, than to have had the favor of Croesus,
or Cyrus. -
532. Quaesitas : sought after—wanted.
10
13t.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
533. Currus éjus duc- Imparibus ductos alta ad donaria currus.
tos funsse ad
* gº . * t
534. Ergö agricolae
aegré rimantur
Ergö agré rastris terram rimantur, et ipsis
Unguibus infodiunt fruges, montesque per altos
Contentā cervice trahunt stridentia plaustra.
635
Non lupus insidias exploratovilia circum,
Nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat: acrior illum
Cura domat.
Timidi damae, cervigue fugaces
Nunc intergue canes, et circum tecta vagantur.
540
Jam maris immensi prolem, et genus omne natantúm,
Litore in extremo, ceu naufraga corpora, fluctus
Proluit : insolita fugiunt in flumina phocae.
Interit et curvis frustrà defensa latebris
Vipera, et attoniti, squamis astantibus, hydri.
Ipsis est ačr avibus non aequus, et illae
545
Praecipites altà vitam sub nube relinquunt.
Praeterea, nec jam mutari pabula refert,
549. Magistrimedicinæ Quaesitaeque nocent artes: cessère magistri,
cessere mederi.
Phillyrides Chiron, Amythaoniusque Melampus.
550
Saevit et in lucem Stygiis emissa tenebris
552. Antë se
Pallida Tisiphone : morbos agit anté metumque,
Inque dies avidum surgens caput altius effert.
Balatu pecorum, et crebris mugitibus, amnes,
Arentesque sonant ripa, collesque supini.
555
Jamgue catervatim dat stragem, atque aggeratipsis
In stabulis turpi dilapsa cadavera tabo :
.558. Donec Agricole Donec humo tegere, ac foveis abscondere discant.
discant tegere illa humo Nam neque erat coriis usus: nec viscera quisquam
561. Nec possunt qui-
dem tondere vellera, pe-
ICSã,
Aut undis abolere potest, aut vincere flammā.
Nec tondere quidem morbo illuvieque peresa
Wellera, nec telas possunt attingere putres.
560
\ NOTES.
533. Uris imparibus : by buffaloes, une-
qually matched. Duclos: drawn. Riman-
tur: break up, or till.
536. Contenta cervicë.
neck, they draw, &c.
537. Explorat: meditates, or designs.
JMeditatur, says Rugeus.
541. Jam fluctus : now the waves wash
up the race of the boundless, &c.
Such was the extent, and degree of the
infection of the air, that it reached even to
the scaly tribes. But Aristotle observes,
that infectious diseases never reach to, or
invade, fishes.
JNatantùm : a pres. part. of the verb nato,
taken as a sub. of fishes.
with their strained
543. Insolitar; unusual—contrary to their -
custom.
550. Chvron. He was the son of Saturn
and Phillyra. It is said he taught Æscu-
lapius in physic, Hercules in astronomy, and
Achilles in music. g
JMelampus: the son of Amythaon and Do-
ripe. They were both famous physicians:
here used for the masters of medicine in
general.
551. Stygiis an adj. from Siyar, a river of
Arcadia, whose water was so cold and pol-
somous, that it proved fatal to all who drank
it. This, together with the circumstance of
its disappearing under the earth, led the poets
to feign it to be a river of hell, around which,
they say, it flowed nine times. It was held
in such veneration by the gods, that they
usually swore by it ; and if they violated
their oath at any time, they were to be de-
prived of their divinity for 100 years.
553. In dies : daily—every day.
555. Supini colles: sloping hills.
556. Jamque dat: and now she (Tisi
phone) deals destruction by herds, &c.
557. Dilapsa : wasted, or consumed.
559. JNec quisquam: nor could any one
cleanse it with water, or purify it by fire—
conquer, or overcome the inſection by fire.
Piscera : the flesh in general; all that is
under the skin.
560. Undis; in the sense of aqua.
562. Putres telas: the putrid, or infectious
cloth—the cloth made of the filthy and cor
rupted wool. -
l Telas: the web, put by synec. for the whole
cloth.
GEORGICA. LIB, III.
131
Werúm etiam invisos si quis tentárat amictus;
Ardentes papulaº, atque immundus olentia sudor
Membra sequebatur; nec longo deinde moranti
Tempore, contactos artus sacer ignisedebat
565. Deinde sacer ig-
nis edebat contactos ar-
565 tus illi moranti dimittere
e08 amictus d 8e, nec
longo tempore.
NOTES
564, Ardentes papula: ; red, fiery pimples,
or blains. -
565. Sequebatur:
some body.
566. Sacer ignis : the erysipelas, or St.
Anthony’s fire. It consumed those parts of
the body with which the garments (amictus)
came in contact. -
spread over the noi-
The meaning of these last six lines ap-
pears to be this: That the people were
forced at length to abstain from shearing
the infected fleeces; or touching the wool;
or ever wearing any garments, when made
of it: because those, who had done so, had
been great sufferers thereby.
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this book?
How does the poet commence 2
Why does he first invoke Pales?
How was she worshipped 2
What were her festivals called ”
After finishing the main subject, does he
add any thing by way of episode 2
What number of episodes has he added ?
What are the subjects of these episodes 2
What is the general character of them?
May they be reckoned among the finest
parts of the Georgics -
How does the book conclude 2 .
Who was Hippodame *
What is said of OEnomaus 2
Who was his daughter?
Who was Pelops ?
And what is said of his father’
In what year of the world were the Olym-
pic games instituted 2
How often were th y celebrated 2
Did they form an important era in the
Grecian history
What other games were there in Greece 2
In honor of whom were the Nemean games
instituted 2
And to commemorate what event?
In honor of whom were the Pythian
games instituted 2 *
And to commemorate what event?
Who instituted the Isthmean games?
Where were they celebrated 2
And in honor of whom 3
Who was Tithonus 2
How long did he live before Augustus 2
In what sense do Servius and Eustathius
consider the word Tithonus, as used by the
poet in reference to Augustus 2
Who were the Lapithae :
What are they said to have done *
What was the name of their principal city?
Can you mention any nation that began
the day at the rising of the sun ?
How did they divide the day?
How did they divide the night 2
What effect would this have upon the
length of their hours?
When do modern nations begin the day 2
When does the nautical day commence :
Who, probably, were the Lares 3
Over what did they preside:
For what is the word Lares taken by
meton. :
What was the usual weight which the
Roman soldier carried on his march 2
Of what did it consist?
What were all those nations called by the
Romans that inhabited the northern part of
Europe and Asia 2 :
Was there any particular part of this
book much admired by Scaliger?
What part was that?
LIBER QUARTU.S.
This Book treats of the culture of bees. After proposing the subj9&t, the poët snows the
proper stations for placing their hives; and having noticed some particula, ºspecting
the management of the swarms, &c. he digresses into a noble description of a battle
between two discordant kings.
He then proceeds to consider their different kinds and
qualities, the nature and form of their government, and the diseases, which often rage
among them—together with the proper remedies for each; and concludes with the story
of Aristaeus’ recovery of his bees, after his swarms were lost, and of Orpheus' descent
into hell after his wife Eurydice. This episode runs through 277 lines, and is one of
the finest pieces of heathen poetry.
PROTINUS ačrii mellis coelestia dona
2. Hane partem Geo-Exeguar: hanc etiam, Maecenas, aspice partem.
gicorum. Dicam spec-
tacula levium rerum ad-
miranda tibi
Admiranda tibi levium spectacula rerum,
Magnanimosque duces, totiusque ordine gentis
- Mores, et studia, et populos, et praelia dicam.
6. Ille est labor in te: In tenui labor; at tenuis non gloria: si quem
nui re
7. Si laeva Numina si-
nunt quem scriptorem
eacequi id
Numina laeva sinunt, auditoue vocatus Apollo.
Principio, sedes apibus statioque petenda,
Quà neque sit ventis aditus (nam pabula venti
Ferre domum prohibent) neque oves hoedique petulci
10. Prohibent apes Floribus insultent; aut errans bucula campo
ferre domum
13. Picti quoad squa-
lentia
Decutiat rorem, et surgentes atterat herbas.
Absint et picti squalentia terga lacerti
Pinguibus à stabulis; meropesque, aliaeque volucres,
NOTES.
1. Aérii : an adj. from ačr. Honey is
here called aerial, because it was thought to
come from the dew, which fell from the air
upon the flowers, whence the bees collected
it. For the same reason the poet uses the
epithet caelestva.
2. Eacequar: in the sense of describam.
6. Tenui : on a low subject. Re is
understood. The consideration of bees may
be considered low, or inferior to the subjects
treated of in the preceding books. If, how-
ever, the farmer attend properly to them, he
will find them very profitable ; and their go-
vernment and polity will afford to the phi-
losopher and politician much useful instruc-
tion This is what we are to understand by
the words, al gloria non tenuis.
7. Joeva numina. Latvus is used both in
a good and a bad sense. Ruasus interprets it
by adversa. By the deities, here called ad-
verse, or inauspicious, we are probably to
understand the infernal deities, Pluto, the
Furies, &c. who were thought to be op-
posed to the welfare of men. Valpy under-
stands by lºva, propitious, or favorable,
Heyne seems to be of the same opinion.
Gellius and Wakefield take it with Ruabus,
to mean adverse. When words are indefi-
nite, or are used in opposite senses, we can
hardly expect unanimity among commenta-
tors. If the adverse deities should not in
terfere to prevent him, and Apollo should
come to his aid, the poet promises to exe-
cute a work, worthy of his friend and pa
tron, even upon the humble subject of the
bee.
8. Principio : in the sense of primo. Se-
des. The poet proceeds to mention the pro-
per places for the hives, and the form and
fashion of constructing them.
11. Insultent: bruise—frisk about upon,
the flowers.
13. Picti: in the sense of maculosi.
14. JMeropes. These were a species of
bird that fed upon bees; hence called the
bee-eater. They were about the size of our
blackbird, but of various colors. -
GEORGICA. LIB IV.
133
Et manibus Procne pectus signata cruentis.
Omnia nam laté vastant, ipsasque volantes
Ore ferunt, dulcem nidis immitibus escam.
At liquidi fontes, et stagna virentia musco
Adsint, et tenuis, fugiens per gramina, rivus:
Palmaque vestibulum, aut ingens oleaster inumbret.
Ut, cum prima novi ducent examina reges.
Were suo, ludetoue favis emissa juventus;
Vicina invitet decedere ripa calori,
Obviaque hospitiis teneat frondentibus arbos.
In medium, seu stabit iners, seu profluet humor,
Transversas salices et grandia conjice saxa :
Pontibus ut crebris possint consistere, et alas
Pandere ad asſivum Solem ; si fortè morantes
Sparserit, aut praeceps Neptuno immerserit Eurus.
Haec circum casiae virides et olentia laté
15. Procne signata
quoad pectus cruentis
manibus, absint ab iis.
16. Ipsasque apes
15
20
25 25. Conjice salices
transversas et granida
saxa in medium humo-
rem, seu
27. Consistere in iss
tanquam pontibus
30 30. Circum hac loca
Serpylla, et graviter spirantis copia thymbrae
virides
Floreat : irriguumque bibant violaria fontem.
Ipsa autem, seu corticibus tibi suta cavatis,
Seulento fuerint alvearia vimine texta,
Angustos habeant aditus; nam frigore mella
33. Autem alvearia
ipsa, seu suta sint tibi é
35 cavatis corticibus, seu
Cogit hyems, eademque calor liquefacta remittit:
Utraque vis apibus pariter metuenda : neque illae
Nequicquam in tectis certatim tenuia cerå
Spiramenta linunt, fucoque et floribus oras
37. Neque illae nequic-
quam linunt tenuia spº
ramenta in tectis cerå
NOTES
15. Procne. By Procne, or Progne, is
here meant the swallow, which has some
red feathers on its breast. For the story of
Procne, see Ecl. vi. 78.
17. Dulcem escam as a sweet morsel for
their merciless young. Nºdus : the nests;
by meton. for the young ones in them. .
18. Liquidi : in the sense of puri. Viren-
tia musco: either the banks of these ponds,
or pools skirted with green moss, or the sur-
face of them covered with it. -
19. Fugiens : in the sense of fluens.’
21. JNova eacamina: the new swarms.
22. Emissa : in the sense of eg, essa. The
spring abounds in flowers more than any
season of the year; honey is collected in
greater abundance, and the bees are then
most diligent. In this sense, the spring may
emphatically be called theirs: swo vene, their
own spring. -
24. Obvia : in the sense of adversa : op-
posite, or in front of them. Teneat in the
sense of accipiat.
25. Humor: in the sense of aqua.
26. Conjice, &c. These willows and rocks
were to be cast into the water, whether
running or stagnant, that the bees might
rest upon them: if, by any means, they fell
into it, that they might creep upon them,
expand their wings to the warm sun, and
dry themselves.
29, JNeptuno: in the sense of aquà. See
Geor. i. 14.
wicker.
30. Casiae. Some take the casia to be the
same with the rosemary; but Columella.
speaking of the plants that should grow
about an apiary, mentions casia and rose-
mary as two different plants.
31. Serpylla. There were two kinds of
this plant; one of the gardens, and the other
wild. It is a strong-scented herb, and re-
sembles thyme. It is proper to be planted
near bees, and is usually called wild-thyme.
Thymbrae: the herb savory. Spirantis: in
the sense of olentis. It was a strong-scent-
ed herb.
32. Piolaria : beds of violets—places
sown or planted with the violet.
33. Suta : in the sense of compacta. Cor-
ticibus. The bark of the cork-tree is called
cortez, by way of eminence.
34. Lento vimine : of limber osier, or
36. Cogit: thickens. Remittit : in the
sense of reddit. -
37. Wis : force—violence; the excess of
heat or cold.
38. Tectis: in their hives.
the sense of diligenter.
39. Fuco. Fucus was properly a kind of
marine weed, resembling lettuce. It was
anciently used in dying; used also by wo-
men as a kind of paint for the face. Hence
all kinds of daubing obtained the name of
fucus : not with the flowers (floribus) them-
selves, but rather with the substance ex
§
Certatin: in
134
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Explent: collectumque haec ipsa ad munera gluten
40
Et visco et Phrygiae servant pice lentius Idae.
Saepe etiam effossis (si vera est fama) latebris
Sub terrá fovére larem; penitàsque repertae
Pumicibusque cavis, exesaeque arboris antro.
45. Tamen tu et cir- Tu tamen et levi rimosa cubilia limo
Unge fovens circum, et raras superinjice frondes
Neu propiùs tectis taxum sine, neve rubentes
cüm unge rimosa cubi-
lia levi limo.
45
48. Neu crede alvearia Ure foco cancros: altae neu crede paludi:
49. Gravis odor coeni Aut ubi odor coeni gravis, aut ubi concava pulsu
est, aut -
Saxa sonant, vocisque offensa resultat imago.
5()
Quod superest, ubi pulsam hyemem Sol aureus egit
Sub terras, coelumque aestivā luce reclusit ; : }
Illae continuð saltus sylvasque peragrant,
{
: ..?
Purpureosque metunt flores, et flumina libant
55. Hinc ille late, Summa leves.
nescio quá dulcedine
Hinc mescio quâ dulcedine latae,
Progeniem nidosque fovent: hinc arte recentes
55
Excudunt ceras, et mella tenacia fingunt.
Hinc ubi jam emissum caveis ad sidera coeli
Nare per a statem liquidam suspexeris agnmen,
*
NOTES.
tracted from them, by meton. Oras: the
margin, or edge, of their hives. Valpy takes
fuco et floribus, by Hendiadis, for fuco floreo.
40. Ad haec ipsa munera : in the sense of
ad hos ipsos usus.
41. Lentius: an adj. of the com. deg. (of
lentus) agreeing with gluten: tougher than,
&c.
43. Sape etiam fovére: they have even
cherished their families in caverns dug un-
der the earth. Several manuscripts have
fodère, but fovere is the best. Rugeus has
fodère. He interprets the passage thus:
aperuerunt sibi domum sub terra. But it is
not necessary to suppose that the bees dug
these caves or cells for themselves, any more
than that they prepared their cells in the
pumice stone, or cavities in the trees, for
their reception. Davidson, Heyne, and
Heinsius, read fovére. Larem. See Geor.
iii. 344. Penitus: in the sense of profundé.
45. Cubilia: in the sense of alvearia.
Unge: smear, or plaster all around. Fo-
vens: cherishing—keeping them warm.
48. Cancros. Crabs and lobsters, it is
well known, in boiling, pass from a dark or
brown, to a red color. Hence the epithet
rubentes. Altae paludi. The poet advises
not to place the hives near marshy or fenny
places, which afford no stones or bridges, on
which the bees may rest, if occasion should
require.
49. Gravis: stinking. Pulsw: by the
stroke of the voice.
50. Imago vocis: the image of the voice
being struck, rebounds; i.e. where an echo
is heard. This is always the case when the
pulses or waves of air, put in motion by some
southern pole.
stroke or concussion, meet with an obstacle
and are reflected, or turned back, so as to
make an impression on the ear. This the
poet calls the image of the voice.
51. Quod superest. The poet now pro-
ceeds to speak of the food, the swarming,
and the battles of the bees; and to give di
rections how to appease the fury of their
contests, and bring them back to the hive.
52. Sub terras: under the earth—to the
This is a beautiful circum-
locution to express the return of summer.
The seasons are opposite, on the opposite
sides of the equator, beyond the tropics.
When it is summer on the north, it is winter
on the south, and vice versá. This is occa-
sioned by the motion of the earth in its
orbit, making an angle with the equator of
230 28/. *
54. Purpureos. The poet frequently uses
purple for any gay color. JMetunt : in the
sense of carpunt. *
55. Leves libant: and lightly taste or sip.
Dulcedine : in the sense of delectatione.
56. Fovent : cherish—grow fond of JN'-
dos: either the apartments formed in the
hive for the purpose of depositing their
young, or simply, the hives themselves.
57. Eaccudwmt. they form the fresh or new
made wax. This is a metaphor taken from
the Smith, who is said (eaccudere), to strike,
or hammer out the instrument of iron which
he forms. The bees are here compared in
their labors to the Cyclops, laboring at the
anvil. -
59. Suspeaceris agnen emissum: when now
you shall see the swarm issuing from the
hives, &c. Nare: in the sense of volare.
* GEORGICA LIB. l. W.
135
Obscuramdue trahi vento mirabere nubem ,
Contemplator: aquas dulces et frondea semper
Tecta petunt : huc tu jussos asperge Sapores,
Trita melisphylla, et cerinthae ignobile gramen
60
61. Frondea tecta, won
considant :
64. Matris Cybeles
Tinnitusque cie, et Matris quate cymbala circum.
Ipsae consident medicatis sedibus: ipsae
65
Intima more suo sese in cunabula condent.
Sin autem ad pugnam exierint (nam saºpe duobus
Regibus incessit magno discordia motu)
Continuèque animos vulgi, et trepidantia bello
Corda licet longé praesciscere: namdue morantes
69. Continuo licet tibi
70 longé privas presciscere
Martius ille aeris rauci canor increpat, et vox
Auditur fractos sonitus imitata tubarum.
Tum trepidae inter se coéunt, pennisque coruscant,
Spiculaque exacuunt rostris, aptantoue lacertos,
Et circa regem atque ipsa ad praetoria densae
74. Lacertos ad pug-
7 5 73.617??
Miscentur, magnisaue vocant, clamoribus hostem,
Ergö, ubi ver nactae Sudum, camposque patentes,
Erumpunt portis: concurritur: aethere in alto
Fit sonitus: magnum mixta glomerantur in orbem,
Praecipitesque cadunt: non densior ačre grando,
77. Nacta sºunt ver
sudum, ačriosque cam-
pos patentes
80
Nec de concussá tantum pluit ilice glandis.
Ipsi per medias acies, insignibus alis,
Ingentes animos angusto in pectore versant:
82. Reges ipsi volantes
per medias
Usque adeč obnixi non cedere, dum gravis, aut hos,
60. Trahi: in the sense of ferri.
ram: a dark cloud of bees.
63. JMelisphylla : balm-gentle. It is an
herb, of which bees are very fond. It is
thought to be the same that was sometimes
called apiastrum by the Romans. Cerintha :
the honey-suckle. The poet calls it ignobile
gramen, because it was common. It abounds
in a sweet juice, like honey.
64. Cie tinnitus : make, or excite a ring-
ing. The effect of the sound of brass upon
the swarm is very great. It is the most
effectual means to stop them in their flight,
and collect them into the hive. Some have
attributed this to fear, others to pleasure.
But more probably it confounds the sound
of their queen, or leader; and being with-
out command or direction, they fall or set-
tle upon the first place they meet. Matris :
Cybele was the mother of the gods—the
same as Rhea, or Ops. At her sacrifices,
cymbals were always used. &
Obscu-
65. JMedicalis sedibus: prepared seats, or
places for them to light upon.
66. Cunabula : in the sense of recessus,
vel alvearia.
68. Incessit : hath seized—invaded. No-
thing can be more lively or animated than
this description of a battle of bees. We
here find the ardor of the warrior, the
sound of the trumpet, the glittering of ar-
mour, the shouts of the soldiers, the bravery
of the leaders, and all the rage and madness
of battle. ..
NOTES.
69. Trepidantia : eager—anxious.
70. Praescisere : in the sense of praesentere.
71. Canor; in the sense of strepitus, vel
sonitus. JMorantes : those that are behind.
Increpat : rouses—urges on.
73. Trepidae: eager—hurrying. Pennis
in the sense of alis.
75. Ipsa praetoria. In the Roman camp,
the tent of the commanding officer was call-
ed Praetorium; hence, by meton. put for the
cells of the royal bees. Densae miscentur
they are crowded thick.
77. Sudum ver: a clear spring day. Ru-
Beus says, serenwm tempus. Campos patentes :
the fields of air open—unobstructed by
wind or clouds. g
78. Concurritur : in the sense of concur-
Tºwnt.
79. Glomerantwr. This verb hath a re-
flex signification here, like the middle voice
of the Greeks : they form themselves into
a great circle. JMixtap: in the sense of
‘commistae.
81. Pluit : in the sense of cadit. It is to
be joined with grando, in the preceding
line.
82. Insignibus alis : with distinguished
wings—distinguished from the rest by their
wings. -
83. Versant : in the sense of eacercent, vel
manifestant. *
84. Obnizi wsque aded : determined all
the time not to yield, until the mighty con-
queror hath forced one side or the other, &c
136 :
P. VIT.GII,II MARONIS
Aut hos, versa fugä victor dare terga subegit.
IIi motus animorum, atque hac certamina tanta
Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescent.
Verüm ubi ductores acie revocaveris ambos :
89. Dede eum neci, Deterior qui visus, eum, ne prodigus obsit,
qui visus fuerit deterior Dede neci : melior vacuá sine regnet in aulá.
99.5inºt meliorreg; Alter erit maculis auro squalentibus ardens:
net in aulá vacua ab
hoste.
Nam duo sunt genera) hic melior, insigniset ore,
92, Genera apum: hic Et rutilis clarus squamis; ille horridus alter
est
Desidiá, latamgue trahensinglorius alvum.
Ut binae regum facies, ita corpora plebis. 95
Namgue aliae turpes horrent, ceu pulvere ab alto
Cüm venit, et terram sicco spuit ore, viator
Aridus: elucent aliae, et fulgore coruscant,
99. Corpora lita sunt
Ardentes auro, et paribus lita corpora guttis.
Haec potior soboles: hinc cºeli tempore certo
100
Dulcia mella premes; nec, tantüm dulcia, quantúm
Et liquida, et durum Bacchi domitura Saporem.
At clim incerta volant coeloque examina ludunt,
Contemnuntdue favos, et frigida tecta relinquunt,
Instabiles animos ludo prohibebis inani.
105
106. Nec est magnus Nec magnus prohibere labor: tu regibus alas
labor prohibere eos
Eripe: non illis quisquam cunctantibus altum
Ire iter, aut castris audebit vellere signa.
NOTES.
85. Aut hos. The meaning is: till one
side or the other of the combatants should
yield. The repetition of the aut hos, from
the end of the preceding line, gives addi-
tional energy. The figure is called Anadi-
plosis. -
87. Compressa : in the sense of repressa.
It agrees with certamina.
89. JWe prodigus obsit : lest the prodigal
should be an injury to the rest, either by
consuming their food himself, or by setting
an example of sloth and gluttony.
90. Aula : in the sense of alveari.
91. Alter erit ardens, &c. The poet here
mentions the different kinds of bees. There
are more particularly two : the red, which
are the smaller ones, and the dark, or va-
rious, which are the larger. The red ones
are the best. Squalentibus : a part. of the
verb squaleo, (from squama:) it signifies any
thing resembling the scales of fish, or ser-
pents, in roughness or shape. It also signi-
fies any thing filthy or unseemly, in any
respect whatever. Ardens: shiming with
spots rough with gold—resembling the form
of scales, and glittering like gold. Ruaus
Interprets it by asperis.
92. Ore: in the sense of forma.
95. Facies : in the sense of formae. The
verb sunt is to be supplied. Plebis. This
is the reading of Heyne, and of Valpy after
him. The common reading is gentis.
96. Namgue aliq: ; for the one look foul,
Asºº
or dirty, as when, &c. Terram : in the
sense of pulverem.
97. Coruscant : sparkle with brightness—
gleaming with gold; and their bodies are
covered over with equal spots—spots, equal
in size and proportion.
100. Soboles: in the sense of genus. Also
cºli : in the sense of anni. Hinc : from
these bees.
102. Liquida: in the sense of pura
103. At clim volant. Here the poet pre-
scribes the means of preventing the bees
from deserting their hives.
104. Favos. Virgil uses no less than
eleven different words to express the hive:
cunabula, cubilia, stabula, praesepia, cavea',
tecta, alveare, favus, domus, sedes, and ºdes.
For this diversity of style, he is remarkable.
By this means he avoided a disagreeable re
petition. Frigida. This Servius explains
by empty, or inactive, in opposition to what
is afterward said of their activity: opus
Jervet.
105. Prohibebis: in the sense of revocabis.
107. Altum iter : an aérial journey.
108. Aut vellere signa: or to move the
standards—to decamp. It was a phrase
among the Romans. When they pitched
their camp, they stuck their ensigns, or
standards, into the ground before the pre-
torium, or general's tent; and pulled them
up again when they decamped: so the bees,
The metaphor is beautiful.
GEORGICA.
LIB. IV 137
Invitent croceis halantes floribus horti :
Et custos furum atque avium, cum falce saligná,
Hellespontiaci servet tutela Priapi.
Ipse thymum pinosque ferens de montibus altis,
Tecta serat laté circum, cui talia curaº :
110
112. Ipse, cui talia
Sumt curae, ferens
Ipse labore manum duro terat; ipse feraces
Figat humo plantas, et amicos irriget imbres.
115
Atque equidem, extremo ni jam sub fine laborum
Wela traham, et terris festinem advertere proram,
Forsitan et pingues hortos quae cura colendi
Ornaret, canerem, biferique rosaria Paesti:
Quoque modo potis gauderent intyba rivis,
Et virides apio ripaº ; tortusque per herbam
Cresceret in ventrem cucumis: nec sera comantem
Narcissum, aut flexi tacuissem vimen acanthi,
120
121. Quomodoque cu-
cumis tortus per herbam
Cresceret
Pallentesque hederas, et amantes litora myrtos.
Namgue sub CEbaliae memini me turribus altis,
Quâ niger humectat flaventia culta Galesus,
125. Namgue memini
me widisse
125
Corycium widisse senem: cui pauca relicti
NOTEs.
109. Croceis floribus. Saffron flowers
appear to be put here for odorous flowers in
general. Halantes : in the sense of spi-
mtes.
111. Priapi. Priapus was fabled to have
been the son of Bacchus and Venus. He
was worshipped principally at Lampsacus,
a city of Mysia Minor, near the Hellespont.
Hence the epithet Hellespontiacus.
The statue of Priapus was usually placed
in gardens to protect them from thieves, and
to fray away birds. Hence he is called,
custos furum atque avium. The meaning
appears to be: that the bees should be in-
vited by such gardens as deserve to be under
the protection of Priapus. Custos: in the
sense of abactria. See Ecl. vii. 33.
112. Thymum. This is not our common
thyme, but the thymus capitatus, which
grows in great plenty on the mountains in
É. The Attic horey was considered
the best, on account of the excellence of
this thyme, which is found in abundance
near Athens. • *
114. Duro labore : with the hard labor
of transferring them from the mountains,
and planting them around the hives.
115. Irriget: he should sprinkle, or pour
the friendly water upon them—he should
be careful to water these plants when thus
transplanted, that they might flourish the
more, and afford more abundant food for
the bees. -
,116. Atque equidem : and indeed, unless
I were furling my sails, now in the con-
clusion of my labors, &c. These are fine
lines, and lead us to wish that the poet had
enlarged upon the subject of gardening.
Traham vela. This is a metaphor taken
from sailing. On the approach to land,
they take in, or furl their sails.
118. Pingues hortos. Some gardens
among the ancients were much celebrated,
especially those of the Hesperides, of Ado-
nis, of Alcinois, &c.
119. Paesti. Pastum was a town of Lu-
cania, where the rose bloomed twice in a
year; in September and May. Hence the
epithet bifer.
120. Intyba: plu. endive, or succory. Po-
tis rivis : in refreshing streams.
121. Apio: with parsley. This herb was
called apium, from apes, because the bees
were fond of it. Some take it for smallage
or celery.
122. Cucumis tortus : the cucumber,
creeping along the grass, swells. This is a
concise. but beautiful description. Sera :
an adj. neu. plu. used as an adv. in imita-
tion of the Greeks: in the sense of sero.
123. JNarcissum: the narcissus of the an-
cients is the herb we now call daffodil.
Comantem: in the sense of florentem. Acan-
thi : Acanthus, the herb bears-foot.
125. CEbalia. This was the city of Ta-
rentum in the eastern part of Italy, so called
from Phalantus, a native of CEbalia, or La-
conia, who rebuilt it. It was once inhabited
by the Lacedemonians.
126. Galesus: a river in Calabria, falling
into the gulf of Tarentum. It is called
niger, either, on account of the depth of its
waters, or of its banks being shaded by trees.
Flaventia: yellow with ripening grain. Arva
is understood. -
127. Corycium. Either the name of the
old man, or an adj. taken from the place of
his nativity. Corycus was the name of a
13S,
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Jugera rurls erant; nec fertilis illa juvencis,
Nec pecori opportuna seges, nec commoda Baccho
130. Tamen hic pro- Hic rarum tamen in dumis olus, albaque circum 130
mens rarum Lilia, verbenasque premens, vescumque papaver, , ,
Regum aequabat opes animis: serāque revertens ~
Nocte domum, dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis.
134. Ille eral Primus Primus vere rosam, atque autumno carpere poma
carpere Et cum tristis hyems etiam nunc frigore saxa 135
Rumperet, et glacie cursus franaret aquarum;
Ille comam mollis jam tondebat hyacinthi
Æstatem increpitans seram, Zephyrosque morantes
139. Ergö idem senew Ergö apibus foetis idem atque examine multo
**P**. Primus abundare, et spumantia cogere pressis 140
sº Erant illi tilia, Mella favis: illi tiliae, atque uberrima pinus: }
Quotgue in flore novo pomisse fertilis arbos
Induerat, totidem autumno matura tenebat.
Ille etiam Seras in versum distulit ulmos,
Eduramgue pyrum, et spinos jam pruna ferentes, 145
148. Atque relinquo
talia commemoranda
Jamgue ministrantem platanum potantibus umbras.
Verüm hac ipse equidem, spatiis exclusus iniquis,
aliis scriptoriºus post Prætereo, atque aliis post commemoranda relinquo.
770.62
Nunc age, naturas, apibus quas Jupiter ipse
NOTES.
mountain, and city of Cilicia in Asia Minor.
Pompey made war upon the Cilicians; some
of whom he brought and planted in Cala-
bria, near Tarentum. The old man here
mentioned, might have been one of them.
Relicti: barren—neglected, not worth tilling.
Dr. Trapp renders it hereditary; left him
by his ancestors. *
128. JVec illa seges fertilis: nor was that
land fit for ploughing, nor suitable for pas-
ture, nor proper for the vine. Fertilis: in
the sense of apta, or commoda.
129. Seges. This word most commonly
signifies the crop after it is sown and com-
ing forward to maturity. Here it means the
soil or land itself. .
130. Albaque lilia circiim : the white lilies
were most celebrated, and the best known
among the ancients.
131. Werbenas: the herb vervain. It was
highly esteemed by the Romans. Premens:
in the sense of plantans. Vescum papaver:
the white poppy, called vescum, esculent, or
eatable; because its seeds were roasted by
the ancients, and eaten with honey.
137. Comam: in the sense of frondes.—
Hyacinthi. This is the reading of Heyne
and Vossius, and of several ancient manu-
scripts. It appears to be approved of by
Valpy, although he adopts the common
reading, acanthi. Heyne leaves out tum,
which is also retained by some editors.
139. Ergö idem primus. Having men-
tioned the advantage, which a diligent cul-
tivation of his fields brought to the old Co-
rycian, particularly in the culture of bees,
he returned to his main subject. He was
the first to abound, &c. Foetis : in the sense
of fecundis.
141. Favis : the comb—those cells which
contain the honey. Tiliae: the linden, or
lime-tree. .
142. Quotgue pomis, &c. The meaning
is, that as many blossoms as his fertile trees
put forth in the spring, so much fruit they
had in autumn. There were no false blooms,
neither did they fail to bring all to maturi-
ty. Poma is to be supplied with matura.
The word properly means apples, but it is
used for all kind of fruit: as in the present
C8 Se. -
144. Distulit ulmos: he planted (trans-
planted) his elms in rows. Seras. Ruºus
says, tardè crescentes, slow growing. But
the poet may mean, far grown, or sufficiently
grown to be fit for transplanting; as he
observes with respect to the other trees here
mentioned. This is the opinion of David-
son and Valpy. ... '
145. Spinos. Spinus, is the sloe tree.
These were sufficiently grown to produce
fruit; and the plane tree, to afford a conside-
rable shade, before he transplanted them.
147. Iniquis Spatiis: narrow bounds--in-
sufficient room.
149. JWunc age. The poet now proceeds
to treat of the polity of the bees—the me
thod of depositing their honey—the regu
lar management of their affairs—their obe
dience to their sovereign, &c.
GEORGICA
LIB. IV 139
Addidit, expediam : pro quá mercede, canoros
Curetum sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutae,
Dictaeo coeli regem pavére sub antro.
WSolae communes natos, consortia tecta
Urbis habent, magnisque agitant sub legibus aevum;
Et patriam Solae, et certos novére penates.
150 150. Pro qua tanquam
mercede, illae secute ca-
noros-sonitus
153. Hae sola omnium
animaliwan habent
155
Venturaeque hyemis memores, aestate laborem
Experiuntur, et in medium quaesita reponunt.
Namgue aliae victu invigilant, et foedere pacto
Exercentur agris: pars intra septa domorum
Narcissi lachrymam, et lentum de cortice gluten,
Prima favis ponunt fundamina : deinde tenaces
Suspendunt ceras: alia, spem gentis, adultos
Educunt foetus : aliae purissima mella
160 - -
161. Tanquam prima
fundamina favis
Stipant, et liquido distendunt nectare cellas.
Sunt, quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti;
Inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila coeli,
Aut onera accipiunt venientäm, aut, agnine facto,
Ignavum fucos pecus à praesepibus arcent.
165 165. Sunt aliae, qui-
bus custodia
166. Quaeque invicem
º
Fervet opus, redolentaue thymo fragrantia mella.
Ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis.
Cúm properant: alii taurinis follibus auras
170
NOTES.
150. Earpediam: in the sense of descri-
bam. Pro quá mercede. According to fable,
Saturn intending to devour his infant son
Jupiter, he was concealed by his mother
among the Curetes, or Corybantes, her priests,
the sound of whose brazem-armour and cym-
bals, as they revelled, prevented his cries
from betraying him to his father. It is said
that JMelissus was then king of Crete, whose
daughters, JMelissa mourished Jupiter with
the milk of a goat and homey. Hence arose
the story of his being mourished by a goat
called Amalthea and bees, JMelissae being the
Greek name for bees. For which reason,
the goat was translated to the heavens, and
his horns given to the nymphs, with this
tuality added to them, that whatever they
should ask for, should flow from them plen-
teously: and for the service, which the bees
rendered on this occasion, they were endow-
ed by Jupiter with an extraordinary degree
of sagacity and wisdom, as a reward.
152. Dictato: an adj. from Dicte, a city
and mountain in Crete.
it is said, Jupiter was brought up.
153. Consortia: in the sense of communia.
154. Agitant: in the sense of ducunt.
The poet here speaks of the bees as living
in a regular, and well organized society.
155. Certos penates: in the sense of ficas
domos. - -
157. Earperiumtur ! they practise or use.
158. Pictu : for victui. See Ecl. 5, 29.
Invigilant : watch over—have the care of
providing. Pacto foedere: in the sense of
certa lege.
On this mountain, ,
159. Evercentur: in the sense of laborant
Septa: the enclosures of their hives.
160. JNarcissi. The flower of Narcissus
or daffodil, forms a kind of cup in the mid
dle, which is supposed to contain the tear of
the youth Marcissus, who pined away with
the love of himself. See Ecl. ii. 48.
163. Educunt adultos foetus: they nourish
or tend upon their young, till they are full
grown : or, they lead forth their full grown
young. Servius prefers the former sense:
as also Ruasus. -
164. Liquido : in the sense of puro. JWec-
tare : nectar here, evidently, is to be taken
for honey—the purest, and most refined
part of it.
166. Aquas: in the sense of pluvian.
168. Fucos : the drones, a lazy herd.
These are bees that make no honey. They
have no stings, and they do not assist the
others in their labors. Praesepibus. See
note, verse 104. supra.
169. Opus fervet: the work glows—it goes
on briskly.
170. Cúm properant Cyclopes. The Cy-
clops are said to have forged the thunder-
bolts of Jove. To this the poet alludes.
This comparison of the bees in their labors,
with those workmen of Jupiter in their
shops, has been censured by some. Prope-
rant : in the sense of fabricantwr.
172. Alii accipiunt: simply: some blow
the bull-hide bellows. Lacu : in the trough
of water.
14()
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Accipiunt, redduntgue : alii stridentiatingunt
AEra lacu : gemit impositis incudibus AEtna :
dº Illi inter sese magnä vi brachia tollunt
In numerum, versantdue tenaci forcipe ferrum.
lº
Non aliter, si parva licet componere magnis,
177 Habendi mella
grandaevis
Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi,
178. Oppida sunt curae Munere quamgue Suo.
Granda-vis oppida curaº,
Et munire favos, et Daedala fingere tecta.
At fessa multā referunt se nocte minores,
18C
181. Plenge quoad cru- Crura thymo plenae : pascuntur et arbuta passim,
ra thymo
Et glaucas salices, casiamdue, crocumque rubentem,
Et pinguem tiliam, et ferrugineos hyacinthos.
184. Est omnibus uma Omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus unus.
quies
185. Rursus, ubi ves-
per admonuit easdem
apes esse tempus tandem
decedere
Mané ruunt portis, nusquam mora : rursus easdem
Vesper ubi é pastu tandem decedere campis .
Admonuit, tum tecta petunt, tum corpora curant.
Fit somitus, mussantgue oras et limina circum.
*185
Pöst, ubi jam thalamis se composuere, siletur
In noctem, fessosque Sopor suus occupat artus.
190
Nec verö a stabulis, pluvià impendente, recedunt
Longitis, aut credunt coelo, adventantibus Euris:
193. Tutte ab pluvia Sed circum tutae sub maenibus urbis aquantur,
et vento -
194. Et sepe tollunt
lapillos, ut instabiles .
cymbae tollunt sabur- Tollunt :
ram, fluctu jactante eas:
his lapillis
Excursusque breves tentant : et saspe lapillos,
Ut cymbaº instabiles, fluctu jactante, Saburram,
his sese per inania nubila librant.
Illum aded placuisse apibus mirabere morem,
Quðd mec concubitu indulgent, nec corpora segnes
195
NOTES.
175. In numerum : they raise their arms
in regular order, making a sort of harmony
with the strokes of their hammers.
Jamblicus informs us that the sound of
the smith's hammer led Pythagoras to in-
vent the monochord, an instrument for mea-
suring the quantities, and proportions of
sounds geometrically.
177. Cecropias: Attic, or Athenian bees,
so called from Cecrops, the first king of
Athens. The Attic honey was much cele-
brated.
178. Quamque swo munere: each one in
his own office—department.
179. Dadala: an adj. from Daedalus, a
very ingenious artificer of Athens. The
word, as here used, signifies any thing arti-
ficial, or curiously and ingeniously wrought.
180. Minores: in the sense of juniores.
181. Plenſe crura. The hairiness of the
º of the bee is favorable to the retention
of the juices, which they collect from the
flowers. -
182. Rubentem: yellow, or of a golden
hue. Ruteus says, rufum.
183. Ferrugineos: purple—dark red.
184. Operum; in the sense of ab opere.
Una: one and the same rest.
188. Oras: this Ruabus interprets by ves-
‘ibulum. JMussant: they buzz—they make
a buzzing noise.
189. Thalamis: in the sense of cellis.
190. Suus: in the sense of proprius. Ru-
aeus says, conveniens. -
191. Stabulis. See note, verse 104. supra.
192. Euris. Eurus, the east wind, here
put for wind in general: the species for the
genus.
193. Aquantur. This verb appears to be
used in the sense of the middle voice of the
Greeks: they water themselves. This man-
ner of expression is common with the poet.
Rugeus says, hawriwnt aquas.
195. Saburram : ballast. This is some
ponderous substance, as sand, gravel, iron,
&c. that light vessels usually take on board
to render them steady.
198. Mec indulgent, &c. This account of
the production of bees here given by the
poet, is justly exploded. It is found that no
animal is produced without the concurrence
of the sexes. However as this method was
the general received one among the ancients,
the poet might very well adopt it, whatever
his own opinion might have been upon the
subject. Pliny says of the bees: Foetus
quonam modo progenerarent, magna inter
eruditos, et subtilis quastio ſuit: Apum envm
coitus visus est musquam. This, however,
modern philosophers have solved in a satis-
factory manner. They have found that the
laboring bees are of neither sex; that the
GEORGICA.
LIB. IV. 141
In Venerem solvunt, aut foetus mixibus edunt.
Verãm ipsae é foliis natos et suavibus herbis
200,
Ore legunt: ipsae regem, parvosque Quirites
Sufficiunt: aulasque et cerea regna refingunt.
Saepe etiam duris errando in cotibus alas
Attrivére, ultrôque animam sub fasce dedēre :
Tantus amor florum, et generandi gloria mellis.
Ergö ipsas quamvis angusti terminus aevi
Excipiat (neque enim plūs septima ducitur aestas)
At genus immortale manet, multosque per annos
Stat fortuna domás, et avi numerantur avorum.
Praeterea regem non sic Aºgyptus, et ingens
205 205. Est illis tantus
amor florum, et tanta
207. Enim neque plus
quam septima aestas du-
citur ab illis
210
Lydia, nec populi Parthorum, aut Medus Hydaspes,
Observant.
Rege incolumi, mens omnibus una est;
Amisso, rupere fidem : constructaque mella
213. Rege amisso
Diripuere ipsae, et crates solvére favorum.
Ille operum custos; illum admirantur; et omnes
Circumstant fremitu denso, stipantoue frequentes ;
Et sacpe attollunt humeris, et corpora bello
Objectant. pulchramgue petunt per vulnera mortem.
His quidam signis, atque haec exempla secuti,
Esse apibus partem divina: mentis, et haustus
AEthereos dixere : Deum namdue ire per omnes
Terrasque, tractusque maris, coelumque profundum.
Hinc pecudes, armenta, viros, genus omne ferarum,
215 215. Ille est custos
217. Sua corporabello
pro illo
219. Quidam homines
inducti his signis, atque
secuti haec exempla pru-
220 dentia, apum dixere
221. Namgue diacere
Deum
223. Hinc diacere pe-
cudes
NOTES.
drones alone have the male organ of gene-
ration, and that the monarch is of the fe-
male sex. She is wholly employed in the
increase of her family, laying several thou-
sand eggs every summer, in each of which
is hatched a small white worm, which in due
time, changes itself into a drone or bee.—
Concubitu : for Concubitui. See Ecl. v. 29.
199. Mec solvunt : nor do they debilitate
their bodies in lust. Segnes: in the sense of
inertes vel inwiiles. Edunt : in the sense
of parturiunt. Niacibus : by labor, or tra-
vail.
200. Foliès: from the leaves of flowers.
201. Parvos Quirites: they raise up a king,
and little subjects. The bees are here called
Quirites, by meton. taken from the Romans,
who were sometimes called Quiriles from
Romulus, who was also called Quirinus.-
See AEm. 1. 274.
204. Dedëre: in the sense of amiserwnt.
207. Septima JEstas. Aristotle informs
us that bees live six, and sometimes seven
years; but if the swarm subsists nine or ten
years, it is considered fortunate. r
208. At, in the sense of tamen.
210. Jºgyptus. The name of the coun-
try put, by meton. for the inhabitants. The
AEgyptians were very great admirers of their
monarchs, many of whom they deified.
211. Lydia ; a country of Asia Minor,
proverbial for its wealth, and the grandeur
of its kings. Populi Parthorum: simply, the
Parthians. They are said to have been so
submissive to their king, as to kiss his feet,
and to touch the ground with their lips,
when they approached him. Hydaspes: the
name of a river put, by meton. for the in-
habitants of the country, through which it
flowed.
There have been various opinions and
conjectures with a view to reconcile the poet
with matters of fact. Hydaspes is a river
of India, and falling into the Indus, forms
one of its branches. How it could be call-
ed Median, with any propriety, does not
appear. There might have been a small
river by that name, rising in Media, to
which the poet alludes. Mr. Davidson
thinks the river Choaspes, which rises in
Media, and passes through the province of
Susiana, near Susa, one of the capitals of
the Persian empire, is intended. However
this be, poets do not always confine them-
selves to historical or geographical preci-
S101).
212. Observant: in the sense of veneran-
tur.
213. Fidem : in the sense of societatem.
214. Crates : the structure or fabric.
215. Custos: in the sense of praises.
216. Denso fremitu with loud buzzing
or humming. **
220. Haustus : in the sense of spiritus
142.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quemdue sibl tenues nascentem arcessere vitas.
omnia resoluta scilicet Omnia: nec mort, esse locum
reddi, ac referri huc
226. Sed omnia viva
volare, qua'que in nu-
In el’Ulſil *
ers
225 Deinde divere Scilicet huc reddi deinde, ac resoluta referri,
- - sed viva volare
Sideris in numerum, atque alto succedere coelo
Si quando sedem augustam, servataque mella
Thesauris relines; prius haustu sparsus aquarum,
230
231. Sun duo tempo- Qra fove, fumosque manu praetende sequaces.
ra messis: wrium simul Bis gravidos cogunt foetus, duo tempora messis.
Pleias Taygete
Taygete simul os terris ostendit honestum
234. Aut ubi eadem Pleias, et Oceani spretos pede reppulit amnes :
Plečas
Aut eaclem sidus fugiens ubi piscis aquosi,
NOTES.
224. Quemgue nascentem: that every one,
at his birth, derives tender life to himself,
from him. Hinc : from hence—from God.
225. Scilicet : in the sense of certé. Huc:
hither—to God. Resolula : in the sense of
dissoluta.
226. JNec locum, &c. Virgil here gives
the opinions of those philosophers, who re-
jected the doctrine of a vacuum, and atoms.
They maintained that the universe was ani-
mated: that God was omnipresent: that all
animals received existence from him: that
after death they are all returned, and car-
ried back to him : that there is no room for.
extinction (morti) or loss of existence: that
all, volare viva, fly alive into the order of his
star, and take their station in high heaven.
In other words, all transmigrate into other
beings in a perpetual round. This notion
was held by many distinguished philoso-
phers of the heathen world. But it was far
from the truth. All irrational animals perish
at their death. Man alone is immortal.
When unassisted reason is employed upon
the subject of a future state of existence, it
discovers its own weakness. The research-
es of philosophy serve only to bewilder the
mind. All correct information upon that
subject must come through the medium of
divine revelation. Pythagoras and his fol-
lowers strenuously maintained this doctrine.
The Epicurians maintained the doctrine of
a vacuum, and the atomic theory. -
228. Si quando, &c. The poet now pro-
ceeds to mention the proper seasons for open-
ing the hives. He gives directions how to
proceed in the business, and notices the pas-
sionate temper of the bees upon such occa-
sions
.Augustam. This is the reading of the best
editions, and is supported by ancient manu-
scripts. Rugeus, Davidson, Valpy, and some
others, have angustam. But if the poet in-
tended to inform us that the hive was small,
ne might have saved himself the pains.
Besides, augustam is, by no means, an im-
proper epithet. It is exactly in the spirit of
poetry. It is well known that the bee-hive
is a most exquisite piece of architecure,
whether we regard the form of the comb,
the materials of which it is composed, or the
manner of the workmanship. Virgil em
phatically calls their hives, Daedala tecta.
Verse 179. Supra. Heyng reads awgustam.
229. Thesauris: in the sense of favis.—
Priºs haustu, &c. Commentators do not
agree upon this passage; and it must be
confessed a difficult one. Davidson follows
Servius, who takes sparsus for spargens: ma-
king the meaning to be : First hold in your
mouth draughts of water, spouting it upon
them. Dr. Trapp rejects sparsus for spar-
gens, and thinks sparsus should be retained;
thus: Fove ore haustus aquarum, take water
in your mouth; then by an ellipsis of the
words; projice in modum pluvia, spout it
upon them in the manner of rain, which
you cannot do without being wet yourself,
sparsus. Heinsius, Ruasus, Heyne, and some
others read : Prius haustu aquarum ora fove.
This, however, is not without objections.
If we could read haustum orhaustus for haus-
tu, the passage would be easier; then ore
would be preferable to ora. But whatever
difficulties may attend the construction, the
meaning is obvious. Heyne takes Fove ora
haustu aquarum, in the sense of tene vel con-
time aquam hawstam ore. -
Davidson reads haustus, and ore.
230. Fumos: it is customary, at the pre-
sent day, to drive or force the bees from the
hive with smoke.
231. Gravidos foetus : in the sense of ple-
nos favos. The comb is properly the foºtus
or production of the bees. JMessis: gather-
ing or taking the honey : here called the
harvest.
232. Taygete : one of the Pleiades, here
put for the whole, by synec. This, and the
three following lines, is a beautiful circum-
locution to express the rising and setting of
these stars; the former is in the latter part
of April, the latter about the end of October,
or the beginning of November. See Geor.
1. 138. -
233. Amnes : in the sense of aquas.
234. Sadus aquosi piscis the constellation
of the rainy fish. The Pisces here cannot be
meant : for the sun does not enter that sign
till some time in February. Probably the
* GEORGICA. LIB. IV.
143
Tristior hybernas coelo descendit in undas.
Illis ira modum supra est, laesaeque venenum
235
Morsibus inspirant, et spicula caeca relinquunt
Affixte venis, animasque in vulnere ponunt.
Sin duram metues hyemem, parcesque futuro,
Contusosque animos et res miserabere fractas;
239. Futuro pabuſe,
240 memºpe, melli
At suffire thymo, cerasque recidere inanes
Quis dubitet? nam saepe favos ignotus adedit
Stellio, lucifugis congesta cubilia blattis:
Immunisque sedens aliena ad pabula fucus,
Aut asper crabro imparibus se immiscuit armis
243. Cubilia sunt con-
gesta. -
245 245. Se cum apibus
Aut dirum tineae genus, aut invisa Minervae
In foribus laxos suspendit aranea casses.
Quð magis exhaustae fuerint; hôc acrius omnes
Incumbent generis lapsi sarcire ruinas,
Complebuntdue foros, et floribus horrea texent.
250
Si veró (quoniam casus apibus quoque nostros
Vita tulit) tristi languebunt corpora morbo;
Quod jam non dubiis poteris cognoscere signis:
Continué est aegris alius color: horrida vultum
i NOTES.
Dolphin may be intended, as that constella-
tion rises soon after the setting of the Pleſſ-
ades.
236. Laesae: in the sense of offense.
237. Caeca : in the sense of occulta: mor-
sibws : stings. Inspirant: they infuse.
238. Affiacae: having affixed themselves.
240. Parces fulwro : you should spare
their future nourishment, and pity their
drooping spirits, and afflicted state.
Commentators have embarrassed the sense .
of this passage. The meaning is plainly
this: If you are afraid of a hard winter,
and that the bees will not be able to sustain
the cold, unless they be well fed, you should
spare their honey, their future nourishment,
and take mone of it from them.
241. At quis dubilet, &c. However you
may be disposed to follow my direction in
leaving the honey untouched, there is one
thing that should not be neglected in any
case; and that is, to fumigate the hives, and
to cut away the superfluous wax.
243. Stellio. This is a small spotted li-
zard, called also an eft or swift. It creeps
into holes and corners; hence the poet calls
it ignotus. Congesta: in the sense of plena.
Blattis. The blatta is an insect something
like a beetle. Some take it to be the cock-
roach. They are called lucifugis, because
they do not appear in the day time.
244. Fucus immunis. The Drones are
the male bees. They have neither stings,
nor those elastic teeth which the laboring
bees have for the purpose of collecting ho-
ney. Their only business seems to be, to
have intercourse with the queen: they may
be said to be her husbands: they are seve-
ral hundred in number in each hive. After
*
they have performed their office, they soon
die. Their way of living is very different
from the rest: they are exempt from labor,
and enjoy a most luxurious fare, being fed
with the best of the honey: Immunis sedens
ad aliena pabula, may very properly be said
of them.
245. Crabro ; the hornet, a well known
insect. It is larger and stronger than the
bee. Hence it is said to engage them with,
tnparibus armis.
246. Tineſe: the moth ; an insect very
injurious to clothes. The common reading
is durum : Heyne, Valpy, and some others,
read dirum. - .
247. Aranea invisa. Arachne, daughter
of Idmon, a Lydian, is said to have vied
with Minerva in the arts of spinning and
weaving. She performed her work to ad-
miration; but being outdone, she hung her-
self through grief; whereupon the goddess,
out of pity, changed her into the spider.
Some say she represented on her work se-
veral of the crimes of the gods, which so
displeased the goddess, that she, in a rage,
destroyed it. Hence invisa JMinervº. See
Ovid Met. Lib. 5.
248. Quo magłs. The poet here observes,
the more you drain the honey from the
bees, the more industrious they will be to
repair the loss. By being too full fed, they
become idle, and consequently less profit-
able. He then proceeds to consider the
diseases incident to them, and the remedies
proper for each. -
250. Horrea ; in the sense of favos. Tex-
ent : they will form, or make.
252. Wita ; the state, or condition of life,
144
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
255, Corpora earum Deformat macies; tum corpora luce carentſm
Exportant tectis, et tristia funera ducunt:
"arentām luce
255
Aut illae pedibus connexas ad limina pendent,
Aut intus clausis cunctantur in aedibus omnes:
Ignavaeque fame, et contracto frigore pigra.
Tum sonus auditur gravior, tractimque Susurrant:
260
Frigidus ut quondam Sylvis immurmurat Auster,
Ut mare sollicitum stridet refluentibus undis,
AEstuat ut clausis rapidus formacibus ignis.
264.suadeboteincan-
dere
Hic jam galbaneos suadebo incendere odores,
Mellaque arundineis inferre canalibus, ultrö
265
Hortantem, et fessas ad pabula nota vocantem.
Proderit et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem,
Arentesque rosas, aut igni pinguia multo
Defruta, vel psythià passos de vite racemos,
Cecropiumque thymum, et graveolentia centaurea.
270
Est etiam flos in pratis, cui nomen amello
Fecere agricolae, facilis quaerentibus herba.
Namgue uno ingentem tollit de cespite sylvam,
NOTES.
255. Luce : in the sense of vita.
256. Ducunt. Pliny observes, that the
bees accompany the bodies of their dead
after the manner of a funeral procession.
257. Illa: connea:0: clung together by their
feet, they hang, &c.
259. Contracto. Ruasus takes this in the
sense of contrahente. He says: Frigore
contrahente membra. But it may be taken
in its usual acceptation, without any impro-
priety: for the bees may be said to contract,
or take cold; and this the poet mentions as
one of their diseases.
260. Tractim : in a drawling manner—
one after another.
262. Sollicitum: in the sense of turbatum.
263. Rapidus: intense—excessive. JEs-
twat: roars.
264. Galbaneos: an adj. from galbanum,
a strong-scented gum, the smell of which is
said to drive away serpents. It is made of
the juice of the plant called ferula.
The poet here directs the bee-master,
when his bees show these symptoms, to burn
galbanum around the hives, which will ex-
pel the vermin, if any there are ; to intro-
duce honey into the hives through reeds, to
make up the deficiency of their food, and to
UISé * means to allure them to partake
of it. . But in many cases, this would be
insufficient. He must add to this honey
certain medicinal substances, as remedies of
their diseases. -
266. Fessas: in the sense of languidas,
and agreeing with apes, understood. Sapo-
rem: juice. -
267. Gallae: the nut-gall. This possesses.
very powerful astringent qualities. It was
very proper, therefore, to recommend the
use of it, to check the looseness to which
nomen asilo.
the bees are subject in the spring, occasioned,
says Columella, by their feeding greedily
upon spurge after their winter penury.
269. Defruta. Defrutum was a mixture
made of new wine, boiled away one half,
or one third, into which several sorts of
sweet herbs or spices were put. Pinguia :
rich; implying . that it should be boiled
away, and made thick, and enriched by
spices. Passos racemos: properly, bunches
of grapes hung up to dry in the sum—rai-
sins. Hence by meton. put for the wine
made of such grapes—raisin wine. See
Geor. ii. 93. -
270. Cecropium : Attic, or Athenian ;
from Cecrops, one of the first kings of Athens.
Centaurea : plu. the herb centaury. There
are two kinds of centaury, the greater and
the less. They have no other similitude
than the bitterness of their taste. It is said
to have derived its name from Chiron, one
of the Centaurs, whom it cured of a wound
received by an arrow from Hercules.
271. Amello. Mella, or Mela, a river of
Cis-alpine Gaul, on the banks of which the
flower here spoken of abounded. Hence,
according to Servius, it was called Amellus.
Mr. Martyn thinks it the same with the
purple Indian star-wort, or Aster Atticus.
Cui nomen amello. This construction fre-
quently occurs in Virgil, and is taken from
the Greeks. It is to be taken in the sense
of cui amellus nomini : so, cut momen Pillo,
in the sense of cui Iülus nomini : also, cut
See Geor. iii. 147.
272. Facilis : easy to be found by those
who seek for it. -
273. Cespite. Cespes, here must mean
the root of the plant. Sylvam : in the senso
GEORGICA.
I, IR. IV. 145
Aureus pse. Sed in foliis, quae plurima
Funduntur, violae sublucet purpura nigra
Saepe Deûm nexis ornatae torquibus arae.
Asper in ore sapor: tonsis in vallibus illum
Pastores, et curva legunt prope flumina
Hujus odorato radices incoque Baccho,
Pabulaque in foribus plenis appone canistris.
Sed si quem proles subitó defecerit omnis,
Nec, genus unde novae stirpis revocetur, habebit :
Tempus, et Arcadii memoranda inventa magistri
Pandere, quoque modo cassis jam saepe juvencis
Altius omnem
Insincerus apes tulerit cruor.
circum
275
277. Sapor ejus est
asper in ore .
Mellae.
280 280. Apponeque pa-
bula apibus plenis cania-
tris in foribus alvearis.
283. Tempus est pan-
dere
285
Expediam primâ repetens ab origine, famam.
Nam quâ Pellaei gens fortunata Canopi
Accolit effuso stagnantem flumine Nilum,
Et circum pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis;
Quâque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget.
Et viridem AEgyptum nigrá fºecundat arenå ;
Et diversa ruens Septem discurrit in ora,
Usque coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis
290 , 290. Quâque amnus
devexus usque ab colo-
ratis Indis urget
}
Omnis in håc certam regio jacit arte salutem.
NOTES.
of copiam caulium. Fecere; in the sense of
dederwnt.
275. JWigrat: deep colored. Funduntur :
sprout, or shoot up.
276. Nevis; made, or formed of this
amellus.
279. Incoque : boil, or simmer.
281. Sed si quem, &c. The poet now pro-
seeds to give an account of the method
practised by Aristaeus for the recovery of
his bees, after all his swarms were lost.
Omnis proles: the whole stock, or race.
285. Insincerus: in the sense of putridus.
...Altiºs: in the sense of longé. It is to be
connected with repetens.
286. Earpedian : in the sense of narrabo.
287. Gens fortunata ; the Egyptians.
They are here called happy, or fortunate,
on account of the fertility of their country,
which is occasioned by the annual inunda-
tion of the river Nile. Canopi. Canopus
was a city of Egypt, near Alexandria,
founded by Alexander the Great, who was
born at Pella, in Macedonia. Hence the city
Canopus is called Pellaeus. The city, by
meton. for the inhabitants; who may be
put, by synec. for all the Egyptians.
288. Stagnantem: in the sense of inun-
dantem. Agros is understood.
289. Vehitur circilm. During the con-
tinuance of the inundation, the inhabitants
pass from one part of the country to an-
other in boats, or small barges; here called
phaseli. Vehitur agrees with gens.
290. Urget vicinia. The Nile did not
touch, or border upon the neighborhood of
Persia, properly so called. But we are in-
formed by Xenophon, that the Persian em-
pire under Cyrus extended as far west as
Egypt. The Nile may therefore be said to
press upon the borders of Persia, since the
Persians extended their dominions as far as
Egypt; which justifies the expression of the
poet. Picinia ; plu. of vicinium. The Per-
sians were famous for their skill in archery;
hence pharetratae Persidis.
293. Amns: the river Nile. It rises in
Abyssinia, in the mountains of the Moon,
in about the lat. 11° N. and runs in a north-
erly direction; and, after receiving a num-
ber of tributary streams, it falls into the
Mediterranean sea in seven different chan-
nels, or mouths, in lat. 32 N. forming the
Delta of Lower Egypt. The inundation of
the Nile occasions the fertility of Egypt.
Its waters bring with them the richness, or
wash of the upper country, and here deposit
it. This the poet calls, migra arena. The
rise of the Nile is occasioned by the rain
that falls at a certain season of the year in
the mountains of Abyssinia. The proper
height to which the water should rise in
Egypt is 16 cubits, or 24 feet. If it fall
short of that, a famine is expected ; if it
exceed it, an injury is sustained. By means
of canals, the water is carried to every part
of the country. For an excellent descrip-
tion of the Nile, see Rollin’s An. His. Vol. 1.
Indis. Any country that lay in a hot cli-
mate, the ancients denominated India, and
its inhabitants Indi. Coloratis: tawny
sun-burnt. Deveacus : flowing down from
294, Arte : in the sense of invento.
11
146 .
P. VIRGILII MARONIs wº
ſºxiguus primūm, atque Ipsos contractus ad usus 295
Eligitur locus: hunc angustique imbrice tecti
Parietibusque premunt arctis; et quatuor addunt
Quatuor àzventis obliquà luce fenestras.
Tum vitulus, bimâ curvans jam cornua fronte,
300. Gemine nares Quaeritur hulc geminae nares, et spiritus oris
Multa reluctanti obstrutur;
unsa per integram solvuntur viscera pellem.
Sic positum in clauso linquunt: et ramea costis
Subjiciunt fragmenta, thymum, casiasque recentes.
obstruwntur
301. Visceraque tunsa T
plagis per integram pel-
lem solvuntur huic pe-
rempto. '
300
plagisque perempto
303. Sic linquunt vi-Hoc geritur, Zephyris primūm impellentibus undas, 305
tulum positum in clauso Anté novis rubeant
loco
306. Coloribus florum
Quâm prata coloribus, anté
Garrula quâm tignis midum suspendat hurundo.
Interea teneris tepefactus in ossibus humor
AEstuat: et visenda modis animalia miris,
Trunca pedum primö, mox et stridentia pennis
310
Miscentur, tenuemdue magis, magis aéra carpunt :
312. Donec erupère Donec, ut aestivis effusus nubibus imber,
tam dense, ut
313. Aut tam dense,
nt sagittae
Erupère : aut, ut nervo pulsante Sagittae,
Prima leves ineunt si quando praelia Parthi.
Quis Deus hanc, Musae, quis nobis extudit artem? 315
Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit 7
Pastor Aristaeus, fugiens Peneia Tempe,
Amissis, ut ſama, apibus morbogue famegue,
NOTES.
296. Hunc premunt : they contract this
(still more) by a narrow roof and confined
walls—walls close together. Imbreac is pro-
perly the gutter-tile of the roof, to carry off
the water. Hence it may be taken for the
roof itself. Imbrice angusti tecti : with the
covering of a narrow roof.
297. Parietibus : parietes, properly the
walls of a house: muri, the walls of a city.
Premunt : in the sense of contrahunt.
299. Bima : in the sense of bienni. -
301. JMulta : in the sense of multism, in
imitation of the Greeks. d
302. Viscera tunsa, &c. The meaning is:
that the entrails of the animal, as he lay
dead, º with blows, are broken
in pieces, the hide remaining entire. Vis-
cera, is properly the whole animal within the
hide, as well the flesh as the entrails. Pe-
rempto: in the sense of interfecto.
305. Geritur : in the sense of agitur.
Zephyris. The zephyrs begin to blow, in
that climate, early in the month of Febru-
ary, according to Pliny. Impellentibus : in
the sense of agitantibus. -
307. Antequam hirundo. The time of the
swallow’s coming is said by Columella, to
be in the latter part of February, in that
climate; with us it is much later.
309. AEstuat: ferments. Trunca : desti-
tute of wanting. JMiscentur : mingle—
swarm. Carpunt; in the sense of tentant.
312. Erupére: in the sense of evolaverunt.
Nervo pulsante : (flew) from the whizzing
string. JNervo: the string or cord of the
bow. The Parthians were expert archers,
and usually commenced the fight by a flight
of arrows.
314. Si quando: in the sense of quando
315. Eactudit: in the sense of invenit.
316. Ingressus: acc. plu. in the sense of
originem.
317. Aristopus. He is said to have been
the son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene,
the daughter of the river god Peneus, and
born in the deserts of Lybia. He married
the daughter of Cadmus, by the name of
...Antonoë, by whom he had Acteon. Being
enamoured with Eurydice, the wife of Or-
pheus, he pursued her into the fields, where
a snake, laying in the grass unobserved, bit
her; of which wound she died. Where-
upon, the gods were angry, and, by way of
punishment, destroyed his bees. In this
calamity, he applied to his mother, who di-
rected him to apply to the river god Proteus.
He directed him to appease the manes of
Eurydice by the sacrifice of four bulls, and
four heifers. It is said that he travelled
over various countries, teaching men the
cultivation of the olive, and the use of bees.
He visited Arcadia; hence he is called Ar-
cadius magister apum. He received divine
honors, and was worshipped as a demi-god.
Tempe : neu, plu, a pleasant valley of Thes-
saly, through which the river Peneus flows.
Hence the epithet Penean.
GEORGICA. LIB. IV
14’ſ
Tristis ad extremi sacrum caput astitit amnis,
Multa querens: atque hāc affatus voce parentem:
320
Mater Cyrene, mater, quae gurgitis hujus
Ima tenes: quid me praeclará stirpe Deorum
a
Tanta meas site ceperunt taºdia laudis.
At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti
Sensit: eam circlim Milesia vellera Nymphae
Carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore:
322. Tenes ima ioca
Si modó, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbraeus Apollo) hujus gurgitis: quid ge-
hºm fatis genuisti ? aut quð tibi nostri
Pulsus amor 7 quid me coelum sperare jubebas 7
En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortalis honorem, -
Quem mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia solers
Omnia tentanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo!
Quin age, et ipsa manu felices erue sylvas,
Fer stabulis inimicum ignem, atque interfice messes:
Ure sata, et validam in vites molire bipennem :
nuisti me invisum fatis
é praeclara stirpe Deo-
rum; si modó Thym-
braeus Apollo, quem per-
hibes meum patrem, est
meus pater : aut quo est
329 tuus amor nostri pulsus
tibi
326. En, te matre,
etiam relinquo hunc ip-
sum honorem
329. Tu ipsa erue meas
felices
335
325
Drymoque, Xanthogue, Ligeague, Phyllodocedue,
Caesariem effusae nitidam per candida colla ;
Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodocegue,
Cydippegue, et flava Lycorias; altera virgo,
Altera tum primos Lucinae experta labores;
337. Effuse quoad m-
tidam -
339. Altera adhuc vir-
340 go; alter tum
Clioque, et Beroë soror, Oceanitides ambae,
Ambas auro, pictis incinctae pellibus ambaº ;
Atque Ephyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopeia;
Et tandem positis velox Arethusa sagittis.
Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem
342. Amba incinctae
auro, ambaº wr.cvnctae
pictis
345
NOTES.
319. Ad sacrum caput ; at the sacred
source of the remote river. Aristaºus re-
sided in the vale of Tempe. After the loss
of his bees, he retired to the source of the
river Peneus, in mount Pindus, where his
mother had her residence. After fier amour
with Apollo, it is said that god conveyed
her to Africa, where she resided during the
period of her gestation and delivery. Her
son was brought up by the Seasons, and fed
upon ambrosia.
321. Gurgitis : in the sense of fontis.
323. JModo - in the sense of certé. Thym-
brows: a name of Apollo, from Thymbra, a
town of Troas, where he had a magnificent
temple. Perhibes : in the sense of dicis,
vel vocas.
327. Custodia: in the sense of cwra.
328. Relinquo: in the sense of amitto.
Eactuderat: had provided, or procured.
329. Felices : in the sense of fºcundas.
331. JMolire : in the sense of immitte.
332, Taedia: in the sense of negligentia.
,334. Milesia: an adj. from JMiletus, a city
in the confines of Ionia and Caria. Its
wool was held in great estimation among
the Romans.
335. Carpebant: in the sense of nebant.
Fucata: dyed with a rich sea-green color.
Hyali : gen, of hyalus: glass; also a glassy,
or sea-green color; from a Greek word
signifying glass. - -
336. Drymo. The names of the nymphs
here mentioned are taken from Homer and
Hesiod, and are all of Greek derivation.
337. Effusae: in the sense of diffusae :
their hair hung loose, and flowing over
their snow-white necks.
340. Earperta ; in the sense of passa. Lw-
cinae : child-bearing. The name of the
goddess of child-bearing; by meton. taken
for child-bearing itself. It is an epithet
both of Juno and Diana.
341. Oceanitides : daughters of the ocean.
See Ecl. ii. 46. -
343. Deiopeia. This nymph is called
...Asian, because she was of the Asian fen:
.Asia appellatur quia ea. Asia palude.
344. Arethusa. She had been at first a
huntress, and one of Diana's train; but aſ-
terward changed by her into a fountain
nymph. Hence the propriety of sagittas
positis.
345. Inter quas: among whom Clymene
was relating, &c. Venus, the wife of Vul-
can, was taken in adultery with Mars. Her
husband cast a net over them, as they were
in each other’s embrace, and in this situa-
tion they were exposed to the laughter of
all the gods. The poet calls Vulcan's care
148
P. VIRGILII MARONis
347 Vulcanide custo-Vulcani, Martisque dolos, et dulcia furta,
dienda Venere
848. JNymphae captae
Suºmi,
Aque Chao densos Divām numerabat amores.
Carmine quo captas, dum fusis mollia pensa
Devolvunt, iterum maternas impulit aures
Luctus Aristaei, vitreisque sedilibus omnes
s50
Obstupère: sed ante alias Arethusa sorores
Prospiciens, summâ flavum caput extulit undā.
353. Et procul divit: Et procul:
O soror Cyrene
O, gemitu non frustrà exterrita tanto,
Cyrene soror; ipse tibi, tua maxima cura,
Tristis, Aristacus, Penei genitoris ad undam
355
Stat lachrymans, et te crudelem nomine dicit
357. Mater perculsa Huic
quoad mentem nova for-
midine ait huic: age,
duc, duc illum ad nos:
fas est illi
Tangere, ait.
perculsa nová mentem formidine mater,
Duc, age, duc ad nos: fas illi limina Divām
Simul alta jubet discedere laté
I'lumina, quâ juvenis gressus inferret: at illum
360
Curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda,
Accepitºlue sinu vasto, misitdue sub amnem.
Jamgue domum mirans genitricis et humida regna,
Speluncisque lacus clausos, lucosque sonantes,
Ibat: et, ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum,
365
Omnia sub magnâ labentia flumina terrá
Spectabat diversa locis, Phasimdue, Lycumque,
Et caput, unde altus primūm se erumpit Enipeus,
371. Et unde Erida. Unde pater Tyberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta,
nus auratus quoad ge- Saxosumque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Caicus,
Et gemina auratus taurino cornua, vultu
mina cornua
370
NOTES.
wnanem, vain, because it had no effect to re-
claim his wife, or because it served only to
propagate his own disgrace : or rather, be-
cause he was unable, with all his care and
watchfulness, to prevent her from defiling
nis bed. Venus was a wanton dame.
346. Dulcia furta. This alludes to the
amour of Mars with Venus: stolen embra-
ces—sweet thefts.
347. Chao ; from the origin of the world;
or from Chaos, who, according to ſable, was
the first of the gods. Densos; in the sense
of frequentes, vel multos. .r
348. JMollia pensa : the soft yarn. Car-
mine : song, story, or subject.
351. Antë before her other sisters,
353. Non frustrà not in vain alarmed :
you are alarmed, and not without reason.
355. Undam : in the sense of fontem.—
Peneus, the river god, was the father of
Cyrene,
360. Inferret gressus : might introduce his
foot-steps—might march along : a phrase.
Flumina: in the sense of aquas.
361. Curvata: rolled or heaped up in the
form of a mountain.
362. JMisit : in the sense of admisit. Eum
is understood.
364. Speluncis. There were two opinions
among the ancients respecting the origin of
rivers. Aristotle considered the sea to be
th 5 sourco but Plato, whom Virgil here fol-
JLycus, the name of several rivers.
lows, was of the opinion, that there was,
under the earth, a general receptacle or re-
servoir of water, from which the rivers were
all fed. This they called barathrum. By
lacus clausos, &c. the poet means this gene-
ral reservoir of water. • *.
367. Diversa: remote—widely separated.
Phasim : Phasis, a noble river of Colchis,
rising in the mountains of Armenia, falls
into the Euxine sea. It is famous for the
expedition of the Argonauts, who entered
it after a long and perilous voyage. Lycum:
It is not
certain, which one the poet here intends.
368, Caput : the source, whence, &c.
Enipeus is a river of Thessaly, watering the
plains of Pharsalia, and falling into the
river Peneus.
369. Tyberinus; the river Tyber in Italy.
It is called by way of eminence pater. It
falls into the Tuscan sea. Aniena: an adj.
from Anio, the name of a small river in
Italy. :
370. Hypanis: a river of the ancient Sar-
matia, uniting with the Borysthenes or Nei-
per, and with it, flows into the Euxine sea.
Hodie, Bog. Sacosium: an adj. of the neu.
gen. used adverbially—among the rocks.
Caicus: a river of JMysia major in the Lesser
Asia. It falls into the AEgean sea, nearly
opposite to Mitylene on the Island of Les-
bos. Hence the epithet Mysus.
GEORGICA. LIB IV #
149
Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta
In mare purpureum violentior influit amnis.
Postguam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta
Perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanes
Cyrene manibus liquidos dant ordine fontes
372. Quo amne non
alius amnis influit vio
lentior per
* 374. Postguam per
6 ventum est in tecta tha-
lami
Germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantilia villis
Pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt
Pocula; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae.
Et mater : Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi:
Simul ipsa precatur
Oceano libemus, ait.
380. Et mater alt.”
Cape
380
Oceanumque patrem rerum, Nymphasque sorores,
Centum quae sylvas, centum quae flumina servant.
Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam:
Ter flamma ad summum tecti subjecta reluxit.
385
Omine quo firmans animum, sic incipit ipsa :
Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates,
NOTES.
372. Eridanus: the river Po. This is the
largest river of Italy.
There is a seeming difficulty in reconciling
what is here said of this river with matter
of fact. We are told the Po is not a rapid
river. It flows the greater part of its course
through a level and highly cultivated coun-
try. This taken into consideration, no other
river perhaps, under the same circumstan-
ces, flows with greater rapidity. We are
not to understand the poet as speaking ab-
solutely, but comparatively. It falls into
the Adriatic sea, or gulf of Venice.
Tavrino vultu. The form of a bull is of.
ten, by the poets, given to rivers, from their
roaring and rapid course: the noise which
they make, bearing some resemblance to
the bellowing of that animal. They are also
called cornuti, or horned, from the double
banks or channels, into which they divide
themselves: or perhaps from the circum-
stance of their being some'.mes formed by
the union of two streams or smaller rivers.
As for example, the river Ohio is formed
by the union of the rivers Alleghany and
Monongahela.
Hercules is said to have broken off one
of the horns of Achelois. It is thus ex-
plained. That hero reduced the river to one
channel or stream. The dried part or bro-
ken horn of the river was converted into
fruitful fields and gardens. This gave rise
to the ſablo of the cornucopie, or horn of
plenty. This was given to the nymphs, and
by them presented to the Goddess of Plenty.
The verb erumpil is to be supplied with
each of the preceding nominatives.
374. Pendentia: vaulted, or arched with
'pumice stone, Ruteus says; strucla ampen-
denſe, pumice. Perventum est; imp, verb,
used in the sense of pervenit.
375. Imanes; vain, says Servius, because
they were excited by a calamity easy to be
removed.
376. Dant: in the sense of ferunt. Lº-
quidos fontes: in the sense of puras aquas.
This water was brought for the use of Aris-
taeus; manibus may therefore refer to his
hands—for washing his hauds: or it may
refer to the hands of the nymphs who
brought it—in their hands.
377. JMantilia : towels. It would seem
they were made of some shaggy or nappy
cloth, which was sometimes shorn for the
greater smoothness and delic-cy. Our map-
kins were probably of the same sort for-
merly, the word seeming to be derived from
map. Tonsis villis: the shag or nap being
cut off.
379. Panchaeis: an adj. from Panchaba, a
region of Arabia, abounding in frankin- .
cense. Arce : the altars burn with Arabian
frankincense.
380. Carchesia. The carchervum was a
large oblong bowl or goblet, flatted about
the middle, having handles reaching quite
to the bottom. JMaconii : an adj. from JMae-
onia, the ancient name of Lydia in Asia
Minor. It abounded in vines. Bacchi : for
vini.
383. Servant: in the sense of praeswalent.
384. Perfundit: she sprinkled—wet. Ar-
dentem Vestam: the flaming fire: See AEm. 1.
292. Neclare : for vino. Nectar was pro-
perly the best and purest wine, such as they
assigned to the use of the gods.
385. Subjecia. This Ruteus takes in the
sense of supposita; with what propriety,
however, does not appear. The meaning
plainly is : that when the wine was poured
upon the fire, a flame arose, or blazed, and
shone bright, as high as the roof of the
house. Subjicio, from which subjecta is de-
rived, signifies to rise, or mount up. See
Ecl. x. 74, and /En. xii. 288. It is here used
in the sense of surgens.
387. Carpathio: an adj. from Carpathus
an island in the Mediterranean sea, between
P. VIRGIL:I MARONIS
Coeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor,
Et juncto bipedum curru metitur equorum.
Hic nunc Emathite portus, patriamque revisit
390
Pallenen; hunc et nymphae veneramur, et inse
Grandaevus Nereus: novit namdue omnia vates,
393. Quº sint presen- Quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur.
tia, quae fuerint praete-
rita, et
Quippe ita Neptuno visum est: immania cujus
Armenta, et turpes pascit sub gurgite phocas.
395
Hic tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omnem
Expediat morbi causam, eventusque secundet.
Nam siné vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque illum
*
Orando flectes: vim duram et vincula capto
cula
401. Ego ipsa ducam
te in secreta senis, quo
400. Circum hºc win- Tende: doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes. 400
Ipsa ego te, medios cum Sol accenderit aestus,
Cüm sitiunt herbac, et pecori jam gratior umbra est,
402. Gratior pecori In secreta senis ducam, quð fessus ab undis
quàm herba
Se recipit; facilè ut somno aggrediare jacentem.
405 Illum correptum Verãm ubi correptum manibus, vinclisque tenebis; 405
Tum variae eludent species, atque ora ferarum.
Fiet enim subitó sus horridus, atraque tigris,
Squamosusque draco, et fulvă cervice leana :
Aut acrem flammae somitum dabit, atque ita vinclis
Excidet, aut in aquas tenues dilapsus abibit.
410
Sed quantò ille magis formas se vertet in omnes;
Tantò, nate, magis contende tenacia Vincla :
413. Qualem videris Donec talis erit, mutato corpore, qualem
allum.
Wideris, incepto tegeret cum lumina Somno.
NOTES.
Rhodes and Crete, whence the neighboring
sea was called Carpathian. It is now call-
ed Scarpanto. JNeptuni: Neptunus, the god
, of the sea, by meton. put here for the sea
itself, according to Rugeus. That commen-
tator takes gurgite in the sense of sinu;
but it is better to take it in the sense of
mari, and JNeptuni in its usual acceptation.
Wates Neptunt : the prophet of Neptune.
For Proteus, it is said, received from that
god the gift of prophecy.
388. Proteus: a sea-god. According to
fable, he was the son of Oceanus and Te-
thys, and received the gift of prophecy from
Neptune. He was very difficult of access,
and when consulted, he frequently eluded
the answers by transforming himself into
various shapes, and so making hi's escape.
Homer makes him an Egyptian, and, Hero-
dotus, a king of Egypt. Sir Isaac Newton,
finding him cotemporary with Amenophis,
or Memnon, conjectures he was only a vice-
roy to that prince, and governed some part
of Lower Egypt in his absence.
Proteus is represented as drawn in a car
by marine horses; that is, their fore part
resembling the horse, their hinder a fish.
They would consequently have only two
feet, and those before. Hence bipedum
equorum. -
389. JMelitur: he measures, or rides over.
Juncto : yoked, or harnessed; alluding to
his marine horses, that were harnessed in
his car.
391. Pallenen : Pallene, a peninsula of
Macedonia, whose original name was Ema-
thia. *,
393. Trahantwr. There is a great pro-
priety in the use of this word, according to
the heathen notion of fate. Future events
are said to be drawn, (trahi,) because, in
that series, or chain of causes and effects,
they so follow that one may be said to draw
the other.
395. Turpes: in the sense of unmanes.
399. Flectes: in the sense of vinces.
400. Tende: apply rigid force and chains
to him, when seized. Doli: tricks—strata-
gems. -
406. Ora: in the sense of format. Elw-
dent. Illudent is the common reading. Pie-
rius found in the Roman manuscript ludent;
in the Lombard, Medicean, and most of the
ancient manuscripts, eludent which is the
read.ng of Heyne. -
408. Draco: a serpent, or snake.
410. Eaccidet : will escape Dilapsus,
dissolved into water, &c.
412. Contende : in the sense of construnge,
414. Tegeret: in the sense of clawderet
GEORGICA. LIB IV, 151
Haec ait: et liquidum ambrosia diffudit odorem, 415
Quo totum nati corpus perduxit; at illi
Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,
Atque habilis membris venit vigor.
Deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis.
Intus se vasti Proteus tegit objice saxi.
Hic juvenem in latebris aversum a lumine Nympha
Collocat: ipsa procul nebulis obscura resistit.
Jam rapidus torrens sitientes Sirius Indos
Est specus ingens
Exesi latere in montis; quð plurima vento s
Cogitur, inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos;
419. Quà plurima un
420 da cogitur.
423. Nympha Cyrene
collocat juvenem Arts-
o, taeum
425
Ardebat coelo, et medium Soligneus orbem
Hauserat; arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis
Faucibus ad limum radii tepefecta coquebant:
Cüm Proteus consueta petens é fluctibus antra
Ibat: eum vasti circum gens humida ponti
Exultans, rorem late dispergit amarum.
427. Et radii Solis
coquebant cava flumina
tepefacta faucibus siccis
wsque ad
430
Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocae.
Ipse (velut stabuli custos in montibus olim,
Vesper ubi è pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit,
Auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni)
435
Considit Scopulo medius, numerumque recenset.
Cujus Aristaeo quoniam est oblata facultas:
Wix defessa Senem passus componere membra,
Cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque jacentem
Ille suae contra non immemor artis,
Occupat.
437. Quoniam facul-
tas captendi cujus oblata
est Aristao; vix
439. Ruit in eum cum
440
Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum,
Ignemdue, horribilemgue feram, fluviumque liquentem.
NOTES.
Somno ºncepto: at the beginning of his
sleep.
415. Ambrosiae. Ambrosia was the food
of the gods, and nectar their drink. But
the two are often confounded, as here, liqui-
dus odor is said of ambrosia. Liquidum odo-
rem: a pure fragrancy, or perfume.
416. Perduzit : in the sense of perunacit.
Pierius found perfudit in the Roman MS.
417. Aura: in the sense of odor. Illi :
the dat. in the sense of illius. This use of
the dat. case is frequent with Virgil. Com-
positis : in the sense of wractis.
419. Eacesi : in the sense of eaccavati.
421. Olim: in the sense of aliquando.
Deprensis : caught, or overtaken in a storm.
423. Aversum: in the sense of remotum.
424. Resistit; in the sense of remanet.
Obscura: in the sense of occulta.
425. Sirius : a star of the first magnitude
in the mouth of the dog. It rises about the
time the sun enters the sign Leo, which
takes place in the latter part of July,
, causing what we call the dog-days. Tor-
rens : pres, part. in the sense of comburens.
Indos. This word is here used for the in-
habitants of any warm climate. Sueh
countries are subject to long and excessive
droughts: hence the propriety of the epi-
thet sitiezules.
426. Igneus Sol : the fiery sun had com-
pleted (drawn out) half his course. This
is a circumlocution to denote the middle of
the day. Hawseral : in the sense of cu-
CQL**67°0tt. -
428. Coquebant: in, the sense of siccabant.
Faucibus : in the sense of alveis.
431. Amarum : the bitter spray. The
sea-water is bitter as well as salt.
432. Diversa: ; dispersed, or scattered
along the shore.
433. Stabuli : in the sense of armenti, by
meton.
435. Auditis. Some read auditi, to agree
with agni; but the sense leads to auditis:
the bleating of the lambs being heard. Mr.
Davidson observes, that auditis is found in
the Roman, Medicean, and Cambridge ma-
nuscripts. Heyne reads auditis.
437. Facultas: an opportunity was pre
sented.
439. JManicis: in the sense of vinculis.
Some manuscripts read vinculis.
441. Miracula; in the sense of prodigia,
wonderful shapes, says Valpy.
442. Liquentem: in the sense offluenten
152
P. VIRUSILll MARONIS
*
Verúm ubi nulla fugam reperit fallacia, victus
In Sese redit, atque hoministandem ore locutus:
Nam quis te, juvenum confidentissime, nostras
446. At ille Aristgus Jussit adire domos ? quidve hinc petis? inquit.
445
At ille,
respondit:0 Proteu, scis, Scis, Proteu, scis ipse : neque est te fallere cuiquam.
tu ipse
448 Welle fallere me
450. Eff.tus est hoc Tantum effatus.
'antum
Sed tu desine velle.
Venimus huc, lapsis quaesitum oracula rebus.
Ad haec Vates vi denique multà
Ardentes oculos intorsit lumine glauco :
Deûm praecepta secuti
450
Et, graviter frendens, sic fatis ora resolvit:
Non te nullius exercent numinis irae;
Magna luis commissa ; tibi has miserabilis Orpheus
Haudguaquam ob meritum poenas (ni fata resistant)
Suscitat, et raptà graviter pro conjuge savit.
456
457. Illa Puella qui Illa quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps,
dem moritura, dum prae-
ceps per flumina fugeret
te, non widit, ante pedes
Immanem ante pedes hydrum, moritura puella,
Servantem ripas altà non vidit in herbă.
in alta herba, immanem At chorus a qualis Dryadum clamore supremos
460
- *. Implérunt montes: flérunt Rhodopeiae arces,
464. Ipse Orpheus so. Altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus,
lans begrum amorem ca-Atque Getae, atque Hebrus, atque Actias Orithyia.
yº tººdine, ºnebºe, Ipse, cavá solans agrum testudine amorem,
O dulcis conjux; canebat
te secum in solo litore :
Te, dulcis conjux, te solo in litore secum,
canaba, te, die veniente; Te veniente die, te decedente camebat.
465
canebatte, die decedente, Taenarias etiam fauces, alta Ostia Ditis,
NOTES.
443. Fugam : escape. Fallacia : wiles—
tricks—stratagems.
447. Neque est cuique : nor is it in the
power of any one to deceive you.
449. Quaesitum : to seek divine counsel
in my ruined state—my adverse circum-
stances. A supine in un, put after venimus.
451. Ardentes : in the sense of coruscan-
tes. It is to be connected with lumine
glauco.
452. Sic resolvit. The poet now proceeds
to the answer of Proteus, in which he tells
Aristaeus that the cause of his disaster was
the injury offered to Eurydice, the wife of
Orpheus. The whole story is told in so
beautiful a mai.ner, that it does not seem
unworthy of the mouth of a god.
453. Non nullius numinis. Davidson ren-
ders this: of no mean deity. But the or-
dinary sense and meaning of the words are
to be preferred: of some deity. The two
negatives express affirmatively. Besides
the punishment of Aristaeus was procured
by Orpheus and the nymphs, who were in-
ferior deities. Rugeus and Heyne say ali-
cujus Dei. Exercent : in the sense of per-
sequwntur.
454. Commissa ; in the sense of scelera.
Miserabilis, &c. Unhappy Orpheus procures
this punishment for thee, by no means pro-
portionate to thy deserts, (and would pro-
eure greater,) if the fates did not oppose.
This appears to be the plain meaning of the
passage. It would be a useless labor to
enumerate the various opinions of commen-
tators upon it. Dr. Trapp observes, the
parenthesis, ni fata resistant, is the most
difficult passage in Virgil's works. To
make any sense of it, we must supply the
words : and would procure greater punish-
ment. Ob : equal—proportionate to.
Orpheus was the son of CEagrus, king
of Thrace, and Calliope, one of the Muses.
He was distinguished for his skill in music
and poetry. Ife was one of the Argonauts.
It is said there are some hymns of his ex-
tant; but there is reason to believe they
are spurious. See Ecl. iii. 46.
456. Savit : and grieves immoderately
for.
461. Arces : the Rhodopean mountains.
See Geor. iii. 351.
462. Pangaba : neu. plu. sing. Pangaºws :
a mountain in Thrace, in the confines of
Macedonia. Rhesi. See AFn. I. 469.
463. Getae. See Geor. iii. 462. Orithyia,
See Ecl. vii. 51.
464. Testudine. The lyre was called.
testudo, because anciently it was made of
tortoise shell. It is said that Mercury find."
ing a dead tortoise on the banks of the
river Nile, made a lyre of it; whence he is
called, parens curva lyrae. r
467. Ingressus Tanarias. Tamarus, a
promontory of the Peloponnesus, separa-
ting the Sinus Messenicus from the Sinus
GEORGICA. LIB. IV.
I 53.
Et caligantem nigrá formidine lucum
Ingressus, Manesque adiit, regemdue tremendum,
Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda.
At cantu commota: Erebi de sedibus imis
Umbrae ibant tenues, simulacraque luce carentãm .
Quâm multa in Sylvis avium se millia condunt,
Vesper ubi, aut hybernus agit de montibus imber
Matres, atque viri, defunctaque corpora vità
Magnanimàm heroum, pueri, innuptague puellae,
Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentum
Quos circum limus niger, et deformis arundo
Cocyti, tardâque palus inamabilis undā
Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coèrcet.
470
471. Cantu Orphet
tenues
475
480
Quin ipsae stupuere domus, atque intima leti
Tartara, caruleosque implexa crinibus angues
Eumenides; tenuitgue inhians tria Cerberus ora;
Atque Ixionii cantu rota constitit orbis.
Jamgue pedem referens, casus evaserat omnes;
482. Eumenides im-
plexă quoad caruleos
angues crinibus
485
Redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,
NOTES.
Laconicus, fabled to be the entrance of the
infernal regions. Here Orpheus made his
descent to hell after his Eurydice. Ostia :
the doors, or gates of Pluto.
470. Corda mescia : and hearts know-
ing not (incapable of) to relent at human
prayers.
472. Simulacra : the shades or forms of
those wanting life. Luce : in the sense of
vita.
475. Corpora : and bodies of gallant he-
roes deprived of life. Corpora is here used
to denote the airy vehicle, or form, which
the ancients assigned to departed spirits.
This is the meaning here.
479. Cocyti. Cocytus, a river of Italy,
of no great magnitude, feigned by the poets
to be a river of hell. Its banks abounded
in reeds. Inamabilis: in the sense of odiosa;
and wndá for aquà.
480. Circuin alligat: surrounds—confines.
The parts of the verb are frequently sepa-
rated by Tmesis, for the sake of the verse.
Stya. A fabulous river of hell, around
which, the poets say, it flowed nine times.
It may therefore be said to restrain the
shades, and prevent them from returning to ,
the upper regions. See Geor. iii. 551. In-
terfusa : flowing between them and the upper
regions of light.
482. Tartara : properly the lowest part of
hell—the place in which the impious are
punished, according to the poets. Intima:
in the sense of profundissima. Letum, or
Lethwm, seems here to be used for the place,
or regions of the dead in general. -
483. Eumenides. The furies were three
in number, and represented with their hair
entwined with serpents, to render them
more dreadful. See Geor. 1. 278. Cerbe-
rus : a huge dog with three haads, the
door-keeper, of Pluto.
484. Cantu. Most copies have vento.
But it is extremely difficult to make any
sense of that. Davidson reads cantu, and
informs us that Pierius found cantu in se.
veral ancient MSS. This makes the sense
easy, and the passage intelligible.
Commentators have shown a good deal
of ingenuity in attempting to render this
passage intelligible with vento. Ruasus
says: Orbis rota Iasionia quievit flante vento
contrario. Walpy : that the wind relaxed,
by which the wheel was carried round ; or
it stood to the wind.
Heyne hath a long mote upon it. He
thinks vento should be taken in the abl.
The wind, by which the wheel was carried
round, subsiding, the wheel ceased to re-
volve : Vento, quo aliás circum agibatur rota,
subsidente, subsideret motus rota. Or, by
ventus, may be understood the air or wind,
occasioned by the revolution of the wheel :
or lastly, says he, rota orbis may be taken
simply for the wheel : rota substitit vento :
the impulse of the wind ceasing, venti im-
pulsu cessante, the wheel stopped. “
The fable represents all the infernal re-
gions charmed with the music of Orpheus.
The furies, the depths of Tartarus, Cerbe-
rus with his triple mouth, the wheel of
Ixion, all stopped to listen to it. Irionii :
an adj. from Ixion, agreeing with orbis. Ix-
ion was sentenced to be bound to a wheel,
that kept perpetually in motion, Rota or
bis : the rotation, or revolution of the wheel;
or simply for rota. See Geor. iii. 38.
486. Veniebat ; was just coming to the
upper regions of light. -
154
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Poné sequens; namgue hanc dederat Proserpina legem.
Cüm subſta incautum dementia cepit amantem,
489. Dementiºquidem Ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes.
ignoscenda, si Manes
Restitit, Eurydicenque suam jam luce sub ipsä,
490
. Immemor, heu! victusque animi, respexit : ibi omnis
492. Rupta sunt
Effusus labor; atque immitis rupta tyranni
Foedera: terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.
494. Illa Eurydice in-Illa, quis et me, inquit, miseram, et to perdidit Orpheu ?
quit: , quis Perdidit et Quistantus furor? en iterum crudelia retrô
Fata vocant, conditgue natantia lumina Somnus!
Jamgue vale : feror ingenti circumdata nocte,
me miseram, et te,
Orpheu ! quistantus ſu-
ror est hic?
495
498. Non ampliès tua Invalidasque tibi tendens, heu! non tua, palmas.
conjua.
g Dixit: et fugit Dixit : et ex oculis subitó, ceu fumus in auras
diversa ex oculis Orphet Commixtus tenues, fugit diversa: neque illum
500
Prensantem nequicquam umbras, et multa volentem
503. Passus est Or-
pheum
507. Perhibent illum
per septem totos menses
ex ordina flevisse sub
aëria rupe, ad
Dicere, praeterea widit: nec portitor Orci
Ampliès objectam passus transire paludem.
Quid faceret 2 qué se, raptà bis conjuge, ferret 7
Quo fletu Manes, quâ numina voce moveret 7
Illa quidem Stygia nabat jam frigida cymbā.
Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses
Rupe sub ačriá, deserti ad Strymonis undam
Flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris,
505
NOTES.
487. Legem : condition.
488. Subila dementia : a sudden frenzy,
which put the lover off his guard; or caused
him to forget the condition upon which his
Eurydice was suffered to return.
489. Ignoscenda quidem : pardonable in-
deed, if, &c. Orpheus looked back to be-
hold his loved Eurydice. This was the fa-
tal error, and not to be blamed in a lover.
Even Eurydice herself did not blame him,
for it proceeded from love to her. Ovid
says: Jamque iterum moriens non est de con-
juge quicquam questa suo: quid enim sese.
queretur amatam &
the infernal gods.
490, Sub ipsa luce: in the very region of
light. -
. . 491. Pictus animi; not master of his af-
fections. Effusus: in the sense of perditus est.
493. Faedera : the terms, or conditions.
.Avernis : sing. Avernus; plu. Averna: a
lake of Campania, in Italy, by the poets
placed in the infernal regions; also, by me-
ton. put for the regions themselves. Fra-
gor. Servius takes fragor to mean the joy
and exultation of the shades at the return
of Eurydice among them : a shout—a cer-
tain dismal and hollow sound.
495. Furor ; force, or violence. It is
plain that furor is not to be taken here in
its usual sense. It is probable that it refers
to the force or power which prevented her
from following her husband, which she
must have felt previous to her second death,
or return to the shades. This is the opi-
uion pf Vossius.
JManes, here, is put for
496. Condit : in the sense of claudet.
497. Feror circumdata : I am carried
away, encompassed by thick darkness, and
stretching, &c.
500. Diversa : in the sense of, in diver-
sam partem. It agrees with illa.
502. Practered : in the sense of posted.
Portitor Orci : Charon. He was fabled to
be the son of Erebus and Nox. It was his
business to ferry the souls of the deceased
over the rivers Styx and Acheron, to the
place of the dead. Hence he is called por-
titor orci. The fable of Charon and his
boat seems to have originated from the
Egyptians, who had a custom of carrying
their dead across a lake to a place, where
sentence was to be passed upon them ;
and according to their good or bad actions
in life, they were honored with a splendid
burial, or left unnoticed in the open air.
Orci, Orcus here signifies the regions of
the dead in general—hell.
503. Objectam paludem ; the intervening
river—Styx. Orpheus had already re-cross-
ed the Styx, and was approaching the re-
gions of light, when Eurydice was taken
from him, and hurried back to the shades,
The infernal river, therefore, lay between
him and the regions of the dead, to which
Eurydice was caried a second time in the
Stygian boat.
506. Illa :
crossing, &c. . .
508. Strymonºs : gen. of Strymon, a river
of Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace.
509. Hatc.: these misfortunes of his.
she—Eurydice, lifeless, was
GEORGICA.
LIB. IV. 155
Mulcentem tigres, et agentem carmine quercus.
510
Qualis populeå moerens Philomela sub umbră
Amissos queritur foetus, quos durus arator
Observans nido implumes, detraxit: at illa
Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen
Integrat, et moestis laté loca questibus implet.
Nulla Venus, nullique animum flexere hymenaei.
514. Flet per noctein
515
516. Animum Orphet
Solus Hyperboreas glacies, Tanaimaue nivalem,
Arvaque Riphaeis nunquam viduata pruinis
Lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen, atque irrita Ditis
Dona querens: spreto Ciconum quo munere matres,
Inter sacra Deûm, nocturnique orgia Bacchi,
Discerptum latos juvenem sparsere per agros.
Tum quoque marmoreà caput à cervice revulsum,
Gurgite cum medio portans CEagrius Hebrus
Wolveret, Eurydicen, vox ipsa et frigida lingua,
Ah miseram Eurydicent animă fugiente, vocabat:
• Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripaº. -
Haec Proteus: et se jactu dedit aequor in altum ;
519. Raptam & se
520. Quo nuptial mu-
521 nere spreto, matres Ci-
COIllliºn
523. Tum quoque clim
CEagrius Hebrus volve-
525 ret ejus caput revulsum
• à marmoreà cervice, por-
tans id medio gurgite,
ejus vox ipsa, et frigida
lingua, vocabat
Quâque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit.
NOTEs.
510. Agentem: in the sense of ducentem.
511. Philomela : the nightingale. See
Ecl. vi. 78. This is a most exquisite simile,
not more generally admired than beautifully
conceived. To heighten the picture, the
birds are not only implumes, without fea-
thers, but they are taken from the nest; not
only so, they are drawn from it by the
hands of a cruel, hard-hearted ploughman.
In reading it, an emphasis should be placed
upon durus and detraait. It may be ob-
served that the poplar shade is very judi-
ciously selected by the poet to heighten the
image; because the leaves of the poplar
tree, trembling with the least breath of air,
make a kind of melancholy rustling. See
Ecl. vi. 78.
512. Queritur: laments her lost young.
514. JMiserabile carmen: mournful song.
Integrat; in the sense of renovat.
516. Venus : love—person loved.
517. Tanaim : Tanais, a large river of
Europe. It flows through the ancient Scy-
thia, and falls into the Palus JMaeotis, or sea.
of Azoff, forming a part of the boundary line
between Europe and Asia. Hodie, the Don.
518. Piduala : free from—destitute of.
Riphaeis. See Geor. i. 240.
520. Dona irrita. This alludes to the
condition, on which Pluto consented to the
return of Eurydice to life. The event
proved the favor to be a useless, and una-
vailing one to him. Querens : lamenting—
oemoaning. Ciconum. The Cicones were
a people of Thrace near mount Ismairus,
armere the feasts of Bacchus were celebrated. .
Qwo munere spreto. The Thracian women,
as the fable goes, were much in love with
Orpheus. Nome, however, was able to
make any impression upon his mind except
Eurydice. After her death, they renewed
their suit, which was rejected. To this cir-
cumstance the words, quo munere spreto,
may refer: which (whose) offer being de-
spised. They may, however, refer to his
total indifference to all female charms, and
his disregard of marriage. In this sense,
Mr. Davidson takes them. It is said, verse
516, supra.: JWulla Penus, et nulli Hymena”
flewere animum. See Ecl. iii. 46. Heyne
reads spretae, but the sense determines in
favor of spreto. This disregard and indif-
ference of Orpheus to the charms of the
Thracian women, so enraged them, that
during their revellings at a feast of Bacchus,
they set upon him, tore him in pieces, and
strowed his limbs over the Thracian fields.
521. Nocturni. The orgies of Bacchus
were usually celebrated in the night; hence
the epithet nocturnus, applied to Bacchus.
523. JMarmorea: in the sense of candida.
524. CEagrius: an adj. from CEagrus, a
king of Thrace, and father of Orpheus.
Gurgite : in the sense of fluvio, vel alveo
Hebrus. It is the principal river of Thrace
YWith its tributary streams, it waters a con-
siderable extent of country. It falls into
the head of the Archipelago. Into this
river the furious Bacchanals cast the head
of Orpheus, which, as it floated down the
current, continued to repeat the name of
Eurydice.
527. Referebant: repeated—echoed.
528. Dedit: in the sense of immisit.
529. Torsil spumantem: he threw the
foaming water over his head. Dr. Trapp
observes, that although this episode be ad-
mirable in itself, it is obvious to observe that
156 * P. VIRGILII MARONIS
--
530. At Cyrene non At non Cyrene: namdue ultrö affata timentem • 530
dº sº *.*.*** Nate, licet tristes animo deponere curas. w
.."; *** Hec omnis morbicausa; hinc miserabile Nymphae
m filium ultrô dicens : & * wº g e & º
53%. Hec ºr omnis Cum quibus illa choros lucis agitabat in altis,
causa morbi apibus twis Exitium misère apibus. Tu munera supplex
Tende, petens pacem, et faciles venerare Napaeas. 535
Namgue dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent. -
Sed, modus orandi qui sit, priès ordine dicam.
538. Primăm delige Quatuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros,
quatuor - Qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei,
540, Earum cervice Delige, et intactă totidem cervice juvencas. 540
intactājºgo . . . Quatuor his aras alta ad delubra Dearum
* *** Constitue, et sacrum jugulis demitte cruorem,
Corporaque ipsa boun frondoso desere luco.
Pöst, ubi nona Suos aurora ostenderit ortus,
**qwan inferias Inferias Orphei, lethaea papavera mittes, 545
Orphei Placatam Eurydicen vitulá venerabere casä, .
- Et nigram mactabis ovem, lucumque revises. s
...548. Est haud mora Haud mora: continué matris praecepta facessit:
ill; Ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras,
Quatuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros 550
Ducit, et intactà totidem cervice juvencas.
b54. Hic veró aspi- Pöst, ubi nona Suos aurora induxeratortus,
Giunt monstrum subi- Inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit.
º: Hic vero subitum, ac dictu mirabile monstrum
totºuter, Aspiciunt; liquefacta boum per viscera toto 555
557. Immensasque nu- Stridere apes utero, et ruptis effervere costis,
bes earum
*
it is introduced a little inartificially. For
it is not to be supposed that Proteus, having
been made a prisoner, and speaking by con-
straint, would tell this long story to enter-
tain Aristãºus, who had thus offered violence
to him. It would have been enough for
him, to inform Aristaus that his misfortunes
were occasioned by the death of Eurydice,
without relating all the circumstances con-
sequent upon it. But it may be said, this
relation is more to the point than is usually
imagined. These circumstances greatly ag-
gravate the guilt of Aristaeus, and so it was
proper enough, if not necessary, to relate
them. However the case may be, I would
not, says he, lose this episode to be the au-
thor of all the best criticisms that were ever
written upon it. Sub vertice: in the sense
of super verticem. . *
532. Hinc : hence, for the cause or reasons,
which Proteus had just mentioned.
533. Illa: Eurydice. Agitabat: in the
sense of ducebat.
535. Tende: in the sense of offer. Napſe-
as : Nymphs of the groves, from a Greek
word, signifying a grove. Faciles: easy to
be appeased.
539. Summa viridis ; the tops of verdant
Immensasque trahi nubes; jamgue arbore summâ
NOTES.
Lycaeus. This was a mountain in Arcadia,
where it is said, Aristaeus sometimes resided.
Eacimios: in the sense of insignes.
541. Dearum: the Nymphs. See Ecl. ii. 46.
542. Demitte : let out the sacred blood
from their throats. -
543. Desere: in the sense of relinque.
545. Mittes: you shall offer Lethaean pop-
pies, as a sacrifice to Orpheus: i. e. to ap-
pease the Manes of Orpheus. Inferia: ;
properly were offerings, or sacrifices to the
gods below for the dead—to the Manes.
The poppy was usually offered in sacrifice
on such occasions, because its property is to
cause sleep, or forgetfulness: sleep being a
lively emblem of death. Lethſea : an adj.
from Lethum: of Greek origin.
549. Eacitat; in the sense of erigit.—
Monstratas; in the sense of prºscriptas.
550. Praestanti; in the sense of pulchro.
The prep. 8 is understood. * .
553. JMittit : in the sense of offert.
554. JMonstrum: in the sense of prodigium.
555. Liquefacta : in the sense of putre-
facta.
556. Stridere: to hum or buzz—effervere
in the sense of erumpere.
557. Trahi: to be borne along.
GEORGICA. LIB. IV.
157
Confluere, et lentis uvam demittere ramis.
Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumque canebam,
Et super arboribus : Caesar dum magnus ad altum 560
Fulminat Euphratem bello, victorque volentes
Per populos dat jura, viamdue affectat Olympo.
Illo Virgilium me tempore dulcis alebat
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti :
Carmina qui lusi pastorum ; audaxque juventā,
563. Illo tempore dul-
cis Parthenope alebata
Iſle
Tityre, te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi.
658. Confluere: to collect together—to
swarm. Demittere: to hang from the flex-
ile boughs, like a bunch of grapes. Depen-
dere in modum uvae, says Ruteus.
562. Affectat viam : he prepares his way
to heaven. By the splendor of his actions,
he lays the foundation for divine honors.
These he afterward received by a decree of
the Senate. From this passage, it is infer-
red, that Virgil continued the care of the
Georgics as long as he lived; for the time
here mentioned was only the year before his
death. At that time, in the year of Rome
734, Augustus was at the head of the Ro-
man army on the banks of the Euphrates,
and forced Phraates, king of the Parthians,
to restore the Eagles, which they had taken
from Crassus, the Roman consul, in a for-
mer war. The neighboring nations, and
even the Indians, awed by the splendor of
his actions, made a voluntary submission to
him.
564. Parthenope: the city Naples. It
was founded by the Chalsidenses, and by
them called Parthenope, from the circum-
stance of their finding the tomb of one of
the Sirenes, of that name ; who, because
she was unable to allure Ulysses on shore
with her music, killed herself. They how
NOTES.
ever demolished it afterward, because it
proved an injury to Cumae, which they built
in the neighborhood. They re-built it at the
command of an oracle, and called it JNeapo-
lis, or the New City. Studiis: flourishing
in the studies of inglorious ease. Otium,
very properly denotes the peaceful, and re-
tired life of a philosopher: which the poet
modestly callsinglorious, (ignobilis) in com-
parison of a public life. Every other occu-
pation besides war and public affairs, re-
ceived from the Romans, the name of Oti-
um. Or, ignobilis may here mean private,
retired, without noise and show. This is
the sense in which Dr. Trapp understands
it. Rugeus says, privati otii. Otium is pro-
perly opposed to labor, in signification. Ot: :
by apocope for otii.
565. Lusi : in the sense of cecºni, Jáu
daic: in the sense of confidens. Virgil was
about twenty-nineyears of age when he be-
gan his Eclogues, and finished them when
he was about thirty-three. Mr. Wharton
imagines these four last lines are spurious.
He thinks the book naturally concludes
with the words: Viamgue affectat Olympo
For, says he, nothing can be a more complete
and sublime conclusion, than this compli-
ment to Augustus.
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of t...s book?
Why does the poet call honey ačrial 2
What places are proper for placing the
hives 2
What direction is given for recalling the
swarms, when flying away ?
Is this practised by bee-masters at the
present day? -
What is the character of the poet’s de-
scription of a battle between two discordant
swarms?
The poet represents the leaders under the
appellation of kings: Is that strictly cor-
rect 2
To which of the sexes do they belong 2
How many different words does the poet
use for the hive 2
What are they
Was Virgil remarkable for this diversity
of style 2
Is the bee a very sagacious animal?
Whence did they receive, according to
the poets, this extraordinary sagacity ?
What was this in consideration of 2
How is this fable interpreted 2
Why was the goat transferred to heaven,
and made a constellation?
To whom were his horns given 2
* What property was added to these ?
Was the opinion of the ancients concern-
ing the production of the bee, incorrect?
Is that opinion now exploded ?
How many kinds of bees are there in the
hive 2
Of what sex are the Drones 2
There is only one female bee in the hive
and what is she called?
What is her employment? t
Of what sex are the laboring bees?
Is the bee-hive a piece of exquisite work-
manship 2 -
158
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
What does the poet emphatically call the
hives 7
Where was the city Canopus situated 7
By whom was it built?
Why is it called Pellaean 2
Why does the poet call the Egyptians,
Gens fortunata ?
Where does the Nile take its rise 7
What is the cause of its overflowing
What course does it run ?
By how many mouths does it empty 2
What does it form towards its mouth 2
How is the water of the Nile conducted
o the different parts of Egypt?
How high must it rise for that purpose:
If it fall short of that, what is expected:
What did the Romans call any people
living in a hot climate 2
In what sense may the Nile be said to
have pressed upon the borders of Persia. ?
Who was Aristºcus 2
What is the character of this episode re-
specting him :
Is the production of the bee, as here re-
lated, fabulous?
Who was Proteus 2
What property did he possess in an emi-
nent degree ?
Where is he said to have had his place of
residence 2
Whom does Herodotus make him *
Whom does Sir lsaac Newton consider
aim * '
With whom was he contemporary 1
How is Proteus represented as drawn 7
How many opinions were there among
the ancients of the origin of rivers ?
What were they 7
By what distinguished philosophers were
these different opinions maintained 7
Which opinion does Virgil follow 7
What was this grand reservior or recep-
tacle called 2
Why were the epithets Taurinus and
Cornutus sometimes given to rivers?
What is said of the river Achelotis?
Whence arose the fable of the cornu-
copia: 3
Who was Orpheus:
What is said of the music of his lyre 2
What effect had it upon the shades be-
low 2
What effect had it upon Pluto himself?
Why did he descend to the realms of
Pluto 2
What was the issue of it 2
What was the probable origin of the fable
of Charon and his boat 2
What does Dr. Trapp observe concerning
this episode of Aristaeus?
Is there reason to believe that Virgil con-
tinued to revise his Georgics as long as he
lived 2
What is that reason f
INTRodUCTION TO THE AENEID.
THE AEneid is a heroic, or epic poem. It takes its name from Æneas, the
son of Anchises and Venus. By his father, he was allied to the royal family of
Troy. He was also the son-in-law of Priam: whose daughter, Creüsa, he had
married. AEneas is the hero of the poem. Its subject is his removal into
Italy with a colony of Trojans, and their settlement in that country.
Virgil was forty years of age when he commenced the AEneid. He had just
finished the Georgics: and Augustus, now thirty-three years old, had undis.
turbed possession of the Roman empire. And nothing appeared to interrupt
the universal repose, so desirable after the long civil wars that had desolated
the fairest portions of it. It was at this moment, when the minds of the Roman
people were turned from the desolating scenes of war to the milder arts of
peace, that the poet conceived the plan of writing the AEneid, a poem second
only to the Iliad, for the entertainment and instruction of his countrymen.
There are some, who think the principal object of the poet was to flatter the
pride and vanity of the Roman people, and especially Augustus, who was now
raised to the highest temporal power
This part of his works is by far the noblect, though not the most perfect and
finished. It was his intention to have revised it before he published it to the
world; but he died leaving it incomplete, as appears by several imperfect lines
found in different parts of it. He bequeathed the whole to Augustus, who put
the manuscript into the hands of Tucca and Varus for publication, with an
injunction not to alter, in any way, the manuscript, nor to fill up the imperfect
lines.
In the first six books, Virgil imitates the Odyssey of Homer; in the last six,
he follows the Iliad; and it is probable that we should not have had the AEneid,
if we had not, at the same time, the Odyssey and the Iliad also. Homer may
be considered the master, Virgil the pupil; but it must, at the same time, be
acknowledged, that the Roman excelled the Grecian in many instances, par-
ticularly in propriety and judgment. -
Paris, the son of Priam, an accomplished prince, visited the court of Mene-
laus, by whom he was received with the greatest cordiality. Here he became
enraptured with the beautiful Helen, the wife of his host, and conceived the
base purpose of taking her with him to Troy. Taking advantage of the absence
of her husband, he put his plan into execution. This atrocious deed excited
a general indignation through the states of Greece; and, after sending an
embassy to Troy upon the subject, to no purpose, it was determined, as the
last resort, to declare war against Priam, and with the united forces of the
Grecian princes, to avenge the perfidious act.
After a siege of ten years, the city was taken by stratagem, and rased to the
ground. ABneas, in the fatal night, after performing prodigies of valor, retired
160 - INTRODUCTION TO THE AENEID.
some distance from the city, bearing his aged father upon his shoulders, and
leading his little son by the hand. He was followed by great numbers of his
countrymen, who had escaped the flames and the sword. At Antandros, a
small town in the neighborhood of Troy, he built him a fleet of twenty ships,
and having furnished himself with all things necessary for his enterprise, set sail
In search of a new settlement. He visited Thrace. Here he founded a city
which he called Ænos. He abandoned his undertaking at the direction of the
ghost of his friend. Thence he sailed to Crete, the land of Teucer, one of the
founders of the Trojan race. Here he attempted a settlement, but through the
unhealthiness of the climate, was compelled to relinquish it, after losing a great
number of his companions. In the midst of his distress, he is informed in a
vision, that Italy, the birth place of Dardanus, was the land destined to him by
the gods. Upon this information he left Crete; and, after various fortunes by
sea and land, he arrived in Italy in about seven years after his departure from
his native land. He was kindly received by Latinus, king of Latium, who pro-
posed to bestow upon him his daughter Lavinia, the heiress of his kingdom.
Turnus, king of the Rutuli, a brave and valiant prince, had long sought her in
marriage. He opposed her connexion with Æneas. This occasioned a bloody
war, in which most of the Italian princes were engaged, on one side or the
other. It ended in the death of Turnus, which closes the AEmeid.
AEneas afterwards married Lavinia, and succeeded Latinus in his kingdom.
He built a city, which he called Lavinium, in honor of his wife. This he made
the seat of his government. He was succeeded by Ascanius, or Itilus, who
reigned thirty years, when he built Alba longa, to which he removed with his
court. Here the government was administered by a line of Trojan princes for
three hundred years, till Romulus arose, who founded the city of Rome. After
Romulus, the royal line was broken, and the government transferred to Numa
Pompilius, a Sabine. &
The three first books are not arranged in the order of time. The second
book, which relates the downfall of Troy, and is the basis of the poem, is the
first in time. The third, which relates the voyage of Æneas, till after his
departure from Sicily for Italy, follows. The first, which relates the disper-
sion of his fleet, and his arrival in Africa, with his kind reception by Dido,
succeeds the third. The rest are all in the order of time. But this change,
so far from being a defect in the poem, is an advantage, and shows the
judgment of the poet. He was enabled thereby to make his hero relate the
downfall of his country, and the various fortunes of his long and eventful
voyage. *
The poet hath contrived to introduce into his poem the outlines of the Ro
man history, and a number of interesting episodes, which add to the whole
beauty and entertainment. - -
For further particulars, see the introduction to the several books.
QUESTIONS.
what kind of poem is the Æneid? Do some suppose a different object?
Who is the hero of it? In what light may the AEmeid be con-
What is its subject? sidered, in regard to the Iliad 2
What was the age of Virgil, when he be- Did Virgil live to perfect the AEneid?
gan the Æneid? - To whom did he bequeath it? .
How long was he engaged in it : Under whose inspection was it published?
Who was then at the head of the Roman What gave rise to the Trojan war 2
empire * * How long was the city besieged 2
What was the state of that empire 2 What was the issue of the siege 2
What probably was the principal object What did Æneas do in the fatal nightt
of the poet in writing the Æneid? From what place did he set sail?
INTRODUCTION TO THE AENEID, 161
How many ships had he What was the consequence?
What place did he first visit? What was the issue of the war?
What city did he found there? What did he do afterwards 2
To what place did he next sail? Did he build a city ?
Why did he go to Crete 2 What did he call it?
What befel him there" Who succeeded him in the government?
From Crete, to what place did he direct What city did Ascanius afterwards build?"
his course? How long did it continue to be the seat
How many years elapsed before he arrived of the government 2
in Italy: Do the books of the Ænied follow each
Why was he directed to go to Italy? other in the order of time :
How was he received by Latinus’ What books are not placed in this order 2
What prince opposed his connexion with Did this afford the poet any advantage?
Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus 1
2
Po VIRGILII MARONIS
AENETS.
LIBER, PRIMUS.
This Book is considered one of the finest and the most perfect of the AEneid. Its subject,
and the cause of Juno's resentment being premised, it opens seven years after the
embarkation of Æneas. He had now arrived in the Tuscan sea, and was in sight of
Italy; when Juno, to avenge herself upon the Trojans, repaired to AEolus, and by fair
promises, prevailed upon him to let loose his winds. They rush forth in every direction,
and cause a violent tempest; which dispersed the Trojan fleet. It sunk one ship, and
drove several others on the shore. Neptune assuages the tumult of the waves, and
causes a calm. Having severely rebuked the winds for invading his dominions without
his permission, he assists in getting off the ships.
After this, AEneas directs his course southward, and arrives on the coast of Africa. Venus
complains to Jupiter of the hardship of her son, and prays that an end may be put to
his sufferings. Whereupon, he sends Mercury to procure him a kind reception among
the Carthaginians. In the mean time, Æneas walks abroad to make some discoveries
of the country, accompanied by Achates. Venus, in the form and attire of a virgin
huntress, presents herself to him. Upon his inquiry, she informs him to what country
he had arrived, what were the inhabitants, their manners, and customs. She also gives
him a brief account of Dido, and of the settlement of the country; and, veiled in a
cloud, she conducts him to the city. Passing through the crowd unseen, he goes to the
temple. Here he finds his companions, whom he expected to be lost. Here he sees
Dido, and is struck with her majesty and grace. By a device of Venus, she conceives
a passion for him; which, in the end, proves her ruin.
The poet hath introduced several interesting episodes; particularly the description of
Carthage, the representation of the Trojan battles, the song of Iopas, &c. The book
concludes, leaving Dido inquiring concerning Priam, and the Trojan heroes; concern-
ing Achilles and Diomede ; concerning the Trojan disasters, the stratagems of the
Greeks, and the voyage of Eneas. These form the subject of the two following
books.
ARMA, virumque cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris
Italiam, fato profugus, Lavinague venit
Litora: multúm ille et terris jactatus et alto,
1. Qui profugus fato
primus venit ab orig
Troja in Italiam
NOTES.
1. Pirum : AEneas, the hero of the poem.
Wir, properly signifies a man, as distin-
guished from a woman; also, the male of
any species or kind, as distinguished from
the female. Trojae: Troy, once a famous
city of Phrygia Minor, in the Lesser Asia;
so called from Tros, one of its kings. It
^was sometimes called Ilium, Ilios, or Ilion,
from Ilus, the son of Tros; Dardania, from
Dardanus, the grand-father of Tros. Having
killed his brother Janus, he fled from Italy
to Phrygia, and founded this city in con
junction with Teucer, whose daughter he
married. It was also called Teucria, from
Teucer.
2. Profugus fato ; driven—impelled by
fate. Æneas left his country at the direc-
tion of the gods; and under their conduct,
he came to Italy, and settled in Latium.
This circumstance the poet turns to the
honor of Æneas and the Romans, whom he
makes to descend from him. Lavina: an
164
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
5. Et passus est mul- Vi Superüm, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram.
ta quoque
Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, - 5
Inferretoue Deos Latio : genus unde Latinum,
Albanique patres, atque alta moenia Roma.
8. O Musa, memora
7"tººl,
12. Quam Tyrii colo-
ni tenuere, Carthago
nomine, contra Italiam,
Musa, mihi causas memora : quo numile labso,
mihi causas earum re-Quidve dolens regina Deûm tot volvere casus ,
Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores,
Impulerit. Tantaene animis coelestibus irae?
Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii temuere coloni,
10
Tiberinaque ostia longé Carthago, Italiam contra, Tiberinaque longé
NOTES.
adj. from Lavinium, a city built by Æneas;
so called from Lavinia, the daughter of La-
timus, whom he married. It was situated
about eight miles from the shore, in lat.
41° 40′ north, and long. 13° 10' east from
London. -
4. Ob memorem iram : on account of the
lasting resentment of cruel Juno. Juno
was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and
the sister and wife of Jupiter. She was
born, some say at Argos, but others say at
Samos.
and implacable in all her resentments. She
was enraged against Paris, the son of Priam,
because he adjudged the prize of beauty,
which was a golden apple, to Venus, rather
than to herself. From that moment, she
became a bitter enemy to the whole Trojan
race, and even to Venus herself. Not con-
tent with the subversion of the kingdon,
of Priam, she used her endeavor to destroy
the few, who escaped the sword and the
flames.
Juno had sumptuous temples dedicated
to her in various places. Among the chief
may be reckoned her temples at Argos, Sa-
mos, and Carthage. The hawk, the goose,
and the peacock were sacred to her. Wa-
rious names were given her, chiefly on ac-
count of her offices, and the places where
she was worshipped; some of which are
the following: Saturnia, Olympia, Samia,
Argiva, Lacedæmonia, Lucina, Pronuba,
Sospita, and Ophegena. -
6. Unde Latinum genus ; hence (arose)
the Latin race. -
Here is some difficulty. The Latins
could not spring from Æneas; for he found
them in Italy on his arrival. Some refer
the word unde to Latium, taking the mean-
ing to be: from which country sprung the
Latin race. Servius would explain it thus:
AEneas, having overcome all opposition, and
being seated on the throne of Latinus, in-
stead of changing the Latin name, as he
might have done, in right of his conquest,
incorporated his Trojans along with his sub-
jects under the general name of Latins, so
that he might not improperly be called the
founder of the Latin race.
7. Albanique paires. Ascanius, who suc-
She was jealous of her husband,
ceeded his father, left Lavinium, and having
built Alba Longa, made it the seat of his
government. This city gave birth to Ro.
mulus, who founded the city Rome. The
Albans may therefore be called the fathers
of the Romans. Albani may bo either an
adj. or a sub. +
8. Quo numine la’so: what god being in-
jured—what god had he injured. Quid
in the sense of cur. Dolens : in the sense
of offensa. Rugeus interprets la’so by violato,
9. Wolvere casus : to struggle with mis-
fortunes as with a load. Ruãºus takes this
in the sense of volvi casibus; but it is much
more poetical to take the verb in the active
voice. Wolvere imports labor and difficulty,
like a person rolling a great weight, or a
river bearing down before it all opposition.
Wolvere casus then represents Æneas reso-
lutely going forward, and rising superior to
all difficulties and dangers; but volvi casibus
would show him overcome and vanquished
by misfortunes. But this is not the design
of the poet. º
10. Adire. This verb properly signifies,
to brave dangers—to look an enemy in the
face—to undertake any thing resolutely.
Labores, probably refers to the wars and
hardships which Æneas underwent after his
arrival in Italy; while casus may refer to
the toils, dangers, and misfortunes which
he passed through on his way thither. In-
pulerit: forced, or doomed.
12. Tyrii : an adj. from Tyrus, a city in
Phoenicia, on the shore of the Mediterra-
nean. Hodie, Sur. 4. *
From this city, a colony removed to Afri-
ca under Xorus and Carchedon, and settled
at Utica : afterwards Dido followed with
her wealth, and a great number of her
countrymen, and founded, or, as some say,
fortified Carthage. See AEm. iv. 1. Tyrii
coloni : a Tyrian colony. Temuere: inha-
bited—held.
13. Tiberina : an adj. from Tiber, the
name of a river of Italy. It rises in the
Appenines, and running in a south-easterly
direction, falls into the Mediterránean sea.
A few miles above its mouth, Rome was
afterwards built. It is the second river in
size in Italy. .
AENEIS.
LIB 165
Ostia, dives opum, studiisoue asperrima belli:
Quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus unam
Hic illius arma,
Posthabità coluisse Samo.
15
Hic currus fuit: hoc regnum Dea gentibus esse, -
Si quâ fata sinant, jam tum tenditGue fovetgue.
Progeniem sed enim Trojano à Sanguine duci
Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces.
Hiac populum laté regem, belloque superbum,
Venturum excidio Libya: sic volvere Parcas.
Id metuens, veterisque memor Saturnia bejli,
Prima quod ad Trojam pro charis gesserat Argis.
Necdum etiam causae irarum, saevigue dolores
Manet altà mente repôstum
Judicium Paridis, spretaeque injuria formae,
Et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores.
His accensa super, jactatos aequore toto
Exciderant animo.
21. Audterat populum
20 regem laté, et superbum
bello, venturum esse hinc
excidio Libyae: audierat
Parcas volvere sic. Sa-
turnia metuens id, me-
morque
25 29. Arcebat longé à
Latio Troas, relliquias
Danańm, atque immitis
Achillei, jaetatos toto
aquore : actique fatis
errabant
NOTES.
14. Dives opum : abounding in wealth.
Opes properly signifies power acquired by
wealth. Asperima, &c. Dedita studiis belli,
says Heyne. Carthage was situated in
Africa, near where Tunis now stands. The
Carthaginians were a very commercial peo-
ple. They planted colonies in various parts
of Europe, and widely extended their con-
quests. For a long time, they disputed with
the Romans the empire of the world. They
were brave, and much devoted to the study
of the arts of war. See. Aºn. iv. 1.
15. Quam unam Juno : which one city,
Juno is reported to have loved more than all
lands. Samo posthabita: Samos being less
esteemed, or set by. Samos is an island in
the Icarian sea, over against Ephesus. Here
Juno was brought up and married to Jupiter.
Here she had a most splendid temple.
17. Dea jam tum regnum: the goddess
even then both intended and cherished (the
hope that) it would become the ruler over
the nations—would be the 'capital of the
world. Ruteus interprets Hoc regnum gen-
tibus, by illa imperat populis. Heyne takes
the words in the sense of caput imperii ter-
rarum.—Currus. Juno had two kinds of
chariots, one in which she was wafted
through the air by peacocks, the other for
war, drawn by horses of celestial breed.
These last are here meant.
20. Olim : hereafter. A.
21. Populum, &c. (She had heard) that
a people of extensive sway, and renowned
in war, should come hence to the destruc-
tion of Lybia. Regem is plainly in the
sense of regentem, vel dominantem. Ruteus
interprets eaccidio Lybia, by, per cladem Ly-
biſe, implying by the destruction of Car-
thage, the chief city of Africa, Rome would
become powerful and renowned in war.
The sense I have given is evidently in the
spirit of the poet, and the best. Hine:
hence—from Trojan blood. -
asºn-
the objects of her bitter resentment.
22. Parcas : the fates. See Ecl. iv. 47.
23. JMetuens id. In the long and bloody
war which the Greeks carried on against
Troy, Juno took a very active part, and ex-
erted all her power in favor of the Greeks,
and she feared she should be again involved
in a similar contest with the Trojan race, in
favor of her beloved Carthage. The id re-
fers to the whole preceding sentence. Ar-
gis. Argos was one of the chief cities of
Greece. Here Juno had a particular resi-
dence : put, by synec. for Greece in general.
24. Prima: an adj. agreeing with Satur-
nia. It appears to be used here in the sense
of princeps, the chief or principal in the
business. º
25. Dolores: grief—resentment. Ruasus
says, indignatio. Saevi : cruel—unrelenting.
27, Judicium Paridis; the judgment, or
decision of Paris. See verse 4, supra, and
nom. prop. under Paris. Repôstum : by syn.
for repositum. Format beauty. Injuria :
affront. -
28. Genus invisum. In addition to the
decision of Paris, Juno hated the Trojans
on account of Dardanus, one of the found-
ers of their race. He was the son of Ju-
piter and Electra, the daughter of Atlas.
All her husband's illegitimate children were
Ho-
ºnores rapti Ganymedis ; the honors of (con-
ferred upon) stolen Ganymede. The office
of cup-bearer to the gods was taken from
Hebe, the daughter of Juno, and conferred
upon Ganymede, a beautiful youth, the son
of Tros, king of Troy. He was taken up
to heaven by Jupiter in the form of an eagle,
when he was upon mount Ida. This was
another cause of her resentment. -
29. Accensa super his : inflamed at these
things; namely, the amour of her husband
with Electra, the honors conferred upon
Ganymede, and the decision of Paris in
favor of Venus. The fear of the future
i86
P VIRGILII MARONIs
Troas, reliquias Danaúm atque immitis Achillei,
*
Arcebat longé Latio : multosque per annos
Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum.
33. Condere Roma-Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem. .
nam gentem, erat opus
tantae molis
*
dabant vela.
{Wix é conspectu Siculae telluris in autum
` 35. Wix Trojani laeti Vela dabant lasti, et spumas Salis aere ruebant;
35
Cúm Juno, aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus,
37. Wolvebat hec se- Haec secum : Mene incepto desistere victam,
cum Me-ne victam
Neç posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem 7
Quippe vetor fatis. ,
Argivām, atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto,
Pallasne exurere classem
40
Unius ob.noxam, et furias Ajacis Oilei ?
NOTES.
destruction of her favorite Carthage, and the
recollection of her past war, in which she
had encountered so many difficulties, do not
appear the only cause of her procedure.
They contributed, no doubt, with the other
particulars just mentioned, to increase the
flame in her breast.
30. Achillei: gen. of Achilles. He was
the son of Peleus, king of Thessaly, and
Thetis, a goddess of the sea. While he was
an infant, his mother dipped him all over in
the river Styx, to render him invulnerable,
except the heel by which she held him. He
was concealed among the daughters of Ly-
comedes, king of the island of Scyros, in
female apparel, that he might not go to the
siege of Troy. While there, he deflowered
Deidamia, one of the princesses, who bore
him Pyrrhus. He was, however, discovered
by Ulysses, and afterward went to Troy.
He slew Hector in single combat, and drew
his dead body, behind his chariot, seven
times around the walls of Troy, in revenge
for his friend Patroclus, whom Hector had
slain in battle. And he was himself slain
by Paris, with an arrow, which pierced his
heel, while he was in the temple of Thym-
brian Apollo. He is sometimes called Pe-
lides, from Peleus his father: also JEacides,
from his grand-father JEacus. He is repre-
sented to have been of a cruel and vindictive
temper, but at the same time, very brave.
– 33. Molis: magnitude—labor—difficulty.
34. Siculae: an adj. from Sicilia. Sicily
is the largest island in the Mediterranean,
lying to the south of Italy, and separated
from it by the straits of Messina.
35. AEre : with the brazen prow. The
beaks of their ships were of brass, or over-
laid with brass.-Dabant: spread.
36. Vulnus a turnum: a lasting resent-
mont. The same as memorem iram, verse iv.
supra. Servans: feeding, cherishing.
37. JMe-me victam: shall I overcome, de-
sist from my purpose, nor be able, &c.—JMe
victam : the acc. after the verb volvebat, or
some other of the like import, understood.
JNſe, when joined to a verb, is generally inter-
rogative, as in the present case. When it
i
does not ask a question, it either is a nega-
tive particle, or expresses some circumstance
or condition of an action. -
38. Teucrorum. The Trojans were some-
times called Teucri, from Teucer, one of their
founders. See note 1. supra. By Regem
Teucrorum we are to understand Æneas. It
seems now to be the purpose of Juno to
prevent the settlement of the Trojans in
Italy; and by that means, counteract the
purposes of the gods concerning their future
grandeur and power; to destroy them utter-
ly, if it be possible, and disperse them over
the deep. . To this end, she applies to
AEolus to raise a tempest on the sea, as the
most likely way to effect her object.
40. Argivām : for Argivorum, by syn.
properly the citizens of Argos : but by
synec. put for the Greeks in general, or any
part of them. Here it means the Locrians,
who, with Ajax, their king, returning home
from Troy, were shipwrecked. Ajax was
struck by Pallas with a thunderbolt for
having ravished Cassandra, the daughter of .
Priam, in the temple of Pallas. But Homer
gives us a different account. He says, that
Ajax was drowned by Neptune, for having
impiously boasted that he would escape the
dangers of the sea, even against the will of
the gods.
The Greeks are sometimes called Dana,
from Danaus, one of their kings. He led a
colony from Egypt into Greece; and, for
his services and talents, was held in high
estimation through all the Grecian states.
41. Ajacis Oilei. There were two persons
at the siege of Troy, by the name of Ajax.
The one here meant was the son of Oileus,
king of the Locrians. He went with forty
ships against Troy. The other was the
son of Talemon king of Salamis, an island
in the Sinus Saronicus, between Attica, and
the Morea, or Peloponnesus. It is said he
fell upon his own sword, because the armour
of Achilles was adjudged to Ulysses rather
than to himself. JWowam et furias. These
both refer to the crime committed by him
upon Cassandra. He offered violence to her
during the sack of Troy.
AENEIS
LIB. I 167
h
ipsa, Jovis rapidum jaculata è nubibus Ignem,
Disjecitaue rates, evertitgue aequora ventis:
Illum-expirantem transfixo pectore flammas *.
Turbine corripuit, scopuloque infixit acuto.
Ast ego, quae Divām incedo regina, Jovisque
Et Soror et conjux, ună cum gente tot annos
45 45. Turbine corripuit
illum expirantem flam-
Iſlais .
Bella gero: et quisquam numen Junonis adoret
Praeterea, aut supplex aris imponat honorem"
s Talia flammato secum Dea corde volutans,
50
Nimborum in patriam, loca foeta furentibus Austris,
AEoliam venit.
Circum claustra fremunt.
---- Hic vasto rex AEolus antro
! Luctantes ventos, tempestatesque sonoras
Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere franat.
Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis-
Celså sedet AEolus arce,
52. Hic rex AEolus in
vasto antro premit im-
perio luctantes
55
Sceptra tenens; mollitºlue animos, et temperat iras.
Ni faciat, maria ac terras coelumque profundum
Quippe ferant rapidi secum; verrantoue per auras.
Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris,
58. Quippe, ni facuat
id, illi rapidi ferant se-
60 cum maria -
Hoc metuens: molemdue et montes insuper altos
Imposuit; regemdue dedit, qui foedere certo
Et premere, et laxas sciret dare jussus habenas.”
Ad quem tum Juno supplex his vocibus usa'est:
AEole, (namgue tibi Divām pater atqué hominum rex
62. Qui jussus scret
et premere eos certo foe-
dere, et dare illis laxag
65 habenas -
Et mulcere dedit fluctus, et tollere vento.)
NOTES.
42. Ipsa jaculata. Beside Jove, several of
the Gods and Goddesses could hurl the
thunder of heaven. Here Pallas is said to
do it, to burn the ships of Ajax, to drown
their crews, and to pierce his breast with a
stream of lightning. -
46. Quee incedo: I who walk the Queen
of the Gods, and both the sister and wife
of Jove, carry on war, &c. -
Servius observes that the verb incedo sig-
nifies to walk with dignity, and in state:
Cum dignitate aliqua ambulare : and is pro-
perly applied to persons of rank, and dis-
tinguished characters.
49. Praetered: beside—in addition to the
reasons already given. If I shall show myr
self unable to effect my purpose, and satiate
imy revenge—if I shall let them alone; who
will adore, &c.—Honorem, in the sense of
trictimam. - .
The whole of this speech of Juno is ani-
mated, full of pride and haughtiness. If
Pallas, a goddess of inferior honor, dignity,
and power, could destroy the fleet of Ajax,
drown his followers, and kill their leader;
surely I, who am both the sister and wife
of Jove, am able to destroy these few fugi-
tive Trojans, and their king.
51. Austris furentibus : places pregnant
with furious winds. Auster properly signi-
lies the south wind; but it frequently is put
for wind in general: the species for the
genus. - -
52. In JEolian venit : she came into AEo-
lia, the country of storms.
The AEolian islands are seven in number,
situated between Italy and Sicily on the
west. They were sometimes called Vulcaniae,
and Hephæstiades. The chief of which are
Lipara, Hiera, and Strongyle. Here Æolus
the son of Hippotas reigned. He is said to
have invented sails, and to have been a great
astronomer, and observer of the winds.-
Hence the poets make him the god of the
winds. Homer tells us that he gave to Ulys-
ses all the winds, that could impede his
course to Ithaca, confined in a bag; but
that his companions, out of curiosity, untied
it, and let out all the adverse winds.
54. Fronat: he curbs or governs. This
is a metaphor taken from the rider, who ma-
mages his steed. Imperio: power, authority.
61. JMolem et altos montes: for molem alto-
rum montium, by hendiadis: the weight of
lofty mountains. This mode of expression
is frequent with Virgil.—Insuper : in the
sense of praetered. ~
63. Premere : in the sense of cohibere.—
Jussus: commanded by Jove. Here again
is a metaphor taken, from the rider: Dare
lazas habenas: to give loose reins—to let
the horse go at full-speed.—Foedere : law—-
rule.
168 . P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat abduor,
Ilium in Italiam portans, victosque Penates.
Incute vim ventis, submersasque obrue puppes:
70. Aut age eas in Aut age diversas, et disjice corpora ponto. 70
diversas partes, et
72. Quarum jungam
tibi stabili connubio
| Sunt mihi bis septem
praestanti corpore Nymphae :
Quarum, quae formā pulcherrima, Deiopeiam
Deiopeiam, que est pul-Connubio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo :
cherrima earum omnium Omnes ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos …”
forma, dicabogue, eam Exigat, et pulchrá faciatte prole parentem.
AEolus haec contrå : Tuus, 6 regina, quid optes,
propriam; ut exigat om-
IleS ºl]l Il OS
76. Contrå AEolus res- Explorare labor :
75
mihi jussa capessere fas' est.
pondit hec: Oregima, Tu mihi, quodcunque, hoc regni, tu sceptra, Jovemgue
tuus labor est
hoc regni, quodcunque
est: tu concilias
81. Ubi hac
sunt, impulit
montem in latus
Concilias: tu das epulis accumbere Divām,
78. Tu concilias mihi Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.
, Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversä caspide montem
dicta Impulit in latus; ac venti, velut agmine facto,
cavum Quă data porta, ruunt, et terras turbine perflant.
Incubuere mari, totumque à Sedibus imis
80
84. Incubuere mai Una Eurusque Notusque rutint, creberque procellis 85
Eurusque notusque Af-
ricusque creber procellis,
unāque ruunt totum
1910.7°62
Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.
Insequitur clamorque virãm, stridorque rudentum.
Eripiunt subitó nubes coelumque, diemgue,
Teucrorum ex oculis :, ponto pox incubat atra.
Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus a ther:
90
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.
Fxtempló AEneae solvuntur frigore membra.
Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,
Talia voce refert : O tergue quaterque beati,
NOTES.
67. Tyrrhenum mare. That part of the
Mediterranean between the islands of Cor-
sica, Sardinia, and Sicily, was called the
Tuscan Sea.
68. Ilium : Troy; by meton. for the
Trojans—those that survived the catastro-
phe of the city. See note 1. supra-Pena-
tes : see Geor. 2. 505.
69. Incute vim ; add force to your winds,
and overwhelm their ships sunk in the sea.
71. Præstanti: in the sense of pulchro.
73. Dicabo propriam : I will consecrate
her (to be) your own—your peculiar pro-
perty. This passage is in imitation of Ho-
mer. Iliad 14. 301.
77. Labor : concern—business.-Fas est,
In the sense of ſequum est.
78. Tu concilias, &c. The meaning of the
passage appears to be : I owe to thy favor
and kind offices the empire of the winds, and
the power and authority of a king, which
thou didst obtain of Jove for me. Through
thy favor also, I sit at the table of the gods.
Both duty and gratitude, therefore, impel
me to comply with your request, to do thy
commands.-Regni : gen. sing, governed by
hoc. It is best translated as if it were of the
same case with hoc. Concilias hoc regni, &c.
You procure for me this power, whatever it
be. Servius thinks no more is meant by Æo
lus’ receiving his kingdom and sceptre from
Juno, than that “the winds are, air put into
motion; which is sometimes called Juno.”
80. Potentem: the present part. used as a
substantive: ruler of storms and tempests.
82. Agmine facto : in a formed battalion
—or a battalion being formed.—Impulit :
he struck.
84. Incubuere: the perf. in the sense of
the pres. they rest upon.
87. Rudentum: in the sense of funium.
90. Poli. Polus is properly that part of
the heavens, called the pole. By synec. put
for the whole heavens. Poli: the heavens
thundered.—Ignibus : lightning.—ºther :
in the sense of ačr.
92. Solvuntwºr: shudder—are unnerved.
Duplices: in the sense of ambas.
93. Ingemuit: he groaned. Not indeed at
the fear of death absolutely considered, but
at the prospect of dying an inglorious death
among the waves.
94. Reſert : he says, or pronounces such
like words. O terque, quaterquo beati :
Simply: O thrico happy they, to whom it
happened to die before the faces, &c. This
mode of expression denotes the highest state
of felicity. Or, if we suppose it an apo
AENEIS.
LIB. l. 169
Quels ante ora patrum, Trojae sub moenibus altis,
Contigit oppetere! 6 Danaúm fortissime gentis
Tydide, mene Iliacis occumbere campis
Non potuisse 7 tuaque animam hanc effundere dextrá 7
Saevus ubi AEacidae telo jacet Hector, ubi ingens
Sarpedon: ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis
Scuta virãm, galeasque, ét fortia corpora volvit.”
Talia jactanti stridens Aquilone procella S
Velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit.
Franguntur remi: tum prora avertit, et undis
Dat latus: insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.
Hi summo in fluctu pendent: his unda dehiscens
Terram inter fluctus aperit: furit astus arenis.
Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet;
Saxa, vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus Aras,
&
99 96. O Tydide, fortis-
sime gentis Danatim,
menê non potuisse oc-
cumbere Iliacis
100. Ubi Simois vol
wit sub undis tot scuta,
100 galeasque, et fortia car-
pora viriam
102. Procella stridens
ab aquilone, adversa zlli
jactanti talia, ferit ve-
Uliſſ]
108. Notus torquet
106 tres raves abreptas in
latentia saxa, illa saxa,
quae in mediis fluctibus,
Itali vocant aras; quo-
rum immane dorsum est
Dorsum immane mari summo. Tres Eurus ab alto 110 in summo mari. Eurus
In brevia et syrtes urget, miserabile visu;
urget tres naves ab alto
NOTES.
strophe to those, who fell on the plains of
Troy, fighting for their country, we may
render it: O thrice happy ye, to whom, &c.
This last is the more animated and poetical.
The former is the sense of Ruãºus.
97. Tydide. Diomede, the son of Tydeus,
king of Ætolia. He was wounded by Æne-
as in a combat. JMe-ne potwisse: the acc.
after the verb refert, or some other of the
same import, understood: why could I not
have fallen on the Trojan plains? &c.
98. Effundere: in the sense of amattere.—
Jacet : lies slain.
99. Saevus Hector: valiant Hector. He
was the son of Priam and Hecuba, and the
bravest of all the Trojans. He was at last
slain by Achilles, and his dead body drawn
behind his chariot around the walls of Troy,
and the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector
had slain some time before. It was after-
wards ransomed by Priam at a great price,
and honorably buried. AEacidae: Achilles.
See note 30. Supra.
100. Sarsedon. He was the king of Ly-
cia, and came to the assistance of Priam.—
He was slain by Patroclus. It is said that
he was the son of Jupiter by Laodamia.
Simožs: a river in Troas, rising out of
Mount Ida, and flowing into the Scamman-
der, and with it into the Hellespont, mear
the promontory of Sigeum. Correpta: car-
ried—hurried down its current. Virüm, by
syn. for virorum : of heroes. The poet here
alludes to the bloody battle fought on the
banks of this river, between the Greeks and
Trojans, related by Homer; in which the
latter suffered a signal defeat.
102. Procella : properly, a storm at sea.
Hyems, a cold storm in the winter. JN'im-
bus, a storm of rain with black angry clouds
and wind; a squall. Imber, a gentle show-
er of rain. They are, however, not always
used with this discrimination. Jactant, :
in the sense of dicenti.
103. Adversa: an adj. agreeing with pro-
cella. As AEneas was steering toward Italy,
a north wind would be in his face, or against
him.
105. Insequitur. Nothing can exceed this
picture of a rolling billow. It follows (se-
quitur) rolling along, constantly on the in-
crease, (cumulo) till it becomes a broken and
rugged mountain ºf water: praeruptus mons
aquae.
107. Aperit terram. So high did the
waves roll, that between them the sand or
bottom of the sea appeared visible. This
may not appear incredible, when it is con-
sidered that they were near shore, and on
shallows. Dehiscens : opening. Rugeus in-
terprets unda, by mare. AEstus : the tide,
Or Current.
108. Sawa. These rocks are generally
supposed to be the AEgates, three Islands
not far from the western promontory of Si-
cily, where the Romans and Carthaginians
made a treaty, which ended the first Punie
war. They received the name of altars,
from the oaths that were then made by the
contracting parties. There is a difficulty in
this interpretation. For it is said their huge
back was in the surface of the water, and
in the preceding line they are called latentia
saca. Abreptas: driven—forced.
111. Brevia et Syrtes : shoals and quick-
sands. Syrtis is properly a large bank of
sand made by the action of the water.—
There were two of these banks, or Syries on
the coast of Africa, called the Syrtis JMajor.
and the Syrtis JMinor: the former lay to the
east of Carthage, at a considerable distance
the latter nearly opposite. Urget : in the
sense of impellit. JMiserabile: shocking—
distressing. Pisu, is either the supine in w,
170
P. WIRGILII MARONIS
*
Illiditaue vadis, atque aggere cingit arenae.
114. Ingens pontus. Unam, quie Lycios fidumque vehebat Orontem,
ante oculos JEnea ip- Ipsius ante oculos ingens à vertice pontus
sius, ferit ā vestice unam. In
navem in pu
vehebat
116. Ast circiimagens
e puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque magister
PP” “I” Wolvitur in caput: astillam ter fluctus ibidem
Torquet agens circum, et rapidus Vorat a quore vortex.
15
fluctus torquetillam na- Apparent rari mantes in gurgite vasto :
vem ter ibidem
118. Hopvines appa-
rent rari nantes in vasto
gurgite. Apparent quo-
que arma
Arma virim, tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas.
Jam validam Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae; 120
Et quâ yectus Abas, et quâ grandaevus Alethes,
Wicit hyems : laxis laterum compagibus omnes
120. Hyems vicit jam Accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.”
validam navem Ilionei;
jam navem fortis Acha-
tae; et navem, in quâ
Abas vectus est, et na-
vem, in quâ
pontum
Jnterea magno misceri murmure pontum,
125
Emissamgue hyemem sensit Neptunus, et imis
Stagna refusa wadis: graviter commotus, et alto
Prospiciens, summâ placidum caput extulit undā
125. Neptunus sensit Disjectam AEneae toto videt aequore classem,
Fluctibus oppressos Troas, coelique ruiná. t
130
126. Stagna refusa Nec latuere doli fratrem Junonis, et irae.
Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat: dehinc talia ſatur
Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestriº
esse, eac
129. Et Troas oppres-
sos esse fluctibus
133. Jam audetis, O Jam coelum terramgue, meo siné numine, venti,
/
NOTES.
to be seen; or, for visui, the dat. of visus,
to the sight. See Ecl. 5. 29.
112. Vadis ; against the bottom. Vadum
is properly a shallow part & the sea; or a
part of a river that may be ºrded. Aggere:
a bank of sand.
113. Lycios. The Lycians were a people
of Asia Minor, who came to assist Priam.
After the death of Sarpedon their king, they
chose to accompany AEneas. Orontes took
the command of them.
114. Pontus: here put for a wave of the
sea, by synec. It was so great that it seem-
ed as if the whole ocean was breaking upon
the ship. A vertice. Some understand by
this, the head or prow of the ship. The
common acceptation of the word is the
best: from above. It was so high that it
appeared to fall down upon the ship.
115. Pronus. I take this to denote the
posture of the helmsman, bending or stoop-
ing forward, in order to stand more firmly.
The helmsman (magister) is thrown from
his feet, and tumbled headlong into the sea.
117. Curcumagens fluctus : the whirling,
water.
118. Rari : scattered here and there.—
Gurgite: in the sense of mari.
119. Gaza : this word, signifies all kinds
of valuable furniture, as well as treasures
of gold and silver.
122. Compagibus: the seams or streaks
of the sides being loosened, they all let in
the hostile water. Imber, though properly
a shower of rain, is here used for water in
general, Hyems, in the sense of tempestas.
Fatiscunt rimis: gape open in cracks, or
leaks.
126. Stagna : plu. of stagnum, the bottom
or deep part of the sea. Alto ; altum, the
deep, or open sea—out of sight of land.—
Fretum, a strait, or narrow sea. Pelagus
the sea near the land. But they are not
always used with this discrimination.
127. Placidum. This must refer either to
Neptune's natural character—to his mild
ness in regard to the Trojans, or to the ef-
fect, which his countenance had upon the
raging sea. For he was greatly moved,
gravater commotus, at the winds, for invading
his realms without his permission.
129. Ruina coeli : with the ruin of heaven.
These words strongly denote the violence
of the tempest—the floods of rain—the thun
derings and lightnings: all which seemed to
threaten the destruction of the world.
130. Doli Junonis: the wiles of Juno, and
her anger, did not lie concealed from her
brother—had not escaped the knowledge of
her brother. Neptune and Jumo were chil-
dren of Saturn and Ops. See Geor. i. 14.
132. Tanta-ne fiducia: hath so great con
fidence of your race possessed you? The
winds were the offspring of Aurora and
Astracus, one of the Titans. Neptune here
intimates, that if they imitated the rebellion
of the Giants, their ancestors, they must
expect to share in their punishment; or, at
least, they could not expect to escape with
impunity.
133. JWumine: in the sqnse of auctoritate
vel voluntate. JMoles' in the sense of fluctus
AENEIS.
IIIB | 171
Miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles 2
Quos ego--Sed motos, praestat componere fluctus.
Venti, miscere coº.um
135 terramgue
Pöst mihi non simili poena commissa luetis.
Maturate fugam, regidue haec dicite vestro :
Non illi imperium pelagi, sacvumque tridentem,
Sed mihi sorte datum : tenet ille immania Saxa,
Westras, Eure, domos: illä se jactet in aulá
138. Imperium pelagi,
sevumque tridentem
140 non datum esse illi, sed
il *
ADolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet. *
Sic ait : et dicto citiús tumida acquora placat,
Collectasque fugat nubes, Solemdue reducit.
Cymothoë simul, et Triton admixus, acuto
Detrudunt naves scopulo : levat ipse tridenti,
145
Et vastas aperit syrtes, et temperat a quor;
Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas.
Ac, veluti magno in populo clim saepe coorta est
Seditio, saevitaue animis ignobile vulgus ;
Jamgue faces et saxa volant; furor arma ministrat:
Tum, pietate gravem ac meritis si forté virum quem
Conspexere, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant.
Ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet.
Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor; aquora postguam
Prospiciens genitor, coeloque invectus aperto,
Flectit equos, curruque volans dat lora Secundo.
Defessi AEneada, quae proxima litora cursu
Contendunt petere, et Libya vertuntur ad oras.
150
151. Tum, si forte con-
spexere quem virum gra-
vem pietate et meritis,
silent
153. Plle vir regit ani-
155 mos
158. Contendunt pe-
tere litora, qua sunt
proxima in cursu
NOTEs.
135. Quos ego. Here puniam, or some
word of the like import, is understood:
whom I will punish, or chastise. But it is
better to still the raging waves, before I
do it.
136. Pöst non luetis mihi; hereafter ye
shall not atone to me for your offences
with a like punishment. Neptune here in-
timates it to be a matter of clemency in him
in permitting them to escape; but they must
beware; the next time thcy thus presume,
he shall chastise them in an exemplary
Iſla Ił1101’,
138. Imperium pelagi. In the division of
the world between the sons of Saturn, the
sea fell to Neptune, the heavens and the
earth to Jupiter, and the regions below to
Pluto. Saevum; in the sense of potentem.
139. Tenet immania: let him possess
those wild and uncultivated rocks, thy ha-
bitations, O east wind. Immania saaca are
the realms of Æolus, mentioned verse 52,
supra.
140. Jactet se : boast, or glory. Mula:
in the sense of regia.
142. Citius dicto: sooner than said. The
comp. cities governs dicto, in the abl. Pla-
cat ; calms.
144. Cymothoë a nymph of the sea, the
daughter of Nereus and Doris. Triton :
the son of Amphitrite. His upper part was
like a man, and his lower part like a fish.
He was very powerful among the sea-gods,
and could calm and embroil the sea at his
pleasure. Many of the marine gods were
called Tritons, but the name is properly ap-
plicable to those only that were half man
and half fish. Levat ; assists—lightens.
148. Ac veluti citm ; as when in a great
crowd, a tumult often rises, and the ignoble
throng rages in their minds, &c.
This comparison is extremely beautiful,
as well as just. Nothing can be more pro-
per to represent the disorder and havoc of
a violent hurricane, than the rage and the
desolation occasioned by an incensed mob.
The suddenness, with which the noisy waves
subside, and sink into a calm, as soon as
Neptune surveys them, is finely marked by
the awe and silence, with which the sedi-
tious multitude is immediately struck, at
the sight of a man of superior merit and
authority.
150. Arma; in the sense of tela. Gra.
vem: in the sense of insignem. Arrectis -
with listening, or attentive ears.
155. Coelo. Coelum here means simply,
the air. He was wafted in the open air,
just above the surface of the ocean. Fra-
gor : the raging, or tumult.
156. Currw: the dat. for curru. See
Ecl. v. 29. Secundo: light—easy-moving.
157. JEneada: ; the Trojans; so called
from Æneas, their leader. Contendunt :
they strive to reach, or get to the nearest
shore.
| 72
P. VIRGIL i MARONIS
Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum
160. Quibus lateribus Efficit objectu laterum : quibus omnis ab alto
160
..","...”. Frangitur, inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos.
alto frangitur, \scindit
que sese
Hinc atque hinc vasta rupes, geminique minantur
In coelum scopuli: quorum sub vertice laté
AEquora tuta silent: tum Sylvis scena coruscis
Desuper, horrentigue atrum nemus imminet umbră. 165
168. Pst antrum in Fronte sub adversä scopulis pendentibus antrum :
pendentibus scopulis
167. Intus sunt dulces
aquae, sediliaque é vivo
saxo: videtwr domus
Intus aquae dulces, vivoque sedilia saxo;
Nympharum domus : hic fessas non vincula naves
Ulla tenent; unco non alligat anchora morsu.
Huc Septem AEneas collectis navibus omni
Ex numero subit:
170
ac magno telluris amore
Egressi, optatä potiuntur Troés arenå,
Et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt. -
Ac primūm silici scintillam excudit Achates,
da
177. Tum fessi rerum
expediunt Cererem
175. Circumdedit ari- Suscepitolue ignem foliis, atque arida circum
Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitgue in fomite flammam.
Tum Cererem corruptam undis, Cerealiaque arma
Expediunt fessi rerum: frugesque receptas,
175
Et torrere parant flammis, et frangere saxo.
AEneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem
180
Prospectum laté pelago petit, Anthea si quâ
Jactatum vento videat, Phrygiasque biremes,
Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici,
NOTES.
159. Longo secessu: in a long or dark re-
cess. This description of the port and
harbor is beautiful in itself, and seasonably
introduced to relieve the reader, and com-
pose his mind, after having dwelt upon the
former images of horror and distress.
160. Objectu : in the sense of oppositu.
162. Rupes : properly, a precipice, or
broken rock. Scopulus, a high, sharp rock.
Saacum, any rock, or stone. JMinantur:
reach, or extend to heaven.
164. Scena sylvis : an arbor formed of
waving trees, and a grove dark with its awful
shade, hangs over it from above. Ruacus
interprets scena by umbraculum.
166. Sub adversa fronte. This cave was
right in front, or opposite to them, as they
entered the harbor, and approached the
shore. Pondentibus : its roof was arched
with rocks. Ruteus says suspensis, for pen-
dentibus.
169. JVon wila vincula tement. The mean-
ing is: the harbor was so safe and secure,
that ships needed neither cables nor anchors.
JMorsw: the fluke.
170. Huc JEneas : here Æneas entered
with seven ships, collected, &c. He left
Troas with twenty ships. One he had just
lost, and the rest were scattered in the
storm, but were not lost.
*73. Artus tabentes sale : their limbs
drenched with salt water—dripping with
salt water.
176. Arida nutrimenta: dry fuel. Ignem:
the spark struck from the flint. Rapuit :
he quickly kindled a flame among the fuel.
177. Cererem corruptam: their grain da-
maged by the water—wet. For Ceres, see
Ecl. v. 79. Arma : properly, the instru-
ments or tools of any art or profession. Ce-
realwa arma, therefore, will be the instruments
or utensils used in breaking corn, and pre-
paring it for eating.
178. Fessi rerum: weary of their misfor-
tunes—their toils—their dangers. Fruges
receptas : the grain saved. The same with
Cererem, just mentioned.
179. Parant torrere. Ruteus takes torrere
in the sense of coquere; and in that case it
follows frangere, which must be connected
with fruges receptas: they prepare to break
the corn, and to bake it into bread. But
torrere may be taken for the act of drying
the corn that had been wet, and partially
damaged by the water; which must pre-
cede its being broken, or prepared for ma-
king bread. Earpediunt: they unlade, or
fetch it out of their ships.
181. Anthea: a Greek acc. of Antheus.
182. Biremes: biremis is properly a gal-
ley of two banks of oars. See Aºn. v. 119.
183. Arma Caici; the arms of Caicus;
that is, Caicus himself.
ACNEIS.
LIB. ſ. 173
Navein in conspectu nullam; ...es litore celvos
Prospicit errantes: hos tota armenta sequuntur
A tergo, et longum per valles pascitur agnmen.
185. Hos tres ductores
à tergo
185
Constitithic, arcumque manu celeresque Sagittas
Corripuit, fidus quae tela gercbat Achates. º
Ductoresque ipsos primūm, capita alta ferentes
Cornibus arboreis, sternit: tum vulgus, et omnem
190
Miscet agenstelis memora inter frondea turbam. -
Nec prius absistit,' quâm septem ingentia victor
Corpora fundat humi, et numerum cum navibus aequet.
IIinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes.
Vina, bonus quae deinde cadisonerårat Acestes
Litore Trinacrio, dederataue abeuntibus heros,
Dividit, et dictis moeréntia pectora mulcet :
O socii, (neque enim ignari sumus anté malorum)
O passi graviora : dabit Deus his quoque finem.
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem, penitusque sonantes
195. Deinde dividit
vina, quae bonus Acestes
onerărat in cadis Trina-
crio litore, herosque de-
derat illus abeuntibus
199. O vos passi gra-
200 viora
195
Accēstis scopulos; vos et Cyclopea saxa
Experti : revocate animos, moestumque timorem
202. Vos experti estis
Mittite : forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum,
Tendimus in Latium ; sedes ubi fata quietas
205
Ostendunt : illic fas regna resurgere Trojae.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.
Talia voce refert: curisque ingentibus aeger,
Spem vultu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.
Illi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris.
210
NOTES.
186. A tergo. This might seem mere
tautology, but it is consistent with the
purest Latin. Cicero says: Adolescens cursu
a tergo ºnsequens. Longum agném - the
long, or extended herd.
189. Ferentes alta: bearing their lofty
heads with branching horns. The poet fine-
ly describes the leaders. They move with
a degree of majesty, having their heads
erect, and their horns branching out like
trees. Gerebat: in the sense offerebat.
191. Agens telis vulgus : pursuing with
his weapons the herd and the rest of the
throng, among the leafy groves, he disperses
them—he puts them into confusion by
breaking their ranks. The word misceo, as
here used, is beautiful and expressive. ‘ Om-
nem turbam: in the sense of reliquam mul-
titwdinem.
194. Partitur: he divides them among
all his companions. He had killed seven
huge deer, so that there was one for the
crew of each ship.
195. Acestes. See AEm. v. 35. Onerdrat:
had put in casks, and given them.
196. Trinacrio : an adj. from Trinacria,
a name of Sicily, derived from its triangular
form. Its three promontories are: Pachy-
num, on the south; Lilybaeus, on the west;
, and Pelorus, on the north.
198. Anté malorum: of past evils, or dis-
tresses. Ruasus takes anté here in the sense
of praeteritorum. Or perhaps, malorum quae
fuerunt antë.
200. Vos accēstis: ye have approached
both the rage of Scylla, and the rocks roar-
ing within. See Ecl. vi. 74, and Æn. iii.
420. Opposite the rock of Scylla is Cha-
rybdis, a dangerous whirlpool; which, taken
together, render the passage of the straits
between Sicily and Italy very hazardous.
Hence arose the proverb: Incidui in Scyllam,
qui pull vitare Charybdem. This Charybdis,
as fable says, was a voracious old woman,
who stole the oxen of Hercules. For which,
being struck by the thunder of Jove, she was
turned into this whirlpool. Accēstis: by
syn. for accessistis.
203. Olim: hereafter.
the sense of pericula.
207. Secundis rebus : preserve yourselves
for prosperity. Durate: persevere.
208. AEger ingentibus : oppressed with
heavy cares, (full of anxious solicitude for
his friends,) he dissembles hope on his coun-
tenance, but represses, &c. Reſert : in the
sense of dicit. &
210. Accing unt se : they prepare them-
selves for. Tergora; the skins or hides of
the slain deer
Discrimina : in
*
•
174
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Tergora diripiunt costis, et viscera nudant:
Pars in frusta secant, verubusque trementia figunt
Litore ahena locant alii, flammasque ministrant.
Tum victu revocant vires: fusique per herbam,
212, Figunt frºsta Implentur veteris Bacchi, pinguisque ferinae.
Postguám exempta fames epulis, mensæque remota,
Amissos longo socios sermone requirunt, Y.
adhuc trementia verubus
216. Exempta est
215
218. Seu credant eos Spemgue metumque inter dubii : seu vivere credant,
Sive extrema pati, mec jam exaudire vocatos.
220. AEmeas gemit se- Praecipué pius AEneas, nunc acris Orontei,
220
...” ºn "ºris Nunc Amyci casum gemit, et crudelia secum
Orontei ;
Amyci
* * Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum.
Et jam finiserat: cum Jupiter aethere summo |
}
Despiciens mare velivolum, terrasque jacentes,
227.
tristior, et suffusa quoad
nitentes oculos alloqui
tur illum jactantem
229. O tu, qui regis
res hominumque
Atque Venus Litoraque, et latos populos; sic vertice coeli
Constitit, et Libyae defixit lumina regnis.
Atque illum tales jactantem pectore curas,
Tristior, et lachrymis oculos suffusa nitentes,
Alloquitur Venus O, qui res hominumque Deûmque
225
NOTES.
211. Viscera : neu. plu. of viscus, or vis-
cum. It properly signifies all the parts of
the animal within the skin. Here it means
the flesh.
212. Pars secant : a part cut into pieces.
Nouns of multitude may have verbs in the
singular or plural.
213. Ahena : neu. plu. brazen dishes or
vessels. An adj. taken as a substantive.—
JMinistrant flammas: tend the fires.
215. Implemtur. This is in imitation of
the Greeks, with whom verbs of filling go-
vern the genitive. Bacchi: in the sense of
vini.
217. Requirunt: they inquire after their
lost companions—converse about them.
219. Pati eactrema: to suffer death—
death being the last of all earthly things.--
Pati : the present in the sense of the perf.
Wocatos nec jam : being invoked, should not
now hear. This alludes to a custom among
the Romans, of calling the dead three timics
by name: which was the last ceremony in
funeral obsequies. After which, the friends
pronounced the word Vale, three times, as
they departed from the tomb. The same
was observed of those, who perished by
shipwreck, or otherwise, when their bodies
could not be found.
220. JEneas gemit : AEneas laments now
the fate of brave Orontes, now, &c. The
most exalted and heroic minds are the most
susceptible of humanity and compassion.—
Virgil therefore says: Praecipué pius JEneas
gemi. But at the same time, he conducts
his grief with prudence, and carefully avoids
whatever would tend to discourage the rest;
and therefore it is said, that he grieves pri-
vately, secum, keeping his sorrow and grief
in his own bosom ; and showing to his com-
panions an example of magnanimous fortl
tude only, which rises superior to dangers
and misfortunes. &
224. Welivolum: mavigable. Jacentes ter-
ras: the earth may be said to be lying (ja-
cens) still, dead and at rest, in opposition to
the sea, which is always in motion. The
poet considers here the sails of a ship under
the notion of wings, by which it flies over
the sea, as a bird moves through the air.—
Rugeus takes jacentes in the sense of humi-
les: low—lying low. Populos : in the sense
of gentes.
225. Verlice : the pinnacle of heaven:
the zenith, or point over our heads.
226. Defia:ut oculos. Dr. Trapp observes,
that nothing to him breathes the soul of po-
etry, particularly Virgil’s, more than this
delightful passage, in which the majesty of
Jupiter, and the beautiful grief of Venus are
so finely contrasted. She still remembers,
in all the abruptness of extreme sorrow,
that she is addressing the almighty Thun-
derer, and yet maintains all the sweetness
of female complaint, and tender expostula-
tion. Jactantem: in the sense of volven-
têm.
228. Suffusa oculos : wet, as to her shi-
ning eyes, with tears. See Ecl. i. 55. Fe-
male beauty never appears so engaging, and
makes so deep an impression upon the be-
holder, as when suffused with tears, and
manifesting a degree of anxious solicitude.
The poet therefore introduces Venus in that
situation, making suit to her father. The
speech is of the chastest kind, and cannot
fail to charm the reader.
229. Venus. The goddess of beauty and
love. She is said to have sprung from the
foam of the sea, near the island of Cyprus,
AENEIS.
LIB. I. 175
AEternis regis imperiis, et fulmine terres,
Quid meus AEneas in te committere tantum,
Quid Troës potuere? quibus tot funera passis,
Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis'
/ Certé hinc Romanos olim, volventibus annis,
Hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri,
Qui mare, qui terras omni ditione tenerent,
Pollicitus: quae te, genitor, sententia vertit?
Hoc equidem decasum Trojae tristesque ruinas
Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens.
230 230. Terres mundum
fulmine quid tantum
scelus potuit meus AEneas
committere in te ł
234. Certé pollicitus
es Romanos orituros esse
235 hinc olim, annis volven-
tibus, fore ductores hinc
à' revocato sanguine
Teucri, qui tenerent
238. Equidem hoc
promisso solabar occa-
NOTES.
or according to Hesiod, near the island of
Cythera. She was taken up to Heaven,
when all the Gods were struck with her
beauty, and became jealous of her superior
attractions. Jupiter attempted, in vain, to
gain her affection; and as a punishment to
her, for the refusal, bestowed her upon his
deformed son Vulcan. She, however, had
many intrigues with Mars, Mercury, and
Bacchus. Her partiality for Adonis, indu-
ced her to leave Olympus. She also had
an affection, it is said, for Anchises, and for
his sake, often visited the Groves of Mount
Ida. By him she had AEneas.
Venus possessed a mysterious girdle or
cestus, which gave to any, however ugly and
deformed, beauty, elegance, and grace. Her
worship was universally established. The
rose, the myrtle, and the apple, were sacred
o her. The dove, the swan, and the spar-
ow, were her favorite birds. #
She had various names, derived chiefl
‘rom the places where she was worshipped ;
r from some property or quality she was
thought to possess. Some of which, are the
following: Cypria, from the island Cyprus:
Paphia, from Paphos: Cytherea, from the
island Cythera ; in each of which places
she had splendid temples. She was also
called Telepegema, because she presided over
marriage : Verticordia, because she turned
the hearts of women to chastity: Etaira,
because she was the patroness of courtezans:
Acidalia, from Acidalus, a fountain in Beo-
tia : Basilea, because she was the queen of
love: JMyrtea, because the myrtle was sa-
cred to her: Libertina, on account of her
inclinations to licentious amours: Pontea,
JMarina, Lemnesia, and Pelagea, because she
, sprung from the sea. The word Venus is
often taken for beauty and love; also for
the object of love—the person loved. It is
used sometimes for any sensual passion, or
lust—the intercourse of the sexes. Imperiis:
in the sense of potentia.
233. Quibus passis : against whom, suf-
º so many deaths, the whole world,
C.
234. Hine; hence—from the Trojans.
Ductores; probably, as Heyne observes, we
are to understand JuliusCaesar, and Octavius.
~ *
235. Revocato, &c. Commentators are
divided in opinion, on these words. Corra-
dus takes sanguine Teucri, for the Trojans,
the offspring of Teucer; and revocato, in the
sense of restituto. Ruapus rejects this in
part. By sanguine Teucri, he understands
the Trojans ; and by revocato, their return
into Italy, whence Dardanus, the founder
of their race, originated. The blood of Teu-
cer, and that of Dardanus, were united in
the Trojans, their descendants. Revocato.
recalled—called back to take possession of
the land of their ancestor.
236. Ditione : sway—authority. Tene-
rent : in the sense of regerent. Sententia:
in the sense of consilium.
238. Hoc quidem; with this promise, I
was mitigating the fall, and sad catastro-
. of Troy:-I was consoling myself, at,
ZC.
239. Fat′s rependens contraria : to these
fates balancing, (or placing) fates contrary,
or of an opposite nature. Fatum, as here
used, may mean, either the purposes of the
gods concerning the Trojans, or simply, their
fortune or destiny. Their city had been
rased, and a numerous train of ills had be-
fallen them. These, we are to understand
by fatis. By fata contraria, it is plain, we
are to understand prosperity, or a state of
things different from their former one. Or,
if fata be taken for the purposes of the
gods toward them, the interpretation will
be the same.
The downfall of Troy was a very afflict-
ing circumstance to Venus. She strove
hard to prevent it. And after the event, she
consoled herself with the consideration, that
Troy was destined to rise again—that their
race was to be restored to the land of Dar-
danus, and there become the rulers of the
world. This lightened her sorrow, and as-
suaged her grief. Here, perhaps, it may be
asked, if she knew that the future glory of
the Trojan race had been decreed and fixed
by fate; why does she appear to cxpress sc
much anxiety and splicitude upon that sub-
ject? It may be said, that the opposition
which Juno made to it, might make her
doubt, and her mind waver. For, Jupiter
alone had a perfect insight into futurity, and
| 76
P VIRGILII MARONIS
5um, tristesque ruinas Nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos 240
Trojae Insequitur : quem das finem, rex magne, laborum ?
*** Antenºr elapsus Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,
. Athiviº Potuit Illyricos penetrare sinus, atque intima tutus
utus penetrare * º e
Regna Liburnorum et fontem superare Timavi :
Unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis 245
It mare proruptum, et pelago premit arva sonanti.
Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit
Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit
Troia : nunc placidá compóstus pace quiescit.
250. Nos, quibus tu Nos. tua progenies, cooli quibus annuis arcem, 250
annuis arcéin coeli, na-. Navibus, infandum! amissis, unius ob iram
vibus, O infandum ! Prodimur, atque Italis longé disjungimur oris.
* Prº periº Hic pietatis homos ? - Sic nos in sceptra repônis
tº. ob iram Junoni, Olli subridens hominum sator atque Deorum,
233. Est-ne hic honos Vultu, quo coelum tempestatesque serenat, 255
nostrae pietatis 2 sic
Oscula libavit natae : dehinc talia fatur:
NOTES.
the rest of the gods, knew no more than he
was pleased to reveal to them. See AEn.
lii. 251.
It is said, by some, that Virgil makes even
Jupiter subject to fate or destiny. But from
several passages, it will appear, that his
notion of fate was truly philosophical. He
makes fate to be mothing more than the de-
crees, purposes, or counsels of Heaven, pro-
nounced by the mouth of Jove; as the ety-
mology of the word implies. He often calls
destiny Fata deorum, which can mean no-
thing else than the Divine decrees, or coun-
sels. And, if he give to fate the epithets,
ineapugnabile and inea-orabile, he must mean
that the laws and order of nature are fixed
and unchangeable, as being the result of
Infinite wisdom and foresight, and having
their foundation in the Duvine mind, which
is subject to none of those changes that af-
fect feeble and erring mortals.
242. Antenor. He was a noble Trojan.
After the sack of Troy, he led a colony of
Trojans, and Heneles, a people who came
to assist Priam, and lost their king, in quest
of a settlement. After various toils and dis-
asters, he arrived at the head of the Adriatic,
and having expelled the Euganes, a people
inhabiting between the Alps and the sea, he
took possession of their country. He built
a city called Antenorea, after his own name.
Some say he built Patavium, now Padua.
The whole nation was called Veneti.
243. Illyricos : an adj. from Illyricum, an
extensive country on the borders of the
Adriatic, over against Italy, including the
ancient Liburnia and Dalmatia. Penetrare:
ºn the sense of intrare.
244. Superare fontem Timavi; to pass be-
yond the fountain of Timavus. We are told
by Servius, on the authority of Varro, that
the Timavus was a large river, and the
neighboring people gave to it the name of
sea. It was formed, says he, by the conflu-
ence of nine streams, issuing from a moun-
tain. It is, however, at the present, a small
and inconsiderable stream, falling into the
Adriatic, near Istria.
245. Unde: whence—from the fountain.
The movem ora, I take to mean the nine
streams which formed the river, and not so
many channels, through which it fell into the
sea. Os signifies the fountain, or head of a
river, as well as its mouth. A
246. It : it pours along. Proruptum:
rough—swollen. Premit: overflows—de-
luges. Thompson has finely imitated, in
his “Winter,” this description of the Ti-
II] a VUlS.
249. Compôstus : by syn. for composilus:
settled. Fiacit: in the sense of suspendit.
JVos. Here Venus speaks in the person of
AEneas to show how nearly she had his in-
terest at heart. Annuis ; in the sense of
promultis. Thou hast promised that after
death he should be received among the
gods—should be deified. Arcem coeli ; the
court or palace of heaven.
251. Infandum. This word is thrown in
like an interposing sigh, hen she comes to
the most moving part of her complaint;
and the artful pauses in this and the two
following lines, together with the abrupt
manner in which the speech breaks off, show.
her quite overpowered by the tide of her grieſ.
Univs: of one, to wit, Juno. Prodimur :
we aro given up to destruction—we are
doomed to toils, misfortunes, and dangers.
through the resentment and influence of
Juno.
253. Honos: reward—recompense.
254. Olli : for illi, by antithesis.
in the sense of pater.
256, Libavit; he kissed the lips of his
Sator
AENEIS.
LIB. I. 177
Parce metu, Cytherca : manent immota tuorum
Fata tibi cernes urbem et promissa Lavini
Moenia, sublimemoue ſeres ad sidera coeli
Magnanimum AEneam ; neque me sententia vertit
Hic (tibi ſabor enim, quando hac te cura remordét;
Longiès et volvens ſatorum arcana movebo)
260
261. Hic geret ingens
bellum in Jtalia.
Bellum ingens geret Italiá, populosque feroces
Contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet:
Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit acstas,
265
Ternaque transierint Rutulis hyberna subactis.
At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen ſtilo
Additur (Ilus crat, dum res stetit Ilia regno)
Triginta magnos, volvendis mensibus, orbes
Imperio explobit, regnumque ab sede Lavini
267. At puer Asca-
nius, cui nunc cogno-
men Iulo additur, exple-
_A bit imperio triginta mag-
270 nos orbes, mensibus
Transferet, et longam multà vi muniet Albam.
Hic jam tercentum totos regnabitur annos
Gente sub Hectoreà ; donec regina sacerdos
Marte gravis, geminam partu dabit flia prolem.
2’
273. Donee Ilia, re-
gina sacerdds, gravis
Marte dabit
NOTES.
daughter. The name Venus was given to
several. The one here meant, is the daugh-
ter of Jupiter and Dione, but is often con-
founded with her, who sprung from the
froth of the sea. See 229. supra.
257. JMetu : for melui. See Ecl. v. 29.
Cytherea : Venus.
261. Fabor: in the sense of dicam.
262. JMovebo arcana: I will unfold the se-
crets of the fates, tracing (volvens) them
down to a great distance of time. Remor-
del : troubles you.
264. Contumdet : in the sense of domabit.
JMores: in the sense of leges.
265. Dum tertia (clas: until the third year
shall see him, &c. The meaning is, that
three years were to be spent in the wars
with Turnus and the Rutuli; at the expira-
tion of which, having subdued his enemies,
AEneas should commence his government
in Latium. Dum: in the sonse of donec.
266. Terna hyberna: three winters shall
have passed, the Rutuli being conquered.
267. Cui nunc cognomen : to whom now
the sir-name of Itilus is added. This cir-
cumstance is thrown in to show the origin
of the Julian family, and the occasion of
changing the name of Ilus, to Iulus or Julius.
The poet designs this as a compliment to
the Caesars. Itilus succeeded his father in
the government, and reigned thirty years at
Larvnium. He built Alba Longa, and made
it the seat of his government. The throne
was filled for three hundred years by a suc-
cession of Trojan princes, down to the time
of Romulus. He founded Rome, and chang-
ed the scat of government from Alba Longa
to the new city. At his death, the line of
succession was changed, and JNuma Pompi-
lius, a wise and virtuous prince of the Sa-
pines, filled the throne.
268. Ilia res: the Trojan state. Ilia: an adj.
from Ilium, a name of Troy. See 1. supra.
269. Orbes: in the sense of annos.
270. Imperio : government—reign.
vin? : by apocope for Kśavinii.
pra. P'i : labor—strength.
273. Hectoreagente: under a Trojan line.
After the building of Rome, Alba continued
for a considerable time an independent go-
vernment, and was a rival of the new city.
It was finally destroyed by the Romans, and
its inhabitants transferred to Rome.
274. Ilia: a daughter of Numitor, king
of Alba Longa. She is called regina, on
account of her royal descent. She was one
of the vestal virgins, and for that reason
called sacerdos, or priestess. Being preg-
nant (gravis) by Mars, as it is said, she
brought forth twins, Romulus and Remus.
Amulius, having expelled his brother Nu-
mitor, commanded one Faustus, a shepherd,
to expose the children to wild beasts, that
they might perish. Instead of which, he
took them home, where they were nourished
by his wife, whose name was Lupa. This
gave rise to the story of their being brought
up by a wolf, lupa being the name of that
animal.
The children grew up, and when they
became acquainted with the conduct of their
uncle, they collected a band of men, attack,
ed him in his palace, slew him, and restored
Numitor to the throne. Afterwards, it is
said, each of the brothers began to build a
city. Remus leaped over the walls of the
city founded by Romulus; whereupon, be-
ing angry, he slew him. He called the city
Rome, after his Gwn name. Romulus was
sometimes called Quirinus, from Quvri, a
Sabine word, which signifies a spear. Ge-
iminam prolem: simply, twins.
La
See 2. su-
13
pººr "
a S
P. VIRGIL.II MARONIS
275, Inde Romulus Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine lactus
Romulus excipiet géntem, et Mavortia condet
Moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet:
lastus fulvo tegmine mu-
tricis iupae excipiet gen-
tem -r
£75
277 Dicet incolas Ro- His ego nec metas rerum, nec tempora pono :
fºllº OS
Imperium siné fine dedi.
Quæ mare nunc terrasque metu coelumque fatigat,
Quin aspera Juno,
280
Consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit,
Romanos rerum dominos, gentemque togatam.
Sic placitum. Veniet, lustris labentibus, aetas,
Cüm domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas
Servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis.
285
Nascetur pulchrà Trojanus origine Caesar,
Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,
288. Ille erit Julius, Julius, a magno demissum nomen Iulo.
IMOIſløl
Hunc tu olim coelo, spoliis Orientis onustum,
Accipies secura: vocabitur hic quoque votis.
Aspera tum positis mitescent sa=cula bellis.
Cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus,
NOTES.
276. JMavortza : an adj. from JMavors, a
name of Mars : warlike—martial. JMania :
in the sense of urbem.
278. JWee pono getas: I place (prescribe)
to them neither bounds nor duration of do-
minion. The Romans had a belief that
their empire would always continue, while
other governments would be unstable and
fluctuating.
280. JMetw: through fear that the Trojans
would rise to power, and become dangerous
to her dear Carthage and Argos. Fatigat:
in the sense of commovet.
281. In melius. This is taken adverbial-
ly: for the better. Referret: shall change.
282. Gentem togatam : the nation of the
gown. The toga, or gown, was the distin-
guishing badge of the Romans, as the pal-
lvum was that of the Greeks. Rerum. Res
signifies power—rule—dominion. In the
present case it signifies, the world.
283. Sic placatum: thus it pleases me—
this is my pleasure—it is my decree. The
verb est is to be supplied. AEtas venit: the
time shal come, years having passed away,
when, &c, Lustrum : properly the period
of four years. It is often put for time in
general. JEtas: in the sense of tempus,
and lustris : for annis.
284. Domus Assaraci.
understand the Romans. Assaracus was
the son of Tros, and brother of Ilus. He
was the father of Capys, and Capys the
father of Anchises, the father of Æneas,
from whom the Romans descended. Phthi-
am. This was a city of Thessaly, the royal
seat of Achilles. JMycenas—Argis. These
were cities of the Peloponnesus, over which
Agamemnon reigned, put, by synec. for
Greece in general. This prophecy was ful-
filled under the Roman generals Mummius,
By this we are to
who conquered Achaia; and Paulus Émi-
lius, who subdued Macedonia and Thessaly.
JArgis : in the sing. Argos, meu, ; in the plu.
.Argi, mas. It was situated about two miles
from the sea, on the Sinus Argolicus. It
was founded by Inachus, 1856 years before
Christ. Its inhabitants were called Argo-
lici and Argivi; by synec. put for the Greeks
in general. Premet: shall subject to servi-
tude—shall subdue.
286. Pulchra : in the sense of illustris :
Caesar, a Trojan of illustrious origin.
288. Nomen demissup. ; a name derived
from, &c.
289. Tu secura: you, sure, shall receive
him hereafter. Caesar was honored with
four triumphs on four successive days. To
this, refer the words: Onustum spoliis ori-
entis. Caesar received divine honors by a
decree of the senate. ,
291. Aspera salcula. Here is an allusion
to the golden age; or, at least, to the uni-
versal peace which took place in the reign
of Augustus, when the temple of Janus was
shut. JMutescent: shall grow mild—soften
JAspera : in the sense of dura.
292. Cana fides. The meaning is: that
the fidelity of former times should return—
that men should devote more of their time
to the service of the gods—that there should
be no more civil wars, in which brother
should be armed against brother. The epi-
thet carts alludes to the figure of faith,
which was represented with hoary locks, to
denote that it was the peculiar virtue of
former times—the golden age. By the word
Pesta, Servius says, we are to understand
religion. Vesta was the daughter of Saturn
and Ops, the goddess of fire, and patroness
of the vestal virgins. Eneas was the first
who introduced her mysteries into Italy
A.NEIS.
LIB 1 179
Jura dabunt dirae ferro et compagibus arctis
Claudentur belli porta : Furor impius intus
Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus ahenis
Post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento.”
Haec ait, et Maiā genitum demittit ab alto;
294
295. Et vinctus post
tergum cum centum
ahenis nodis, fremet
Ut terrae, utdue novae pateant Carthaginis arces
Hospitio Teucris: ne fati nescia Dido
Finibus arceret. Wolat ille per ačra magnum
$
300
Remigio alarum, ac Libya citus adstititoris:
Et jam jussa facit: ponuntdue ferocia Poeni
Corda, volente Deo . imprimis Regina quietum
Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam.
At pius AEneas, per noctem plurima volvens, . 3
Ut primūm lux alma data est, cziré, locosque
Explorare novos; quas vento accesserit oras,
Qui teneant (nam inculta videt) hominesne, feraene,
Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre.
Classem in convexo memorum, sub rupe cavatā,
Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris,
Occulit: ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate,
Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro.
Cui mater media sese tulit obvia sylvã,
Virginis os habitumque gerens, et-virginis arma
Spartanae : vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat
305. Wolvens an umo
306. Constituit exire,
explorareque novos lo-
cos, et quaerere ad quas
oras accesserit vento;
qui teneant eas, homi-
nes-ne, ferae ºne (nam
videt loca inculta) refer-
reque exacta sociis. Oc-
culit classem
314. Cui mater obvia
tulit se mediá sylva,
gerens os, habitumque
315 316. Velerattalis qua-
lis Threissa
310
NOTES.
The Palladium of Troy was supposed to be
preserved in her temple; where a fire was
continually kept burning by certain virgins,
who dedicated themselves to her service.
There was another goddess of the same
name, but generally confounded with Ceres,
Cybelle, Tellus, &c. The word Vesta is fre-
quently used for fire, by meton.
293. Arctis compagibus: with close joints
-- bound fast with bars of iron.
294, Portag. The gates, or doors of the
temple of Janus were open in time of war,
and shut in time of peace. This happened
only three times during a period of seven
hundred years, so constantly engaged were
the Romans in the work of death Impius
furor. This, Turnebus thinks, alludes
to the image of warlike rage drawn by
Apelles, and dedicated by Augustus in the
Forum. But Germanus thinks it alludes
to the statue of Mars, which the Spartans
had in their city, bound in this manner, in
chains of brass. JNodis ; in the sense of
catenis.
297. Genitum. JMaid : the son of Maia.
Mercury was the son of Jupiter, and Maia,
the daughter of Atlas. (See Geor. i. 336.
298. Arces. This appears to be used in
the sense of urbs: that the country and city
of New Carthage might open in hospitality
to the Trojans—might receive them kindly,
and treat them with hospitality.
301. Remigio alarum bv. the motion of
his wings. Utens alis quasi remºs, says
Ruasus. The motion of his wings is beau-
tifully expressed; it was like the motion of
oars in propelling a boat forward.
302. Poeni. The Carthaginians
sometimes called Poeni, or Phoeni, from
Phoenica, the country from which they
came. Corda : in the sense of animos.
304. Quietum animum : a friendly mind,
and a benevolent disposition, or temper.
306. Data est: in the sense of oria est.
309. Eacacta: neu. plu. the particulars of
his discovery.
810. In conveaco. The place where £neas
moored his fleet, lay in a circular form,
nearly surrounded by a grove. Here they
could be in safety,without fear of discovery.
The words convexus and concavus are some-
times used for each other, which seems to be
the case here; the former properly signify-
ing the exterior of a round surface; the
latter the interior. Horrentibus : deep-
thick shades. Uno : in the sense of solo.
See AEn. iv. 451.
313. Crispans : in the sense of quassans.
Lato ferro ; of a broad barb, or point.
316. Spartance. The Spartan virgins
were trained to all kinds of manly exerci
ses, such as running, wrestling, throwing
the quoit and javelin, riding and hunting,
which is the reason that the poet attires
Venus in their habit, or dress. Os: in the
sense of vultum.
Were
180
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
*3.
Harpalyce, volucremdue fugā prevertitur Eurum.
Namgue humeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum
Wenatrix, dederatoue comam diffundere ventis;
Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. , 320
321. Ac illa prior in- Ac prior, Heus, inquit, juvenes, monstrate, mearum
*...*, jºyºnº, Vidistis si quam hic errantem ſorté sororum,
monstrate, si vidistis S
forté quam mearum so-
rorum errantem hic, suc-
cinctam pharetrá
uccinctam pharetrâ et maculosae tegmine lyncis,
Aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem.
Sic Venus: at Veneris contrå sic filius orsus :
325
Nulla tuarum audita mihi, neque visa sororum,
327. Mortalis vultus O, quam te memorem, Virgo 7 namdue haud tibi vultus
haud est tibi, nec twa Mortalis
VOX 2
330. Quaecundue es,
sis felix
nec vox hominem somat.
An Phoebi soror, an Nympharum sanguinis una Ż
Sis felix, nostrumque leves quaecungue laborem:
Et quo sub coelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris
O Dea certé :
330
Jactemur, doceas: ignari hominumque locorumque
Erramus, vento huc et vastis fluctibus acti.
Multa tibi ante aras nostrá cadet hostia dextrá.
Tum Venus ; haud equidem tali me dignor honore.
Virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram,
336
Purpureoque alté suras vincire cothurno.
Punica regna vides, Tyrios, et Agenoris urbem :
Sed fines Libyci, genus-intractabile bello.
NOTES.
317. Harpatyce : a celebrated Amazon,
said to have rescued her father, who had
been taken in battle by the Getae. The
comparison here is simply between the habits
of Venus, and those of Harpalyce. Eurum.
Many copies read Hebrum; but there ap-
pears a manifest incongruity in it. It can
hardly be supposed, that the poet, describing
the swiftness of her speed, should say that
she could outride the course of a river, how-
ever rapid it might be. In that there could
be no difficulty. Besides, the epithet volu-
crem, is not very applicable to a river.
Eurum is certainly the best reading; it is the
language of poetry, while Hebrum is not.
Fuga : in the sense of cursu.
320. JN'uda genu, &c. This is a Grecism :
naked as to her knee, and collected as to her
flowing robe in a knot. See Ecl. i. 55. The
meaning is, that she had her knee naked,
and her flowing robe collected in a knot.
Sinus: the folds of a garment; also the
garment itself, by synec. Modo : nodus is
properly any thing that binds or ties.—
Hence, a girdle, or belt—a knot, &c.
321. Quam : in the sense of aligºam.
323. Tegmine. It was a custom among
the ancients for hunters to wear the skin of
some one of the animals, they had killed.
Prementem: pursuing.
325. Orsus : part. of the verb ordior: he
began. The verb est is understood.
327. Quam te memorem 2 whom shall I
call you ?
328. JWec vow sonat: nor does your voice
sound (like) a human being—it does not
indicate you to be mortal. Homo, is proper
ly either a man or woman—a human being.
329. An soror Phoebi: art thou the sister
of Phoebus, or one of the blood of the
nymphs 2 See Ecl. iv. 10. The verb és is
to be supplied.
330. Feliac: kind—propitious. Oris : in
the sense of regione. Orbºs : of the world,
or earth.
334. JMulta hostia ; many a victim shall
fall for you before the altars.
335. Haud me dignor: I do not consider
myself worthy, &c.
338. Urbem Agenoris : Carthage, founded
by Dido, a descendant of Agenor. Punica
Tegna : the kingdom, or realm of Carthage.
It is distinguished from the city, which is
called Urbs Agenoris. Punca: an adj.
from Poen, or Phaeni.
339. Fines Libycy: the country is Africa.
Libyci : an adj. from Libya, agreeing with
Jines. Libya was properly that part of
Africa bordering upon Egypt on the west;
but is frequently used for any part of Africa,
or Africa in general. Genus intractabile:
a race fierce in war. The Carthaginians
extended their conquests with unexampled
rapidity, and were the only people that ap-
peared to dispute the empire of the world
with the Romans. Their misfortunes, and
final ruin, were owing more, perhaps, to
party spirit and civil cabals, than to the
arms of the Rºbmans. See Rol. An. His.
Art. Carthage.
AENEIS. LIB. l.
181
Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta,
Germanum fugiens: longa est injuria, longae
Ambages: sed summa sequar fastigia rerum.
Huic conjux Sichaeus erat, ditissimus agri
Phdānicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore :
Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugårat
Ominibus: sed regna Tyri germanus habebat
Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes.
Quos inter medius venit furór: illé Sichaeum,
Impius ante aras, atque auri cacus amore,
Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum
Germanae: factumque diu celavit; et aegram,
Multa malus simulans, vaná spe lusit amantem.
Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago
Conjugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris:
Crudeles aras, trajectague pectora ferró .
Nudavit;(caecumque domás scelus omne retexit.'
Tum celerare fugam, patriáque excedere suadet :
Auxiliumqué viae veteres tellure recludit
340
344. Dilectus magno
345 amore miserae Didonis
350
345. Dederat eam in-
tactam
sº
349. Ille impius atque
caºcus amore auri, clam
superat Sichaeum ferro
ante aras incautum
352. Iſle malus simu-
lans multa lusit agram
amanterm ,
358. Recluditolue ve
Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri.
His commota, fugam Dido sociosque parabat.
Conveniunt, quibus autodium crudele tyranni,
Aut metus acer erat: naves, quae forté paratae,
Corripiunt, onerantoue auro : portantur avari
Pygmalionis opes pelago: dux foemina facti.
teres thesauros, depositos
360 #...
, ignotum pon-
dus
361. Omnes conveni-
unt, quibus erat, auf
crudele
NOTES.
340. Dido: the name of a Tyrian prin-
cess, implying beautiful, or well-beloved.
See ACn. iv. 1. Regit imperium: manages
the government.
342. Ambages longſe : the circumstances
are long and tedious. Sequar summa fasti-
gia rerum : I will mention only the chief
heads of the business—I will trace only the
outlines of the affair. Ruteus takes sequar
in the sense of perstringam.
345. Primis ominibus : with the first
omens. This alludes to a custom among
the Romans of consulting the omens in all
the important concerns of life, before they
entered upon them, to see if they would
prove successful or not. Jugārat; by syn.
for jugaverat. Cui: to whom, to wit, Si-
chaeus. Intactam : adhuc virginem, says
Ruteus.
347. Immanior scelere ante: great in wick-
edness above all others. The comp. is here
used in the sense of the pos.
348. Sichaeum. He was the priest of Her-
rules, an office in dignity next to royalty.
[t appears that Pygmalion came upon Si-
theus unexpectedly, while he was officia-
ting at the altar, and slew him. This cir-
tumstance greatly adds to the atrocity of
the deed. Furor: in the sense of odium.
Inter quos : between Sichaeus and Pyg-
malion.
350. Securus. regardless of the love of
uls sister. Superat in the sense of interficit.
352. AEgram amantem: the afflicted, or
disconsolate lover. Lusit : deceived—de-
luded. .
353. Inhumati. According to their sys-
tem of religion, the shades of those, who
were unburied, must wander a hundred
years, before they could be at rest. The
circumstance of Pygmalion's leaving the
body of Sichaeus unburied, in this view,
greatly heightens the enormity of the crime
first committed. Imago : in the sense of
wmbra.
354. Conjugis. Conjua is either a hus-
band or a wifu ; here the former. Pallida:
pale in a wonderful manner. Os: in the
sense of vultum.
356. JWudavit: laid bare the cruel altars,
at which he was slain. Releavil: disclosed
—brought to light.
358. Recludit : shows, or opens to her,
&c. Justin tells us that Sichteus, for fear
of the king, buried his money in the earth,
fearing to keep it in his house; but no one
knew the place of its deposit during his
Iife. A
362. Paratae. Tyre, being a great com-
mercial city, in the ordinary course of busi-
ness, many ships might be prepared and
ready for sea. The verb sunt is to be sup-
plica.
364. Opes avari, &c. Either the wealth
of Sichaeus, which Pygmalion now imagin
ed his own; or along with her husband's
1 SQ
... WHRCHI, II MARONIS
365. Illi devemere ad Devenère locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernes *65
locos, ubi
Moenia, surgentemque novae Carthaginis arcem
$67, Mercati sunt so- Mercatiºue solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,
** Byrsºn, de Taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo.
nomine facti, tantum
spatii, quantum possent
369. Sed tandem, qui
estis vos ? $
Sed vos qui tandem 7 quibus aut venistis ab oris 7
Quðve tenetis iter? Quaerenti talibus ille
Suspirans, imoque trahens à pectore vocem:
370
370. Ilie suspirans, Q Dea, si primâ repetens ab origine pergam,
**nslue Woºem #Peº: Et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum;
tore imo respondet ei
quaerenti in talibus ver-
bis.
Anté diem clauso componet vesper Olympo.
os, Trojã antiquâ, si vestras forté per aures 375
375. Tempestas suà Trojae nomen it, diversa per acquora vectos,
forte appulit Libycis oris Forte suá Libycis tempestas appulit oris.
nos vectos per diversa.
tequora ab antiqua Tro-
já, si
ab
Sum pius AEncas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates
Classe vehio mecum, famā super aethera notus.
380. Meum genus est Italiam quaero patriam ; et genus ab Jove summo.
Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor,
380
Matre Deá monstrante viam, data ſata secutus :
Wix septem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt.
Ipse ignotus, egens, Libya deserta peragro,
385. Nec Venus passa Europa atque Asia pulsus.
Nec plura querentem 385
***P* Passa Venus: medio sic interfata'dolore est:
NOTES.
money, Dido took the treasure of her brother,
and fled with it to Africa.
367. JMercati solum, &c. This passage
hath been differently interpreted. Donatus
explains it, of the money being made of
bull’s leather, with which she purchased the
ground (solum) for the city. Others say,
that she cut the hide into very small strings,
and by connecting them together, surround-
ed twenty-two sladia, or furlongs. Neither
of these appears to be the true solution.
The language of the Phoenicians was a dia-
lect of the Hebrew, in which language the
word Bosra means a fortification, or forti-
fied place. The Greeks, mistaking this
meaning of the word, or overlooking it,
supposed, from the similarity of the words,
that it was the same with their Byrsa, which
means a bull's hide. Virgil followed the
common received opinion. JMercati: they
bought the ground, which they called Byrsa,
from the name of the deed, &c. This story
of the bull’s hide, Mr. Rollin observes, is
now generally exploded. It appears, how-
ever, that Dido was to pay the Africans an
annual tribute, as a quit rent, for the land
which she purchased. This the Carthagi-
nians afterward refused to do, which was
the cause of the first war in which they
were engaged. See Aºn. iv. 1.
373. Et vacet : and there should be leisure
to you to hear, &c.
374. Annales: in the sense of historiam.
Componet: the evening star shall shut up the
day, before I shall have done my story. This
is an allusion to the opinion that might shut
on sealed up the gate of heaven, and the day
opened it. Clauso Olympo : heaven being
closed. Olympus is a mountain in Thessa-
ly. The ancients supposed its top touched
the heavems: from which circumstance, the
poets placed upon it the court of heaven.
It is about a mile and a half high. Olym-
pus is often put for heaven.
376. Iul : hath reached, or come to.
377. Suá forte. Ruteus says, solito casu.
Sua vi, says Minelius.
378. Penates : properly, household gods.
See Geor. ii. 505. In the sack of Troy,
AEneas saved his Penales from the hands of
the Greeks, and took them as companions
of his adventures. See Hºm. ii. 717. AEthe-
ra : a Greek acc. in the sense of coelum.
380. Quaro Italiam : I seek Italy, my
country: my descent (genus) is from Jove
supreme. Dardamus was an Italian, and
one of the founders of the Trojan race. He
was the son of Jove.
381. Bis denis navibus : with twenty
ships. AEquor: in the sense of mare: pro-
perly, any level surface, whether land or
water.
382. Secutus fata data ; following the de-
crees of the gods made in my favor—obey-
ing the decrees, &c.
383. Convulsa : in the sense of concussſe,
agreeing with naves, understood. Euro :
the east wind, put for wind in general; the
species for the genus.
384. Ignotus : a stranger.
386. Interfata est: she thus interrupted
him in the midst of his grief": she could
bear the piteous story no longer,
A.NEIS.
LIB. I 183
Quisquis es, haud credo, Invisus coclestibus auras
Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urben.
Perge modó, atque hinc te Reginae ad limina perfer.
Namgue tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 39
Nuntio, et in tutum, versis Aquilonibus, actam:
Ni frustrà augurium vani docuere parentes.
Aspice bis senos Jaetantes agmine cycnos,
AEtherea quos lapsa plagā Jovis ales aperto “ -
Turbabat coelo: nunc terras ordine longo
Aut capere, aut captas jam despectare videntur
Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis,
387. Quisquises, haud
credo, ut tu carpis vita-
les auras, invisus coe-
ao lestibus, qui
390. Nuntio tibi socioe
esse reduces, classemque
relatam esse, et actam
in tutum locum
394. Quos ales Jovis
395 lapsa ea wetherea plagă
turbabat
Et coetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedēre :
Haud aliter puppesque tuæ, pubesque tuorum
Aut portum tenet, aut pleno Subit ostia velo.
400
Perge modó, et, quâ te ducit via, dirige gressum.
Dixit : et avertens roseå cervice refulsit,
Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem
Spiravere; pedes vestis defluxit ad imos,
Et vera incessu patuit Dea.
Ille, ubi matrem
405
Agnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus :
Quid natum toties crudelis tu quoque falsis
Ludis imaginibus 7 cur dextra jungere dextram
Non datur, ac veras audire et reddere voces?
Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit.
At Venus obscuro gradientes aére sepsit,
407. Quid tu quoque,
O crudelis mater, toties
ludis natum falsis
410 410. Ille incusat eam
talibus verbis
Et multo nebulae circum Dea fudit amictu
NOTES.
387. Coelestibus : in the sense of superis.
388. Carpis : you breathe the vital air, &c.
390. Reduces : returned safe—brought
back.
392. JN'i parentes v ini : unless my parents
vainly taught me divination in vain—to no
purpose. Unless through a love of vanity
and ostentation, they taught, &c. Heyne
observes, that a person may be called vanus,
who promises what he cannot perform, or
professes a false or useless doctrine. Aclam:
in the sense of provectum.
394. Ales Joves: the bird of Jove—the
cagle. Altherea plagá: from the etherial
region. Agmines in a flock. Twrbati :
pursued—chased.
396. JN'unc videntur : now they seem to
choose the ground where to alight, in a
long train : or to look down upon it chosen
and selected. By alighting, they would be
out of danger from their pursuer.
397. Reduces : in the sense of tuti. Stri-
dentibus : flapping—making a whizzing
noise.
398. Dedere: in the senso of emiserunt.
Pubes tuorum ; the same in sense with tui
sºcia. , Cina!ere polum: and have made a
circle in the heavens in company. Polus,
is properly the pole; but by synec. is often
put for the whole heaven, or any part there-
of Fowls in a flock usually fly around, ma-
king one or more circles in the air before
they alight. By doing this, they descend
with more ease and safety.
403. Ambrosa: ; an adj. from ambrosia, the
food of the gods, according to the poets;
perfumed with ambrosia. Vertice : in the
sense of capute. Spravere : in the sense of
emiserunt.
405. Paintil vera Dea. The poet here
mentions four characteristics of divinity.
her rosy-colored neck—her ambrosial locks
—her long flowing robe, (which she had
gathered up in a knot to prevent discovery,)
and her gait, or motion. It was the opi-
nion of the ancients that their divinities did
not move upon the ground, but glided along
the surface with a regular motion. By
these signs, AEneas knew her to be Venus,
whom he had hitherto taken for a Lybian
virgin. Poce : in the sense of verbis.
408. Ludis ; in the sense of aecipis.
Imaginibus : forms—figures. Veras: true
—real—not dissembled.
411. Gradientes : eos is understood. The
poet here hath in his view that passage of
the Odyssey, where Pallas spreads a veil of
air around Ulysses, and renders him invi
sible.
412. Circumfudit. The parts of the
verb are separated by Tmesis, for the sake
of the verse; she surrounded them with
the thick garment of a cloud, that no one
&c.
184
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset,
Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas.
* lpsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit
416. Ubi est templum Laeta suas; ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo
Thure calent arae, sertisque recentibus halant. ...
illi
415
Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstratº
Jamgüe ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi
§ Imminet, adversasque aspectat desuper arces.
420
Miratur molem AEneas, magalia quondam :
Miratur portas, strepitumque et strata viarum.
423. Pars instal du- Instant ardentes Tyrii: pars ducere muros,
(2010
Molirique arcem, et manibus subvolvere saxa:
Pars optare locum tecto, et concludere sulco.
425
Jura magistratusque legunt, sanctumque Senatum
Hic portus alii effodiunt: hic alta theatris
Fundamenta locant alii, immanesque columnas
429. Excidumtgue im- Rupibus excidunt, scenis decora alta futuris.
manes columnas & rupi-
bus, quae sint alta
430. Eorum labor est
Qualis apes acstate nová per florea rura
Exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos
430
talis, qualis exercetapes Educunt foetus, aut cum liquentia mella
Stipant, et dulci distendunt nectare cellas ;
Aut onera accipiunt venientām, aut, agnine facto,
Ignavum, fucos, pecus à præsepibus arcent.
435
Fervet opus, redolent(Iue thymo fragrantia mella.
NOTES.
414. JMoltrº to cause—make.
415. Paphum : a city of Cyprus, an
island in the north-eastern part of the Me-
diterranean sea, dedicated to Venus. Verbs
of motion to a place have the acc. after
them.
416. Sabaeo thwre: with Arabian frank-
,ncense. Sabaeo: an adj. from Saba, a
country of Arabia Felix, abounding in
frankincense. Illi; for her—in honor of
her.
417. Halant: emit odour from fresh gar-
ſands—wreaths of flowers. Calent : burn
—are hot.
419. Collem. This hill was probably near
the city, from the top of which the whole
city appeared in full view. It seems that it
rose above the walls, so that you looked
down upon it from above. Imminet : iln-
pends—overlooks. Plurimus: in the sense
of valdé, or maacimé. .4rces : in the sense
of turres. f
421. JMiralur molem : he wonders at the
magnitude of the city, where there were
once only cottages.
422. Strata viarum : the paved work of
the streets—causeways.
423. Ardentes. An adj. or part. closely
, connected with a verb is more elegantly
translated by its corresponding adverb.
Tyrii ardentes instant : the Tyrians eagerly
push on the work. The ardentes strongly
marks their zeal and activity. Ducere : in
he sense of eactendere.
424. JMoliri : to erect—build.
425. Pars aptare : a part (instat, pushes
on) to select the ground for building houses,
and to mark it out by a furrow—to arrange
and lay off the streets and squares of the city.
426. Legunt : in the sense of eligunt.
Jura ; by meton, the courts of justice—the
place where justice is administered. They
choose the place for the courts of justice, &c.
427. Theatris : for the theatres—buildings
for public exhibitions.
429. Eaccudunt : they cut, or hew.
430. JYova aestate : in the beginning of
SUII]]}}] CI’.
431. Sub sole : for per diem, says Heyne.
Educunt : lead out. Liquentia : in the
sense of pura. This fine comparison of
the industry of the Carthaginians in erect-
ing the buildings of their city, and other
works of improvement, to the zeal and as-
siduity of the bees in collecting honey, and
arranging the business of the hive, is taken
from Homer, who compares the movements
of the Grecian troops from their/ships and
tents, to the issuing of bees from their hives.
433. Slipant: thcy lay up the pure honey.
Cellas: the comb.
435. Arcent : they drive from the hives
the drones, an idle nerd. These are the
male bees. See Geor. iv. 200. Agmone
Jacto ; a battalion being formed.
436. Opus ferret : the work goes briskly
on. It is a metaphor taken from the boiling
of water.
ÆNEIS
JAIB. ſ. 185
O fortunati, quorum jam moenia surgunt!
AEneas ait: et fastigia suspicit urbis.
Infert se septus nebulá, mirabile dictu,
Per medios, miscetoue wiris: neque cernitur ullić
440
Lucus in urbe fuit mediá, lastissimus umbră ;
Quo primúm jactati undis et turbine Poeni
Effodère loco signum, quod regia Juno
Monstrărat, caput acris equi: sic nam fore bello
Egregiam, et facilem victu per sacula gentem,
Hic templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido
Condebat, donis opulentum et numine Divas :
AErea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexasque
AEre trabes: foribus cardo stridebat ahenis.
Hoc primūm in luco nova res oblata timorem
442. Quo loco Poem
jactati undis, et turbine
primūm effodère sig-
num, nempe caput acrls
equi
444. Nam sic monstra-
vit gentem fore egregi-
am bello, et facilem vic-
tu per secula
450
445
Leniit : hic primūm AEneas sperare salutem
Ausus, et afflictis meliùs confidere rebus.
Namgue, sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo,
Reginam opperiens; dum, quae fortuna sit urbi,
Artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem
45.5
Miratur; widet Iliacas ex ordine pugnas,
Bellaque jam famá totum vulgata per orbem ;
Atridas, Priamumque et sevum ambobus Achillem.
Constitit, et lachrymans: Quis jam locus, inquit, Achate,
NOTES.
445. Nºam sic fore: for thus (by this sign)
she showed that the nation should be illus-
trious in war, and victorious through ages
—easy to conquer through ages. Ruteus
interprets facilem victu, by aplam vivere atter-
na famá, deriving victu from vivo, I live.
Others, with more propriety, derive it from
vimco, I conquer; making the meaning to
be: easy to conquer through ages—victo-
rious. The supine in whath both an active
and passive signification; but most fre-
quently the latter. The former is the mean-
ing in this place.
446. Sidona: an adj. from Sidon, a fe-
mous city of Phoenicia, not far to the north
of Tyre, subject to the same government.
Hodie, Sayd.
447. Numine Dive: with the presence of
the goddess. By this we are probably to
mnderstand some rich statue of the goddess,
that was set up in the temple.
448. Cui area limina: to which the bra-
zen threshold rose in steps, &c.—whose
brazen threshold, &c. Cui : in the sense of
cujus: this is common with Virgil.
449. Trabes: these most probably were
the door posts, which were framed or fas-
tened together with brass.
452. Confidere: in the sense of sperare,
says Ruteus. Capil nunc habere magis fidu-
sium suº fortuna, bené de ea sperare, says
Heyne.
453. Singula. Singuli properly means
all, taken one by one, Omnis signifies all,
collectively or individually. Cunctus, all
by parts, and universus, the whole.
454. Opperiens : waiting for the queen.
Dum muratur: while he wonders at the
fortune of the city; and at the skill of the
artists, and the diſficulty of the work, (unter
se) by turns. Ruasus refers the anter se to
the hands of the workmen, agreeing with
one another, manus artificum. In this case
the sense will be : he contemplates the skill
displayed in the workmanship and the mag-
nitude of the work by turns—he compares
them together. But La Cerda observes,
that by manus artificum, the skill of the art-
ists, we are probably to understand the
paintings of the Trojan battles, and the other
events of that war, which Æneas saw on his
entering the temple, and which ornamented
its walls: while operum laborem. may refer
to the temple itself—the magnitude, and
difficulty of rearing such a magnificent edi-
fice. Fortuna : this Ruasus interprets by
Jelicºtas. Manus : properly the hand; by
meton. art, skill.
456. Videt Iliacas pugnas. Dr. Trapp,
observes, there never was a finer picture of
a picture than this. Virgil in a few verses,
selects the most striking, and beautiful
scenes in the Iliad, proper for the painter.
458. Atradas: acc. plu. of Atrida, the sons
of Atreus, Agamemnon, and Menelaus.-
Against the former, Achilles had a quar
rel on account of the beautiful Brisseis, a
captive. He withdrew with his troops, and
refused to take any part with the Greeks.
IS6
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris 7
*
460
En Priamus : sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi :
Sunt lachrymae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt.
Solve metus: ſeret hac aliquam tibi fama salutem.
Sic ait: atque animum picturià pascit inani,
Multa gemens, largoque humectat flumine vultum.
Namgue widebat, uti bellantes Pergama circum
HIāc fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus ;
Håc Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles.
Nec procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis
eos; hāc Phryges fuge- Agnoscit lachrymans: primo quae prodita somno
cristatus Tydides multà vastabat cade cruentus:
467. Uti bellantes
Graui fugerent häc cir-
cum Pergama, dum. Tro-
jana juventus premeret
rent, dum
465
470
Achilles instaret tº è Ardentesque avertit equos in castra, priusquâm
CUll'Iºla.
472. Castra Graecorum
priusquâm
Pabula gustâssent Trojae, Xanthumoué bibissent.
Parte alià fugiens airlissis Troilus armis,
Infelix puer, atque impar congressus Achilli,
475
Pertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus inani,
Lora tenens tamen: huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur
Per terram, et versă pulvis inscribitur hastā. º
Interea ad templum non aequa Palladis ibant
481. Tunsae quoad pec- Crinibus Iliades passis, peplumque ferebant
Suppliciter tristes, et tunsae pectora palmis.
{
tora palmis
480
NOTES.
till after the death of Patroclus, whom Hec-
tor slow in battle. Some copies have Atri-
den, which appears to be the more correct;
for we have no account that Achilles had
any disagreement with JMenelands. The am-
bobus refers to Agamemnon and Priam.
Achilles afterwards slew Hector, and igno-
miniously treated his dead body. He re-
fused to restore it to Priam, till he received
a large sum of money as a ransom.
460. Nostri labores: our sufferings, cala-
mities.
461. Laudi : in the sense here of virtulu.
462. Lachrymae rerum : tears for our af-
flictions—compassion for our calamities or
sufferings. JMortalia : an adj. neu. plu, ta-
ken as a sub. human calamitºes.
465. Largo flumine: a large flood
08.Its.
466. Pergama : meu. plu. In the sing.
Pergamus, properly the citadel of Troy,
built on the highest ground, wº, ence the
whole city could be geen. Here, and in
many other places, put for the city itself;
by synec. Bellantes : valiant—warlike.
468. Cristatus: plumed--wearing a plume.
Instaret : in the sense of premeret.
469. Rhesi. Rhesus, king of Thrace, and
reputed son of Mars. When he came to as-
sist the Trojans, it was reported, as a decree
of the gods, that if his horses should drink
of the water of the river Xanthus, or taste
the grass of Troy, the city should not be
taken. On his arrival, he encamped on the
shore, when he was betrayed by one Dolon
to Dioxacde, and Ulysses, who slew him on
the first night of his arrival, and carried off
his horses to the Grecian camp.
470. Quae prodita; which being betraycd
in the first night, &c. Somno: in the sense
of nocle. See AEm. 11. 242.
472. Ardentes: in the sense of acres.
473. Xanthum: a river of Troas, rising
out of mount Ida, and flowing into the Hel-
lespont. It is the same with the Scaman-
der.
474. Troilus. A son of Priam. Virgil
calls him puer, probably on account of his
age. He was slain by Achilles.
475. Impar congressus Achilli : an une-
qual match for Achilles:–or meeting Achil-
les, an unequal match is drawn, &c. Resw-
* #". on his back, he hangs from his emp-
of
y chariot.
478. Hasta versä. The dust is not mark-
ed with the spear of Troilus; but with the
spear of Achilles, which had pierced his
body; and as he lay on his back, might be
said to be inverted; its point being down-
ward. Huic: in the sense of huius.
479. JW on aqua Palladis: of Pallas, un-
kind—offended on account of the decision
of Paris, in the contest of beauty between
her, Juno, and Venus.
480. Iliades : the Trojan matrons with
dishevelled hair, went, &c. Homer informs
us (Iliad. 6. 302) that after the great
slaughter of the Trc_ans, Hecuba and the
Trojan matrons went ir, solemn procession,
with overy external s gn of sorrow, to the
temple cf Pallas, carrying the richest pre-
sents, in hope to render her favorable to
AENEHS.
Llls. I 187
Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat.
Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros,
Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles.
Tum verö ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo,
Ut spolia, ut currus, utoue ipsum corpus amici,
486
Tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermes.
Se quoque principibus permixtum agnovit Achivis,
Eoasque acies, et nigri Memnonis arma.’
Ducit Amazonidum luna‘s agnina peltis
490
Penthesilea furens, mediisque in millibus ardet,
Aurea subnectens exerta cingula mammae,
Bellatrix, audetaue viris concurrere virgo.”
Haec dum Dardanio AEnea miranda videntur,
Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno;
Regina ad templum, formă pulcherrima Dido,
493. Virgoque sub-
nectens aurea cingula
exertae mammte, utpote
495 bellatrix, audet
Incessit, magnâ juvenum stipante catervâ.
Qualis in Eurotae ripis, aut per juga Cynthi
Exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae
Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades:
499
illa pharetram
Fert humero, gradiensque Deas supereminet omnes:
Latonae tacitum pertentant gaudia pectus.
NOTES.
their cause. Peplum : this was the richest
of vestments, embroidered by the Sidonian
women in tho most costly manner, and
brought by Paris from Sidon. This they
carried to the goddess, hoping she would
be moved by it to regard their sufferings.
Passis: a part. of the verb pandor, spread,
or hanging loose.
482. Aversa : in the sense of offensa.
483. Achilles raptaveral. See Hºn. 2.542.
486. Ut spolia conspeacit : as he beheld
the spoils; as he beheld the chariot, &c. The
verb conspecit is to be repeated with each
nom. as is plain, from the repetition of the
wt. This verse is of the same tender nature
with Del. viii. 41. Ut widi, &c. It plainly
shows the skill of the poet. Any other
would have used the conjunction et or que.
But by the repetion of the wt, he shows
AEneas tracing these several affecting ob-
jects, and every now and then fetching a
deep sigh. Corpus amici : the body of
Hector, we are to understand.
487. Inermes: unarmed—suppliant.
in, negativum, and arma.
489. JMemnonis. Memnon the son of Au-
rora and Tithonus, the son of Laomedon,
king of Troy. He came to the assistance of
the Trojans with many troops from India
and Ethiopia. ... He was slain by Achilles.
Nigri : Swarthy—alluding to his color.
Eoas acies: eastern troops.
491. Penthesilea. She was queen of the
Amazons, who came to the aid of the Tro-
jans after the death of Hector. Her troops
were armed with bucklers in the form of a
crescent, or half-Inoon. Agmina lunafis
Of
pellis : her troops (armed) with crescent
shields. She was slain by Achilles; sonie
say by his son Neoptolemus. Furens eager
—courageous.
493. Bellatria virgo : the warlike virgin,
binding a golden girdle under her naked
breast, dares, &c. It was a custom of the
Amazons to cut or scar one of their breasts
that it might be no hindrance to their shoot-
ing or darting of the javelin; the other they
bound with a girdle. The word Amazon is
compounded of the Greek alpha negativum,
and a word which signifies a breast : imply-
ing that they had only one breast. See nom.
prop. under Amazon.
494. JMiranda ; wonderful—worthy of
admiration. It is to be taken with the verb
viderºtur. Obtulu : posture. Haeret : in the
sense of stat.
497. Incessit: approached. See 46. supra.
498. Qualis Diana eacercet : as Diana
leads the dance on the banks of Eurotas, or
over the tops of Cynthus, whom a thousand
mountain nymphs surround, &c. Eurotas,
a river of Laconia, near Sparta, a country
famous for hunting. Cynthi : Cynthus was
a mountain in the island of Delos, the birth
place of Diana. Glomeramtur : in the sense
of glomerant. See Ecl. iv. 10.
500. Oreades: mountain nymphs; from a
Greek word which signifies a mountain. See
Ecl. ii. 46.
502. Latonae. Latona, the mother of Di
ana and Apollo. Joy pervaded her silent
breast at the sight of the grace and digmitv
of her daughter.
188
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Talis erat Dido, talem se lasta ferebat
Per medios, instans operi regnisque futuris,
Tum folibus Diva, media testudine templi,
505
Septa armis solioque alté subnixa, resedit.
Jura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem
Partibus aequabat justis, aut sorte trahebat :
Cüm subitó ACneas, concursu accedere magno
Anthea Sergestumque videt, fortemque Cloanthum, 510
Teucrorumque alios : ater quos acquore turbo
Dispulerat penitàsque alias avexerat oras.
Obstupuit simulipse, simul perculsus Achates
514. Ambo avidi arde-Laetitiáque metuque; avidi conjungere dextras
bant
Ardebant: sed res animos incognita turbat.
515
Dissimulant, et nube cavā speculantur amicti,
viris
518. Ob quid veniant;
nam homines
520. Introgressi sunt,
#17. Quæ fortuna sit Quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant,
Quid veniant : cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant
Orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant.
Postguam introgressi, et coråm data copia fandi, 520
et copia fandi coram re- Maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit:
gina data est ºllis
O regima, novam cui condere Jupiter urbem,
Justitiáque dedit gentes franare superbas :
524. Nosmiseri Troes, Troes te miseri, ventis maria olnnia vecti,
vecti per
Oramus : prohibe infandos à navibus ignes;
525
Parce pio generi, et propiùs res aspice nostras
Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penates
Venimus, aut raptas ad litora vortere praedas.
Non ea vis animo, nec tanta superbia victis.
|NOTES.
503. Talis erat Dido : such was Dido.
The comparison here between Diana and
Dido is taken from the Odyssey. Probus
considered the passage to be copied unhappi-
ly by Virgil. The comparison, according to
Scaliger lies in these particulars: Quemad-
modum Diana in montubws, ita Dido in urbe :
illa inter nymphas, hoc inter matronas ; illa
instans venatoribus, haec urbi.
505. Foribus Diva. In the interior part
of the temples, there was a place separated
from the rest by a wall, or vail, called the
.Adytum or Penetrale. Here the poet sup-
poses Juno to have had an image or statue,
or some symbol of her presence. The door
or gate that led to it he therefore calls the
door of the goddess. JMediá testudine : under
the middle of the arch, or canopy. Subniza
alté : raised high on a throne, she sat down.
Foribus : fores, properly 'folding doors—
opening on both sides. It has no singular.
506. Septa armis : surrounded by her
guards. Armis, by meton. for the men bear-
ing them.
507. Dabat jura ; dispensed justice. Jus,
properly a natural law, or right: Leæ, a
written or statute law : fas, a divine law.
509. Concursu : a crowd. JMultitudyne,
says Ruteus.
511. Avidi : eager. See 423. Supra.
debant: in the sense of cupiebant.
JAr-
512. Avezerat: had carried to other shores
far remote.
516. Speculantur : they conjecture what
is the fortune of their friends; on what
coast they had left their fleet; for what pur-
pose they came thither. For men chosom, &c.
519. Veniam : peace—favor. Clamore
with a cry, lamenting the hardness of their
fortune.
521. JMaarimus : the chief, or principal
speaker. Placido pectore: from his composed
breast. A composed breast, or mind regu-
lates the voice and speech. Copia : leave
—liberty.
523. Fronare: to restrain proud nations
with justice—with laws. By superbas gentes,
we may understand the Numidians, and
other warlike nations of Africa, her neigh-
bors. For superbas, Rugeus says, feroces,
525. Prohibe: avert—turn away. In-
fandos : direful—-cruel.
527. Libycos Penates: the African terri-
tory, or settlements: or, simply, the African
gods.
528. Vertere : in the sense of abducere.
Raptas praedas : the plundered, or seized
booty.
529. Pis : in the sense of violentia.
verb est is understood.
The
AENEIS.
LIB. I 189
Est locus, Hesperiam Grail cognomine dicunt;
Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere'glebae
OEnotrii coluere viri ; nunc fauna, minores
Italiam dixisse, ducis de nomine, gentem.
Huc cursus fuit.
Cüm subitó assurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion f
In vada caeca tulit, penitàsque procacibus Austris
Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa
Dispulit: huc pauci vestris adnavimus oriss
Quod genus hoc hominum ? quave hunc tam barbara
Permittit patria? hospitio prohibemur arenae:
Bella cient, primâque vetant consisteie terrá.
Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma ;
At sperate Deos memores fandi atque nefandi.
Rex erat Æneas nobis, quo justior alter
Nec pietate fuit, nec bello major et armis
Quem si fata virum servant, si vescitur aurá
532. Nunc fama est
minores
535
536. Procacihusque
Austris dispulit nos pe-
mitās perque undas,
perque invia
539. Quod genus ho-
[morem minum est hocºqueve
541 patria tain barbara per-
mittit
543. Sperate Deos esse
Iſle IIlCreS
544. Quo nec fuit al-
545 ter justior vn pietate,
nec major bello
NOTES.
530. Hesperiam. Italy hath been called
by various names: Hesperva, (which was
the name also sometimes given to Spain,)
from Hesperus the brother of Atlas, king of
Mauritania, in Africa; or from Hesperus,
the name of the star Penus, when it goes
behind the sun, and signifies, a setting, or
the west. From which circumstance, the
Greeks to the eastward of those countries
called Italy JMagna Hesperia, and Spain,
Hesperia . Minor: OEnotria, from OEmotrus,
a king of the Sabines, or from a son of
Lycaon, king of Arcadia, of that name:
.4 usonia, from the Ausones, an ancient peo-
ple of that country; and lastly, Italia, from
Italus, a king of Sicily; or, as some say,
from a Greek word signifying cattle, because
they abounded there. Dicunt : in the
sense of vocant.
531. Ubere: richness—fertility. Cogno-
mºne : in the sense of nomine.
532, CEnotri viri: simply,the OEmotrians
inhabited it. JMinores : their descendants.
535. Orion: a constellation in the hea-
vens. It rises with the sun in the month of
July, and was supposed to have an influence
upon the weather; hence the epithet mim-
bosus. It will appear hence, that the time
of Æneas' arrival at Carthage, was some
time in that month. He remained there
till the latter part of the following winter,
when he set sail for Italy, where he arrived,
as Sagrais supposes, some time in the spring.
Fluctu. in the sense of mari.
536. Austris procacibus: by violent winds.
•Auster is here put for wind in general, and
not for the south wind, which would have
driven hism from Africa. Tulit: carried, or
drove. Casca : in the sense of latentia.
537. Salo; in the sense of mari.
wrocacibus, Heyne says vehementibus.
540. Prohibimur : we are prohibited from
the enjoyment of the shore.
For
543. At sperate : but expect that the gods
are mindful of right and wrong. Fandi at-
que nefandi : gerunds in di, of the verb
for; in the sense of fas and nefas : for what
is right and just may be spoken ; but what
is unjust, we may not speak.
The meaning of the passage is : if ye
despise the human race, and fear not the
just punishment from men, which this sa-
vage and barbarous conduct deserves, know
that the gods are mindful of right and
wrong, and will not fail to reward or pu-
nish accordingly. Mortalia arma : Ruãºus
says, vindictam hominum, the vengeance of
II] eI] .
544. Quà justior alter, &c. Here we have
a summary of Æneas' character, puety and
valor. The first comprehends devotion to
the gods, and all the moral virtues. It
shows him a tender son, an affectionate fa-
ther, and husband. He bore his father upon
his shoulders, and led his little son through
the flames of Troy to a place of safety.
And having lost his wife in the gene
ral confusion of that fatal night, he ven-
tured into the midst of enemies in search
of her; nor did he cease, till her ghost ap-
peared to him, and bade him to desist: and
on all occasions, Ascamius appears the dare
ling of his soul. Æneas was also a patriot,
and firmly attached to the interests of his
country. In valor and prowess in war, he
appears on all occasions the real hero. Ho-
mer represents him second only to Hector
He was the first to resist Achilles on his
return aſter the death of Patroclus. He
did not engage him, but he manifested a calm
and determined courage. We see then how
justly he is characterized by, mec bello major
et armis. But his piety and moral virtues
have ennobled his character more than all
his deeds of valor.
546. Peseitur: in the sense of spiraj
190
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
AEthereà, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris;
$48, Non sit metus Non metus, officio mec te certässe priorem
nobis, nee poemiteat te Poeniteat.
priorem certàsse cwm illo
officio -
Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes,
Armaque, Trojanoque à Sanguine clarus Acestes.
551. Liceat nobis sub- Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem,
550
ducere ad terram clas- Et Sylvis aptare trabes, et stringere remos.
sem quassatam
554. Utleti petamus
Italiam Latiumque, si
datur nobis tendere cur-
Si datur Italiam, sociis et rege recepto,
: Tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus:
Sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucröm,
555
smaåitaliam, sociis, et Pontus habet Libya, nec spes jam restat Iüli,
555. Sin salus absump- Ut freta Sicaniae saltem sedesque paratas,
tº est, et Pontus Libya Unde huc advecti, regemdue petamus Acesten.
habet te, O optime
557. Ut saltem peta-
mus freta Sicaniae pa-
ratasque sedes, unde
advecti Sumus huc
Dardanidae.
Talibus Ilioneus:
cuncti simul ore fremebant -
560
Tum breviter Dido, vulturm demissa, profatur:
Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas.
560. Ilioneus orabat Res dura, et regni novitas me talia cogunt
talibus verbis.
561. Demissa quoad
vt. ltum
Moliri, et laté fines custode tueri.
Quis genus AEneadām, quis Trojae nesciat urbem
565
Virtutesque, virosque, et tanti incendia belli ?
Non obtusa aded gestamus pectora Poeni:
Nectam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe.
569. Seu vos optatis Seu vos Hesperiam magnam, Saturniaque arva,
magnam
Sive Erycis fines, regemdue optatis Acesten;
570
Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo,
Vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis'
Urbem quam statuo, vestra est; subducite naves'
Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur.
NOTEs.
Occubat: lies dead—yields up his life to
the cruel shades.
549. Et : in the sense of etiam, or quoque.
550. Acestes. See AEm. v. 30.
552. Et aptare ; and to fit (procure) spars
in the wood, to supply the place of those
that had been broken, or lost in the violence
of the storm and waves. Stringere remos :
to cut our oars—to cut timber, of which to
make oars.
557. Freta. Fretum is properly a mar-
row sea, or strait; here used for the sea in
general. Ul. Most copies have at, but
the former is preferable. Advecti: in the
sense of pulsi.
560. Fremebant ore : they applauded with
their mouth—they expressed their approba-
tion of his speech. Dardanidae: the Tro-
jans; so called from Dardanus. They were
also called Teucri, from Teucer, both foun-
ders of Troy. See 1, supra.
563. Dura res: the difficult state of my
affairs. JMoliri: in the sense of facere.
565. Genus AEmeadiºm: the ancestry of the
Trojans—the stock from which they sprung.
ACneada: ; the Trojans; from JEneas, their
teader.
566. Virtutes : illustrious actions. Viros:
heroes. -
567. Paeni gestamus : we Carthaginians
do not carry with us hearts so insensible,
as to disregard the sufferings of our fellow
IIle11.
568, JWee tam aversus: nor does the sun
so far from the Tyrian city join his steeds
to his chariot.
3 This is an allusion to an opinion of the
ancients, that the inhabitants of cold cli-
mates are less susceptible of the tender and
humane feelings, than those of warm cli-
mates.
509. Saturnia arva: the lands of Saturn
—Italy. See Ecl. iv. 6. JMagnam : pow-
erful, or great; to distinguish it from
Spain, which was sometimes called Hespe
ria JMinor.
570. Fines Eryois: the coast of Eryx—-
Sicily, where Eryx reigned. See AEm. v.24,
571. Opibus. This refers to the assist-
ance which Dido would afford them by her
wealth. Pariter: on equal terms, or con-
ditions. Et: in the sense of etiam.
573. Urbem quam : urbem, for urbs, by
antiptosis. Some take the words thus:
quam urbem statuo: yhich city I build; it
ls yours. g ,
574. Agetur : shall be treated. Duscri.
mine: difference—distinction.
AENEIS. LIB. l.
191
575 575. Utinam ACneas
ipse, vester rex, afforet,
compulsus eodem noto"
Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem
Afforet AEneas' Equidem per litora certos
Dimittam, et Libya Justrare extrema jubebo ;
Si quibus ejectus sylvis aut urbibus errat-
& His animum arrecti dictis, et fortis Achates,
Et pater Æneas, jamdudum erumpere nubem
Ardebant: prior AEneam compellat Achates:
Nate Deá, quae nunc animo sententia surgit 2
Omnia tuta vides, classem, sociosque receptos.
Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem widimus ipsi
Submersum : dictis respondent caetera matris,
Wix ea fatus erat, clim circumfusa repenté
Scindit se nubes, et in athera purgat apertum.
Restitit AEneas, claráque in luce refulsit,
Os, humerosque Deo similis : namdue ipsa decoram 589. Similis Deo,
Caesariem nato genitrix, lumenque juventae 590 quoad os, humerosoue
Purpureum, et lactos oculis afflărat honores.
Quale manus addunt ebori decus, autºubi flavo
Argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. --
Tum sic reginam alloquitur, cunctisque repente
Improvisus ait: Corām, quem quaeritis, adsum
578. Si fortè ille ejec
tus errat in quibus syl
580 vis, aut urbibus.
585
595. Ego Troius ACneas
595 adsum coram vobis,
Troius AEneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis.
O sola infandos Trojae miserata labores!
Quæ nos, reliquias Danaúm, terraeque marisque
Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos,
Grates persolvere dignas
Non opis est nostraº, Dido : mec quicquid ubique est
Gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem :
Di tibi (si qua pios respectant numina, si quid
Usquam justitia est, et mens sibi conscia recti,)
Urbe, domo socias.
quem quaeritis
597. O tu sola misera-
ta, es
598. Quae socias nos
tn vestra urbe, et domo,
600 relliquias Danańm, ex
haustos jam omnibus
601. Nec est opis Dar-
dania gentis, ubique
quicquid ejus est, quae
sparsa est per magnum
NOTES.
576. Certos: in the sense of fidos. The
word homines is understood.
577. Eactrema: the farthest, or extreme
parts of Africa.
579. Arrecti animum : animated—encou-
raged in mind.' A Grecism.
584. Unus abest : one is wanting. This
was Orontes, mentioned verse 113, supra.
His ship and crew were lost.
585. Caetera respondent: the rest answer
to, &c. See 390, supra, et seq.
587. Purgat in apertum : it clears up
(dissolves) into pure air. Circumfusa mu-
bes; the surrounding cloud—the cloud that
hitherto had encompassed them. Here Vir-
gil imitates Homer, Odys. vii. 143.
589. JNamgwe genitria: ; for his mother
had breathed upon her son graceful locks,
and the bright bloom of youth, and a spark-
ling lustre to his eyes. Honores: grace—
beauty. -
592. Quale decus : such beauty art gives,
&c. JManus : by meton. the skill of the
workman.
593. Parius lapis ; the Parian marble.
Parus, an island in the Ægean sea, famous
for its white marble. Circumdalur ; en-
compassed—enchased.
597. Labores: disasters—calamities.
599. Eachaustos : worn out—having un-
dergone. Socias : in the sense of recipis.
601. JN on est mostra opis : it is not in ou.
power to render you, O Dido, suitable
thanks, nor is it (in the power) of the Tro-
jan nation, wherever any of it is, which, &c.
603. Di tibi ferant: may the gods grant
you suitable rewards. Siqua numina : if
there be any powers above that regard, &c.
These words are not designed to express
any doubt in the mind of the speaker upon
the subject. They put an acknowledged
truth in the form of a supposition, the more
to strengthen the conclusion. You shall be
rewarded, as sure as there are any gods
above—as sure as there is any justice among
men, and any mind conscious to itself of
virtue and worth. Ruapus concludes the
parenthesis at the verb est. The meaning
will then be: may the gods and your own
mind, conscious of its own rectitude, re-
ward you. Others extend it to embrace
recti. Hoyne has no parenthesis Pios
192
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
º &
Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt
ſº
$05
Sæcula º qui tanti talem genuere parentes? . .
In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae
Lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet;
Semper homos, nomengue tuum, laudesque manebunt
610. Qutocumque ter- Quae me cunque vocant terræ.
rte vocant me
Sic fatus, amicum 610
Ilionea petit dexträ, laevâque Serestum ;
$13. Pºst, petit allos, Post, alios, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum. -
fortemque
"Obstupuit primö aspectu Sidonia Dido,
Casu deinde viri tanto; et sic ore locuta est:
Quis te, nate Deá, per tanta pericula casus
615
... Insequitur ! quae vis immanibus applicatoris 7
917. Tºne,” ille Tu-ne ille AEneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae
AEneas, quem Alma Ve-
mus genuit Dardanio
Auxilio Beli.
623. Casus Trojanae
urbis est cognitus mihi
625. Teucer ipse quam-
vis hostis ferebat Teu-
CI’OS
Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoëntis ad undam 7,
Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire,
Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem
Genitor tum Belus opimam
Vastabat Cyprum, et victor ditione tenebat.
Tempore jam exillo casus milli cognitus urbis
Trojanae, nomengue tuum, regesque Pelasgi.
Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat,
620
625
$
NOTES.
This word signifies virtuous men in gene-
ral; especially the kind, beneficent, and
generous.
605. Lata: in the sense of felicia.
cula: in the sense of tempora.
607. Dum umbrae: while the clouds shall
move around, or encompass the mountains.
Rugeus says, wrmbrae arborum: the shades of
trees. But with what propriety the shades
of trees can be said to move round, or en-
compass the mountains, doth not appear.
It certainly is not the meaning of the poet.
It is well known that the tops of high
mountains rise above the clouds; and tho
region, or elevation of the clouds will be a
greater or less distance below the summit,
according to the height of the mountain,
and the density of the atmosphere. Com-
veaco, properly the exterior of any round,
or circular body. It may them very proper-
ly demote the top, or curved surface of a
mountain; also its sides. JMontibus : in the
sense of montvum. Convea'a montibus: the
tops of the mountains. The dat. among the
poets, is often used in the sense of the gem.
608. Dum polus; while the heaven feeds
(sustains) the stars—while there are any
stars in the heavens. Polus, properly the
pole; by synec, the whole heavens.
611. Ilioned : a Greek acc. of Iliomeus.
He was a Trojan, the son of Phorbas. The
penult syllable is naturally short, but it is
made long for the sake of the verse. No-
thing is known of Serestes, Gyas, and Cloan-
thus, further than Virgil informs us.
614. Casu : calamity—misfortune. De-
Sae-
inde: in the next place. It has reference to
primö, in the preceding line.
615. Quis casus : what foríune. Quae
vis: what power drives you, &c.
618. Genuit: in the sense of peperit.
619. Memini quidem. This Teucer, was
the son of Telamon, king of the island of
Salamis, and Hesione, daughter of Laome-
don, king of Troy. On his return from the
Trojan war, he was banished by his father,
for not preventing the death of his brother
Ajax, who slew himself, because the arms
of Achilles were adjudged to Ulysses rather
than to him. This unnatural treatment of
his father, led him to disclaim all relation-
ship to him, and to reckon his lineage from
his mother. The poet, by concealing this
circumstance, hath made it reflect much
honor upon the Trojans.
621. Belus. See AEm. iv. 1.
622. Cyprum : an island in the Mediter-
ranean sea, sacred to Venus. Here, it is
said, she was born, and had a splendid tem-
ple. Hence she was sometimes called the
Cyprian Goddess. Opimam : rich—fertile.
Belus had been at war with the inhabitants.
of the island, and at that time it was sub-
ject to him. º
624, Pelasgi. These were a people of
Thessaly so called from Pelasgus, a son of .
Lycaom, king of Arcadia, from whom they
were descended. They were frequently
taken for the Greeks in general. Here, and
in some other places, used as an adj.
625. Ferebat Teucros : he extolled the
Trojans with distinguished praise.
AENEIS.
Lſ B. l. 193
Seque ortum antiquà Teucrorum a stirpe volebat.
Quare agite, 6 tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris!
Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores
Jactatam, häc demum voluit consistere terrà.
Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere discozº
Sic memorat, simul ZEnean in regia ducit
628. Similis fortuna
voluit me quoque jacta-
630 tain per multos laboros
Consisterø
Tecta, simul Divām templis indicit honorem.
Nec minus interea sociis ad litora mittit’
Viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum
Terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos'
Munera, laetitiamdue Dei.
633. Mittit munera
sociis ad litora, nempe
635 viginti tauros, centum
At domus interior regali splendida luxu
Instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis.
Arte laboratae westes, ostroque superbo :
Ingens argentum mensis, coelataque in auro
Fortia facta patrum, series longissima retum
639. He sunt vestes
640 laboratae arte
&
Per tot ducta viros antiquae ab origine gentis.
AEneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem
Passus amor) rapidum ad maves praemittit Achaten,
Ascanio ferat haec, ipsumque ad moenia ducat.
Omnis in Ascanio chari stat cura parentis.
Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis,
Ferre jubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem,
645. Ut ferat haec As-
645 canio, duscatgue
647. Jubet Ascanium
ferre secum munera
erepta ea Iliacis ruinis,
nempe pallam
NOTES.
626. Volebatque se : and he wished (it to
be considered) that he sprang from the an-
cient stock of the Trojans. He sprang
from that stock by Hesione, the daughter
of Laomedon, who was the fifth from Teu-
cer and Dardanus, the founders of Troy.
See Geor. iii. 35. For volebat, Rudºus says
aiebat.
628. Labores: in the sense of casus.
630, JMali. " This is a fine verse. The
sentiment is worthy of the most distinguish-
ed character. JMemorat: in the sense of
loquitur. - t
632. Indicit honorem: she orders an of.
fering (to be made) in the temples. It was
an ancient custom to offer libations to Jove,
as being the god of hospitality, upon the
arrival of strangers. Servius thinks the
words, indicit honorem, mean, that she or-
ders contributions to be made in honor of
the gods; but this is questionable. He ob-
serves that the ancients, from their poverty,
were obliged to make collections from the
people, for their sacrifices: they also ap-
plied to that use the property of convicts
and malefactors. Hence supplicia, punish-
ments, came to signify prayers, supplica-
tions, and thanksgivings. So also sacer
came to signify both holy, and accursed.
633. Mec minºs : in the sense of quoque,
Or 77.86 7,071.
634. Centum horrentia terga: a hundred
bristly backs of huge swine; simply, a hun-
dred large swine. Terga is the backs, by
synec. put for the whole bodies, or carcasses.
tors upon this passage are various.
636. Latitiam Dei : the joy of the god
(Bacchus—wine.) This is a beautiful cir-
cumlocution. The opinions of commenta-
The
sense, however, is easy. The queen sent
them presents (munera) of twenty bulls, a
hundred swine, and wine to cheer their
hearts. & §
637. Interior domus : the inner part of
the palace, itself splendid, was furnished
with royal magnificence.
639. Swperbo ; rich—costly.
finely wrought.
640. Ingens argentum: much silver (was)
upon the tables, and the mighty deeds of
her ancestors carved in gold, a very long
series of history, traced down through so
many heroes from the origin of their an-
cient family. Ingens argentum : by this we
are to understand a great quantity of plate,
and silver vessels of various descriptions,
on which were carved the noble actions of
her ancestors.
644. Premittit : in the sense of mittii,
the compound for the simple word. Or re-
ference may be had to the entertainment
which Dido had ordered upon the occasion.
He sends Achates before supper, to bear the
news to Ascanius, and to bring him to the
city. He suffers no time to be lost, before
he communicates to his son the tidings of
their kind reception. Servius takes P, al-
mittit rapidum, for mittit prarapidum. Ra-
pidum : in the sense of celerem.
648 Rigentem signis auroque : stiff with
Laboratae
14
104
P. VIRGIIII MARONis
Et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho:
650. Qups lla extu- Ornatus Argivae Helenae quos illa Mycenis,
* Pergama cüm peteret, inconcessosque Hymenaeos,
Extulerat: matris Ledae mirabile donum.
Praetereà sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim
Maxima matarum Priami, colloque monile
Baccatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam
lerat & Mycenis,
peteret -
b53. Praeterea jubel
eum ferresceptrum, quod
Ilione maxima
650
655
656. Achates celerans Haec celerans, iter ad naves tendebat Achates.
ferre hºc
658. Ut Cupido mu-
tatus quoad faciem, et
ora veniat pro
At Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat
Consilia . ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido
Pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque furentem
Incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem.
660
Quipperdomum timet ambiguam, Tyriosque bilingues.
Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura recursat.
Ergö his aligeyum dictis affatur Amorem :
664. O nate, méte vi-Nate, mea: vires, mea magna potentia; solus,
res, mea magna poten-
tia ; O nate, qui solus
temnis
Nate, patris summi quitela Typhoöa temnis :
Ad te confugio, et supplex tua numina posco:
665
667. Hee nota sun, Frater ut AEneas pelagö tuus omnia circum
tibi, uttuus frater Æneas Litora jactetur, odiis Junonis iniquae,
jactetur pelago
Nota tibi: etnostro doluisti saepe dolore.
NOTES.
figures, and with gold—with golden figures,
by Hendiadis. Velamen circumtealum : a
vail woven round.
650. Ornalus Argiva the ornaments, of
Grecian Helen. According to the poets,
Helen was the daughter of Jupiter, and .
Leda, the wife of Tyndarus, king of Laco-
nia. She produced two eggs: from one of
them sprung Pollux and Hellen; from the
other, Castor and Clytemnestra. Horace
says that Castor and Pollux were from the
same egg. Helen married Menelaus, the
brother of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae
and Argos. Having become son-in-law to
Tyndarus, he succeeded to the throne of
Laconia, after the death of Castor and Pol-
lux. Helen is called Argiva, either on ac-
count of her relationship to the royal family
of Argos, or because the Greeks in general
were sometimes called Argivi. JMycenis.
JMycenae and Argos, the two principal cities
of Greece, are sometimes put for Greece in
general, by synec. See also nom. prop. un-
der Helen. -
651. Pergama : Troy. See 466, supra.
Inconcesses Hymenſeos : unlawful match—
marriage.
653. Ilione: the eldest (maſcima natarum)
of the daughters of Priam. She was mar-
ried to Polymnestor, king of Thrace, and
was invested with royal dignity.
654. Baccalumque monile: a pearled col-
lar for the neck—a necklace set with pearl.
Coronam duplicem: a crown double with
gems and gold—set with a double row of
golden gems; by Hend.
657. Cytherea: Venus; so called from
race, and double-tongued Tyrians.
Cythera, an island in the Peloponnesus, sa
cred to that goddess.
659. Furen lem reginam: the loving queen
The queen already in love with Æneas.
Cupid was a celebrated deity, the god of
love, from the verb cupio. The one here
spoken of was the son of Jupiter and Venus,
and consequently was half brother to AEneas.
There were two others of the same name
among the ancients. Furentem: in the senso
of amantem. Furens signifies, being trans-
ported with an inordinate passion, whether
of love, or anger. .
660. Implicet : should apply the fire (of
love) to her bones-—should entwine it around
them. -
661. Ambiguam domum : the equivocating
Bilin-
gues, either alludes to their speaking both
the Phoenician and Libyan languages, or to
their motorious perfidy. Punica fides was
proverbial for deceit and perfidy. Domum :
in the sense of gentem.
662. Urit : troubles her.
663. Amorem: Cupid. He is represented
as a winged infant, naked, and armed with
a bow and quiver full of arrows.
665. Typhoëa : an adj. from Typhoëus,
one of the giants that made war against the
gods. Jupiter struck him with a thunder-
bolt, and laid him under mount AEtna. Ty-
phoea arma: the thunder-bolts of Jove.
These words very forcibly express the irre-
sistible power of love. -
666. Numina: in the sense of opem, ve!
awazilium. *
668. Inique : in the sense of iratae,
vel
infenwa. See 4 and 27, supra, -
AENEIS.
LIB. l. i85
• Hunc Phoenissa tenet Dido, blandisque moratur
670
Wocibus: et wereor, qué se Junonia vertant
THospitia ; haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum.
Quocircă capere antè dolis et cingere flammā
Reginam meditor : ne quo se numine mutet;
Sed magno AErieae mecum teneatur amore.
Quà facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe mentem.
Regius, accitu chari genitoris, ad urbem -
Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura,
Dona ferens pelago et flammis restantia Trojae.
Hunc ego sopitum somno, super alta Cythera,
675
677. Regius puer, mea
maxima cura, parat ire
ad -
680
Aut super Idalium, sacrată sede recondam: , ,
Ne quâ scire dolos, mediusve occurrere possit./
Tu faciem illius, noctem non amplius unami,
Falle dolo: et notos pueri puer indue vultus,
Ut, cum te gremio accipiet lastissima Dido,
Regales inter mensas laticemgue Lyaeum,
684's Tu puer Indue
685 notos vultus pueri, ut,
cum Dido
Cüm dabit amplexus, atque oscula dulcia figet;
Occultum inspires ignem, fallasque veneno.
Paret Amor dictis chara genitricis, et alas
Exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit Iüli.
688. Fallasque eam
veneno amoris
690
At Venus, Ascanio placidam per membra quietem
Irrigat: et fotum gremio Dea tollit in altos
Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus illum
692. Et Dea tollit eum
fotum in altos
NOTES.
670. Phoenissa: Dido. She is here called
a Phoenician, or woman of Phoenicia. This
was a country extending along the eastern
shore of the Mediterranean, including Tyre
and Sidon. The Phoenicians were among
the earliest navigators, and are said to have
been the inventors of letters. Blandis :
kind—smooth words. Tenet ; in the sense
of detinet.
671. Quâ Junonia. The hospitality and
friendship which Æneas received at Car-
thage, are here called Junonian; either be-
cause Juno may be considered the goddess,
as well as Jupiter the god, of hospitality;
or because she was the special guardian and
protectress of Carthage. Venus fears lest
this hospitality of Juno may turn to the de-
struction of AEmeas and his friends.
672, Tanto cardine rerum: in so great a
crisis, or juncture of affäirs.
674. JMeditor antecapere: I contemplate
to take possession of the queen before-
hand by stratagem, and to besiege her with
the flame of love.
ken from the manner of blocking up a town,
by planting fires around the walls to pre-
vent any from making their escape. JWe
mulet lest Dido should change herself
through the influence of any god—should
change her mind through the influence of
Juno. -- -
676. Accipe ; hear my opinion.
678. Sidontam : an adj. from Sidon, a
city of Phoenicia, belonging to Tyre. , Dido
This is a metaphor ta-’
and the Carthaginians were a colony from
Tyre. Hence Sidonia vel Tyria urbs, for
Carthage.
679. Restantia : in the sense of servata.
680. Recondam hunc : I will conceal him
in a sacred place, laid in sleep, &c. Cythera:
neu. plu. an island lying southward of the
Peloponnesus, sacred to Venus. Idalium,
or Idalia : a town and grove in the island
of Cyprus, sacred to Venus. Hence she is
sometimes called Idalaea.
682. JYequá possit lest by some means,
he could know the deceit, or intervene, to
prevent the success of the plan.
684. Falle dolo: counterfeit, through arti-
fice, his appearance for one night, and no
II) Ore.
686. Lydewm laticem : simply, wine.—
Lyaeus, a name of Bacchus, derived from
the Greek. JMensas: in the sense of epulas,
vel dapes, by meton. -
687. Figet; and she shall give you sweet
kisses—shall press your sweet lips. Inspi-
res: in the sense of insinues. Fallas veneno.
Heyne takes these words in the sense ºf:
per fraudem instilles venenum.
692. Irrigat placidam: diſſuses a placid
rest through, &c. Folum gremio : pressed
to her bosom.
693. Amaracus: the herb marjoram. It
was said to be baneful to serpents, and
therefore a very proper bed for Ascanius. It
abounded in Cyprus. JMollis in the sense
of dulcis -
$.
196 P W IR
Sº U j :
i is l
| \{AR.O. NHS
Floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur unbrººf
Jamgue ibat dicto parens, et dona Cupido
695'
Regia portabat Tyriis, duce lastus Achate.
Cüm vent, aula is jam se Regina superbis
Aureä composuit spondā, mediamdue locayit....
Jam Pater Æneas, et jam Trojana juventus
Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro.
Dant famuli manibus
Expediumt, tonsisque
'700
. Cereremoue canistris
erunt mantilia villis. f
703. Intus erant quin- Quinquaginta Intus famulae, quibus ordine longo
quaginta famulae, qui-
bus erat cura struere
penum longo ordine, et
705. Erant centum
Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates:
Centum aliae, totidemgue pares astate ministri,
Qui dapibus mensas onerent, et pocula ponant.
705
alige famule, totidemque Necmon et Tyrii per limina lasta frequentes
ministri * Convenère, toris
jussi discumbere pictis.
Mirantur dona AEneae, mirantur Itilum,
712. Precipué infelix
Phoenissa devota futurae
pesti nequit.
Flagrantesque Dei vultus, simulataque verba;
Pallamgue et pictum croceo velamen acantho. º
Praecipué infelix, pesti devota futurae,
Expleri mentem nequit, ardescitaue tuendo
710
NOTES.
694. Aspirans : sending forth a sweet
smell—odoriferous.
695. Cupido parens dicto : Cupid obeying
the command, &c. As Cupid personates
Ascanius, he may be said to obey the com-
mands of Æneas, delivered by Achates.
This is the sense given to the words by
Rugeus. Davidson refers them to Venus.
697. Regina jam composuit. The couches
were calculated for three persons each. The
laiddle couch was considered the most ho-
norable, and of the seats, the middle one of
the middle couch. Here Dido sat down.
Locavitgue mediam: and placed herself in
the middle, between Æneas and Cupid, sup-
posed to be Ascanius. -
It was usual to have three of these couch-
es at table. Hence triclinium came to sig-
nify a dining room. Aulæis may mean the
rich tapestry and curtains. that were sus-
pended over the couch on which Dido sat;
or the rich coverings of the couch itself.
This appears to be the opinion of Ruasus:
In aurea sponda, et magnificis tapetibus, says
he.
700. Discwmbitur : a verb imp. they sit
down-upon a couch richly ornamented with
purple. Rugeus says, in purpureis lectis.
Ostrum : the purple color itself, taken as
an adj. -
702. JMantilia tonsis: towels of soft nap
—smooth and soft towels; the prep. 8 or ea:
being understood. Or, tonsis villis may be
put absolutely : the shag, or nap being
cut off, would render them smooth. It was
a custom to wash before meals; hence, dant
Symphas manibus. Lymphas : in the sense
of aquam.
703. Famulae. These were female ser-
vants. They are distinguished from the
male servants, who are called ministri.
704. Penum : properly all kinds of pro-
visions and stores. Here the word is taken
in a more limited sense. Adolere Penates
flammis: to worship the Penates by fire—
to burn incense to the Pemates. See Geor.
ii. 505.
The business of the female servants seems
to have been to cook and dress the provi-
sions, and to arrange the several dishes be-
fore they were brought upon the table.
The other servants spread the table, brought
forward the several dishes when prepared,
and waited upon the guests at supper.—
Struere penum : instruere et adornare edulia
ac cibos, says Heyne. &
705. Pares attate : equal, in age—of equal
age. Pocula : by meton. for wine.
707. JYec non ; also—in like manner.
Frequentes: in crowds—in great numbers.
708. Picºis toris : upon ornamented
couches.
709. Iiglum : Cupid, who came in the
form of Itilus, or Ascanius. --
710. Flagrantes: fresh—glowing. Simw
lata: in the sense of ficta. *. *
711. Pictum : Ruacus says, intertum. It
is to be taken after velamen. When any cir-
cumstance depends upon the adj. it is to be
taken after the noun.
712. Devota future: devoted to future
love. It was the plan of Venus all along,
that Dido should fall in love with Æneas ;
she may therefore be said to have been de-
voted to it. Pestis very strongly marks the
nature and destructive effects of love, when
indulged beyond due bounds.
713. Eapleri : the pass. in the sense of
AENEIS.
LIB. I 197
Phoenissa : et pariter puero donisque movetur.
Ille, ubi complexu AEneae colloque pependit,
Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem,
Reginam petit: haic oculis, haec pectore toto
Haeret; et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido,
Insideat quantus miserae Deus; at memor ille
Matris Acidaliae, paulatim abolere Sichaeum
Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere amore
Jampridem resides animos désuetaque corda.
Postguám prima quies epulis, mensaequé remotae;
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant.
Fit strepitus tectis, vocemdue per ampla volutant
Atria: dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
Incensi: et noctem flammis funalia wincunt./
Hic Regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit,
Implevitaue mero, pateram ; quam Belus, et omnes
- Tum facta silentia tectis :
Jupiter, (hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur)
Hunclatum Tyrisque diem Trojäque profectis
Esse velis, nostrosque hujus meminisse minores.
Adsit lactitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Juno :
A Belo soliti.
s
717. Haec haeret an
715 eum, cum oculis, hachae-
ret in eum cum toto pec-
tore -
718. Interdum Diſio
fovet eum gremio, inscia
719. Meinor mandato-
720 rum matris
721. Pravertere vivo
amore JEneae resides
animos reginae
724. JMinistri statuunt
728. Regina poposcit
725 paterarm gravern
729. Quam Belus, et
omnes à Belo soliti sunt
*mplere
731. Tum silentia
facta sunt totis tectis,
730 Dido inquit : O Jupiter,
(nam homines loguuntur
te dare jura hospitibus)
velis hunc diem esse
latum Tyriisque iisque
profectis a Trojã
NOTES.
* .
g
the act. explere. Or earpleri quoad mentem,
a Grecism : to be satisfied as to her mind
—to satisfy her mind. Ardescitgue : and
she is inflamed with love, while she gazes
upon him. -
715. Falsi genitoris :
fictitious father.
717. Hatc haret : she sticks upon him
with her eyes—she sticks upon him with
her whole heart. This very strongly marks
the steadfast attention, with which Dido
observed, and gazed upon him. .
718. Foret: she hugs him to her bosom.
719. Insideal : lies in wait for her, um-
happy (ill-fated) woman. This word very
forcibly expresses the insidious designs of
Cupid. +
720. Acidaliſe. Venus, so called from a
fountain of that mame in Beotia, dedicated
to the Graces, the daughters of Venus and
Uacchus... Abolere Sichaeum : to obliterate or
efface from her mind the memory of Sichae-
us. He had been the husband of Dido ; to
whom she had sworn inviolable constancy.
721. Praevertere: he endeavors to preoc-
cupy her languid affections, with an ardent
love for Æneas, and her heart long since
unaccustomed to love: lest Juno should in-
spire her with fatred toward him, and his
friends. P'iro amore. Some commentators
understood by these words: a love for a liv-
ºng object, in opposition to one that is dead,
as was Sichteus. Rudeus takes vivo in the
sense of vehementi; and provertere, in the
sense of praeoccupare. Heyne has this re-
mark: Quod occupamus, in co simul praver-
(we prevent others) me occupent.
his pretended, or
723. JMensae: the tables, by meton. the food
upon them. Postguám prima : when the
first rest was to the feast—when the first
course or service was ended. It was custom-
ary among the Romans to divide the feast
into two courses, and sometimes into three.
Hence we find : prima mensa, and secunda
Žlé7 S (1.
724. Coronant vina. By this we are to
understand that they filled the bowls or gob-
lets to the brim. Some understand by it
their dressing or adorning of the bowls with
garlands; which was a custom among the
Romans on certain occasions. Volutant : in
the sense of mittwmt.
726. Incensi lychni: lighted lamps hung
from the golden ceilings.
727. Noctem.: the darkness. Funalia:
torches lighted. Flammis : in the sense of
luce.
728. Gemmis auroque : in the sense or
aureis gemmis, by Hend.
729. Belus. This cannot be the father of
Dido, but some one of her ancestors; per
haps the founder of her family. For other-
wise there can be no propriety in the words:
omnes à Belo : all after Belus, Mero ; pro-
perly new wine. Here wine in general.
733. JMinores: descendents. Bona : pro-
pitious—kind.
736. Libavit. This libation or offering
consisted in pouring some drops of wine
upon the table at feasts, or upon the altar at
sacrifices, as an acknowledgment of the
bounty of the gods. Laticum : gen. plu. ot
later, in the sense of vini.
H'. WIRGi LIH MARONIS
Et vos, 6 coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes.
735
Dixit : et in mensam laticum libavit honorem :
737 Boquelibato, illa Primaque libato, summo tentis attigit ore.
prima attigit reliquum T.
Q)2702. '
hauserunt
743. Unde genus ho-
minum ortum est, et
744. Canit Arcturum
um Bitiae dedit increpitans' ille impiger hausit
Spumantem pateram, et plenose proluit auro :
740. Post alii proceres PÖst alii proceres.
Citharā crimitus Iopas '740
Personat aurătă, docuit quae maximus Atlas.
Hic canit errantem Lunam, Solisque labores:
Unde hominum genus, et pecudes: unde imber, et igness
Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, geminośque Triones:
Quid tantüm Oceano properent se tingere soles
745
Hyberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.
748. Vario sermone Ingeminant plausum Tyrii, Troésque sequuntur.
cum JEnea -
751. Quibus armis fi-
lius Aurorae venisset ad
Trojam : nunc
essent equi Diomedis
et dic nobis a prima ori-
gine, insidias
755. Nam jam septi-
*
ma. Bestas portat te er- Erroresque tuOS : g & º .
Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.
rantem omnibus terris.
Necnon et vario noctem sermone trahebat
Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem;
; ºis Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa
Nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis:
753. Age, O hospes, Nunc, quales Diomedis equi : nunc, quantus Achilles.
Immó age, et à primă, dic, hospes, origine nobis
insidias, inquit, Danaúm, casusque tuorum,
751
nam te Jam Septima portat 755
NOTES.
737. Attigit : she just touched it with her
lips. Tenus: in the sense of tantummodh.
The Roman ladies were not permitted to
drink wine except at religious ceremonies.
Dido, therefore, takes it, but she does not
drink deep. She touches it with her lips:
she just tastes it, and no more. Summo ore:
the extremity of her mouth—her lips. Hau-
sit : in the sense of potavit. Betias drank
off the bowl with so much haste and eager-
ness, that he wet himself (proluit se,) by
spilling some of the wine, which ran down
his chim and clothes. Auro: properly gold.
Hence by meton. any thing made of gold.
Here the golden bowl out of which he drank.
741. Allas. See AEm. 4. 247.
742. Labores solis : eclipses of the sun.
Personal : , he sings—plays upon his lyre.
Ignes : lightning.
744. Arcturum: a star in the constellation
Bootes, near the tail of the Great Bear.
Hyadas: these were seven stars in the front
of the Bull. See Geor. 1. 138. Geminos
Triones. These were two Northern signs;
formerly called, sometimes, the greater and
less Plough, because the stars were thought
to be in the form of a team of oxen, before a
plough. Pluvias: in the sense of imbriferas.
745. Quid hyberni soles : why the winter
suns hastem so much to touch themselves in
the ocean, or what delay retards the slow
nights. Simply: why the winter days are
so short, and those of summer so long.
The summer nights may be said to be slow
in their coming on, because of the length of
the day. They seem to be tardy and reluc-
tant, as if unwilling to arrive.
This song of Iopas is imitated from the
Odyssey of Homer. Virgil, however, has
surpassed his master. The subject of Ho-
mer's song is the actions of Ulysses. But
this of Virgil is of the sublimest kind, com-
prehending the most profound subjects of
philosophy.
749. Inſelic Dido: unhappy Dido drew
out the might in various conversation, and
drank large draughts of love. Virgil, says
Davidson, is always very happy in setting
objects in contrast to one another. Here
the anxious situation of Dido's lovesick mind
is seen in a fine light in opposition to the
general mirth. While Tyrians and Trojans
give loose to joy, and are making the roofs
resound with their repeated acclamations,
AEneas alone engages Dido's thoughts and
attention. She relishes neither the pleasures
of the feast, nor of the song; and can listen
to no music, but the charms of his voice.
Bibebal quasi longo haustu, says Heyne.
750. Filius Aurora. Memnon. Sce 489.
supra. Super: about or concerning.
753. Dic: by Apocópe for dice, in the
sense of narra.
755. Septima a slas: the seventh summer.
The meaning seems to be : the seventh sum-
mer now brings you hither, after you have
wandered on every land, and on every sea,
Fluclibus: in the sense of maribus,
. A.NEIS
LIB. l. • 199
QUESTIONS.
What is the character of this book?
When does it open?
Where was Āºneas at that time 3 . ...
What prevented him from proceeding to
Italy - -
Who caused the storm 2
At whose instigation was it raised ?
What damage did the fleet of Æneas sus-
tain? -
Who assuaged the storm?
Did he render the Trojans any other as-
sistance?
Where did Æneas then direct his course?
After his arrival, how was he received 2
Who conducted him to Carthage, and
gave him an account of the country?
Having entered the city, to what place
does he go first?
Whom does he see there 2 .
What effect had the appearance of Dido
upon him : -
Are there any episodes in this book?
How many can you mention ?
Who were the founders of Troy
What are its several names?
And from whom derived?
Who was Dardanus 2
Of what country was he a native?
Of what country was Teucer a native?
After Æneas arrived in Italy, whom did
ue marry?
What city did he build?
What did he call it?
Where was it situated 2
Who was Juno 2
What is said of her ?
What are some of her names?
What were the causes of her resentment
gainst the Trojans? .
Where was Carthage situated?
Who was the Guardian Goddess of that
city ?
What was the prize of beauty 2
To whom was it adjudged?
By whom was it adjudged?
Where did Æolus reside?
How do you understand the fable of his
being the god of the winds? -
In the division of the world between the
, sons of Saturn, to whom did the empire of
the sea fall?
What is Neptune represented as bearing
in his hand 2
What is the difference between procella,
hyems, nimbus, and imber 2 s
Are they sometimes used indiscriminately
for each other? .
Why was Sicily called Trinacria?
What are the names of its promontories 2
Is the passage between Sicily and Italy
dangerous?
What is the cause of it?
Can you explain the fables of Sylla and
Charybdis?
Who was Venus 2
What is said of her ?
What are some of her names?
For what is the word taken, by meton.?
What part did she take in the affairs of
the Trojans?
Does the poet represent her as making
any speech in their favor, after their arrival
in Africa 2
What is the character of that speech?
What does Dr. Trapp say of it?
Who was Antenor?
What did he do 2
What city did he build?
Who succeeded /Eneas in the govern-
ment?
What city did Ascanius build?
How long was this city the seat of go-
vernment?
Who was the mother of Romulus?
Whose daughter was she
How were Romulus and his brother Re-
mus brought up 2 -
What is the fabulous account?
What is the more probable account?
What was their mode of life 2
What did Romulus do as soon as he came
to years of maturity?
Where did Romulus found his city?
What was the end of Remus?
What gave rise to the quarrel between the
brothers? s
What other name had Romulus?
From what is it derived?
Who were the Amazons?
From what is the name derived?
Are they supposed to have been altogether
a fabulous people?
Who was their queen in the time of the
Trojan war?
What were the several names of Italy 2
From what were they derived? --
Who were the Pelasgi properly 2
For whom is the word sometimes used?
What was Pergama properly?
For what was the word used by synec.?
What is the last episode in this book?
What are the subjects of that song 2
From whom is it imitated?
What are the subjects of Homer's song?
How does this book conclude 2
LIBER SECUNDUSe
Dido having desired AEneas to relate to her the sufferings of his º he proceeds
to the mournful sºbject. He informs her that the city was taken after a siege of ten
years, through the treachery of Simon, and the stratagem of a wooden horse: that it
was his determination not to survive the ruins of his country, till otherwise advised by
Hector's ghost, and the appearance of his mother Venus: that he then conceived the
plan of leaving his country, and seeking a settlement in another land. He then informs
her of his carrying his aged father upon his shoulders, while his little son followed by
his side, and his wife Creusa at some distance behind: that when he came to the place
of general rendezvous, he found a great concourse of people ready to engage in any en-
terprise: that here he misses his wife, and, frantic with despair, he resolved to rescue
her, at the peril of his life. For this purpose he returned to the city; but, in the adven-
ture, her ghost appeared to him, quieted his mind, and informed him of the land des
tined to him by fate. He also relates the particulars of his own adventures in that fata'
night, when the powerful kingdom of Priam fell to the ground. This book may justly
be considered the most interesting one of the whole AEneid; and was one of the six
which the poet himself read in the presence of Augustus and Octavia.
\
CONTICUERE omnes, intentigue ora tenebant.
Inde toro pater Æneas sic orsus ab alto :
Infandum, Regina, jubes renovare dolorem : 4;
4. Narrandout Danai Trojanas ut opes, et lamentabile regnum
Eruerint Danai ; quaeque ipse miserrima widi, 5
7. Aut quis miles Myr- Et quorum pars magna fui.
midonum
Quis talia fando,
Myrmidonum, Dolopuſhve, aut duri miles Ulyssei,
NOTES.
2. Toro : the couch on which he sat at
supper. Orsus : began. From the verb
ordior. Est is to be supplied.
3. Ut: in the sense of quomodo. Opes :
in the sense of potentiam. Lamentabule: in
the sense of plorandum.
5. Danai : the Greeks, so called from
Danaus, one of their kings. Quaºque miser-
rima ipse : both what things (scenes) the
most pitiable I myself saw, and those of
which I was a principal part.
7. JMyrmidonum. The Myrmidons were
the troops of Achilles. Dolopum. The Do-
lopians were the troops of Phenix; or, as
some say, of Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles.
Ulyssei. Ulysses was the son of Laërtes, and
Anticlea, king of the islands of Ithaca and
Dulachium. He married Penelope, the
daughter of Icarus, a virtuous and amiable
woman, with whom he lived for a time in
great happiness and domestic enjoyment.
After the rape of Helen by Paris, he was
summoned by the other princes of Greece,
to the war that had been resolved upon
against Troy. Unwilling to leave his king-
dom and beloved wife, he pretended to be
insane: and yoking an ox and an horse to-
gether, he went ploughing the shore, which
he sowed with salt. But he was detected
by Pelamides, a wise and eminent statesman,
in this manner. He took his son Telema-
chus, then a child, and laid him before the
plough of his father, who turned it aside to
save his son. He was obliged to go to Troy,
where he distinguished himself both by his
valor, his prudence, and his sagacity. By
his means, Achilles was discovered among
the daughters of Lycomedes, king of the
island of Scyros, under whose guardianship
his mother had placed him; and Philoctetes
was obliged to leave Lemnos and take with
him the arrows of Hercules; without which
it was said Troy could not be taken.
He performed many daring achievements,
and executed many hazardous enterprises,
After, the death of Achilles, he was reward-
ed with the arms of that hero. On his re-
turn home, he was exposed to many dan-
gers, hardships, and misfortunes, during the
space of ten years. After an absence of
twenty years, he arrived in his kingdom, to
the great joy of his constant wife. He is
said to have been slain by Telegonus, a son
of his by the sorceress Circe.
During his absence, his wife had many
suitors, whom she put off by telling them
AENEIS.
201
LIB. If
Temperet à lachrymis 2 et jam nox humida coelo
Praecipitat, suadentgue cadentia sidera somnos
Sed, si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros,
Et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem ;
10 10. Si tantus amor .
sit tibi
Quanquam animus meminisse horret, luctuque refugit,
Incipiam.
Fracti bello, ſatisque repulsi
Ductores Danaãm, tot jam labentibus annis,
Instar montis equum, diviná Pallidis arte,
AEdificant: sectāque intexunt abiete costas.
Votum pro reditu simulant: ea fama vagatur.
Huc delecta virãm sortiti corpora furtim
Includunt caco lateri: penitàsque cavernas
Ingentes, uterumque armato milite complent.
17. Simulant equum
esse votum pro reditu
domum .
20 18. Illi sortiti delecta
Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima famá
Insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant:
NOTES.
that she could not comply with their wishes,
until she had finished a piece of work which .
was then in her loom ; but which she was
careful not to do: for she undid in the night
what she did in the day. By this device
she continued faithful to her husband.
The return of Ulysses to his native land,
and the adventures of Telemachus in search
of his father, form the basis of the Odyssey.
9. Cadentia sidera. In the language of
poetry, the stars may be said to set, when
they disappear at the approach of day;
and they are said to rise, when they become
visible, at the approach of might. From
this, we are to understand that it was near
morning, when Æneas entered upon the
mournful subject. Suadent : invite to sleep.
11. Laborem : struggle. Heyne says,
cladem, ipsum eaccidium urbis.
12. Horret : shudders at, or dreads, the
recollection. Refugit luctu. The verb here
is in the perfect tense. As soon as his
mind was turned to the mournful subject, it
shrunk back, and revolted from it. This
change of tense is an elegance: it marks
the quickness of the impression upon his
mind. The verb refugio forms the third
person of the present and perfect of the in-
dicative, refugit. The penult of the for-
mer is short, of the latter long, as in the
present case. Some read Luciumque refu-
git : declines the mournful task; which is
the same sentiment.
13. Repulsi. The Greeks are here said
to be repulsed by the fates, because it was
decreed that Troy could not be taken till
the expiration of ten years, from the com-
mencement of the siege. Fracti : disheart-
ened. *
15. Instar montis. It hath been objected
that this story of the horse has not proba-
bility enough to support it ; that, besidos
the hardiness of the enterprise, it is not to
be supposed that the Trojans would receive
within their walls so enormous and suspi-
cious an engine with so implicit credulity.
But the poet, as Mons. Segrais observes,
has finely contrived the matter, so as to
render it not only plausible, but in a man-
ner necessary and unavoidable.
The Trojans, having heard the story of
Sinon, and seeing so strong a confirmation
of the truth of it in the terrible disasters
that beſel Laocoon and his sons, had every
reason to believe the machine was an offer-
ing sacred to Minerva, and that all who
offered violence to it should feel the ven-
geance of heaven, as Laocoon and his sons
had done; and therefore they could not act
otherwise than the poet supposes them to
have done, consistently with their religion,
and system of belief. As to the hardiness
of the undertaking on the part of the Greeks,
M. Segrais observes, that modern history
furnishes examples of equally hardy enter-
prises, undertaken and executed with suc-
cess. He instances the Hollanders, forty of
whom ventured to conceal themselves in
a vessel, seemingly laden with turf, and
underwent those examinations which are
usually made for contrabaud goods, and
having landed, retook the town of Breda
from the Spaniards.
16. Inteaunt: they line or cover the ribs.
Costas. These were the timbers that gave
form and figure to the horse—the frame.
Sectá abiete : with sawn fir—with planks or
boards of fir.
17 Fama : in the sense of rumor.
18. Sortiti delecta corpora: having chosen
, a select body of men, they privately shut
them up, &c. Sortiti : properly, having
chosen by lot. * *
19. Penities: in its inmost recesses.
21. Tenedos : an island lying opposite
Troy, not far from the promontory of Si-
gaeum, and about forty stadia from the main
land. -
202
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Nunc tantüm sinus, et statio malefida carinis :
24. Duetores Danaim Huc se provecti deserto in litore condunt.
prevecti
25. Nos rati sunnus eos
ablisse
Nos abiisse rati, et vento petiisse Mycenas.
Ergö omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu :
Panduntur porta: ; juvat ire, et Dorica castra,
25
Desertosque videre locos, litusque relictum.
Hic Dolopum manus, hic savus tendebat Achilles
30. Hic erat locus
31.
pet
Classibus hic locus : hic acies certare solebant.
Pars nostrum st" Pars stupet innupta donum exitiale Minervae,
Et molem mirantur equi: primusque Thymoetes
30
Duci intra muros hortatur, et arce locari;
34. Sive
dolo, seu
35. Capys, et illi quo-
rum menti erat melior
faciebat id Sive dolo, seu jam Trojae sic fata ferebant.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti,
Aut pelago Danaúm insidias suspectague dona,
3b
sententia,jubentaut pre-Precipitare jubent, subjectisve urere flammis’
cipitare
Aut terebrare cavas uteri et tentare latebras. *
Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.
40. Ibi Laocoon pri- Primus ibi ante omnes, magná comitante catervá,
mus ante omnes decur- Laocoon ardens summâ decurrit ab arce :
Et procul : O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives 7
Creditis avectos hostes? aut ulla putatis
Dona carere dolis Danańm ? sic motus Ulysses?
44. An est Ulysses sic Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi :
Aut ha-C, in nostros fabricata est machina muros,
rit
42. Et procul eaccla-
mal : quae tanta insania
est vobis
notus vobis
40
45
NOTES.”
23. JMaléfida : unsafe for ships. Carinis:
the keels: by synec. the whole ships.
26. Omnis Teucria: all Troy: the name
of the place put, by meton. for the inhabi-
tants. See AFn. i. 1. ;
27. Dorica : an adj. from Doris, a coun-
try of Greece, situated between Ætolia,
Phocis, and Thessaly; by synec. for Greece
in general.
29. Tendebat: pitched his camp. Ruteus
says, habebat tentoria. JManus Dolopum :
simply, the Dolopians. -
30. Acies: is properly an army drawn up
in order of battle ; agnen, an army in or-
der of march, from ago : eacercitus, an army
in order of exercise, from eacerceo. But they
are often used indiscriminately. -
32. Thymſeles. It is said he married the
sister of Hecuba, the wife of Priam, by
whom he had a son, born on the same day
with Paris. Priam being informed by an
oracle that on that day a child was born,
who should be the cause of the destruction
of Troy, interpreted it against the son of
Thymoetes, and caused him to be put to
death. On this account, it is supposed, that
he entertained a grudge against Priam, and
acted the part of a traitor to his country.
He was one of. Priam's counsellors.
33. Duci: the inf. pass. of ducor, Equum
is understood before it.
34. Fata: destiny—fate.
the sense of ve ebant.
Ferebant: in
35. At Capys: but Capys, and others, to
whose mind there was a better judgment,
advised, &c.
Capys accompanied Æneas on his voy-
age, and was one of his chief men. He
afterwards founded Capua, in Italy, which
was a long time a rival of Rome, in wealth
and splendor.
37. Subjectis-ve. The common reading
is subjeclisque. The former is to be preferred.
Valpy reads subjectis-ve.
38. Terebrare: to lay open and examine
the hollow recesses of the womb.
39. Incertum : fickle—inconstant. Con-
traria studia : into different sentiments, or
opinions. Some were in favor of the mea-
sure proposed, others were against it.
40. Ante. Ruapus interprets this by coram,
in the presence of all. Davidson thinks it
implies that Laocoon was the first, or prin-
cipal (primus) person among those who op-
posed the admission of the horse into the
city. Heyne thinks we are to understand
that Laocoon ran before—outram the rest.
.Ante, signifies, before, with respect to time,
place, and degree. Laocoon, some say, was
the brother of Anchises; others say, he was
the son of Priam, and priest of Apollo.
41. Ardens ; eager. Rugeus says celer.
43. Avectos: in the sense of profectos.
Tho verb esse is understood.
$
#. *.
AENEIS.
LIB. II.
Inspectura domos, venturaque desuper urbi;
Aut aliquis latet error: equo ne credite, Teucri.
Quico!uid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes
Sic fatus, validisingentem viribus hastam
In latus, inque feri curvam compagibus alvum
Contorsit: stetit illa tremens, uteroque recusso.
50. Sie fatus, validis
viribus contorsit ingen-
tem
50
Insonuere cavae gemitumque dedēre cavernae.
Et, si fata Deûm, si mens non laeva ſuisset,
Impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras:
Trojaque, nunc stares, Priamique arx alta, maneres!
Ecce manus juvenem interea post terga revinctum
'Pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant
Dardanidae: qui se ignotum venientibus ultrö,
Hoc ipsum ut strueret, Trojamgue aperiret Achivis,
fidens animi, atque in utrumque paratus,
Seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti.
Undique visendi studio Trojana juventus
Obtulerat
54. Si fata Deûm nor.
55 fuissent adversa
55. Ille impulerat mos
foedare
57. Ecce, interea Dar-
danidae pastores magno
clamore trahebant ad
60 regem juvenein revinc-
tum quoad manus post
terga ; qui ultrö obtule
rat se ignotum illis
63. Wisendi illius
Circumfusa ruit, certantgue illudere capto.
Accipe nunc Danaúm insidias; et crimine ab uno
Disce omnes.
Namgue, ut conspectu in medio turbatus, inermis
65 .
67. Ut Sanon constitit
Constitit, atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit :
Heu, quae nunc tellus, inquit, quae me aequora possunt
Accipere ! aut quid jam misero mihi denique restat 70
ſlui neque apud Danaos usquam locus ; insuper ipsi
NOTES.
47. Inspectura ; about to overlook our
houses, and to come down upon the city.
It was higher than the walls and houses,
and might, with propriety, be said to over-
look them, and to come down upon the city
—to make an attack upon it.
48. Error: guile, deceit, or trick. It
properly signifies whatever is opposed to
truth. - -
49. Et: in the sense of etham: I fear the
Greeks even offering presents. There is a
peculiar emphasis to be placed upon the et
in this instance. *
51. Feri : the horse. Ferus does not al-
ways signify a wild beast, or beast of prey:
it signifies a tame or domesticated animal
also. He struck that part of the horse,
where the timbers or ribs arose from their
horizontal to a perpendicular position. Cur-
vam compagibus : bending out in seams or
Joints. Juncturis, says Rugeus. Recusso :
in the sense of repercusso.
53. Gemilum. This groan probably was
made by the Greeks within, who now began
to be alarmed at their situation.
54. Fata: decrees, or purposes of the
gods. -
55, Argolicas : an adj. from Argos, a city
of Greece, situated in the Peloponnesus;
by synec. sometimes put for Greece in ge-
geral. Latebras: hiding places-—recesses.
Trojaque, &c. This is a happy apostrophe:
had we taken his advice- had our minds
nót been stupid and infatuated ; now O
‘in which Heyne takes the words.
Troy, thou wouldst be standing, and thou,
lofty citadel of Priam, wouldst be remain-
ing ! Foºdare : in the sense of eaccindere.
59. Dardanidae: the Trojans; so called
from Dardanus, one of their founders. It
is here used as an adj.
60. Strueret : in the sense of efficeret.
61. Fidens animi : bold—daring of soul.
and prepared for either event; to carry into
execution his purpose, (versare dolos ;) or,
in case of discovery, to yield to certain
death. He threw himself a stranger, and
unknown, in the way of these shepherds,
on purpose that they might take him, and
bring him before Priam and the Trojan
chiefs, the better to effect his purpose, to
persuade them to admit the horse within
their city.
64. Circumfusa : surrounding him—en-
compassing him on every side : a part. from
circumfundor. Capto: in the sense of cap-
tivo.
65. Accipe: in the sense of audi. Ab
wno crimine: from one criminal person,
(namely, Simon) learn the character of all
the Greeks. This appears to be the sense
Valpy
says: “From this instance of deceit and
treachery,” &c. Davidson : “From one
crime, take a specimen of the whole nation.”
Crimen : properly a crime; by meton. a
criminal, or villanous person.
66. In medio conspectu : in the midst on
the gazing crowd
204
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
73. Quo gemitu nos-
tri animi sunt conversi,
el
Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt.
Quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus et omnis
Impetus: hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus;
74. Eum fari, ea quo Quidve ferat, memoret, quae sit fiducia captor
75
sanguine creºus sit; me- Ille haec, deposità tandem formidine, fatur:
moret, quid ferat, quae-ve
78. Mecretum esse de
Argolica.
79. Hoc est primum :
finxit Sinonem
83. Quem insontem
Pelasgi demisere neci
sub falsa proditione, in-
fando
Cuncta equidem tibi, Rex, fuerint quaecundue, fatebor,
Wera, inquit : neque me Argolică de gente negabo;
Hoc primum : nec simiserum fortuna Sinonem
nec, si improba fortuna Finxit, vamum etiam mendacemdue improba finget. 80
Fando aliquid si forté tuas pervenit ad aures
: Belidae nomen Palamedis, et inclyta famá
Gloria : quem falsā sub proditione Pelasgi
nsontem, infando indicio, quia bella vetabat,
85
85. At nunc lugent Demisere neci ; nunc cassum lumine lugent :
60/770,
‘87. Meus pater pauper
misit me comitem illi, et
88. Dum Palamides
Illi me comitem, et consanguinitate propinquum,
Pauper in arma pater primis huc misit ab annis.
Dum stabat regno incolumis, regnumque vigebat
stabat Consiliis, et nos aliquod nomengue decusque
NOTES.
74. Impetus : fury—violence. Compres- of falsehood. What he says of himself is
sus : restrained. The verb est is understood.
75. JMemoret : in the sense of dicat. Quid
ferat: what message or news he brought, or
what confidence there might be placed in
him, a captive. This is the sense usually
given to the words; but Valpy gives them
another turn: “What he might have to re-
late in his own defence, and what ground
he had for hoping for mercy, now he was a
prisoner.”
77. Cuncta vera : the whole truth—all
things true. Heyne and Valpy read, quod-
cumque fuerit, for quacunque, &c.
80. Vanum : in the sense of fallacem.
Fina:it: hath made, or rendered. Improba :
in the sense of adversa.
81. Sv forté, fando aliquid; if by chance,
by common report, the name of, &c. Fando
aliquid : the same as dum aliquid diculur.
JWarratione aliorum, says Heyne.
82. Belida Palamedis. Palamedes was
the son of Nauplius king of Euboea, an
island in the Ægean sea, and descended
from Belus, a king of Africa, by Amymone,
the daughter of Danaus. Ulysses, to avoid
going to the Trojan war, pretended to be
insane; but the deception was discovered by
Palamedes. See note 7, supra. This,
Ulysses never forgave, and finally he
wrought his ruin, by accusing him of hold-
ing a correspondence with Priam. To sup-
port this charge, he forged letters from
Priam to Palamedes, which he pretended to
have intercepted. He also conveyed gold
to his tent, pretending it was sent from Priam
as a bribe. Upon which Palamedes was
accused of treason, and stoned to death.
The whole of Sinon’s speech is artful,
and calculated to impose upon his audience,
being made up, partly of truth, and partly
downright falsehood; what he says of Pa-
lamedes is in substance true. His death
might have been known to the Trojans by
common report, (fando aliquid) though
the circumstances of it might not have been.
By relating them, therefore, he could not
fall of becoming interesting, of gaining a
favorable reception, and of preparing the
way for the accomplishment of his purpose.
83. Sub falsa produttone: under a false
accusation of treachery—treason. This al-
ludes to the letters, which Ulysses forged,
mentioned above. Pelasgi. See AEm. i. 624.
84. Infando indicuo. This alludes to the
gold, which Ulysses conveyed to his tent,
and pretended to have been sent him by
Priam. This was adduced in evidence
against him : we may therefore render wm-
fando indicio: upon an iniquitous evidence.
Quia vetabat bella. This was false: so far
from Palamedes being opposed to the war
against Troy, that he was among the first to
promote it.
85. Cassum lumine : deprived of the light
of life. Demisere: they condemned to
death.
86. Illi me comitem. Here, too, Simon
speaks falsely. So far from his being a re-
lation of Palamedes, he was the relation of
Ulysses, whose mother was the sister of
AEsinus, the father of Sinon.
87. Ab primis annis: not from his infan-
cy, but from the first years of his bearing
arms, which among the Romans was at the
age of seventeen. Arma: by meton. war.
88. Regno. Regnum may either mean
the kingdom of Euboea, where his father
reigned ; or the confederate power and
council of the Grecian states, that had
leagued together for the destruction of Troy
º AENEIS.
LIB. II. 205
^.
Gessimus: invidiá postguam pellacis Ulyssei
90
\Haud ignota loquor) superis concessit ab oris;
Afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
Et casum insoniis mecum indignabar amici.
Nectacui demens: et me, fors si qua tulisset,
Si patrios unquam remeåssem victor ad Argos,
Promisi ultorem, et verbis odia aspera movi.
Hinc mihi prima mali labes: hinc semper Ulysses
Criminibus terrere novis: hinc spargere voces
92. Ego afflictus tra-
hebam vitam
94. Et promisi me
95 fore ultorem, si qua fors
tulisset, si unquam
97. Hinculysses capit
semper
In vulgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma.
Nec requievit enim, donec Calchante ministro—
100
Sed quid ego haec autem nequicquam ingrata revolvo 7
Quidve moror? si omnes uno ordine habetis Archivos,
ldque audire sat est; jamdudum sumite poenas.
Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae.
Tum veró ardemus scitari, et quaerere causas,
Ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae.
104. Magno pretio.
105 Tum verónosignari tan-
torum
Prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur:
Saepe fugam Danai Trojã cupiere relictà
NOTES.
90. Gessimus alwguod: I also bore some
reputation and honor. Et: in the sense of
eliam. JNos: for ego. *.
91. Ab superis oris : from the upper re-
gions—this upper world. Concessit: in the
sense of decessit.
93. Indignabar: I grieved, or repined at
the death of my innocent friend.
94. Demens nectacui : I, a fool, did not
hold iny peace. Demens, compounded of
de and mens. Si qua fors : if any opportu-
nity or chance should present. Tulisset : in
the sense of obtuliss6t.
95. Remedissem: in the sense of rediissem.
97. Hinc mihi prima : hence the first
source of misfortune to me. Labes, proper-
ly signifies a stain, or blemish. An allusion
is here made to the first appearance of a
plague or contagious disease breaking out
upon the surface of the body in spots. Si-
non’s declaration that he would avenge the
death of Palamedes roused the bitter resent-
ment of Ulysses; and from that time, (hinc,)
he began to plot his destruction. Labes :
in the sense of origo, vel causa. Fuit is
understood.
98. JNovis criminibus : with new charges
or accusations. Voces: in the sense of verba,
vel sermones.
99. Conscius: conscious, (of his crime—
that he was guilty of the death of Palame-
des) he began to seek the means of destroy-
ing me also. Arma : the means or imple-
ments by which any thing is done. Valpy
says: the means of defence against Sinon.
100. Calchante ministro ; Calchas being
his assistant—being employed. Calchas was
a famous soothsayer in the Grecian camp,
and nothing of any moment was done with-
out his being consulted. This sudden pause
and transition are very artfully contrived,
and show the great judgment of the poet in
the management of his subject. Requievit:
in the sense of cessavit. Enim: in the sense
of equidem.
101. Autem: here is an expletive; or used
in the sense of veré, vel equidem. Revolvo:
in the sense of narro. JN equicquam : in
vain—to no purpose: because the relation
of those unpleasant topics would not save
his life. Habetis: if ye regard or consider.
Uno ordine: on one footing—in the same
state, or condition of enemies.
103. Jamdudum. This is to be taken in
the sense of jam. Or we must suppose, as
Dr. Trapp observes, something to be under-
stood. Sumite poenas jamdudum debelas, or
the like.
104. Ithacus. Ulysses is so called from
Ithaca, a barren and rocky island in the
Ionian sea, where he was born, and where
his father Laërtes reigned. Sinon gives this
appellation to him by way of contempt.
JAtridae : Agamemnon and Menelaus, the
sons of Atreus. Their religion required that
a devoted victim that had escaped from the
altar, should be put to death wherever found ;
and Simon having been destined as a victim
to the gods, to procure favorable winds for
their return, nothing could afford the Greeks
in general, and the leaders in particular.
greater joy, than to hear that the Trojans
had put him to death. Hoc velit: this, Ulys-
ses wishes, and the sons of Atreus will pur-
chase it at a great price.
106. Artis : in the sense of fraudis. Pe-
lasgoe: Grecian. See AEn. i. 624
206.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS *
Moliri, et longo fessi discedere bello.
| 10. Aspera hyems
ponti interclusit, et Aus-
ter terruit illos euntes.
Fecissentque utinam. Saepe illos aspera ponti
Interclusit hyems, et terruit Auster euntes.
Præcipué, cum jam hic trabibus contextus acernis
110
Staret equus, toto somuerunt aethere nimbi.
Suspensi Eurypylum scitatum oracula Phoebi
Mittimus: isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat.
1 15
116. O Danai, vos pla-Sanguine placástis yentos, et virgine caesa,
cástis
rendi
... Argolică.
119. Ut quae vox venit golică
Cum primūm Iliacas, Danai, venistis adoras:
118. Roditussunt quie Sanguine quaerendi reditus, animäque litandum
Vulgi quae vox ut venit ad aures,
Obstupuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit
120
121. Omnes sunt soli- Ossa tremor; cui fata parent, quem poscat Apollo.
eit *cºre, cui fata Pa Hic Ithacus watem magno Calchanta tumultu
rent mortem
Protrahit in medios: quae sint ea numina Divām,
Flagitat: et mihi jam multi crudele canebant &e.
Artificis Scelus, et taciti ventura videbant.
125)
Bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusat
Prodere voce suá quemguam, aut opponere morti.
Wix tandem magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus,
Compositó rumpit vocem, et me destinat arae.
NOTES.
109. JMolirifugam: in the sense of efficere
fugam.
110. Aspera hyems : a violent storm at
$88.
112. Conteatus: framed, or built of ma-
ple timber. Some part of the horse might
have been built of maple, others of fir and
pine: so that the poet Inay be consistent in
what he says of this same machine, verse
15: Inteacunt costas sectá abiete; and also in
verse 258, infra, where he calls it, pinea
claustra.
113. Somwerunt: raged—roared. JWimbi:
turbines, says Heyme. See AEm. i. 102.
114. Suspensi: in suspense we send Eu-
rypulus. Homer informs us that he was a
famous augur, and brought with him forty
ships to the Trojan war. Scitatum: to con-
sult; a sup. in wºm, from the verb scitor, put
after mittimus, a verb of motion.
115. Adytis. Adytum was the most se-
cret, as well as the most sacred place of the
temple, and where the images of the gods
were placed—the shrine from which the
responses were delivered. It is governed
by the preposition à or ab, understood.
116. Placástis ventos : ye appeased the
winds with blood, and a virgin slain, when,
&c. t
The Greeks, on their way to the siege of
Troy, came to Aulis, a port of Beotia, where
Diana, incensed against Agamemnon for
killing one of her favorite deer, withheld the
wind. Upon which Calchas was sent to
consult the oracle upon the subject. He
brought back the answer that Iphigenia, the
daughter of Agamemnon, must be sacrificed
tº appease the anger of the goddess. When
the sense of res venturas.
why camere came to signify to prophesy, or
the virgin was brought to the altar, he in-
formed them that Diana was satisfied with
that act of submission; but demanded that
the virgin should be transported to Tauris,
and there serve her in capacity of priestess.
The virgin was slain in intention, and saved
only by the interposition of the goddess,
This warrants the expression of the poet,
Virgine caesa.
118. Litandum : a ger. in dum of the verb
lito : an atonement must be made with the
life of a Greek. Ruasus interprets it by sa-
crificandum. But it implies more than sim-
ply to offer sacrifice; it includes the idea of
expiation, or atonement. The gerund in
dum has a peculiar signification. While, it
has the form of a noun, it retains the nature
of the verb; and implies the necessity, duty,
or obligation, to do, or perform an action.
123. Numina Divām the will, purpose,
or response of the gods. JWumen, from the
verb nuo: I express my will by a nod.
124. Et jam : and now many foretold to
me the atrocious design, or plot, of the vil.
lanous man.
125. Taciti : not silent; for that would
contradict what is said just before : but
quiet, content, well satisfied. Ventura: in
The best reason
to foretell, is, that the responses of oracles
were at first delivered, and written in verse.
126. Tectus: in the sense of occultatus.
127. Prodere; in the sense of designare.
Opponere: in the sense of damnare. * }
128. Tandem via actus: at length, with
difficulty forced or compelled, &c.
129. Rumpit vocem: he opens his mouth.
-:
AENEIS.
LIB. II. 207
Assensere omnes: et, quae sibi quisque timebat,
Unius in miseri exitium conversa tulere.
Jamgue dies infanda aderat: mihi sacra parari,
Et salsae fruges, et circum tempora vittae.
Eripui, fateor, leto me, et vincula rupi:
Limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulvå.
N
130
131. Conversa esse in
exitium
132. Sacra caperunſ
parari
135
Delitui, dum vela darent, si forté dedissent.
Nec mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi,
Nec dulces natos exoptatumque parentem:
Quos illi fors ad poenas ob nostra reposcent
Effugia, et culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt.
Quðd te, per Superos et conscia numina veri;
Ier, si qua est, quae restat adhuc mortalibus usquam,
Intemerata fides, oro; miserere laborum
Tantorum; miserere animi non digna ferentis.
140
141. Quod oro te, per
Superos, et numina con-
scia veri; per fidem, si
qua est intemerata fides,
144 quae
His lachrymis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultrö.
Ipse viro primus manicas atque arcta levari
Vincla jubet Priamus; dictisque ita fatur amicis:
146. Priamus ipse pri-
mus jubet
Quisquises, amissos hinc, jam obliviscere Graios.
Noster eris : mihique haec edissere vera rogantiz
149
Quð molem hanc immaris equi statuére 7 quis auctor 7
Quidve petunt 7 quae relligio 7 aut quae machina belli ?
Ille, dolis instructus et arte Pelasgå,
Dixerat.
151. Quae religio est
in eo
Sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas :
NOTES.
130. Et, tulere que: they permitted (were
content to have) what every one feared to
himself, to be turned to the destruction of
one unhappy being. Tulere conversa ; sim-
ply for converterwnt, says Heyne. *
133. Salsa, fruges : the salted cakes. This
cake was made of bran, or meal, mixed with
salt, and called mola. They sprinkled it
upon the head of the victim, the fire of the
altar, and upon the sacrificing knife. The
ceremony was called immolatwo: hence the
verb immolare came to signify, to sacrifice
in general. Vittae: these were fillets of white
wool, with which the temples of the victim,
and also the priest, and statues of the gods,
were bound.
134. Rupº vincula. The victims were
loose and unbound when they were brought
forward to the altar. But even so, it is not
probable that Simon could have made his
escape from the guards and spectators, that
would accompany him. By rupi vincula,
we may understand that he broke the pri-
son in which he was confined against the
day of sacrifice, and made his escape. Any
thing that binds, holds, or restrains another,
may be called vinculum. Eripwi : rescued
or delivered.
135. Delitwigwe obscurus: and I lay con-
cealed or hid. Lacu. Lacus here means a
fen, or marshy ground. Ulva weeds, or
rushes.
137. Antiquam : dear country; or anti-
quam may be used in the sense of veterem,
or pristinam.
138. JVatos : in the sense of liber os. Fºr-
optutum : dear—greatly beloved.
139. Quos illi fors: whom they, perhaps,
will demand for punishment on account of
my escape; and will expiate this fault of
mine by the death of those innocents.
Here the poet alludes to an ancient law
among the Romans, which subjected chil-
dren to suffer for some particular crimes,
committed against the state by their parents.
143. Intemerata: inviolable—pure—holy.
Laborum : sufferings.
144. Anima animus, the soul, is here
used by metom. for the man, viz. Sunon.—
Pity me bearing such undeserved, or unme-
rited treatment. JN on digna : in the sense
of indigma.
146. JManicas: hand-cuffs.
tight cords.
149. Edissere: declare—speak.
plu. of verum, truth.
150. Quo statuere: for what purpose did
they erect this mass of a huge horse? Who
was the author of it? The following inter-
rogatories, as Mr. Davidson observes, are
elliptical. They are thus supplied : Quad
petunt 2 What do they intend ? Is it to
fulfil some duty of religion ? If it be so,
qua, religio 2 What duty or motive of reli-
gion led to it? Or is it an engine of war 2
If so, quae machina belli 2 What engine of,
war is it?
153. Eacutas vinclis : free from cords—
fetters
...Arcta vincla :
Vera :
20s
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
154. Ait: Testor vos, Vos, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum
O eterni ignes, Testor numen, ait; vos, arae, ensesque nefandi, 155
sº. Vos, 0 quos fugi: vittaeque Deûm, quas hostia gessi: -
- Fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere jura ;
,158. Fas est mihi Fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras,
odisse Si qua tegunt: teneor patriae nec legibus ullis.
160. Modòtu, O Tro- Tu modó promissis maneas, servataque serves 16C
#. fidelis pro- Troja fidem : si vera feram, si magna rependam
is sea enim ex quo Qmnis spes Danaim, et coepti fiducia belli,
tempore impius Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quo
168. Ausique sunt Tydides sed enim, scelerumque inventor Ulysses,
contingere Fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo 1.65
169, Ex, illo tempore Palladium, caesis summae custodibus arcis,
º, ! ºm sublapsa Corripuere sacram effigiem ; manibusque cruentis
170. Eorumvires frac- Virgineas ausi Divae contingere vittas;
tae sunt, et Exillo fluere, ac retrô sublapsa referri
172, vix simulacrum Spes Danaãm ; fractae vires, aversa Dea mens. 170
fuit positum in castris, Nec dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris.
cwm coruscae
Wix positum castris simulacrum; arsere coruscae
NOTES.
154. Testor vos : ye eternal fires, I call
you, and your inviolable divinity, to wit-
neSS.
Some think this is an allusion to the fire
of the altar. But Servius, with more pro-
priety, thinks the sun, moon, and other hea-
venly luminaries are meant: which the an-
cients thought to be globes of fire, to shine
with their own proper lustre; and to be in-
habited by divinities. The fire of the altar
could hardly be called eternal, unless there
be an allusion to the fire of Vesta.
155. Nefandi enses: ye horrid instruments
of death, which I escaped. I take enses
here for the implements used in offering the
sacrifice, such as the axe, knife, &c.
156. Pittſeque Deûm ; and ye fillets of the
gods, which as a victim I wore.
In order to excite their compassion the
more, and to show the horrid apprehensions
he had of the act, he speaks as if he had
actually been brought to the altar, and as if
that had been actually put in execution,
which had only been intended against him.
157. Sacrala jura ; sacred obligations.
Jus' properly signifies a natural right, law,
duty, or obligation. It differs from fas,
which properly signifies a divine right, law,
&c. Any thing that the laws of God per-
mit may be called fas.
158. Sub auras : into light.
159. Siqua tegunt: if any lie hid. JWee
ullis legibits, &c. He is no longer brund by
any ties of his country. He is at liberty to
break or dissolve his allegiance, and place
himself under the protection of the Trojans.
Their barbarous treatment had cancelled all
his obligations to them: the are on which
he was to have been slain—the enses nefan-
di, by which he was to have been slain—the
|
vittae, with which he was to have been bound,
were so many witnesses that he was now
under no obligations to regard the interests
of the Greeks, who had withdrawn all pro-
tection from him.
161. Si feram vera : if I relate the truth,
if I repay thee largely—great things. g
164. Enim: in the sense of equidem.
166. Fatale Palladium. The Palladium
was a statue of Pallas with a small shield and
spear. It was said to have fallen from hea-
ven near the tent of Ilus, when he was build-
ing the citadel of Troy. Some say it was
made of the bones of Pelops. All, however,
agree that it was a pledge of the safety of
Troy.
Ulysses and Diomede entered the temple
where it stood, and carried it away to the
Grecian camp, having slaim the guards. It
is called fatale, because, on the safe keeping
of it, the preservation of Troy depended.
169. Ea illo : from that time, the hope of
the Greeks, tottering, began to slip, and to
be carried backward.
This is a metaphor taken from a person
standing on a slippery place, and with diffi-
culty maintaining his position. The least
movement of his body destroys his equilibri-
um. At first he totters, and reels to and
fro in order to recover himself. Unable to
do it, he is borne away, and hurried along
with accelerated motion.
171. Trilonia. This was a name of Pal-
las or Minerva, taken from a lake in Africa,
called Tritona, where she is said to have
been born : or, at least, where she first made
her appearance on earth. JMonstris: pro-
digies—indications of her anger.
172. Coruscae flammae: sparkling flames
flashed from her steady eyes. The signs
AENEHS.
LIB. II. 209
Luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus
Sudor iit, terque ipsa solo, inirabile dictu !
Emicuit, parmamque ferens hastamgue trementem.
Extemplé tentanda fugå canit a quora Calchas :
Nec posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis,
176 176. Equora tentanda
€330
Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant,
Quod pelago et curvis secum advexere carinis.
Et nunc quëd patrias vento petiere Mycenas;
180
Arma Deosque parant comites, pelagogue remenso,
Improvisiaderunt : ita digerit omina Calchas.
Hanc pro Palladic moniti, pro numine laso,
Effigiem statuére, nefas quae triste piaret;
Hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere molem
Roboribus textis, coeloque educere jussit:
183. Illi moniti sta-
tuère hanc effigiem equi,
185 quº
185. Tamen, Calchas
jussit eos attollere
Ne recipi portis, aut duci in moenia possit;
Neu populum antiquâ sub religione tueri.
Nam si vestra manus violásset dona Minervae ;
Tum magnum exitium (quod Di priès omen in ipsum
Convertant) Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum :
Sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem,
Ultrö Asiam magno Pelopeia ad moenia bello
Venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.
Talibus insidiis, perjurique arte Sinonis,
Credita res: captique dolis, lachrymisque coactis,
189. Nam dicebat, si
vestra.
193. Dicebat Asiam
ultrö venturam esse
196. JYos-que, quos
neque Tydides, nec La-
rissaeus Achilles domwit;
nos, quos decem anni
non domuere; quos mille
195 carine non domwere,
capti sunt dolis
189
NOTES.
here mentioned are truly ominous; and suf-
ficient to have excited in the minds of the
Greeks fear and alarm.
174. Ipsa : the goddess—the image of the
goddess. Emicuit : in the sense of salivit.
175. Parmam—hastam : the shield and
brandished spear. These were the arms by
which the Palladium was distinguished.
176. Canit: in the sense of declarat. Ca-
no is properly applied to oracles and pre-
dictions. It implies that Calchas spoke by
inspiration, and declared it to be the will of
the gods, that the sea, &c. Eacscindi : be
rased—destroyed. ‘. .
178. Nºi repetant: unless they should re-
peat the omens at Argos, and bring back
the goddess, which, &c.
This, Servius observes, alludes to a cus-
tom of the Romans, when they were unsuc-
cessful in war, to return home, and again
consult the omens: or, if they were too far
for that purpose, they used to appropriate a
part of the enemy's territory, and call it
Rome, where they renewed the omens. JNſu-
men ; the Palladium—the image or symbol
of Pallas' divinity; which Simon would
make the Troians believe had been carried
to Argos : . in the mean time, until they
should return, as an atonement or offering
to the offended goddess (numine la’so) the
Greeks had built, and consecrated to her,
this horse.
181. Arma . troops—forces, by meton.
Omina. Some copies have omnia. Dw-
gerit interprets—explains.
184. Qua piaret : which might expiate
the horrid crime of carrying off the Palla-
dium from her temple.
186. Roboribus tertis: with compacted or
joined timber. Robur properly signifies the
heart of the oak. Hence it may signify
timber in general, and all wooden materials,
as planks, boards, &c. Immensam ; very
high. JMolem : for equum.
188. JNew tueri : nor defend the people
under their ancient religion—under the re-
ligious patronage and protection of their an-
cient guardian goddess, Pallas, or Minerva.
190. In ipsum : which omen may the
gods rather turn upon him, to wit, Calchas.
It would be more elephatical, if it were in
ipsos, meaning upon the Greeks. Some co-
pies have in ipsos.
193. Asian. Asia Minor, or Natolia, in,
which Troy was situated. It is put, by me-
ton. for the inhabitants. Ultrö. Servius
explains this by statim. But the usual ac-
ceptation of the word is easier, and more
emphatic. Pelopeia maenia: the city Argos,
where Pelops reigned : by synec. put for
Greece in general. See Geor. iii. 7.
194. Ea fata: the same fate or destiny.
195. Insidiis: in the sense of fraudvbus.
196. Coactis lachrymis : by his feigned or
forced tears. Some copies read coacti, in
15
210
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Quos neque Tydides, nec Larissaeus Achilles,
Non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae.
1$9. Hic allud majus
Hic aliud majus miseris multöque tremendum
pºdigiºlºguema- Objicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat. 200
gîs tremendum
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte Sacerdos,
Solennes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.
ſº Ecce autem gemini à Tenedo tranquilla per alta
204. Gemini angues (Horresco referens) immensis orbibus angues
*.*.* Pº incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt: 206
tranquilla alta * ... •
Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta, jubaeque
Sanguineae exsuperant undas: pars caetera pontum
Poné legit, sinuataue immensa volumine terga.
Fit sonitus spumante salo: jamgue arva tenebant,
210, Suffecti quoad Ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni, 210
ardentes
, Sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora.
Diffugimus visu exsangues: illi agnmine certo
Laocoonta petunt: et primūm parva duorum
Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque
* NOTES.
the nom. agreeing with nos, meaning the
Trojans. But this is not so easy and natu-
ral ; nor does it so well agree with the sub-
ject. The poet uniformly represents Sinon
as an impostor, a cheat, and all his words
and tears feigned and dissembled. Servius
strongly insists upon coactis. Valpy reads
coacti. Heyne, coactis. -
197. Larissaeus : an adj. from Larissa, a
town of Thessaly, near Phthia, the place
where Achilles was born.
198. JMille carina. Homer makes 1186
ships in all, that went in the Trojan expedi-
tion. Carina, the keel, put, by synec. for
the whole ship. The poets often use a de-
finite number for an indefinite, particularly
if the number be very large.
199. Hic aliud : here another greater pro-
digy, and one much more to be dreaded, is
presented to our sight, nobis miseris.
200. Improvida : improvident—not ex-
pecting any thing of the kind. Pectora : in
the sense of animos.
201. Laocoon. The priest of Neptune
having been put to death, because, by his
prayers and sacrifices, he did not prevent
the arrival of the Greeks, Laocoon was
chosen by lot to sacrifice to that god upon
the departure of their enemies. He was
the priest of Apollo Thymbraeus. Some say
he was the brother of Anchises; others that
he was the son of Priam.
Hyginus, who relates the story, says the
crime for which Laocoon was thus severely
punished, was his having married, and had
children, contrary to the orders of Apollo :
and that the Trojans construed this calamity,
which befel him, as an act of vengeance of
the gods for his having violated the offering
of Minerva. , Virgil, therefore, judiciously
introduces this event, not only as it is a fine
embellishment of his poem; but also as it
gives the greater probability to the episode
of the wooden horse, and accounts for the
credulity of the Trojans.
202. Solennes aras: the appointed altars.
503. Tenedo. Tenedos is here mentioned
to signify, as Servius says, that the ships
were to come from hence to the destruction
of Troy. Per tranquilla alla : over the
smooth or calm sea. This circumstance is
mentioned, because it would afford the Tro-
jams an opportunity the better to view the
whole progress of the serpents, to hear their
dreadful hissings, and every lash they gave
the waves: it adds much terror to the hi-
deous spectacle.
204. Referens : in the sense of narrans.
Orbibus : in the sense of spiris.
205. Incumbunt : with their immense folds
they rest (swim) upon the sea; and equally
(abreast, head and head) stretch to the
shore.
208. Sinuat: winds their huge backs in
folds. Their necks down to their breast,
were raised above the water; the other part
of them swept the sea behind. Jubae : necks
—crests. Salo; in the sense of mart. Ar-
va: in the sense of litus.
210. Suffecti ardentesque: spotted as to
their glaring eyes with blood and fire, they
licked their hissing mouths. Vibrantibus:
in the sense of motanlibus. Naturalists ob-
serve that no animal moves its tongue with
so much velocity as the serpent.
212. Certo aginine: in the sense of recto
cursu. Agmen here denotes the spiral mo-
tion of a serpent, shooting forward, fold af.
ter fold, in regular order, like a body of men
marching in military array.
214. Uterque serpens: each serpent em-
bracing, twines around the bodies of his two
sons, and mangles their wretched limbs with
their teeth.
A.NEIS LIB. II
21:1
Lmplicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus.
Pöst, ipsum auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem
Corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus:
Bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum
21b
216. Pöst, corripiunt
ipsum subeuntem aux-
et iain tº º ºf
J ilio natorum
Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis.
Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos,
Perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno :
220
Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit:
Quales mugitus, fugit clim saucius aram
Taurus, et incertam excussit cervice securim.
At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones
223. Tales mugitus,
quales taurus follit, cun
225 saucius
Effugiunt, saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem:
Sub pedibusque Deae, clypeigue sub orbe teguntur.
Tum verö tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis
Insinuat pavor : et scelus expendisse merentem
Laocoonta ferunt ; sacrum qui cuspide robur
229. Insinuat we nobis
230 cunctis
Laeserit, et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam.
Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque Divae
Numina conclamañt.
Dividimus muros, et moenia pandimus urbis.
Accingunt omnes operi: pedibusque rotarum
2
3
3
Subjiciunt lapsus, et stupea wincula collo
NOTES.
Dr. Trapp renders depacitur, devours;
but there is no necessity of this; for it often
signifies no more than to mangle, prey upon,
waste, or consume away. Beside, we can
hardly suppose that the serpents devoured or
eat wo the bodies of his sons, and then laid
hold upon the father, to satiate their hunger.
There was a statue in the palace of Ves-
pasian, representing this story, (as mention-
ed by Pliny,) which showed Laocoon en-
twined by the serpents, and his sons dead
on the ground. It is probable that Virgil
took this description from that statue.
215. JMorsu: teeth—fangs.
,218. Bis ampleavi. The serpents embrace
him twice about the middle; then rising
upward, they bind their scaly backs twice
about his neck; and holding him in that
situation, elevate their heads and bloody
crests above the head of their unhappy vic-
tim. Circumdati. The parts of a compound
verb are sometimes separated by Tmesis,
for the sake of the verse. This word is
either to be taken actively, in the sense of
circumdantes, and governing squamea terga;
or we must take the expression as a Grecism.
See Ecl. i. 55.
220. Tendit •
JNodos : the ſolds of the serpent.
221. Perfusus: smeared, or stained, as to
his fillets.
224. Incertam securim ; the erring blow—
the axe struck with an erring blow.
225. Delubra. , Delubrum was properly
he place before the temple, or near the altar,
where they washed before they entered, or
before they performed sacrifice. It is de-
in the sense of conatur.
rived from deluo. Varro, however, thinks
it was the shrine or place where the image
of the god was placed. It is often used for
the temple itself, by synec. Lapsw: by a
gentle easy motion. Dracomes: in the sense
of serpentes.
226. Arcem: the shrine of stern Minerva.
Tritonis, a name of that goddess.
230. Ferunt: they declare that Laocoon
justly suffered for his crime—that it was a
just punishment inflicted upon him for doing
violence to the sacred offering of Minerva.
By this their doubt was removed, and they
resolved to admit the fatal machine within
the city.
231. Tergo: in the sense of lateri.
232. Simulacrum. Virgil had an admi-
rable talent at varying his style. He hath
found out no less than twelve names for
this horse, all equally significant: Lignum,
.Machina, JMonstrum, Dolum, Pinea Claus-
tra, Donum, JMoles, Effigies Equi, Equus,
Sacrum Robwr, Simulacrum, and Cavum Ro-
bur. Ad sedes : to the proper place—the
hill, or eminence, on which the temple of
Minerva stood. JNumina: in the sense of
divinitatem. -
234. JMaenia : properly, the fortifications
or bulwarks of a city, from munio. JMurus:
the wall that surrounds it. They are, how-
ever, used indiscriminately for a city, fre-
quently. Accing unt : apply themselves to
the work.
236. Lapsus rotarum; they place wheels
(or rollers) under its feet, and fasten hempen
cords to its neck. Lapsus rotarum: simply
for rotas.
212
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
§
Intendunt : scandit fatalis machina muros,
- Foeta armis: pueri circum innuptaque puellae
*39. Circum canunt Sacra canunt, funemque manu contingere gaudent
saºra carmina
240. Illa machina Su-
bit -
Illa subit, mediaeque minans illabitur urbi.
O patria, 6 Divām domus, Ilium, et inclyta bello,
Moenia Dardanidüm quater ipso in limine portae
240
Substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedère.
244 Immemores pro- Instamus tamen immemores, cacique furore,
digii
./ * # A * r *
Et monstrum infelix sacrată sistimus arce;
245
246. Tunc etiam Cas- Tunc etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris
sandra, jussu Dei Apol-
linis non unquam crg-
dita Teucris,
248. Nos miseri Tro-
jani, quibus
Ora, Dei jussu non unquam credita Teucris.
Nos delubra Deûm miseri, quibus ultimus esset
Ille dies, festà velamus fronde per urbem.
Vertitur interea coelum, et ruit Oceano nox,
Involvens umbră magná terramgue polumque,
Myrmidonumque dolos.
Conticuere: sopor fessos complectitur artus.
250
Fusi per moenia Teucri
º
NOTES.
237. Scandit muros: it ascends, or mounts
over the ruins of our walls. They had
been demolished to admit it, and afford it
entrance. - -
239. Funem : the ropes that had been
fastened to the neck and other parts of the
horse, by which they moved it forward.
241. Ilium, domus Divām : Ilium, the ha-
bitation of the gods; either because its walls
had been built by Apollo and Neptune; or,
on account of the numerous temples and
consecrated places with which it abounded.
242. Dardanidüm : the same as Trojano-
rum, vel Trojae.
243. Substitit quater, &c. Some are of
opinion that this stumbling, or stopping of
the horse in the very threshold, alludes to
a notion that prevailed of its being a bad
omen for one to stumble on the threshold,
especially when going out to war; as it is
said to have happened to Protesilaus, the
first of the Greeks, who was killed on the
plains of Troy. The malignity of this omen
was thought to proceed from the Furies, who
had their seats on the threshold. • -
244. Immemores. Servius thinks that Vir-
gil here alludes to the custom of the Romans
in devoting their enemies and the places to
which they laid siege. In the form of words
which they used upon the occasion, they
poured forth these imprecations against
them: Eique populo civitatique metum, for-
midinem, oblivionem injicialis, Dii. Ac-
cording to him, immemores will imply that
the Trojans were abandoned by the gods,
and given up to stupidity and infatuation.
Furore; with zeal—infatuation. Furor sig-
mifies any inordinate passion whatever, as
love, hatred, anger, zeal, &c. Immemores:
keedless—unmindful.
Apollo.
245. Infelia : in the sense of perniciosum,
vel fatale. . . » .
246. Cassandra. She was the daughter
of Priam and Hecuba, and endued with the
spirit of prophecy by Apollo, upon her pro-
mising to grant him her love; which, how-
ever, she afterwards refused to do. Not
being able to withdraw from her the gift he
had bestowed, he rendered it of no avail, by
destroying her credibility, and making all
her predictions to be considered as false.
Jussu Dei : by the command of the god
Ora: for os; the plu. for the sing.
Fatis futuris : to our approaching destruc-
tion.
249. Velamus delubra. It was their cus-
tom, not only on festival days, but at all
times of public rejoicing, to adorn, or dress
the temples of the gods with the branches
of laurel, olive, ivy, &c. .
250. Vertitur coelum : the heavens are
turned around. By the diurnal rotation of .
the earth, the heavens appear to revolve
about it once in twenty-four hours. The
heavens as well as the earth are divided into
two hemispheres, the upper and the lower,
by the horizon. The diurnal hemisphere
rises with the sun, and sets with him in the
west, below the horizon. At the same time
the nocturnal hemisphere rises in the east.
This tends to explain now ruit Oceano :
night rushes from the ocean, or rises from
the oceam.
251. Terramgue. There is a great beauty
in thus singling out the stratagems of the
Greeks, as the object of chief attention,
among all the things in heaven and earth,
which that night concealed.
252. Fusi : stretched upon their beds, ex-
pecting no danger, and taking needful re-
pose. JMaenia: in the sense of urbem.
AENEIS.
},IB. II. 213
Et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus jhat
A Tenedo, tacitae per amica silentia Lunae,
255
Litora nota petens : flammas cum regia puppis
Extulerat; fatisque Deûm defensus iniquis,
Inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim
Laxat claustra Sinon: illos patefactus ad auras
Reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt
258. Furlinn laxal
pinea claustra, et Da-
260 naos inclusos utero equt
Tisandrus Sthenelusque duces, et dirus Ulysses,
Demissum lapsi per funem ; Athamasque, Thoasque,
Pelidosque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon,
Et Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epelis.
Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam :
265
Caeduntur vigiles: portisque patentibus omnes
Accipiunt socios, atque agmina conscia jungunt.
Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris
Incipit, et dono Divām gratissima serpit. $.
In somnis ecce ante oculos moestissimus Hector
Visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus:
Raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento
268. Erat tempus noe
tis, quo
270 270. Ecce Hector moes -
... 'Y' tissimus visus est adesse
mihi ante oculos in som
nis -
NOTES.
254. Phalana properly d body of men,
consisting of eight thousand, placed in a
square; here used for troops in general.
Instructis navibus : in their furnished ships.
255. Tacitae Luna. Commentators have
variously interpreted these words. Some
have understood by them that the moon
was then new and shone with ſeeble light,
and the darkness in consequence was fa-
vorable to the Greeks, by preventing disco-
very. Valpy understands by them the ab-
sence of the moon during the first part of
the night. The Grecian army, says he,
may have chosen the decrease of the moon,
when she does not rise till near midnight.
This darkness was favorable or friendly to
them. But we are told by Scaliger and
others, that Troy was taken about the full
moon, when she shines the brightest. This
led Rugeus to understand by the silence of
the moon, the middle of the night, when
all things are silent and still. But Luna
may, by meton. be taken for moa, as Sol is
often put for dies. This will render it more
intelligible: the friendly silence of the still
(or calm) night. This is the opinion of
Heyne. --"
256. Cúm regia puppis : when the royal
ship erected a light, then Sinon protected
by, &c. We are to understand that Helen
or Sinon first gave the signal to Agamem-
non that they were ready, by showing a
lighted torch from the citadel, and he re-
turned it to them, by setting up a light upon
the stern of his ship.
257. Fatis; will, or purposes of the gods.
Iniquis ; in the sense of adversis, vel infes-
tis. JNobis is understood.
259. Furtim lawat Danaos : he opens
privately the piny doors, and (lets out) the
Aº
Greeks shut up in the womb. Here we
may observe that Virgil uses the verb lazat
with both the nouns claustra and Danaos,
when in strict propriety, it can be applied
to one only. This is a freedom which our
language will not always admit; but it fre-
quently occurs in the Latin and Greek
writers. See AEm. vii. 431.
260. Reddit: in the sense of effundit.
262. Lapsi per funem. After they were
let out, they slid down by a rope, secured
at the top of the horse, and reaching to the
ground.
263. Pelides : Pyrrhus, the son of Achil,
les, and grandson of Peleus, king of Thes-
saly. He was also called Neoptolemus.
See 469. seq. Primus. By this we are to
understand that he was the first who de-
scended the rope; and not the first, or chief
among these leaders.
263. Doli:, for equi.
265. Sepullam somno, vinoque. This is
a very expressive metaphor, represcnting
the inhabitants of the city so deeply in
sleep, and 'so silent and still, that it would
almost seem as if their beds had been their
graves. This greatly moves our pity to-
ward the Trojans, and our indignation
against Simon and the treacherous Greeks.
.Accipiunt : in the sense of admittunt. Por-
tis patentibus may be put absolutely.
267. Conscia : friendly ; or conscious, be-
cause they were acquainted with the plar.
of attack.
268. AEgris: in the sense of fessis.
269. Doro ; by the favor, or indulgenee.
Serpil : creeps, or spreads over them. This
is extremely sign ficant. Iults, vel 7 is, is to
be supplied.
272. Big is . Bigge, properly a chario
$214
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
273. Trajectus quoad Pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes.
lon a per tumentes
exuvias
276. Wel qui jaculatus
est
277. JN'unc gerens
Hei mihi, qualis erat 1 quantùm mutatus ab illo
275. Indulus quoad Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis,
Vel Danaúm Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes!
Squalentem barbam, et concretos sanguine crines,
Vulneraque illa gerens, qua, circum plurima muros
275
squalentem barbam, et Accepit patrios: ultró flens ipse widebar
crimes
tate, ab quibus oris, ve-
nis | Ut nos defessi as-
picimus te, post
Compellare virum, et moestas expromere voces:
281, O Hector expec- O lux Dardania, spes 6 fidissima Teucröm
Quae tantae tenuère mora º quibus Hector ab oris
Expectate, venis 7 utte post multa tuorum
\ 280
Funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores,
Defessi aspicimus' quae causa indigna serenos
Foedavit vultus 7 aut cur hac vulnera cerno 7
Ille nihil : mec me quaerentem vana moratur;
Sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens:
Heu fuge, nate Deá, teque his, ait, eripe flammis
Hostis habet muros; ruit alto à culmine Troja
287. Ille respondit mi-
hil ad ha`c :
288, Graviter ducens
gemitus de imo pectore,
ait: Heu! fuge
285
290
291. Ulla dextrá, fuis-Sat patriae Priamoque datum : si Pergama dextrá
sent defensa etiam hac Defendi possent, etiam hác defensa fuissent.
mea deactrá. -
Sacra, suosque tibi commendat Troja Penates:
294, Quiere monia Hos cape fatorum comites: his moenia quaere,
his, qua statues magna,
ponto denique pererrato,
Magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto.
Sic ait, et manibus vittas, Vestamgue potentem,
295
AEternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem.
NOTES.
drawn by two horses. Here it means the
chariot of Achilles, behind which Hector's
dead body was drawn around the walls of
Troy several times. See AFn. i. 99.
273. Trajectus-que per tumentes : pierced
through his swelling feet with thongs. It
agrees with Hector, mentioned above.
274, Qualis eral / how he looked how
much changed from that Hector, &c.
275. Indutvas eacuvias : clad in the spoils
of Achilles. When Achilles left the Greeks
in disgust, his friend Patroclus requested of
him the favor of wearing his armour, with
a view of striking the greater terror to the
Trojans. He was slain by" Hector, and
stripped of his armour. See Ecl. i. 55.
280. Earpromere : to utter these sorrowful
words. This word is very appropriate here;
it shows him laboring to bring out his words
and give them utterance, like a person
drawing a heavy load.
281. Lua: ; in the sense of salus.
282. Tanta: ; in the sense of longa.
pron. te is understood.
283. Earpectate : earnestly desired, or
longed for, Ul defessi; how gladly do we,
worn out, (with toil and fatigue,) see thee,
after the many deaths of thy friends, &c.
By labores hominum, perhaps we are to un-
derstand the disasters of their allies, and
by labores urbis, the disasters of his country-
men. Urbis : the city; by meton. put for
the inhabitants.
Tho
286. Foedavit: hath disfigured thy serene
countenance. *
287. JMoratur: nor did he, by answering
these questions, detain me, &c.
291. Sat datum: enough has been done
for our country, and for Priam. Sat here
performs the office of a noun. Pergama
properly the fort and fortifications of Troy,
but frequently used and taken for the whole
city, as in the present case, by synec.
293. Pemates. Macrobius, in his Saſurma-
lia, explains the Penates to be those gods by
whom we breathe, and to whom we owe the
faculties of our minds and bodies, i. e. Ju-
piter, Juno, and JMinerva. To these he adds
Wesla : on which account the consuls, and
other magistrates, when they entered upon
their offices, used to pay divine honors to
the Penates, and Vesta. This seems to be
confirmed by the passaga before us, where
Westa is delivered to the care of Æneas, as
well as the Penates. These gods, he ob-
serves, were styled the great gods. They
were also styled powerful: on which account
Virgil here styles Vesta, the powerful god-
dess: Veslam potentem.
Dionysius Halycarnassus informs us, that
the symbols of these Penates at Rome were
two wooden statues of young men, in a sit-
ting posture, with javelins in their hands.
294. JMania: in the sense of urbem. Fa-
torum : of thy fortunes.
297. JEternum ignem. The sacred fire was
*
AENEIS.
LIB, Il. 215
l)iverso interea miscentur moºnla luctu :
Et magis atque magis (quanquam secreta parentis
Anchisae domus, arboribusque obtecta recessit)
298. Et somitus clares-
cunt magis atque magis
300
Clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror.
Excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti
Ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto.
In segetem veluti clim flamma furentibus Austris
Incidit; aut rapidus montano flumine torrens
305
Sternit agros, sternitsata lasta boumque labores,
Praecipitesque trahit sylvas: stupet inscius alto
Accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.
Tum veró manifesta fides, Danadmque patescunt.
Insidiae ; jam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam,
309. Fides verborum
310 Hectorus fuit manifesta
Vulcano superante, domus: jam proximus ardet
Ucalegon: Sigea ignifreta lata relucent. -
Exoritur clamorgue virüm, clangorque tubarum.
Arma amens capio, nec sat rationis in armis :
314. Nec erat sat ra-
tionis mihi in armis. Sed
animi ardent glomerare
NOTES.
kept burning all the year. It was brought
by Æneas into Italy, where Numa Pompilius
re-established the order of the Vestal Vir-
gins ; whose office was to preserve this fire
in the temple of Vesta. It was suffered to
die away on the last day of the year, and
was rekindled again on the first day of March
from the beams of the sun. The origin of
this religious custom seems to have been de-
rived from the Persians, who were famous
for worshipping the sun, and the fire, as an
emblem of that luminary. This everlasting
fire was not only preserved in the temple of
Vesta, but also in private houses, and in the
palaces of the great ; where was an altar
to Jupiter Hercaeus, on which fire was kept
perpetually burning. Some suppose that
this was the fire which Priam had consecra-
ted on the altar, at which he was slain.
.Adytis. Adytum properly was the most
sacred part of the temple—the place where
the images and statues of the gods were—the
shrine. This was commonly the interior or
middle of the temple. Hence the propriety
of adytis penetralibus. It is often taken for
the temple itself by synec.
£98. Diverso: in the sense of vario.
299. Secreta: private, separated from
others—by itself: it agrees with domus. Fuit
is understood.
300. Obtecta ; surrounded (covered) by
trces, was retired from noise and bustle.
301. Sonitus clarescunt : the sounds are
heard more and more clearly ; and the din
or clashing of arms increases.
303. Ascensu: by climbing up, I ascend
to the summit of the palace. By this we
are to understand the watch tower, which
was usually built on the ridge, or highest
part of the house, that it might afford them
a more extensive prospect. Arrectis auribus:
with listening ears. It is a metaphor taken
from those animals that prick up their ears
at every sound which gives them alarm.
304. Welut câm flamma, &c. This fine
simile is taken from Homer, Iliad ii. 455
JAustris : for ventis.
305. Torrens rapidus : a torrent rapid
with a mountain flood prostrates tº c fields,
prostrates, &c. Auctus colluvie aquarum &
montibus, says Heyne.
306. Sata ; properly crops of corn, from
sero. Lteta ; in the sense of copiosa, or fer-
tilia. Լ
308. Accipiens: in the sense of audiens.
Inscius: ignorant of the cause of the sound.
309. Fides : the truth of Hector’s words
was now manifest.
310. Deiphobi. Deiphobus was the son
of Priam and Hecuba. After Paris was
slain by Pyrrhus, he married Helen, by
whose treachery he fell a sacrifice to the
resentment of the Greeks, among the first
of his countrymen. See AEn. vi. 494, et seq.
311. Pulcano: in the sense of igne. The
god of fire, by meton. put for fire itself.
312. Ucalegon. He was one of Priam's
counsellors: here put, by meton. for the
house of Ucalegon. His house burns the
next. Lata Sigea freta : the broad Sigean
straits shine with the light of the flames.
Sigea : an adj. from Sigeum, a promontory
of Troas. Fretum is properly a narrow sea
or strait: it here means that part of the
AEgean sea lying between Tenedos and
Troas.
313. Eacoritur clamorque, &c. This is
one of the finest lines that ever imaged the
sense in the sound. The words and sylla-
bles are rough, hoarse, and sonorous; and
so artfully put together as to strike the ear
like the thrilling notes of the trumpet which
they describe. Clangor : in the sense of
S07??&S.
314, Amens: compounded of the Greek
216
P. VIRGI] ...II MAR () NIS
Sed glomerare manum bello, et concurrere in arcein
317. Succurrit mihi in
mentern pulchrum esse
Cum sociis ardent animi : furor iraque mentem
Praecipitant; pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis
Ecce autem, telis Pantheus elapsus Achivām,
316
Pantheus Otriades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,
320. Ipse trahit sacra, Sacra manu, victosque Deos, parvumque nepotem 320
victosque
Ipse trahit; cursugue amens ad limina tendit: ,
322. In quo loco est Quo res summa loco, Pantheu ? quam prendimus arcem 7
SUl Iſl]]] 8. TeS
Wix ea fatus eram gemitu, cum talia reddit:
, Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus
Dardaniae : fuimus Troés, fuit Ilium, et ingens.
325
Gloria Teucrorum : ferus omnia Jupiter Argos
Transtulit : incensá Danai dominantur in urbe.
Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans
331. Tot millia, quot
nunquam venère & mag-
nis
Fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet
Insultans: portis alii bipatentibus adsunt,
Millia quot magnis nunquam venère Mycenis.
330
NOTES.
alpha, privilivum, and mens. It properly sig-
nifies, deprived of reason—destitute of pre-
sence of mind, from any cause whatever.
315. Glomerare : in the sense of colligere.
316. Animi ardent : my mind burns to
collect, &c. The plural here has plainly
the sellse of the singular animus.
319. Pantheus : he was the son of Otreus.
Servius informs us, that on the overthrow of
Troy by Hercules, and the death of Lao-
medon, Priam sent the son of Antenor to
consult the oracle of Delphi, whether he
should build up Troy again upon the same
foundations. Pantheus was then priest of
the Delphic Apollo, a youth of exquisite
beauty; and Antenor was so well pleased
with him, that he carried him off by force
to Troy. To make some amends for this
injury, Priam made him priest of Apollo.
However this may be, he was a person of
great note and authority among the Tro-
jans, Sacerdos arcis Phoebique: priest of
the tower and of Apollo: (that is) of the
citadel or tower, where Apollo was worship-
ped, together with Pallas or Minerva, to
whom it was sacred. .
320. Sacra : sacred utensils. Here again
Virgil applies one verb to two or more nouns,
when in strictness it can be applied to one
only. Trahat is applicable enough to a child
who can hardly walk, and must be half
dragged along; but it cannot so well be
applied to things that are carried in the hand.
321. Jimina. Some copies have Litora.
But Servius, Donatus, Heyme, and others,
read limina, which is manifestly to be pre-
ferred. Litora appears inconsistent with
the case. Beside, it reflects much, honor
upon AEneas, that both Hector and Pantheus
should bring the sacred things of Troy to
him for safe-keeping. It is a chief object
with the poet to aggrandize his hero.
322. Summa res: the commonwealth—
the common interests of his country; which
was the summa res of Æneas, his chief, his
highest concern; and will always be nearest
the heart of every good patriot. Virgil, to
show the haste and impatience of Æneas,
makes him throw out these short questions
abruptly, without any previous introduc-
tion. Loco: state, or condition. Reddit:
in the sense of respondet.
324. Ineluctabile tempus. Rugeus takes
these words in the sense of inevitabilis ruina
Trojae. Summa: in the sense of suprema vel
wltima.
325. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium : we Tro-
jans are no more; Ilium, and the great glory
of the Trojans, hath fallen.
It was a custom among the Romans, when
they would intimate a person to be dead, to
say fuit, or via'it, to shun sounds that were
shocking, and accounted of bad omen. Be-
side, there is a greater degree of elegance
in expressing the death of a person, or the
overthrow of a city, thus, indirectly, by fuit,
stetit, vizit, &c. than in plain words. The
one is the language of poetry, the other of
prose. This seems to be an imitation of
Euripides in his Troades, where Andromache
and Hecuba thus alternately complain:
once we were happy—ſ Hecuba : now our
happiness is gone.—Troy is no more.
329. Misé : in the sense of spargit.
330. B ipatentibus : in the sense of apertis.
Doors or gates that open both ways, or on
both sides, may be called bipatenles. Ad-
sunt : in the sense of intrant. -
331. JMycenis. Mycenae and Argos were
the chief cities of Greece; and frequently
put for Greece in general. They were situ
ated in the Peloponnesus. Hodie. JMorea
*
42
ACNEIS
LIB. II. 217
Obsedère alii telis angusta viarum
Oppositi: stat ferri acies mucrone corusco
Stricta, parata neci: vix primi praelia tentant
Portarum vigiles, ét cºco Marte resistunt.
336
Talibus Otriadae dictis, et numine Divām
In flammas et in arma ſeror : quë tristis Erinnys,
Quð fremitus vocat, et sublatus ad acthera clamor.
Addunt Se socios Ripheus, et maximus annis
Iphitus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque, Dymasque ;
Et lateri agglomerant nostro ; juvenisque Choroebus
Mygdonides: illis ad Trojam fortè diebus
339. Ripheus, et Iphi-
340 tus maximus annis, Hy-
panisque, Dymasque ob-
lati per Lunam addunt
se socios mihi
Venerat, insanc Cassandrae incensus amore ;
Et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat:
Infelix, quinon sponsa præcepta furentis
Audierat, -
345 345. Infelix juvenis /
quinon
Quos ubi confertos audere in praelia widi,
Incipio super his : Juvenes, fortissima frustrà
Pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido est
Certa sequi; quae sit rebus fortuna, videtis.
Excessère omnes adytis arisque relictis
Di, quibus imperium hoc steterat: succurritis urbi
349. Si certa cupido
350 est vobis sequi me au-
dentem extrema; vos vi-
detis, quae fortuna sit
7,0stris
Incensæ : moriamur, et in media arma ruamus.
NOTES.
332. Angusta viarum : the narrow places,
or passages of the streets. Loca seems to
be understood. It is used in the sense of
anguslas vias.
Caeco JMarte : in the blind (doubtful) en-
counter. It is so called on account of the
darkness of the night; or because it was
sudden and unexpected, and resistance could
not, therefore, be made with any prospect
of success. Marte: in the sense of pugna
vel certamine. -
336. JW untine : impulse, or will of the
gods.
337. Erinnys: this is a common name of
the three furies. See Geor. i. 278. In ar-
ma: in the sense of in pugmas.
339. JMaarimus annis. Some read armis:
but the former appears to be the true read-
ing from verse 435, seq. Heyne has armis.
340. Oblati: meeting me by the light of
the moon.
341. Agglomerant : in the sense of adha-
ºrent.
343. Insano: in the sense of magno, or
vehementi. Virgil has here applied to Chora:-
bus, what Homer says of Othryoneus.
He was passionately in love with Cassan-
dra, the daughter of Priam, and hoped to
become his son-in-law: with that view he
came to his assistance. He was the son of
Mygdon.
345. Furentis: furens here means inspi-
red—prophetic. Sponsa; properly a woman
promised, or betrothed in marriage; from
the verb spondeo also a young married
Y. WOIIlºle
347. Audere in praelia: to have courage
for fight—to be ready to engage. Quos :
in the sense of illos.
348. Super his ; upon these things. Hav-
ing observed them collected together, and
prepared for fight, he then begins. Or, su-
per his may be in the sense of ad haec, to
these things—to their readiness and courage
for fight, he begins. Servius takes them
differently. I begin in these words, the more
to animate them. In this case, super must
be for insuper; in the former, a prep. Da-
vidson follows Servius. Heyne has posi
hac-inde. -
248. Juvenes, pectora : there is a great
confusion, and neglect of order and method,
in this speech, to mark the hurry and dis-
order of Æneas' mind. O youths, souls
most valiant! Frustra : in vain; because
they could not save their country.
349. Certa cupido: a fixed, determined
resolution. Audentem : in the sense of ten.
tanlem. Cupido: in the sense of animºus.
351. Omnes Dž, quibus; all the gods, by
whom this empire stood, have departed
from, &c. It was a prevailing opinion that
a city, or place, could not be taken, while
its tutelary divinities remained in it. It was
the practice, therefore, of the besiegers to
invite, or call them away. For this reason
the Romans took care to conceal the Latin
name of the god under whose protection
Rome was; and the priests were not allow-
ed to call the Roman gods by th ir names,
lest, if they were known, an emer, y might
solicit and entice them away. To uhis cus.
218
P W IRGILII MARONIS
Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem.
Sic animis juvenum furor additus.
Inde lupiceu 356
- Raptores, atră in nebulá, quos improba ventris
357. Quos improba Exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti
rabies ventris exegit eac
antris cºcos periculo,
quos-que catuli relicti in
Faucibus expectant siccis : per tela, per hostes
Vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus
an irºs Urbis iter: nox atra cavă circumvolat umbră. 360
359. Sic 'nos vadimus Quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando
per tela Explicet 2 aut possit lachrymis a quare labores?
Urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos:
Plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim
365. Domos hominum, Corpora, perque domos, et religiosa Deorum 365
et per Limina. Nec soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri :
* - Quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus,
li 368. Ubique est crude- Victoresque cadunt Danai : crudelis ubique
1S Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago.
370. Androgeos pri- Primus se Danaúm, magnâ comitante catervá, 370
mus Danaúm offert se Androgeos offert nobis, socia agmina credens,
nobis, magna caterva
comitante eum, credens
nostra agmina esse socia
Inscius; atque ultrö verbis compellat amicis:
Festinate, viri: nam quae tam Sera moratur:
Segnities 7 alii rapiunt incensa feruntdue
*
#-
NOTES.
tom the poet may here allude; or rather to
the poetical fiction, that when Troy was
like to be taken, the gods were seen carrying
away their statues from the temples.
354. Una salus ; the only safety to the
vanquished, is, to hope for no safety. This
is the same argument which the brave Le-
onidas used to animate his men to sell their
lives as dear as possible. Una : in the sense
of sola.
355. Inde cew lupi : after that, as ravenous
wolves in a dark night, which excessive
hunger hath driven out blind to danger, &c.
Improba rabies ventris : excessive greediness
of the belly—pressing hunger. Raplores :
in the sense of rapaces, ravenous, rapacious.
HDr. Trapp objects to the justness of this
simile; but the comparison does not lie in
the action, but in the manner of performing
it. As hungry rapacious wolves are forced
from their retreats precipitately into danger,
without fear or dread, so we rush desperate-
ly on our foes, looking death and danger in
the face. The poet mentions another cir-
cumstance. Catuli relicti : their whelps,
left behind, wait, with parched jaws. By
which he intended to represent those animals
In their fiercest and most ravenous state;
and, therefore, the more proper to denote
the fierceness and rage of men driven to
despair. In at a nebula; in the dark night;
because in the night, or dark weather, they
are the fiercest and least mindful of danger.
359. Vadimus: we march to certain death,
and take the way through the middle of the
city. This circumstance is mentioned to
show their courage and intrepidity. After-
ward he is afraid of the enemy, when, he
has in charge his aged father, his wife, and
infant son; and endeavors to shun them by
tracing out the by-paths and unfrequented
lanes.
361. Fando: in the sense of verbis.
362. Labores ; disasters—toils; ---,
365. Inertia corpora. By these bodies, it
is most probable, we are to understand the
feeble and helpless part of the inhabitants—
old men, women, and children; and all who
did not take up arms in defence of their
country: they were slain (sternuntur) every
where, in their own houses, in the streets,
and in the temples whither they had fled for
protection. They are called inertia in op-
position to those who dared to make resist-
ance, and nobly die. This is much better
than to take corpora in the sense of cadavera,
as is usually done; for then the epithet iner-
tia would be quite useless and superfluous.
366. Relligiosa limina : the sacred tem-
ples of the ods. Limen, the threshold, by
synec. put for the temple. Dant poenas san-
guine; simply, suffer punishment with their
blood—by shedding their blood. -
367. Procordia : in the sense of corda,
vel ſectora. *
369. Plurima imago: very many forms of
death. This mode of expression is common
with Virgil, and is conformable to the Latin
idiom. So multa virtus—mullusque honos.
Æm. iv. 3. Such expressions, however, con-
vey an idea of plurality rather than of uni-
ty; and, in our language, require to be ren-
dered in the plural number. -
271. Socia: friendly. Androgeos took
them to be of the party of the Greeks.
374. JYam quº seg-muties: what sloth so
AENEIs. LIB. I
219
Pergama. vos celsis nung primūm a navibus itis, 7
375
Dixit: et extempló (neque enim responsa dabantur
Fida satis) sensit medios delapsus in hostes. -
Obstupuit, retrôque pedem cum voce repressit.
Improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem
Pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repenté refugit
Attollentem iras, et coerula colla tumentem.
Haud sectis Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat.
Irruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis:
379. Veluti homo qui
380 nitens humi pressit aſi-
quem improvisum ez
aspris sentibus
381. Refugit eum at-
tollentem
Ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos
Sternimus: 'aspirat primo fortuna labori.
3
8
5
Atque hic exultans successu animisque Choroebus,
O Socii, quâ prima, inquit, fortuna salutis
Monstrat iter, quâque ostendit se dextra, sequamur.
Mutemus clypeos, Danaúmgue insignia nobis
Aptemus: dolus, an virtus, quis in hoste requirat 2
Sic fatus, deinde comantem
Androgei galeam, clypeigue insigne decorum
Arma dabunt ipsi.
387. O socii, qua for-
tuna prima monstrat no-
bis iter salutis, quâque
dextra ostendit se,
390 390. Quis requirat in
hoste, an sit dolus, an
virtus. Ipsi occisi
Induitur: laterique Argivum accommodat ensem.
Hoc Ripheus, hoc ipse Dymas, omnisque juventus
Laeta facit: spoliis se quisque recentibus armat.
Vadimus immixti Danais, haud numine nostro:
394. Ripheus facut
395 hoc, Dymas ipse facit
hoc
Multaque per caecam congressi praelia noctem
NOTEs.
late detains you. Rapiunt : in the sense of
vastant. Ferunt : in the sense of evertunt.
376. Eactemplo sensut: he instantly per-
ceived that he had fallen into the midst of
enemies. Delapsus: in the sense of delap-
sum esse. A Grecism. - .
377. Fida: in the sense of amica. JNſeque:
in the sense of non.
378. Repressit pedem : he retreated baek
with his words. As soon as he perceived
his mistake, he retreated back.
379. Aspris: by syncope for aspers. This
simile is taken from Homer, Iliad iii. verse
33. But Virgil is very happy in the appli-
'cation, and has improved upon the original,
by the addition of several circumstances that
heighten the comparison, and give it more
force and likeness.
380. JWitens humi: walking on the ground,
steps upon a smake unseen, &c.
382. Haud sects: no otherwise—just so.
383. Circumfundimur : this verb here has
an active signification: we encompass them
with our weapons close joined. Or, it may
have the sense of miscemur, as Ruteus in-
terprets it. -
384. Captos formidine. Mr. Davidson ob-
serves: by this we are to understand that
they were so under the power of fear, as
not to be able to exert themselves—enchain-
ed, arrested, or nonplussed by fear; and so
enslaved to it, that they could obey nothing
but its impulse. Ruseus interprets it by
percitos metu.
385, Aspirat; in the sense of favet. La-
bori: in the sense of conatwi.
386. Animis: courage—boldness.
388. Dextra : in the sense of proputra.
389. Insignia Danaim : the armour of
the Greeks. This seems to allude to the
figures, or images, engraven upon their buck-
lers—those of the Greeks having the figure
of Neptune, and those of the Trojans the
figure of Minerva. Putting on the Grecian
figures, was the same thing as putting on
their armour.
Zenobius tells us, that Coroebus was noted
for stupidity: as an instance, he mentions
that he used to amuse himself on the sea
shore by counting the waves as they dashed
against it. He came to the assistance of
Priam just before the city was taken; and
now he shows his stupidity and want of
foresight in suggesting a plan, rash in its
nature, and which in the event proved fatal
to him and his associates. -
390. Requirat ; ask—demand.
393. Induilwr comantem: he puts on the
waving helmet of Androgeos. Induitur is
plainly to be taken actively, in the sense of
tnduit. Comantem : waving with a hairy
crest. The crests of their helmets were
made of the hair of beasts. Decorum in-
signe clypei : the beautiful, or comely figure
of his shield; i. e. his beautiful shie.d—his
shield richly ornamented.
396. Haud nostro numine: not with our
god. This is an allusion to their having
put off their own armour, on which was en-
graven the figure of Minerva, their guar
dian goddess and protectress, and put on the
220
Å
P. W. R.GILII MARONIS
Consermus, multos Danaúm demittimus Orco.
400. Pars prae turpi
formidine
Diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu
Fida petunt : pars ingentem formidine turpi
Scandunt rursus equum, et notá conduntur in alvo.
Heu, nihil invitis fas quenquam fidere Divis!
403. Ecce Cassandra
Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo
Priameia Virgo passis Crinibus à templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae,
crinibus
Ad coelum tendens ardentia lumina frustrà,
405
406. Lumina, inquam; Lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas.
IlúIn,
Non tulit hanc speciem furiatā mente Choroebus,
Et sese medium injecit moriturus in agnmen.
Consequimur cuncti, et densis incurrimus armis.
Hic primūm ex alto delubri culmine telis
410
& Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes,
412. Er facie nostro- Armorum facie, et Graiarum errore jubarum.
rººm, arrúOrūrū
413. Danai commoti
gemitu, atque irá virgi-
bus
; Tum Danai, gemitu, atque ereptae virginis irã,
Undique collecti invadunt : acerrimus Ajax,
nis ereptºe ea suis mani-Et gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis.
Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti
415
40...Qen adver: Yen- Confligunt, Zephyrusque, Notusque, et laetus Eois
ti, Zephyrusque, Notus-
que, et Eurus lastus Eois
equis, quondam confli-
gunt, turbine rupto
Eurus equis: stridunt sylvae, saevitaue tridenti
Spumeus atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo.’
Illi etiam, si quos obscurá nocte per umbram
420
NOTES.
Grecian armour, with the figure of Neptune,
the inveterate enemy of the Trojans. Im-
miarli Damais. It is one characteristic of
the valiant, that they mingle with the ranks
of the enemy. Homer says of Diomede,
that he so mingled with the Trojans, that a
spectator would have, sometimes, been at a
loss to know whether he belonged to the
Trojans, or to the Greeks.
398. Conserimus multa praelia ; we wage
many a fight. Orco : in the sense of ad in-
feros.
402. Mihil fas: it is not right that any
one should have confidence, (trust in any
thing) the gods being against him. Nihil
and nil are often used simply in the sense of
non. The verb est is understood.
404. Crinibus passis: with loose or dis-
hevelled hair. Passis, from the verb pan-
dor, to be loose or spread open.
405. Tendens: raising her glaring eyes to
heaven in vain. Frusta: in vain, either be-
cause the gods were inexorable, or because
she could not move the compassion of the
Greeks. This is a most moving represen-
tation of the beautiful prophetess and prin-
cess in distress. No wonder that it roused
the indignation of this valiant band, and
brought them to her rescue. They avenged
the horrid deed upon their enemies.
407. Speciem: sight—spectacle. This sight
Choroebus could not bear. -
409. Incurrimus : we rush upon them to
the rescue of Cassandra. Densis armis :
with close weapons—in close array. Heyne
understands it of their rushing upon the
close or compacted body of the Greeks.
Irruimus in densum agnen hostium, says he.
412. Facie armorum: from the appearance
of their armour, the Trojans took them to
be Greeks. Jubarum : crests or plumes.
413. Gemitu : in the sense of dolore. The
Greeks (moved) with grief and resentment,
on account of the virgin rescued from their
hands, being collected together from all
quarters, attack us. Gemitus here is plainly
used in a wider sense than usual. Both
Ruasus and Heyne take it in the sense of
dolor.
414. Ajaw. He was the son of Oileus.
He ravished Cassandra in the temple of
Minerva, for which he was afterward severe-
ly punished by that goddess. See AEm. i.
41. Ajax, the son of Telamon, had some
time before killed himself, for his failure in
the contest for the armour of Achilles.
415. Gemini Alridae : the two sons of
Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus.
416. Cew adversi venti: as when opposite
winds, &c. This simile is in imitation of
Homer, Iliad 9. In comparing the two,
Scaliger found the preference so much due
to Virgil, that he reckons him the master,
and Homer the scholar. Confligunt: in the
sense of certant. g
419. JWerews: a marine god. The trident
was assigned to him by the poets, as well as
to Neptune. See Ecl. vi. 35. -
420. Si quos ſudimus : if we have routed
any by stratagem through the shades in the
AENEIS.
LIB II. 221
&
Fudimus insidiis, totăque agitavimus urbe,
Apparent: primi clypeos mentitaque tela
Agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant/
422. Illi etiam appa
rent; primique
Ilicet obruimur numero, primusque Choroebus
Penelei dextrā divae armipotentis ad aram
425
Procumbit: cadit et Ripheus, justissimus unus,
Qui fuit in Teucris, et servantissimus aequi;
Pereunt Hypanisque, Dymasque,
) is aliter visum.
427. Qui fuit unus
justissimus, et
Confixi à sociis : nec te tua plurima, Pantheu,
Labentem pietas, nec Apollinis infula texit.
430
Iliaci cineres, et flamma extrema meorum,
Testor, in occasu vestro, nec tela, nec ullas
Vitavisse vices Danaúm ; et, si fata fuissent
Divellimur inde,
Iphitus et Pelias mecum : quorum Iphitus aevo
Ut caderem, meruisse manu.
432. Testor vos, me
vitavisse nec tela, nec
ullas vices Danaúm
435
Jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulyssei.
Protinús ad sedes Priami clamore vocati.
Hic verö ingentem pugnam, ceu caetera nusquam
Bella forent, nulli totă morerentur in urbe :
Sic 'Martem indomitum, Dannosque ad tecta ruentes 440
438. Hic vero cern-
mus ingentem pugnam,
Cell
. …" NOTES.
dusky night, &c. they also appear. JMenti-
ta tela: false or fictitious armour. It pur-
ported that those who wore it were Greeks;
but in truth were Trojans.
& 423. Sigmarit ora: they observe our words
differing in sound from theirs. We speak
not their language, and, therefore, they know
there must be some deception in the busi-
ness. Some understand by sono, the Gre-
cian watch-word. Ora : in the sense of
verba, by meton.
424. Ilicét obruimur : instantly we are
overpowered by numbers. The word ilicet
was anciently used in the sense of actum est:
all is over. It was an expression used by
the judge, who, when he thought fit to put
an end to business, ordered the crier to pro-
nounce ilicel, i. e. ire licet : all may go—the
business is over. *
425. Armipotentis Diva!; the warlike god-
dess—Pallas. See Geor. i. 18. Penelež :
Peneleus was one of the five generals of the
Beotians who came to the Trojan war.
428. Visum alier Dis. Having mention-
ed that his friend was the most just, and
most observant of justice among the Tro-
Jans, PEncas certainly could not mean that
it seemed otherwise to the gods. Something
it is evident must be understood. Now, the
mention of this excellent man, would natu-
rally suggest the reflection that he deserved
a better end: he ought not to have fallen
with the rest; but he checks himself: Dis
aliter visum : it seemed otherwise to the
gods, Commentators have been much di-
vided in opinion upon these words. But in
this view they are plain and intelligible.
The verb est is understood.
429. JNec twiſplurima pietas: nor did thy
great piety, rior the fillets of Apollo, protect
thee from falling.
431. Iliaci cineres : ye Trojan ashes, and
the last flames of my country, I call you to
witness, that, &c. Vices. By this Servius
understands pugna, fights; because they
fought by courses. Scaliger takes it to
mean wounds and deadly blows, vulnera et
cades; because wounds in fighting are mu-
tually given and received. Donatus consi-
ders it an allusion to the gladiators; the
verb vito, joined with it, being a term used
in fencing to parry off a thrust, in opposition
to peto, to aim one. For vices, Ruapus says
pericula. Heyne says casus pugnſe.
433. Fuissent : in the sense of sinuissent.
434. JMerwisse manu : that I merited it by
this right hand, i.e. by fighting. There is
something noble in this sentiment. It con-
siders death as a prize or reward, which the
valiant win by their merit or valor. This
agrges with his former reflection: pulchrum
que mori succurrit in arms. Divellinwr in-
de Iphitus, et; we are torn away from thence
He speaks of it as a great affliction ; and,
as it were, accuses his fate that denied him
the honor of so glorious a death.
435. Gravior avo: Iphitus was now op-
pressed or enfeebled with age; and Pelias
disabled by a wound which he had received
from Ulysses. JEvo: for annis.
437. Proliniis immediately—in haste
Pocati : Sumus is understood.
438. Cew : in the sense of quasi. It is
understood before nulli. Bella: in the sense
of pugma.
440. JMartem indomitum : Mars, furious,
ungoverned. JMars, the god of war, put for
222
\
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
st-
Cernimus, obsessumque actà testudine limen.
* * Haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos
443. Danai nituntur Nituntur gradibus; clypeosque ad tela sinistris
Protecti objiciunt,
prensant fastigia dextris.
Dardanidae contra turres ac tecta domorum 445
446. His telis parant Culmina convellunt: his se, quando ultima cernunt,
defendere se Extremä jam in morte parant defendere telis;
Auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum,
Devolvunt : alii strictis mucronibus imas
... . . . Obsedère fores: has servant agmine denso. 450
& t ºur animºunt Instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis,
instaurau Auxilioque lev are viros, vimdue addere victis.
* Limen erat, caecaeque fores, et pervius usus-
455. Dum regna Pri. Tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relicti -
am? A tergo : infelix quá se, dum regna manebant, 455
NOTES
war, or fighting in general. Ad tecta : to 447. In eactrema morte: in the last catas-
the palace. *
formed. The testud9 was a figure into which
the soldiers formed themselves in attacking
towns and other fortified places. The first
rank stood upright, the next behind them
stooped lower and lower by degrees, till the
last rank kneeled down: all holding their
targets or shields over their heads in their
left hands. By these means they were se-
cure from the missive weapons of the enemy
from the walls and towers. To carry on an
attack in this way was called, agere testudi-
mem: to form the testudo, or target defence. ,
Limen : the passage which led up to the
palace—the place before the door.
442. Parietibus. Paries is properly the
wall of a house—mwrus, the wall of a city.
443. JWituntur gradibus sub, &c. By gra-
dibus, here, we may either understand the
steps that led up to the palace, or the steps
of the scaling ladders by which they mount-
ed up, or pressed to get up, to the roof, the
foot of these ladders being placed at the very
door-posts. Mr. Davidson understands the
passage in this last sense. The former, how-
ever, is the easier: which is the sense of
Ruasus. Ad ipsas portas, says he. The
Greeks ascend (nituntur) by the steps up to
the very doors. Postes, properly the frame
of the door, put, frequently, for the door it-
self, by meton. -
444. Protecti sinistris: protected by their
left hands, (by the shields which they sup-
ported on their left arm.) they oppose their
shields, &c. Fastigia: the roof, or the eaves
or edge of the roof.
445. Tecta culmina domorum: the cover-
ed tops of their houses. Here tecta is a par-
ticipial adjective, from the verb tego. Its
neuter, tectum, properly signifies the roof or
covering of any building. Hence by synec.
the building itself—a house, a palace. .:**
trophe.
441. Testudine actá: the testudo being
Suprema ruiná, says Rugeus.
448. Devolvunt awratas trabes : they tum-
ble down upon their enemies the gilded
rafters, the stately decorations of their an-
cestors. In this passage, the poet has drawn
a lively picture of men in despair. Some
copies have decora illa parentum; which
has a peculiar emphasis.
449. Alii obsedère. These I take to be
Trojan guards, who had taken possession of
the lower doors, to prevent the entrance of
the Greeks. Others understand the Greeks
themselves, who had besieged the doors.
JHucronibus. JMucro is properly the point of
the sword; by synec. put for the whole
sword. -
450. Denso agnine: in a close, or com-
pact body. Animi : courage.
452. Levare: in the sense of juvare. Pic-
tis : to those despairing—fighting withou.
any hope of victory. Wim : force—vigor
In the sing. it is a triptot; in the plu. regu-
lar. -
453. Pervius usus tectorum: lit. a tho-
roughfare (free communication) between
the palaces of Priam with each other, and
a gate left free (unobserved by the enemy)
from behind, where unhappy Andromache,
&c.
It appears that Priam had two palaces
near each other, with a communication be-
tween thern; in one of which Hector and
Andromache resided, while he and Hecuba
resided in the other. Limen: an entrance.
Caeca : private—secret. Through this pri-
vate, or back door, Æneas entered the pa-
lace, and ascended by the usual passage up
to the watch-tower.
454. Postes : in the sense of porta.
455. Quà infelia, Andromache. The men-
tion of her using this secret passage of the
palace, gives a dignity to the circumstance,
which in itself is low.
AENEIS
LIB. II. 223 .
Saepiès Andromache ferre incomtata solebat
Ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat.
Evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde -
Tela manu miseri jactabant irrita Teucri. !
Turrim in praecipiti stantem, summisque sub astra
Eductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri, g
Et Danaúm solita naves, et Achaica castra ;
Aggressi ferro-circum, quâ summa labantes
Juncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis
Ea lapsa repenté ruinam
Cum sonitu trahit, et Danaúm super agnina late
Incidit: ast alii subeunt: nec saxa, nec ullum
Sedibus, impulimusque.
Telorum interea cessat genus.
Westibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus
Exultat, telis et luce coruscus ahenā.
Qualis ubi in lucem coluber, mala gramina pastus,
Frigida sub terrå tumidum quem bruma tegebat;
458. Håc via evado
460 460. JW os circum ag-
gressi ferro turrim
461. Unde omnis Tro
ja solita est videri, et
naves Danatim solita-
sunt videri
465
468. Cessat jactar, a
- Danais
471. Talus, qualis co-
luber est, ubi serpit in
1 ºn lucem, pastus mala gra-
470 *. &
mina, quem tumidum
frigida bruma tegebat
sub terra ; nunc,
NOTES.
457. Soceros : her parents-in-law—Priam
and Hecuba. Astyanacla: a Greek acc. of
.Astyanaar. Some say he was carried off by
Ulysses, others say by Menelaus, in the ab-
sence of Pyrrhus, and thrown over a preci-
pice, to evade the prophecy, which imported
that, if he lived, he would avenge his pa-
rents and country. The name is of Greek
origin, and signifies, a king of a city.
458. Evado ad fastigia: I ascend to the
top of the highest roof. The word evado
marks the danger of the enterprise, and the
hazard he ran of being intercepted by the
enemy. .” .
It is probable that by fastigia here, we
are to understand the battlements, or watch-
tower, which had been built upon the high-
ost part of the palace. We may suppose
the palace to have been of different heights,
or to have consisted of several buildings,
differing in height, and connected together
so as to form one mass, each of them with
its respective roof; hence the propriety of
the expressions: summi tecti—summâ cul-
aninis, &c. -
460. In praecipiti : in a dangerous place
—in a projecting situation. . .
461. Summas tectis : with its highest roof,
or simply, with its top. It is plain that tec-
tum here means the roof, or ridge of the
to Wer.
463. Ferro. Ferrum properly signifies
iron. Hence any instrument made of iron
—any edged tool; such as swords, axes, &c.
With these instruments they cut the tower
loose, where the topmost story gave weak
joints. Mr. Davidson observes, it is some-
what difficult to determine the meaning of
summa in this place; because the poet
speaks as if the whole tower had been torn
from its place, and not one story of it only.
He therefore thinks we may understand by
the summa tabulata, the highest story of the
palace, on which the tower stood, and to
which it was fastened: or perhaps the high-
est story, or part of the tower only, was
overthrown. Labantes : in the sense of
infirmas.
464. Dabant : in the sense of habebart.
469. Ante ipsum : before the very en-
trance, or vestibule. The vestibulum pro-
perly was the court yard or space before
the door of the house. By primo limine,
we may understand the outer gate; perhaps
the one that gave admittance into the ves-
tibulum.
470. Coruscus ahenā luce : gleaming in
arms, and brazen light; the brass of his
armour reflected the light.
Pyrrhus. He was the son of Achilles
and Deidamia, so called from the color of
his skin, which was red. He was sometimes
called JNeoptolemus, from two Greek words,
which together signify a new war. He in-
herited much of the spirit and temper of
his father. He slew Priam while holding
the altar, to which he had fled for refuge;
and sacrificed his daughter Polyxena at the
tomb of his father. After the destruction
of Troy, he carried off Andromache, whom
he married; at least he had a son by her,
named JMolossus. He afterwards married
her to Helenus, the son of Priam, upon his
falling in love with Hermione, the daughter
of Menelaus and Helen.
Pyrrhus was slain in the temple of
Apollo, at Delphi, by Orestes, to whom
Hermione had been promised. He was also
called Pelides, from Pelews, his grandfather.
471. Pastus mala: having fed upon poi-
sonous herbs. It is said that serpents, when
they lie in wait for either man or beast, eat
poisonous herbs and roots, to make their
bite more fatal.
472. Bruma : properly the shortest day
of winter—the winter solstice ; hence by
224
P. WHRCILII MARONTS
Nunc positis novus exuviis, nitidusque juventā,
Lubrica convolvit, sublato pectore, terga
475. Una cum Pyrrho Arduus ad solem, et linguis micatore trisulcis,
Unā ingens Periphas, et equorum agitator Achillis
Armiger Automedon ; unā omnis Scyria pubes
Succedunt tecto, et flammas ad culmina jactant.
Ipse inter primos, correptă dura bipenni,
perrumpit, postesque à cardine vellit
AEratos; jamgue excisã trabe firma cavavit
ingens Periphas, et
Automedon Armiger
Pyrrhi, quondam agita-
tor equorum Aelillis,
ună etiam omnis
479. Pyrrhus ipse in- Limina
ter primos
475
480
Robora, et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram.
Apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt:
Apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum :
485. Danai vident ar- Armatosque vident stantes in limine primo.
At domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu
matos custodes stantes
485
Miscetur: penitàsque cavaº plangoribus aedes
Foemineis ululant: ferit aurea sidera clamor.
Tum pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant:
490. Figunt oscula Amplexa:Que tenent postes, atque oscula figunt.
Instat vi patriá Pyrrhus; nec claustra, neque ipsi
illus
490
Custodes sufferre valent: labat ariete crebro
NOTES.
synec. the whole winter. Tumidum : swol-
len, or bloated with poison.
473. JNovus eacuviis : now, renewed, his
skin being cast off, and sleek with youth, he
rolls, &c. It is well known that the snake
changes, or creeps out of his skin, in the
spring of the year. Aristotle informs us
that they begin at the head, and having di-
vested themselves of their old garment,
they appear renewed in youth and beauty.
This is effected in about the space of twenty-
ſour hours.
475. Arduus ad solem : raised or elevated
to the sun; in order to receive his heat, es-
pecially in the spring, when his warm beams
are the most cherishing. Trisulcis. The
poets represent serpents as having three-
forked tongues, probably on account of the
volubility of their tongues, in which they
are said to exceed all other animals. JMicat:
in the sense of vibrat.
477. Scyria: an adj. from Scyros, one of
the Cyclades. Achilles was placed here
in the habit of a woman, under the care of
Lycomedes, king of the island, where he
defiled his daughter Deldamia, who brought
him Pyrrhus. Some say Lycomedes gave
him his daughter in marriage. Pubes : in
the sense of juventus.
478. Succedunt tecto: come up to the pa-
lace, so that they could reach the roof with
the flames. They advance up to a proper
distance, to throw flames upon the roof.
481. Cavavit firma robora : and now hath
he pierced, or cut through the firm wood,
&c. This change of tense is very expres-
sive and beautiful. It marks the violence
of Pyrrhus, and the rapidity of his progress.
By trabe here, we may understand the bar,
or crosspiece, or other impediments, on the
inside of the door, to secure it. By limina,
we may understand the impediments or de-
fences on the outside of the door; and by
postes, the door itself, by meton. The per-
rumpit dura limina, and the vellit postes à
cardine, show Pyrrhus breaking through all
obstructions, and tearing down the doors;
and cavavit being in the perf tense, marks
the ease and rapidity with which the effect
was produced. Dedit: in the sense of fecit.
484. Penetralia. Penetrale properly sig-
nifies the interior or private apartments of
a house, as here—that part of the temple
where the images stood—the place whence
the responses of the oracles were given—
the shrine. Rugeus says, recessus.
487. Cava (edes: the rooms with concave
arches, or ceilings. Ululant : in the sense
of resonant. Plangoribus : shrieks, or la-
mentations. These rooms, or apartments
of the females, were in the middle, or inte-
rior part of the palace. This is expressed
by penities.
490. Ampleaſe tenent, &c. This is an al-
lusion to a superstitious opinion among the
Romans, that the door-posts, gates, &c.
possessed a kind of divinity. These, there-
fore, the poet represents as being seized and
embraced by the Trojan matrons, who hoped
by these means to recommend themselves
to the protection of the deities that were
supposed to preside over them. Figun; os-
cula : fix their lips to them—kiss them.
489. Ingentibus tectis : in the spacious
apartments—halls.
492. Sufferre: in the sense of impedire.
Crebro ariete : with the frequent strokes of
the ram. This was an engine used in the
AENFIS.
LIB, II 225
Janua, et emoti procumbunt cardine postes.
Fit via wi: rumpunt aditus, primosque trucidant
Immissi Danai, et laté loca milite complent.
Non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis
Exit, oppositasque evicit gurgite moles,
Fertur in arva furens cumulo, camposque per omnes
Cum stabulis'armenta trahit. Vidi ipse furentem
495 495. Danai rumpunt
aditus, immissique
496. Amnis, cum exult
spumeus, aggeribus rup-
tis, evicitgue oppositas
moles gurgite, non ferturº
Caede Neoptolemum, geminosque in limine Atridas: 500 in aryasic furens
Widi Hecubam, centumque nurus, Priamumque per aras
498. Cumulo aquarum
Sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignes.
Quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum,
Barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi,
Procubuere: tenent Danai, quâ deficit ignis.”
{. Forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras.
Urbis ubi captae casum, convulsaque widit
Limina tectorum, et medium in penetralibus hostem ;
Arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo
505. Danai tenent lo-
cum, quá
509. Senior nequic-
quam circumdat arma
diu desueta humeristre-
mentibus aevo, et -
505
NOTES.
attack of towns and fortified places, to make
a breach in the walls. It was a long beam
or piece of timber, one end of which was
prepared with iron, somewhat resembling in
form the head of a ram, whence it took its
name. This was suspended in the middle
by the help of ropes, to another beam, ex-
tended across two posts, and thrown forward
by the besiegers with great violence against
the wall.
493. Postes: the door, or gate, by meton.
494. Rumpunt aditus: they force a pas-
sage, or entrance. .
496. JYon sic fertur: a river, when it hath
rushed forth foaming, its barriers being burst,
and hath overcome the opposing mounds
with its whirling current, is not borne into
the fields so furious with its flood, &c. The
poet here gives us a very lively idea of the
rage of the Greeks. It exceeded that of a
river pent up; at length, bursting its barri-
ers, overflowing the adjacent country, and
spreading desolation and destruction every
where in its course. Cwmwlo: auctu aqua-
rum, says Ruſeus.
501. Hecubam. She was the wife of Pri-
am, and daughter of Cissetis, king of Thrace.
She was carried into slavery by the Greeks.
Centum nurus. Homer informs us that Priam
had only fifty sons, Iliad vi. He could not
therefore have a hundred daughters-in-law,
unless we suppose each one to have had two
wives. This might have been the case; but
there is no mention made of it. To explain
this difficulty, some take the definite num-
ber centum, for an indefinite one. Others,
among whom is Ruasus, take nurus for an
attendant, or waiter, understanding by cen-
tum nurus, the hundred servants, or waiters
of Hecuba. But there is no impropriety in
supposing that the sons of Priam, imitating
the example of their father, had more than
one wife each ; who, in the whole, might
make the exact number of a hundred. This
last is the best, or most probable explana-
tion.
502. Foedantem : defiling with his blood
the fires which, &c. In the open court of
his palace, Priam had an altar consecrated
to Jupiter Hercatus, or the Protector: on
this altar, we are told that hallowed fire was
kept perpetually burning.
503. Illi thalami : those fifty bed-cham-
bers, the so great hope of posterity. These
were the separate rooms where his sons
lodged with their wives. Homer tells us
that Priam had twelve daughters, who, with
their husbands, lodged over against his sons.
He had therefore sixty-two children by his
several wives, nineteen of whom Hecuba
bore him. The rest he had by his other
wives. All these bed-chambers were in
Priam's palace.
504. Superbi barbarico auro : decorated
with foreign gold and spoils. The Romans
frequently called Phrygia, Barbary. Some
therefore understand by barbarico auro,
Phrygian gold. It is better to understand
it of the gold, which had been taken from
their vanquished enemies; more especially
since spoliis immediately follows it. Su-
perbi: in the sense of ornati, or decorati.
Postes : in the sense of porta doors.
505. Danai tement, &c. The Greeks are
here beautifully represented more cruel than
the flames. The fire abated, and fell from
its rage; but the more merciless Greeks
press on till all is destroyed.
507. Casum : in the sense of ruinam.
508. Limina tectorum contrºlsa: the door
of his palace torn down—broken through.
Penetralibus : in the inner or private apart
ments of his palace.
16
226
P VIRGILII MARONis
Circumdat nequicquam humeris, et inutile ferrum
810
Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes.
AEdibus in mediis, nudoque sub astheris axe
Ingens ara ſuit, juxtàque veterrima laurus,
515. Condensae sunt
circum altaria praecipi-
tes, ceu columbae volant
Incumbens arae, atque umbră complexa Penates.
Hic Hecuba et natae nequicquam altaria circum,
Praecipites, atră ceu tempestate columbae,
51E
ab atra tempestate, et Condensae, et Divām amplex& simulacra tenebant.
amplexãº
518. Autem. Hecuba, Ut widit:
ut widit Priamum ipsum, g
juvenilibus armis sump-
tis, inquit:
Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum juvenilibus armis
Quae mens tam dira, miserrime conjux,
Impulit his cingi telis' aut quð ruis? inquit.
Non tali auxilio, nec defensoribus istis
520
520. Impulit te cingi Tempus eget: non, si ipse meus nunc afforet Hector.
Huc tandem concede; haec ara tuebitur omnes;
524. Aut twº moriere Aut moriere simul.
simul nobiscum.
Ad sese, et sacrā longaevum in sede locavit]
Sic ore effata, recepit
o25
Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites,
Unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostes
Porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat
Saucius: illum ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus
Insequitur, jam jamgue manu tenet, et premit hastā, 530
531. Tandem, ut eva- Ut tandem ante oculos
sit ante oculos et ora
parentum
evasit et ora parentum,
Concidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit.
Hic Priamus, quanquam in media jam morte tenetur,
Non tamen abstinuit, nec voci, iraeque pepercit:
At, tibi pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis,
535
Di (si qua est coelo pietas, quae talia curet)
NOTES.
510. Circumdat : in the sense of induit.
Cingitur: in the sense of cing it.
512. Sub nudo are : under the naked
(open) canopy of heaven. Aaris, properly
the pole, by synec. the whole heaven or sky.
This altar was situated in the middle, or
centre of the palaco—mediis a dibus. On
this altar, Priam had consecrated the per-
petual fire. Here he was slain. If we sup-
pose the palace of such form and dimen-
sions as to admit a large space or area in
the centre, exposed to the open air above,
there will be no difficulty in understanding
this passage.
514. Comple.ca Penates: embracing the
Penates with its shade. La Cerda would
understand by Penates, the palace, or house,
as the word sometimes signifies; because
this was not the place of the Penates, or
household gods. But others think the sta-
tues of the Penates were placed here, on the
same altar with that of Jupiter Hercatus.
515. Matae : in the sense of filiae, vel
7.147°1/3.
516. Praecipites: quick—in haste.
517. Condensae circºm : crowded around
the altars. Simulacra : in the sense of
statutas.
519. Miserrime: in the sense of infelicis-
aime, the voc. Conjua is either a husband
or wife; from the verb conjungo. JMens :
thought—purpose.
522. Ipse meus Hector: if my Hector him-
self were now here, he could be of no avail.
523. Concede: betake yourself hither now,
in this last extremity. This altar will pro-
tect us all. Altars and other consecrated
places were looked upon as sanctuaries and
places of refuge: to which it was usual to
flee for safety.
525. Longwrum: in the sense of senem.
526. De cade Pyrrhi : not from the death
of Pyrrhus; but from death by tho hand of
Pyrrhus.
528. Longis porticibus : in the long pas
sages. Mr. Davidson renders the words,
the long galleries. Lustral: in the sense of
pererrat. se
529. Infesto vulnere: with the hostile
weapon. Vulnus is here used by meton.
for the wounding instrument—the weapon
that inflicts the wound.
530. Jam jam?ue: almost seizes him with
his hand, and presses upon him with his
spear.
531. Evasil: in the sense of pervenit
534. Abslinuv/: in the sense of conticuit.
535. Pro scelere, pro for such wicked-
ness, for such audacious deeds, may the
gods make vou suitable returns &c. Pro-
\
AENEIS
LIB. II. 227
Persolvant grates dignas, et praemia reddant
Debita : qui nati coråm me cernere letum
Fecisti, et patrios foedásti funere vultus.
At non ille, satum quote mentiris, Achilles
Talis in hoste fuit Priamo; sed jura fidemque
539. Funere ejus filii
540 540. A quo mentiris
te satum essc
Supplicis erubuit; corpusque exsangue sepulchro
Reddidit Hectoreum, megue in mea regna remisit.
Sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle siné ictu
Conjecit: rauco quod protinús are repulsum,
Et summo clypei nequicquam umbone pependit]
Cui Pyrrhus : Referes ergo haec, et nuntius ibis
Pelidae genitori : illi mea tristia facta,
Degeneremoue Neoptolemum narrare memento.
Nunc morere. Haec dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem
Traxit, et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati: -
Implicuitdue comam laevā; dexträque coruscum
Extulit, ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit, ensem.
Haec finis Priami fatorum : hic exitus illum
545. Quod repulsuro
est protinús
547. Cui Pyrrhus re-
spondit
549. Memento narra-
re illi mea tristia facta,
Neoptolemum esse
5.45
549
553. Ac abdidit eum
lateri Priami tenus ca-
pulo
NOTES.
sometimes signifies, in proportion to—cor-
responding to. In the present case it is also
emphatic. Ausis. Ausum is properly a
part. of the verb audeo; used as a sub.
538. Qui fecisti me cordim, &c. Priam
does not complain of his killing his son;
but for the barbarity in making him to be
the witness of so shocking a sight—for
slaying him before his eyes.
539. Foedásti patrios: hast defiled a fa-
ther’s face with the dead body of his son.
Funus, says Servius, is a carcass or dead
body, warm and newly slain. When car-
ried out to receive funeral rites, it is called
Ea'sequite; the ashes of it, when burned,
are called Reliquite; and the interment of
it is called sepulchrum.
540. At Achilles ille, quo : but Achilles
himself, by whom, you falsely say, you was
begotten, was not such toward Priam, his
enemy. 4.
This is a severe sarcasm; as if he had
said: you claim descent from Achilles, but
your actions give you the lie; no man of
humanity could beget such a son. Satum:
in the sense of genitum.
542. Erwbuit jura: he blushed at the
laws of nations, and the faith due to a sup-
pliant—he had regard to the laws, &c. The
word erwbut is extremely beautiful and ex-
pressive. .
After the death of Hector, Achilles bound
his dead body to his chariot, and drew it
round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector
had slain, and around the walls of Troy, for
several days in succession. At this piteous
sight, Priam was induced to go to Achilles,
and beg the body, that it might receive the
rites of sepulture; who, after much en-
treaty, and many rich presents given him,
restored the body on the twelfth day after it
was slain. Virgil, however, forbears to
mention these circumstances, and attributes
the restoration of Hector's corpse to the
generosity, justice, and sense of honor, of
Achilles, in order to set the character of
Pyrrhus in a more forcible light.
Achilles had it in his power to have de-
tained the aged monarch, or to have put him
to death; but he blushed (erubuil) at the
thought of violating the laws of nations,
which forbid all violence to the person of a
king; which require the forms of burial to
be allowed to the dead, and the laws of
humanity to be observed even to an enemy,
when disarmed : those laws he observed,
and that faith (fidem) which is due to a
suppliant, whose person has always been
held sacred by the laws of hospitality
544. Ictus in the sense of impetu.
545. Repulsum : it was so repelled, that
it fell short of wounding him. It, however,
pierced the boss of his buckler, and hung
there harmless, having produced no effect.
546. Umbone. Umbo was the middle part
of the shield. This rose or projected for-
ward from the plane of the shield, in a curved
or circular form. By summo umbone, we
are to understand the farthest point of pro-
jection; which was also the centre of the
shield. Here the spear of Priam stuck. It
is sometimes taken for the whole shield, by
SWI160,
547. Ibis nuntius; you shall go a mes.
senger to my father Achilles, whom you
so much praise, and tell him that his son
has degenerated from the virtues of his fa.
ther.
548. Tristia: foul—horrid. Ruteus says
indigna. -
554. Fatorum: in the sense of vitae. This
was the end of the life of Priam. Hic exi-
228
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Sorte tuit(Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555
Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum
Regnatorem Asia# jacet ingens litore truncus,
Avulsumque humeris caput, et siné nomine corpus
At me tum primūm saevus circumstetit horror:
560. Subiit mihi in Obstupui : Subiit chari genitoris imago,
Ut regem a quaevum crudeli vulnere widi
mentern
560
Vitam exhalantem : subiit deserta Creüsa,
Et direpta domus, et parvi casus Iüli.
Respicio, et, quae sit me circum copia, lustro.
Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu
566. Dedëre ea egra Ad terram misère,
Jamgue adeč super unus eram, cum limina Weste
ignibus
b68.
aut ignibus aegra dedēre.
NOTES.
tus tulit: this death carried him off (sorte)
by divine appointment. This is a singular
idiom. The several circumstances here
mentioned in the death of Priam, aggravate
the cruelty of the action, and set forth the
ferocious temper of Pyrrhus. He drew him
(travit) trembling with age and decay of
nature, to the very altar where he had fled
for safety; and slipping (lapsantem) in the
blood of his son; the sight of which was
worse than death: then he twisted his hair
with his left hand, and, with his right hand,
drew his glittering sword from its scabbard,
and plunged it into his body up to the hilt.
Here we have a lively picture of a man lost
to all sense of humanity, and capable of
perpetrating the most atrocious deeds. It
shows, also, the pen of a master. A painter
could copy it. -
556. Pergama : neu. plu. properly the fort
of Troy. It is frequently taken for the city
itself, by synec. Here it is used in its appro-
priate sense and meaning, as distinguished
from the city. r .
555. Widentem: it agrees with illum.
557. Superbum regnatorem: the proud ruler
over so many nations and countries of Asia.
Priam is said to have once reigned over
Phrygia Major and JMinor ; which included
the greater part of Asia Minor, or Natolia.
Ruteus interprets the words thus: Regem
•Asia, clarum propter tot gentes, et tot regiones.
Jacet ingens truncus: he lies a large trunk
upon the shore. Some think the poet had
here in his view, the circumstances of the
death of Pompey, whose head his assassins
cut off, and threw his body on the shore.
Others say that Priam was not slain at the
altar; but drawn by Pyrrhus to the tomb of
his father, which was on the promontory of
Sigaeum, and there slain to appease his
JMames. He may have been slain at the al-
tar, and his dead body afterward cast upon
the shore. This supposition will make the
poet consistent and intelligible. Regnatorem
put in apposition with illum. .
558. Corpus siné nomine: a body without
j
a name. The head being the index of the
person, that being cut off, there is no means
left to come at the name, or to distinguisk
the person. Or, siné nomine may mean,
without honor—despicable.
561. Ut: in the sense of cūm.
562. Creisa. The daughter of Priam and
Hecuba, and wife of Æneas. She perished
in the sack of Troy. Direpta : plundered.
563. Casus: in the sense of periculum.
565. Saltu : by a leap or spring.
566. AEgra : faint—worn out with fa-
tigue, so that they could fight no longer.
567. Jamgue aded : and so I was now re-
maining alone, when I behold Helen, &c.
The parts of the verb supersum are here se-
parated, for the sake of the verse, by Timesis.
Some critics have doubted the genuine-
ness of this passage concerning Helen down
to the 588th line inclusive. The reasons as-
signed are three. First: What is here said
of her fearing the resentment of Menelaus,
contradicts what he says of her, (lib. vi.
525.) having sought to make peace with
him by betraying Deiphobus. Secondly :
That Virgil here outrages the character of
his hero, by making him entertain a thought
of killing a woman, and perpetrating the
decd in the temple of Vesta. Thirdly: That
Virgil cannot be supposed so unacquainted
with the history of Helen, as not to know
that she left Troy long before it was taken.
In answer to the first objection, it may be
said that, though she endeavored to ingra-
tiate herself with Menelaus, by betraying
Deiphobus to him, it does not follow that
he was entirely reconciled to her. And we
are told by Euripides that he carried off
Helen as a captive along with the Trojan
women, with a view to have her put to
death by the Greeks whose sons had fallen
in the war. To the second objection, it may
be replied, that Æneas did not put her to
death; and even if he had, the deed might
have been palliated, in a good degree, by a
consideration of the circumstances of the
case. In the hurry and confusion of min-
AENEIS. LIB. II.
229
º
Selvantem, et tacitam secreta in sede latentem
Tyndarida aspicio: dant clara incendia lucem
Erranti, passimdue oculos per cuncta ferenti.
Illa, sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros,
Et poenas Danaúm, et deserti conjugis iras
Permetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinnys,
Abdiderat sese, atque aris invisa sedebat.
Exarsere ignes animo : Subit ira cadentem
Ulcisci patriam, et Sceleratas sumere poenas.
Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas
Aspiciet? partoque ibit regina triumpho 7
Conjugiumque, domumque, patres, natosque videbit,
Iliadum turbà et Phrygiis comitata ministris'
570 570. Mihº erranti, fe-
rentigue oculos
571. Illa, communis
Erinnys Trojae et ejus
patriae, permetuens Teu-
cros infestos sibiob ever-
575 sa Pergama, et
577. Haec-ne scilicet,
tnquieb.am, incolumis as-
piciet Spartam
580
Occiderit ferro Priamus' Troja arserit igni’
Dardanium toties sudārit sanguine litus?
Non Ita: nam'ſue etsi nullum memorabile nomen
Foemineå in poena est, mec habet victoria laudem ;
Extinxisse nefas tamen, et sumpsisse merentis
583.
namgue
585
Non its eru. {
NOTEs.
gled passions with which his mind must then
have been packed, who could have blamed
him if he had avenged his own and his coun-
try’s sufferings upon her, who was justly
chargeable with the guilt of so many thou-
sand deaths, and the utter desolation of a
whole innocent people—a once flourishing
and powerful kingdom? But when, instead
of giving way to the first emotions of a just
resentment, he checks himself, deliberates
upon the merits of the action, and is at length
prevented from doing it by the interposition
of his goddess mother; or, in other words,
by the force of superior judgment, there is
no reason even for the severest critics to
censure his conduct. Lastly : Herodotus
informs us that he learned from some Egyp-
tian priests, who had received the same from
Menelaus himself, that the Trojans had sent
Helen to Egypt before the Greeks rede-
manded her. Of this fact, the historian ap-
pears to have been fully convinced. But
whether Virgil was acquainted with this
piece of his history or not, it is sufficient
that he had poetical tradition on his side;
and that he is supported by the authority of
Homer and Euripides. A moment's atten-
tion to the style and manner of expression
in these limes, will convince any one that
they are no interpolation. Unus : in the
sense of solus. -
568. Servantern limina Vesta: ; the verb
servare signifies to look after any thing with
anxiety, and solicitude; with a jealous eye,
and watchful of every danger. Limina: in
the sense of templum.
569, Tyndarida: acc. of Tyndaris, a name
of Helen, the daughter of Jupiter and Leda;
no called, because Tyndarus, king of Sparta,
married Leda, her mother.
572. Deserti conjugis : her deserted, or
abandoned husband, Menelaus.
573. Permetuens: dreading—greatly fear-
ing. The per in composition increases the
signification of the simple word. Helen
proved fatal both to Greece and Troy; to
the former, in the loss of so many heroes;
to the latter, in being the cause of its ruin
She is therefore styled the common fury
Erinnys, a name common to the three furies.
See Geor. i. 278.
574. Invisa : hated—an odious sight; ra-
ther than unseen, as Rugeus has it.
575. Ignes eacarsere: flames flashed in my
mind. Ira subit : my resentment rose to
avenge my falling country.
576. Sumere sceleratas poenas ; to take se-
vere punishment. Or, perhaps, to take pu-
nishment of such a cursed woman. The
same as, sumere poenas de scelerata foemina
Ruasus says, poenas sceleris. Heyne, paena.
sumptas & scelerata.
577. JMycenas: Mycenae was not the place
of her own nativity, but of Menelaus, her
husband. She was born at Sparta. Scili-
cet haec shall she, indeed, in safety behold?
&c. These are all animated interrogatories
and show the mind of Æneas hurrying from
object to object, and agitated with a tide of
passions. At last he concludes it must not
be. She must suffer the punishment due to
her crimes.
578. Parto triumpho: having obtained a
triumph—a triumph being obtained.
580. Comitala turbá: accompanied by a
train of Trojan matrons, and Phrygian ser-
vants, shall she see her former marriage bed”
&c. Iliadum: gen, plu. of Ilias, a Trojan
woman. Conjugium : pristinum conjugem,
says Heyne. Patres : for parentes. t
582. Dardaniwin s an adj. the same as
Trojanum. -
583. JNomen : glory—renown. *
585. Tamen laudabor: nevertheless, I shal
230
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Laudabor panas ;
animumque explēsse juvabit
987. Meorum civium. Ultricis flammae, et cineres satiâsse meorum.
Talia jactabam, et furiatà mente ferebar,
589. Căm alma pa-
rens, non visa tam clara
meis oculis anté, obtulit
Cüm mihi se, non anté oculis tam clara, videndam
Obtulit, et pură per noctem in luce reſulsit
590
se videndam mihi, et re- Alma parens, confessa Deam; qualisque videri
fulsit per noctem
592. Continuit me pre-
hensum dextrá
596. Non aspicies pri-
ūs, ubi liqueris parentem
Anchisen, fessum
598.
omnes Graige acies er-
rant undique
600. Tulerint eos, et
inimicus ensis hauserit
60rum sangwinem.
Coelicolis et quanta solet; dexträque prehensum
Continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore:
Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras ºr
Quid furis? aut quðnam nostri tibi cura recessit?
Non prius aspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem
Circum quos, Liqueris Anchisen 7 superet conjuxne Creüsa,
Ascaniusque puer ? quos omnes undique Graiae
Circum errant acies: et, ni mea cura resistat,
Jam flammae tulerint, inimicus et hauserit ensis.
on tibi Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae,
595
60)
602. Sea inclementia Culpatusve Paris: Divām inclementia, Divām,
Divām, Divām, inquam,
evertit
604. Namgue eripiam
omnem nubem,Quænunc
obducta hebetat
Has evertit opes, sternitdue à culmine Trojam.
Aspice: namdue omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti
Mortales hebetat visus tibi, et humida circum
Caligat, nubem eripiam : tu ne qua parentis
605
NOTES. *
be praised for having put an end to the
monster of wickedness, and taken vengeance
of one so justly deserving it. JWefas, very for-
cibly expresses the enormity of her crimes:
she was wickedness itself.
We are told that Helen was first ravished
by Theseus. Afterward she married Mene-
laus, whom she left for Paris. She also
committed incest with her son-in-law Ory-
thus, the son of Paris and OEnone. It is
also said that she had an amour with Achil-
les. She may truly be called (néfas) a
monster of wickedness. JMerentis: part. of
JMereor, agreeing with ejus understood : of
her deserving or meriting it.
586. Juvabit : it will delight me to have
satisfied my desire of burning or ardent re-
venge. Flamma may here be used in the
sense of flammeſe vel ardentis. Animum :
in the sense of desiderium. Animus may
signify any affection of the mind; especially
in the plural. For ultricis flamma, Ruasus
says, ardentis ultionis. Heyne says, flammó
sive irá witrice (hoc est) ultione. .
589. Clara : manifest—clear: attended
with evident marks of Divinity.
591. Confessa Deam: manifesting the god-
dess. Qualisque, et quanta ; such, and as
illustrious as she used to be seen, &c. Ve-
nus was the most proper deity to interpose
in behalf of Helen, whom she had long pro-
tected, and had conferred on Paris, as a re-
ward for his adjudging the prize of beauty
to her, rather than to Juno or Minerva.
See AEm. i. 27. . This interposition of Venus
was very seasonable in another respect; to
check the ardor of his soul, to divert him
tentiam.
from his present object, and to direct his re-
gard to his own—to his aged father, his
infant son, and his beloved wife, who other-
wise might have fallen victims to the fury
of the Greeks. -
593. Addid it hatc.: she added these words.
595. Tibi: in the sense of tua : thy care
—regard. Quonam : the compound in the
sense of the simple quë. -
597. Superet: in the sense of superest.
600. Thulerint : would have carried them
off—consumed them.
601. Laconſe Tyndaridis ; of Spartan He-
len. See 569, supra. Invisa tibi: hateful
or odious to you.
602, Diwan inclementia. This reading is
much more emphatic than veräm inclemen-
tia Divām, as in the common editions: and
it is supported by the authority of ancient
manuscripts: it is the reading of Heyne
and Valpy. Homer makes Priam exculpate
Helen, and lay the blame of the destruction
of his country to the gods themselves. Iliad
iii. 164.
603. Has opes: in the sense of hanc po-
Opes, is, properly, power acquired
by wealth.
604. Quad nunc obducta: which now spread
before you, looking earnestly, blunts your
mortal sight, &c. This passage Milton ap-
pcars to have had in view, where the angel
prepares Adam for beholding the future vi-
sion of his posterity, and their history:
which he is going to set before him. See
Paradise Lost, lib. xi. verse 411. Humida:
moist—impregnated with vapor so as to in-
crease the darkness.
&
AENEIS.
LIB. II. 231
Jussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa. -
Hic, ubi disjectas moles, avulsaque saxis - tl
Saxa vides, mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum ;
Neptunus muros, magnoque emota tridenti
, Fundamenta quatit, totamgue à Sedibus urbem
Hic Juno Scaeas saevissima portas
Prima tenet, sociumque furens à navibus agmen
Eruit.
Ferro accincta vocat.
Jam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas
mortales visus tibi tuer,
608. Hic, ubi vides
moles disjectas, saxaque
avulsa saxis, fumºurmgue
undantem mixto" pul-
vere, Neptunus quatit
muros Trojae, fundamen-
taque emotă magno tri
denti j
gig dent
610
Insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone Savà.
Ipse Pater Danais animos viresque secundas
Sufficit: ipse Deos in Dardana suscitat arma.
Eripe, nate, fugam, finemgue impone labori.
|Nusquam abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam
620
Dixerat: et spissis noctis secondidit umbris.
Apparent dirae facies, inimicaque Trojae
Numina magna Deûm.
Tum verö omne mihi visum considere in ignes
*
624. Omne Ilium vi
sum est mihi
NOTES.
610. Hac Neptunus qualit: here Neptune
shakes the walls, &c. Neptune took an ac-
tive part against the Trojans, having become
their enemy on account of the perfidy of
Laomedon. See Geor. i. 502. This fable
is explained by supposing that Laomedon
employed the money which had been des-
tined for the service of that god, in building
the walls of Troy. Emota: in the sense of
evulsa. \
612. Hèc Juno : here Juno, most fierce,
occupies the Scaean gate in front, &c. It is
most probable that prima, here, has reference
to the place of her standing, before, or in
front of the gate. It may, however, mean
that Juno was the first, or chief, in urging on
the Greeks in the work of destruction. We
are told the gates of Troy were six in num-
ber: the gate of Antenor; the gate of Dar-
danus; the Ilian; the Catumbrian; the Tro-
jan; and the Scaean. Through this gate
the Trojan horse is said to have entered.
On which account, it is probable, the poet
placed Juno at this gate, clad in armour, and
calling upon her Greeks.
615. Pallas. She is sometimes called
Tritoma: hence the adj. Tritonia. See 171.
supra.
616. Effulgens nimbo: resplendent with
a cloud. By nimbo, in this place, Servius
understands a lucid circle, resembling a dia-
dem about the head, to distinguish the gods
from mortals. Gorgone; the three daugh-
ters of Phorcus and Ceto, JMedusa, Euryale,
and Stenyo, were called Gorgones, Gorgons,
or terrible sisters. The name is of Greek
derivation, and signifies fierceness. It is said
they had but one eye, which served them
all by turns. They had great wings: their
heads were attired with vipers instead of
hair: their teeth were tusks like those of a
boar : they were armed with sharp and
crooked claws.
Medusa having been ravished in the tem-
ple of Minerva by Neptune, the goddess
gave her serpents the quality of transforming
men into stones at the sight of them. Per-
seus cut off her head by the aid of Miner-
va’s buckler, which, being so finely polished,
that it reflected the image of the Gorgon's
head, secured him from the fatal influ-
ence of her eye. This head Minerva af.
terward wore tºon her shield or buckler, to
render her more awful and tremendous. See
Ilexicon, sub JEgide.
617. Pater ipse : the father himself gives
courage and successful strength to the
Greeks. Juno and Minerva opposed the
Trojans from selfish motives, because they
had been slighted by Paris; but Jove was
an enemy to them, because their cause was
unjust, in detaining Helen against the laws
of nations, when properly demanded.
620. Abero: in the sense of relinquam.
622. Dirae facies: horrid images appear—
the images of desolation, death, and despair.
623. Magna numina Deûm. The Ro-
mans divided the gods into two classes: the
Dić majorum, and the Dii minorum gentium.
In the first were ranked Jupiter, JNeptune,
JMinerva, and Juno. The three last, in an
especial manner, are represented as hostile
to Troy; and Jove, on this occasion, is op-
posed to them also. The magna numina
Deûm may simply mean the great gods; or
rather, the great powers of the gods, hostile
to Troy. The overthrow of Troy is all
along represented to have been effected, not
so much by the power of the Greeks, as by
the power of the gods. I am now persuaded
of the inutility of making any further resist-
ance, since it evidently appears that the
great powers of the gods are against us
232
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
625. Ac veluti clim Ilium, et eximo verti Neptunia Troja.
agricolae certatin in-
stant eruere antiquam
ornum in summis monti-
pus, accisam ferro
625
Ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum
Cüm ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant
Eruere agricolae certatim ; illa usque minatur,
628. Illa usque mina- Et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat:
630
tur ruinam, et tremefac- Vulneribus donec paulatim evicta, supremüm
Congemuit, traxitºlue jugis avulsa ruinam. ***
ta, quoad comam
Descendo, ac, ducente Deo, flammam inter et hostes
636. Quemdue primūm
petebam, abnegat se
posse producere vitam, Antiquasque domos:
Trojá exciså
638. Ait: O vos, qui- Ain
bus est sanguis integer
~ * * * * e
aevi ; quibusque vires Exiliumque pati.
Expedior: dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt.
Ast ubi jam patriae perventum ad limina sedis,
genitor, quem tollere in altos 635
Optabam primūm montes, primūmque petebam,
egat exciså vitam producere Trojã,
Vos 6, quibus integer aevi
stant solidae suo robore Sanguis, ait, solidaeque suo stant robore vires;
642. Est satis super-Vos agitate ſugam.
'que Vidimus una exci- Me si coelicolae voluissent ducere vitam, .
Has mihi servâssent sedes: satis una supérque
Vidimus excidia, et capta superavimus urbi.
Sic, č, sic positum affati discedite corpus.
dia, et
644. O vos, affatimeum
corpus, sic, sic positum,
discedite.
640
NOTES.
626. Ac veluti, &c. This simile is taken
from Homer, Iliad xvi. 481, who applies it
to the death of Sarpedon; but the copy ex-
ceeds the original.
627. Bipennzbus. The axe is here used
for the stroke, or blow of the axe, by me-
ton. Accisam ; in the sense of curcumcisam.
628. Usque : in the sense of duu.
629. JWutat comam. It is usual with Vir-
gil to consider a tree in analogy to a human
body, and to call the extended limbs, or
branches, brachta, arms; and the leaves,
comam, hair, or locks.
style, and renders it pleasant.
630. Pulneribus. in the sense of vetibus.
This is beautifully figurative. The allusion
to the human body is still kept up.
631. Avulsa jugºs: torn from the sides of
the mountains.
632. Deo ducente. Deus is either a god
or goddess. Here it means Venus. Under
her conduct, Æneas made his way through
the dangers that beset him, to the house of
his father.
633. Expedior.
Heyne.
634. Ast ub, perventum. The imp. verb
perventum est is used for the personal verb
perveni. This mode of expression is very
common among the poets. Our language
will not admit of it, and we are under the
necessity of rendering such impersonals by
the personals of the correspondent verb, as
in the present case: perventum est: I came,
or had come.
637. Abnegat: refuses to prolong his life.
We learn from Varro that the Greeks hav-
ing given permission to AEneas to carry off
what was dearest to him, he took his father
Habeo liberum vier, says
on account of age.
This diversifies his
upon his shoulders. The Greeks, struck
with this eminent example of filial tender-
ness and affection, gave him a second op-
tion, when he carried off his gods. Upon
this, they were induced to grant him full
liberty to take along with him his whole fa-
mily and all his effects. i
638. Integer avi : unimpaired, or entire,
Causá, or some word
of the like import, is probably to be under-
stood, to govern the gen. O ye, whose
blood is not chilled and wasted by age, and
who are yet in the full vigor of youth, do
ye attempt your flight. The repetition of
the v0s is emphatical. For robore, Ruteus
says firmitate.
642. Satis supérque: it is enough, and
more, that I have seen one destruction of
my country, and survived the captured city.
This is an allusion to the siege and capture
of Troy by Hercules, in the reign of Lao-
medon, a fact mentioned by historians as
well as by poets. And Virgil says of An-
chises, that he had been twice saved from
the ruins of Troy. AEm. iii. 476,
644. Sic, O, sic affati; O ye, having ad-
dressed my body, thus, thus laid out, de-
part. There is a peculiar emphasis in the
repetition of the word sic. Anchises con-
siders himself as already dead, and his body
laid out in burial: corpus positum, placed
on the funeral pile: at which time it was
usual for the friends of the deceased to take
a solemn farewell, by repeating the word
vale three times. The repetition of the sic
shows his determined purpose of dying,
and his earnest desire of being left to pur-
sue his resolution. It is used in the same
way in the fourth book, where Dido, bent
AENEMS.
LIB. Il. 233
Ipse manu mortem inveniam : miserebitur hostis,
640
Exuviasque petet: facilis jactura sepulchriest
Jampridem invisus Divis et inutilis annos
Demoror, ex quo me Divām pater atque hominum rex
Fulminis afflavit ventis, et contigit igni.
Talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat.
647. Inutilis homini-
648. Ex tempore. quo
650 pater -
Nos contră effusi lachrymis, conjuxque Creüsa,
Ascaniusque, omnisque domus, ne vertere secum
Cuncta pater, fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet.
Abnegat, inceptogue et sedibus haeret in isdem.
Rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto.
Nam quod consilium, aut quae jam fortuna dabatur !
Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto
Sperásti ? tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore ?
Sinihil extantã Superis placet urbe relinqui;
Et sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Trojae
652. Precamur, ne pa-
ter vellet vertere cuncta
$COUl
654 CCUlſº
656. Nam quod alvud
consilium, aut quae alia
fortuna jam
657. O genitor, spe-
ràsti-ne me posse efferra
660 pedem, te relicto
Teque tuosque juvat: patetisti janua leto.
NOTES.
on death, is just going to plunge the dagger
into her bosom. She breaks forth into this
abrupt exclamation: Sic, sic juvat ire sub
wmbras.
645. JManu. Servius understands by ma-
nu, the hand of the enemy; but it is easier
to understand it of his own hand. Ruapus
says, propria manu. Hostis: the enemy will
take pity on me. This strongly marks the
anguish of his soul. He was so weary of
life, that he would consider it a favor in the
enemy to put an end to it.
646. Jactura: the loss of burial is easy—
the deprivation of burial rites is a matter of
no concern to me. -
648. Demoror annos : I linger out my
years. Traho vitam, says Ruteus.
649. Afflavit me: blasted me with the
winds of his thunder, and struck me with his
lightning. The ancients supposed the winds
were the efficient cause of thunder.
It is said that this calamity was inflicted
upon Anchises for divulging his amour with
Venus.
others, with more propriety, say that he was
blasted in his limbs. JMemorans : in the
sense of dicens.
651. Nos effusi : on the other hand, we,
bathed in teass, º my father that he
would not destroy all with himself, and press
upon the calamity (falo) already weighing
us down—that he would not, by the afflict-
ing circumstance of his own death, increase
the calamity already pressing us down with
its own weight. Nºe vellet accelerare perni-
ciem instantem, says Heyne.
Tºr. Trupp would read occumbere, or ra-
ther succumbere, if there were authority for
it. As it is, he thinks it a metaphor taken
from the falling on a sword. Mr. Davidson
takes it to be a metaphor drawn from one's
leaning or lying with all his weight upon a
Some say he was struck blind:
load, which presses another down, so as to
add to the pressure, and to render it more
insupportable. Æneas and his family were
already grievously oppressed and weighed
down by the public calamity, (fato urgenti,
the fate that lay so heavy upon them,) and
therefore pray Anchises not to increase the
burden, by the additional weight of his per-
sonal sufferings and death. Ruteus inter-
prets incumbere wrgenti falo, by : addere vim
falo prementi mos.
654. Sedibus: in the sense of loco.
655. Miserrimus : most miserable—dis-
tracted—in despair. ‘.
656. Nam quod, &c. The meaning of this
line appears to be : for what other course
could I take, what else could I do, than arm
myself, and seek to renew the conflict?
Anchises had positively refused to survive
the fall of his country: AEneas could not
leave him behind: nothing remained for him
to do, but to sell his life as dear as possible.
For dabatur, Rugeus says offerebatwr.
657. Efferre pedem; to depart. Sperásti-
me : didst thou expect that I could depart.
O father, without thee 2
658. Nefas: impiety.
659. Superis. Superi are properly, the
gods above, as distinguished from those
below.
660. El hoc sedet: and this be fixed in thy
mind, and it pleases thee to add thyself, &c.
Ruseus understands this of the gods just
mentioned; but Davidson and others refer
it to Amchises. This appears the more cor-
rect and matural; for Anchises is left per-
fectly free to act, either to stay behind, or to
depart, and to form his plans deliberately.
Si hoc fivum est in earum mente, et delectal
eos, &c. says Rugeus. -
661. Janua isti leto : the door to that
death is open. The isti refers to what An
£34
P. VIRGILII MARONIS .
Jamgue aderſt multo Priami de Sanguine Pyrrhus,
Natuin ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras
664. Erat-ne ob hoc
tem in mediis penetra-
libus, utdue cernam As-
canuumque
Hoc erat, alma parens, quëd me, per tela, per ignes,
665. Ut cernam hos- Eripis 7 ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utdue
Asćaniumque, patremdue meum, juxtàque Creüsam,
Alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam &
Arma, viri, ferte arma : vocat lux ultima victos.
665
669. Sinite ut revisam Reddite me Danais, sinite instaurata revisam
Praelia : nunquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti.
670
Hic ferro accingor rursus: clypeoque sinistram
Insertabam aptans, megue extra tecta ferebam.
673. Conjux Creisa Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjux
complexa meos pedes in
limine domiis
675. In omnia pericula
Haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat Iülum.
Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum : . . .
V. Sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis,
677. Cui parvus Iülus Hanc primūm tutare domum.
675
Cui parvus Iülus,
ºelinquiluri cuitºus Pa- Cui pater, et conjux quondam tua dicta, relinquor 7
...”...". Talia vociferans, gemitu tectum omne replebat:
quondam dicta tua con-
jux?
Cüm subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum.
Namgue manus inter moºstorumque ora parentum,
680
NOTES.
chises had said, verse 645, supra, of his find-
ing death by his own hand, or that the ene-
my would take pity on him, and kill him.
AEneas here tells him the door to that death
is open, and easy to come at ; for he imme-
diately adds: Jamgue Pyrrhus : Pyrrhus
will soon be here from the slaughter of Pri-
am. Servius takes isli for istic, but without
sufficient reason. Isle, properly, is that of
yours, hic, this of mine.
663. Quº obtruncat.: who butchers the son,
&c. This alludes to his killing Polites in
the presence of his father, and after that
atrocious deed, killing the aged monarch,
dragged to the altars.
664. Hoc erat ; was it for this, dear pa-
rent, that, &c. Rugeus says: Hwc-cine erat
causa, cur.
665. Eripis : in the sense of servavisti.
Penetralibus: in the sense of domo, vel tecto.
See 484, supra.
667. JMactatos: butchered the one in the
blood of the other. This part. refers to the
three preceding nouns.
668. Lua in the sense of dies.
670. Pratha instaurata ; the fight renew-
ed. N'unquam : in the sense of non.
672. Insertabam: I put my left hand to my
shield, fitting it—I fixed my shield upon my
left arm. The clypeus was a shield of an
oval form, not so large as the scutum. It
was usually made of the skins of beasts, and
interwoven in such a manner, as to be im-
penetrable to the missive weapons of the
enemy. They carried it upon the left arm.
674. Tendebatgue parvum, &c. The poet
here appears to have had in his view that
affecting scene between Hector and Andro-
mache, in the sixth book of the Iliad, where
the circumstances are nearly the same.
Andromache expostulates with Hector, as
Creüsa does with Æneas, and in like man-
ner pleads her future forlorn condition, and
that of her child, in case he should abandon
them: and to add force to her entreaties,
she puts Astyamaa into his arms, as Creüsa
here does Iülus into the arms of Æneas.
675. Et : in the sense of quoque.
in the sense of cape, vel trahe.
Rape -
676. Earperlus: having experience in the
art of war—being skilled in war. Ponis
you place any, &c.
677. Tutare: in the sense of defende.
678. Quondam : once called your wife.
This is a very tender expostulation. -
680. Subitum monstrum. This unexpect-
ed prodigy, or miracle, is extremely well
timed. Had Anchises finally persisted in
his resolution, it must have put an end to
the poem, by involving Æneas and all his
family in one common ruin. He had been
urged by all human arguments in the strong-
est manner, without any avail; what then
remained for the poet, but to have recourse
to the interposition of the gods, to save his
hero in this extremity. This was complete-
ly successful. Anchises is convinced of his
duty to yield to the present necessity, and
to seve his life by ſlight. Oritur: in the
sel.se of apparet.
681. I uter manus oraque: between the
hands and face of his mournful parents—
while thc" were holding him in their arms,
behold, &c.
AENEIS. LIB (I.
235
Ecce levis summo de vertice visus Iuli
Fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molli
Lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci.
Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemgue flagrantem
Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes.
At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera láetus
Extulit, et coelo palmas cum voce tetendit:
Jupiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis,
Aspice nos: hoc tantüm: et, si pietate meremur,
Da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma.
Wix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore
682. Levis apex visus
est fundere lumen de
summo vertice Itilii
flammaque innoxia visa;
est lambere ejus comas
molli tactu
685. Nos pavidi metu
cºpimus trepidare
685
690 690. Petimus tantúm
hoc : et, si meremur
aliquid pietate, O Pater,
da
Intonuit lavum, et de coelo lapsa per umbras
Stella facem' ducens multâ cum luce cucurrit
Illam, summa super labentem culmina tecti,
Cernimus Idaea claram secondere sylvã,
Signantemque vias : tum longo limite sulcus
695. Cernimus illam,
labentem super summa
culmina tecti, condere
$8.
695
Dat lucem, et laté circum loca sulfure fumant.
NOTES.
682. Levis apex ; the waving tuft, or
plume. Apex properly signifies the top, or
eminence of any thing. Hence it may
mean the top of one's hat, cap, or bonnet,
as in AEn. viii. 664. Vertice: in the sense
of capite. - y
683. Fundere : in the sense of emittere.
Innoſcia : inoffensive—not hurting him.
Tactu. This is the reading of Heyne and
Davidson. But Ruasus and Valpy read
tractu. JMolli : gentle—easy. Heyne has
mollis, agreeing with flamma. Most copies
have molli.
684. Lambere: to glide along his hair—
gently touch it.
685. Mos pavidi : we, trembling for fear,
(begin) to bustle about, to shake his fla-
ming hair, and to extinguish the sacred fire
with water. Fontibus : in the sense of
0.07% (7. -
689. Si flecteris : if thou art moved.
691. Firma haic omina : confirm this
omen. The Romans deemed one omen not
sufficient, unless it were followed or con-
firmed by a second. Hence secundus and
secundo came to signify prosperous, and to
prosper. *
693. Laevum inton wit: the left thundered
with a sudden peal.
Both the Greeks and Romans considered
those omens, that were presented in the
eastern part of heaven, to be prosperous or
lucky. But the former, in observing the
onens, turned their faces to the north, which
brought the east on their right hand. The
Romans, on the contrary, turned their faces
to the south, which brought the east on their
left hand. This was therefore t lucky
omen. It seconded, or confirmed the for-
mer, that is, the lambent flame on tie head
of Jülus. See Ecl. i. 18. Lovum; an adj.
of the neu. gender, us&as a sub. the same
with lava pars cºli.
694. Stella lapsa, &c. Servius applies
the several parts of this prodigy as figura-
tive of the events that were to happen to
AEneas and his followers. The star is said,
condere se Idaea sylva, to fall or hide itself
upon mount Ida, to indicate that the Tro-
jans were to resort to that mountain: cum
multa luce, with much light, to figure their
future glory and dignity : signantem vias,
the sparkles of fire left behind, intimate the
dispersion of his followers, and that they
should fix their residence in various parts:
longo limite sulcus, marks AFneas' many
wanderings, and the length of his voyage :
lastly, by the smoke and sulphur, he under-
stands the death of Anchises. . The stars
do not move from their stations; they are
fixed, and remain in the same part of the
heavens. Meteors are of common occur-
rence, and are supposed to consist of elec-
tric matter, which in passing from one part
of the atmosphere to another, becomes visi-
ble. In the language of the vulgar and
ignorant, such an appearance is called the
shooting of a star. Virgil conforms to this
mode of expression. He calls the meteor a
star. Facem: a train. - t
695. Labentem. Rueus takes this in the
sense of cadentem : falling behind the roof
of the house. But it may be taken in its
usual acceptation, gliding, or passing over
the roof: for it appears that the meteor was
near, since it filled the air about them with
its sulphurous smell.
697. Sulcus : a trail—indented track. —
The meteor drew after it a trail of light, as
it passed through the heavens. It appeared
to mark its way or path, which it left lumi-
mous behind it.
* - \
236
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Hic veró victus genitor se tollit ad auras,
Affaturque Deos, et sanctum sidus adorat:”
700
Jam jam nulla mora est: Setluor, et, quâ ducitis, adsum
Di patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem.
Vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troja est.
Cedo equidem, nec, nate, tibi comes ire recuso.
Dixerat ille : et jam per moenia clarior ignis
'705
Auditur, propiùsque aestus incendia volvunt.
Ergö age, chare pater, cervici imponere nostrae :
- Ipse subibo humeris: nec me labor iste gravabit.
709. Quècunque res Quà res cunque cadent, unum et commune periclum,
cadent, , perielum erit Una salus ambobus erit: mihi parvus Iülus
Sit comes, et longè servet vestigia conjux.
Wos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.
unum, et commune no-
bis ambobus, salus erit
una et eaſlem nobis
71C
712. Tumulus est is Est urbe egressis tumulus, templumque vetustum
egressis urbe
716. JNos omnes venie-
mus ex diverso
*
699. Ad auras : upright—or towards
heaven. -
702. Patrii Dii. By these we are to un-
derstand the guardian gods of Anchises’
family; those that his ancestors worshipped;
who presided over parental and filial affec-
tion. Domum : in the sense of familiam.
703. Hoc augurium est : this omen is
ours: Troy is under your protection. This
is plainly the meaning of numine in this
place. Ruteus says, poleslate.
706. Incendia : in the sense of flamma.
JEstus: heat. -
707. Imponere: 2d person of the imp. be
thou placed, i. e. place yourself upon my
neck: I will bear you upon my shoulders.
Subibo humeris: portabote humeris, says Ru-
teus. Labor : in the sense of pondus.
710. JMihi parvus Iülus. Donatus reads,
mihi solus Iülus : let Itilus only be a com-
panion to me. This avoids the too frequent
repetition of parvus Iülus, and at the same
time shows the prudent caution of Æneas,
to secure their flight; since the fewer went
together, they would be the less liable to be
discovered. Pierius approves this reading.
711. Conjuw servet: let my wife observe
my steps at a distance—let her stay behind,
yet so as to have me in view, that she may
not lose her way. The reason for his giv-
ing this direction was perhaps to prevent
discovery, and to diminish the danger of es-
cape by being divided into parties. This
reason justifies AEneas. It was proper for
the poet to mention this circumstance, to
ive probability to the account of her being
ost. Servius takes longé in the sense of
valdé. The meaning then will be : let my
wife carefully observe my steps. The usual
acceptation of longe is the better. The loss
Desertae Cereris;
Relligione patrum multos servata per annos.
Hanc ex diverso sedem veniemus in unam.
juxtàque antiqua cupressus,
T 15
NOTEs.
of Creüsa is a fine device of the poet. It
gave him an opportunity of finishing the
catastrophe of Troy from the mouth of
AEneas. As soon as he found his wife was
missing, he resolves to return in search of
her. He carefully retraces his footsteps,
visits his own house, which was now in
flames, and searches for her in the most fre-
quented parts of the city. In the course of
his search, he sees the spoils collected to
gether in the temple of Juno, and the Gre
cian guards standing around. Unable to find
her in any of these places, he calls her by
name, and makes the streets resound with
Creisa. Her ghost met him, solaced his
mind, unfolded to him the purposes of the
gods, and encouraged him to look for moro
prosperous times. She tells him that in the
land destined him by fate, a royal bride
awaited him.
712. Advertite: turn with your minds to
those things which I shall say. This is
equivalent to, advertite vestros animos ad ea,
quae dicam.
714. Desertae Cereris. This epithet of
"deserted, is added to Ceres, on account of her
being deprived of her daughter Proserpine
by Pluto ; or on account of the state of her
worship, which was then neglected, her
priest having been slain. Rubeus under-
stands it as referring to her temple: an an-
cient temple of Ceres deserted. He inter-
prets desertae by, desertum, agreeing with
templum. See Ecl. v. 79. *
715. Relligione: by the religious venera
tion of our ancestors. Servata agrees with
antiqua cupressus. Juartà: near—nearby.
716. Eac diverso: the same as ea diversis
viie Sedem : in the Bense of locum.
ÆNEIS.
LIB II 237
*
f
Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu, patriosque Penates.
Me, bello è tanto digressum et caede recenti,
Attrectare nefas ; donec me flumine vivo
Abluero.
718. Neſas essef me
digressum
720
Haec ſatus, latos humeros subjectaque colla
Weste super, fulvique insternor pelle leonis,
Succedoque oneri: dextra se parvus Iulus
Implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis.
Poné subit conjux. Ferimur per opaca locorum:
Et me, quem dudum non ulla injecta movebant
Tela, neque adverso glomerati ex aginine Graii,
Nunc omnes terrent aurac, sonus excitat omnis
Suspensum, et pariter comitique onerique timentem,”
Jamgue propinquabam portis, omnemoue widebar 730
Flvasisse viam ; subitó clim creber ad aures
722. Fatus hape, in
sternor super latos hu-
meros, subjectaque colla
7% 726. Et nunc omnes
aurae terrent, omnis so-
nus excitat me, et reddit
me suspensum, et pari-
ter timentem comitique,
onerique ; me, inquam,
quem dudum non ulla
injecta tela, neque Graii
NOTES.
717. Sacra: the holy, or sacred utensils;
such as were used in offering sacrifices, and
In other ceremonies of religious worship :
neu. plu. of sacer, used as a sub. Heyne
thinks sacra here, and in verse 293, supra,
means the images of the gods; thus ma-
king it the same with Penates. The reader
must judge for himself. His words are:
Sacra et Penates possunt pro eadem rehaberi:
et sic de Deorum simulacris, etiam de Pena-
- tibus ipsis.
Penates. This word is derived probably
from penus, which signifies all kinds of food
or provisions for the use of man. The Pe-
nates were usually worshipped in the inte-
rior part of the house. Their number is
not known, nor is it certain what gods were
so denominated. Some reckon Jupiter,
Juno, and JMvnerva, among the Penates;
others, JNeptune and Apollo; others again,
Caelus and Terra: and Arnobius reckons
the Dii Consentes, or Complices, among their
number. There were three orders of the
Dii Penates. Those that presided over
kingdoms and provinces, were called solely
Penates : those that presided over cities
only, were called Dii Patrii, domestic gods,
or gods of the country: those that presided
over particular houses and families, were
called Parvi Penates.
It is not certain under what shape or
figure they were worshipped. Some sup-
pose it was under the ſigure of a young
man sitting and holding a spear. It is said
that Dardanus introduced them from Sa-
mothracia into Troy, and that Æneas took
them with him into Italy. See Geor. ii. 505.
719. JNefas me: it is unlawful for me, ha-
ving come, &c. In like manner, Homer
makes Hector say he was afraid of perform-
ing religious worship to Jupiter, while his
hands were polluted with blood, Iliad vi.
334. It was the custom of the Greeks and
Romans, and most other nations, to wash
their hands, and sometimes their whole bo-
dies in water, before they performed acts of
religion, especially if they had been pollu
ted with bloodshed. On such occasions.
they were obliged to use pure water, like
that of fountains or running water. Hence
AEneas says: Donec abluero me vivo flumine
until I shall have washed mysehſ in pure or
living water. Flumine: in the sense of
aqua. Bello: in the sense of pugnâ.
722. Insternor super: I am covered upon
my broad shoulders and bended neck with a
garment, &c.—I cover myself, &c. This use
of the verb answers to the middle voice of
the Greeks. So imponere: be thou placed
—place thyself; verse 707, supra. Subjecta
in the sense of swbmissa.
723. Succedo oneri. The meaning is: 1
take my father upon my shoulders—I place
myself under the load. -
725. Opaca locorum : the same as opaca
loca. Or the word spatia may be under-
stood, connected with opaca, and governing
locorum.
727. Glomerati ear adverso : collected to-
gether in hostile array. Here we have a
very beautiful image of our hero’s pious
and filial affection. With unshaken forti-
tude he faced the greatest dangers, when
his own person only was exposed: now
every appearance of danger strikes him
with terror, on account of his dear charge.
.Adverso: in the sense of hostili.
729. Suspensum: in the sense of solicitum.
730. Widebar, &c. Ruteus interprets the
following words by, excessisse ea omnibus
viis; which appears entirely inadmissible.
The meaning is : that he seemed to have
escaped all the danger of the way; when, to
his surprise, a frequent sound of feet Sud-
denly struck his ears.
731. Viam. This is the common reading.
Heyne, at the suggestion of Markland, reads
vicem, in the sense of periculum; which is
preferable, if we had sufficient authority for
the substitution.
238
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Visus adesse pedum sonitus: genitorque per umbram
733. Hostes propin- Prospiciens, Nate, exclamat, fuge, mate: propinquant
quant
735. Hic malê ami-
numen, eripuit mihi tre-
pido
738. Conjux Creüsa
erravit-ne vià, seu
741. Nec respexi, re-
flexive animum, eam esse
amissam, priusquâm ve-
nimus ad
Ardentes clypeos atque aera micantia cerno.
º Hic mihi mescio quod trepido malê numen amicum
cum numen, neciº quod Confusam eripuit mentem.
Namgue avia cursu 736
Dum sequor, et notá excedo regione viarum :
Heu ! misero conjux fatone erepta Creüsa
substitit; incertum est, Substitit, erravitne vià, seu lassa resedit,
erepta-me misero fato, Incertum : nec póst oculis est reddita nostris.
Nec priès amissam respexi, animumve reflexi,
Quam tumulum antiquae Cereris, sedemgue sacratam
Venimus: hic demum, collectis omnibus, una
Defuit; et comites, natumque, virumque ſefellit.
740
743. Uror una defuit Quem non incusavi amens hominumque Deorumque 2
Aut quid in eversá vidi crudelius urbe 2
*46
Ascanium, Anchisenque patrem, Teucrosque Penates
748. Recondo eos, in Commendo sociis, et curvá valle recondo.
750. Stat sententia re-
IlOV3, re OIII]16S
Ipse urbem repeto, et cingor fulgentibus armis.
Stat casus renovare omnes, omnemoue reverti
750
755. Ubique est hor- Per Trojam, et rursus caput objectare periclis.
ror; simul ipsa sikentia
noctis terrent animos.
Inde refero me domum,
wt viderem, si forté, si
forté Creüsa tulisset pe-
dem huc.
Principio, muros, obscuraque limina portae,
Quà gressum extuleram, repeto: et vestigia retrö
Observata sequor per noctem, et lumine lustro.
Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent.
Inde domum, si forté pedem, si forté tulisset,
755
NOTES.
732. Umbram : in the sense of tenebras.
734. Cerno: I see their glittering shields
and gleaming brass. JEra : brazen armour.
735. JMalé: in the sense of non. JMalé
amicum : in the sense of inimicum vel in-
festum.
736. Confusan mentem. His mind was
confused, and in a state of perturbation, for
fear that something might befall him in his
retreat. He had retained his presence of
mind so far as to make good his escape in
the best possible manner. Now, on a sud-
den, he loses all recollection ; he forgets
himself; he knows not what he does: he is
deprived of that presence of mind which he
had hitherto retained, by some wrfriendly
deity. . In consequence of this he left the
plain road, taking the by-paths: nor did he
recollect to look back to see if his wife was
following him.
•Avia: an adj. agreeing with loca under-
stood; out of the way: from the ordinary
or common way. Of a, privativum, and via.
737. Nola regione viarum : simply, from
the known or beaten way. -
738. JMisero falo. Some render misero, with
mihi understood. But miser signifies that
which makes miserable, as well as simply,
miserable. In this sense it may be connect-
ed with fato; distressing fate. When thus
construed, it hath a peculiar force. Both
Ruanus and Heyne say, misero mihi.
"41 Reflea'i animum; turned back my
mind—reflected. Heyne reads ve. The
common reading is que. -
742. Tumulum. The hill, or eminence, on
which the temple of Ceres was situated.
See 714. supra. ".
745. Quem hominumque : whom both of
men and gods did I not blame? Amens:
distracted in mind—deprived of my reason:
of a, privativum, and mens. -
747. Teucros: in the sense of Trojanos.
750. Slat. Sententha, or some word of
the like import, is understood: my purpose
is fixed: I am resolved. While the mind is in
doubt and uncertainty, it reels to and fro
from one thing to another, fluctuat, vacillat':
but when it is determined and resolved, then
it stands still; it is at rest. Casus : in the
sense of pericula. Reverti: in the sense of
7 edire. -
752. Limina: threshold—entrance.
753. Eactuleramº gressum : where I had
come out. A phrase. -
754. Lumine. Lumen properly signifies
light: it also signifies an eye. In this last
sense, Ruteus takes it, and interprets it by
oculis. It is perhaps better to understand it
of the light occasioned by the conflagration
of Troy. In this case, sequor, &c. may be
rendered : I follow back my footsteps ob-
served in the darkness, and search them out
by the light of tho flames. Davidson agrees
with Rugeus. - - -
756. Si fortè, si forte: if by chance, if by
ADNEIS.
LIB. II. 239
*
*
, Congeritur.
Me refero. Irruerant Dáhai, et tectum omne tenebant.
Ilicët ignisedax summa ad fastigia vento #
Wolvitur ; exsuperant flammae ; furit aestus ad auras.
Procedo ad Priami sedes, arcemdue reviso.
Et jam porticibus vacuis, Junonis asylo,
Custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulysses
760
Praedam asservabant: huc undique Troia gaza
Incensis erepta adytis, mensaeque Deorum,
Crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis
Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres
Stant circum.
765 765. Solidier auro
Ausus quinetiam voces jactare per umbram
Implevi clamore vias : moestusque Creüsam
Nequicquam ingeminans, iterumque iterumque vocavi.
Quaerenti, et tectis urbis siné fine furenti,
Infelix simulacrum, atque ipsius umbra Creüsae
Visa mihi ante oculos? et notă major imago.
Obstupui, steteruntoue comae, et vox faucibus haesit.
Tum sic affari, et curas his demere dictis :
Quid tantùm insano juvat indulgere dolori,
O dulcis conjux 2 non haec siné numine Divām
Eveniunt: mec te comitem asportare Creüsam
771. Infelix simula-
crum,atque umbra Creü.
saº ipsius, et imago Ina
jor notà visa est mihi
ante oculos, quarent,
775 eam, et furenti
775. Tum ilia coºpw
sic affari me
778. Nec fas est, aut
ille regnator superi
NOTES.
chance, she had returned thither. Tulisset
pedem : had returned, or gone thither. The
repetition of the si forté, is emphatical.
760. Procedo. Creüsa was the daughter
of Priam, by Hecuba; which, perhaps, is
the reason of his going to his palace in
search of her. -
761. Asylo: in the sense of templo. Por-
ticibus : in the passages or aisles.
763. Gaza. This word signifies all kinds
of rich furniture—wealth—property. It is
of Persian origin. Erepta, is connected
with it.
* 764. JMensae Deorum. These were the
tripods of the gods, which served for deli-
vering the oracles, or for bearing the sacred
Wessels. Adytis: in the sense of templis.
763. Undique. This word may imply, that
the things here mentioned were collected
from all parts of the town, and thrown in
this place (huc.) or that they were piled up
here all around--in every part of the building.
770. Ingeminans : repeating her name in
vain—in vain, because she did not answer
him. JMoestus, agrees with ego, understood.
Furenti: for currenti.
772. Infelic simulacrum : the unhappy
apparition—unhappy, not on her own ac-
count, for she was blessed and at rest; but
because she was the source of sorrow and
unhappiness to her husband. Umbra. The
introduction of Creüsa's ghost is extremely
well timed. No other expedient could be
found to stop the further search of Æneas
for his wife, and permit him to return to his
$
*
friends in their expedition. It shows the
judgment of the poet.
773. Imago major notá: her image larger
than life—than when alive. Spectres and
apparitions are usually represented of a
large size; fear having a tendency to en-
large objects that are presented to the ima-
gination. The darkness of the night has a
tendency to enlarge the appearance of ob
jects seen obscurely and imperfectly.
This episode of Creüsa's death is intro-
duced, not merely for the importance of the
event, but because it answered several irn-
portant purposes of the poet. It gave him
an opportunity of more fully illustrating the
piety of Æneas, by showing him once more
exposed to all the dangers of the war in
search of his wife; and, in consequence of
that, leads us back with his hero to visit
Troy smoking in its ruins, and makes us
acquainted with several affecting circum-
stances, without which the narration would
not have been complete. And then it makes
way for the appearance of her ghost, that
affords comfort to Æneas in his distress, by
predicting his future felicity; and relieves
the finind of the reader from the horrors of
war and desolation, by turning him to the
prospect of that peace and tranquillity which
AEneas was to enjoy in Italy; and of that
undisturbed rest, and happy liberty, of which
herself was now possessed in the other
world. -
776. Insano dolori: , immoderate grief.
JNumine; in the sense of voluntate.
* *
240
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Olympi sittit te aspor- Fas, aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi.
Longa tibi exilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum.
taro hinc Creüsam, co-
mitem tibi
780
780. Longa exilia fu- Ad terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva
lura Suºnt
Inter opima virám leni fluit agnine Tybris.
Illic res laetae, regnumque, et regia conjux
784. Parta sunt tibi
Parta tibi: lachrymas dilectae pelle Creüsae.
Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas
786
Aspician, aut Grails servitum matribus ibo,
787. Ego qua sum Dar-
flanis, et
Dardanis, et Divae Veneris nurus.
Sed me magna Deûm genitrix his detinet oris.
790. Deseruit me, la- Jamgue vale, et nati serva communis amorem.
chrymantem, et volen-
tem dicere
ter circumdare
Haec ubi dicta dedit, lachrymantem et multa volentem
* Dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras. 791
793. Ibi.eonatus sum Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum:
Ter frustrà comprensa manus effugit imago,
Par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno.
Sic demum socios, consumptă nocte, reviso. 795.
Atque hic ingentem comitum affluxisse novorum
Invenio admirans numerum; matresque, virosque,
Collectam exilio pubem, miserabile vulgus.
NOTES.
779. Superi Olympi : of high heaven.
780. Eacilia : in the sense of itinera. It
implies that Æneas should be for a long
time destitute of any country, or fixed habi-
tation. AEquor: properly any level surface,
whether land or water. It is often used in
the sense of mare. Arandum : in the sense
of navigandum.
781. Ad: Heyne reads et. Some copies
have wt : that you may arrive or come, &c.
In this case there must not be a full point
after arandum. The usual reading is ad.
782. Lydius Tybris : the Tuscan Tyber
flows, with its gentle stream, between lands
rich in heroes.
The Tyber is here called Lydian, or Tus-
can. It separated Tuscany from Latium.
The former having been settled by a colony
of Lydians under Tyrrhenus, the son of
.Alys, king of Lydia, in Asia Minor. He
called the inhabitants Tyrrheni, after his Öwn
name. Agmine : in the sense of cursw vel
flumine. Virüm. Vir, properly signifies a
man, as opposed to a woman—a hero. Also,
the male of any kind or species of animals.
.Arva : properly cultivated lands, from the
verb aro.
783. Res lasta: ; prosperity. The same as
res secunda. Aºneas, after his arrival in
Italy, and the death of Turnus, married La-
vinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of
Latium, and succeeded him in his kingdom.
ACneas, in relating this prophecy to Dido,
plainly informs her that he was destined by
fate for Lavinia; and, by so doing, pleads
the necessity of his leaving Carthage. Dido,
therefore, betrays herself by an indiscreet
passion, and is not betrayed by any perfidy
of Æneas. See lib. iv. passim, s
*}
784. Dilecte Creilsoe : for, or on account
of your beloved Creüsa.
786. Servitum ; to serve in the capacity of
a servant. The sup. in um, of the verb ser-
vio, put after ibo.
787. Dardanis. Creüsa was the daug.-
ter of Priam, and consequently descended
in a direct line from Dardanus, the founder
of the Trojan race: at least one of the
founders of it. See AEn. i. 1. JWurus : the
daughter-in-law. AEneas was the son of
Venus and Anchises, which made Creüsa
the daughter-in-law to Venus.
788. Genitria : Cybele. She is said to
have been the mother of all the gods.
789. Serva: retain, or keep. JNati: As-
canius, who was the son of Creüsa and
Hºneas.
792. Circumdare. The parts of the verb
are separated, for the sake of the verse, by
Tnesis. § r
793. Comprensa : a part, agreeing with
Żmago. JManus : acc. plu. Her image, seiz-
ed in vain three times, escaped his hands.
794. Par: in the sense of similis. Som-
no ; a dream.
796. Hèc admirans invenio, &c. The poet,
by this circumstance, signifies how greatly
AEneas was beloved by the Trojans, and the
weight and importance of his character. It
appears that this multitude, by resorting to
AEneas, and putting themselves under his
protection, chose him their king; which ap-
pellation is given him throughout the Æneid.
•Afflua-isse: in the sense of advenisse.
797. JMiserabile vulgus: a pitiable multi-
tude. They assembled, from all quarters,
prepared in mind and fortune to follow me,
to whatsoever countries I might wish to lead
ſº
AENEIS.
LIB. II. 24,
Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati,
In quascumque velim pelago deducere terras.
Jamgue jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae,
799. Illi convenere
800 undique, parati animis
opibusque sequi me
Ducebatgue diem : Danaique obsessa tenabant
Limina portarum : nec spes opis ulla dabatur
Cessi, et sublato montem genitore petivi.
NOTES.
them over the sea. Pubem : in the sense of
juventutem.
801. Jugis summa, Idae. Mount Ida lay
to the east of Troy, and, consequently,
Lucifer, Venus, or the Morning Star, as it is
called when going before the sun, appeared
to those at Troy to rise from the top (jugis)
of that mountain. Summa: ; in the sense of
alta.
803. Opis. Rugeus interprets this by auw-
ilii; but it may mean wealth—property:
and by the expression we may understand,
that there was now no hope of obtaining
any more of their woalth or property, the
§:
What is the subject of this book?
What is its character, when compared
with the rest?
How long did the siege of Troy continue:
How was it taken at the last?
To whom was this horse designed as a
present?
In return for what?
What was the Palladium ?
By whom was it taken from the temple of
Minerva 2
After building the horse, what did the
Greeks do *
How far was Tenedos from Troas:
Did they pretend that they were about to
return home, and relinquish the siege :
• Did this obtain belief among the Trojans?
What was the real object of the Greeks
in building this horse?
Who acted a very
this business?
What is the character of Sinon 2
Who opposed the admission of this horse
within the walls?
What prodigy happened just at this time,
which overcame all doubts in the minds of
the Trojans ?
Who was Laocoon? . -
To what office had he been appointed by
lot? -
What was the design of offering sacrifice
to Neptune at this time?
What did this horse contain?
How did it enter into the city?
Where was it placed 2
How many names has the poet invented
for this engine of destruction?
What time was the assault made upon the
city? -
distinguished part in
city being completely in the possession of
the Greeks.
804. Cessi: I yielded to my fate. Dr.
Trapp renders it, I retired; but it is much
better to understand it as an expression of
the piety and resignation of Æneas, espe-
cially if we consider what immediately pre-
cedes: nec spes opes wlla dabatur. Genitore
sublato. This instance offilial piety is highly
pleasing. A modern commander would
never have submitted to the task of bearing
such a load; but would have assigned it to
a servant, or imposed it upon a soldier.
Rugeus says, ferens patrem.
QUESTIONS.
Wnat office did Sinon perform upon thus
occasion ?
Did the Grecian troops return from Te-
nedos, and join their friends?
How were they received into the city 2
In what state were the Trojans at this
time 2
Were they aware of any such treachery 2
Finding the city in the hands of the enemy,
what course did Æneas pursue 2
What were some of his actions?
Where were his last efforts made to avenge
his country 2
What became of Priam *
What were the last actions of the aged
monarch 2
What particularly roused his indignation
against Pyrrhus 2
By whom was Priam slain 2
What was the manner of it?
What were the circumstances of it?
Where was Æneas during these transac-
tions 2 - -
What did he do, after he beheld the death
of Priam P
Under whose conduct did he pass in safety
through his enemies? -
Did Æneas receive direction to leave the
city, and to seek his safety in flight?
How did he receive it? From whom *
What was the determination of his father
Anchises? '.
What effect had his refusal upon the mind
of Æneas 2
What did his wife Creüsa do upon this
occasion ?
How was the determination of Anchises,
not to survive the capture of the city,
changed?
17
242
P VIRGILII MARONIS
What were the prodigies that effected that
change 2 --
To what place did he retire 2
How did he convey his father 2
How his son Ascanius 2
What direction did he give his wife
Creusa”
Did he arrive in safety to the place ap-
pointed 2 * &
What became of his wife?
What did he do in consequence of her
$oss 2 -
What effect had her loss upon him at the
first ? - sº
How was his mind quieted? .
What directions did her apparition give
him * -
After his return to the place of rendez
vous, did he find great numbers there col-
lected?
Did they consider him their leader and
king?
Were they prepared and willing to under-
take any enterprise, he might think proper?
LIBER THER TIU Se
AENEAs, having finished the sack of Troy, proceeds to relate to Dido the particulars of his
voyage. Having built a fleet of twenty ships near Antandros, he set sail in the spring,
probably, of the year following the capture of Troy. He landed on the shores of
Thrace, and there commenced the building of a city, which he called, after his own
name, JEnos, and the inhabitants, JEneada. He was, however, soon interrupted in the
prosecution of his work, by the shade of Polydorus, the son of Priam. He had been
barbarously put to death by Polymnestor, king of Thrace, his brother-in-law, and buried
in this place. It directed him to leave the polluted land, and to seek another clime for
his intended city.
Having performed the funeral rites to Polydorus, he set sail, directing his course to the
south; and soon arrived on the coast of Delos, one of the Cyclades. Here he was
hospitably received by Anius, king of the island, and priest of Apollo. He was direct-
ed by the oracle to seek the land of his ancestors; there he should found a city, which
should bear rule over all nations. This information was joyfully received. Whereupon,
they concluded that Crete, the birth-place of Teucer, was the land to which the oracle
directed them. s -
Leaving Delos, in a short time they arrive on the shores of Crete. They hail it with
joy as the termination of their wanderings. Here Æneas lays the foundation of a city
which he called Pergama, and was preparing to enter upon the business of agriculture,
when a sudden plague arose, which put an end to his prospects, and carried off many
of his companions. In this juncture, it was agreed that he should go back to Delos, to
obtain further instructions. In the mean time, in a vision, he was informed that Crete
was not the land destined to him, and that the oracle of Apollo intended he should seek
Italy, the land of Dardanus. This quieted his mind; and Anchises acknowledged that
both Teucer and Dardanus'were the founders of their race, and that he had been mis-
taken in reckoning their descent in the line of Teucer.
£neas, without delay, leaves Crete; and in a few days arrived on the coast of the Stro-
phades, in the Ionian sea, on the west of the Peloponnesus. Here he landed with his
fleet, and found these islands in the possession of the Harpies. Celaeno, one of them,
informed him, that, before he should found a city, they should be reduced to the necessity
of consuming their tables. This was the first intimation which he had received of want
and suffering, in the land destined to him. It sunk deep into his mind.
Leaving these islands, he directed his course westward, and soon arrived on the coast of
Epirus. He landed at Activm, and celebrated the Trojan games. .
From Actium, he proceeded to that part of Epirus called Chaonia. On his entering the
harbor, he heard that Helenus, the son of Priam, sat upon the throne of Pyrrhus, and
that Andromache had become his wife. Desirous of hearing the truth of this report,
he proceeds direct to Buthrotus, the seat of government. Here, to his great joy, he
finds his friends, and remained with them for some time. Helenus, at their departure,
loads them with presents. Andromache gives to Ascanius alone, who was the exact
picture of her son Astyanax. - 'N.
From Epirus, AEneas passes over the Ionian sea, and arrives at the promontory Iapygium.
Thence he sails down the coast of Magna Gracia, and the eastern shore of Šicily, to the
promontory Pachynum; thence along the southern shore to the port of Drenahum,
where he lost his father Anchises; which concludes the book.
AENEIS
LIB. Iſſ. 243
This book contains the annals of seven years, and is replete with geographical and h's-
torical information.
incidents.
Nor is it wanting in fine specimens of poetry, and in interest:
The joy of Æneas at finding Helenus and Andromache on the throne o
Epirus—their happy meeting—their tender and affectionate parting the description of
Scylla and Charybdis, and the episode of the Cyclops, are all worthy of the poe.
In this book, Virgil in a particular manner follows the Odyssey of Homer.
POSTQUAM res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem
Immeritam visum Superis, ceciditgue superbum
Ilium, et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troja
1. Postguan, visum
est Superis evertere ree
Aslaº
Diversa exilia, et desertas quaerere terras,
Auguriis agimur Divām : classemque sub ipsa 3.
Antandro, et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae:
Incerti quë fata ferant, ubi sistere detur;
Wix prima inceperat aestas,
Contrahimusque viros.
7 Ferant mos, ubi de-
tur nobis sistere peden
Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat.
NOTES.
1. Res Asiae : the power of Asia.
2. Immeritam : undeserving such a cala-
mity. The ruin of their country was owing
to the crimes of Paris and Laomedon. See
Geor. i. 502, and Æn. i. Visum Superis : it
pleased, or seemed good to the gods. This
was a common mode of expression, when
events were not prosperous. The verb est
is to be supplied with visum.
3. Neptunia. Troy is here called JNep-
tunean, because Neptune, with Apollo, it is
said, built its walls in the reign of Laome-
don. Homer and Virgil ascribe the build-
ing of the walls to Neptune alone. Ruacus
takes Ilium to mean the citadel of Troy,
and distinguishes it from the whole town,
which is here expressed by, omnis Troja.
Homer uses Ilios, and Ovid, Ilion. Fumat.
The present here is much more expressive
than the past tense would have been:
smokes to the ground.
4. Diversa: in the sense of remota, or
longinqua. Although the Trojans, under
different leaders, as AEneas, Helenus, and
Antenor, settled in different regions, yet
diversa eacilia plainly refers to AEneas and his
followers only, who were all appointed to
go in quest of the same settlement. Deser-
tas terras: unoccupied—uncultivated lands;
where they might settle in peace. Or, we
may suppose AEneas to speak the language
of his heart at that time. Having the dis-
mal idea of the destruction of his country
fresh in his mind, and the uncertain prospect
of a settlement in some unknown land, (in-
certi quo fata ferant, wbi sistere detur) it
was natural for him to have uncomfortable
apprehensions of the country to which he
was going; to call it an exile, or place of
banishment, a land of solitude and deser-
tion. Some read diversas, for desertas.
5. Auguriis Divām by the intimations,
or prodigies of the gods. This refers to
the several prophetic intimations given to
him of his future fate by the ghost of Hec-
tor—by the lambent fame on the head of
Ascanius—and by the interview which he
had with the ghost of Creüsa. Ominibus
Deorum, says Rubeus.
6. Antandro. Antandros was a city of
the lesser Phrygia, at the foot of mount Ida,
and a convenient place to build and equip a
fleet. JMolimur : in the sense of fabricamus
7. Incerti quo. We may be somewhat
surprised to hear AEneas express any doubt
as to his course and intended settlement.
He had been distinctly informed by the
ghost of his wife, that Italy was the place
destined for him in the counsels of the gods:
he could not therefore have given full cre-
dence to the account; or the dangers and
difficulties of the undertaking might have
filled his mind with anxious and distrustful
apprehensions : or perhaps it is a passage,
which the author would have corrected, ºf
he had lived to revise his work.
8. Prima aestas. Scaliger thinks that
Troy was taken about the full moon, and
near the end of spring, and that Æneas set
out the beginning of summer. But it is
evident that it would require a greater
length of time to build a fleet, and make
other preparations for his long voyage. If
he be correct in the time of the capture of
Troy, the prima (Estas, with more propriety,
will mean the beginning of the summer of
the following year. This better agrees with
history. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in-
forms us that he collected an army and for-
tified himself on mount Ida; but not think-
ing it prudent to engage the enemy, he ca-
pitulated on honorable terms; one of which
was, that he should be allowed to depar
from Troas with his followers without mo
lestation, after a certain time, which he em-
ployed in building and equipping a fleet.
9. Fatis: quo fata vellent, says Ruseus
Propter jussa et monita Deorum, says Heyne,
Some copies have ventis.
gº
244
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
*
Litora tum patriae lachrymans, portusque relinquo,
Et campos, ubi Troja fuit : feror exul in altum,
fo
Cum sociis, natoque, Penatibus, et magnis Dis.
Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis,
14. Quam Thraces Thraces arant, acri quondam regnata Lycurgo:
arant
hospitium Troja, cujus
que Penates erant socii
* º Hospitium antiquum Trojae, sociique Penates,
15. Fuit antiquum Dum fortuna fuit.
15
Feror huc, et litore curvo
Moenia prima loco, ſatis ingressus iniquis:
lostris, dumfortuna ºf Æneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo.
nobis
22. Quo summo erant
Sacra Dionabae matri, Divisque ferebam
Auspicibus coeptorum operum : superoque nitentem 20
cornea virguita, et myſ. Coelicolūm regimactabam in litore taurum.
tus horrida densis
Forté fuit juxtà tumulus, quo cornea summo
NOTES.
10. Lachrymans. The shedding of tears
is an indication of compassion and humani-
ty. It is not inconsistent with true fortitude
and greatness of mind, and no way unbe-
coming a hero. But there is no necessity
of understanding it here, and in various
other passages where it occurs, as if Æneas
actually shed tears. Ruasus takes it in the
sense of lugens, grieving at the idea of
leaving his native country, and at the pros-
pect of the dangers which were before him.
12. JMagnis Dis. The great gods were
Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Pallas, Mercury, and
Apollo; sometimes called the Dii majorum
gentium. The Penates were domestic gods,
without any particular name.
of all these gods AEneas took with him into
Xtaly, and introduced their worship, as we
are told, into Latium, after he was settled
in that kingdom. Some take the JMagnis
Dis to be the same with the Penatibus.
See Geor. ii. 505. and Æn. ii. 717.
13. JMavortia terra : a martial land.—
Thrace is so called, because said to be the
birthplace of Mars. This was a very exten-
sive country, bounded on the east by the
Euxine sea, south by the Propontis, Helles-
pont, and Ægean sea, and on the West by
Macedonia. Colitur : in the sense of habi-
tatur. Procul. This word sometimes sig-
nifies near, in view, as if pro oculis, as in
Ecl. vi. 16. In this sense it may be taken
here; for Thrace was only a short distance
from the port where Æneas set sail. But it
may have reference to Carthage, the place
where he then was ; and then it may be
taken in its usual acceptation.
14. Acri Lycurgo: warlike Lycurgus. He
was the son of Dryas. Being offended at
Bacchus, it is said, he banished him and his
votaries from his kingdom; and ordered all
the vines to be destroyed in his dominions.
For which impiety the god deprived him of
his sight. Regnata, refers to terra: govern-
ed, or ruled. .
15. Hospitvum : an ancient retreat of
Troy, and its gods were our friends, while
fortune was with us. -
The images .
There had been a long and friendly alli-
ance between the two countries, by virtue of
which the Thracians gave a hospitable re-
ception to all strangers from Troy; and the
Trojans, in turn, repaid the kindness by
civilities to the Thracians. This hospitali-
ty was sometimes between whole nations,
between one city and another, and some-
times between particular families. Polym-
nestor, king of Thrace, married Iliome, the
daughter of Priam. By these means the
two nations became related in their respec-
tive heads: and their gods might be said to
be allied, confederate, and friends, in conse-
quence of it.
17. Prima maenia: I place my first walls.
The city which Æneas first founded, we
are told, he called JEnos. It was not far
from the mouth of the Hebrus, on the shore
of the AEgean sea. The tomb of Polydo-
rus was near this place. Ingressus ; having
entered upon the business with fates unkind
—against the will and purposes of the gods,
who directed him to the land of Dardanus.
18. Fingo AEneadas: I call the inhabi-
tants JEnéada, a name derived from my
name. Fingo : in the sense of voco.
19. Dionceae : an adj. from Dione, the mo-
ther of Venus. JMatri: to his mother, Venus.
Sacra: in the sense of sacrificia. And fere-
bam: in the sense of offerebam.
20. Auspicibus : the favorers or patrons
of our work begun. It is put in apposition
with Divis. -
21. JMactabam: I was sacrificing a shining
bull to the high king of the gods. -
Servius tells us that a bull was one of
those animals forbidden to be offered in sa
crifice to Jove ; and thinks Virgil, design
edly, makes Hºneas offer here an unlawful
sacrifice, in order to introduce the inauspi-
cious omen that followed. But La Cerda
assures us, upon the best authority, that it
was usual to sacrifice bulls to Jupiter, as
well as to the other gods. JWitentem. Rudeus
says, pinguem : and Heyne, candidum.
22. Tumulus: a rising ground, or hillock.
Quo summo: on whose top. Cornea an
AENEIS. LIB. III.
245
*-
Wirgulta, et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus.
Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere sylvam
Conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras:
Horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum.
Nam, quae prima solo, ruptis radicibus, arbos
Wellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae,
Mihi frigidus horror
Membra quatit, gelidusque-coit formidine sanguis
Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimen -
Insequor, et causas penitàs tentare latentes:
Ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis.
Et terram tabo maculant.
24. Accessi ad locum,
25 conatusque sum couvel
lere
27. Qube arbos prima
vellitur solo, huic guttae
eac atro
30 30. Coit circum cor.
31. Alterius arboris,
et penitàs tentare laten-
tes causas earum rerum ;
et ater
Multa movens animo, Nymphas venerabar agrestes,
Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis,
Rité secundarent visus, omengue levarent.
Tertia sed postguam majore hastilia mixu
Aggredior, genibusque adversae obluctor arenae:
35
36. Ut rité secunda-
rent visus, levarentgue
analum omen
Eloquar, an sileam 2 gemitus' lachrymabilis imo
Auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad aures:
Quid miserum, AEnea, laceras' jam parce sepulto,
Parce pias scelerare manus: non me tibi Troja
Externum tulit.: haud cruor hic de stipite manat.
40 , 41. Quid, O AEnea,
laceras me miserum ?
jam parce mihi
43. De stipite arbors
sed de meo corpore
NOTES.
adj. of the corneil tree. Densis hastilibus.
The long and tapering branches of a tree
may not improperly be called hastilia, spears.
There is a peculiar propriety in the use of
the word here, as being the spears with
which the body of Polydorus had been trans-
fixed ; and had sprung up into a thick
body of trees or shrubs. Horrida ; awful.
Ruteus says, aspera. -
24. Sylvan : in the sense, here, of ramos
vel ramum.
26. JMonstrum: in the sense of prodigium.
27. Arbos: a shrub, bush, or small tree.
Solo: from the earth. -
28. Huic: in the sense of ea hác. Liqu-
• untur : in the sense of défluwnt. Atro san-
guine: in the sense of atri sangwinis. The
prep. e or ea is understood.
29. Horror: in the sense of tremor. Mihi:
in the sense of mea. -
30. Sangwis gelidus : my blood, chilled
through fear, collects together—ceases to
flow in its regular course.
32. Insequor: I proceed to tear up. Wi-
men lentum : a limber, or pliant shoot or
shrub.
34. Venerabar JNymphas. These rustic
nymphs, to whom HEneas here prays, were
probably the Hamadryades, whose destiny
was connected with that of some particular
trees, with which they lived and died.
AEneas might consider this horrid omen, as
an indication of their displeasure, for his
offering to violate those pledges of their
existence. JMovens: in the sense of volvens.
35. Gradivum patrem: Mars. We are
told that Gradivus was an epithet, or name,
of Mars in time of war, as Quirinus was
in time of peace. Its derivation is uncertain.
Geticis: an adj. from Getae, a people bor-
dering upon the Ister, or Danube; here put
for Thracian, on account of the vicinity of
the two countries: or, because Thrace was
thought to extend, indefinitely, to the North.
36. Secundarent. Two omens were re-
quired for confirmation: if the first happened
to be unlucky, and the second prosperous,
the latter destroyed the former, and was
termed omen secundum; and hence secundo,
to prosper. Æneas, therefore, wished to
have the omen repeated, that the bad or un-
lucky import of it might be removed, or
taken away. Visus : vision, acc. plu. Le-
varent : in the sense of averterent.
37. Tertia hastilia : a third shrub or tree.
JNia:w : in the sense of vi.
38. Aggredior: I attempt, or try to pull
up, &c. He exerted himself to eradicate
it, with his knees upon the ground, that he
might have the greater purchase, or power.
.AdversaE : opposite, right against his knees.
40. Reddita : in the sense of emissa ea; eo.
42. Parce scelerare : forbear to pollute
your pious hands. It was the law of the
Twelve Tables, and, indeed, it is the voice of
humanity, that no injury be done to the
dead: defuncti injuriá me afficiantur. The
ghost of Polydorus, therefore, calls out to
Æneas : parce jam sepulto: let me alone:
leave me, at least, to my rest in the grave.
43. Eacternum non. Polydorus was the
son of Priam, and the brother of Creüsa, the
wife of Æneas. He was therefore not a
stranger or foreigner, in the truest sense of
the word, to Æneas. Cicero makes him the
246
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
, Heu! fuge crudeles terras, fuge litus avarum,
45. Ferred seges te-Nam Polydorus ego: hic confixum ferrea texit
seges, et jaculis increvit acutis. \
Tum verö ancipiti mentem formidine pressus
Obstupui, steteruntdue comae, et vox faucibus haesit.
Hunc Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno
Priamus furtim mandā- Infelix Priamus furtim mandărat alendum
Threicio regi; cum jam diffideret armis
Dardaniae, cingique urbem obsidione videret.
Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrüm, et fortuna recessit,
lorum texit me confixum Telorum
hic -
47. Pressus
mentem ancipiti
49. Quondam infelix
quoad
rat hunc Polydorum
Threicio regi alendum,
cum magno pondere
auri
45
60
53. Ille, nempe Polym- Res Agamemnonias victriciaquearma secutus,
nestor, ut opes Teucrüm
fractae sunt Wi potitur
Fas omne abrumpit, Polydorum obtruncat, et auro
Quid non mortalia pectora cogis,
55
Auri sacra fames : Postguam pavor ossa reliquit,
Delectos populi ad proceres, primūmque parentem,
59. Quae sit eorum
sententia de iis.
60. Est idem animus
omnibus excedere
Monstra Deûm refero; et, quae sit sententia, posco.
Omnibus idem animus, scelerată excedere terrà,
Linquere pollutum hospitium, et dare classibus Austros.
60
Ergö instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens
Aggeritur tumulo tellus: stant manibus arae,
Coeruleis moesta vittis atráque cupresso:
NOTES.
son of Ilione, the daughter of Priam, and
wife of Polymnestor, king of Thrace. Tulit:
produced, or bore. Stipite: the body, or
trunk.
45. Ferrea seges. To understand this pas-
sage, we may suppose that these darts were
thrown in upon the body of Polydorus as he
lay in the grave; which they pierced ; and,
taking root in that place, sprang up, and
grew in the form of sharp pointed javelins,
forming a shade over the tomb. Heyne
says: excreverunt in arbores unde jacula pe-
tv/77 tºr.
46. Increvit acutis: grew up into sharp
javelins: into trees like sharp javelins.
47. Pressus : in the sense of percussus.
.Ancipiti : dubia, says Rugeus. -
50. JMandārat; in the sense of miserat.
51. Diffideret : in the sense of desperaret.
Dardaniae : in the sense of Troja. See AEn.
i. 1. \ -
53. Opes Teucrüm : the power of the
Trojans was broken. Ut: in the sense of
quando.
54. Res Agamemnonias : embracing (se-
cutus) the Grecian cause, and their victo-
rious arms, he breaks every sacred obliga-
tion. Agamemnon was captain general of
the Grecian forces in the expedition against
Troy. His interest, therefore, is the general
interest of the Greeks. Fas: properly a
divine, or sacred law. By the murder of
Polydorus, he broke through the ties of
consanguinity, hospitality, and friendship;
which are considered of a sacred nature.
57. Sacra fames auri : O cursed desire of
gold, what dost thou not force the hearts of
men to perpetrate: The word sacer signi-
fies, usually, sacred, holy : here, accursed,
execrable. The word facere or perpetrare,
is to be supplied. Heyne says, ad quid: to
what, &c. -
59. JMonstra Deûm : the prodigies of the
gods. Primum: in the sense of praecipué
Heyne says, primo loco - -
61. Hospitium: in the sense of locum
Dare austros classibus: to give the winds to
the fleet. In the sense of dare vela ventis
.Auster, is here taken for the wind in gene-
ral: the species for the genus. The south
wind would have been against him, going
from Thrace to Delos.
62. Instauramus funus: we perform the
funeral rites to Polydorus. He had not
been buried with the usual solemnities, a
matter which the ancients considered of
great moment. These rites were called
justa. Without them, they thought the soul
wandered 100 years without any rest. Vir-
gil here gives a full account of the funeral
rites performed by the Romans, at the
interment of the dead.
63. Ingens tellus: a huge pile of earth is
thrown up for the tomb. Arae stant mani-
bus. It appears that two altars were con-
secrated to the JManes. See 305, infra;
also, Ecl. v. 66. By manibus here, we are
to understand the soul or spirit of Polydorus.
64. JMasta: ; mournful—dressed in mourn-
ing. These fillets were of a deep purple or
violet color—a color between blue and black
Rugºus says, tristes.
AENEIS. LIB, III.
247
Et circum Iliades crinem de more solutae.
Inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte,
Sanguinis et sacri pateras: animamque sepulchro
65 65. Iiiades, solutae
quoad crinem de more.
stant circum
Condimus, et magnâ supremilm voce ciemus.
Inde ubi prima fides pelago, placataque venti
Dant maria, et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum ;
Deducunt socii naves, et litora complent.
Provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedunt.
Sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus
Nereidum matri et Neptuno AEgaeo:
Quam pius Arcitenens oras et litora circum
Errantem, Mycone celså Gyaroque revinxit;
69 l 69. Prima fides est pe-
go.
72. Recedunt à nostro
aspectu
73. Gratissima tellus
sacra matri Nereidum,
et AEgåeo:
pººr 75. Quam errantem
75 anies circum oras, et
litora
NOTES.
65. Solutae crinem: loose as to their hair
—having their hair loose or dishevelled.
See Ecl. i. 55.
66. Inferimus cymbia: we offer bowls
foaming with warm milk, and goblets of the
consecrated blood. From the verb infero,
is formed inferiſe, sacrifices for the dead,
which consisted in pouring into or upon the
grave, milk and the blood of a victim slain,
as here mentioned.
67. Condimus animam: we place, or bury
the soul in the grave. Rugeus says, claudi-
mus animam.
It was a prevailing opinion among the
Romans and Greeks, that the soul could not
rest without burial; for this reason, they
were so anxious about funeral rites. Hence
conditorium came to signify a burial-place.
Et supremilm: and lastly, we call upon him
with a loud voice. This they did, to call
the soul to its place of its rest, and to take
the last farewell, by pronouncing the word
vale, three times. Ciemus: in the sense of
conclamamus. See AEm. i. 219.
69. Fides : confidence—security. Pla-
cata : in the sense of quieta, vel tranquilla.
It agrees with maria. *
70. Auster: properly the south wind;
here taken for wind in general. Crepitans :
murmuring—rustling—blowing gently.
73. Gratissima tellus. The island Delos
is meant, the birth-place of Apollo and Di-
ana. JMatri JN'ere?dum : to Doris, the wife
of Nereus, and mother of fifty sea-nymphs,
called JNereides. Colilur: in the sense of
incolitur, wel habitatur.
74. JEggeo. That part of the Mediter-
ranean sea, lying between Asia on the east,
and the Morea, Attica, and Thessaly on the
west, was called the Ægean sea ; from
JEgeus, the father of Theseus, who threw
himself into it, and was drowned, expecting
that his son, who had undertaken to fight
the JMinotaur, was slain.
The fable is this: it was agreed between
the father and son, that if he subdued the
monster, and returned victorious, he should
hang out a white flag, or have white sails:
but if he should fail in the attempt, the ship
should return with black sails.
Theseus, on his return, forgot to hang out
the white flag, through grief for his beloved
Ariadne, whom Bacchus had ravished from
him. The father, who was expecting him
with impatience, as soon as he, from the top
of a high rock, saw the ship in mourning,
threw himself into the sea, supposing his
son to have been slain. AEgeus was king of
Athens.
The islands in the southern part of this
sea were called Sporades, from a Greek word
which signifies, to scatter, or sow; because
they lay as if scattered or sown, without or-
der or regularity. The islands farther north
were called Cyclades, from a Greek word
signifying a circle, because they lay around
Delos in the form of a circle. Hodie, the
.Archipelago.
Neptune is here called JEgean, because
he was supposed to have his residence in
the AEgean sea.
75. Arcitemens. This was an epithet of
Apollo; also a name of Apollo, as in this
place; compounded of arcus and teneo. He
is here called pius, because, it is said, that
as soon as he was born, he slew the serpent
Python, which Juno sent to persecute his
mother Latona. Pierius would read priès,
instead of pius, connecting it with errantem.
He assures us that it is found in several an-
cient copies.
Delos is a small island in the Ægean sea
in lat. 37° 30' north, having Mycone on the
north-east, Gyarus and Naxus on the east
and south, and Rhena on the west. .
The fable is this: Juno being angry at
her husband for loving Latona, resolved she
should have no place to bring forth in peace.
Jupiter directed her to Delos, whicm was
then a floating or wandering island, as a
place of safe retreat. Apollo, after his birth,
fixed and rendered it immoveable, for the
residence of his mother. Its original name
was Ortygia. This was clanged into the
name Delos, which, in the Greek, signifies
apparent, or brought to view, it having been
248
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
- ... . Immotamgue coli dedit, et contemmere ventos.
78. He placidissima Huc feror; haec fessos tuto placidissima portu
insula accipit mos
79. Egressi navibus
veneramur
Accipit.
82. Occurrit nobis
Egressiveneramur Apollinis urbem. f
Rex Anius, rex idem hominum Phoebique sacerdos,
Wittis et sacrá redimitus tempora lauro
Occurrit, veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum.
80
Jungimus hospitio dextras, et tecta subimus.
85. Ei sic diri : O Templa Dei Saxo venerabar structa vetusto ;
Thymbraee Apollo, da Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum, da moenia fessis,
85
nobis fessis propriam do-Et genus, et mansuram urbem : serva altera Trojae
IIlúl Iſl
88. Quove jubes mos
ire? ubi jubes nos ponere
nostras sedes?
90. Repenté onnia
visa sunt tremere
91. Totusque mons
vºsus est moveri
Pergama, relliquias Danaúm atque immitis Achillei.
Quem sequimur ! quðve ire jubes? ubi ponere sedes?
Da, pater, augurium, atque animis illabere nostris.
Wix ea fatus eram : tremere omnia visa repenté,
Liminaque, laurusque Dei : totusque moveri
Mons circum, et mugire adytis cortina reclusis.
90
94. Éadem tellus, que Submissi petimus terram, et vox fertur ad aures:
tulit vos à prima stirpe Dardanidae duri, quae vos à stirpe parentum
NOTES.
hidden before under the waves. This part
of the fable some explain, by saying that
Apollo here gave out his oracles plain and
intelligible, but in every other place, in terms
dark and obscure. See Ecl. iv. 10.
77. Deditgue: and rendered it fixed to be
inhabited, and to condemn the winds. This
alludes to the story of its having been a
wandering island, and driven about by the
winds, till fixed by Apollo for the residence
of his mother. Hence it became sacred to
her.
80. Idem rea, hominum. It was a custom
among many nations to unite in the same
person the offices of king and priest. Anius
was both king, and priest of Apollo.
81. Redimitus: bound as to his temples
with fillets, and the sacred laurel. The
laurel was sacred to Apollo. Hence the
propriety of his priest being bound with it:
and the propriety of the epithet sacra.
83. Subimus tecta : we come under his
roof–we enter his palace. But tecta here
may mean the temple mentioned below: the
word tectum properly signifying any covered
building. Or tecta may be taken for the
buildings of the city in general. The mean-
ing then will be; we enter the city.
84. Structa vetusto saaco : built of ancient
stone, or rock. Macrobius informs us that,
when the temple at Delphi, and the temples
built to Apollo in other llaces, were destroy-
ed in any way whatever, his temple at Delos
continued to stand unimpaired; and conse-
quently retained its ancient or original stone.
Whatever ravages the island had suffered,
the sanctity of the temple preserved it from
violation. Venerabar: I worshipped—I of.
fered prayers. It is said that the altar of
Apollo at Delos was never stained with the
blood of victims; but only honored with
prayers, and other simple rites of ancient
worship. . .
85. Thymbrace. Thymbraeus was an epi-
thet of Apollo, derived, as we are told by
Strabo, from Thymbra, a place near Troy,
where he had a famous temple. Propriam:
fixed, lasting.
86. Genus : offspring—posterity. Rugeus
says, familias. JMansuram : permanent, to
remain. -
87. Pergama : neu. plu. properly the fort
or citadel of Troy; often used for the whole
city. Altera Pergama. Simply, the other
Troy—the city which Æneas prayed Apollo
to grant to him, and his followers, the re-
mains of the Greeks, and of cruel Achilles.
89. Augurnum: a sign, or omen.
91. Laurus. Either the laurel, with which
the image of the god was crowned; or rather
the laurel tree, which was placed at the en-
trance of the temple. It was an opinion
among the ancients that the gods gave signs
of their approach, by causing the earth to
move and shake. To this the poet here al-
ludes. The laurel was sacred to Apollo.
92. Cortina. The covering of the tripod,
whence the priest delivered responses. Hence
by meton. the oracle itself. Adytis. The
sanctuary, or inner part of the temple, where
the Oracle was. Reclusis: in the sense of
apertis. JMons. This was mount Cynthus,
on which the temple was built: whence
Apollo was sometimes called Cynthwus, and
Diana, Cynthia. JMugire: in the sense of
S0700.7°8. --
94. Dardanide: the same as Trojani.
Servius observes that the Trojans might
ÆNEIS. LIB. III.
249
Prima tulit, tellus eadem vos ubere lasto
95
Accipiet reduces: antiquam exquirite matrem
Hic domus AEneae cunctis dominabitur oris,
Et nati natorum, et qui nascentur abillis.
Haec Phoebus : mixtoque ingens exorta tumultu
Lætitia; et cuncti, quae sint ea moenia, quaerunt,
Quð Phoebus vocet errantes, jubeatdue reverti.
99. Ingensque lactitia
100 exorta est cum mixto
101. JW of errantes
Tum genitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum,
Audite, 6 proceres, ait, et spes discite vestras.
Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto,
Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae.
Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna.
Maximus unde pater, si rité audita recordor,
Teucrus Rhoeteas primūm est advectus in oras,
105. Ubi est Idaeus
Iſl OIAS
106. Incolae habitant
Centum
107. Unde Teucrus
noster maximus pater
primūm
105
NOTEs.
have understood from this declaration of
the Oracle, that Italy was designed them,
whence Dardanus came ; and not Crete,
which was the birthplace of Teucer. Stirpe:
in the sense of origine.
95. Laeto where : in its joyous bosom ; or
perhaps, in its fertile soil. Uber : signifies
the richness or fertility of the soil. Ruaus
says, fertili sinu.
96. Reduces: brought back, or returning
in safety. JMatrerº. It is supposed that the
poet had in view the circumstance of Brutus,
and the Tarquins, who went to Delphi to
consult the Oracle of Apollo, concerning
the succession to the kingdom. They re-
ceived for answer, that the empire should
be his, who first kissed his great mother.
Brutus, on leaving the ship, feigned a fall,
and kissed the ground, which he considered
as the great parent of all. He received the
government, after the expulsion of the Tar-
quins, being chosen Consul. He was slain
by Aruns, one of the Tarquins, soon after
he entered upon his office.
97. Domus JEneſe: here the family of
£neas shall bear rule over all lands, &c.
These two lines are taken from the Iliad.
Lib. 20. 306. It is there said, however,
that Æneas should reign over the Trojans.
Hence some have inferred that he remained
in Troas, and that the whole account of the
origin of the Romans is a mere fiction, a
compliment only to Augustus. But Diony-
sius of Halicarnassus understands it of his
reigning over the Trojans in Italy. And in
this he is followed by Eustathius in his
commentary upon this passage of the Iliad.
It may be observed that Virgil does not say,
Trojanis dominabitur, which answers to the
Greek of Homer ; but cunctis dominabitur
Q?’’.S.
alter the Greek text so as to conform to the
Roisman.
101. Reverti : in the sense of procedere.
Quà: in the sense of ad quip loca.
102. JMonumenta : records, or memorials.
These were of various kinds; not only wri-
Hodie, Candia.
This circumstance hath led some to
tings, but paintings, columns, tombs, and
statues. Ruabus says, historias. Wolvens : in
the sense of recogitans, vel revolvens in
mente.
104. Creta. A large island in the Mediter
ranean, lying between the Archipelago on
the north, and the Lybian sea on the south :
It was called Creta, from
Cres, who is said to have reigned there
after Jupiter. It is a.so sometimes called
Crete. Teucer, from whom the Trojans
were sometimes called Teucri, and Troy,
Teucria, was a native of this island. He
was the son of Scamander; and, in the
time of a famine, led a colony to Troas,
and settled at Rhaeteum, a promontory on
the shore of the Hellespont. He was most
probably the founder of the Trojans:
whence Anchises calls him JMarimus pater.
They were, however, very fond of deriving
their descent from Dardanus, who fled
from Italy to Troas, and became the son-in-
law to Teucer. By marrying his daughter,
he obtained a share in the kingdom, and at
his death succeeded him in the government.
Crete is here called the island of great
Jove; because it was the place of his birth
and education. See Georg. 1. 121.
105. Cunabula : neu. plur. the cradle or
nursing place of your race. Ruteus says,
origo. Idaeus: an adj. from Ida, a mountain
in Crete. -
106. Habvlant: in the sense of occupant.
Uberrima regna: most fertile realms. This
answers to laºto wbere, mentioned, 95, supra,
and tended to mislead Anchises.
107. Audita: reports—traditions.
108. Rhoeteas oras: the coast of Rhoeteum.
Rhaeteum was a promontory of Troas,
where Teucer lar ded with his colony from
Crete. He introduced the worship Óf Cy-
bele, the mother of the gods, and gave to
the mountains of Phrygia the name of Ida,
from mount Ida in Crete. He also changed
the name of Xanthus into that of Scam-
ander, after the name of his father. Hence
Homer says that the river was called Xans
250
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Optavitoue locum regno : nondum Ilium et arces
Pergamea steterant; habitabant vallibus imis.
110
111. Hinc venit mater Hinc mater cultrix Cybele, Corybantiaque aera,
Uyhele
112. Hinc venerunt
fida silentia
116, tila distant longo
CUITSUl
Idaeumque nemus: hinc fida silentia sacris,
Et juncti currum dominae subiere leones.
Ergö agite, et, Divām ducunt qua jussa, sequamur.
Placemus ventos, et Gnossia regna petamus.
Nec longo distant cursu: modó Jupiter adsit,
Tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris.
115
NOTES.
thus by the gods, but Scamander by men—
the former being its original, and more ho-
norable name.
109. Optavit: in the sense of elegit. Stra-
bo agrees with Virgil in making Teucer the
first who reigned in Troy, Dardanus ar-
rived not long after, married his daughter
Batea, and succeeded him in the govern-
ment.
110. Pergameſe: in the sense of Trojana.
111. Cybele. The same with Rhea or Ops,
and wife of Saturn. She is so called pro-
bably from Cyberus, a mountain in Phrygia,
where she was worshipped. She is taken
sometimes for the earth ; and in that sense
is the common parent of all its inhabitants.
Her priests were called Corybantes, Curetes,
and Idaei Dactyli. Among other things in
her worship, they used to beat brazen cym-
bals together. The origin of this practice
was to prevent the cries of the child Jupiter
from being heard by his father. Cybele is
here called Cultria, most probably because
she was worshipped in a mountain of
Phrygia: whence it might be said that she
inhabited it, and, as it were, became the
protectress of that country. This is the
sense Rugeus gives. He says, protectria, locº.
.#Cra : brazen cymbals. Anything made of
brass may be cabled as, or Gera.
Heyne reads Cybela, the gen. of Cybela,
sometimes written Cybelus, the name of a
mountain in Phrygia. JMater Deûm, says
he, quae colit, inhabitat Cybelen, montem
Phrygvae : taking cultria, in the sense of quae
colit vel inhabitat. After the arrival of
Teucer from Crete, he probably changed the
name of the mountain Cybela or Cybelus,
calling it Ida, after the Cretan Ida.
This goddess had several names: Cybele,
from the mountain already named, where it
is said she was first worshipped by sacrifi-
ces: Ops, from a word implying help, be-
cause she brings help or assistance to every
production of nature: Rhea, from a Greek
word signifying to flow, because her benefits
flow without ceasing: Dindymene, from the
mountain Dindymus in Phrygia: Berecyn-
hia, from Berecynthus, a castle in the same
country. See AFn. vi. 784. She was also
called Bona Dea, and JMater Deorum. See
£ch. iv. 6. and Geor. i. 121. #
Corybantia: an adj. from Corybantes, the
priests of Cybele, derived from the Greek.
During her worship, they made a confused
noise with timbrels, pipes, and cymbals.
They danced, tossed their heads, and struck
their foreheads against each other, appear-
ing like mad men.
They were sometimes called Curetes,
from a Greek word which signifies a virgin,
because they wore a long robe like young
virgins. They were also called Dactyli,
from a Greek word signifying a finger, be-
cause they were ten in number, there being
so many fingers on both hands. The epi-
thet Idaei is here added, because they chiefly
resided on mount Ida. - -
Cybele is represented sitting on a car
with a robe of divers colors, and holding a
key in her hand, to denote that she unlocks
and distributes in summer those treasures,
that the winter had hid and concealed. She
wears a turreted crown on her head, and is
drawn by a pair of harnessed lions. The
box and the pine tree were sacred to her
the former, because pipes were made of that
wood, and used in her worship; the latter
for the sake of the boy Atys, whom she
loved, and made president of her rites, or
ceremonies : but afterwards changed him
into the pine tree. Her sacrifices were per-
formed in private, and men were excluded
from participation. Silence was especially
enjoined in her mysteries. This will ex-
plain fida silentia sacris, in the following
line. -
112. Hinc fida: hence the faithful secrecy
in her sacred rites. The mysteries of Cy-
belo, as well as those of Ceres, were care-
fully concealed from the common people.
Her chariot was drawn by harnessed lions,
juncti leones, to denote that maternal affec-
tion, figured by Cybele, or the earth, the
common parent of all, triumphs over the
most ferocious and savage natures. Subie-
re: in the sense of traverunt. Doming.
This is an epithet of Cybele, as being the
mother of the gods. - .
115. Gnossa ; an adj. from Gnossus, the
principal city of Crete, put by synec. for the
whole island.
116. JNec distant : nor are the realms of
Creto a long way distant JModò : provided
that -in case that. -
117. Lua in the sense of dies
AENEIS.
LIB. III. 25t
Sic fatus, meritos aris mactavit monores:
Taurum Neptuno ; taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo;
Nigram Hyemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam.
Fama volat, pulsum regnis cessisse paternis
Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae,
Hoste vacare domos, sedesque adstare relictas.
Linquimus Ortygiae portus, pelagoque volamus:
Bacchatamgue jugis Naxon, viridemgue Donysam,
Olearon, niveamgue Paron, sparsasque per a quor
Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita terris.
Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor.
119. JMactavut taurum
Neptuno; taurum tibi,
O pulcher §
121. Fama volat du-
cem Idomenea, pulsum
cessisse paternis regnis,
Iitoraque Creta esse de-
125 serta, et domos vacare
nostro hoste
125. Legimusque Nax-
on bacchatam jugis, vi-
ridemque Donysam
119
Hortantur socii, Cretam proavosque petamus.
Prosequitur surgens à puppi ventus euntes:
Et tandem antiquis Curetum allabimur oris.
Ergö avidus muros optatae molior urbis,
Pergameamque voco; et laetam cognomine gentem
Hortor amare focos, arcemdue attollere tectis.
Jamgue ferè sicco subductae litore puppes:
130 130. JVos euntes
133. Vocoque wröem
Pergameam
135. Puppes subductae
sunt é mart in sicco li-
135 tore
NOTES.
he offered—sacrificed.
And
118. JMactaviſ :
Honores : in the pense of victimas.
meritos: in the sense of dign0s.
120. Hyemi. By hyemi we are here to
understand the stormy winds. They were
considered as a kind of divinities, and were
accordingly worshipped in order to avert
their fury. Pecudem : in the sense of ovem.
Felicibus : in the sense of propitiis.
122. Idomenea: an acc. of Greek ending.
Idomeneus was the son of Deucalion, and
grand-son of Minos, king of Crete. He
was one of the leaders in the war against
Troy. On his return, being overtaken in
a storm, he made a vow to the gods to
, sacrifice to them whatsoever he should first
tmeet, if they would save him. This hap-
pened to be his own son. The father, how-
ever, performed his vow. A plague soon
arising in his country, and his subjects con-
sidering him to have been the cause of it by
this inhuman deed, rose against him, and
expelled him from his kingdom. Lätora de-
serta: the shores to be deserted—left with-
out a guard, or defence.
123. Sedes relictas adstare: that the coun-
try being abandoned, lies open"to us. Sedes:
in the sense of regiones.
124. Ortygia. The ancient name of De-
los was Qrtygia, from a Greek word signi-
fying a quail : those fowls having abounded
in that island.
125. Bacchatam: frequented in its moun-
tains by the priests of Bacchus—whose
mountains resounded with the tumultuous
rantings of the Bacchanals. Viridem Do-
nysam. This island was famous for its
green marble, as Paros was for its pure white
marble. , See 75. supra.
127. Cycladas sparsas. These were a
number of Islands, so called from a Greek
word signifying a circle, because they lay
in that form around Delos. Freia consula :
the straits set with many islands—the straits
and narrow passes formed by the nume-
rous islands, which diversified the sea.
127. Legimus: we coast along the shore
-—we sail near.
128., Certainine: in the sense of aemula-
tione. JNauticus clamor: a shout of the sailors.
130. Surgens à puppi. This wind blew
from the north : their course lay to the
southward, and consequently it would be at
their stern.
131. Allabimur: we arrive at the ancient
shores of the Curetes. These were the mi.
nisters of Cybele, and thought by some to
be the same with the Corybantes and Idaez
Dactyli. Of ad and labor. See 111, supra.
The Curetes are said to have been the ori-
ginal inhabitants of Crete ; from whom the
island probably took its name.
132. JMolior: in the sense of eactruo.
• 133. Pergameam. Pliny mentions Per-
gamus, among the cities of Crete. Homer
calls it, the hundred-city island. It is said
to have had a hundred cities. Gentem lae-
tam : my people delighted with the name.
Gentem, in the sense of populum, vel socios.
134. Amare focos: to love their homes—
to keep close at home, and not wander
abroad, until they should discover the dis-
position of the inhabitants towards them.
This agrees with the following injunction:
attollere arcem tectis, to raise a tower on
their houses in case of an attack, the better
to defend themselves.
Servius thinks AEneas here intends to
recommend to his people to cultivate the
study of religion. It is an unnecessary re-
finement. Focos : properly the fire-places,
or hearth, by synec. put for the whole house,
in this place: also sometimes for the fire on
the hearth, by meton.
252
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
136. Juventus operata Connubiis arvisque novis operata juventus:
est connubiis
137. Tabida, miseran-
daqué lues, tractu coeli
corrupto, venit eorum
Jura domosque dabam: Subitó cum tabida membris,
Corrupto coeli tractu, miserandaque venit
Arboribusque satisque lues, et letifer annus.
membris, arboribusque Linquebant dulces animas, aut aegra trahebant
140
satisque, et annus est Corpora: tum steriles exurere Sirius agros.
letifer
141. Sirius capit exu-
Tere
143.
lum -
145. Et quarere quem
finem
150.
insomnis
Arebant herbae, et victum seges aegra negabat.
- Rursus ad orāclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso
Pater hortatur Hortatur pater ire mari, veniamque precari: -
me ire rursus ad oracu- Quem fessis finem rebus ferat; unde laborum
Tentare auxilium jubeat; quð vertere cursus.
Nox erat, et terris animalia somnus habebat.
Effigies sacrae Divām, Phrygiique Penates,
Visi sunt adstare Quos mecum a Trojã mediisque ex ignibus urbis
ante oculos mei jacentis Extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare jacentis
Insomnis, multo manifesti lumine: quâ se
14b
150
153. Tum sic visi sunt Plena per insertas fundebat Luna fenestras.
affari me, et
154. Apollo canit hic
wdem, quod dicturus est
tibi delato ad
Tum sic affari, et curas his demere dictis :
Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est,
Hic canit: et tua nos en ultrö ad limina mittit.
155
156. Nos secuti sumus Noste, Dardaniá incensä, tuaque arma secuti;
te, tuaque
158. JNos iidem tolle-
IIll].S
tude urbi
Nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor;
Tidem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes,
159. Imperium orbis Imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tu moenia magnis
Magna para, longumque fugae ne linque laborem.
160
NOTES.
136. Juventus operata : the youth had
sacrificed for their nuptials, and new lands.
They were prepared for contracting mar-
riages, and for commencing the business of
agriculture.
It was a custom among the Romans to
offer sacrifices before they entered upon
marriage, or any important business of life.
To this, the poet alludes. Sacrificabant pro
felici successu conjugiorum, et agrorum.
137. Dabam: in the sense of distribuebam.
Jura : justice among my people. Domos :
either the houses that had been abandoned
by the inhabitants; or the places where
they should build houses for themselves.
139. Tabida miserandaque: a wasting and
pitiable disease came upon their limbs, &c.
This disease, or plague, was occasioned by
the infection of the air. Caeli : in the sense
of ačris, Tractu : a space, tract, or region,
Satis. Sata, properly, crops—any thing
planted and growing; from the verb sero.
Here, in the sense of segetes.
140. Animas : lives. Anima properly
signifies the animal life; animus, the soul.
Dr. Trapp thinks the expression an odd one,
and proposes to change linquebant to red-
debant. Ruabus says, amittebant. The dif-
ficulty is removed by rendering dulces ani-
mas, sweet, or dear lives.
141. Sirius: the dog-star; a pestilential
constellation, rising about the end of July,
when the heat of the sun is most intense.
It is sometimes called canicula.
142. AEgra seges: the diseased, or sickly
crop—corn. -
144. Precari veniam :
favor, or assistance. -
145. Fessis rebus : to our afflicted state,
or condition. Ferat: in the sense of ponat.
Laborum : distress—sufferings. Tentare:
in the sense of quarere.
146. Auzilium laborum :
sufferings. *
148. Effigies : forms, or figures. Ruasus
says statuſe. Penates. See AEn. ii. 717.
151. Insomnis: awake; an adj. agreeing
with mei jacentis. Most editors separate
the word into in and somnis, in my sleep.
This is evidently incorrect: for if he had
been asleep, the light of the moon would
have been unnecessary. Besides, verse 173
infra, he declares it was no delusion of the
fancy in sleep. JManifesti: in the sense of
conspicui. { - -
152. Insertas fenestras: windows inserted,
or made in the side of the house. Fenestras,
quº sunt in pariete, says Heyne. Fundebat
se: in the sense of mittebat se; simply,
shone.
154. Delato: carried back, or returned
to Delos. Canit: declares, or reveals.
160. Para magna : prepare a great city
Populis, or some word of the like import, is
to supplicate his
relief in our
^
ÆNElS. LIB. III
253
Mutandae sedes non haec tibilitora suasit
Delius, aut Cretae jussit considere, Apollo.
Est locus, Hesperiam Grail cognomine dicunt;
Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glebae.
OEnotrii coluere viri: nunc fama, minores
Italiam dixisse, ducis de nomine, gentem.
Hae nobis propriae sedes: hinc Dardanus ortus,
Iasiusque, pater; genus à quo principe nostrum.
Surge, age, et ha-clatus longaevo dicta parenti
Corytum, terrasque require 170
Haud dubitanda refer.
165 165. Nunc fama est
minores dixisse gentem
167. Hinc Iasius or-
tus est, paterque Darda-
nus, a quo principe mos-
trum genus deductum,
e8#.
Ausonias. Dictaea negat tibi Jupiter arva.
Talibus attonutus visis ac voce Deorum,
(Nec sopor illud erat; sed coråm agnoscere vultus,
Welatasque comas, praesentiaque ora widebar:
173. Sed widebar maha
agnoscere vultus corām
me, velatasque
NOTES.
to be understood, with which magnis is to
agree : for your powerful people. JMagnis
nepotibus, says Heyne. Ruasus hath nobis
magnis: for us the great gods. Longum
laborem fugae: the same as laborem longte
fugae: the labor, or fatigue of the long voyage.
161. Sedes: in the sense of regio. The
verb sunt is to be supplied. JN on suasit hape:
Delian Apollo does not advise, or recom-
mend these shores to thee.
162. Cretae: at Crete. The place where
is put in the gen. The same with, in Creta.
Delius: a name, and epithet of Apollo;
from Delos, the place of his birth.
163. Est locus. This passage had been
recited to Dido by Ilioneus, AEn. i. 530. As
they were the words of the oracle, it would
have been disrespectful and improper to
alter them in the least: besides, Dido would
be more confirmed in the truth of Æneas'
relation, when she found two witnesses de-
livering their testimony in the same words.
Locus : in the sense of regio.
165. CEmotrii : an adj. from GEmotria, a
name given to that part of Italy, afterwards
called Lucania. It took its name from
CEnotrus, the son of Lycaon, who settled
here with a colony of Arcadians. The
OEmotrians spread so widely, that all Italy
was sometimes called OEnotria. CEnotri.
wiri: simply, the OEnotrians.
167. Propriae nobis : destined, or allotted
to us by the gods. The verb sunt is to be
supplied. Mr. Davidson takes propria in
the sense of perpetua.
dictae. - -
167. Hinc : hence Iasius sprang, and
father Dardanus; from which prince our
race is derived. Principe here is a sub, a
prince—a chief—a founder. The construc-
tion is easier and more natural by connect-
ing pater with Dardanus. In this instance
I have ventured to depart from the common
ordo, Iasius and Dardamus were sons of
Electra, the daughter of Atlas, king of Mau-
Ruseus says, ad-
their forms present before me.
ritania in Africa; who married Coritus,
king of Tuscany. It is said, however, that .
Jove had an amour with her, and begat
Dardanus. Upon the death of their father
Coritus, a quarrel arose between the two
brothers, which ended in the death of Iasius,
Upon which Dardanus fled first to Samo-
thracia, and afterwards to Phrygia, where
he married the daughter of Teucer, and, in
connexion with him, founded the Trojan
Iſa, Ce.
170. Corytum : a city and mountain in
Tuscany, so called from Corytus, the sup-
posed father of Dardanus, and king of that
country. The name is derived from a Greek
word which signifies a helmet. Both the
city and mountain are now called Cortona.
Require. Heinsius, and after him Heyne,
reads requirat. But require is the common
reading, and is the easier. . -
171. Ausonias: an adj. from Ausonia, a
name of Italy; from Auson, or Ausonius,
as Servius informs us. Dictaea arva : the
Cretan territory, or lands. Crete is called
Dictaean, from Dicte, a mountain on that
island, where Jupiter was educated; put, by
synec. for the whole island.
172. Talibus visis : at such a vision, or
sight.
173. JNec sopor erat, &c. Dr. Trapp, and
some other commentators, imagine a diffi-
culty occurs here. To solve it, they make a
difference between sopor and somnus. But
this difficulty arises entirely from their taking
tnsomnis to mean, in sleep, and not taking it
as an adj. See verse 151, supra.
174. Velatas comas: the heads of the
images, or statues, were generally adorned
with fillets and flowers. Ora praisentia
We see how
much pains the poet takes to make us be-
lieve that it was no dream—no mere fancy.
He mentions a variety of circumstances, all
of which go to show that Æneas was awake,
and not in sleep.
254
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Tum gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor)
175
Corripio & stratis corpus, tendoque supinas
Ad coelum cum voce manus, et munera libo
Intemerata focis.
179. Certum de his Anchisen facio certum,
rešus
Agnovit prolem ambiguam, geminosque parentes,
Perfecto lactus honore
remdue ordine pando.
180
181. Seque deceptum Seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum.
CŞS6 Il QVO
Tum memorat: Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis,
- Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat.
*...*.*P*.* Nunc repeto hac generi portendere debita nostro,
portendere haec loca de-
bita esse nostro generi;
et eam saepe vocare
Et Saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare.
Sed quis ad Hesperiae venturos litora Teucros
185
Crederet 7 aut quem tum vates Cassandra moveret :
188. Monitinos sequa- Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur.
mur meliora consilia.
Sic ait: et cuncti dictis paremus ovantes.
Hanc quoque deserimus sedem, paucisque relictis
190
Vela damus, vastumque cavá trabe currimus aequor.”
- PCstouam altum tenuere rates, mec jam ampliès ullae
193. Sed undique coe-Apparent terrae, coelum undique, et undique pontus;
lum apparel, et
Tum mihi coeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,
Noctem hyememque ferens; et inhorruit unda tenebris
NOTES.
176. Corripio : I snatch my body from
my bed. Supinas: palm upward; agreeing
with manus. f
177. Libo intemerata ; I pour pure offer-
ings on the fire.
sisted of pure wine and incense, and was
usually poured upon the fire in honor of the
Lares.
178. Honore perfecto: the offering being
made, or completed.
179. Rem: in the sense of prodigium.
180. Geminos parentes: the double foun-
ders. The Trojans reckoned both Teucer
and Dardanus the founders of their race;
the former from Crete, the latter from Italy.
This ambiguam prolem, ambiguous, or dou-
ble descent, led Anchises to mistake the
oracle of Apollo. Agnovit : he owned—
acknowledged. - .
181. JNovo errore. It is not easy, perhaps,
to fix the meaning of this line. Pierius in-
forms us that some copies have parentum
instead of locorum, which mends it much :
through the recent mistake of our ancient
founders. If locorum be read, it will be :
through the recent mistake of the places of
their birth. . *
Apollo had directed them to seek the land
of their ancestors, promising that it should
receive them in its fertile bosom. This An-
chises had interpreted of the land of Crete,
, the birth-place of Teucer. It appears, then,
that this mistake lay in reckoning their
descent from him, and not from Dardanus,
whose country had been Italy. This mis-
take in computing he calls novus, a recent,
or new one, because they usually deduced
This private offering con-
their descent from Dardanus. See verse
94, et seq. - -
182. Eacercile: exercised, or tried, in the
disasters of Troy.
183. Canebat: in the sense of praedicabat.
Cassandra. The daughter of Priam, endued
by Apollo with the gift of prophecy; but
no body believed her predictions. See AEn.
ii. 246. - -
184. Repeto: I remember—I call to mind.
Portendere; in the sense of praedicere. Vo-
care: mentioned—spake of by name.
188. JMoniti meliora: being advised, let
us follow better counsels. This is the sense
of Ruacus and Dr. Trapp. Mr. Davidson
renders them : being better advised, let us
follow (the gods); taking meliora as a Gre-
cism. Cedamus : in the sense of obediamus.
189. Ovantes: in the sense of leti.
190. Sedem : in the sense of terram. De-
serimus: in the sense of relinquimus.
191. Cava trabe: in the sense of cavis ma-
vibus. Currimus: we sail upon the vast
sea. Trabe, by synec. put for the whole
ship. f
192. Altum: properly, the deep, or dpen
sea. Rates: in the sense of naves.
194. Imber: properly, a shower of rain;
by metor... the cloud containing, or bearing
along the rain, as in the present instance.
Coeruleus, is what we may properly call,
leaden-colored. Clouds, that threaten thun
der and rain, are often tinged with a deep
blue, intermingled with black. This is the
kind of cloud here meant.
195. Hyemem: in the sense of tempesta
AFNEIS.
LIB.*III. 255
Continuo venti volvunt mare, magnaque surgunt
196
AEquora : dispersi jactamur gurgite vasto.
Involvére diem nimbi, et nox humida coelum
Abstulit.: ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes.
Excutimur cursu, et cæcis erramus in undis.
Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere coelo,
Nec meminisse viae.media Palinurus in undā.
Tres aded incertos cască caligine soles
198 Abstulit coelum
& nobis
200
201. Negatse posse dis-
C0IIlere
Erramus pelago, totidem siné sidere noctes.
Quarto terra die primūm se attollere tandem
Visa, aperire procul montes, ac volvere fumum.
Vela cadunt ; remis insurgimus: haud mora, zacaº
Admixi torquent spumas, et coerula verrunt.
Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primūm
Strophades Graio stant nomine dictae 210
Insulae Ionio in magno : quas dira Celaeno,
Harpyiaeque colunt aliae: Phineia postguam
Accipiunt.
205. Terra visa cat
tandem attollere se, et
207. Haud mora est
208. Verrunt coerula
ſººr?.6%
210. Insulae, dictae
Strophades Graio no-
mine, stant in
205
NOTES.
tem, vel procellam. Unda: in the sense of
mare. Inhorruit: looked terrific with the
darkness.
197. JEquora : in the sense of fluctus.
198. Involvére; wrapped up the day—ob-
scured. JWimbi : in the sense of nubes. So
also imber, in verse 194, supra. So imper-
vious was this cloud to the rays of the sun,
that it became dark as night—it converted
the day into night. Darkness, or night, be-
ing the absence or want of the light of the
sun. Humida: in the sense of imbrifera.
Caelum : for lucem.
199. Ignes : lightnings, in quick succes-
sion, flash from the broken clouds. Some
copies have abrupti, agreeing with ignes;
which would be preferable, if it could be
supported by sufficient authority.
• 200. Eaccutimur : in the sense of dejici-
mur. Caecis: dark—unknown sea.
201. Palinurus ipse : Palinurus himself
denies that he can distinguish the day and
might, (the day from the night, on account
of the darkness,) in the heavens. JMemi-
misse: in the sense of cognoscere. He was
the pilot of Æneas' ship, and represented as
the most skilful mariner in the fleet.
203. Aded erramus : thus we wander over
the sea for three doubtful days in thick
darkness. Or, incertos may mean, uncer-
tain—undistinguished; because they could
be scarcely distinguished from night, ori
account of the thick darkness. This is the
sense put upon the words by Ruasus and
others. Ambigwas propter tenebras obscuras,
says that commentator. Soles: in the sense
of dies.
206. Wolvere : in the sense of emittere, or
erigere. '
207. Insurgimus remis: we rise upon our
oars—we ply them briskly.
208. Admizi : part. of the verb admitor:
exerting themselves—laboring with all their
strength, they toss the foam, and sweep the
azure deep.
209. Litora Strophadum : the shores of the
Strophades. These were two small islands,
lying on the west of the Peloponnesus, near
the Sunws Cyparissaeus. Here Æneas with
his fleet landed.
211. Magno Ionio. That part of the
Mediterranean, lying between Greece on
the east, and Sicily and Italy on the west,
was called the Ionian sea. Mari is to be
supplied.
212. Harpyiſe, alia. The Harpies were
commonly reckoned three in number: Iris,
.Aéllo, and Ocypeta. Virgil here calls one
of them Celaemo. They are said to have
been the daughters of Neptune and Terra,
(according to Hesiod, of Thaumus and
Electra,) and are therefore supposed to in-
habit the islands principally. They had the
faces of women, but the bodies of vultures.
Their feet and fingers were armed with
claws. They emitted an infectious smell,
and poisoned whatever they touched. They
were called Harpyite, from the circumstance
of their rapacity and voracious nature. Ser-
vius thinks they were called Harpyiſt on
earth, Furice in hell, and Dirae in heaven.
Phºneza : an adj. from Phaneus, a king of
Arcadia or Thrace, who put out the eyes of
his two sons, at the instigation of his wife,
their step-mother. For this unnatural con-
duct, Jove deprived him of sight, and sent
the Harpyia to torment them; which they
did, till Calais and Zetes, the sons of Bo
reas and Orithyia, expelled them from his
kingdom, in return for the favors which
they had received of him on their way to
Colchis, after the golden fleece. They pur
sued these monsters as far as these islands •
when, being admonished by Jove to pursue
256
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
213. Phneia domus Clausa domus, mensasque metu liquère priores
clausa est illis
Tristius haud illis monstrum, nec savior ulla
Pestis et ira Deûm Stygiis sese extulit undis.
215
l 216. Vultus º *Vo Virginei volucrum vultus, foedissima ventris
...”. Proſuvies, uncaeque manus, et pallida semper
est vulis foedissima prolu-
"les Ora fame.
Huc ubi delati portus intravimus ; ecce
Raeta boun passim campis armenta widemus,
220
221. Caprigenumque Caprigenumque pecus, nullo custode, per herbas.
pecus errans per herbas
cum nullo custode. Ir-
ruimus in ea ferro
Irruimus ferro, et Divos ipsumque vocamus
In partem praedamgue Jovem: tunc litore curvo
Extruimusque toros, dapibusque epulamur opimis.
At subita horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt
225
Harpyia, et magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas:
Diripiuntdue dapes, contactuque omnia foedant
228. Tum dira vox Immundo : tum vox tetrum dira inter odorem,
erat illis inter
arboribus
Rursum in secessu longo, sub rupe cavatā,
230. Nos circum clausi Arboribus clausi circum atque horrentibus umbris,
Instruimus mensas, arisque repomimus ignem.
230
Rursăm ex diverso coeli, caecisque latebris,
Turba sonans prædam pedibus circumvolat uncis,
Polluit ore dapes.
236. Faciunt haud Edico, et dirá bellum cum gente gerendum.
Haud sects ac jussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam
secus ac jussi sunt
Sociis tunc, arma capessant,
235
NOTES.
them no farther, they returned. Hence
they were called Strophades, from a Greek
word implying a return. Their former
name was Plota. Here the Harpyia, took
up their residence. This serves to explain
the words, postguam Phineia domus : after
they were expelled from the palace of
Phineus.
214. Hawd tristius: there is not a monster
more fell than they ; nor any more cruel pest
and scourge (ira) of the gods, &c. Est, is
understood.
215. Stygiis undis ; from the waters of
Styx. This was a fabulous river of Hell,
around which, the poets say, it flowed nine
times. The gods held its wateis in great
veneration. If they swore by it, the oath
was inviolable. It is said to have derived
its name from the nymph Stya, who assisted
Jupiter in the war against the giants. See
Geor. iii. 551. *
217. Prolwvies ventris: a most offensive
efflux of the belly. Ora semper pallida: and
their faces always pale through hunger.
220. Lata : in the sense of pinguia,
agreeing with armenta.
223. In partem prºdamque : for in partem
praedae, by hendiadis. It was a custom
among the Romans when they went out to
war, or to the chase, to vow to consecrate
a part of the spoils, or booty, to the gods.
Vocamus : we invoke the gods, and Jove
himself, to a share of the booty.
224. Toros : tables—couches. Opimis
dapibus : upon the rich, or delicious meat.
See 231, infra. &
225. Lapsu : motion. Adsunt: in the
sense of adventunt, vel advolant.
226. JMagnis clangoribus : with a mighty
noise. Some copies have plangoribus, as
Pierius informs us. .
227. Diripiunt: in the sense of rapiunt.
230. Horrentibus : in the sense of densis,
Secessw longo: in a long retreat—in a re-
mote place.
231. Instruimus mensas: we spread our
tables. .
232. Eac diverso coeli : from a different
quarter of the sky, and from their secret
retreats. The word tractu is to be supplied
with diverso: in the sense of diversa parte
coºli. The Mythologists make the harpies
only three in number. Virgil however
speaks of them as being numerous, calling
them turba and gens, so that they no sooner
left one part of the Island than they were
troubled with them in another. But the
poets do not always conform to historical
or fabulous tradition, farther than suits
their design. -
233. Praedam. This I take for their meat,
or flesh in general; while dapes means that
portion of it dressed, and prepared for
eating. Polluit: spoils—or defiles with
the mouth. Somans, flapping their wings—
whizzing.
235. Edico; in the sense of jubeo.
236. Faciunt haud : they do no other
AENEIS.
LIB. III 257
Disponunt enses, et scuta latentia condunt.
Ergö, ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedēre
Litora; dat signum speculá Misenus ab altà
AEre cavo : invadunt socii, et nova praelia tentant,
Obscoenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres.
238. Ubi Harpyia de
sapsab
240
Sed neque vim plumis ullam, nec vulnera tergo
Accipiunt : celerique fugā sub sidera lapsae,
Semesam praedam et vestigia foeda relinquunt.
Una in praecelsā consedit rupe Celaeng,
Infelix vates, rumpitºlue hanc pectore vocem:.
Bellum etiam pro cade boun stratisque juvencis,
Laomedontiadae, bellumne inferre paratis?
Et patrio insontes Harpyias pellere regno 7
Accipite ergö animis atque haec mea figite dicta :
Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo
Praedixit, vobis furiarum ego maxima pando.
Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis
Ibitis Italiam, portusque intrare licebit.
Sed non antè datam cingetis moenibus urbem,
Quàm vos dira fames, nostraeque injuria caedis,
Ambesas Subigat malis absumere mensas.
245. Celaeno una ez
tis, infelix vates, conse-
dit in
248. Paratis-ne inferre
bellum :vobis, etiam bel-
lum, inquam, pro cade
boun
250 251. Ego maxima fu-
riarum pando vobis ea,
qua Omnipotens pater
praedia.it Phoebo, et Phoe-
bus Apollo praedixit mi-
hi.
*"ass. Cingetis urbem
datam vobismoenibus an-
tèquam dira fames
245
NOTES
wise than they are commanded—they do
just as they are commanded.
237. Condunt : they hide their shields,
concealed among the grass. Latentia: in
the sense of occulta. Delapsae: in the sense
of advolantes.
239. Specula. This was an elevated spot,
or place, commanding a wide prospect. It
is derived from the old verb specio. Hence
the verb speculor. Signum: the signal for
the attack. f
240. Tentant nova : and try a new kind
of fight. AEre: trumpet: see 111. supra.
242. Wºm : in the sense of ictum. The
epithet obscenas is added to these birds,
either because they were of bad omen; or
were filthy, and to be abhorred on account
of their mastiness. Foºdare : the primary
meaning of this word is, to mangle—to cut
in pieces—to make havoc of Hence the pro-
priety of its being connected with ferro.
243. Lapste: flying—shooting away.
244. Semesam ; half eaten. Of semi, and
esam, of the verb edo.
246. Infelic. As felia sometimes signifies
propitious, favorable, auspicious; so infelia:
oftentimes signifies ill-boding, inauspicious,
as here: ill-boding prophetess. Hanc vo-
cem: the same as haic verba.
247. Pro cºde: for (in return for) the
slaughter of our cattle, and bullocks slain.
In addition to the crime of killing our herds
and taking our property; do you prepare
to wage war against us, and to drive us from
our paternal realms, who have done you no
injury or harm, and are in every respect in-
nocent. - -
In calling them the sons of Laomedon,
Celaeno reproaches them as being impious,
unjust and faithless, like that prince, who
did not keep his promises even with the
gods. See Geor. i. 502.
248. Laomedontiadae: a patronymic noun
from Laomedon, the father of Priam, and
king of Troy. The same with Trojani.
249. Patrio regno : from our paternal
kingdom. This is said, because Neptune,
their father, had the empire of the sea, and
the islands. r
250. Accipite: hear—attend to.
252. JMarima furiarum. Servius infers
from this passage that the Harpies and the
Furies were the same. Pando: in the sense
of explico.
255. Datam : in the sense of concessam,
vel praedictam.
256. Dira fames; direful hunger, and the
injury (done to) of our race, forces you to
consume your gnawed trenchers. JMalis :
in the sense of dentibus. Injuria nostra,
cedis. This injury consisted in killing their
cattle; and in making an attack upon them.
257. Absumere mensas, &c. The sense of
this pfediction is seen from its accomplish-
ment in the seventh book, verse 116. The
story is not merely a poetical invention; it
was a historical tradition. Dionysius and
Strabo say that Æneas had received a re-
sponse from an Oracle, foretelling that be-
fore he came to a settlement in Italy, he
should be reduced to the necessity of eating
his trenchers, mensas. Varro says he re-
ceived it from the Oracle of Dodona in Epi
18
258
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Dixit : et in sylvam pennis ablata refugit.
260. Eorum animi ce-
cidere: nec jam amplius
jubent exposcere pacem
arms, sed votis
At sociis subità gelidus formidine sanguis
Diriguit: cecidere animi : nec jam ampliès armis,
Sed votis precibusque jubent exposcere pacem,
Sive Deae, seu sint dirae obscoenaeque volucres.
280
At pater Anchises, passis de litore palmis,
265. Inquit:
nobis
Numina magna vocat, meritosque indicit honores:
O Di, Di, prohibete minas; Di, talem avertité casum,
prºhibete has minas & Et placidi servate pios.
265
Tum litore funem
Diripere, excussosque jubet laxare rudentes.
Tendunt vela Noti: ferimur spumantibus undis,
Quà cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabānt.
Jam medio apparet fluctu memorosa Zacynthos,
270
Dulichiumque, Sameque, et Neritos ardua saxis.
274. Nimbosa cacumi-
Effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laërtia regna,
na moatis Leucatae ape- Et terram altricem saevi exsecramur Ulyssei.
riumtur conspectui
Mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacumina montis,
NOTES.
rus. Virgil puts it in the mouth of the
Harpyia, as being both suitable to their
nature, and more apt to raise surprise, when
coming from them. This prophecy receiv-
ed its fulfilment in the following manner.
Having arrived in Italy, and being destitute
of dishes, they were forced to eat their meat
flesh upon large oval cakes, made of flour,
aich they used for bread. And after they
nad eaten their flesh, they consumed their
cakes also; which they had used in the room
of plates.
258. Pennis: in the sense of alis.
ta: in the sense of sublata.
259. Sangwis gelidus: the blood chilled
through sudden fear, grew thick, &c. Their
blood ceased to flow in its ordinary course;
the heart being unable to propel it to the ex-
tremities with its usual force.
263. Palmis passis de litore: in the sense
of palmis eactensis de litore.
264. JMagna numina : the great gods.
See Geor. i. 498. Indicit: and appoints
proper sacrifices or offerings.
265. Prohibete : in the sense of avertite.
Casum : calamity—misfortune.
266. Placidi: in the sense of placati, vel
benigni. Funem: the cable.
267. Diripere: in the sense of avellere.
Some copies have deripere: which is the
reading of Heyne.
Rudentes : in the sense of funes. By
these we are probably to understand those
ropes, by the help of which the sails were
hoisted and spread—the main sheets. They
had already weighed anchor: they now let
off the sheets—they extended the sails, and
the wind fills them. Eaccussos. Heyne takes
this in the sense of evolutos.
270. Zacynthos. An island in the Ionian
sea, on the west of the Peloponnesus: Ho-
die, Zante. The south wind was necessary
.4bla-
in sailing from the Strophades to this place.
Fluctu : in the sense of mari.
271. Dulichium. This island lies in the
mouth of the Sinus Corinthiacus, and is one
of the Echinades. Hodie, Dolicha. Same vel
Samos: hodie, Cephalonia. These islands
formed a part of the kingdom of Ulysses.
272. Ithacaº. Ithaca was a very barren and
rocky island, between Cephalonia and Dw-
lichium, the birth-place of Ulysses. Hence
he is called Ithacus. On this island was a
barren and rocky mountain, called Meritos.
The word is sometimes applied to the whole
island. Scopulos Ithacaº. This is said by
way of irony, and contempt, in allusion to
its rocks and barrenness. He adds, Laërtia
regna, the realms of Laërtes. He was king
of that island, and the father of Ulysses.
273. Eacecramur terram: we execrate the
land, the nurse (birth-place) of cruel Ulysses.
These words express very forcibly his detes-
tation of so great an enemy to the Trojans.
274. Leucatae montis: the cloudy summit
of the mountain Lucates. Leucas, Leucates
vel Leucate, an island lying very near the
coast of Acarnania, in Epirus. Hodie, St.
JMaura. It is said to have once been con-
nected with the main land. It took its name
from a famous white mountain, or rock,
called Leucate, (from a Greek word, signi-
fying white) lying at the southern extremity
of the island. It was supposed to have the
virtue of curing despairing lovers, who were
wont to cast themselves from it into the sea.
Among those who made the experiment of
its virtues, was the celebrated poetess Sap-
pho, who fell in love with Phaon, a beauti
ful youth of Lesbos.
According to Strabo, Apollo had a tem-
ple on this rock, or mountain, from which
a human victim was cast yearly into the
sea, as a sacrifice to that god. On account
AENEIS.
LIB. III. 259
Et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo.
275
Hunc petimus fessi, et parvae succedimus urbi.
Anchora de prorå jacitur ; stant litore puppes.
Ergö insperată tandem tellure potiti,
Lustramurque Jovi, votisque incendimus aras:
Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora ludis.
Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras
Nudati socii: juvat evasisse tot urbes
Argolicas, mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostes.
Interea magnum Sol circumvolvitur annum,
Et glacialis hyems Aquilonibus asperat undas.
AEre cavo clypeum, magni gestamen Abantis,
Postibus adversis figo, et rem carmine signo :
AEneas hac de Danais victoribus arma.
280
286. Figo adversis
postibus totapli clypeum
285 e cavo ºre, gestamen
magni Abantis, et sig-
no rem hoc carmine:
AEneas suspendit haec
arma capta
NOTES.
of this; or on account of the roughness of
the coast, he is called Apollo formidatus
nautis : Apollo dreaded by sailors. The
name of the god, put by meton. for the
temple. JWimbosa: some copies have um-
brosa. - -
276. Hunc. This may refer to mount
Lewcatae, mentioned before. Or we may
suppose, with more probability, that Æneas
continued his course hence to the Sinus
.Ambracius, where there was the small city
.Ambracia, (afterwards enlarged by Augus-
tus, and called JNicopolis, in allusion to his
victory,) and another temple of Apollo.
If we make this supposition, the hunc may
refer to this latter temple, or to the god to
whom it was dedicated. Near this place
Augustus afterwards obtained a complete
victory over the combined forces of An-
thony and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.
To this victory the poet alludes, with a
view to compliment his prince. Here he
landed, and performed those games, which
Augustus afterwards instituted, in comme-
moration of his victory; and celebrated
every fifth year.
277. Puppes: in the sense of naves. Or
it may imply that the sterns of his ships lay
aground, while the prows were afloat. This
is the opinion of Dr. Trapp.
278. Insperata: greatly desired, or longed
for. The prep. in, in composition, often in-
creases the signification of the simple word,
as well as changes it to a contrary sense.
The former I take to be the case here; the
same as valdé sperata. For after the many
dangers and perils of his voyage, what could
be more desirable, than to find a place
where he cpuld land in safety, and enjoy
the hospitality of the shore ? .
279. Lustramur Jovi : in the sense of
sacrificamus Jovi. Incendimus aras votis.
Rugeus says, cumulamus aras victimis. Vo-
turn, by met. the thing vowed—the victim.
280. Actia litora. The poet here plainly
alludes to the famous games which Augus-
tus instituted on the promontory of Epirus,
in commemoration of his victory over An-
thony and Cleopatra, in the year of Rome
723. These were celebrated every fifth
year. Hence, some have conjectured, that
four years had now elapsed since Æneas
left Troy. Virgil would make his prince
believe that Æneas landed on this shore,
and instituted these very games.
281. Eacercent patrias : they practise their
country's exercises with the slippery oil.
The palaestra was an exercise, in which the
persons were naked; and, that they might
free themselves the easier from the hands of
their antagonists, they used to besmear their
bodies and arms with oil. It is also applied
to all kinds of games or exercises, such as
wrestling, leaping, &c. Also the place
where these exercises are performed.
283. Fugam : in the sense of cursum, vel
iter.
284. JMagnum annum : the sun completes
(rolls round) a great year: a solar year of
12 months, as distinguished from a lunar
year, which consists of 12 lunations, or 354
days. Circumvolvitur, is plainly in the sense
of circumvolvit. -
285. Hyems asperat : the icy winter rough-
ens. Undas : in the sense of mare.
286. Gestamen. This word signifies any
covering—any thing worn or carried by a
person; from the verb gesto. Abantis. It
is probable that Abas was one of those
Greeks, whom AEneas and his party slew
in the night of the sack of Troy, stript of
their armour, and exchanged for their own.
Gestamen, is put in apposition with clypeum.
287. Adversis postibus: the fronting door
posts of the temple. Figo : in the sense of
suspendo. Signo rem carmine: I declare
the transaction by this verse—inscription
Rem: in the sense of factum.
260
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
289. Tum jubeo socios Linquere tum portus jubeo, et considere transtris.
linquere
Certatim socii feriunt mare, et aequora verrunt.
290
Protinús aérias Phaeacum abscondimus arces,
Litoraque Epiri legimus, portugue subimus
Chaonio, et celsam Buthroti ascendimus urbem.
298. Pectus incensum Hic incredibilis rerum fama occupat aures,
est miro
301. Tum forté An-
dromache libabat cineri
Hectoris solemnes da-
Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes,
Conjugio Æacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum,
Et patrio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito.
295
pes, eitristia dona, ante Obstupui, miroque incensum pectus amore
urbem in luco ad undam Compellare virum, et casus cognoscere tantosr
falsi Simoëntis, voca- Progredior portu, classes et litora linquens. “
Solemnes tum forté dapes et tristia dona, -
Ante urbem, in luco, falsi Simoëntis ad undam,
Libabat cineri Andromache, Manesque vocabat
aras, causam lachrymis. Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem cespite inanem,
batgue Manes ad Hec-
toreum tumulum, quem
inanem sacraverat & vi-
ridi cespite, et geminas
300
NOTES.
289. Transtris : upon the benches or
thwarts. They extended across the vessels
from side to side : the rowers sat upon
them.
290. Certatim: eagerly—striving to out-
do one another. AEquora : the surface of
the sea, which they sweep with their oars.
JEquor: properly any plain or level surface,
whether land or water. It is here used in
its appropriate sense.
291. Phaeacum: of the Phaeacians—so
called from Pharacia, an island lying to the
west of the promontory of Actium. Hodie,
Corfu. It was famous for its orchards.
Here Homer placed the gardens of Alcinois,
who was king of the island. Abscondimus:
we hide the aërial towers, &c. we lose sight
of them.
292. Legimus Epiri : we coast along the
shores of Epirus. This was once a flourish-
ing kingdom, bounded on the east by
Achaia and Thessaly; on the north by
Macedonia; and on the south and west by
the Ionian sea. It was divided into four
principal parts; AEtolia, Acarnania, Thes-
protia, and Chaonia. In the last of which
was the city Buth rotus or Buth rotum. It
was built upon a hill. Hence the epithet
celsam. For ascendimus, Heinsius, and
Heyne after him, read accedimus. -
294, Incredibilis fama rerum : an incredi-
ble report of things. It was an incredible
revolution of fortune indeed, that a son of
Priam should reign in Epirus, and should
be married to Andromache, the widow of
his brothor, after she had been the wife of
Pyrrhus, that very son of Achilles, who
slew the venerable Priam in the most cruel
manner. Yet these things are not the mere
invention of the poet. Justin informs us,
that after the taking of Troy, Pyrrhus was
reconciled to Helenus, shared with him his
kingdom, and gave him Andromache in
marriage.
295. Priamiden:
patronymic noun.
296. AEacidae Pyrrhi : of Pyrrhus, a de-
scendent of .42acus. He was king of Thes-
saly, and father of Peleus. AEacides was a
name both of Achilles and Pyrrhus. Con-
jugio: in the sense of wavore. Sceptris: in
the sense of regno.
297. Andromachen cessisse: that Andro-
mache again had fallen to a husband of her
own country. She was a Theban princess
by birth; but by marrying Hector, Troy
became her country. Patrio marito: in the
sense of Trojano marito. -
298. JMiro: in the sense of magno, vel
vehementi. Amore : desire.
299. Tantos casus : so great events—such
a wonderful change of fortune. *
301. Tum forté libabat: then by chance
Andromache was offering the yearly feast,
and mournful gifts to the ashes of Héctor,
&c. Among other funeral ceremonies, was
the custom of pouring into, or upon the
grave, blood and milk; because it was
thought that the (anima) souls delighted
and fed upon these, and particularly upon
the blood. These constituted the feast and
mournful gifts, which Andromache repeated
yearly to the ashes or shade of Hector. See
verse 66, supra. - -
302. Falsi Simočntis : fictitious Simons.
This was a small river of Epirus, to which
Helenus and Andromache gave the name of
Simois, after a river of that name in Troas.
It was not the real Simois. Undam : in the
sense of aquam.
304. Inanem : empty—not the real tomb
of Hector; but one in memory of him.
Such a one was called tumulus vacuus, vel
tnamis. These tombs, or cenotaphs were
the son of Priam—a
AENEIS. LIB, III.
261
ū
Et geminas, causam lachryms, sacraverat aras.
305
Ut me conspexit venientem, et Troia circăm
Arnia amens widit; magnis exterrita monstris,
Diriguit visu in medio: calor ossa reliquit:
Labitur; et longo vix tandem tempore fatur:
Verane te facies, verus mihi nuntius affers,
Nate Deá? vivisne 2 aut, si lux alma recessit,
309. Et tandem wix
310 futur longo tempore post
311. Recessit a te
Hector ubi est? Dixit: lachrymasque effudit, et omnem
Implevit clamore locum.
Wix pauca furenti
Subjicio, et raris turbatus vocibus hisco * *
Vivo equidem, vitamgue extrema per omnia duco.
Ne dubita, nam vera vides.
"Heu! quis te casus dejectam conjuge tanto
Excipit 7 aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit?
Hectoris Andromache, Pyrrhin’ connubia servas?
315
319. O Andromac.
quondam wavor Hector. ,
servas-me connubia Pyr-
rhi º
NOTES.
nonorary merely, and erected to persons
buried in another place; or to those who
received no burial, and whose relics could
not be found. The same religious regard
was paid to these tumuli inames et honorarii,
as to real tombs. Wiridi cespite ; she made
(consecrated) this tomb of green turf.
305. Geminas aras. Some will have it,
that one altar was for Hector, and the other
for Astyanax, her son, whom the Greeks
threw headlong from the tower of Troy.
Others, however, think she erected (conse-
crated) both to Hector, it being customary
to erect two altars to the JManes, especially
of Heroes, who were considered inferior
deities. See verse 63, supra. Causam ; the
cause, or incentive to her tears. They
brought more forcibly to her mind the re-
collection of her husband, and renewed her
former grief. .
*307. Amens : amazed. It agrees with
illa understood. Earterrita monstris : asto-
nished at the mighty prodigy, she fainted in
the midst of the sight. t
Any thing that happens, or is contrary to
the ordinary course of things, may be called
monstrum. The sight of her countrymen
was so unexpected, so improbable, and so
far from the ordinary course of events, that
it might well enough be called magnum
77.077 strum.
308. Diriguit: in the sense of defecit.
309. Labitur : she falls.
310. Vera-ne facies : do you, a real form,
a true messenger, present yourself to me?
- are you really AFneas, or are you his
image only 2–are the things which I be-
hold true and real, or are they mere phan-
toms ? Lua in the sense of vita.
313. Furent: : to her grieving, or sorrow-
ing. Furens properly signifies, being trans-
ported with any inordinate passion or af.
fection, as love, sorrow, anger, &c.—griev-
ing immoderately. Ruteus says, morenti.
314, Suljicio: in the sense of respondeo.
Hisco : I open my mouth in broken, dis-
connected words. They were few in num-
ber, and interrupted by sighs and tears.
315. Per omnia eactrema: through all pe-
rils and distress. Eactrema, here, is a sub.
Rugeus says, per omnes miserias.
316. Vera ; true things—realities.
317. Quis casus : what event hath be.
fallen thee, deprived of so great a husband:
Conjuge, here, plainly means Hector, her
former husband. Ruacus interprets eaccipit
te, by, successit tibi ; and dejectam, by pri-
valam.
319. Servas connubia, &c. These words
of AEneas would carry with them a severe
reproach, if Andromache had been the mis-
tress of her own fortune. Catrou observes,
that this slavery rendered her connexion
with Pyrrhus excusable; yet she is confused
upon the occasion, casts her eyes upon the
ground, and replies with a low voice,
not answering his question directly, but
breaking out into a passionate exclama-
tion: Ofelic, &c. The sense which Ruasus
gives to the passage is plainly incorrect. He
interprets the words thus: O Andromache,
tenes-ne conjugem Hectoris, an Pyrrhi &
which will be : Andromache, are you wed-
ded to Hector, or to Pyrrhus? which is ma-
nifestly absurd, especially after what Æneas
had said just before ; dejeclam tanto conjuge,
meaning that she was brought low by being
deprived of so great a husband. The con-
struction is as in the ordo is Hector's An-
dromache wedded to Pyrrhus? which is not
so much a question, as an exclamation of
surprise. That Hectoris Andromache is to
be construed in this way, appears from Jus-
tin, who gives them the same honorable de-
signation, Lib. xvii. cap. 3. He there says,
that Pyrrhus gave the kingdom of Epirus to
Helenus, the son of Priam ; and also gave
him (Andromachen Hectoris) Hector's An
262
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
go, una felix, ante alias
virgines, jussa mori ad
nostilem . .
321. O. Priameia vir- Dejecit vultum, et demissä voce locuta est $20
O felix una ante alias Priameia virgo, -
Hostilem ad tumulum Trojae sub moenibus altis,
325. Nos vects per Jussa mori: quae sortitus non pertulit ullos,
diversa tequora, patria Nec victoris heri tetigit captiva cubile!
, 325
intenså, emixie servitio, Nos patriá incensä diversa per aequora vectae,
Stirpis Achillea fastus, juvenemque superbum
Servitio enixa tulimus: qui deinde secutus
edaeam Hermionem, Lacedaemoniosque Hymenaeos,
ſºmulam famuloque Heleno transmisit habendam.
tulimus fastus Achillege
stirpis
330. Ast Orestes, in-
flammatus magno amore
conjugis ereptie à se, et Me
agitatus fºiis scelerum, Ast illum, ereptae magno inflammatus amore
*P* Conjugis, et scelerum furiis agitatus, Orestes
excipit illum,
Pyrrhum; *:
330
#
NOTES.
dromache, who had been his wife. Servas.
This is the usual reading: but Heyne ob-
serves that some copies have servat. This
renders the passage somewhat easier: does
Hector's Andromache preserve the marriage
of Pyrrhus 3–Is she joined in marriage with
Pyrrhus?
320. Demissa voce : in a low voice.
321. Priameia virgo : Polyxena, the
daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Achilles
fell in love with her; and being invited to
Troy by Priam for the purpose of celebra-
ting their nuptials, while in the temple of
Apollo, where the marriage was to have
been performed, he was killed by Paris with
an arrow. Achilles, with his last breath,
conjured his son Pyrrhus to revenge his
death upon Priam's family, and to immolate
Polyxena at his tomb, whenever Troy
should be taken." This accordingly he did.
Quinctilian quotes this passage as an in-
stance of Virgil's talent at the pathetic. In
order, says he, to show the extremity of
Andromache’s misery, he makes her even
envy the fate of Polyxena, who, in the eyes
of all the world besides, was most wretched
and miserable. How wretched then must
Andromache's condition have been, if,
when compared to her, even Polyxena was
happy : Instit. Lib. vi. cap. 3. Una : in
the sense of sola. - -
323. Quº non pertulit: who hath not
borne any lots. The Grecian princes, after
the capture of Troy, cast lots among them-
selves for the captives.
324. Nec captiva: nor as a captive, hath
touched the bed of a victorious lord. This
is the calamity from which Andromache.
declares Polyxena happy, in being delivered
by death.
325. Mos vecta!: in the sense of ego vecta.
326. Fastus : acc. plu, pride—haughti-
ness. Stirpis Achillege : Pyrrhus, the off-
spring of Achilles. Some read fastum.
327. Eniacae : a part. of the verb emitor,
agreeing with nos vecta!, above. It signifies
to labor and toil with our hands in gene-
ral; also the pain and labor of bearing
children. In this last sense, perhaps, we
are to take it here. For it is said, she bore
a son to Pyrrhus, called JMolossus, who gave
his name to a part of Epirus. Some, how-
ever, understand it of labor and toil in ge-
neral: laboring in servitude. Ruteus says, *
parientes in captivitate : bringing forth chil-
dren in captivity.
328. Hermionem. Hermione was the
daughter of Menelaus, king of Sparta or
Lacedæmon, and Helen, the daughter of
Jupiter and Leda ; hence the adj. Ledaeam,
Ledaean. She was betrothed by Tyndarus
to her cousin Orestes, in the absence of her
father, who, it seems, had promised her to
Pyrrhus, while he was at Troy. After his
return, he went to Sparta, and carried off
his spouse. This so enraged Orestes, that
he followed Pyrrhus to Delphi, where he
went to consult the oracle of Apollo con-
cerning his future race, and there slew him.
Hymenteos: marriage—match: ālso nuptials.
329. Transmisit in the sense of dedit,
vel tradidit. Habendam : to be had—pos-
sessed—enjoyed.
331. Conjugis : namely, Hermione. Agi-
tatus furiis: hurried on by the furies of
his crimes. Orestes, it is said, slew his mo-
ther Clytemnestra, for assisting Ægistus in
procuring the death of his father Agamem-
non. After which he is said to have been
haunted and tormented by the furies, (the
remorse and stings of a guilty conscience,)
for imbruing his hands in his mother's blood.
It is said he was acquitted by the court of
the Areopagus at Athens; and, after the
death of Pyrrhus, he married Hermione,
and added the kingdom of Sparta to his
own hereditary dominions.
The furies were three in number, Alecto,
Tisiphone, and JMegatra. After they ceased
to torment Orestes, they received the name
of Eumenides, which implies benevolence
and compassion. He built a temple to them,
and offered them sacrifices. They were
represented as holding a burning torch in
one hand, and a whip in the other. Tho
stings and remorses of conscience were the
A, NEIS. LIB. Ill
263
***
Excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras.
Morte Neoptolemi, regnorum reddita cessit
Pars Heleno; qui Chaonios cognomine campos,
Chaoniamgue omnem Trojano à Chaone dixit :
Pergamaque, Iliacamdue jugis hanc addidit arcem.
Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata, dedēre 7
Aut quis te ignarum nostris Deus appulit oris'
Quid puer Ascanius' superatne, et vescitur aurá 7
Quem tibi jam Troja— .
Ecgua jam puero est amissae cura parentis'
Ecguid in antiquam virtutem animosque viriles,
Ft pater Æneas, et avunculus excitat Hector 7
Talia fundebat lachrymans, longosque ciebat
Incassúm fletus; cum sese à moenibus heros
Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus affert,
Agnoscitoue suos, lastusque ad limina ducit ;
Et multúm lachrymas verba inter singula fundit.
Procedo, et parvam Trojam, simulataque magnis
Pergama, et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum,
Agnosco: Scaeaeque amplector limina porta.
|NOTES,
334. Pars regnorum
335 reddita cessit Heleno:
qui dixit campos Chao-
mios cognomine, om-
nemgue illam regionem
Chaonian:
339. Quid puer Asca-
340 nius agit?
345. Cum heros He-
lenus Priamides affert
345 sese à moenibus, multis
comitantibus eum
349. Et agnosco par-
vam Trojam, Pergama-
que parva simulata
magnus
350 350. Dictum cogno-
mine Xanthi
furies of Orestes, which the poet calls the
Furiae scelerum, the furies of his crimes. It
is probable that he pictured to his imagina-
tion this motion of his being haunted by the
furies, armed with all those terrors, with
which they were represented by the poets.
Suetonius says of Nero: Saepe confessus ear-
agitari se materná specie, verberibus furia-
rum, ac taedis ardentibus.
332. Eaccipit: , surprised—caught. Ad
patrias aras: at his country's altars. The
temple of Apollo at Delphi was nearly in
the centre of Greece, the country of Pyrr-
hus. In this sense Ruaus and Turnebus
understand the expression. Others take the
words to mean: at his father's altars; be-
cause Achilles was slain at the altar of
Thrymbſpan Apollo, at Troy; and he, at the
altar of Apollo at Delphi.
333. Reddita: in the sense of data. Cessit:
fell to Helenus.
335. Diarit: in the sense of vocavit, vel
nominavit. Chaone. Chaon was the son of
Priam, and consequently the brother of He-
lenus, who slew him, while hunting, acci-
dentally: and in memory of him, he called
his kingdom Chaonia.
336. Jugis : in the sense of monte.
didit: in the sense of condidit.
338. Appulit : in the sense of dualit, vel
direwit. Ignarum A Ruteus says, inscium.
339. Superat: in the sense of superest.
"Pescitur ; in the sense of spirat.
340. Quem tibi, &c. This, and some
other imperfect lines in the Æneid, is a proof
that Virgil did not put the finishing stroke
to this part of his works. It was his inten-
tion, if he had lived, to revise it. To com-
plete the sense of the line, something must
be supplied. Some have added: peperit fu-
Jād-
mante Creüsa. But at the time of the sack
of Troy, Ascanius was several years old, and
able to accompany his father. Æn. ii. 724,
Others have added: obsessá est enia:a Creüsa:
whom Creüsa bore you, Troy already being
besieged—during the siege of Troy. This
probably is the sense, but it has not the
poetic spirit of Virgil.
341. Cura : in the sense of dolor, vel soli-
citudo. .
342. Ecquid. This word is used here
merely as an interrogative, in the sense of
an, vel num.
Dr. Trapp, in his translation of the
AEneid, makes a number of excellent re-
marks upon this interesting interview be-
tween Æneas and Andromache. He con-
cludes by saying: “That man surely can
have no idea of friendship, nor of human
nature itself, who is not sensibly touched
with this whole passage; which to me is the
most affecting in all the AEneid.” Animos:
courage. Antiquam virtutem : in the sense
of virtutem majorum. Eaccitat is to be con-
nected with each nominative case. Eum,
vel illum, is understood after the verb.
344. Fundebat: in the sense of dicebat.
Ciebat: in the sense of excitºbat, vel move-
bat. Longos: in the sense of multos. Hein-
sius reads largos. * *
348. JMullûm an adv. in the sense of co-
piosé, vel abundé; or rather in the sense of
multas, agreeing with lachrymas.
349. Simulata : resembling—looking like.
350. Arentem in the sense of parvun.
It was small, and perhaps, at some seasons
of the year, dry. -
351. Amplector, &c. It was a custom,
when persons were going from home, or re
264
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Necnon et Teucri sociá simul urbe fruuntur.
Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis.
Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi,
dies, alterque
Impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant.” 355
356. Jamgue unus Jamgue dies, alterque dies processit; et aurae
Vela vocant, tumidoque inflatur carbasus Austro.
His watem aggredior dictis, ac talia quæso :
360. Qui sentis numi-Trojugena, interpres Divām, qui numina Phoebi,
360
na. Phoebi, qui sentis tri- Qui tripodas, Clarii lauros, qui sidera sentis,
Et volucrum linguas, et praepetis omina pennae,
Fare, age (namgue omnem cursum mihi prospera dixit
podas, et lauros Clarii
Apollinis, qui sentis
Religio; et cuncti suaserunt numine Divi
*
365. Harpyia Celaeno
sola canit novum
gium
Italiam petere, et terras tentare repôstas:
o Sola novum dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno
Prodi- Prodigium canit, et tristes denuntiat iras,
- Obscoenamque famem) quae prima pericula vito ?
365
NOTES.
turning, to embrace the pillars and threshold
ef their houses.
354. Aulai : for aulae. The gen, of the
first declension was sometimes formed in
ai. See Grammar. Bacchi: Bacchus, the
god of wine, by meton. put for wine itself.
Libabant pocula. It was customary at enter-
tainments, after the first table or course, to
introduce wine, with a libation to the gods;
which consisted in pouring a few drops upon
the altar, or upon the table. Libabant : in
the sense of bibebant. -
355. Impositis auro ; served up in gold—
in golden dishes. -
357. Thumido Austro: by the rising wind.
.Auster here is put for wind in general. Car-
basus: the canvass, of which the sails were
made.
358. Aggredior: I address the prophet
Helenus.
360. Qui sents numina : who knowest
the will of Phoebus. The verp sentis is to
be supplied with each accusative following.
The poet here enumerates five ways of di-
vination. First, by the immediate inspira-
tion of the gods—sentis numina Phoebi.
Second, by sitting upon the Tripod. Third,
by burning laurel. Fourth, by contempla-
ting the stars. Fifth, by the observation of
birds.
360. Tripodas. The tripod was a kind of
three footed stool, upon which the priestess
of Apollo sat, when she delivered the ora-
cles. Clarii. Clarius was an epithet of
Apollo, from Claros, a city of Greece, where
he had a celebrated temple. One way of
divination was, to burn a branch of the
laurel tree. If it made a crackling noise, it
was a good omen; but if not, it was consi-
dered a bad one. - -
361. Linguas volucrum. The omens
were taken from birds in two ways; from
the sounds they uttered, and the manner
reserved, laid up in store.
of their flight. The former was called au-
gurium ; the observation of which constitu-
ted the art of the augures: the latter was called
a uspicium; the observation of which con-
stituted the art of the auspices.
Omina prepetis pennae: the omens of the
swift wing—widely extended wings. The
augurs were certain persons, who pretended
to foretell future events, principally from the
noise of certain birds. Romulus created
three, Servius Tullius added another, and
Sylla appointed six additional ones. So that
the number in his time was ten. They gene-
rally sat upon some tower, or high place, the
better to make their observations.
362. Prospera religio; favorable or propi-
tious auspices and predictions have direct-
ed (dia'it) my whole course. Numine : in
the sense of auctoritate. Some take this
for omnis religio diacit mihi prosperum cur-
sum : by hypallage. Here relligio is to be
taken for the responses and predictions of
the oracles, and the various intimations
which he had received : all which declared
that he should arrive safe in Italy. Ruteus
says, ceremoniae propitia.
364. Repôstas: by syn. for repositas. It
may mean remote, or at a distance ; also
In this sense
Ruasus takes it here. In either case it will
be true, as it respects the land of Italy, whi-
ther he was going. Tentare: to search
out—to find ; in the sense of petere.
365. Nefas dictus horrible to be told.
JNefas here is taken as an adj. indeclinable :
the same as nefandum.
366. Canit: in the sense of praedicit.
367. Obscenam: in the sense of rabidam
vel vehementem. Qute pericula prima vito 3
What dangers first do I shun ?—what are
the first, or ch, “ dangers, which I have to
avoid 2
A.NEIS LIB, III
265
Quidve sequens, tantos possim superare labores?
Hic Helenus, caesis primúm de more juvencis,
Exorat pacem Divām, vittasque resolvit
Sacrati capitis, megue ad tua limina, Phoebe,
Ipse manu multo suspensum numine ducit:
Atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos:
Nate Deá; nam te majoribus ire per altum
Auspiciis manifesta fides: sic fata Deûm rex
370
371. Ipsequeducit me
manti ad tua limina, tº
Phoebe, suspensum unuj-
to numine
274. Manifesta fidos
375 est mihi te ire
Sortitur, volvitoue vices: is vertitur ordo.
Pauca tibi è multis, quð tutior hospita lustres
AEquora, et Ausonio possis considere portu,
Expediam dictis: prohibent nam caetera Parcae
377. Expediam dictis
pauca tibi, & multis, quë
tu tution lustres hospits
aequora
NOTES.
368. Quid sequens: following what coun-
el, can I surmount, &c.
370. Resolvit vittas : the priest, in per-
Forming sacrifice, had his head bound about
with fillets: now he is about to prophesy,
ke unbinds, and takes them from his head.
Pacem : favor—grace.
372. Suspensum: in the sense of solicitum,
vel trepidantem. JMulto numine : at thy aw-
ful majesty—thy mighty power. Rugeus
says, ob magnam reverentwam Dei.
Some copies have suspensus, which means
that Helenus was full of anxiety, perturba-
tion, and awe, from the power or influence
of the god. But suspensum is the better
reading, referring to Æneas, who had good
reason to be in awful suspense and &nxiety
about his future fortune, which the god was
about to declare to him by the mouth of
Helenus.
373. Canit: in the sense of eloquitur.
374. JMajoribus awspiciis; may mean, with
the greater auspices, signs, or manifestations.
Among the various omens or signs, which
were thought to give insight into futurity,
some were considered more important than
others. Of these were visions, appearances
in the heavens, &c. which all along had ac-
companied Ænees. But auspicium signifies
any event or fortune. If this be the mean-
ing here, which most probably is the case,
then majoribus auspiciis will be, for greater
or more important events—for better for-
tune—for more prosperous days. This is
the opinion of Heyne.
375. Sic rea: Deûm ; thus the king of the
gods dispenses his decrees, and fixes (volvit,
rolls) the series of events: this order (or
course of things) is fixed.
It is plain the poet hath here in view the
fabulous story of the Parcae, who were
thought to preside over the events of human
life; and to order, or fix, whatever befell to
every individual from his birth to the close
of his life. The first was represented as
holding the distaff; the second as drawing
out, or turning off (volvere) and fixing the
course of events; the third as cutting the
thread. See Ecl. iv. 46
376. Sortitur. This alludes to the custom
of consulting the oracle, which was some-
times done by casting or drawing lots: or-
dinat, says Heyme.
377. Hospita : an adj. intervening. Ru-
teus interprets it by, quae earcipient te: which
shall receive you.
It is plain that the seas over which me was
to pass, were those that intervened, or lay
between Epirus, and that part of Italy to
which he was bound. These would be the
Ionan sea, lying between Epirus and the
extremity of the peninsula; that part of the
Mediterranean lying to the east and south
of Sicily; and the Tuscan sea, lying between
Sicily, Italy, and the islands of Sardinia and
Corsica. Lustres: in the sense of naviges.
Valpy takes hospita, in the sense of ignota:
to which he was a stranger.
379. Parcae prohibent : the fates forbid
that you should know the rest. Pierius ob-
serves, that in most of the ancient copies
there is a full stop after scire; Servius ap-
proves of it, and it appears the best. The
sense is easier, and we avoid any incon-
sistency. If we make both the verbs, prohi-
bent and velat, refer to Helenus, there will
be an inconsistency. For, would Juno forbid
him to declare what he did not know him-
self? Besides, he had just said that he would
only inform him of a few of the events that
were to befall him; which certainly implies
that he knew the rest, but was restrained by
heaven from communicating them to him.
Some of these events it was not proper for
him to know; because the accomplishment
depended on his own free will. Others
Juno prevented him from revealing, that he
might be the more perplexed with doubts
and uncertainty; and the more surprised
and unprovided against the calamity when
it came. Of this kind is the interpretation
of Celaeno's prophecy, which Helenus ap-
pears to have understood : for he forbids
him to be much concerned about it, for the
gods would find a way to extricate him from
it: verse 394. infra.
Another particular is the death of An-
chises. AEneas does not question the fore-
266
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Scire : Helenum farique vetat Saturnia Juno.
Principio, Italiam, quam tu jam rere propinquam,
381, Principio, longa
380
Yi* ***, ºngº, terrº Vicinosque, ignare, paras invadere portus,
procul dividit Italiam &
te, quam tu, O ignare
vicinos portus.
386. Infernique lacus
transeund sunt, insula-
que AEacte Circae adeun-
da est, antè quâm tu pos-
SIS
Longa procul longis via dividit invia terris.
..., jam rerºsse pºin. Anté et Trinacriá lentandus remus in unda,
quam, parasque invadere Et Salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor,
Infernique lacus, AEabaeque insula Circae,
Quàm tută possis urbem componere terrà.
Signa tibi dicam :
Cüm tibi sollicito secreti ad fluminis undam
Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus,
385
tu condita mente teneto.
390
389. Cúm ingens sus, Triginta capitum foetus enixa jacebit,
inventa tibi solicito ad
undam secreti fluminis
sub litoreis ilicibus,
enixa foetus triginta ca-
§
Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati;
Is locus urbis erit; requies ea certa laborum.
Nec tu mensarum morsus horresce futuros.
pitum, jacebat solo re- Fata viam invenient, aderitºlue vocatus Apollo. "
895
NOTES.
knowledge of Helenus concerning that event:
he only complains that he did not reveal it
to him: verse 712, infra. Earpediam: in
the sense of earplicabo.
381. Rere : in the sense of putas.
382. Invadere: to take possession of to
enter.
383. Longa via invia: a long voyage,
interrupted by extensive lands, separates
Italy at a distance from you, which, &c.
Invia: in the sense of perdifficilis. AEneas'
voyage was much lengthened by his being
obliged to sail round the southern part of
Sicily; the islands that lay in his course,
and other lands, rendered it long, difficult,
and dangerous; and much interrupted and
turned from a direct course.
384. Trinacriá a name of Sicily, (used
here as an adj.) taken from its triangular
form. Its three promontories were Pelorus,
Pachynus, and Lilybewm. Remus lentandus:
the oar must be bent in the Sicilian sea.
This implies that they were to labor hard at
the oar. The verb est is to be supplied.
385. JEquor Ausonii salis : the surface of
the Italian (Tuscan) sea is to be sailed over.
Salis : gen. of sal: by meton. put for the
sea. JEquor is here used in its proper sense
and meaning.
386. Inferni lacus: the infernal lakes
must be passed, and the island of AEa’an
Circe must be approached, before that (ante
quàm) you can, &c. Helenus here intimates
to AEneas his descent to hell, which is the
subject of the 6th book.
Circe was a celebrated sorceress, the
daughter of the sun, and the nymph Rerse.
She is here called JEaban, from AEa, an
island and city of Colchis, not far from the
river Phasis. She married a king of Sarma-
tin, whom she poisomed. After which she
fled into Italy, to a mountain and promon-
tory, which, from her, was called Circe's
Mount. Hodie, Circello. -
387. Componere: in the sense of conderc.
Tula terra : in a safe land. This, perhaps,
is said in allusion to his being obliged to
abandon the settlements he had made in
Thrace and in Crete. In Italy he should
find a sure and permanent residence.
388. Condita: in the sense of reposita
it agrees with ea, understood.
389. Tibi sollicito—inventa: found by you
solicitous—anxious—musing. The dat, is
frequently used by the poets in the sense of
the abl.; also, in the sense of the gen. Ad
wndam fluminis. The river Tiber is here
meant. -
390. Sub litoreis : under the holm-trees
shading the river—growing on the banks of
the river.
391. Eniwa fetus ; having brought forth
a litter of thirty head.
392. Recubans: this I take in the sense
of prostratus, flat (at full length) on her side,
in reference to the manner of her lying;
that being the position of the female when
she gives suck to her young. Jacebit solo
recubans, alba: shall lie on the ground flat
on her side; herself white, and her pigs
white around her teats. In this ordo of con-
struction, recubans conveys an additional
idea to that already communicated by the
verb jacebit, and is very significant. In the
usual ordo it is mere tautology. This cir-
cumstance of finding a white sow, with thirty
pigs, was founded on ancient historical tra-
dition. Alba, a city built by Ascanius, and
made the seat of his government, took its
name from this omen of the white sow and
her pigs, as Varro informs us.
394. JMorsus: the eating, or consumption
of your tables. -
395. Aderit: in the sense of adjuvabit.
AENEIS. LlB. III
267
Has autem terras, Italique hanc litoris oram,
Proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris ſestu,
cubans, ipsa alba; et
nati albi
Effuge : cuncta malis habitantur moenia Grails
Hic et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locri,
Et Salentinos obsedit milite campos
Lyctius Idomeneus: hic illa ducis Meliboei
Parva Philocteta subnixa Petilia muro.
Quin, ubi transmissae steterint trans a quora classes,
Et positis aris jam vota in litore solves;
Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu:
Ne qua inter sanctos ignes in honore Deorum
Hostilis facies occurrat, et omina turbet.
Hunc socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto
Häc casti maneant in religione nepotes.
Ast, ubi digressum Siculae te admoverit orae
Ventus, et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori;
Laeva tibi tellus et longo lava petantur
400
401. Hic est illa parva
Petilia subnixa muro
Philoctetue
405
406. Ne qua hostills
facies occurrat inter
sanctos ignes
408. Socil tenento
hunc morem sacrorum,
410 tu ipse teneto hunc
410. Te digressum
hºnc Siculae ora>
NOTES.
396. Effuge has terras. Helenus means
the lands of Calabria, Apulia, and all the
lower part of the peninsula of Italy, which
was called JMagna Graecia: the whole of
which lies not far from Chaonia, in Epirus.
After the Trojan war, many of the Greeks
were forced on this coast, and formed set-
tlements in various places. Hence this
part of the peninsula of Italy took the name
of JMagna Graecia. It now constitutes a
considerable part of the kingdom of JNaples.
It was washed on the east by the Ionian
sea, which Helenus here calls nostri arguoris,
because the same sea washed the shores of
Epirus. wº *
398. JMalis: in the sense of hostilibus.
399. Naryci Locri. The Locrians origi-
nally were a people of Phocis, in Achaia.
• They followed Ajaw, the son of Oileus, to
the Trojan war: and, after the capture of
that city, a colony of them settled in this
part of Italy, most probably under the con-
duct of Evanthes; Ajax having perished on
his return home. There they built a city
called JNarycia or JVarycium, probably after
the name of Narya, the city of Ajax.
401. Idomenews. He was called Lyctivs,
from Lyctus, a city of Crete. Being expelled
from his dominions, he came to Italy, and
planted a colony on the promontory of Sa-
lentum, then in possession of the Salentini.
This peninsula, which extends almost to the
coast of Epirus, was formerly called JMessa-
pia, and Iapygia; hodie, Terra d'Otranto:
and its extremity, the cape of St. Mary, or
St. Mary de Lucca. Idomeneus either sub-
dued the Salentini; or, which is more pro-
pable, expelled them from their country.
See verse 122. Supra. Obsedit: in the sense
of occupat.
402. Philocteta. Philoctetes was the son
of Peas, king of Meliboea, a city of Thes-
saly, near the foot of mount Ossa. He set
fire to the funeral pile of Hercules, at the
request of that hero, and received in return
his bow and arrows, that had been dipped
in the poisonous blood of the Hydra Lernaea.
He set out for Troy with the other Greeks,
but was abandoned by them in the island of
Lemnos, on account of a wound which he
had received from a serpent. But it being
predicted, that Troy could not be taken
without these arrows, the chiefs were obliged
to send for him. On his return from Troy,
hearing that the Meliboeans had revolted,
he went to Italy, and founded the city Peti-
lia, or as some say, only fortified it. Sub-
niaca : in the sense of defensa.
404. Solves: you shall pay, or discharge.
405. Velare adopertus : be thou veiled—
covered as to your hair, with a purple veil.
Simply, cover your head with a purple veil.
From this circumstance, it is said, the Ro-
mans derived the custom of veiling or cover-
ing the head in sacrifice, and other acts of
worship. Velure. Heyne takes this active-
ly, the verb memento being understood : re-
member to veil yourlocks, covering them, &c.
406. Honore. Ruteus says, cultu.
409. Casti : in the sense of pii. Relligi-
one: rites—ceremonies.
410. Admoverit: in the sense of appule-
rit, vel attulerit.
411. Claustra : the straits of narrow Pe-
lorus shall widen—grow wider. Pelorus is
the northern promontory of Sicily : hodie,
Capo di Faro. It is separated from Italy by
the straits of Messina. As AEneas approach
ed, the shores would appear to separate
and grow wider.
412. Latva Tellus. Helenus advises/Eneas,
as so n as he had approached Sicily so
near tº at the straits of Pelorus should ap-
pear tº view, and plainly to grow wider, it
#
*.
*
268
AEquora circuitu :
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
dextrum fuge litus et undas.
414. Homines ferunt Haec loca, vi quondam et vastá convulsa ruiná,
haee loca, quondam con-
vulsa vi, et vastá ruiná
(Tantùm a vilonginqua valet mutare vetustas),
Dissiluisse ferunt :
415
cúm protinús utraque tellus -
TJna foret, venit medio vi pontus, et undis
Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit, arvaque et urbes
419. Angustoque ºs- Litore diductas angusto interluit aestu.
tu interluit arva, et urbes
diductas, quasque suo li-
tore
Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Charybdis
Obsidet: atque imo barathriter gurgite vastos
420
Sorbet in abruptum fluctus, rursusque sub auras
426. Prima facies est
hominis, et illa est virgo
cum pulchro pectore,
Erigit alternos, et sidera verberat undā.
At Scyllam caesis cohibet spelunca latebris,
Ora exsertantem, et naves in saxa trahentem.
425
tends pube: postrema Prima hominis facies, et pulchro pectore virgo
pars, est pristis cum im- Pube tentis: postrema immani corpore pristis,
**P*.*.*.*.* Delphinām caudas utero commissa luporum.
quoad caudas Delphi-
hūm utero luporum
429. Praestat te ces-
Santem lustrare metas
Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni
Cessantem, longos et circumflectere cursus,
Quâm semel informem vasto widisse sub antro
430
NOTES.
would then be time to alter his course to
the left, and coast down the eastern shore
of Sicily, rather than venture through the
strait, the passage of which was attended
with many difficulties and dangers to those
who were not acquainted with it.
415. Longinqua vetustas a vi : in the sense
of longa duratio temporis potest mutare res
tantùm. Ferunt : they report.
416. Cilm wiraque tellus : when each
land was entirely one—united and formed
one contiguous tract. It is supposed that
Sicily at first was united to Italy, and rent
or torn from it by some convulsion of ma-
ture; and there is some ground for such a
supposition. Virgil here gives us a full ac-
count of the tradition.
417. Pontus: in the sense of fretum.
418. Abscidit: in the sense of separavit.
It separated the Italian shore from the
Sicilian.
419. Angusto aestu; with a narrow strait
or current, flows between, &c. meaning the
straits of Pelorus, now Messina, which se-
parate Sicily from Italy. Diductas: in the
sense of disjunctas.
420. Seylla—Charybdis. Scylla, is a rock
lying in the straits of Messina on the Ita-
lian side. Charybdis, a dangerous whirl-
ool opposite to Scylla, on the Sicilian side.
hese rendered the passage of the straits
very dangerous. . . They were represented
by the poets as hideous monsters.
Scylla was the daughter of Phorcus,
whom Circe is said to have transformed into
this monster, because she was her rival.
Charybdis is said to have been a rapacious
prostitute, who, having stolen the oxen of
Hercules, was thunderstruck by Jupiter, and
Jhrown into the sea, where she was changed
into this devouring whirlpool. See Ecl. vi.
74. Implacata: insatiable—greedy. Ru-
aus says, immamis. Obsidet: in the sense
of occupat.
421. Atque imo gurgite: and thrice she
swallows the vast waves precipitately into
the deep gulf of her maw, and again raises
them alternate on high, and strikes the
stars. Charybdis is represented as a hum-
gry and voracious monster. In abruptum,
may be taken adverbially, denoting the ra-
pidity and quickness with which she absorbs
the water. Taken as a sub. it conveys no
additional idea : it is merely expletive.
425. Eacsertantem: in the sense of pan-
dentem. It agrees with Scyllam. She is
here represented as a most hideous monster;
her upper part down to her waist resembling
a human being, while her parts below were
a huge Pristis, whose belly resembled that
of a wolf, with the tail of a dolphin.
426. Hominis : gen, of homo. It is here
used in the sense of humana. Homo pro-
perly signifies a man or woman—the human
kind. Prima facies: in the sense of supe-
rior pars.
428. Commissa : in the sense of conjuncta.
It is a part, adj. agreeing with pristis. This
is a fish of the whale kind, said to be of
great length. Pliny mentions one of them
in the Indian sea, to have been two hundred
cubits in length. -
429. Lustrare : in the sense of circum-
navigare. Pachyni. Pachynum is the south-
ern promontory of Sicily. Trinacrii; an
adj. from Trinacria, a name of Sicily, from
its triangular figure, or form. Hodie, Capo
Passaro. -
430. Cessantem: delaying.
{ AENEIS. LIB. III.
269
Scyllam, et coeruleis canibus resonantia saxa.
Praeterea, si qua est Heleno prudentia, wati
Si qua fides, animum si velis implet Apollo;
434. Si qua fides est
Unum illud tibi, nate Dea, præque omnibus unum. 435 Habenda et Vati; “Apol-
Praedicam, et repetens iterumque iterumque monebo.
Junonis magnæ primūm prece numen adora :
Junoni cane vota libens, dominamaue potentem
Supplicibus supera donis: sic denique victor
Trinacrià fines Italos mittére relictà.
Huc ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem,
Divinosque lacus, et Averna sonantia Sylvis,
Insanam watem aspicies, quae rupe sub imä
Fata canit, foliisque notas et nomina mandat.
Quaecunque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo,
Digerit in numerum, atque antro seclusa relinquit:
Illa manent immota locis, neque ab ordine cedunt.
Werúm eaderm verso tenuis cum cardine ventus
Impulit, et teneras turbavit janua frondes;
Nunquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo,
Nec revocare situs, aut jungere carmina curat.
Inconsulti abeunt, sedemgue odère Sibyllae.
Hic tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti,
Quamvis increpitent socii, et vi cursus in altum
435. Praedicam tibi
unum, unumque prae
omnibus, et repetens
illud iterumque iterum-
440 que monebo te
441. Ubi tu delatus
huc accesseris -"
445
448. Verúm clim te-
nuis ventus impulit
450 eadern
450. Curat prendere
folia volitantia cavo
Saxo, nec
Vela vocet, possisque sinus implere secundos;
455
NOTES.
432. Saara: and the rocks resounded with
sea-green dogs. This interprets that part
of the fable respecting the lower part of
the monster resembling dogs, or wolves.
The waves, dashing against the rocks in the
lower part, caused a hoarse growling moise,
which resembled that of a dog, or the howl-
ing of a wolf See Ecl. vi. 74, and Æn. I.
200. Virgil took this description from the
Odyssey of Homer, Lib. xii.
433. Prudentia: in the sense of scientia.
436. JMonebo: in the sense of inculcabo.
JWumen: Rugeus says, divinitatem.
438. Cane : offer vows to Juno.
says, fer, vel ferto.
of reginam.
441. Cwmgºam : an adj. from Cwmce, a city
of Campania, but long since destroyed.
See Ecl. iv. 4. -
442. Divines lacus. The lakes of Aver-
nus and Lucrinus are here called divine,
probably on account of their nearness to
the cave of the Sibyl. The lake Avernus,
(plu. Averna,) was formerly surrounded
with high woods, which occasioned a very
noxious atmosphere ; so that it is said no
bird could fly over it without being suffoca-
ted. Hence it derived its name. From the
noxious quality of its waters, the poets
º it to be the mouth of hell. See AEn.
1, 1:30.
443. Insanam watem: the inspired pro-
phetess,
444. Cant: here, in the sense of expli-
Ruseus
Dominam: in the sense
cat, vel aperit. JMandat : in the sense of
inscribit. JNotas: her characters. JNomina:
words—prophecies.
Varro informs us, that the prophecies of
the Sibyl were written on the leaves of the
palm-tree.
445. Carmina. Carmen properly signi
fies a verse or song. But because the re
sponses were delivered in poetic numbers,
carmen came to signify, as here, a prophecy,
or prediction. Descripsit: in the sense of
$nscripsit.
446. Digerit in numerum : she places in
measure—she arranges in poetic numbers.
Seclusa : a part. of secludor : laid by them-
selves in her cave.
449. Janua; the door being open, hath
deranged. Saavo: for antro.
451. Revocare : in the sense of restituere,
452. Inconsulti : without receiving ad
vice—unadvised. Homines is understood
453. Ne qua dispendia morte : let no ex:
pense, of delay be to you of so much value,
(importance,) but that you go to the pro-
phetess, &c.
455. Secundos sinus : prosperous sails—
full sails. Sinus is properly the middle, or
belly of the sail; here put for the whole sail.
The expression implies that the wind be
fair for prosecuting their voyage. It would
be better to read this and the preceding line
as a parenthesis. Pi : in the sense of ves
hementer.
270
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
456. Poscasque, pre- Quin adeas watem, precibusque oracula poscas .
cibus wi ipsa canat ora-
cula, volensque resolvat
VO (26 II] ~.
Ipsa canat, vocemgue volens atque ora resolvat.
Illa tibi Italiae populos, venturaque bella,
453, Illa expediet tibi Et quo quemgue modo fugiasque ferasque laborem,
populos Italia
Expediet; cursusque dabit venerata secundos.
460
460. Illa venerata da- Haec sunt, quae nostrà liceat te voce moneri.
bit
Wade, age, et ingentem factis fer ad athera Trojam.
Quae postguam vates sic ore effatus amico est,
Dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto
Imperat ad naves ferri, stipatolue carinis
465
Ingens argentum, Dodonaeosque lebetas,
Loricam consertam hamis, auroque trilicem,
Et conum Insignis gakae, cristasque comantes,
Arma Neoptolemi: Sunt et sua dona parenti.
Addit equos, additgue duces ;
470
Remigium supplet: socios simul instruit armis.
Intereà classem velis aptare jubebat
- . Anchises, ſieret vento mora ne qua ferenti.
478. Necesse est ut Quem Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore:
preterlahare hane prow- Conjugio Anchisa Veneris dignate superbo,
475
imam parten Italiº Pe. Cura Deûm, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis,
lago
479. Illa pars Auso-
niae est procul, quam.
Apollo pandit tibi
Ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus: hanc arripe velis.
Et tamen hanc pelago praeterlabare necesse est.
Ausoniae parsilla procul, quam pandit Apollo
NOTES.
457. Canat: reveal—disclose—declare.
460. Earpediet : in the sense of earplicabit.
463. Postguám: in the sense of cūm.
464. Dehine : in the sense of deinde.
Gravia auro ; heavy with gold and ivory.
Ivory is the tooth of the elephant, cut and
polished.
465. Stipat : stows, or crowds in his ships
a great mass of silver. Carinis: properly,
the keels; here taken for the ships, by
synec. -
466. Dodonaeos lebetas: Dodonean kettles
—kettles made of Dodonean brass. Dodona
was a city of Epirus, whose brass was much
celebrated. Here Jupiter had a very cele-
brated temple. The manner of deiivering
the oracles in this temple, we are told, was
by a certain number of brass kettles sus-
pended, so as to touch each other; and any
motion communicated to any one of them,
would be given to the rest. From the
sounds thus emitted, the meaning of the
oracle was gathered by the priests.
467. Loricam. The Lorica was a coat of
armour, which covered the body down as
far as the waist. It was at first made of
leathern thongs, whence it derived its name.
It was afterwards made of thin plates (la-
mina) of iron, linked together with hooks
or rings. These plates were sometimes
single, sometimes double, and triple. The
one here mentioned was of the latter form.
Hamis auroque : for aureis hamis, by hend.
The meaning is, that this coat of armour
was of triple fold, or consisting of three
plates (trilicem) of iron, fastened (consertam)
together with gold rings, or hooks.
468. Conum. Whatever has the form of
the fruit of the pine may be called conus,
a cone. This form is round, and diminish-
ing to the top. Hence it is taken for that
part of the helmet, which rises at the top,
and supports the crest, or plume. All these
accusatives are governed by the verb stipat.
469. Sua dona : there are also for my
father his own gifts—gifts suitable to his
dignity. Arma JNeoptolemi. The coat of
mail, the helmet, and the crest, had belonged
to Pyrrhus; at whose death, they fell to
Helenus, as his successor. Sua : in the sense
of propria ve! apta -
470. Duces: pilots to direct their course.
471. Remigium: in the sense of remiges.
473. Ferenti: blowing fair. Rugeus says,
faventi. Interpres: in the sense of vales.
475. Anchisa: O Anchises, honored with
the exalted bed (embrace) of Venus, the
care, &c.
476. Erepte: agreeing with Anchisa.
He was twice saved from the ruins of Troy:
first when it was taken by Hercules, and a
second time, when destroyed by the Greeks.
477. Arripe hanc: take possession of it
with your ships—direct your course to it.
Pelis : in the sense of navibus; so says
gººfa.
Ruasus. } .
478. Pratterlabare: in the sense of navi-
ges ultrà. . -
479. Pandit: in the sense of ostendit
AENEIS. LIB. III. 271
Wade, ait, Ö felix nati pietate : quid ultrà 480
Provehor, et fando surgentes demoror Austros ?
Nec minus Andromache, digressu moesta supremo,
Fert picturatas auri subtemine vestes,
Et Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem; mec cedit honori.
Textilibusque onerat donis, ac talia fatur. 485
Accipe et ha-c, manuum tibi quae monumenta mearum
Sint, puer, et longum Andromachae testentur amorem,
Conjugis Hectoreae. Cape dona extrema tuorum,
O mihi sola mei super Astyanactis imago
Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat;
Et nunc aquali tecum pubesceret aevo.
489. O tu quº es sola
490 imago mei Astyanactis
super mihi
Hos ego digrediens lachrymis affabar obortis :
Wivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta
Jam sua : nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur.
Vobis parta quies; nullum finaris a quor arandum ;
Arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retrö
•. sº
481. Provehor: in the sense of procedo.
.Austros here is taken for wind in general,
the species for the genus.
482. JNec minºs: likewise Andromache,
sad at our departure, brings garments
wrought (embroidered) with a thread of
gold.
Heyne conjectures these vestments were
wrought with the needle ; and accordingly
takes subtemine awri, for a thread of gold.
He also takes picturatas in the sense of pic-
tas. Her presents of the loom teactilibus
donis, are mentioned, verse 485, and are dif-
ferent from these. e
484. Chlamydem. The Chlamys was pro-
perly a military garment, a cassock, which
the general wore over his corslet. It was
embroidered with needlework, of which the
| Phrygians were the inventors. JNec cedit
Shonori: nor does she fall below her dignity.
JNecmalèrespondet ejus dignitati, says Ruteus.
Scaurus explains the word thus: non cedit
Heleno liberalitate et munificentia, taking
honori for honore in the abl. Servius says,
Tanta dat munera, quanta merebatur Asca-
nius : nor is her bounty disproportionate to
the merit and quality of its object.
485. Onerat teactilibus donis : and she
loads him with woven presents—presents,
the production of her loom. It was usual
for women of the highest rank to be enga-
ged in the works of the loom, as appears
from the story of Penelope, the wife of
Ulysses.
486. Puer, accipe et haec: O boy, take
even these, which, &c. JMonumenta ; me-
morials. Et, here is plainly in the sense of
etiam, aut quoque. -
487. Longum : lasting—continuing long.
489. O sola imago : O thou, the only
image of my Astyanax, remaining to me !
Super, here is plainly in the sense of super-
493. Vivite felices, vus,
quibus
494. Vocamurex aliis
495 fatis in alia fata. Quies
parta est vobis
NOTES.
stes, vel supervivens Rugeus says, Que
restat. Heyne, quae superes, in the 2d pers.
Astyanax was the son of Hector and An-
dromache. . His name is compounded of
two Greek words, and signifies the king of
a city. After the destruction of Troy, the
Greeks were delayed for some time from
returning home by contrary winds. In the
mean time, Chalcas, their augur and pro-
phet, declared that Astyanax must be put
to death. For if he lived, he would prove
a greater hero than his father, and would
avenge his country. Whereupon Ulysses,
having discovered where his mother had
hid him, killed him, by throwing him from
the wall. .
490. Sic ille ferebat: just so he moved his
eyes, just so his hands, just so his counte-
nance: he had just such eyes—just such
hands, &c. This reflection of Andromache
is extremely delicate and moving. It is the
voice of nature. She immediately adds: Et
ww.nc, &c. This suggests the delight she
would have felt to have seen Iülus, and As-
tyanax together, engaged in friendship, and
fond of the same pursuits.
It may be observed, that while Helenus
gives presents to Anchises and Æneas, An-
dromache is entirely taken up with Asca-
nius, and the recollection of her lost Asiya-
naw. She confines her gifts to him alone.
491. ‘Et nunc pubesceret ; and now he
would be of equal age with thee, if he had
lived. --
492. Obortis: gushing from my eyes.
494. JNos vocamur eac aliis in : we arc
called from one series of calamities to an-
other. -
496. Cedentia : a part. agreeing with
arva retreating, or fleeing backward. It
implies an impatience on the part of Æneas
to arrive at, and take possession of his des-
272
P. VIRGILll MARONIs
* Quaerenda : effigiem Xanthi, Trojamque videtis,
*. Quam vestrae fecere manus, melioribus, opto,
Auspiciis, et quae fuerit minus obvia Grails.
Si quando Tybrim vicinaque Tybridis arva
Intràro gentique mea data moenia cernam :
502. Faciemus olim Cognatasque urbes olim, populosque propinquos
cognatasque urbes, pro-
pinquosque populos, tuos
in Epiro, meos in Hespe- .
“ia, quibus idem Darda-
nus fuit auctor, atque
Trojam animis: maneat nostros ea cura nepotes.
Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta :
Epiro, Hesperiá, quibus idem Dardanus auctor,
Atque idem casus, unam faciemus utramgue
505
quibus fuit idem casus, Unde iter Italiam, cursusque brevissimus undis.
facierºs, inquam, utram- Sol ruit interea, et montes umbrantur opaci.
que Trojam esse unam
tlı111111S
f
Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam,
Sortiti remos; passimdue in litore sicco
510.
Corpora curamus : fessos sopor irrigat artus.
Necdum orbem medium nox horis acta Subibat.
Haud segnis strato surgit Palinurus, et omnes
Explorat ventos, atque auribus aéra captat.
516. Circumspicit Arc- Sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia coelo, sº
turum, pluviasque
º 515
Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, geminosque"Triones,
NOTES.
timed country. And, although he had been
several years in pursuit of it, it was still at
a great distance. The verb sunt is to be
supplied with quaerenda. -
497. Effigiem Xanthi : the image or re-
presentation of Xanthus. It appears that
Andromache gave the name of Xanthus to
some river of Epirus, and also the name of
Troy to some town. Xanthus was a river
of Troy, the same as Scamander. Homer
says its first name was given by the gods,
but the latter by men.
499. JMelioribus auspiciis : for better for-
tune. Obvia : in the sense of ea posita.
501. Data : in the sense of destinata.
502. Olim. This word refers to time past,
and also to time to come. This last is the
meaning here—hereafter. .
504. Faciemus olim cognatas : we will
make hereafter the kindred cities, and re-
sembling people (yours) in Epirus, (and
mine) in Italy, &c. Buthrotus, the city of
Helenus, bore some resemblance, perhaps,
to old Troy; or this may be the city which
he called by the name of Troy. AEneas,
when he arrived in Italy, intended to build
a city, and call it Troy; each of which
cities, wtramgue Trojam, he designed should
be one in affection and good will. The
distance of the Tiber from Epirus is too
great to justify the taking of propinquos in
the sense of vicinos, as Rugeus has it. Mr.
Davidson renders it by allied, (near of kin;)
but this is mere tautology. That relation
is sufficiently expressed by cognatas. It ap-
pears the better to understand it, of the
people resembling each other in manners,
ustoms, and habits; both having descend-
ed from the same stock, Dardanus being the
parent (auctor) and founder of both. Casus.
fortune—calamity.
506. Ceraunia: neu. plu. These were
exceeding high mountains on the north of
Epirus, so called from their being much ex-
posed to thunder. They are sometimes
called Acroceraunia. They lie over against
the promontory of Iðpygium. Here the dis-
tance between Italy and Epirus is the short-
est; it is said about 50 miles. The prep.
in or ad is understood to govern Italiam.
508. Ruit : in the sense of occidit.
509. Sternimur : in the sense of the mid-
dle voice of the Greeks: we throw ourselves
down upon the bosom of the wished for land.
510. Sorlitz remos: having distributed the
oars by lot—having cast lots for the oars,
to see who should perform the duty of oars-
men. This they did before they retired to
rest, that they might start the following day
without hindrance or delay. Ad undam
refers to sternimur, and not to sortiti, as in
some copies. - º -
511. Curamus : we refresh our bodies.
Irrigat; invigorates. This is a beautiful
metaphor. It is taken from the effect and
influence which gentle showers, or perco-
lating streams, have upon the thirsty land,
and parched herbs. - -
512. Acta : in the sense of provecta. JNec-
dum, &c. This is a fine circumlocution to
denote that it was not yet midnight.
516. Arcturum. Arcturus, a star near the
tail of the Great Bear: it rises about the
beginning of October. See Geor. i. 68. Hy-
adas : they are said to have been the daugh-
ters of Atlas, king of Mauritania, in Africa
AENEIS
I,IB , III 2.73
Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.
Postguam cuncta videt coelo constare sereno,
Dat clarum é puppi signum; nos castra movemus,
Tentamusque viam, et velorum pandimus alas.
520
Jamgue rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis;
Cüm procul obscuros colles, humilemgue videmus
Italiam.
Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant.
Tum pater Anchises magnum cratera coroná
Italiam primus conclamat Achates;
525
Induit, implevitºlue mero, Divosque vºvit,
Stans celså in puppi :
Di, maris et terra tempestatumque potentes,
Ferte viam vento facilem, et spirate secundi.
Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit
528. O Di, inquit, po
tentes maris -
530
Jam propior, templumque apparet in arce Minervae.
Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent.
Portus ab Eoo fluctu curvatur in arcum ;
Objecta salså spumant aspergine cautes:
Ipse latet: gemino demittunt brachia muro
Turriti scopuli, refugitolue à litore templum.
535 535. Portus ipse latet
NOTEs.
who, grieving immoderately for the death
of their brother Hyas, who had been killed
by a wild boar, pined away, and died. They
were five in number. After their death they
were transferred to the heavens, and made
stars near the constellation Taurus. The
ancients supposed their rising and setting
to be always attended with much rain.
Their name is derived from a Greek word
signifying to rain. Triones ; the greater
and lesser bear, two constellations near the
north pole. - *
517. Oriona: a Greek acc. Orion is a
constellation near the feet of the bull. It
rises about the first of March, and rains and
storms were supposed to attend it. Hence
Virgil gave it the epithets nimbosus, and
aquosus. Æn. i., 535. and iv. 52. Orion
was a celebrated hunter, and companion of
Diana. Being bit by a serpent, he lost his
life. The gods, taking pity on him, trans-
lated him to the heavens. His constellation
is very lucid, consisting of many very bright
stars, particularly in his belt or girdle, in
which his sword hangs. He is here said to
be armed with gold, on account of his many
iucid stars. - - -
518. Widet cuncta constare: he sees all
things to indicate fair weather—all the signs
to agree in indicating fair weather. Post-
quam videt coelum habere omnia, quº signifi-
cant serenitatem, says Servius.
519. JMovemus castra. This was a mili-
tary expression, denoting the commence-
ment of march, from the place of encamp-
ment. -
520. Tentamus: in the sense of incipimus.
522. Humilem. Rugeus thinks Italy is
bere called low, either because in that part,
sharp rock.
there are no mountains, because the high-
est parts appear low when seen at a dis-
tance—or because the sea every where ap-
pears higher than the land. He interprets
it by planam. -
525. Induit magnum ; he crowned a large
bowl with a garland. Corongre poculum,
sometimes, signifies no more than simply to
fill it up to the brim. But, in the present
case, it is taken literally, to adorn the bow
with flowers; otherwise what follows will be
mere tautology. Mero. Merum, aere, is
taken for wine in general; the species for
the genus. Induit: in the sense of cinarit.
528. Potentes: in the sense of praesides
vel rectores. Minelius beautifully illustrates
the design of this libation: JMaris, quod na-
vigo; terrae, quam peto; tempestatum, quas
timemus. &
529. Ferte: in the sense of date. Spirate
secundi: and blow propitious upon us.
531. Templum Minervae. Strabo mentions
a temple of Minerva, on the promontory of
Iapygium, which is the one most probably
meant. Legunt: in the sense of colligunt.
.Arce : for monte. -
533. Portus curvatur: the port is curved
into (the form º a bow by the eastern
waves, and the cliffs opposite each other
foam with salt spray, occasioned by the
dashing of the waves against them. These
two projecting cliffs formed the mouth of
the harbor. E06: the adj. Eois is derived
from a Greek word signifying the morn-
ing—also, the East. This part of Italy is
washed on the east by the Ionian sea. Heyne
reads Euroo, from the sub. Eurus. . -
536. Scopuli, Scopulus is properly a high
Those here mentioned resem
19
274
P. VIRGILll MARONIS
537. He widi in gra-Quatuor hic, primum omen, equos in gramine widi
mine primum
nempe, quatuor equos &
mivali candore, tonden-
tes
ses ºnquet
* Tondentes campum laté, candore nivali.
Et pater Anchises: Bellum, Ó terra hospita, portas:
Bello armantur equi: bellum habc armenta minantur
539. Et pater Anchi- Sed tamen idem olim curru succedere sueti 54]
Quadrupedes, et frana jugo concordia ferre :
Spes est pacis, ait. Tum numina sancta precamur
Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantes: -
545
545.Et velamur quoad Et capita ante º Phrygio Velamur amictu;
capita Phrygio amictu Praeceptisque H.
ante ejus aras; eacque
praeceptis Heleni,
548 Haud mora est
i, dederat quae maxima, rité
Junoni Argivae jussos adolemus honores.
Haud mora : continué, perfectis ordine votis,
Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum,
Grajugenömgue domos, suspectaque linquimus arva. 550
Hinc sinus Herculei, si vera est fama, Tarenti
Cernitur.
Attollit Se Diva Lacinia contrà,
Caulonisque arces, et navifragum Scylacaeum.
Tum procul é fluctu Trinacria cernitur AEtna :
NOTES.
bled towers, and stretched forth on both
sides in the form of arms, making a double
wall. Refugut. While they were at a dis-
tance, the temple appeared near the shore;
but, as they approached, the distance be-
tween it and the port seemed to increase.
It receded, or fled, from the shore.
537. Hèc vid; : here I saw the first omen.
It was a custom among the ancients care-
fully to observe the first objects which pre-
sented at landing in a country where they
designed to form settlements: and hence to
draw prognostics of their future good or bad
fortune. Tondentes: in the sense of carpen-
tes. Gramine : in the sense of pratis.
539. Hospita. This Rugeus interprets by
hospitalis; but that illy agrees with portas
bellum. Mr. Davidson renders it, foreign:
..o which we are strangers,
541. Curru : for currwi, the dat. See
Ecl. v. 29. Concordia frana: the gentle
reins. This implies perfect submission to
the will of the driver. Jugo. Jugum pro-
perly signifies the yoke which passes over
the necks of the horses, and holds up the
tongue or pole of the carriage. Here, per-
haps, the harness in general. Olim: in the
sense of diu. -
543. JNſumina: ir the sense of divinilatem.
544. Armisonſe: sounding in arms. This
is an epithet of Pallas, or Minerva, as god-
dess of war. Ovantes: in the sense of laptos.
JNos is understood.
547. Adolemus jussos honores. Rubeus in-
terprets these words by, offerimus praescripta
sacrificia. Jussos : ordered, or appointed
by Helenus. See 435. supra, et sequens.
548. Continuo: immediately—forthwith.
Ruteus considers it an adj. agreeing with
ordine. Perfectis: ir the sense of persolutis,
lon, or Caulonia.
549. Welatarum antennarum. The anten-
na, were spars or yards which crossed the
mast, to which the sails were fastened and
suspended. The extremities of them were
called cornua. By shifting or turning his
sails, he would naturally alter his course.
He now sails southward; and, as he passes
along, he gives us a very particular descrip-
tion of the country. He takes his depar-
ture from the promontory of Iapygium.
551. Tarenti. Tarentum was a famous
city and port at the northern extremity of
the Sinus Tarentinus, founded by Taras, the
son of Neptune, according to Straba. The
same author informs us that Hercules had
here a colossus of brass, made by Lysippus,
which Fabius JMaarimus carried to Rome.
Not only the city, but also the adjacent
country, was famous for the actions of that
hero. Hence the poet gives it the epithet,
Herculean.
552. Contrå; on the other side (of the
bay) the goddess Lacinia raises herself.
Diva Lacinia is here put for the temple of
the goddess, by meton. Lacinia as an epi-
thet of Juno, taken from the promontory
Lacinium, on which the temple stood.
553. Arces Coulonis: the towers of Cau-
Caulon was a city far-
ther south, at first called Aulonia, from a
valley, which was in sight. It was founded
by the Greeks. , Scylacteum. This was a city
situated near the southern extremity of a
bay of that name, founded by a colony of
Athenians, according to Strabo. The na-
vigation on this coast was dangerous.-
Hence it is called navifragum. ,
554. AEtna: a well known mountain and
volcano on the island of Sicily. It is said
to be sixty miles in circumference at its


AENEIS. LIB, III &
275
Et gemitum ingentem pelagi, pulsataque saxa
556
Audimus longé, fractasque ad litora voces;
Exultantgue vada, atque aestu miscentur arena”.
Et pater Anchises: Nimirüm hacilla Charybdis :
Hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat.
Eripite, 6 socii, pariterque insurgite remis.
Haud minus ac jussi faciunt: primusque rudentem
Contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas:
Laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit.
Tollimur in coelum curvato gurgite, et idem
Subductà ad, Manes imos descendimus undā.
560 560. Eripite vos henc,
ô socii
561. Illi faciunt haud
minūs ac jussi facere
563. Laevam parten
remis
565
Ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedēre:
Ter spumam elisam et rorantia widimus astra.
Intereà fessos ventus cum Sole reliquit:
Ignarique via, Cyclopum allabimur oris.
568. JNos fessos cum
sole
570. Portus est immo
Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus, et ingens 570 tus ab accessu
*
NOTES.
base. Fluctu : in the sense of mari. The
meaning is: while they were a great distance
at sea.
555. Pulsata ; beaten, or lashed by the
waves. Voces: in the sense of sonitus.
Gemitum : in the sense of fremitum.
557. Vada eacultant : the shallows boil,
and the sands are mingled with the tide.
The sea breaks and foams upon the shal-
lows, and the sand is tossed up by the
whirling eddies.
559. Scopulos—saaca. Scopulus properly
signifies a high sharp rock; sazum, any
rock—rocks in general. Canebat: for prae-
dicebat.
560. Pariter: equally—all as one.
561. JMinis: in the sense of aliter.
in the sense of quâm.
562. Palinurus primus: Palinurus first
turned the creaking prow to the left waters.
Some read rudente, for rudentem, a sub. in-
stead of the part. By this they would un-
derstand a rope fastened to the side of the
ship, by the help of which the helmsman
turned the ship which way he pleased. Ru-
aus interprets it by stridentem: creaking as
it plunged into the waves.
563. Cuncta cohors: in the sense of om-
nes socić.
564. Gurgite : in the sense of fluctu.
565. JManes. These properly were that
part of the dead, which the ancients sup-
posed to be below—the shade, or ghost.
Sometimes it is used for the place of the
dead, and sometimes for the infernal gods.
The plain meaning is: that when they were
on the top of a surge, or wave, they were
elevated very high; and when they were
in a hollow between two waves, they de-
scended very low ; in other words, the sea
here was very rough. .
566. Clamorem : in the sense of sonitum.
567. Rorantia astra: the stars bedeved,
.4c:
ly about mount AEtna.
*
or besprinkled. This is an extravagant hy-
perbole. Catrou, and some others, would
understand this of the dewy drops, which
thrown up by the dashing of the waters
against the rocks, sparkled like stars in the
sun-beams. This appears to be the opinion
of Heyne.
568. Ventus cum sole. These circum-
stances have a happy effect in preparing the
reader for the following description of mount
AEtna. The winds are hushed, that the
bellowings of the mountain might be more
distinctly heard; and night is brought on
that in the dusky sky the flames might ap-
pear more conspicious.
569. Cyclopum. It is said the Cyclops
were the first inhabitants of Sicily, especial-
They are said to
have been of gigantic stature, and of a na-
ture savage, cruel, and inhospitable. Hence
the poets took occasion to represent them
of a monstrous form, having only one eye,
and that in their forehead, and as being can-
nibals. From their vicinity to AEtna, it is
said, they were employed by Vulcan in
forging the thunderbolts of Jupiter.
The port, where Æneas landed, was near
the place where the city Catanea now stands,
near the foot of mount AEtna. The Cyclops
were supposed to be the sons of Coelus and
Terra. They took their name from the
circumstance of their having but one eye.
This tradition originated from their custom
of their wearing small bucklers of steel,
which covered their faces. These had a
small aperture in the middle, which cor-
responded exactly to the eye. They were
reckoned among the gods, and had a temple
dedicated to them at Corinth. Ætna is
now called mount Gibel, and stands not far
from the eastern shore of Sicily. Its modern
name implies, the mount of mounts.
570. Ingens: in the sense of capaz.
276
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Ipse; sed'horrificis juxtà tonat AEtna ruinis:
Interdumque atram prorumpit ad bethera nubein,
'Turbine fumantem piceo et candente favillá:
Attollitoue globos flammarum, et sidera lambit
Interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera montis "
Erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras
575
Cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exa-stuat imo.
Fama est, Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus
Urgeri mole hāc, ingentemque insuper AEtnam
580. Impositam insu- Impositam, ruptis flammam expirare caminis:
Et, fessum quoties mutat latus, intremere omnem
Murmure Trinacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo.
Noctem illam tecti sylvis immania monstra
Perferimus : nec, quas sonitum det causa, videmus.
Nam neque erant astrorum ignes, nec lucidus aethrá
Sidereà polus; obscuro sed nubila coelo,
per eum
583. JNos tecti in syl-
vis perferimus
580
586
Et Lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat.
: * Postera jamgue dies primo surgebat Eoo,
Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram;
590. Nova forma viri ©
ig. ...,’’. Cúin subitó e Sylvis, macie confecta suprema,
590
suprema macie, mise- Ignoti nova forma viri, miserandaque cultu,
randaque, cultu, proce-Procedit, supplexque manus ad litora tendit.
dit é sylvis,
593. Dira illuvies eral
ei
Respicimus.
erat
Dira illuvies, immissaque barba,
Consertum tegmen spinis: at caetera Graius,
594. At quoad cetera Et quondam patris ad Trojam missus in armis.
* Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia widit
896
NOTES.
572. Prorumpit : in the sense of emittit.
573. Candente favillá; with hot, or burn-
ing embers.
574. Lambit: in the sense of tangit.
576. Eructans : in the sense of evomens.
.Avulsa : torn loose.
577. Glomerat: and whirls about melted
rocks into the air.
578. Fama est: there is a report, that the
body of Enceladus, half consumed by light-
ning, is pressed under this mass of matter;
and that ponderous AEtna being placed upon
him, casts up flames from its burst furnaces;
and as often as he, &c.
Virgil here gives us the fabulous account
of the origin of this burning mountain, and
the cause of its eruptions. Enceladus was
the chief of the Giants, and the son of Ti-
tan and Terra. In the war of the Giants
against the gods, he was struck with the
thunderbolt of Jupiter, and placed under
mount AEtna, by way of punishment: and,
as often as he turns his weary side, an
eruption follows. ... Ovid places Typhaeus,
another of the Giants, under the same
mountain. Insuper : in the sense of super.
580. Eapirare; in the sense of emittere.
583. Immania monstra : in the sense of
wnfanda prodigia. Illam noctem: in the
sense of per illam noctem. .
584. Perferimus : we enſure or suffer.
The cause of this eruption was unknown
to them—the appearances were new and
unexpected. Hence they may be called
with propriety, immania monstra.
585. Ignes : lights of the stars. Polus
lucidus : nor the heaven bright in the starry
firmament. Polus, by synec. put for the
whole heaven. - *
587. Intempesta noa: ; profound darkness.
It properly signifies the darkest time of
night—midnight. Here it denotes the qua-
lity of that night in particular, when one
face of thick darkness prevailed through the
whole night, like that which prevailed at the
midnight hour. JWimbo: in the sense of né-
buloso ačre.
588. Primo Eoo : with the first dawn.
Eous, the star Venus. When it rises before
the sun, it is called Lucifer; when setting
after him, Hesperus: here put for the dawn
of day. Aurora. See Geor. i. 249.
590. Confecta supremá : wasted away
with extreme leanness. Confecta agrees
with forma.
591. JNova forma viri ignoti; simply, a
man unknown to us. -
594. Tegmen consertum ; his covering
sewed, or fastened together with thorns. It
probably consisted of the leaves of trees.
Ruteus says, vestis conteata spinis. At ca:-
tera ; but as to other things—his stature,
gait, language, &c. he was a Greek.
596. Habitus: in the sensm of vestes,
* AFNEIS.
I,IB. III.
Arma procul, paulüm aspectu conterritus hapsit,
Continuitgue gradum : mox sese ad litora praeceps
Cum fletu precibusque tulit.: Per sidera testor,
Per Superos, atque hoc coeli spirabile lumen,
Tollite me, Teucri; quascunque abducite terras:
Scio me Danais & classibus unum,
Hoc sat erit.
Et bello Iliacos fateor petiise Penates.
600 600. O Teucri, inquit,
testor vos per sidera, per
Superos
602. Scio me
limit! II?
esse
Pro quo, si sceleristanta est injuria nostri,
Spargite me in fluctus, vastoque immergite ponto.
605
Si pereo, manibus hominum periise juvabit.
Dixerat: et genua amplexus, genibusque volutans
Haerebat.
Quisit, fari, quo sanguine Cretus,
Hortamur; quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri.
Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus, 610
Dat juveni, atque animum praesenti pignore firmat.
Ille hac, deposità tandem formidine, fatur:
Sum patrià ex Ithacă, comes infelicis Ulyssei,
Nomen Achemenides: 'Trojam, genitore Adamasto
Paupere, mansissetdue utinam fortuna profectus.
Hic me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt,
Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro
608. Hortamur eum
fari, qui sit, et ea quo
sanguine cretus est; de-
inde fateri, quae
614. Achemenides est
nomen mihi : profectus
sum Trojam
616. Hic socii imme-
mores mei deseruère me
in vasto antro Cyclopis,
dum
615
NOTES.
597. Haesit: hesitated—paused.
599. Testor : in the sense of precor.
600. Hoc spirabile lumen ; by this vital
light of heaven—by this light (air) of hea-
ven, which we breathe, and by which we
live. Lumen : in the sense of ačr, vel
(Tºº"(ſ.
603. lliacos Penates. The Penates pro-
perly were the household gods—the gods of
one’s country. Hence the word came to
signify, one's house and country, and what-
ever a person, held most dear, by meton.
See AEm. ii. 717.
604. Pro quo: for which—for his being a
Greek, and having taken part in the war
against Troy. Sceleris injuria. Ruteus says,
iniquitas criminis. Si scelus meum tantum
est, says Heyne.
605. Spargite: in the sense of projicite :
tear me in pieces, and cast me into the sea.
606. Si pereo, &c. Dr. Wharton makes
the following reflections upon this passage.
Nothing, says he, can more forcibly strike the
imagination, than these circumstances of
the wandering Trojans, sheltered in a wood,
upon an unknown coast, and hearing strange
and terrible noises during a dark and moon-
less night; and not knowing whence the
dreadful sounds proceeded, or by what they
might be occasioned. At daybreak, how
sudden and great the surprise, to see the
ghastly figure of a man, who first runs to-
wards them with great precipitation, as if
to beg some assistance; but suddenly starts
pack at the sight of Trojan habits and arms.
At last, recovering himself a little, he re-
solves to fling himself into their hands, what-
ever might be the consequence. Received
into a vessel, he gives them the dreadful
narration of Polyphemus, informs them that
this was the island of the Cyclops, begs
them to leave it instantly, and concludes
most pathetically, that if he must die, it
would be some comfort to him to perish by
the hands of men, and not by monsters.
607. Amplea w8 : embracing our knees,
and falling upo his own knees, he clung
to us. Servius observes, that the several
members of the body were consecrated to
particular deities: the ear, to memory; the
knees, to mercy; the right hand, to faith.
Suppliants were accustomed to throw, or
cast themselves upon their knees, and em-
brace those of the person of whom they
asked or begged any thing.
608. Cretus : in the sense of ortus.
610. Hawd multa moratus : delayed not
a moment. *
611. Prasenti pigmore. The right hand
among all nations is considered a pledge of
friendship. Praesens here signifies, ready—
propitious. So adsum, I am present, signi-
fies also, to favor—to be propitious.
613. Ithacá : an island in the Ionian sea.
It formed a part of the dominion of Ulys-
ses. Hodie, Isola del Compare.
614. Adamasto: Adamastus my father be-
ing a poor man. He mentions his poverty as
an excuse for his going to the war; it was
not his choice. Sinon pleads the same ex-
cuse. See AEn. ii. 87. Utinam: I wish the
same state of poverty had remained to me !
617. Cyclopis. Polyphemus is here meant.
It is said he was the son of Neptune and
Thoosa, the daughter of Phorcys. It
said that Ulysses, on his return from T'
278
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
618. Ijus domus in- Deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis,
tus est opaca, Ingens,
plena sanie
* Intus opaca, ingens: ipse arduus, altaque pulsat
Sidera ; Di, talem terris avertite pestemſ
620
Nec visu facilis, nec dictu affabilis ulli.
Wisceribus miserorum, et sanguine vescitur atro.
623 Egomet widi, clim Widi egomet, duo de numero clim corpora nostro,
ille resupinus in medio
antro frangeret duo cor-
pora de nostro numero,
Prensa manu magnā, medio resupinus in antro,
Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque aspersa natarent
orensa magna manº, ad Limina: Vidi, atro cum membra fluentia tabo
Söll (UIIIl
Manderet, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus.
628 Fecit, id quidem Haud impuné quidem : nec talia passus Ulysses,
haud impuné: nec Ulys-
ses passus est talia
Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto.
Nam simul expletus dapibus, vinoque sepultus
630
Cervicem inflexam posuit, jacuit'lue per antrum
Immensus, saniem eructans ac frustra cruento
& Per somnum commixta mero; nos, magna precati
Numina, sortitique vices, unā undique circum
Fundimur, et telo lumenterebramus acuto
635
Ingens, quod torvá solum sub fronte latebat,
NOTES.
visited Sicily, and the straits of Messina.
He lost a part of his fleet in the whirlpool
of Charybdis. This was a dangerous place
to all who attempted to pass the straits. It
gave rise to this proverb : Incidit in Scyllam,
qui vult vitare Charybdim, implying that in
avoiding one evil, we frequently fall into
a greater. But no whirlpool is now to be
found, sufficiently large to answer to the
description given by the poets and other an-
cient writers. It is probable some change
qas been effected in this part of the sea in
the course of time.
621. Wec facilis visu: nor is he easy to
be looked upon, nor easy to be spoken to
by any one. His terrific aspect fills you
with dread, and deprives you of the power
of speech. Servius says: Cujus possit etiam
aspectus ferre formidinem; and Stephens:
Cujus me aspectum quidem facile quis sus-
tineat,
625. Limina aspera, Limen properly
signifies the threshold of the door; also the
door itself, by meton. If it be taken in this
sense here, then limina aspersa sanie natarent
may mean : the door being bespattered
with the blood, trickled or ran down. Ruacus
says, porta. It may be taken either way.
627. JManderet : in the sense of devoraret.
629. Ithacus : a name of Ulysses, from
‘thaca, his native island. Tanto discrimine:
in so important a crisis—in so great dan-
€r. -
g 631. Inflewam: bent, or reclined. Per-
sons in a complete state of intoxication are
unable to hold their heads erect. They re-
cline them either upon their shoulders or
breast. This was the case with Polyphe-
mus. His head was reclined before he lay
down to sleep.
632. Immensus. Some read vinmensum,
to agree with antrum. But immensus is pre-
ferable, referring to the dimensions of Po-
lyphemus. Frusta commicta : pieces (of
human bodies) mingled with bloody wine.
Per somnum is to be connected with eruc-
tans. *
634. Sortiti vices: having drawn by lot
our parts to act, all at once, we surround
him from all quarters, and dig out, &c.
Donatus thinks it should be tenebramus, in-
stead of terebremus: we darken, or extin-
guish the light of his eye : which would
express, as he thinks, the "quickness and
celerity of their action. But Homer,
whom Virgil here follows, expressly men-
tions the circumstance of the boring out of
the monster’s eye; and compares the ac-
tion of Ulysses and his companions to a
carpenter boring a piece of timber. Cir-
cilmfundimur, is probably here used in the
sense of the middle voice of the Greeks.
636. Latebat: lay concealed; because
his eye was shut in sleep. Quod solum,
&c. The Cyclops are represented as hav-
ing only one eye, and that one in their
forehead. This is doubtless a fiction. No
such people ever existed. Eustathius ex-
plains the fable thus : that in violent pas-
sion, men see only one single object, as that
passion directs; in other words, see with
one eye only ; and further, that passion
transports men into savages, and renders
them brutal and sanguinary, like Polyphe-
mus; and he, who by reason extinguishes
that passion, may be said to put out that
eye. . Others explain it by alleging that
Polyphemus was a man of uncommon wis-
dom and penetration, who is therefore re
presented as having only one eye, and that
AENEIS. LIB, III. D
279
f
Angolici clypei aut Phoebea, lampadis instar :
Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras.
Sed fugite, 6 miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem
Rumpite.
Nam, qualis quantusque cavo P
Bºhemus in antro
640
Lanigeras claudit pecudes, atque ubera pressat;
Centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgó
Infandi Cyclopes, et altis montibus errant.
Tertia jam Lunae se cornua lumine complent;
Cüm vitam in sylvis, inter deserta ferarum
645
Lustra domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas
Prospicio, somitumque pedum vocemdue tremisco.
Victum infelicem, baccas, lapidosaque corna
Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae.
Omnia collustrans, hanc primūm ad litora classem
Conspexi venientem : huic me, quaecunque fuisset,
Addixi: satis est gentem effugisse nefandam.
Vos animam hanc potius quocunque absumite leto.
Wix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte widemus
Ipsum inter pecudes vastā se mole moventem
Pastorem Polyphemum, et litora nota petentem :
Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen
ademptum. ſº
650
*
653. Satis est muſht-
effugisse
655 655. Căm videmus
summo monte, pasto-
rem Polyphemum ip-
sum, moventem se
Trunca manum pinus regit, et vestigia firmat.
Lanigerae comitantur oves : ea sola voluptas,
Solamengue mali : de collo fistula pendet.
660 660. Comitanturetºn
ea est sola voluptas ips,
NOTES.
uear his brain, to denote his superior wis-
dom and sagacity; but that Ulysses out-
witted him, and was said, for that reason,
to put out his eye.
637. Phoebeſe lampadis ; the lamp of Phoe-
bus—the orb of the Sun. The Grecian
shield was large enough to cover the whole
man: and as that was of an oval form, the
comparison denotes both the figure and mag-
nitude of this eye. •
639. JMiseri. He calls them miserable, or
unfortunave, in having come to this coast,
and being exposed to such danger. Sed
fugite. This interruption in his speech is
extremely beautiful. The fear of the Cy-
clops, and the recollection of the dangers,
which he had escaped, rush upon his mind,
and stop him for a moment, to give the
Trojans advice to flee immediately. He
then resumes the subject. f
He informs them that there were on the
island a hundred other infandi Cyclopes,
horrid Cyclops, such, and as huge as Poly-
phemus. -
645. Tertia cornua Lunae, &c. By this we
are to understand that it had been about
three lunar months since he had been in that
unhappy situation: cum traho vitam, &c.
647. Deserta lustra: the deserted dens, or
haunts. . *
649. Infelicem: poor—scanty. , Corna :
the fruit of the corneil tree. It is round,
and protected by a hard shell.
650. Pascunt : in the sense of nutriunt.
Dant: in the sense of praebent.
651. Collustrans : in the sense of circum-
spiciens. -
652. Addiari me huic: I have surrendered
myself to it, whatever it may be—I have
given myself up into your hands; do with
me as you please. -
654. Vos potitis absumite: take away this
life of mine by any death, rather thanºleave
me behind to die by the hands of these mon-
sters of rapacity. Absumite : in the sense
of perdite. .
658. Cui lumen : whose eye had been
taken out. Cui : in the sense of cujus.
The dat. is frequently used by the poets in
the sense of the gen. Est is to be supplied
with tidemptum.
659. Trunca pinus : a cut pine guides his
hand. From this we may form some idea
of his stature. His staff is the trunk of a
pine. Heyne reads manu : in his hand.
661. JMali : in the sense of miseriae vel
doloris. Fistula pendet de collo. These
words are probably spurious. They are
left out in some editions. Heinsius, Do-
natus, and Heyne reject them. Nor does
Homer mention any such circumstance
280
P. VIRGILII MARU)NIS
Postguam altos tetigit fluctus, et ad equora vent,
Luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem,
Dentibus infrendens gemitu : graditurque per aequor
Jam medium, necdum fluctus latera arduatinxit.
665
666. Nostrepidi capi-Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto
mus celerare fugam pro-
cul inde, supplice, sic
merito, recepto a nobis
sit hoc, et to sit
670. Nulla potestas
datur illi affectare nos
dextrá; mec potis est:
Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem •
Werrimus et proni certantibus aequora remis.
669, Polyphemus sen-Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit.
Verüm ubi nulla datur dextrá affectare potestas,
Nec potis Ionios fluctus aequare sequendo ;
Clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et omnes
670
673. Exterrita fuit Intremuere undae, penitàsque exterrita tellus
penitus
Italae, curvisque immugiit AEtna cavernis.
At genus é Sylvis Cyclopum et montibus altis
675
Excitum ruit ad portus, et litora complent.
Cernimus adstantes nequicquam lumine torvo
AEtnaeos fratres, coelo capita alta ferentes,
679. Tules quales clim Concilium horrendum : quales cum vertice celso
aérige quercus, aut coni-
ferae
682. Acer metus agit
&vcios praecipites excu-
tere
Aëriae quercus aut coniferae cyparissi
Constiterunt, sylva alta Jovis, lucusve Dianae.
Praecipites metus acer agit quðcunque rudentes
Excutere, et ventis intendere vela secundis.
680
*
NOTES.
whom Virgil here imitates. Ea sola voluptas,
&c. probably refers to his sheep.
663. Inde: in the sense of deinde. Or,
perhaps it may be considered merely ex-
pletive.
665. Fluctus : in the sense of aqua.
668. Certantibus : in the sense of laboran-
tibus. -
669. Somitum vocis. This may refer to
the sound of their voices. For though it is
said they went off silently ; this can only
mean, they did it with as little noise as pos-
sible. There must have been some, to give
the necessary orders. But more probably to
the sound of their oars; for vow sometimes
signifies any sound whatever.
670. Affectare deactrá : to grasp or seize
with his right hand.
The common reading is devtram, but this
is more difficult. Heyne reads deactra ;
which is approved by Valpy, although he
retains deactram. Davidson observes some
ancient copies have deatrá attrectare.
671. Fluctus: in the sense of mare.
could not equal the depth of the sea.
673. Undae intremuere. Dr. Trapp says,
this is a most noble hyperbole. Some there
are, who think it too bold. But they not
only forget the prerogative of poetry, but the
real nature of fear; which always swells
and heightens its object. Penitàs : in the
sense of intimé.
674. Immugiit : in the sense of remugiit.
675. Genus : in the sense of gens. Some
copies read gens,
He
A ,
677. Lumine : in the sense of oculo, JNe-
quicquam : in vain; because we were out of
their reach.
679. Concilium : in the sense of turbam.
680. Coniferae cyparissi: such as when
the aërial oaks, or come bearing cypresses
stand together with their lofty tops, &c.
The cypress tree bears a fruit resembling the
figure of the cone; hence called conifera.
The quercus was sacred to Jove; hence alla
sylva Jovis ; and the cypress was sacred to
Proserpina or Diana; hence lucus Dianae
682. Praecipites : in the sense of celeres.
Quocumque: for quocumque modo, in any
direction or way whatever.
683. Eaccutere rudentes. Rudentes may
be taken for those ropes, which seamen call
the sheets. By the help of these, they draw
in the sail when they wish to go near the
wind; or let it out when they sail before it,
or with a fair wind. It is usually fasten
ed to the extremity of the sail, or to the
boom or yard which extends the sail. That
it does not here mean the cables, will aps
pear, when we consider that they had al-
ready cut their cables, incidere funem, verse
667 supra, and were out at sea. Earcutere
rudentes, therefore, will be, to let out, to loose
or eactend the sheets, so as to sail before the
wind. This is more fully expressed by
intendere vela secundis vintis, to spread the
sails to the favorable winds. It was not so
much the object of Æneas, in this juncture,
to proceed on his direct course, as to sail in
AENEIS.
LIB. III 281
Contrā, jussa monent Heleni Scyllam atque Charybdim :
Inter utramgue viam, leti discrimine parvo,
685
Ni teneant cursus ; certum est dare lintea retrö.
Ecce autem Boreas angustă ă sede Pelori
Missus adest : vivo praetervehor ostia saxo
Pantagiae, Megarosque sinus, Tapsumque jacentem.
Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsúm
Litora Achemenides, comes infelicis Ulyssei.
Sicanio praetenta sinu jacet insula contra
Plemmyrium undosum : nomen dixere priores
Ortygiam. Alpheum fama est huc, Elidis amnem,
#
690. Reiegens retror
sūm litora errata jam
anté à se
690 694. Fama est Alpha-
um amnem Elidis egis-
se sibi occultas vias huc
subter mare; qui amnis
eaciens étuo ore, O Are-
thusa, nunc
NOTES.
any direction, so as to escape the hands of
the Cyclops. Heyne says, earplicare, inten-
dere, evolvere rudentes. See 267. supra.
684. Contră jussa Heleni : on the other
hand, the commands of Helenus warn (my
companions) of Scylla and Charybdis. That
they may not hold their course in either
way, in so great danger (small a distance)
of death, it is determined to sail backward.
That we may not pass near Scylla and Cha-
rybdis, nor near the monster Polyphemus,
and his associates; in either way, we should
be in imminent danger of death, we deter-
mine to spread our sails backward. The
usual explication of this passage refers
wtramque viam, to Scylla and Charybdis :
implying that the passage between the rock
Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis was
dangerous, and º: & morte distare. The
explanation, referring utramgue viam both
to the straits of JMessina, and the Cyclops,
appears the easiest. In order to shun the
dangers of each, they determined to sail
back into the open sea, or from whence they
came. The wind probably at that moment
blew from the south, and prevented them
from pursuing their direct course. But
shifting to the north, they changed their
purpose, and sailed down the eastern shore
of Sicily. This, and the two following lines,
Heyne conjectures are an interpolation.
685. Discrimine : in the sense of spatio,
vel distantia; also, of periculo.
686. JN'i : in the sense of me.
in the sense of vela.
687. Pelori. Pelorus is the northern pro-
montory of Sicily, forming, with Italy, the
strails of JMessina, so called from a city of
that name on the Sicilian shore. These
straits are about one mile and a half wide.
The wind blowing from them, was fair for
him to sail down the eastern shore of Sicily,
according to the direction of Helenus. It
is here called Boreas, because it came from
the north. Æneas speaks of this wind as a
person sent, or commissioned by Heaven to
aid and assist him : JMissus adest. Angusta
sede. Rugeus says: angusto freto.
689. Pantagiº ostia. , Pantagia was a
small river, whose mouth (ostia) was en-
Lintea :
closed on each side with a steep rock. The
prep. 8, vel ear, is understood before vivo
saaro. JMegaros Sinus : the bay of Megara.
This bay lies between the river Terias and
Syracuse. In this bay was.Tapsus, a penin-
sula, which lay low, and almost level with
the sea.
690. JMonstrabat: Achemenides pointed
out to us these things, as he was sailing
back along the shores, along which he had
wandered before.
Virgil here follows the opinions of those
who make Ulysses to have sailed from tha
country of the Lotophagi in Africa, to the
southern part of Sicily ; and turning the
promontory of Pachynum, sailed along the
eastern shore, and visited AEtna, and the
country of the Cyclops. The course of
AEneas being to the south, was the reverse
of that of Ulysses. Achemenides, therefore,
might be said to sail back again, with the
greatest propriety. Dr. Wharton observes,
that Virgil is an exact observer of probabili-
ty. If it should be objected by any one,
that Æneas was a perfect stranger to this
coast, and could not be supposed acquainted
with the several places, which he passed;
an answer is at hand : Achemenides, who
had lately passed along the same shores,
pointed them out to him.
691. Infelicis: unfortunate. This may
refer in general to the disasters he suffered
in his return from Troy; and particularly
the loss of a part of his fleet in the straits of
Messina. The return of Ulysses from Troy,
is the subject of the Odyssey.
692. Insula praetenta: an island lies in
front of the Sicilian bay, over against bois-
terous Plemmyrium. This was a promon-
tory near Syracuse, against which the waves
from the sea beat. Hence the epithet undo-
sum. Between this promontory and Syra-
cuse lay the island of Ortygia.
693. Priores: in the sense of majores.
694. Alpheum. Alpheus, a celebrated river
of the Peloponnesus, rising from the moun-
tain Slymphalus, running in a westerly di
rection, passing through a part of Arcadia
and Elis, falls into the Sinus Cyparissaeus.
282
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Occultas egisse vias subter mare; qui nunc
Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis.
697. Ut eramus jussi Jussi numina magna loci veneramur: et inde
Helenw, veneramur
Exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori.
Hinc altas cautes projectaque saxa Pachyni
Radimus; et fatis nunquam concessa moweri
700
Apparet Camarina procul, campique Geloi,
Immanisque Gela, fluvii cognomine dicta.
Arduus inde Agragas ostentát maxima longé
Moenia, magnanimàm quondam generator équorum
Teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinus:
705
Et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia caecis.
Hinc Drepani me portus et illaetabilis ora
Accipit.
Hic, pelagi tot tempestatibus actus,
Heu! genitorem, omnis curae casăsque levamen,
710. Hic, O optime Amitto Anchisen :
hic me, pater optime, fessum 710
Pater, deseris mofessum Deseris, heuſ tantis nequicquam erepte periclis.
NOTES.
696. Arethusa. This was a fountain on
the west side of the island of Ortygia. The
poets feigned that Alpheus, the river-god,
being in love with the nymph Arethusa,
rolled his stream from Elis under ground,
pasing through the sea, without intermin-
gling with it, and arose up in this fountain,
umingling his waters with those of the nymph.
What makes this fable the more absurd, is,
that the distance between the Peloponnesus
and Sicily is not less than 450 miles. Egisse:
In the sense of fecisse.
of fonte. Undis; in the sense of aquis.
698. Exsupero: in the sense of praetereo.
It is sometimes written, eacupero. Helori.
Helorus, or Elorus, was a river falling into
the sea, a little to the north of the promon-
tory Pachynum. It overflowed its banks
like the Nile of Egypt, and rendered the
country fertile, through which it passed.
Hence the epithet stagnans, overflowing—
stagnating.
699. Pachyni. The southern promonto-
3. Sicily was called Pachynum. Hodie,
po Passaro.
701. Camarina. The name of a lake at
tne southern part of Sicily, near a city of
the same name, built by the people of Syra-
Cuse.
inhabitants imagined originated from its
stagnant waters, they consulted the oracle of
Apollo concerning the expediency of drain-
ing it. The oracle advised them to let it
remain, alleging it would be better to endure
its noxious vapors, than to remove it. This
explains the words: nunquam concessa mo-
veri fatis; never permitted by the fates to
be removed. However, the people made
the experiment, and they found the words of
the oracle true. For the enemy entered on
the ground where the lake stood, and took
the city. Hodie, Lago di Camarina, Campi
Galoi: the plains of Gelas. Geloi: an adj.
Ore: in the sense
In the time of a plague, which the
of Gelas, or Gela, a river not far from Ca-
marina, near the mouth of which stood Ge-
la, once a large (immanis) and respectable
city, founded by the Rhodians and Cretans.
It was destroyed by the Agrigentini.
702. Dicta cognomine: called after the
name of the river. -
703. Agragas: a city situated at the mouth
of a river of the same name. It was built
on the summit of a hill, or mountain: hence
called arduus, high. It was one of the largest
cities of Sicily. Its horses were celebrated
for their performance at the Olympic games.
Hence, quondam, &c. once the breeder of
generous horses. |
705. Selinus : a city whose plains abound-
ed in palm-trees. Hence the epithet palmo-
sa. Dalis : in the sense of faventibus.
706. Lilybeia : an adj. from Lilybeum,
the western promontory of Sicily. The
water here is said to be shoal to the distance
of three miles from the land, and the bottom
rocky. Hence lego : I coast along the Li-
lybeian shallows, dangerous (dura) with
latent rocks. Ruasus interprets dura by as-
pera. In this sense it will allude to the
roughness of the sea, occasioned by the
rocks lying on the bottom. # .
707. Portus Drepani. Drepanum (hodie,
Trepani) a city and harbor a few miles to the
north of the promontory just mentioned
Here Æneas lost his father. He therefore
calls it illaetabilis ora: an unjoyous coast.
It is said the inhabitants still show his tomb.
708. Actus : in the sense of jactatus.
709. Jevamen: in the sense of solativm.
* 710. Fessum: weary—worn out with toils
and misfortunes.
711. Erepte: voc. agreeing with optime
pater. In placing the death of Anchises
here, Virgil differs from Strabo, who repre-
sents Æneas as arriving in Italy with his
father, and his son Ascanius. - -
AENEIS.
I,IB. Ill. 283
Nec vates Helenus, clim multa horrenda moneret,
Hos mihi praedixit luctus; non dira Celaeno.
Hic labor extremus, longarum hac meta viarum.
Hinc me digressum vestris Deus appulit oris.
713. Dira Celaeno non
praedizit
714. Hic fuit extre-
'715 mus labor
Sic pater Æneas, intentis omnibus, unus
Fata renarrabat Divām, cursusque docebat:
Conticuit tandem, factoque hic fine quievit.
718. Fine narrations
* - NOTES.
712. JMoneret: in the sense of praediceret.
714. Hic extremus: this line may be taken
n two senses either to mean the end of
Anchises’ labor, and the termination of his
1ong voyage, or that the death of his father
was to Æneas the greatest of all his afflic-
tions, and the end of his voyage toward the
Italian coast. Rugeus takes it in the former
sense; Mr. Davidson in the latter.
715. Deus appulit: a god directed me,
departing hence (from the coast and port of
Drepanum) to your shores.
... books may be recited in two hours.
717. Unus renarrabat : he alone related
the purposes (decrees) of the gods (toward
him.) and declared his wanderings. Unus:
in the sense of solus. -
718. Quievit : he rested—he went to rest.
Segrais observes that the second and third
The
story did not appear long to Dido and the
guests: for he ceased, intentis omnibus, and
at midnight too, nor will they appear long
to any reader of taste and judgment.
QUESTIONS.
How did Æneas employ his time during
nis residence at Antandros ?
How many ships had he when he set sail?
At what time of the year did he set sail?
How long probably after the capture of the
city ? -
What city did he found in Thrace?
What did he call the name of it 2
What did he call his followers from this
circumstance 2
Did he soon abandon the idea of remain-
ing in Thrace? - .
Why did he thus abandon it?
Who was Polydorus:
How came he by his death 2
From Thrace, to what place did Æneas
direct his course 2
Where is Delos situated 2
Of what cluster of islands is it one *
How was he here received 2
Who was at that time king of the island 2
For what is this island famous 2
What is the fable or story respecting it?
From what Greek word is the name de-
rived 2 -
What is the signification of that word 2
Did he consult the oracle of Apollo at
this place concerning the land destined to
him * • , , , ,
What answer did he receive?
How did his father Anchises interpret
that answer?
From Delos, to what place did he sail?
What prevented him from making a set-
tlement in Crete? . -
What did he call the city, which he there
founded ? -
Why did Æneas go to Crete *
To what place did he direct his course
Who were the founders of the Trojan
race 2.
Of what country were they natives?
From Crete, to what country was he di-
rected to sail?
How did he receive this instruction ?
What befel him soon after he set sail 2
What land did he first make 2
In what sea are the Strophades?
By whom were these islands inhabited
Who was the chief of the Harpies?
Did she give to AEneas any intimation of
suffering and want, before he should find a
permanent settlement?
How was this prediction accomplished 2
From these islands, which way did he di-
rect his course 2 . .
At what places did he land?
What games did he celebrate :
For what was this coast celebrated f
Between whom was the battle fought 2
From Actium, to what part of Epirus did
he proceed 2 -
What surprising news did he hear on en-
tering the port 2
Was the meeting of his friends very in-
teresting as well as unexpected 2
What does Dr. Trapp observe of it?
How was Andromache employed at that
time 2
What effect had the sight of Æneas and
the Trojans upon her ?
Leaving Epirus, what sea did he first pass
over ? . . . - - . . . . -
How many miles is Italy from Epirus in
that place 2 .
What was the name
where he*landed ?
of the promontory,
What course did he then take? -
284
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Why did he not pass through the strait of
Messina 3
Where does this strait lie :
What is the navigation of it—safe or
dangerous 2
What renders it dangerous 2 -
Why is Sicily sometimes called Trina-
cria 2 -
What are the names of its three promon-
tories 2 - -
Where did Æneas first land on this island 2
What famous mountain was near 2
How long did he remain 2
Was there an eruption at that time 2
What effect had it upon the Trojans ?
What is the fabulous account of the cause
of an eruption ? *
Is this very far from the true cause 2
Who were the inhabitants of that part of
Sicily -
Who was at that time their king 2
. From what circumstance were they call-
ed Cyclops ? -
How large was their eye said to be 2
What was their employment according to
the poets 2 , - .
Who had been upon this coast a short
time before the arrival of Æneas 2
To what place was Ulysses bound 2
What misfortune befel him in the strait of
Messina º
What did he do to Polyphemus 2
Why did he thus punish him :
From whom did Æneas receive this ac-
count of the Cyclops ?
How many of these giants were there
then on the island 2
Who was Achemenides 2
On what part of Sicily did Æneas after
ward land 2 -
What is the name of the port f
What loss befel him here 2 º
Does this close the account, which Æneas
gave to Dido at her request? -
When does the poem open?
Where was Æneas at that time 2
LIBER QUARTU.S.
This book opens with the love of Dido for Æneas, and her conference with her sister
Anna upon the subject. Juno perceiving her passion, conceived the plan of forming
a connexion between them. To effect this the easier, she endeavors to draw Venus
over to her views. In the mean time, Æneas and Dido prepare to go on a party of
hunting; and while in the chase, Juno raises a violent tempest. The thunder rends the
skies, and torrents of rain fall. The party seek shelter wherever they can. Through
a device of Juno, AEneas and Dido repair to the same cave, where the goddess conse-
crates their nuptials. Fame immediately spread the news abroad; and it reached the
ears of Iarbas, king of the Getuli, the reputed son of Jupiter Ammon. He had for-
merly proposed a match with Dido, who rejected his offers. As soon as he heard that
she was married to a stranger, he was transported to rage, thingled with grief. In
this state of mind he made complaint to his father, who, taking pity on him, sends
Mercury to dissolve the match, and to order Æneas to prepare, to leave Carthage for
Italy. In obedience to his commands, he privately makes the necessary preparations
for setting sail. . Dido perceiving his movements, endeavors to dissuade him from his
purpose, in the tenderest and most affectionate strain; but it had no influence over
him. Being warned a second time, he weighs anchor in haste, and the love-sick
Queen beholds him leaving her coast. The sight wrung her soul, and drew from her
lips the most severe reproofs and bitter imprecations. She enjoins it upon her people
to revenge the injury done to her, and to pursue his descendants with irreconcilable
hatred. Having ordered a funeral pile to be erected, she ascends it, and with hel
own hand puts an end to her existence. The nature of the subject renders this book
highly interesting; and it is considered one of the finest in the AEneid.
At regina, gravi jamdudum saucia cura,
NOTES.
1. Regina. Dido sometimes called Eliza,
was a Tyrian princess. Josephus informs
us her father's name was JMelginus. He
obtained his information from the records of
the Tvrians: and Theophilus of Antioch
*
calls him JMetten. Her grandfather was
Badezorus, and her great grandfather was
Ithobalus, called in Scripture Ethbaal, whose
daughter Jezebel was married to Ahab, king
of Israel. Virgil, however, makes the name
AENEIS LIB IV.
Vulnus alit venis, et cæco carpitur igni.
Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat
Gentis honos: haerent infixi pectore vultus,
Verbague: nec placidam membris dat cura quietem. 5
Postera Phoebeå lustrabat lampade terras,
Humentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram
6. Postera Aurora
lustrabat terras Ph.debeå
lampade
NOTES.
of her father to be Belus. Hºn. i. 625. Marol-
lius has given a list of the kings of Tyre, and
makes Belus an abbreviation of Ithobalus,
the father of Pygmalion and Dido; but he
follows fabulous and traditionary accounts,
which should always be received with cau-
tion. Among other things, what renders
his account doubtful, is, that he brings Dido
upon the stage of action more than a hun-
dred years before the destruction of Troy.
After the death of his father, Pygmalion
ascended the throne. He was an avaricious
prince, and stopped at nothing by which he
could increase his riches. He conceived the
plan of murdering Acerbas, or Sicharbas, the
beloved husband of his sister. Virgil calls
him Sichaeus, softening the name to make
it flow more easily into his verse. Sichaews
was the richest of all the Tyrians. Pyg-
malion coveted his treasures; but there was
no way to possess them while he was living.
He therefore formed the purpose of taking
away his life. He came upon him unex-
pectedly, and slew him while he was per-
forming his devotions before the altar. This
atrocious deed, the base prince had the ad-
dress to conceal, for some time, from his
sister. At length the whole matter was laid
open to Dido by the ghost of her deceased
husband, and she was admonished to flee
her country. Having collected what trea-
sure she could on so sudden an emergency,
and seizing some vessels that were then
ready for sea, she set sail, accompanied by
many of her countrymen; and, after a long
and tedious voyage, she arrived in Africa.
t appears to have been her purpose to join
her countrymen, who, many, years before,
under Xorus and Carchedon, had formed a
settlement, to which they gave the name of
Utica, about 15 miles from the place where
Tunis now stands. This place was after-
ward rendered famous by the death of the
second Cato, who was hence called Cato,
Uticensis. Dido met with a welcome recep-
tion, and was desired to build a city on the
spot where she landed. For this purpose,
she purchased a tract of country of the na-
tives, many of whom joined her, together
with some from Utica. She called her city
Catharda or Carthage, which, in the Phoeni-
cian and Hebrew languages, signifies a new
city. It stood about 700 years, and was
destroyed by the Romans under Scipio, in
the year of Rome 603, and before Christ
145. See Rollin's An. His, lib. ii. ch. 1.
There are some who say that Dido, on
g
her arrival in Africa, found Carthage al-
ready built, and that she only fortified it,
and added a tower or citade:, which she
called Byrsa. This word is evidently from
the Hebrew Bosra, which means a fortifica-
tion, or fortified place. The Greeks, mis-
taking the meaning, or overlooking it, sup-
posed, from the similarity of the words, that
it was the same with their Byrsa, which
means a bull’s hide. Virgil followed the re-
ceived opinion. See AEn. i. 367. It has been
the general opinion that Virgil, in making
AEneas and Dido cotemporary, is guilty of
an anachronism. Bochart is positive of this,
and says that all the ancient chronologers
of any credit, place the destruction of Troy,
at least 60 years before the reign of Saul,
king of Israel; and the time of Dido’s build-
ing Byrsa, the fortress of Carthage, at least
200 years after it, making 260 years to in-
tervene between the destruction of Troy,
and the building of Byrsa. In this case, the
destruction of Troy will be 1160 years be-
fore the Christian era. Sir Isaac Newton,
however, in his chronology, has brought it
down nearly 300 years; and thus makes
Æneas and Dido cotemporary. However
the case may be, it was undoubtedly a re-
ceived opinion among the Romans, that they
were cotemporary, and this was sufficient
for the poet; and even if he knew otherwise,
he acted prudently in following the general
opinion, since it contributed so much to the
embellishment of his poem.
Jamdudum : a long while. Servius ex-
plains it by nimium, or vehementius. Though
it were only a short time since Æneas came
to Carthage, yet, with respect to Dido's
passion, and the impatience of her love, it
might be said to be a long time. Cura ;
Rugeus says, solicitudine.
2. Alit vulnus: she nourishes a wound in
her veins, and is consumed by the secret fire
of love. This is said in allusion to Cupid’s
arrow and torch ; the former to wound, and
the latter to inflame. Caeco igni. Valpy
says, “a concealed passion.”
3. JMulta viri virtus : the many virtues of
the hero, and the many honors of his race,
recur to her mind. By his father, Æneas
descended from the royal family of Troy;
and, by Venus his mother, from Jove him-
self. - -
6. Phoebeó Lampade : with the lamp of
Phoebus, that is, with the sun. By Tapino-
sis. Polo : in the sense of coelo.
2S6
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
8. Malê sana regina Cüm sic unanimem alloquitur malê sana sororem
v
alloquitur
hic successit
Deorum
Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent
10. Quis novus hospes Quis novus hic nostris successit sedibus hospes!
Quem sese ore ferens! quam forti pectore et armist
12. Eum esse genus Credo equidem, nec vana fides,
Degeneres animos timor arguit.
10
genus esse Deorum.
Heu, quibus ille
Jactatus fatis! quae bella exhausta camebat!
Simihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet,
16. Nevellem sociare Ne cui me vinclovellem sociare jugali,
meetiºn jugali Vinelo, Postguam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit;
postguám meus primus
amor fefellit me
24. Sed optem vel
ima tellus dehiscat mihi,
Simon pertasum thalami taedaeque fuisset; C & J C
Hric uniforsan potui succumbere culpa.
Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Sichaei
vel pater omnipotens adi- Conjugis, et spaísos fraternâ caede penates,
gat me filmine ad um- Solus hic inflexit sensus,
Impulit: agnosco veteris vestigia flammae.
Sed mihi vel tellus optem priès ima dehiscat,
Vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras,
bras, pallentes umbras
Erebi, profundamgue
noctem, priusquâm, O
pudor, ego violo te
animumque labantem
25
NOTES.
8. JMalê sana : the love-sick queen address-
ed her concordant sister. Unanimen, here,
is very emphatical. It implies that there
was such a harmony and agreement sub-
sisting between them, that they both seemed
to be animated with the same soul : (of
wnus and animus.) JMalé sana : JMalè, here,
has the force of non. The queen was so in
love with Æneas, that she disregarded the
sober dictates of reason, and her better
judgment. Valpy says, “with disturbed
mind.” Insomnia : dreams. Suspensam : in
the sense of solicitam.
11. Quem sese ferens ore : what an illus-
trious person, showing himself (to be) by
his countenance of how great fortitude and
prowess! •
The Quâm forti pectore et armis, is an
elliptical expression. It is thus filled: Quâm
forti pectore est ille; et quâm fortibus armis.
The preposition è, or ear, being still under-
stood, governing the ablative cases. By the
forti pectore, we are to understand his forti-
tude in undergoing hardships, and support-
ing misfortunes: and by the armis, his cou-
rage and prowess in arms.
13. Timor arguit: fear shows a base and
ignoble mind. As fear argues a base and
ignoble mind, so courage and valor bespeak
a noble and divine original. The poet has
filled the speech of Dido with these abrupt
half sentences, and made her speak incohe-
rently, on purpose to show the confusion
and perturbation of her mind.
14. Eachausta : drawn out—endured to
the last. Not only begun, but accomplished,
and with resolution brought to an end. Here
is plainly an allusion to the draining of some
bitter cup to the very last dregs. A parti-
ciple from eachaurio. Fatis. The word fa-
tum signifies, sometimes, as in this place—
distress—misfortunes—calamities.
14. Canebat: in the sense of narrabat.
15. Sederet : in the sense of maneret.
16. Sociare: to connect myself in mar-
riage with any one.
17. Primus amor: after my first love de-
ceived me, disappointed by the death of
my husband. She had pictured to herself
an uninterrupted course of conjugal felicity,
of which she was disappointed by the death
of her husband. This led her to enter into
the resolution of never forming a second
connexion.
18. Simon pertºsum fuisset : if I had not
been weary (displeased) with the marriage
bed, and nuptial torch, perhaps, &c. Taedae.
It was a custom among the Romans to carry
a torch before the newly married wife, when
she was conducted to the house of her hus-
band. Hence it is often put for the nuptials
themselves. .
19. Potwi : I might yield to this one fault.
Potui : in the sense of potuissem.
Second marriages were considered disre-
putable among the Roman women, as show-
ing a want of respect for the memory of the
deceased, and as conveying a suspicion of
incontinency.
But culpa is sometimes taken simply for
the indulgence of the passion of love, how-
ever innocent.
21. Fraternâ cºde. Sichteus was murder
ed, by her brother, at the altar. Hence the
murder is called fraternal. Fata: in the
sense of mortem. See note 1. supra.
22. Inflarit sensus: he alone hath changed
my inclinal-ons, and made an impression
upon my wavering mind.
AENEIS. LIB. IV
287
Pallentes umbras Erebi, noctemque profundam,
Anté, pudor, quam te violo, aut tua jura resolvo.
Ille Ineos. primus quime sibijunxit, amores
Abstulit ; ille habeat secum, servetoue sepulchro.
Sic effata, sinum lachrymis implevit obortis.
Anna refert: O luce magis dilecta sorori,
Solane perpetuá moerens carpère juventá 7
Nec dulces natos, Veneris nec praemia nóris ?
Id cinerem, aut Manes credis curare sepultos ?
Esto: aegram nulli quondam flexere mariti,
Non Libyae, non antè Tyro: despectus Iarbas,
Ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis
Dives alit: placitone etiam pugnabis amori ?
28. Ille Sichaeus abstu-
lit meos amores, qui
30
31. O tu, magis dilec-
ta sorori lucé, sola-no
moerens carpère in per-
petuá juventā 2
34. Credis cinerem
35 Sichaei, aut sepultos .
36. Esto : Iarbas de-
spectus est, aliique duc-
tores
Nec venit in mentem, quorum consederis arvis 7
Hinc Getulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello,
40
Et Numidae infraeni cingunt, et inhospita Syrtis :
Hinc deserta siti regio, latéque furentes
NOTES.
26. Erebi : the place of the dead—the in-
formal regions.
27. Antë. The anté here is plainly ex-
pletive. Prius goes before it, and is to be
connected with quâm. Some copies have
violem and resolvam. Pudor: in the sense
. of pudicitia.
30. Implevit sinum : she filled her bosom
with flowing tears. Servius and Turnebus
take sinum, here, for the cavity of the eye.
But the common import of the word is much
more expressive, as it shows her tears to be
much more copious, and paints her passion
as more violent. Reſert: in the sense of
respondet. Luce : in the sense of vita.
32. Sola-ne carpère : will you fade and
wither away, mourning alone as a widow
through all your youth, &c. Rugeus says,
an’sola consumeris dolens per totam juveniu-
tem. But carpère may be used in the sense
of the Greek middle voice. The meaning
is obvious. .
35. JWulli mariti : no suitors moved you
sorrowing—while your loss was fresh in
your memory, and your grief unabated.
JMariti : in the sense of proci. AEgram : in
the sense of dolentem. Te is understood.
36. Iarbas. Among the many who made
suit to Dido, was Iarbas, a rich and power-
ful prince of Africa, and reputed son of
Jupiter Ammon. But Justin gives a very
different account of the matter from the one
given here by the poet. He says, Iarbas,
having gotten ten of the principal Cartha-
ginians, demanded of them Dido in mar-
riage; and, in case of a refusal, he threaten-
ed to declare war against them. Fearing
to deliver the message to the queen, they
said the king demanded a person who might
teach him and his people the arts of civilized
life; but that no one could be found who was
willing to leave his relations and friends to
undertake the business; upon this the queen
rebuked them, and declared that if the safety
of his country required it, any one should
be willing to give up even his life. They
then opened the whole matter, saying, the
very thing she had enjoined on others, she
had to perform herself, if she would consult
the good of the city. Being taken by this
device, after much lamentations, and many
invocations of her husband, she declared
that she would obey the call of her country.
Having passed three months in this manner,
she caused a funeral pile to be erected in
one part of the city, as if to appease the
JManes of her departed husband, and to offer
sacrifices for him before her nuptials. She
ascended the pile, and taking a sword in her
hand, said to her people, that she would go
to her husband as they required, and, with
her own hand, put an end to her existence,
While Carthage remained, she was worship-
ped as a goddess.
37. Terra dives triumphis. It appears from
Servius, that the Africans were the inventors
of triumphal shows. Some say they never
triumphed. But Justin tells us that Asdru-
bal, in particular, was honored with four
triumphs. Placito : in the sense of grato.
JWe is interrogative.
40. Getulae wrbes. The Getuli were a
brave and warlike people, to the south of
Carthage. Hinc, when its has its corres-
pondent himc, the former is rendered, on the
one side; and the latter, on the other side.
41. JNumidae. The Numidians, again, were
a people fierce and uncivilized, lying to the
westward. Inhospita Syrtis. Both the
greater and the less Syrtis lay in the Sinus
Libycus, to the north and east of Carthage,
and rendered the navigation dangerous.
42. Deserta suti rendered desert by
drought. -
P. W 1RGII,II MARONIS
Barcaei.
Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam,
Germanique minas Ž
45. Ego equidem reor Dis equidem auspicibus reor, et Junone secundá,
45
[liacas carinas tenuisse Huc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas.
cursum huc vento, Dis
auspicibus, et Junone
secundá.
Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes' quae surgere regna
Conjugio taliſ Teucrèm comitantibus armis,
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus !
Tu modó posce Deos veniam, sacrisque litatis,
50
Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi;
Dum pelago desaevit hyems, et aquosus Orion ;
Quassataeque rates, et non tractabile coelum.
54. Animum jam in-
CellSUIIIl 8. IIl Olſe
59. Sed Junoni ante
His dictis incensum animum inflammavit amore,
Spemgue dedit dubiae menti, solvitoue pudorem.
Principio delubra adeunt, pacemdue per aras
55
omnes, cui jugalia vin- Exquirunt : mactant lectas de more bidentes
cla sunt curae.
ipsa tenens pateram
dexträ fundit vinum in-
dentis vaccoe :
Legiferae Cereri, Phoebogue, patrique Lyaeo f
lcherrima Dido e
60. Pu Junoni ante Omnes,
Ipsa tenens dextrá pateram pulcherrima Dido,
ter media cornua can- Candentis Vacca media inter cornua fundit:
Aut ante Ora Deûm pingues spatiatur ad aras,
cui vincla jugalia curae. f
NOTES.
43. Barcaei. These were a people to the
east, inhabiting a dry and barren country.
Quid dicam : why shall I mention the
wars arising from Tyre, and the threats of
your brother Justin says, when Pygmalion
understood that Dido had ſled her country,
and taken with her much treasure, he deter-
mined to pursue her; but was dissuaded
from his purpose by his mother, and the
threats of the gods.
45. Junone secunda. Juno is here parti-
cularly named, because she presided over
marriage, and because Carthage was under
her peculiar protection. Auspicibus : in the
sense of fauloribus, vel auctoribus. Secunda:
in the sense of propilia.
49. Quantis rebus : by what noble deeds
will the Carthaginian glory exalt itself, the
arms of the Trojans accompanying yours ?
50. Sacris litatis : sacrifices being offered.
The proper signification of litare, is, to pro-
pitiate by sacrifice. Sacris: in the sense of
rictimis.
51. Innecte: devise causes for detaining
him.
52. Desoevit. Ruapus takes this in the
sense of desa-viet, the present for the future.
53. JW on tractabile; in the sense of procel-
lapum, vel stevum. Coelum: the air or weather.
AEneas arrived in Africa, it is probable, in
the latter part of autumn, some time before
the approach of winter. It appears to be
the plan of Anna to detain him during the
pleasant part of the season, until the navi-
gation should become dangerous, and when
it would be imprudent to set sail; in the
hope that having passed so long a time
with them, he might be persuaded finally to
settle at Carthage, and give over his intend-
ed purpose of settling in Italy.
l 54. Incensum : burning, or inflamed with
OVe.
55. Dubia: ; wavering. Solvit pudorem.
removed her scruples in regard to disrespect
to the memory of her late husband. Valpy.
57. Eacquirunt pacem per aras: they seek
peace by the altars. This refers to the way
of prying into the entrails of the victims, in
order to know the will of the gods. Biden-
tes lectas de more. It was a regulation that
no victims should be offered to the gods, but
such as were without blemish. Bidentes •
properly sheep of two years old.
58. Legiſera: Cereri. Ceres was the
daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the god-
dess of husbandry. It is said, she was the
first institutor of laws, especially those of
marriage. See Ecl. v. 79. Phoebo. Dido
offers sacrifices to Phoebus, as the god who
presided over futurity, that he might send
her favorable omens. See Ecl. iv. 10. To
father Bacchus, as the god of mirth and
jollity, that he might crown the match with
joy. See Ecl. v. 69. And especially (ante
omnes) to Juno, as the goddess who presided
over nuptials. Cui vincla jugalia cura: ; to
whom the marriage knot is for a care. See
AEm, i. 4.
61. Fundit, &c. This was according to
the manner of the Romans performing sa-
crifice. After the immolatio, which consist-
ed in throwing corn and frankincense, to-
gether with the mola, (which was made of
bran or meal mixed with salt and water.)
upon the head of the victim, the priest
sprinkled wine between the horns.
62. Spatiatur : she walks before the
images (ora) of the gods, &c. It was a
custom among the Romans for matrons to
walk on holy days, in a grave and solemn
AENEIS.
LIB. IV. 280
Instauratgue diem donis, pecudumque reclusis
Pectoribus inhians, spirantia consulit exta.
Heu, watum ignarae mentes quid vota furentem,
65 65. Eam furentem
Quid delubra juvant? est mollis flamma medullas
Interea, et tacitum viyit sub pectore vulnus.
Uritur infelix Dido, totáque vagatur
Urbe furens: qualis conjectā cerva Sagittà,
Quam procul incautam nemora inter Cressia fixit
Pastor agens telis, liquitoue volatile ferrum
Nescius: illa fugā sylvas Saltusque peragrat
Dictaeos: haeret lateri lethalis arundo. .
Nunc media AEneam secum per moenia ducit;
Sidoniasque ostentat opes, urbemoue paratam.
Incipit effari, medièque in voce resistit.
69. Talis, qualis cer-
70 va, Sagittà conjecta.
quam pastor agens telis
fixit incautam procul
inter Cressia nemoral
liquitgue volatile fer-
rum in vulnere, nescius
74. Nunc Dido ducit
AEneam secum
Nunc eadem, labente die, convivia quaerit;
Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores
Exposcit, pendetdue iterum narrantis ab ore.
Pöst, ubi digressi, lumenque obscura vicissim
Luna premit, suadentdue cadentia sidera somnos;
Sola domo moeret vacuá, stratisque relictis *
Incubat : illum absens absentem auditoue videtoue :
Aut gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta,
Detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem.
79. Ore AEnea nar
30 rantis
80. Ubi omnes digressi
sunt ad quietem
83. Illa absens audit-
que videtgue
85
Non coeptae assurgunt turres, non arma juventus
Exercet, portusve, aut propugnacula bello
Tuta parant: pendent opera ifiterrupta, minaeque
Murorum ingentes, aquataque machina coelo. "
NOTES.
manner, before the altars, with torches in
their hands. Ora : in the sense of statuas,
vel imagines.
63. Instaurat : she passes the day in of-
ferings. Rugeus says, renoval sacrificia per
diem. -
64. Inhians : prying into–exploring at-
tentively. Spirantia : throbbing—palpita-
ting. Eacta: properly the part which we
call the lungs, including the heart, liver, &c.
65. Vatum: in the sense of eactispicum.
66. JMollis flamma est : a gentle flame
consumes. Est : in the sense of edit. Fu-
rentem: in the sense of amantem. Tacitum :
concealed. º
69. Qualis cerva. This is a very proper
comparison, and agrees almost in every cir-
cumstance. There is a peculiar beauty in
the hairit lateri lethalis arundo, which strong-
ly images the fast hold that the arrows of
Cupid had gotten of Dido's heart. Cressia:
an adj. Cretan.
71. Ferrum : in the sense of arundinem.
74. JMoºnia : properly the fortifications of
a city. Ruteus says, munimenta. -
77. Eadem: the same entertainment she
had received the preceding might.
81 Luna obscura vicissim: the moon, in
turn obscure, withdraws her light. This
shows the approach of day. When the
pect.
stars disappear in the superior light of the
sun, they are said to set; so when the sun
disappears, and withdraws his light, they
become visible, and are said to rise. The
same may be said of the moon. Picissim.
after having given light in her course.
82. Relictis stralis. The couch on which
MEneas had been sitting, and which he had
just left to retire to rest.
84, Capta: taken, or captivated with the
resemblance of his father, she hugs, &c.
88. Pendent : stand, or remain. Inter-
rupta; in the sense of imperfecta. Ingenies
minde murorum. Heyme takes this simply
for the high walls, (alti muri) which by
their altitude, presented a threatening as-
Valpy is of the same opinion : bu.
most interpreters take minoe murorum to be
the fortifications built upon the walls, which
presented a threatening appearance to an
enemy. Hortensius and Ruabus are of opi-
nion, they were huge and unfinished parts
of the wall, which seemed to threaten a
ruin, and presented a terrific appearance.
89. JMachina. By this we are most pro-
bably to understand the engines used in
raising stones, beams, and timber generally,
for carrying on the building. Heyne says,
moles—ºdificium, referring to the buildings
themselves.
20
290
P. VIRGILII MARON1S
90. Quam (Didonem)
simul ac Saturnia, cha-
ra conjux Jovis, persen-
sit teneri tali peste, nec
famam obstare ejus fu-
Quam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri
Chara Jovis conjux, mec famam obstare furori,
Talibus aggreditur Venerem Saturni㺠dictis:
Egregiam verö laudem, et spolia ampla refertis
rori, aggreditur" Vene- Tuque puerque tuus, magnum et memorabile numen;
rem talibus dictis: verö Una dolo Divām si foemina victa duorum est:
Necme aded fallit, veritam te moenia nostra,
Suspectas habuisse domos Carthaginis alta.
Sed quis erit modus 2 aut quð nunc certamina tanta ?
tuque tuusque puer re-
fertis egregiam laudem
et ampla spolia, mag-
num et memorabile nu-
95
men; si una foemina Quin potius pacem asternam pactosque hymenaeos
victa est dolo duorum, Exercemus' habes, totă quod mente petisti:
Ardet amans Dido, traxitºlue per Ossa furorem.
Communem hunc ergö populum, paribusque regamus
Divām. Nec aded fal-
lit me, te, veritam nos-
tra moenia habuisse do-
100
mos alte Carthaginis Auspiciis : liceat Phrygio servire marito,
suspectas.
98. Modus mostrap con-
tentionis
103. Liceat Didoni
servire
Dotalesque tuæ Tyrios permittere dextrae.
Olli, sensit enim simulata mente locutam,
Quà regnum Italiae Libycas averteret oras,
Sic contrà est ingressa Venus: Quis talia demens
105
107. Contra Venus Abnuat, aut tecum malit contendere bello 7
ingressa est respondere Si mºbdó, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur.
ollisic; enim sensit ºn Sed fatis incerta feror, si Jupiter unam
Esse velit Tyriis urbem, Trojäque profectis;
locutam esse simulatà
mente, quo averteret
sº
1 10
NOTES.
90. Peste : in the sense of amore. Ruaeus
says, veneno.
93. Spolia: in the sense of victoriam.
94. JWumen. This is the reading of
Heyne, after Pierius, Heinsius, and Burman-
nus. It is also approved by Valpy, though
he retains the common reading, nomen. In
a note upon this passage, he has numen, and
observes that vestrum is understood. “Your
divine power will be nobly employed,” says
he. Heyne makes this turn to the words:
JMagnum verb et memorabile erit numen ves-
trum, si vos duo Dei circumveneritis wºnam
foºminam. He takes numen in the sense of
potestas, vel potentia. Nomen is the com-
mon reading. This part of Juno's speech
is extremely satirical. Tuus puer: Cupid.
He was the son of Jupiter and Venus.
98. Aut qu'à nunc : or, for what purpose
now are so great contentions 2 Juno and
Venus took opposite sides in the affairs of
AEneas and the Trojans. The former is
always represented their bitterest enemy,
and the latter their warmest friend. The
whole of Juno’s speech is artful, and the
plan deep laid. She now proposes to lay
down their arms, to conclude a lasting peace
—to form a match between Æneas and
Dido, and by these means unite the Trojans
with the Carthaginians into one people.
This plan, could she have brought it about,
would have been to her a complete victory
over her antagonist. The common reading
is certamine tanto. Heyne reads certamina
tanta, which is much easier, and he says, is
the true reading
99. Hymenaeos: match.
102. Regamus hunc populum. The mean-
ing plainly is: Let us rule this people (com-
munem) composed of Trojans and Cartha-
ginians, with equal authority and power.
Let them be both equally under our protec-
tion and auspicious influence. Auspiciis.
in the sense of potestate.
103. Phrygio. Servius, and some others,
say, that Phrygio, here, is a word of con-
tempt, and implies that Æneas was in exile
and in slavery, as the Phrygians then were.
|But Virgil uses the words Phrygius and
Trojanus promiscuously. Beside, Juno plays
the hypocrite, and would, therefore, industri-
ously avoid every expression that might be
offensive, or render her suspected. The
expression servire marito is in allusion to one
of the three ways of contracting marriage
among the Romans, (viz.) Coemptio: when
the parties solemnly bound themselves to
each other by the ceremony of giving and
taking a piece of money. By this the wo
man gave herself over into the power of th:
man, and entered into a state of liberal ser
vitude, or subjection to him.
104. Dotales: as a dowry. Dos is proper-
ly the patrimony of the wife—any thing
given to the husband with the wife. Tyrios
nempe, regnum Carthaginis.
105. Olli : for illi, by antithesis.
110. Feror incerta fatis, si: Iam rendered
uncertain by the decrees of the gods, whe-
ther, &c
AENEIS. Llb. IV.
291
Miscerive probet populos, aut foedera jungi.
Tu conjux: tibi fas animum tentare precando.
Perge; Sequar. Tum sic excepit regia Juno:
Mecum erit iste labor : nunc quá ratione, quod instat,
Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo.
Wenatum AEneas, unāque miserrima Dido,
In nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus ortus
Extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orbem.
His ego nigrantem commixtà grandine nimbum,
Dum trepidant alae, saltusque indagine cingunt,
Desuper infundam, et tonitru coelum omne ciebo.
regnum Italiae ad Liby-
CºS OF8,8
113. Tu es ejus con
jux, fas est tibi tentare
115. Nunc, adverte tu,
docebo paucis verbis, qua
ratione, id, quod instat,
possit confieri.
1 14
120 -
121. Dum alae trepi-
dant, cinguntdue saltus
Diffugient comites, et nocte tegentur opacá.
Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem
Adero, et, tua simihi certa voluntas,
Connubio jungam stabili, propriamgue dicabo.
Non adversata, petenti
Annuit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis.
Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit.
It portis, jubare exorto, delecta juventus
Devenient.
Hic Hymenaeus erit.
Retia rara, plaga, lato venabula ferro,
indagine, ego desuper
infundam his nigrantem
nimbum, grandine com-
125 mixta, et ciebo omne
coelum tonitru.
125. Si tua voluntas
sit certa mihi
128. Cytherea non ad-
versata annuit ei petenti,
130 atque risit dolis repertis.
Massylique ruunt equites, et odora canum vis.
Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi
Poenorum expectant: ostroque insignis et auro
Stat sonipes, ac frana ferox spumantia mandit.
135
Tandem progreditur, magná stipante catervá,
NOTES.
114. Eaccepit: replied—answered.
117. Wenatum: a sup. in um, of the verb
venor, put after the verb ire. Dido is here
called miserrima, most unhappy, on account
of the issue of her love.
119. Titan : in the sense of Sol. See Ecl.
iv. 6. and Geor. iii. 48. Radiisque : and
shall have disclosed the world by his beams.
The poets pretended that light sunk into
the ocean every might, and was every morn-
ing brought from hence by the returning
sun. Hence the propriety of the verb eactu-
lerit.
121. Dum alae. By alae, Servius under-
stands the horsemen, or riding hunters, who
are termed alae, wings, because they covered
the foot as the cavalry of an army. Or alae
may signify the horsemen in general spread
over the ground, like stretched out wings.
Trepidant very strongly expresses the hurry
and bustle of a company of horsemen, flying
and scampering over the ground in quest of
their prey. Indagine. By this some under-
stand the arranging of the hounds, and the
placing of them in proper places for taking
the game; but Ruſeus, and most commen-
tators, take it for the nets and toils in which
the 'game was taken. For alae, Ruteus has
equites. .
126. Jungam; I will join them in firm
wedlock; and will consecrate her to be his
own. I will give her over to be his peculiar
property:
marriage.
127. Hic Hymenteus erut: this shall be a
Some take the meaning to be
that Hymen should be present. But this
would be unnecessary, since the nuptials
were to be performed by Juno, without the
assistance of any other. See Geor. iii. 60.
Cytherea, a name of Venus. See AEn. i.
229.
130. Jubare: in the sense of luce vel dilu-
culo. -
131. Retia rara: the wide nets, the toils,
the spears of broad point, and the Massilian
horsemen, &c. rush forth.
132. Odora vis canum. Wis is here used
in the sense of copia, or multitudo. And
odora, in the sense of odororum, by antiptosis:
a multitude of strong scented dogs. JMas-
syli. They were a people of Africa, placed
by Virgil to the westward of Carthage. Lit.
tle is known concerning them.
133. Primi; in the sense of primores.
135. Stat sonipes insignis: her horse
stands ready, richly decked in purple and
gold. Stat ; in the sense of adest. To take
it literally would ill agree with the fine
image of the courser here given; feroa man-
dit spumantia fratna. Insignis: in the sense
of ornatus. - -
137. Circumdata Sidoniam: covered with
a Tyrian cloak. The chlamys was both a
military and hunting dress. It was a loose
upper garment, which covered the breast
plate, and folded about the left arm to de-
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo:
138. Cui est pharetra Cui
© I allyO -
pharetra ex auro; crines nodantur in aurum;
Aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem
Necmon et Phrygii comites, et lastus Iülus,
140
Incedunt: ipse ante alios pulcherrimusomnes
142. Eneas ipse Pul-Infert se socium AEneas,
cherrimus ante omnes
alios infert se socium.
143. Talis, qualis est
Apollo, ubi deserit hy-
atgue agnina jungit:
Qualis, ubi hybernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta
Deserit, ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo,
Instauratoue choros, mixtique altaria circum
145
bernam Lyciam, fluen- Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt, pictidue Agathyrsi:
taque Xanthi ac invisit Ipse jugis Cynthi graditur, mollique fluentem
maternam Delum
148. Implicat cum
&\ll fo
151. Postguam ven-
tum est in altos montes,
atque invia lustra; ecce
ferae caprae dejectae ver-
tice saxi decurrère jugis
Fronde premit crinem fingens, atque implicat auro :
Tela sonant humeris.
AEneas; tantum egregio decus enitet ore.
Postguam altos ventum in montes, atque invia lustra,
Ecce ferae saxi dejectae vertice caprae .
Decurrère jugis : alià de parte patentes
Transmittunt cursu campos, atque agnmina cervi
Haud illo segnior ibat
150
153. De alia parte Pulverulenta fugå glomerant, montesque relinquunt.
eervi transmittunt
At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri
156
Gaudet equo: jamdue hos cursu, jam praeterit illos :
Spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis
159. Optatgue votis Optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem.
spumantem aprum dari
sibi inter inertia pecora In
Interea magno misceri murmure coelum
cipit; insequitur commixtà grandine nimbus.
160
Et Tyrii comites passim, et Trojana juventus,
Dardaniusque nepos Veneris, diversa per agros
Tecta metu petiere; ruunt de montibus amnes.
Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus, eandem
165
Deveniunt: prima et Tellus et pronuba Juno
NOTES.
fend them from the wild beasts. The con-
struction is a Grecism. -
143. Qualis. The poet (AEm. i. 498.) com-
pared Dido to Diana: here he compares
AEneas to Apollo, her brother. It was a
common opinion that, at certain times of the
year, the gods changed the place of their
residence. Servius says, it was believed
that Apollo gave out oracles at Patara, a city
of Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, during
the six months of the winter; and at Delos,
the remaining six months of the year. Hence
he was called both Patareus and Delius.
Fluenta: in the sense of fluvium.
144. JMaternam Delum. See AFn. iii. 75.
146. Cretesque : the Cretans, Dryopes,
and painted Agathyrsi, mingled together, eac-
press their joy (fremunt) around the altars.
When Apollo came, or was thought to come
to Delos, the several people that came to
consult his oracle, celebrated his arrival
with hymns and dances. Dryopes. These
were a people who dwelt at the foot of
mount Parnassus. Agathyrsi. These were
a people of Scythia, who used to paint their
oodies with various colors. The nations
here mentioned seemed to be selected for
•Apollo’s retinue, on account of their skill in
archery. : -
148. Premit: binds up. Fingens: ad-
justing it. JMolli fronde: with a soft wreath
of leaves. Ruapus says, tenera coroná.
Jäuro : in the sense of aurea vitta. -
149. Haud segnior: he moved not less
graceful than he—than Apollo himself.
150. Ore: in the sense of vultu.
152. Dejectſe: dislodged—routed. Jugis
the sides of the rocks, or mountains.
154. Transmittunt : in the sense of per-
cwºrrºnt. i
155. Glomerant fugá in their flight, they
crowd together the dusty herds, &c. Ruasus
says, colligunt se in greges pulverulentos.
159. Optat votis : he wishes with vows—
he greatly wishes, that a foaming boar, &c.
163. Dardanius nepos Veneris: the Tro-
jan grandson of Venus—Ascanius. Tecta •
tectum signifies any covered place. Here
shelters, or retreat from the storm. -
166. Tellus et pronuba. Pronuba, a title
of Juno, from her being the goddess of
marriage : compounded of pro añd nubo.
AENEIS.*
LJB IV 293
Dant signum : fuſsere ignes, et conscius aether
Connubiis; summoque ululārunt vertice Nymphae.
Ille dies primus lethi, primusque malorum
Causa fuit : neque enim specie famäve movetur,
Nec jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem:
167. Conscius connn
biis fulsit
169. Ille dies primus
170 fuit causa lethi Didoni,
primusque fuit causa
malorum
Conjugium vocat: hoc praetexit nomine culpam.”
Extempló Libya magnas it Fama per urbes :
Fama; malum, quo non aliud velocius ullum :
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo:
Parva metu primö : mox sese attollit in auras,
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit.
Illam Terra parens, irá irritata Deorum,
Extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem
Progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis :
Monstrum horrendum, ingens : cui quot sunt corpore
Tot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu !
Tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit aures.
Nocte volat coeli medio terraeque per umbram .
Stridens, nec dulci declinat lumina somno.
Luce sedet custos, aut summi culmine tecti,
Turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes
Tam ficti pravique tenax, quâm nuntia veri.
Haec tum multiplici populos sermone replebat
Gaudens, et pariter facta atque infecta canebat:
Venisse AEneam, Trojano à sanguine cretum,
Cui se pulchra viro dignetur jungere Dido :
Nunc hyemem inter se luxu, quâm longa, fovere,
175
178. Parens terra ir-
ritata irá Deorum pro-
genuit illam, ut homines
perhibent, extremam so-
180 rorem Coeo Encelado-
que, celerem pedibus, et
pernicibus alis
181. Monstrum hor-
rendum, ingens; cuisunt
tot vigiles oculi subter,
185 mirabile dictu! tot lin-
gua, totidem ora sonant,
subrigit tot aures, quot
sunt plumse in corpore.
191. Canebat Æneam
venisse, cretum a Troja-
190 no sanguine, cui viro
pulchra Dido dignetur
jungere se : nunc luxu
fovere inter se hyemem,
quam longa est,
[plumae,
NOTES
ts primitive meaning is bride-mand. Some
rank Tellus among the Divinities that pre-
sided over marriage. She gave signs of
disapprobation by an earthquake, or some
motion of the earth. Servius says, there
was no omen more inauspicious to nuptials
than this. Juno also gave her sign against
the match, by rain and storms of hail.
Flashes of lightning supplied the place of
the nuptial torch; and the only song was
the howling of the mountain mymphs.
These were all sad presages of the future.
169. Ille dies primus fuit causa : that day,
the first (in an especial manner) was the
cause of death to Dido; and the beginning
(primus) of her woes. -
170. Specie fama-ve. By the species we
are to understand the appearance and de-
formity of the action, as it passed in review
before her own mind; and by fama, the
scandal and infamy of it, in the eyes of the
world.
172. Praetext: palliates or covers. Cul-
pam : in the sense of crimen.
174. Fama malum quo: Fame, a fiend,
than which there is not another more swift,
&c. In this account of fame, the Poet imi-
tates Homer's description of discord. A ju-
dicious critic is of opinion that this descrip-
tion of fame is one of the greatest orna-
ments of the AEneid. It has not, however,
escaped censure. JMalum : in the sense of
pestis vel monstrum.
179. Caeo Enceladoque. These were two
Giants, who took the lead in the war
against the gods. They were the sons of
Titan and Tellus. Their object in the wal
was to restore their father Titan to the
throne, from which Jupiter had driven him.
They attempted to attack Heaven, by put-
ting mount Ossa upon Pelion ; but in the
attempt they were chastised by Jupiter, in
an exemplary manner. At this vengeance
(ira) of the gods, Tellus was irritated; and
by way of revenge, produced fame, their
youngest sister, swift on the foot, and on
the nimble wing. .
184. JMedio : in the middle of heaven and
earth—between heaven and earth. Unt-
bram : in the sense of tenebras. -
186. Luce : in the sense of die. Custos :
a spy.
188. Tam tenar: as tenacious of false-
hood and wickedness, as a messenger of
truth.
189. Sermone : in the sense of rumore.
190. Canebat: she equally proclaimed
facts and fictions.
193. Nunc fovere luru ; that now in lux
ury they caress one another during the
winter, as long as it may be. Hyemem
quám longa: in the sense of longam hye
294
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Regnorum immemores, turpique cupidine capolº
mantide raptà, posuit
Jovi centum immania
craveratoue
mi, et accensus amaro
rumore, dicitur supplex
Divām.
Haec passim Dea foeda virim diffunditin ora. 195
Protinús ad regem cursus detorquet Iarbam;
IncenditGue animum dictis, atque aggerat iras.
198. Hic satus Am- Hic Ammone satus, raptā Garamantide Nymphā,
monº, Nympha Garº. Templa Jovi centum latis immania regnis,
Centum aras posuit; vigilemdue sacraverat ignem, 200
templa in iatis regis, Excubias Divām sternas, pecudumque cruore
posuit centum aras; sa- Pingue solum, et variis florentia limina sertis.
Isque amens animi, et rumore accensus amaro,
203: Isque amens ani- Dicitur ante aras, media inter numina Divām,
alta Jovem manibus supplex orâsse Supinis: 205
orasse jovem multi su. Jupiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis
pinis manibus, stans ante Gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem,
aras, inter media numina Aspicis haec 2 an te, genitor, cum fulmina torques,
Nequicquam horremus' caecique in nubibus ignes
Terrificant animos, et inania murmura miscent 7 210
Foemina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem
212. Cui dedimus litus Exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum,
Cuique loci leges dedimus, connubia nostra
Reppulit, ac dominum AEnean in regna recepit
NOTES.
mem. Ruãºus says, traducere hyemem inter
se luau.
194. Cupidine: by cupido, Servius in-
forms us that the ancients understood an
ungovernable and irregular passion of love
—lust. Captos: enslaved. &
198. Hic Ammone Satus : this man, sprung
from Ammon, had built to Jove, &c. Jupiter
Ammon had a celebrated temple and oracle
in Libya, on a spot of ground watered by a
fountain, and enclosed by a pleasant grove.
This temple is said to have been built by
Bacchus, or Hercules. This Ammon some
will have to be the same with Ham, the son
of Noah. Sir Isaac Newton thinks him to
have been the father of Sesostris, and cotem-
porary with Solomon, king of Israel. Iar-
bus was the son of this Jupiter Ammon, by
the nymph Garamantis. Aggerat : in the
sense of auget.
200. Vigilem ignem. Plutarch informs
us that in this temple there was a lamp con-
tinually burning. This was also a custom
common to many nations. Poswit: in the
sense of aedificavit.
201. Eaccubias atternas Divām a perpe-
tual watch of the gods—sacred to the ser-
vice of the gods. Solum: a tract of ground
enriched by the blood of victims.
202. Limina florentia: an entrance (into
the temples) adorned with various garlands.
.Amens animi : distracted in mind; of 3, pri-
vitivum, and mens.
204. JNſumina : the shrines or statues,
which represented the gods. Supinis. Ru-
aeus says, elatis: properly, with the palm
‘upwards.
206. Qui nunc to whom the Moorish
nation, feasting on painted couches, &c.
The JMaurusii, vel JMauri, were inhabitants
of Mauritania, an extensive country in Af.
rica, bounded on the west by the Atlantic
ocean, on the north by the Mediterranean
sea, and on the east by Numidia and Car-
thage. It seems this news reached Iarbas,
while he and his people were feasting upon
the remains of the victims which had been
offered to Ammon. At such banquets, it was
usual to pour forth wine by way of libation
to the gods—an offering sf wine.
207. Lenſeum honorem : simply, wine—
the liquor of Bacchus. Lenaeus, a name of
Bacchus, used as an adj. derived from a
Greek word, signifying a wine-press. Epw-
lata : feasting, or having feasted.
209. Caecy: undirected—fortuitous. Ig-
nes: lightnings. Inania murmura ; vain, or
empty, sounds.
212. Posuit : in the sense of condidit.
Litus arandum : the shore to be ploughed.
The province or territory of Carthage is
here called litus, because it lay along the
sea coast—a tract of country to cultivate.
Pretio. This alludes to the price paid, or
stipulated to be paid, for her territory, or
tract of country. See the following note.
213. Cuique dedimus : and on whom we
imposed the laws of the place. We are told
that Dido engaged to pay the Africans an
annual tribute for the tract of country which
she purchased for her colony. This, how-
ever, the Carthaginians afterwards refused
to do, and was the cause of the first war in
which they were engaged. Excepting this
tribute, Carthage, from the first, was an in-
dependent sovereignty. ſ
AENEIS.
LIB. IV. 295
Eit nunc ille Paris, cum semiviro comitatu,
215
Maeoniá mentum miträ crinemgue madentem
Subnexus, rapto potitur : nos munera templis
Quippe tuis ferimus, famamque fovemus inanem.
Talibus orantem dictis, arasque tenentem
Audit omnipotens : oculosque ad moenia torsit
Regia, et oblitos famae melioris amantes.
Tunc sic Mercurium alloquitur, ac talia mandat:
Wade, age, nate, voca Zephyros, et labere pennis:
Dardaniumque ducem, Tyriá Carthagine qui nunc
Expectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes,
Alloquere, et celeres defer mea dicta per auras.
Non illum nobis genitrix pulcherrima talem
Promisit, Graitimdue ided bis vindicat armis :
Sed fore qui gravidam imperiis, belloque frementem
Italiam regeret, genus alto à Sanguine Teucri
Proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem.
Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum,
217. Subnexus quoad
mentum madentemque
crinem Moeonia miträ,
otitur rapto
220 p 220. Omnipotens au-
diit evm orantem in ta-
libus dictis, tementem-
que aras, torsitQue ejus
oculos ad regia moenia,
et ad amantes oblitos
225 melioris famae.
226. Alloquereque
Dardanium ducem, qui
nunc expectat in Tyria
Carthagine, nonque re-
spicit urbes datas ei
fatis
227. Ejus pulcherrima
genitrix non promisit
230
NOTES.
215. Et nunc ille Paris. Here Iarbas
calls AEneas, Paris, to denote him effemi-
nate, and a ravisher, who had carried off a
princess whom he considered his own. In
allusion to this, he says, potitur ! apto ; he
possesses the ravished prize. Semiviro co-
mitatu : with his effeminate train. This is
said in allusion to the Phrygians, who were
great worshippers of the goddess Cybele,
whose priests were eunuchs.
216. JMaonid #. a Maeonian, or Ly-
dian mitre. This was a kind of bonnet
worn by the Lydian and Phrygian women.
It was a part of dress unbecoming in men,
more especially when it had the fillets or
strings with which it was tied under the
chin. Iarbas mentions it as a mark of in-
famy and badge of reproach. JMaconia : an
extensive country in the Lesser Asia. It is
here used as an adj. Its more modern name
is Lydia, from Lydus, one of its kings, as
Strabo tells us. That part bordering upon
Ionia and Caria, still retains its ancient
name. Athenaeus observes, that Homer at-
tributes the use of unguents to none of his
characters in the Iliad, besides Paris. These
were chiefly for the hair. The use of them
was considered a mark of effeminacy. Iar-
bas therefore says of Æneas, that his hair
was moistened or besmeared with unguents
-crimen madeniem.
217. Subnea:ws: in the sense of subligatus.
218. Quippe nos ferimus : we to be sure
bring offerings to thy temples, and cherish
the vain report of being thy offspring.
Iarbas speaks by way of complaint. The
offerings which we present unto thee are of
no avail, and the report of thy being our
father is vain and without foundation, or
else thou wouldst not have suffered this evil
to fall upon me. Heyne observes, that the
words of Iarbas, quippe, &c. are extremely
ironical. Ironia acerba vocabulo, quippe, in-
est, says he. Both Rugeus and Heyne take
quippe in the sense of scilicel. But quippe
may be taken perhaps in the sense of dum:
while we are presenting offerings unto thee,
&c. AEneas is enjoying the ravished prize.
219. Tenentem aras. holding the altars.
It was a custom in the more solemn acts of
religion, to embrace the altars. It was es-
pecially so for suppliants.
221. Amantes : lovers—Hºneas and Dido.
223. Pennis : in the sense of alis. Mer
cury was represented as having winged
shoes, on which he was borne through the
air. They were called talaria.
225. Eacpectat ; in the sense of moratur.
228. Bis vindicat: preserved him twice,
&c. AEneas was twice saved by Venus
from impending death : once in a contest
with Diomede, when he was struck to the
ground by the stroke of a huge stone, and
would have been slain, had not Venus cast
her veil over him, and carried him off from
the fight; and a second time, when under
her own conduct, he passed unhurt through
the flames of Troy, and the midst of his
enemies, during the sack of that city.
229. Gravidam imperiis. Ruteus says,
plenam regnis. Servius says, parituram
tmperia, vel unde multi imperatores possunt
creari. Heyne says, quae proferet multos po-
tentes, et laté imperantes populos. It appears
to be in the sense of paritura magnum 2m-
perium, populumque laté dominantem. In
which a mighty empire is about to be es-
tablished, says Valpy.
231. Proderet genus : should evince, or
prove his descent, &c.
296
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
nobis illum fore talem, Nec super ipse suá molitur laude laborem :
ideSque bis vindicat
illum ab armis Graiam :
sed promisit illum fore
unum, qui regeret Itali- *
am gravidam imperiis, Naviget.
frementemque bello; qui Dixerat.
proderet
237. Hic esto illi nun-
tius nostri
Ascanio-ne pater Romanas invidet arces?
Quid struit 7 aut quá spe inimică in gente moratur" 23b
Nec prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva 7
Haec summa est: hic nostri nuntius esto.
Ille patris magni parere parabat
Imperio : et primūm pedibus talaria nectit
Aurea ; quae sublimem alis, sive aequora supra,
240
Seu terram, rapido pariter cum flamine portant.
Tum virgam capit: häc animas ille evocat Orco
Pallentes; alias sub tristia Tartara mittit :
Dat somnos adimitdue, et lumina morte resignat.
Illá fretus agit ventos, et turbida tranat
Nubila.
245
Jamgue volans apicem et latera ardua cernit
• . . Atlantis duri, coelum qui vertice fulcit :
248. Atlantis, cui piº Atlantis, cinctum assidué cui nubibus atris
nuferum caput assidué
cinctum atris mubibus
pulsatur et vento et im-
bri: nix infusa
Piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri :
Nix humeros infusa tegit: tum flumina mento
Praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba.
250
Hic primúm parıbus nitens Cyllenius alis
Constitit; hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas
Misit : avi similis, quae circum litora, circum
Piscosos scopulos, humilis volat a quora juxta.
255
256. Haud aliter Cyl- Haud aliter, terras inter coelumque, volabat
NOTES.
233. JMolitur laborem : undertakes the en-
terprise for his own glory.
235. In gente inimică : in a hostile nation.
This is said by anticipation, because of the
enmity which subsisted between Rome and
Carthage in after times. Struit: in the
sense of parat.
236. Lavinia arva, See AEm. i. 2.
239, Talaria. These were a kind of
winged shoes, which the poets say the mes-
sengers of the gods wore—sandals,
241. Flamine : in the sense of vento.
242. Virgam. This was the celebrated
rod, or Caduceus, presented to Mercury by
Apollo, in return for his lyre. Mercury, in
his way to Arcadia, observing two serpents
going to fight, appeased them by casting
down his rod between them. Hence a rod
wreathed round with two serpents, became
a symbol of peace. Orco : the place of the
dead.
243. Tartara: the lowest part of hell—
the place of the damned.
244. Lumina morte resignat: he opens
eyes in death. This is the sense given to
resigno by Turnebus, Davidson, and others.
They think the poet alludes to a Roman
custom of opening the eyes on the funeral
pile, though shut all the time the corpse lay
in the house. But Servius takes resigno in
the sense of claudo: he closes, or shuts
eyes in death. Rugeus says, aperit oculos ea:
morte, id est, revocat corpora è morte. This
seems to be the opinion of Heyne.
247. Atlantis duri. Atlas is a very high
mountain, or rather range of mountains,
commencing at the Atlantic ocean, to which
it gives name, and running in an easterly
direction, dividing Mauritania from Libya
Interior. It is fabled that Atlas, king of
Mauritania, was transformed into this
mountain by Perseus, at the sight of his
Gorgon's head, because he refused to treat
him with hospitality. Virgil describes the
mountain as retaining the form and shape
of a man. Atlas was a very skilful astro-
nomer and astrologer: this probably gave
rise to the fable. His supporting heaven
on his shoulder is explaimed, from the cir-
cumstance of the top of the mountain being
lost in the clouds. Its top, or summit, was
covered with perpetual snow. Hence, nia:
infusa tegit humeros.
248. Cui : in the sense of cujus.
250. JMento senis : from the chim of the
old man.
252. Cyllenius: Cyllenius moving (nitens)
on equal or balanced wings, stopped. This
was a name of Mercury, from Cyllenc, in
Arcadia, the place of his birth. He was
the son of Maia, the daughter of Atlas, by
Jupiter.
254. Similis avi. The whole of this pas-
sage is in imitation of Homer, Odys. Lib,
v. 43. The bird here alluded to, is sup-
posed to be the coot, or cormorant.
256. Volabat. This and the two follow
ing lines, Heyne marks as spurious. They
were probably left in an unfinished state.
Bentley would alter volabat to legebat, which
AENEIS.
LIB. IV 297
Litus arenosum Libyae, ventosque secabat,
Maternoveniens ab avo Cyllenia proles.
Ut primūm alatis tetigit magalia plantis, g
AEneam fundantem arces, ac tecta novantem
Conspicit: atque illi stellatus iaspide fulvå
lenia proles veniens ab
materno avo volabat
arenosum litus Libye,
inter terras coelumque.
260 secabatgue ventos.
Ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice lana
Demissa exhumeris: dives quae munera Dido
Fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro.
Continuo invadit: Tu nunc Carthaginis altae
265
Fundamenta locas, pulchramgue uxorius urbem.
Extruis! heu, regni rerumque oblite tuarum !
Ipse Deûm tibi me claro demittit Olympo
Regnatºr, coelum et terras qui numine torquet:
Ipse hac ferre jubet celeres mandata per auras:
270
Quid struis? aut quá spe Libycis teris otia terris'
Site nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum,
Nec super ipse tuá moliris laude laborem;
Ascanium surgenterm et spes haredis Iuli
Respice : cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus
Debentur. Tali Cyllenius ore locutus,
Mortales visus medio sermone reliquit,
275
Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram.
At verö AEneas aspectu obmutuit amens;
Arrectaeque horrore comae ; et vox faucibus haesit.
Ardet abire fugă, dulcesque relinquere terras,
280 280. Comte sunt ar
rectfe
Attonitus tanto monitu imperiodue Deorum.
Heu! quid agat 2 quo nunc regimam ambire furentem
Audeat affatu ? quae prima exordia sumat 7
Atque animum nunc huc celerem, nunc dividit illuc ;
In partesque rapit varias, perque omnia versat.
286
NOTES.
is the reading of Davidson; but without
sufficient authority. Between heaven and
earth, he flew along the sandy shore, and
cut the winds.
258. Ab materno avo. Mercury was the
son of Maia, the daughter of Atlas, which
made him his grandfather on his mother's
side. Cyllenia proles : simply, Mercury.
259. JMagalia: neu. plu. either the huts
of the African shepherds, mentioned Geor.
iii. 340, or the towers and buildings of Car-
thage erected on the spot where the magalia
Once stood.
261. Ensis eral illi stellatus: there was to
him a sword studded with yellow jasper.
The hilt and scabbard were studded with
gems, sparkling like stars, particularly with
jaspers. Servius informs us it was a recei-
ved opinion that there was a virtue in the
jasper-stone, to assist orators in their plead-
ings, and that Gracchus wore one of them
for that purpose.
262. Itena. This was a thick double
garment—a cassock. Arbebat; in the sense
of fulgebat. .
264. Discreverat telas; had distinguished
the web with a small thread of gold. Ruteus
says, distinacerat.
265. Invadit: in the sense of alloquitur.
266. Urorius: a slave to your wife. It
refers to the pron. tw, understood.
267. Oblite: the voc. of oblitus, agreeing
with AEmeas, understood.
271. Teris otia: you waste your time.
Struis ; in the sense of facis, vel paras.
276. Tali ore : in the sense of talibus
verbis. f - . .
277. Reliquit : in the sense of mutavit.
Mercury had assumed a human form, morta-
les visus, in his conference with Æneas; but
as soon as he had ended his speech, in me-
dio sermone, and before Æneas had time to
make any reply, he left, changed, or put it
off, and vanished from his eyes. Sermo is
properly a conference between two or more
persons, and, when one only has spoken, it
is not complete or finished.
279. Amons : in the sense of attonitus vel
stupefactus. :
283. Quo affatu : in what words—by what
address. Ambire: to speak to—to address.
285. Dividii : in the sense of vertit.
298
P. VIRGILII Mſ ARONIS
Haec alternant potior sententia visa est. -
Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat, fortemque Cloanthum:
289. Jubei ut taciti Classem aptent taciti, sociosque ad litora cogant,
aptent classem.
Arma parent; et, quae sit rebus causa novandis,
290
Dissimulent: sese intereà, quando optima Dido
Nesciat, et tantos rumpi non speret amores,
293. Intereà statuit Tentaturum aditus, et quae mollissima fandi
sese tentaturum, Aditus, Tempora ; quis rebus dexter modus.
*...*.*.*.*.*.* Imperio lasti parent, ac jussa facessunt.
At regina dolos (quis fallere possit amantem 7)
Praesensit, motusque excepit prima futuros,
Omnia tuta timens.
tempora fandi; quismo-
dus sit dexter rebus con-
Jiciendis
Ocyūs omnes
295
Eadem impia Fama furenti
Detulit armari classem, cursumque parari.
Saevit inops animi, totamgue incensa per urbem
300
301. Talis qualis Thy- Bacchatur; qualis commotis excita sacris
as, excita
Thyas, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho
Orgia, nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron.
Tandem his AEneam compellat vocibus ultrö :
305.0 perfide homo, Dissimulare etiam sperästi, perfide, tantum
Posse nefas, tacitusque meå decedere terra !
sperástite posse
305
Nec te noster amor, nec te data dextera quondam,
Nec moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido'
Quin etiam hyberno moliris sidere classem,
Et mediis properas Aquilonibus ire per altum,
310
311. O crudelis hospes! Crudelis Quid si non arva aliena domosque
Quid; si tu non peteres Ignotas peteres, et Troja antiqua maneret;
Troja per undosum peteretur classibus aequor "
NOTES
287. Haec alternanti: this plan seemed
the better to him, wavering in mind, and
examining what had best be done in his
present situation. Rugeus says consilium, for
sententia.
293. Aditus : the avenues or passages to
her heart. Qua: ; what might be the fittest
or softest moments of addressing her, to
obtain her consent. Rebus : for effecting
his purposes.
298. Eaccepit: heard—found out. Ti-
mens omnia tuta: fearing all things when
even safe—fearing danger when all things
are safe. Furenti : in the sense of ad aures
furentis, sive amantis. Impia: in the sense
of steva, says Heyne. Delulit: in the sense
of nun lºavit. -
300. Inops animi : devoid of reason.
301. Qwalis Thyas ; as a bacchanal roused
at the moving of the sacred symbols, &c.
Servius informs us that commovere sacra was
a phrase used by the Romans to signify the
opening of the solemnities of particular di-
vinities, on their high festival days; when
their sacred symbols were removed from
their temples, in order to be carried about
in pompous procession. This was particu-
larly the case in celebrating the Orgia, or
mysteries of Bacchus, when the statues of
that god were removed from his temples,
and carried about in procession by his fran-
tic votaries. The mysteries of Bacchus were
celebrated every third year: hence they are
called trielerica.
302. Thyas: a bacchanal; from a Greek
word signifying to roar about in wild and
frantic disorder.
303. JNocturnus Cithaeron. Cithaeron was
a mountain in Bcotia sacred to Bacchus.
Here his mysteries were celebrated in the
most distinguished manner by his infatuated
followers. They were, for the most part,
celebrated in the night. Hence nocturnus
Cithaeron. Eam is understood after vocat.
307. Deactera quondam data: thy right
hand once given. This alludes to their
marriage. Supra, 172. Tenet is to be sup-
plied, or repeated, with each of the prece-
ding nominatives.
309. JMoliris classem: do you prepare your
fleet in the winter season. The north winds
were directly against Æneas, in sailing from
Africa to Italy. This speech of Dido is
tender and persuasive. And since it ap-
peared his purpose to sail to Italy, she en-
deavors to dissuade him from it, until the
winter and contrary winds were over, in the
hope that, by repeated instances of her af.
fection and regard, he might be induced to
AENEIS. LIB, IV.
299.
Mene fugis? per ego has lacrymas dextramgue tuam, te,
Quando aliud mihi jam miserae nihilipsa reliqui,
Per connubia nostra, per inceptos Hymenaeos;
Si bené quid de te merui, fuit aut tibi quicquam
Dulce meum; miserere domâs labentis, et istam,
Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem.
Te propter Libycae gentes, Nomadumque tyranni
Odere, infensi Tyrii : te propter eundem
Extinctus pudor, et, quá solà sidera adibam,
Cui memoribundam deseris, hospes!
Hoc solum nomen quoniam de conjuge restat.
Fama prior.
314. Ego oro te per
315 has lacrymas, tuamgue
dextram (quando ipsa
jam reliqui nihil aliud
mihi miserae) per nostra
317. Aut si quicquam
meum fuit dulce tibi
320 miserere
321. Odere me, et Ty-
rii infensi sunt mihi :
propter te eundem, meus
pudor extinctus est, et
mea prior fama
Quid moror 7 an mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 325
Destruat? aut captam ducat Getulus Iarbas'
Saltem si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset
Ante fugam Soboles; si quis mihi parvulus aulá
Luderet AEneas, quite tantúm ore referret;
Non equidem omninó capta aut deserta viderer. A
Ille Jovis monitis immota tenebat
Dixerat.
327. Siqua Soboles sal-
tem suscepta fuisset mi-
hi de te ante fugam ; si
0 quis parvulus AEneas
33
Lumina, et obnixus curam sub corde premebat.
Tandem pauca refert: Ego te, quae plurima fando
Enumerare vales nunquam, regina, negabo
Promeritam : nec me meminisse pigebit Elisæ ;
Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos reget artus.
Nec ego hanc abscondere furto
Speravi, ne finge, fugam ; nec conjugis unquam
Pro re pauca loquar.
334. O Regina, ego
nunquam negabo te pro-
335 meritam esse plurima de
me, quae tu vales enume-
rare fando
336. Dum ego ipse ero
memor mei, dum
NOTES.
give over the idea of it altogether. Sidere:
in the sense of tempore.
316. Hymenteos: in the sense of amores.
Qui novitate sunt dulces, says Servius.
319. JMentem : purpose—design of leav-
ing me.
320. Tyranni JNomadum: the kings of the
Numidians. The ancient Romans used the
words tyrannus and reac promiscuously.
321. Tyrii inſensi. She here alludes to
the purpose of her brother to pursue her, as
already mentioned. -
322. Pudor eactinctus: my chastity is gone,
and my former fame, by which alone I reach-
ed the stars.
324. Quoniam hoc momen: since this name
alone remains of the husband. It is to be
observed that Dido does not address him by
the endearing name of husband, but by that
of stranger or guest, hospes; and she can
look upon him in no other light, since he is
going to leave her.
325. Quid moror? what do I wait for?
328. Siquis parvulus: if any little AEneas
could play to me in my hall, who only might
resemble you in form, I should not, &c.
Some ancient copies read tamen, instead of
tantūm , who nevertheless should resemble
thee, &c. . Some explain the words, quite
tantùm referret ore; as if Dido did not wish
her son to resemble AEneas in his mind,
cruelty and hardness of heart, but only in
person and features. But this sentiment
does not very well agree with the present
strain of her discourse; which is full of ten-
derness, soft address, and moving expostu-
lation.
Since she could not enjoy his person, it
would have been some alleviation of her
distress, if she had a son by him, who might
only set the image of the father before her
eyes, if he could do nothing more. Heyne
reads tamen. Rugeus says, qui representa-
rit te tantūm modó vultu.
330. Capta. Ruteus interprets this by
decepta, which is very harsh, and cannot be
the meaning of the speaker. Capta refers
to what she had said just before, 326 supra,
aut captam ducat Getulus Iarbas.
In order to paint her distress to AEneas in
the liveliest colors, she represents him as the
only person, on whom she could depend for
protection; and now he was going to aban-
don her, considers herself forlorn, deserted,
and left a prey to her enemies, who had al-
ready, as it were, made her their captive.
This is the dreary image that haunts her
disturbed fancy by day, and her dreams by
night. See verse 466, infra.
333. Refert: in the sense of respondet.
337. Loquar pauca pro re; I will speak a
few things to the point in question. JWec
ego speravi; nor did I hope to concealm
departure, &c. This is a reply to Dido's
800
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Praetendi taedas, aut haec in foedera veni.
Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam
Auspiciis, et sponte meå componere curas;
Urbem Trojanam primūm dulcesque meorum
Relliquias colerem ; Priami tecta alta manerent;
Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis.
845. Grymºus Apollo Sed nunc Italiam magnam Grynaeus Apollo;
345
**.*.*.*# Italiam Lycia, jussère capessere sortes.
nam Italiam, Lycia
sortes jussère me
350. Fas sit et nos
qūaerere
353. Turbida imago
patris Anchisee admonet
Hic amor, haec patria est. Site Carthaginis arces
Phoenissam, Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis:
Quae tandem Ausonià Teucros considere terrá
Invidia est ? et nos fas extéra quaerere regna.
Me patris Anchisae, quoties humentibus umbris
350
et terret me in somnis, Nox operit terras, quoties astra ignea surgunt,
quoties
354. Puer Ascanius,
injuriaque ejus chari ca-
pitis, quem, fraudo regno.
Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago:
Me puer Ascanius, capitisque injuria chari,
Quem regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis.
Hesperiae, et fatalibus Nunc etiam interpres Divām, Jove missus ab ipso,
arvis, admonet me.
(Testor utrumque caput) celeres mandata per auras
NOTEs.
accusation, dissimulare etiam, &c. Verse
305, supra.
339. Praetendi. Ruãºus takes this in the
sense of Praeteacui, in allusion to verse 172,
where it is said of Dido, praetexit culpam
hoc nomine : nor did I ever cover over our
marriage with the name of husband, or come
into the bands of Hymen.
Some take praetendi in the sense of prae-
tuli : nor did I ever bear before me the nup-
tial torch: in allusion to a Roman custom
of carrying lighted torches before the new
married couple. In either case, the plain
meaning is: I had no part in our nuptials—
I consented not to them; nor did I enter
into any contract of that nature. This an-
swers Dido's charge against him : JWec te
poster amor, &c. Verse 305, supra.
340. Si fata paterentur: if the destinies
had permitted me to lead my life, &c.
This passage furnishes the critics with a
pretext to condemn AEneas of ingratitude
and insensibility. Was it not enough, say
they, for him to let Dido know that he was
forced by the Destinies elsewhere, without
insulting her with an open declaration, that
he preferred other objects to her? But we
shall not think Æneas so much to blame,
if we consider the true meaning of his
words. Dido had urged him to stay; he
answers, it is not in his power, because the
Destinies opposed it: in proof of it, he as-
sures her that if they had left him to his
own choice, he would never have left his
native country: he would have rebuilt Troy,
which now lay in ashes. This is not say-
ing; if I were at liberty, I would forsake
you and return, and rebuild Troy; but I
would never have formed any other design
than that of repairing the desolation of my
country. What makes the objection appear
the more specious is, that Virgil uses colerem
for coluissem; but there are many instances
where the imperfect of the sub. has the
same signification with the plup., and it is
plain that it has in the present instance,
both from the sense, and the use of posuissem
in the following line, with which the pre-
ceding verbs are connected. Auspiciis : in
the sense of voluntate. Curas: in the sense
of negotia, says Heyne.
344. Recidiva : rebuilt—raised up after a
fall. Posuissem: in the sense of restituissem.
345. Grynaeus Apollo. The epithet Gry-
naeus was given to Apollo from Gryna, a
city of JEolia, near which was a grove call-
ed Grynaeum, where Apollo had an oracle of
great antiquity, and also a splendid temple.
346. Lycia sortes. Lycia, a maritime
country of Asia. JMinor, in which was the
city Patara, where Apollo had a famous
temple and oracle. This and some other
Oracles were called Sortes, because they de-
termined the fate of the person by casting
or drawing lots, throwing dice, or by some
such method, which was thought to be un-
der the immediate direction of the god.
350. Fas. This word properly signifies a
divine law—what is right or lawful—also a
duty towards God. Et, often, as here, hath
the sense of etiam, vel quoque. -
355. Fatalibus arvis: fields destined to
him by fate. - -
AEneas had all along been directed to go
to Italy, under the assurance of a peaceful
settlement. This country the gods had des-
timed to him. • .
357. Testor utrumque caput: I call to
witness each god, viz. Mercury and Jove.
AENEIS.
301
IIB. IV
Detulit. Ipse Deum manifesto in lumine vidi
Intrantem muros, vocemgue his auribus hausi.
Desine megue tuis incendere, teque quèrelis:
Italiam non sponte sequor
Talia dicentem jamdudum aversatuetur,
Huc illuc wolvens oculos, totumque pererrat
Luminibus tacitis, et sic accensa profatur:
360
362. Dido jamdudum
aversa tuetur ºllum di-
centem →
Nec tibi Diva parens, generis nec Dardanus auctor, 365
Perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens
Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admörunt ubera tigres.
Nam quid dissimulo 2 aut quae me ad majora reservo 7
Num fletu ingemuit nostro 7 num lumina flexit 2
[est ?
Num lachrymas victus dedit? aut miseratus amantem
Quæ quibus anteferam 7 jam jam nec maxima Juno,
Nec Saturnius hæc oculis pater aspicit aequis.
Nusquam tuta fides.
Heu! furiis incensa feror.
Ejectum litore, egentem
Excepi, et regni demens in parte locavi :
Amissam classem, socios à morte reduxi.
Nunc augur Apollo,
Nunc Lycia sortes, nunc et Jove missus ab ipso
374. Excepi eum ejec-
375 tum litore, egentem on-
mium; et demens locavi
eum in parte regni
Interpres Divām fert horrida jussa per auras.
Seilicet is Superis labor est, ea cura quietos
Sollicitat. Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello.
380
I, sequere Italiam ventis; pete regna per undas.
NOTES.
Caput, by synec. is here put for the whole
body, or person: so also in line 354. Val-
py understands it of Dido and Æneas. But
he is singular in this. Rugeus says, wirum-
qve Deum. -
359. Hawsi his auribus: I drew his voice
into these ears—I heard his voice. This is a
pleonasmus common to most languages. It
-adds strength to the affirmation.
360. Incendere: to trouble—afflict.
362. Aversa: in the sense of infensa.
363. Pererrat: surveys him all over.
364. Tacitis: steady—fixed.
365. Mec tibi Diva, &c. Dido, finding
Æneas deaf to all her entreaties, after recall-
ing all the fine things she had said of him,
verse 12 et sequens, breaks forth into the
most bitter invectives: Nor is a goddess
your parent—nor Dardanus the founder of
your race; but frightful Caucasus brought
you forth among its hard rocks, and the
Hyrcanian tigers gave you sugk.
Caucasus: a very inhospitable mountain,
which divides Scythia from India. It lies
between the Caspian and Euxine seas.
Hyrcaniſe tigres: Hyrcania, a country in
Asia, anciently a part of Parthia, lying be-
tween Media on the west, and JMargiana on
the east; and having the Caspian sea on the
north. It is subject to the Persians. Ho-
die, Tabarestan. This country was infested
with the most savage beasts. Admörunt :
they moved their teats to you.
368. JMajora : in the sense of majores un-
Jurvas.
369. JN'um ingemuit nostro ; did he sighat
my tears 2 did he move his eyes, &c. This
refers to 331 supra: Ille Jovis monitis immota
tenebat lumina.
371. Qwa quibus anteferam: what things
can I mention before these ? Ruteus says:
Inter qua omnia signa immanitatis, quaenam
aliis majora dicam. Valpy says: how shall
I express myself? to which feeling shall I
first give utterance 2 But the words will
bear another meaning: before whom can l
carry these things? viz. my complaints. To
this we are led from considering what fol-
lows; as if Dido had said: to whom can I
apply for redress? since neither powerful
Juno, nor father Jove regards my sufferings
with equal eyes. There is justice neither
in heaven nor earth.
373. Ejectum: shipwrecked.
375. Redwari : in the sense of servave.
See AEn. vii. 431. Amissam : in the sense
of quassatam.
376. Nunc augur Apollo. She here al-
Iudes to what Æneas had said before, verse
345, et sequens. Feror: in the sense of ra-
207".
p 381 I, sequere Italiam ventis, &c. This
Quintilian gives as an instance of the iro-
nical style. Nothing is more in character
of an injured lover, than to order him to do
the verything, which was contrary to her
302 P
VIRGILII MARONIS
382. Spero equidem Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt,
* * *pliciº Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido
wn mediis scopulis, et
stepe vocaturum Dido
possunt efficere quid
Saepe vocaturum.
nomine, si pianumina Et, cum frigida mors animä seduxerit artus,
Omnibus umbra locis adero.
Sequar atris ignibus absens
385
Dabis, improbe, poenas:
387. Hec fama tua Audiam, et haec Manes veniet mihi fama sub imos.
*...* ** His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit, et auras
mihi sub imos
AEgra fugit, seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,
390. Linquens eum Linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem
cunctantem metú, et Dicere
Suscipiunt famulae, collapsaque membra
391
Marmoreo referunt thalamo, stratisque repomunt.--
At pius AEneas, quanquam lenire dolentem
Solando cupit, et dictis avertere curas; .
395. Labefactus quoad Multa gemens, magnoque animum labefactus amore :
Jussa tamen Divām exsequitur, classemque revisit.
Tum verö Teucri incumbunt, et litore celsas
animum magno amore,
tamen exsequitur jussa
396
Deducunt toto naves: natat uncta carina ;
401. Cernas Trojanos Frondentesque ferunt remos, et robora Sylvis
migrantes, ruentesque Infabricata, fugae studio.
400
402. Ac veluti cum Migrantes cernas, totáque ex urbe ruentes.
formica memores hy-
emis populant ingen-
tem acervum farris, re-
ponuntgue in tecto
Ac veluti ingentem formica farris acervum -
Cüm populant, hyemis memores, tectoque reponunt
It nigrum campis agnmen, praedamdue per herbas
NOTES.
inclinations. Servius observes too, that
Dido commands in a way that implies dis-
suasion, by mentioning the winds and the
waves, which served to remind him of his
danger; and by using the word sequere, as
if Italy fled from him.
382. Spero equidem : I hope indeed you
will suffer punishment among the interven-
ing rocks, &c. Hausurum: part. fut. of
havrio : to drink. This seems to be used
in allusion to the death which she hoped he
would die, that is, by drowning. This was
reckoned the peculiar punishment reserved
by Heaven for perfidious lovers. Dido : a
Greek acc. of the contracted nouns.
384. Absens sequar, &c. The meaning
ls : that the remembrance of Dido, whom
he had abandoned, though absent, would
still haunt his guilty mind, like a grim fury.
This satisfaction she should have in life; and
when death should separate her soul and
body, and her ghost, wrmbra, should be at
liberty to range over the universe, it should
also haunt him wherever he went. Atris
ignibus refers probably to the representation
of the furies, armed with torches ; which
Cicero explains of the stings and torments
of a guilty conscience.
386. Umbra adero: I, a shade, or ghost,
will be present with you, &c.
387. Haec fama veniet; this news shall
come to me under the lowest shades. The
ancients observed a threefold distinction in
the immortal part of man, viz.: the Umbra,
phantom or shade, which commonly fre
quented the place where the body was bu
ried; or haunted those abodes to which it
had been accustomed in life: the JManes,
which were confined to the lower regions;
and the Spiritus, which returned to heaven,
its original abode. JManes is frequently
taken for the place of the dead, by meton
which is the meaning here.
388. Auras: in the sense of lucem.
389. AEgra fugit auras: faint, she fled the
light—she withdrew from further conference
with Æneas, into her private apartment.
Here, quite overcome, she fainted, as we
may suppose, when her servants came to
her aid, and placed her upon her bed. “She
withdrew from the light to her apartment,”
says Valpy. Some think she fainted quite
away, and ceased to breathe ; but this is not
consistent with what follows: avertit et
aufert, &c.
390. JMulla. The multa in the preceding
part of the line, appears entirely expletive.
393. Dolentem: referring to Dido. Some
copies have dolorem, as Heyne informs us.
398. Deducunt : launch the lofty ships
along the whole shore.
399. Ferunt remos: they bring from the
woods green (unwrought) oars, and rough
timber; such was their hurry and impa-
tience to be gone. Frondentes : covered
with leaves—not even stripped of their
leaves. \ -
403. Tecto: in their cells, or holes.
AENEIS.
LIB. IV. 303
Convectant calle angusto : pars grandia trudunt
405
Obnixae frumenta humeris: pars agnina cogunt,
Castigantoue moras: opere omnis semita ſervet.
Quis tibi tunc, Dido, cermenti talia sensus 7
Quosve dabas gemitus, cum litora fervere laté
Prospiceres arce ex summa, totumque videres
Misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor 7
Improbe amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis'
Ire iterum in lachrymas, iterum tentare precando
Cogitur, et supplex animos submittere amori;
Ne quid inexpertum, frustrà moritura, relinquat.
Anna, vides toto properari litore : circum
Undique convenère : vocat jam carbasus auras,
Puppibus et laeti nautae imposuère coronas.
Hunc ego si potuitantum sperare dolorem—
Et perferre, soror, potero. Miserae hoc tamen unum
Exsequere, Anna, mihi: solam nam perfidus ille
Te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus ;
Sola viri molles aditus et tempora nÓras.
I, soror, atque hostem supplex affare superbum :
408. Quis sensus eral
tunctibi
410 410. Wideresque totum
aquor misceri .
412. Quid non cogis
mortalia pectora perpe-
trare
415
419. O soror, si ego
potui sperare hunc tan-
tum dolorem, potwi per-
419 ferre; et potero perferre
eum.
421. Nam ille perfidus
homo solebat colere to
solam, etiam credere ar-
canos sensus tibi: tu sola
nóras molles aditus
- NOTEs. Q
405. Convectant : they carry often. By
using this verb, the poet represents those
animals marching backward and forward,
and returning frequently to their cells, full
laden with their booty, like soldiers reaping
the spoils of an enemy. Pars obniza: ; a
part, shoving with their shoulders, push
along the large grains.
406. JMoras : in the sense of morantes :
those that delay. Frequent allusions have
been made by poets of all ages to the ants,
as examples of industry, wisdom, and fore-
sight. “Go to the ant, thou sluggard, con-
sider her ways, and be wise,” says Solomon.
Modern observation has not discovered in
them any such instances of industry. On
certain days they carry out of their cells,
and expose to the warmth of the sun, their
eggs; but we find no store of provisions
laid up against approaching want. For
during the cold season of the year, they lie
in a torpid state, and require no food.
409. Fervere : to be all in a bustle—to be
pusily occupied.
412. Improbe: in the sense of crudelis, vel
vehemens.
414. Cogitur ire iterum : she is forced
again to go into tears, again to try him by
supplication, &c. As the poet had used
cogis just before, so here he repeats the same
word, and shows the constraining power of
love in Dido's conduct—she is forced, in
spite of her pride, her resentment, her reso-
lutions, and her imprecations.
•Animos. Animus, in the plu. properly
signifies the affections or passions of the
mind. The meaning of the passage is: she
is forced again to have recourse to tears,
again to try him with prayers, and to submit
her passions, her resentment, her pride, and
her indignation, to love—to give up all to
the superior power and efficacy of her love.
415. JMoritura frustrå. Commentators
are not agreed upon the meaning of the
word frustrà in this place. Servius con-
nects it with inexpertum. The meaning
then will be: that she might not leave any
thing unattempted, though in vain; since
she was resolved to die. But it is more like
a lover to entertain some glimmering hope
as long as the dear object is within reach.
The better meaning is: lest by leaving any
thing unattempted, or untried, she should
die in vain—she should seem to throw away
her life.
416. Properari: there is a hastening, stir,
or bustle around on the whole shore. This
verb is used impersonally.
418. JNautaº imposwere : the joyous ma—
riners have placed garlands on the sterns.
It was a custom among sailors to deck the
sterns of the ship, both at sailing and land-
ing. The reason for this was, that on the
sterns was a chapel in honor of the gods
Petaci, who were considered the patrons
and protectors of the ship.
419. Si ego potwi sperare, &c. Ruteus
obscures this, and the following line, by con-
necting them closely together. It is plain
there is an ellipsis of the words potwi per-
ferre, which must be supplied. This sudden
and abrupt transition is perfectly agreeable
to the temper of Dido's mind, and shows the
propriety of potero being in the future :
which otherwise cannot be justified on anv
principles of language.
421. Eacsequere: do—perform.
422. Colere: in the sense of amare.
424. Hostem. This word sometimes was
used by the ancients in the sense of hospes
804
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
435. Ego Ron juravi Non ego cum Danais Trojanam exscindere gentem 425
Aulide cum Danais ex-
scindere Trojanam ur-
Aulide juravi, classemve ad Pergama misi:
bem, misi-ve, - Nec patris Anchisa, cineres Manesve revelli.
Cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in aures?
Quð ruit 7 extremum hoc miserae det munus amanti:
Expectet facilemgue fugam, ventosque ferentes.
430
Non jam conjugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro ;
Nec pulchro ut Latio careat, regnumque relinquat
Tempus imane peto, requiem spatiumque furori;
Dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere.
Extremam hanc oro veniam ; miserere sororis :
435
Quam miili cum dederit, cumulatum morte remittam.
NOTES.
a guest or stranger. Cicero says: Apud
majores nostros, is dicebatur hostis, quem nunc
peregrinus dicemus.
426. Aulide : abl. of Aulis, a town upon
the strait, which separates Euboea from
Beotia, nearly opposite Chalcis. Here the
Greeks, on their way to the siege of Troy,
took an oath never to return to their coun-
try, till they had destroyed that city.
427. Revelli : in the sense of violavi.
428. Demittere : to admit—receive.
430. Ferentes : in the sense of secundos.
JMunus : benefit—favor.
431. JW on jam oro : I do not now plead
our former marriage, which he hath violated.
Antvºuws sometimes signifies, honorable.
This is the sense Mr. Davidson gives to the
word in this place.
433. Pelo inane tempus : I ask a little
time as a respite, and a space for (allaying)
wny leve. Ad eactinguendum amorem, says
Ruabus.
435. Veniam : request—favor.
436. Quam mihi cºm. This verse has
very much perplexed commentators, and di-
vided their opinions. The readings, also,
are various. Ruteus' reading is most gene-
rally approved. He makes the following
comment upon the passage : Cúm contulerit
mihi hoc beneficium paulo longioris mora’,
hanc eactremam ratiam, remittam illum, si-
nam abire, et aajiciam mean mortem, quasi
cumulum votis ejus.
The meaning of this much disputed pas-
sage will in a great measure depend upon
the reading either of cumulatum or cumula-
tam. Servius reads: Quam mihi cism dede-
rts, cumulatam morte relinquam, referring
to her sister Anna, JMorte relinquam, he
takes in the sense of sola morte relinquam te.
Here cumulatam is made to agree with the
pron. te. But of this it is difficult to make
any sense. Nor will it be easier, if we refer
the cumulatam to veniam, as some commen-
tators have done. Heyne reads: Quan
mihi cºlm dederis, cumulatam morte remittam,
referring likewise to Anna. Cumulatam
yemittam, he takes in the sense of cumulate
referam, and morte in the sense of antequam
noriar, vel grata ero per totam vitam usque
ad mortem. This must appear to the most
superficial reader a forced and unwarranted
exposition; and nothing but the difficulty
attending the reading could have led that
learned commentator into it. Valpy ob-
serves of this exposition of Heyne, that,
“though stated by him with considerable
confidence, it appears forced and impro-
bable.”
If we consider the passage as referring to
AEneas, it will be rendered easier. In this
case, we, must read cumulatum. Rubus
considers it in this view, but appears to have
mistaken the sense of cumulatum, and
thereby given to the words, cumulatum
morte remittam, a turn which they will
hardly bear. Adjician mean mortem, quasi
cumulum votis ejus, says he. By adjician
mean mortem, we are to understand that
Dido informed her sister of her resolution
to kill herself, and that she makes a direct
declaration to that effect. But from the
subsequent part of the story, it appears to
have been her anxious solicitude to conceal
from her that desperate resolution. And,
by cumulum votis ejus, we are given to un-
derstand that her death was an object of
desire to Æneas—that it would afford him
pleasure, and be a source of gratification to
him. But this is altogether inconsistent
with those feelings which he manifested to-
wards her, verse 393 supra, et sequens; and
also with those tender expressions of his in
the sixth book, when he met her in the re
gions below. See verse 450, et sequens.
Hortensius reads cumulatum, and takes it
in the sense of abundé pensatum: abundant-
ly, or fully compensated, or requited.
Dido had besought Æneas to stay a short
time longer with her, till the weather should
be more favorable for his departure, since
he was resolved to leave her; and till she
should bring her mind the better to bear his
loss. This was the eartremam veniam, the
last, the only favor she asked of him; and
if granted to her, she would dismiss him, or
AENEIS. LIB IV
305
Talibus orabat, talesque miserrima fletus
Fertque refertque soror: sed nullis ille movetur
Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit.
Fata obstant; plaeidasque viri Deus obstruit aures. 440
Ac velut annoso validam cum robore quercum
Alpini Boreae, nunc hinc, nunc flatibus illinc
Eruere inter se certant; it stridor, et alté
Consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes:
Ipsa haret Scopulis : et quantúm vertice ad auras
AEthereas, tantüm radice in Tartara tendit.
Haud sects assiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros
Tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas:
441. Ac velut cum
Alpini Borea nunc hinc,
nunc illinc certant inter
se flatibus eruere &er-
cum validam annoss
445 robore.
445. Tendit tantúm
radice ad Tartara, quan-
tüm vertice tendut ad
Bethereas auras.
Mens immota manet; lachrymae volvuntur inanes.
Tum veró infelix fatis exterrita Dido
450
Mortem orat: taedet coeli convexa tueri.
Quð magis inceptum peragat, lucemdue relinquat;
Vidit, thuricremis cum doma imponeret aris,
º - º • *
Horrendum dictu ! latices nigrescere sacros;
453. Cúm imponere:
dona thuricremis aris,
vidit sacros latices.
NOTES.
consent to his departure, fully compensated
or requited for the favor and indulgence, by
her death.
Dido here conforms to the usual language
of disappointed lovers, who suppose they
confer the greatest possible favor upon those
they love, by dying for their sake. See
Ecl. viii. verses 59 and 60. The most
weighty objection to this interpretation is,
that it includes a declaration of her death;
but it does not necessarily imply, that it
would be by her own hand. Her grief,
sorrow, and affliction, in consequence of his
loss, might become insupportable, and bring
her to the grave.
But, after all the ingenuity displayed by
commentators, cumulatum, perhaps, is to be
taken in its usual acceptation. Cumulatum
morte remittam : I will dismiss him loaded,
or oppressed, with my death—with the re-
flection and consciousness of being the cause
of my death, by leaving me in this cruel
Iſlanller. 4.
This appears the least objectionable of
any solution that has been proposed. Nor
does it necessarily include the idea of sui-
cide. Dido may be supposed to declare,
that though he should comply with her re-
quest, and tarry with her till the weather
became favorable for his departure, yet that
she should eventually be unable to support
tiis loss, and that grief and disappointment
would be the cause of her death.
For this suggestion, I acknowledge my
obligations to a distinguished classical
scholar of our own country.
438. JMiserrima soror: her sister, most
distressed, carries, and again carries, such
tears—such piteous messages. Preces cum
lachrymis, says Heyne.
body.
of the bending groves.
439. Tractabilis : in the sense of eacora-
bilis.
442. Boreae. The north wind is here
called Alpine, from the circumstance of the
Alps lying north of Mantua, and a great
part of Italy. And the poet would give us
to understand that the north wind had its
seat among those mountains, and from
thence descended in storms, and mighty
blasts.
446. Tantùm radice. This is said accord-
ing to the opinion of those naturalists, who
suppose the roots of the tree equal to the
Tartara : neu. plu. properly the
lowest part of hell—that place which the
poets assign for the punishment of offenders.
In Tartara : toward Tartarus—downward.
It is opposed to ad ºthereas auras: toward
heaven—upward.
448. Curas: in the sense of dolores.
449. Inanes: his tears are useless—uma-
vailing, both with respect to himself and Di-
do; as they produced not the effect which
she desired, and altered not his steadfast re-
solution. -
451. Tapdet: it irketh her to behold the
canopy of heaven. Conneca, neu. plu. of
coºleaus, taken as a substantive. It appears,
hence, that converus in Latin, has a differ-
ent meaning from convex in English. The
convex face of heaven to us is invisible. It
is the vaulted arch, or canopy alone, which
we can behold—the cava coeli converitas, as
Dr. Clark explains it. So, also: in convezo
memorum, in the bosom, or under the shelter
And Justin, speak-
ing of the actions of Xerxes, says: montes
i. planum ducebat, et convera vallium wºud-
tli.
21 f •
306
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
\
sum pulli, non etiam
visa sunt exaudiri, cum
obscura nox teneretter-
Fusaque in obscoenum se vertere vina cruorem. 455
456. Effata est hoc vi-Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori. +.
Praeterea, fuit in tectis de marmore templum
Conjugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
Welleribus niveis et festà fronde revinctum.
460. Hinc voces, et Hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis 460
verba viri Vocantis egm Visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret:
Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo
rºs. solaque bubo sepe Siepe queri, et longas in fletum ducere voces.
visa est queri ferali car- Multaque praeterea vatum praedicta piorum
Agit ipse furentem 465
inine super culminibus, Terribili Inonitu horrificant.
et ducere
466. ACneas ipse ferus
agit eam furentem in
somnis; semperque vi-
In somnis ferus AEneas: sempergue relinqui
Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur
Ire viam, et Tyrios desertà quaerere terrá.
detur sibi relinqui sola, Eumenidum veluti demens videt agnina Pentheus,
semper incomitata ire Et solem geminum, et duplices se ostendere Thebas :
lºg” Viº", * *- Aut Agamemnonius scenis agitatus Orestes,
Armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris
rere
471
Cüm fugit; ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae.
Ergö ubi concepit furias, evicta dolore,
Decrevitolue mori; tempus secum ipsa modumque 475
NOTES.
455. Obscoenum cruorem. Servius explains
obscoenwm, by mali ominis, of bad omen. So
says Heyne. Pinafusa : the wine poured
out upon the altar, to turn, &c. -
457. Fuit in tectis : there was in the pa-
lace a marble chapel of her former husband.
By templum, some understand the sepulchre
of Sichaeus, which Dido had caused to be
built in her palace, and which she had con-
secrated to his memory. Others think it
to have been a chapel, or shrine, sacred to
his memory. Others again take it to be an
image or statue sacred to his memory. Ser-
vius thinks Virgil had reference to the cus-
tom of the Romans, of the bride, when she
came to the door of her husband's house,
which was garnished with flowers and
leaves, binding about the posts woollen fil-
lets, and washing them over with melted
tallow to keep out enchantments, and sor-
cery. According to him, Dido, in building
this temple to Sichaeus, had devoted herself
to him forever, by performing the same nup-
tial rites towards him as if he had ºbeen
living ; and thereby signified her resolution
never to marry again. But this eppears a
refinement. It is much easier to consider it
a reference to the general custom of adorn-
ing the door-posts of temples with fillets of
wool, especially on holy-days.
461. Wiri : of her husband calling her.
462. Bubo: the owl. Ferali carmine : in
a mournful strain—cry. Sola: some copies
have sera, in reference to the time of her
singing; which is generally late at night.
Woces: notes.
464. Piorum. Some copies have prio-
rum: but piorum is the best. It is a proper
epithet of prophets. Heyne reads piorum.
469. Eumenidum : as crazy Pentheus sees
bands of furies, and a double sun, and Thebes
to show itself double. The poet here com
pares the fury of Dido with that of the
frantic Pentheus and Orestes. Pentheus was
king of Thebes in Beotia, son of Echion.
and grandson of Cadmus. He prevented
his subjects from worshipping Bacchus, and
commanded that god to be put in prison;
for which he was deprived of his senses b
the god. After this, he went to mount Ci-
theron, where the bacchanals were cele-
brating their orgies. As soon as they saw
him, they set upon him, and tore him in pie
ces. See Oyid Met. 3. 700. Virgil here
speaks of the furies as being an army
(agmina) whereas they were only three in ,
number. See Geor. i. 278. -
470. Et solem. This line is taken from
Euripedes.
471. Orestes. He was the son of Aga
memnon. He is said to have been haunted
by the ghost of his mother, Clytemnestra,
whom he had slain, and by the furies. He
went to the oracle of Apollo, at Delphi, to
consult in the business, and was informed
that he had been acquitted by the court of
...Areopagus, at Athens. Whereupon the fu-
ries blocked up the door, so that he could
not get out. He, however, made his qscape,
Hence the expression, sedent limine: they
sit in the door. See AEn. iii. 331. Agitatus
acted, or exhibited on the stage.
474. Concepit: received or admitted
AENEIS. LIB IV
307
Exigit; et, moestam dictis aggressa sororem,
Consilium vultu tegit, ac spem fronte serenat.
Inveni, germana, viam, gratare sorori,
Quae mihi reddat eum, vel ed me solvat amantem.
Oceani finem juxta Solemgue cadentem,
Ultimus AEthiopum locus est: ubi maximus Atlas
480
Axem humero torquet, stellis ardentibus aptum.
Hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos,
Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi
Quae dabat, et sacros servabat in arbore ramos,
Spargens humida mella, soporiferumque papaver.
Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes,
Quas velit; ast aliis duras immittere curas;
Sistere aquam fluviis, et vertere sidera retrô :
Mugire widebis
Sub pedibus terram, et descendere montibus ornos.
Testor, chara, Deos et te, germana, tuumque
Dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier artes.
Tu secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras
Nocturnosque ciet Manes.
485 487. Haec promittit se
possesolvereillas mentes.
quas velit; ast immittere
duras curas aliis
492. O chara germana,
testor Deos et te, tuum-
490 que dulce caput, me in-
vitam accingier ad has
494. Tu secreta erige
pyram in interiore tecto
sub auras; et superim-
ponas arma viri
NOTES.
476. Eacrgºt: she concludes—fixes upon.
Aggressa; in the sense of compellans.
477. Serenat spem fronte ; she brightens,
(or clears up) hope on her countenance. She
shows it on her countenance. Vultu : vi-
sage—looks.
481. AEthiopum. Æthiopia is properly a
country of Africa, now called Abyssinia.
But the name was frequently applied by the
ancients to any country lying in a warm cli-
mate. ACthiops is compounded of two Greek
words, and means a person of a tawny com-
plexion—one scorched by the heat of the
SUAIA,
482. Aptum : fitted—adorned—bespan-
gled with refulgent stars. See 247, supra.
.Aacem : for coelum.
483. JMassylae gentis. The JMassyli or
JMasaesyli were a people between the rivers
JMalva and JMulucha, both of which fall into
the Mediterranean. Hence the adj. JMassy-
lus. Sacerdos: in the sense of saga. JMon-
strata ; was shown to me. Est is under-
stood. .
484. Custos templi Hesperidum. The gar-
dens of the Hesperides, Virgil places in Mau-
ritania, near the shore of the Atlantic, and
not far from the town of Liarus. There
are, however, various opinions respecting
their situation. The Hesperides were the
fabled daughters of Atlas, or of Hesperus,
his brother, and the nymph Hesperis. Their
father gave them gardens, in which were
trees producing golden apples. Hercules,
at the command of Eurystheus, king of My-
cenſe, stole the apples, having slain the
dragon that kept them. These apples were
sacred to Venus.
The truth of the matter is this: the Hes-
perides were shepherdesses of noble birth,
whose flocks produced wool of a reddish
color, somewhat resembling gold, which
Hercules plundered, having slain their keep-
er, whose name was Draco. The Greek
word for sheep, signifying also apples, made
the poets feign that Hercules stole the apples
of the Hesperides: and their keeper's name
being Draco, led them to pretend they were
kept by a dragon. See Ecl. vi. 61.
486. Soporiferum papaver. As the dragon
was always to be awake, a question arises,
how the priestess came to feed him with
poppy. To solve this there are several con-
jectures. Some will have it that poppies
mixed with honey, was his food, and had no
effect to lay him asleep. Others say it was
to procure sleep for him at certain intervals.
Servius thinks that the poppy, which pro-
cures sleep to men, has a contrary effect
upon dragons, and keeps them awake.
Others again, to avoid this difficulty, make
a full stop after ramos, connecting this line
with the following one. Some again think
it is only mentioned to show the skill of the
Sorceress, that she was even able to lay the
wakeful dragon asleep. But as this animal
had a hundred heads, we may suppose that
they kept awake and slept by turns. She
is said to be the keeper, custos, of the tem-
ple, because she gave food to the dragon,
and supported him.
487. Solvere mentes : to free minds from
love by her magic rites (carminibus) or
charms. -
493. Accingier invitam : that I was un-
willing to betake myself to these magic arts.
.Accingier: by paragoge, for accingi. The
verb here is used in the sense of the Greek
middle voice. It has a reflux signification
308
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Erige : et arma viri, thalamo quae fixa reliquit
495
Impius, exuviasque omnes, lectumque jugalem,
Quo perii, superimponas.
Abolere nefandi
Cuncta viri monumenta jubet monstratºue sacerdos.
Haec effata silet: pallor simul occupat ora.
Non tamen Anna novis praetexere funera sacris
500
501. Nec concipit tan-Germanam credit: nectantos mente furores
*.*.*.*.* Concipit; aut graviora timet, quam morte Sichaei.
mente; aut timet gra-
viora quâm quae evene-
rant morte Sichaei. Ergö
parat quae jussa erant
504.
erectá in penetrali sede Funerea'.
sub auras, & taedis atque to
secta ilice
Ergö jussa parat.
At regina, pyrā penetrali in sede sub auras
Erectá ingenti, taedis atque ilice sectá,
Ingenti ... Pyra Intenditºlue locum sertis, et fronde coronat
super exuvias, ensemque relictum,
Effigiemdue toro locat, haud ignara futuri.
505
509. Effusa quoad Stant arae circum: et crines effusa sacerdos,
crines
Tercentum tonat ore Deos, Erebumque, Chaosque, 510
Tergeminamoue Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae.
Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni;
Falcibus et messae ad Lunam quaeruntur ahenis
Pubentes herbas, nigri cum lacte veneni.
NOTES.
495. Arma viri. The sword which Æne-
as left hanging in Dido's bedchamber.
498. Jubet : the priestess orders and di-
rects me to burn all the memorials of the
cursed man. These she had just mention-
ed—his sword—his clothes—the bridal bed,
&c. -
500. Praeteacere: in the sense of celare.
504. Penetrali sede : in the inner court—
middle of the palace.
505. Taedis. The taeda or teda was a tree
of a resinous nature, of which torches were
made. The ilea, was a species of oak called
the holm. Of these two kinds of wood the
funeral pile was constructed.
506. Intendit: in the sense of cing it.
508. Effigiem: she places his image on
the bed upon his clothes and sword.
One of the rites of magic was to prepare
an image of the person against whom the
enchantment was designed, either of wax or
wool, and use it in the same manner as they
would have used the person himself if he
had been present. Or, super may be taken
in the sense of insuper (moreover;) or su-
per-locat may be considered a compound
word in the sense of superimponit. The
meaning will then be, that the image, the
clothes, and sword, were placed upon the
bed without any reference to their situation.
510, Tomat ore : she thunders out with
her voice three hundred gods. Servius in-
forms us, that in the sacred rites of Hecate
in particular, they used to imitate thunder;
which gives a reason for the use of the word
fonat. Hortensius would read somat. We
are not to suppose that the priestess invoked
the precise number of three hundred gods—
that definite number is used for an indefinite
number. Erebum. Erebus was the son of
Chaos and JWow. For aiding the Titans in
their war against the gods, he was changed
into a river, and placed in the lowest part of
hell. He is one of the infernal gods. Chaos.
He was the most ancient of the gods, and
the father of them all, according to Hesiod.
Geor. iv. 347. -
511. Hecaten. Hecate is called tergem-
nam from the circumstance of her having
three names. In heaven she is called Luna;
on the earth Diana; in hell Proserpyna.
Hecate was not so properly her name, as
an epithet given her to denote her hundred
various qualities; or because she was ap-
peased by a hundred victims. From a Greek
word signifying a hundred. The goddess
was painted with three heads, one of a
horse, another of a dog, and another of a
man. Hence tria ora virginis: the triple
form of the virgin.
512. Sparserat: she had sprinkled the fic-
titious (or substituted) waters of the lake
Avernus. In performing magic rites, those
materials requisite to the occasion, that
could not be conveniently procured, were
allowed to be emblematically represented;
as in the present case. Averni. Avernus,
a lake in Campania, fabled to be the en-
trance of hell. Its waters were of a very
noxious quality, which occasioned an un-
wholesome atmosphere; insomuch so, that
it was shunned by birds of every kind. Its
name is of Greek origin. See Geor. iv
493. -
514. ... Pubentes herbac full blown herbs,
cut by moonlight, are sought for. The
f
AENEIS.
LIB. IV.
309
Quæritur et nascentis equi de fronte revulsus,
Et matri praereptus amor.
Ipsa molâ manibusque piis, altaria juxta,
Unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recinctá,
Testatur moritura Deos, et conscia fati
Sidera : tum, si quod non aequo foedere amantes
Curae numen habet justumque memorque, precatur
Nox erat, et placidum carpebant fessa soporem
Corpora per terras, sylvaeque et sava quiérant
AEquora : cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu :
Cüm tacet omnis ager, pecudes, pictæque volucres,
Quaeque lacus laté liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis
Rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti
Lenibant curas, et corda oblita laborum.
At non infelix animi Phoenissa : neque unquam
Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noetem
Ingeminant curae, rursusque resurgens
Saevitamor, magnoque irarum fluctuat a stu.
Sic aded insistit, secumque ita corde volutat:
Accipit.
515 s 515. Et amor equa
revulsus de fronte nas-
centis equi, et praereptus
matri
517. Dido ipsa mori-
tura, exuta quoad unum
520 pedem vinclis, in re-
cincta veste, stans justa
altaria, mol% piisque
manibus, testatur Deos,
et sidera conscia fati.
Tum precatur numen,
525 si quod justumque me-
morque habet amantes
junctos non aquo foedere
curae sibi.
526. Quaeque laté te-
ment liquidos lacus, qua-
530 que tement rura aspera
dumis, omnes posità Sub
silenti nocte lenibant cu-
ras somno ; et corda ob
lita sunt laborum.
En quid ago 7 rursusne procos irrisa priores
NOTES.
dews, which were thought to distil from the
moon upon herbs, were reckoned favorable
for magic. Those herbs, however, were to
be cut with brazen sickles, ahenis falcibus.
Lacte: in the sense of succo.
516. Et amor revulsus: and the love (of
the mare) torn from the forehead of a newly
foaled colt. The poet here means what is
called the hippomanes; of which there are
two kinds. See Geor. iii. 280. et sequens.
The one here meant is very different from
the one there described. According to the
account given of it by the ancients, it was
a lump of flesh growing on the forehead of
the foal just brought forth, which the mare
presently devours, or else she loses all af.
fection for her young, and denies it suck.
Its being so greedily sought aſter by the
mother, is the reason of its being called her
love. The circumstance just mentioned gave
rise to the vulgar, opinion of its efficacy in
philtres, love potions, and magic rites.
518. Eacuta pedem. It appears from this
passage that Dido put herself in the habit
of a sorceress. According to Ovid, it was
their custom to strip bare one of their feet,
and to be clad in a loose flowing robe. Ru-
teus takes recincta, in the sense of succincta;
but in this he differs from most commenta-
tors. Heyne takes it in the sense of soluta.
520. Non a quo federe: by this we are to
understand an inequality in the love and af.
fection of the parties—in an unequal match:
where love is not reciprocated.
522. JNoæ crat. . The whole of this de-
scription is a most beautiful, and, at the
same time, perfect image of nature. Dr.
Trapp objects to it as imperfect. But it is
to be observed that the poet did not design
it as a description of night in general; but
only of a calm and sereme one, in order that
he might set off to greater advantage the
opposite image of Dido’s anxiety and dis-
quietude. And indeed nothing could give
us a more lively idea of her restless situation,
than thus to set it forth in opposition to the
universal quiet and repose which reigned
over all nature beside. She is so far from
partaking of the blessings of sleep with the
rest of the world, that the silence and soli-
tude of the night, which dispose others to
rest, only feed her care, and swell the tumult
of her passion. |
524. Lapsu : in the sense of cursw.
527. Tenent : in the sense of incolunt.
528. Lenibant curas, &c. This beautiful
line Heyne marks as spurious, and con-
cludes the sentence at silenti. It is not
found in some ancient MSS.
529. Phoenissa. Dido is so called, be-
cause she was a native of Phoenicia, a coun-
try lying on the eastern shore of the Medi
terranean; within the boundaries of which
was the kingdom of Tyre. The words
leniebat curas are to be supplied.
530. Moctem : in the sense of quietem.
532. Irarwm : passions—affections. Amor
savit. Here love is represented as a mighty
sea, which had been for some time calm and
still ; but now begins to rise in furious waves,
and rack her soul with a variety of tumul-
tuous passions. Voluto.t. in the sense of
cogitat. -
534. Rursus-ne irrisa, &c. Ruteus and
Servius take rursus in the sense of vicissin:
shall I in turn have, &c. Dido had rejected
the match of Iarbas and others; and shall
she now pay court to them, as they had
310
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
bené memores ejus *
º
*Experiar 7 Nomadumque petam connubia supplex, béb
Quos ego sum toties jam dedignata maritos ? -
Iliacas igitur classes, atque ultima Teucrüm
538. Quiane juvat me Jussa sequar! quiane auxilio juvat anté levatos,
eos anté levatos fuisse Et bené apud memores veteris stat gratia factiº
meo auxilio ; et gratia
veteris facti stat apud eos
540. Autem fac me
velle sequi eos, quis
Quis me autem, fac velle, sinet' ratibusque superbis 540
Invisam accipiet” nescis heu, perdita, necdum
Laomedontea sentis perjuria gentis' \
Quid tum ? sola fugă nautas comitabor ovantes ?
543. Quid tum agen- An Tyriis, omnique manu stipata meorum,
dum est ? ego-me sola
fugâ comitabor
544. An stipata Tyriis,
omnique manu meorum
civium insequar eos
Insequar? et quos Sidonià vix urbe revelli,
Rursus agam pelago, et ventis dare vela jubebo
Quin morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem.
Tu lachrymis evicta meis, tu prima furentem
545
His, germana, malis oneras, atque objicis hosti.
Non licuit thalami expertem siné crimine vitam
Degere more ferae, tales nec tangere curas 7
Non servata fides cineri promissa Sichaeo.2
Tantos illa suo rumpebat pectore questus.
552. Fides promissa
Sichaeo cineri non ser-
Wata est.
550
556. Forma Dei re- AEneas celså in puppi, jam certus eundi,
deuntis eodem vultu ob-
tulit se huic in somnis,
visaque est rursus ita
monere evm : similis
Carpebat somnos, rebus jam rité paratis.
Huic se forma Dei, vultu redeuntis eodem,
Obtulit in somnis, rursusque ita visa monere est;
5b5
Mercurio quoad omnia, Omnia Mercurio similis, vocemgue, coloremoue,
NOTES.
formerly done to her Irrisa : mocked—
despised. Ruteus says, contemmenda.
536. Dedignata sum : disdained as hus-
bands. - -
537. Ultima : the lowest—basest.
538. Quia-ne juvat : because it delighted
me formerly, that they should be relieved by
my assistance; and the grateful remem-
brance of my former, deed remains with
them, duly mindful of it? Dido here speaks
ironically. Some copies have easilio, in allu-
sion to the friendly retreat which Dido gave
to AEneas and his followers: but awa-ilio is
the most approved reading.
541. Invisam ; hated—an object of their
aversion. Some copies have irrisam. This
is the reading of Rugeus. Heyne reads, in-
visam, and assures us it is the best.
542. JNecdum sentis, &c. Here Dido al-
ludes to the well known story of Laomedon,
who defrauded the gods, Neptune and Apol-
lo, of their hire for building the walls of
Troy. See Geor. i. 502. Laomedonteſe: an
adj. in the sense of Trojana.
543. Ovantes: in the sense of laitantes, vel
triumphantes. It is applicable to mariners
In general, who usually set out with accla-
mations of joy: but here it is to be con-
idered in that particular, in which Dido
viewed them as triumphing over her in their
departure. Insequar. Some copies have in-
%. This is the reading of Heyne, and
alpy after him.
544. Stipata: in the sense of comitata,
546. Rursus agam : shall I again conduct
on the sea, those whom with difficulty Iforced
from the Sidonian city ? Sidonia : an adj.
from Sidon, which formed a part of the
kingdom of Tyre: here in the sense of Ty-
ria. Revelli: this expresses the difficulty of
her former enterprise.
248. Tu, Germana, evicta: thou, O sister
overcome by my tears, thou first, &c. Fu-
rentem: in the sense of amantem. • Dido
here alludes to the speech of her sister. See
verse 32. supra, and following. Anna could
not bear to see her pine away in mournful
widowhood, and therefore dissuaded her
from it, and encouraged a love for Æneas.
550, JN on licuit : was it not lawful for
me, without blame, to lead a life free from the
marriage bed, &c. Some copies have exper-
tam vitam : a life having experienced the
marriage bed. But the other is evidently
the most approved reading. - -
Though Dido here seemingly approves of
a single life; by representing it as the life
of a savage beast, she in fact condemns it;
and insinuates that marriage is the most
perfect society, and distinguishes the life of
man from that of brute animals.
551. Tangere: to know, or experience.
558. Similis JMercurio omnia ; like Mer-
cury in all things. All the commentators
make this god to be Mercury himself, except
Catrou. He thinks it to be some other god,
who assumed the likeness of Mercury.
AENEIS. LIB. IV.
311
Et crines flavos, et membra decora juventa: : {} \
Nate Deá, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos ?
560 }
Nec, quae circumstent te deinde pericula, cernis
Demens ! nec Zephyros audis spirare secundos ?
Illa dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat,
Certa mori, varioque irarum fluctuat aestu.
563. Illa Dido certa
mori versat dolos
Non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas? 565
Jam mare turbari trabibus, saevasque videbis
Collucere faces; jam fervere litora flammis;
Site his attigerit terris Aurora morantem.
566. Dum potestaş
est tibi precipitare
O
Eia age, rumpe moras: varium et mutabile semper
Foemina.
Sic fatus noctise immiscuit atrae.
570
Tum verö AEneas, subitis exterritus umbris, - *
Corripit é somno corpus, sociosque fatigat:
Praecipites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris:
Solvite vela citi.
Ecce iterum stimulat.
Deus aethere missus ab alto,
Festinare fugam, tortosque incidere funes,
Sequimur te, sancte Deorum,
Quisquises, imperiogue iterum parenus ovantes.
Adsis, 6, placidusque juves, et sidera coelo
Dextra feras | Dixit : vagináque eripit ensem
Fulmineum, strictoque ferit retinacula ferro.
575
576. Ecce Deus mis.
sus ab alto aethere ite-
rum stimulat me festi-
nare fugam, incidereque
tortos funes.
580
Idem omnes simul ardor habet: rapiuntoue, ruuntgue :
Litora deseruere : latet sub classibus aequor.
Admixi torquent spumas, et coerula verrunt.
583. Coerula maria.
Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile :
585
NOTES.
560. Sub hoc casu: in this juncture or
crisis of affairs.
561. Deinde: this appears to be in this
place entirely expletive. Videtur otiosum esse,
says Heyne. -
563. Versat : in the sense of meditatur.
566. Turbari trabibus : to be in commo-
tion with ships. Heyne says, impleri navi-
bus Carthaginienswm: and Ruteus, agitari
remis.
567. Fervere : to glitter—to shine with
flames. The meaning is, that as soon as
the morning shall return, Dido will pursue
you with her ships, with torches and with
flames. You must weigh anchor and be
gone.
570. Foemina : a woman is something al-
ways variable, and subject to change. This
is a singular construction. Mercury here
insinuates that hatred may succeed to Dido's
love for him; which might induce her to
seek revenge. Umbris : apparition.
572. Fatigat; arouses his companions.
573. Vigilate: wake quick—in haste.
Transiris : the seats or benches on which the
rowers sat.
575. Tortos funes : the ropes, or cables, by
which the ships were moored. Dr. Bentley
thinks the anchors are intended; but how
tortos can be applied to them, I see not.
576. Sancte Deorum: O holy one of the
gods, whoever thou art, &c. This mode of
expression is in imitation of the Greeks.
578. O adsis: O may thou be propitious.
579. Dextra sidera : favorable, or propi-
tious stars in the heavens. Feras: give—
grant.
580. Ferit : in the sense of secat. Ful-
mineum : shining, glittering. Ruteus says,
coratscan tem.
582. Deserwere litora. This change of the
tense adds much to the description. They
hale off, and hurry away; and no sooner
have they done this, than they have left the
shore, and are completely out to sea.
585. Et jam Aurora : and now Aurora,
leaving the saffrom bed of Tithonus, first
spreads the earth over with early light. Ti-
thonus was either the son or brother of La-
omedon, king of Troy. On account of his
beauty and gracefulness, Aurora fell in love
with him, and endued him with immortality;
but not thinking to bestow on him perpetual
youth and beauty, he grew so weak and ex-
hausted by old age, that he wished for mor-
tality. But the goddess not being able to
restore it to him, in pity to his case, changed
him into a grasshopper. See Geor. iii. 48.
This is a most beautiful circumlocution to
denote the early dawn, when the earth be-
comes first enlightened by the beams of the
SUIIle g
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
sº Regina è speculis, ut primūm albescere lucem
Widit, et a quatis classem procedere velis;
Litoraque et vacuos sensit siné remige portus:
589. Percussa quoad Terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum,
abscissaque quoad fla-
ventes comas, ait : Proh
decorum pectus manu, Flaventesque abscissa comas : Proh Jupiter I ibit 590
Hic, ait, et mostris illuserit advena regnis 7
Non arma expedient, totăque ex urbe sequentur !
593. Non-ne alii diri- Diripientaue rates alii navalibus 7 ite,
Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. 594
pient - O
Quid loquor 7 aut ubi'sum ? quae mentem insania mutat?
Infelix Dido nunc te facta impia tangunt.”
597. Decuit te tum Tum decuit, clim sceptra dabas.
Quem secum patrios aiunt portare Penates!
Quem subiisse humeris confectum aetate parentem! ~~
eogitare de his, clim da-
bas sceptra tua perfido
homini. En dextra,
fidesque inius, quem Non potui abreptum divellere corpus, et undis
Spargere 7 non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro
aiunt
En dextra, fidesque !
600
601. Non potut absu. Ascanium, patriisque epulandum apponere mensis
mere socios, non potwi
absumere Ascanium ip-
sum ferro, apponereque
€um,
Verüm anceps pugna, fuerat fortuna : fuisset.
Quem metui moritura 7 faces in castra tulissem
Implèssemque foros flammis: natumque patremdue 605
606. Ego ipsa dedis-Cum genere extinxém: memet super ipsa dedissem.
sem memet super eos.
Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras;
Tuque, harum interpres curarum et conscia, Juno,
Nocturnisque, Hecate, triviis ululata per urbes,
# NOTES.
587. Velis aequatis: the sails were equal-
ly distended on each side of the mast. This
shows that the wind blew fair, and directly
after them : in nautical phrase, wing and
wing.
593. Diripient alii : will not others tear
my ships from the docks, and go in pursuit
of him *
596. JWunc impia facta. Mr. Davidson
observes that this is the reading of the
Cambridge edition, founded on the autho-
rity of Probus and the Codea. JMediceus;
and it makes the sense obvious. By impia
facta, we are to understand the violation of
her faith to Sichaeus, and her amours with
AEneas; by which she brought on herself
infamy and disgrace. Now she feels the
weight of those actions, and the punish-
ment due to her deeds. Ruteus and others,
who read fata, take impia in the sense of
crudelia. JNunc ultima fata, dura sors, su-
prema dies instant tibi, says Ruteus. Heyne
and Davidson read facta.
599. Subiisse: to have carried, or borne
upon his shoulders.
600. Divellere. There is here an allusion
to the manner in which the Bacchanals
tore the bodies of Orpheus and Pentheus in
pieces.
602. Appomere: served him up to be feast-
ed upon at his father's table Reference is
here had to the story of Progne, who, to be
revenged upon Tereus, for his cruel treatment
of her sister Philomela, served up his son
Itys for him at a banquet. See Ecl. vi. 78.
603. Fortuna : in the sense of eventus.
604. JMoritura : in the sense of cūm de-
creverin mori. Castra : in the sense of
classem.
605. Foros : the decks or hatches of his
ships. Eactina:ém: by syn. for eactinaissem t
in the sense of interfecissem.
607. Sol. Dido invokes the sun, either
because he is the supporter of life in gene-
ral, or because, surveying all things here
below, could be a witness of her wrongs;
Juno, because she was the goddess of mar-
riage; and Hecate, because she presided
over magic rites; the Furies, because they
were the avengers of wrongs. Flammis .
in the sense of luce.
608. Interpres: interpreter of these my
cares (sorrows) and conscious of my
wrongs. Servius takes interpres to mean,
witness, judge, Cr arbitress. Ruteus inter-
prets curarum by nuptialium negotiorum.
609. Hecate whilata : Hecate invoked, or
called upon, &c. When Pluto ravished
Proserpime, or Hecate, her mother Ceres
traversed the earth in search of her with
lighted torches, stopping at those places
where two or three wavsºmet, to invokéher
y , to Invo
name, which she did with a doleful outcry.
Hence it became a custom In her sacred
-ites, for the matrons, on certain days, to go
about the streets and crossways filling the
AENEIS.
313
LIB, IV.
Et Dire ultrices, et Dimorientis Elisæ,
610
Accipite hac, meritumque malis advertite numen,
Et nostras audite preces.
Si tangere portus
Infandum caput, ac terris adnare necesse est;
Et sic fata Jovis poscunt: hic terminus haeret:
At bello audacis populi vexatus et armis,
Finibus extorris, complexu avulsus Iuli,
Auxilium imploret, videatque indigna suorum
Funera : nec, cum se sub leges pacis iniquae
612. Si necesse est
infandum caput tangere
portus, ac
615. At vegatus bello
et armis audacis populi
extorris suis finibus,
avulsus complexă Iiili
615
Tradiderit, regno autoptatà luce fruatur;
Sed cadat ante diem, mediáque inhumatus arenå.
620
Haec precor hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine
fundo.
Tum vos, 6 Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum
Exercete odiis : cinerigue hac mittite nostro
Munera : nullus amor populis, nec foedera sunto.
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor;
Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos,
Nunc, olim, quocungue dabunt se tempore vires.
Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas
Imprecor, arma armis : pugnent ipsique nepotes.
624. Esto nullus amor
625 his populis, nec sunto
628. Imprecor litora
contraria litoribus, un-
das contrarias fluctibus,
arma contraria armis "
NOTES.
air with shrieks and howlings, JNocturnis
triviis. The epithet nocturnis is used, be-
cause the rites of Hecate were celebrated
in the night, and in a place where three
ways met. See 511, supra.
611. Advertite : turn a due regard to my
misfortunes. Rugeus and others understand
by malis, the wicked, to wit, the Trojans.
But this seems not to agree with the tenor
of the subject. Ruabus says: applicate nu-
men meritum & sceleratis huc. Heyne, on the
other hand, says: advertite vestrum numen
vim et potestatem) contra improbos et impios
ofanos. Davidson renders the words:
turn your divine regard to my wrongs.
613. Caput : properly, the head ; by sy-
nec. the whole body—here, Æneas.
614. Haeret : in the sense of facus sit.
615. At bello veacatus. It was a prevailing
opinion among the ancients, that the pray-
ers of the dying were generally heard, and
their last words prophetic. Thus Virgil
makes Dido imprecate upon AEneas a series
of misfortunes, which actually had their
accomplishment in his own person, or in .
his posterity. After his arrival in Italy, he
was engaged in a war with Turnus, a bold
and warlike prince. He was torn from the
embrace of his son, and as it were an exile,
forced to go to Etruria, to implore the as-
sistance of Evander. See AEn. viii. 80. He
saw his friends slain, and lie dead before his
eyes. It is said he submitted to the terms
of a disadvantageous peace with king La-
tinus, among which it was stipulated that
the Trojans should abandon their native
language, drop their appellation, and adopt
that of the Latins. In the third year after
ºs
this treaty, in a war with the Tuscans, he
was himself slain (ut plerique tradunt) by
Mezentius their king, on the banks of the
river Numicus, where his body was left un-
buried, and finally carried off by its waters,
and never more seen. The Romans and
Carthaginians were bitter enemies to each
other: no league, no religious obligations,
could bind them in peace; and after Han-
nibal arose, he proved himself Dido’s aven-
ger. He entered Italy with fire and sword:
the Roman armies fled before him; and
Rome itself was providentially saved from
his conquering arms.
617. Indigna : cruel—undeserved.
620. Cadat ante diem : let him fall before
his time—let him die an untimely death.
621. Vocem: in the sense of verba.
623. JMittite hac: present these offerings
to my ashes. This is said in allusion to the
sacrifices that were offered to the dead.
They were usually poured upon the tomb,
and consisted of milk, wine, and blood.
Eacercete : in the sense of persequimini.
625. Eacoriare aliquis wltor: arise some
avenger from my bones. This is much
more forcible, and shows more fully the
state of her mind, than if she had used the
third person. Allusion is here made to
Hannibal. Dardanios colonos : simply, the
Trojans. Dardanios : an adj. from Darda-
nus, one of the founders of Troy.
627. Olim. This word signifies the fu-
ture, as well as the past time: now, here-
after, whenever power shall present itself.
628. Contraria : in the sense of hostilia,
vel infesta.
314 P VIRGILII MARONIS
Haec ait : et partes animum versabat in omnes, 630
Invisam quaerens quam primüm abrumpere lucem
632. Affata est Barcen Tum breviter Barcen nutricem affata Šichaei,
Namgue suam patrià antiquà cinis ater habebat:
si º O chara ; Annam, chara, mihi, nutrix, huc siste sororem:
.*.*.*.*.* Dic corpus properet fluviali spargere lymphā, 635
º **** Pºpe Ét pecudes secum et monstrata piacula jº.
Sic veniat: tuque ipsa piā tege tempora vittà.
Sacra Jovi Stygio quae rité incepta paravi,
639. Animus est mihi Perficere est animus, finemgue imponere curis;
perficere sacra rité in- Dardaniique roguin capitis permittere flammae. 640
*P*, quº Paravi Sty- Sic ait. Illa gradum studio celerabat anili.
gio Jovi, imponereque At trepida, et coeptis immanibus effera Dido,
Sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementes
644. Interfusa quoad Interfusa genas, et pallida morte futură,
trementes, genas macu- Interiora domâs irrumpit limina, et altos 645
lis, et pallida Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit
Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus.
Hic postguam Iliacas vestes notumdue cubile
Conspexit, paulüm lachrymis et mente morata,
Incubuitgue toro, dixit'lue novissima verba : 650
Dulces exuviae, dum fata Deusque sinebant,
Accipite hanc animam, megue his exsolvite curis.
Wixi, et, quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi-
Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago.
NOTES.
635. Spargere fluviali lymphā to sprinkle
her body with river water. It was a custom
of the Greeks and Romans to wash their
bodies before they performed sacrifice. See
AEn. ii. 719. But this was only observed in
regard to the superior gods. They sprinkled
themselves only, when they were to offer sa-
crifice to the infernal gods, as in the present
Ca,Se.
636. Pecudes: in the sense of victimas.
..Monstrata: in the sense of jussa, vel desig-
nata.
638. Stygio Jovi : Pluto. He was the
brother of Jupiter, and in the division of the
world, the infernal regions fell to him by lot.
The epithet Stygius is added, from Slyz, a
well known fabulous river of hell.
640. Permittere: to commit the funeral
pile of the Trojan (Æneas) to the flames.
Capilis : by synec. for the body, or whole
man—here, the Trojan, to wit, Æneas.
641. Studio : zeal—officiousness.
642. Immanibus; awful—horrid. Effra:
in the sense of efferata.
644. Interfusa: spotted—streaked.
645. Irrumpit: she rushed into the Inner
apartment of the palace. . It is plain that
timen signifies any part of the house, as
well as the threshold. The funeral pile was
erected in penetrali side, in the inner apart-
ment. See 504, supra.
646. Rogos. The funeral pile was called
rogus, before it was set on fire: while burn-
ing, it was called pyra ; and after it was
consumed, bustum ; all of which are derived
from the Greek.
647. JMunus non quaesitum : a present not
designed, or gotten for such a use—for being
the instrument of her death. From this,
some infer that Æneas had made Dido this
present of a Trojan sword—Dardanium
ensem. But it is more probable that it was a
present from Dido to Æneas; and that in
his hurry to be gone, he had left it with
some other things, in her bedchamber.
Quaesilum. Ruteus says, comparatum.—
Heyne, paratum, acceptum, datum.
652. Curis: troubles—sorrows.
654. Et nunc : and now my ghost (imago)
shall descend illustrious to the shades be-
low. JMei : in the sense of mea, agreeing
with imago.
Turnebus thinks the epithet magna is
used, because ghosts make their appearance
at night, when to the affrighted imagination
of the spectators, the object appears larger
than life. But this is a very singular opi-
nion. Dido is speaking in the language of
majesty, and setting forth her illustrious
deeds. She had built a flourishing city,
and laid the foundation of a powerful king-
dom—she had punished her brother for the
death of her husband—she had reigned in
glory—in a word, she had been happy in
every instance, till the Trojan fleet visited
her coast. In this situation of mind, nothing
AENEIS. LIB. IV.
315
*
fatwº
Urbem praeclaram statui : mea moenia widi •
655
Ulta virum, poenas inimico à fratre recepi;
Felix, heu mimiäm felix si litora tantùm
Nunquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae.
Dixit: et, os impressa toro, moriemur inultae :
Sed moriamur, ait: sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras.
Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto
Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.
Dixerat: atque illam media inter talia ferro
Collapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore
It clamor ad alta 665
Atria : concussam bacchatur fama per urbem :
Lamentis, gemituque, et foemineo ululatu
Tecta fremunt : resonat magnis plangoribus aether.
Non aliter quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis
Carthago, aut antiqua Tyros; flammaeque furentes .670
Culmina perque hominum volvantur perque Deorum.
Audit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu,
Unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis,
Per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat:
Hoc illud, germana, fuit 7 me fraude petebas'
Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant }
Quid primūm deserta querar? comitemne sororem
Sprevisti moriens' eaderm me ad fata vocasses,
Idem, ambas ferro dolor, atque eadem hora tulisset.
His etiam struxi manibus, patriosque vocavi
Voce Deos; sic te ut posità crudelis abessem 7
Extinxsti me teque, soror, populumque, patresque
Spumantem, sparsasque manus.
660 661. Crudelis Darda-
nus hauriat hunc 1gnem
suis oculis ab alto, et
664. Comites aspi-
ciunt illam collapsam
ferro inter media talia
verba, ensemque spu-
mantem, manusque ejus
sparsas cruore
671. Perque culmina
Deorum
672. Soror exanimis
audiit haec, exterritaque
trepido cursu, foºdans
ora unguibus, et pectora
pugnis, ruit per medios,
et clamat morientem so-
forem nomine
676. Iste rogus para-
bat hoc mihi; isti ignes,
areeque parabant hoc
mihi ?
680. Struxi rogum
etiam his manibus, vo-
cavique patrios Deos
vocé, ut crudelis abes-
sem te sic posità 2 O
soror, extinxsti me teque
675
680
NOTES.
can be more natural than for her to conceive
her ghost to be of great and illustrious rank,
and distinguished even in the other world
above others, as she had been herself dis-
tinguished in this.
656. Recept poenas. She had recovered
from her brother her own wealth, and the
treasure for which he murdered her hus-
band. It is with great propriety, therefore,
she uses the word recepi, when speaking of
the revenge she had taken of Pygmalion.
659. JMoriemur inwltae: shall I die unre-
venged? but let me die. Thus, thus, it de-
lights me to descend to the shades below.
Inultae: unrevenged of Æneas and the Tro-
jans. The fatal moment having arrived,
the poet represents her to us in the very act
of stabbing herself, by the turn of his verse.
The repetition of the sic sets her before us,
plunging the instrument in her breast, and
thrusting it home with a kind of desperate
complacency. Impressa os toro ; having
kissed the bed, she said, &c.
666. Bacchatur: in the sense of discurrit.
Concussam; in the sense of commotam, vel
attonitam.
668. Fremunt: in the sense of resonant.
669. Ruai : falls. Ruteus says, subver-
670. Furentes : the furious flames were
rolling through the houses of men, and the
(temples) of the gods. Culmen is properly
the ridge of the house; by synec. put for
the whole house.
675. Hoc illud fuit: O sister, was this
your design—was this the object you had in
view, in erecting this funeral pile 2
677. Deserta : being thus abandoned, of
what shall I first complain:
678. Fata ; in the sense of mortem.
679. Dolor: pain—ache—anguish. Heyne
says, vulnus.
681. Sic positá - thus lying dead.
682. Exilnºsti : thou hast destroyed me
and thyself, &c. Some copies have eastinaci,
in the first person. By this Anna turns the
reproach from Dido to herself. But most
commentators prefer the second person. Si-
donios patres. By these we are to under-
stand probably the Carthaginian senators,
or the legislative branch of the government.
It is plain that they are distinguished from
the body of the people. Eactina-st: ; by
syn. for eactinaristi. Date: in the sense of
ferte. Lymphis : in the sense of aquà.
This was a rite performed towards the bo-
dies of the dead by their nearest relations.
Hence the mother of Euryalus regrets that
$16
P. VIT.GILII MARONIS
\
683. Date aquam ut Sidonios, urbemdue tuam.
Abluam, et, extremus si quis super halitus errat,
abluam vulnera
Date, vulnera lymphis
Ore legam. Sic fata, gradus evaserat altos, 685
Semianimemdue sinu germanam amplexa fovebat
Cum gemitu, atque atros siccabat veste cruores.
Illa, graves oculos conata attollere, rursus
Deficit: infixum stridet sub pectore vulnus.
Ter sese attollens cubitoque innixa levavit, 690
Ter revoluta toro est: oculisque errantibus, alto
69%, Ingemuitgue, ea Quaesivit coelo lucem, ingemuitgue repertà.
epertà. Tum Juno omnipotens longum miserata dolorem,
Difficilesque obitus, Irim demisit Olympo,
Quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus. 695
º:º Nam, quia nec fato, merità nec morte peribat,
.." e.t. Sed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa furore;
º tº º & * e d
damnaverargue caput Nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem §
Stygio Orco, quia Abstulerat, Stygioque caput damnaverat Orco.
Ergö Iris croceis per coelum roscida pennis, 700
702. Ego jussa fero Mille trahens varios adverso Sole colores,
; 㺠t . Devolat, et supra caput adstitit; hunc ego Diti
tº: **** Sacrum jussa fero, tequeisto corpore solvo.
705. Omnis calor di- Sic ait: et dextrá crinem secat. Omnis et ună
lapsus est. Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 70%
NOTES.
she had not shut his eyes, nor washed his nishment of atrocious conduct. The casu-
wounds. AEn. ix. 485.
684. Siquis eactremus: if any last breath
remain, that I may catch it with my mouth.
Virgil is here thought to allude to a cere-
mony among the Greeks and Romans:
when a person was just expiring, the near-
est relation put his mouth to his that he
might catch the last breath. Ruasus inter-
prets super by adhuc. Super-errat is evi-
dently used in the sense of superesset. The
substitution of esset for errat makes the read-
ing easy. Some copies have esset.
688. Conata : agreeing with Dido.
689. Pulnus stridet : the wound hisses,
occasioned by the gushing out of the blood.
Inficum : made.
693. Dolorem: pain.
—death.
695. Resolveret animam : might separate
her soul and body. JNea:0s artus: compact-
ed or united limbs.
696. Quia nec fato. The ancients divided
death into three kinds: natural, merited or
deserved, and accidental. The natural death
was when a person accomplished the ordi-
nary term of human life, or that space al-
..otted to him in the councils of the gods.
The merited or deserved death was, when
a person was deprived of life by the imme-
diate interposition of the gods for the pu-
Obitus: departure
al, or accidental, was, when a person took
away his own life in some way or ‘other:
such an one was said to die before his time.
This was the case with Dido.”
697. Furore: passion. Diem : in the
sense of tempus.
698. JWondum illi : Proserpine had not
yet plucked for her the yellow lock, &c.
The ancients had a notion that none could
die till Proserpine, either in person, or by
.Atropos, had cut a lock of hair from the
crown of their head. This was considered
a kind of first-fruits to Pluto. This custom
took its rise from sacrifices: when they used
to pluck some of the hairs from the front of
the victim, and cast them into the fire.
699. Orco : dat. of Orcus, a name of Pluto.
700. Iris ergö: dewy Iris flies through
heaven. Iris was the messenger of the god-
desses, especially of Juno. She is said to
be the daughter of Thaumas and Electra.
Servius observes that Iris is, for the most
part, employed in matters of mischief, and
contention. See AEn. v. 606. and ix. 803.
Iris: the rainbow. This interesting appear-
ance is occasioned by the rays of the sun, &
reflected by the vapors or drops of rain. It
can only take place, or be seen, when the
sun and cloud are opposite to each other. In
regard to the spectator.
AENEIS.
LIB. IV 317
QUESTIONS. |
What is the subject of this book?
What is its nature, and character 2
How does it commence?
What plan did Juno propose to effect her
purpose of averting the Trojans from Italy?
Did she effect a union between Dido and
Æneas 2
Was that union dissolved 2
By whom was it dissolved?
By whom was Æneas commanded to leave
Carthage 2
How did Dido receive the information
that he was ordered to leave her ?
What effect had it upon her
What course did she pursue in order to
divert him from his purpose 3
As soon as the match was concluded be-
tween Dido and Æneas, was the news of
that event spread abroad 2
By whom was it spread :
Whom does Virgil imitate in the descrip-
tion of Fame 3
Who was Iarbas 2
What had he previously proposed to
Dido 2
How was that proposition received 2
What effect had the news of Dido’s mar-
riage upon that prince 2
#. was he occupied at that time?
Who was said to be his father ?
Who was Jupiter Ammon 2
Had he any celebrated temple:
Where was it situated 2
Whom does Sir Isaac Newton make this
Ammon to have been 2
Does Justin the historian give a different
account of this matter?
What does he say of it?
..What was the issue of it as related by
him :
In what character was Dido considered
afterward by her countrymen :
Who was Dido 2
What is the meaning of that word 2
By what other name was she sometimes
called 2
What was the name of her father, ac-
cording to Josephus:
What does Virgil call him?
What does Marollius call him *
Is Belus, probably, an abbreviation of Itho-
talus 2
To whoſh was she married at Tyre 2
Who was Sichaeus 2
What office did he hold 2
What was the character of Pygmalion,
her brother?
What atrocious deed did he perform 2
What was his conduct afterward 2
How was Dido informed of the cruel
deed 2
What advice did the ghost of her hus-
band give her?
What did she do in consequence of that?
Did many of her countrymen accompany
her ?
What appears to have been her original
purpose in leaving Tyre :
Had a colony of Tyrians previously set-
tled in Africa :
Who were the leaders of that colony
Where did they settle?
What did they call their settlement?
How was Dido received by her country-
men 2
What did they desire her to do 2
What did she call her city ?
What is the meaning of that word in the
Phoenician language 2
But do not some give a different account?
What do those historians say *
What did she call the town or citadel ?
What is the meaning of Byrsa in the
Greek language 2 *
To what mistake did that lead 2
How have some attempted to explain that
story 2
What does Rollin say of it in his history
of Carthage 2
Did Dido purchase any tract of country
for her city ?
What was the nature of the contract?
Did the Carthaginians perform it? .
What was the consequence of their refu-
sal 2
Is it supposed by some that Virgil is guil-
ty of an anachronism in making Dido and
AEneas cotemporary 2
What does Bochart say of it?
Upon what does he found his conclusions?
Does Sir Isaac Newton make a different
calculation ?
How much later has he brought down the
destruction of Troy
Is it a fair conclusion that it was a general
received opinion, they were cotemporary 2
Was this sufficient ground for the poet to
assume it as a fact?
Does the introduction of Dido into the
AEmeid add much to its embellishment 2
How long did Carthage continue 2
What was the character of its inhabitants?
Were the Carthaginians a powerful na-
tion?
Who was the most distinguished com-
mander and general among them :
By whom was Carthage finally destroyed?
In what year of Rome was that effected 2
Finding she could not prevail upon AEneas
to remain at Carthage, what desperate re
solution did Dido make 2
Under what pretence did she order the
altar to be erected 2
What effect had the departure of the
Trojans from her coast upon her ?
Did she make any imprecation against
AEneas and the Trojans ?
318 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Was it realized with regard to Æneas, if How many celebrated wars were waged
we may believe history between them :
Was it realized in regard to the Romans, How does the book conclude?
his descendants? How did Dido put an end to her life?
Was there always a jealousy subsisting &
oetween the two nations?
LIBER QUINTU.S.
This book opens with the departure of Æneas from Carthage. He had not been long at
sea before a violent storm arose, which forced him to turn his course to Sicily. He
entered the port of Drepanum. Hero he is received with great cordiality and affection
by king Acestes. After offering sacrifice, and celebrating the anniversary of his father’s
death, AEneas institutes four kinds of games in honor of him. These occupy from verse
114 tº 602. In the mean time, the Trojan women, at the instigation of Iris, who was
sent by Juno for that purpose, set fire to the ships, in the hope, by these means, to put
an end to the voyage of which they were weary. At the intreaty of Æneas, Jupiter
sent a heavy shower of rain, which extinguished the flames. Four of the fleet, how-
ever, were lost. Upon this Nautes advises ACneas, since he had lost part of his fleet, to
leave in Sicily the aged, and all who were weary of the voyage. This advice was
confirmed the following night by the ghost of Anchises, which appeared to him in a
vision. It also directed him to go to the Sibyl of Cumae, who would conduct him to
the infernal regions, where he should receive a fuller account of his own fortune, and of
that of his race. y
The hero followed the advice; and having founded a city, which he called .4cestes, after
his venerable friend, he set sail for Italy.
He had not long been at sea, before he lost Palinurus, the pilot of his ship, who fell over
board in sleep; after which Æneas took upon himself the duty and business of pilot.
This book is of a gay and lively nature, and very properly comes after the tragical account
of Dido's unhappy end. The games are imitated from the 23d book of the Iliad, where
Achilles is represented as instituting games in honor of his friend Patroclus.
INTEREA medium AEneas jam classe tenebat
Certus iter, fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat:
Moenia respiciens, quae jam infelicis Elisæ
Collucent flammis: quae tantum accenderit ignem,
5. Sed duri labores Causa latet: duri magnosed amore dolores b
*...*** *** Pºl Polluto, notumgue, furens quid foemina possit,
luto, noti; quidque fu- Triste per ſº T t d t
rens foemina possit fa- per augurium leucrorum pectora ducunt.
cere, notum, ducunt Ut pelagus tenuere rates, nec jam ampliès ulla
9. Sed undique co- Occurrit tellus, coelum undique, et undique pontus,
lum, et undique pontus Olli coeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,
apparet
10
Noctem hyememque ferens: et inhorruit unda tenebris.
NOTES.
{
1. Medium iter. This is literally the mid-
dle of his course. But this, strictly speak-
ing, cannot be ; for he beheld the flames of
Dido’s funeral pile. Ruteus and Davidson
take medium in the sense of profundum ; and
understand the phrase to mean, that Æneas
had gotten into the full or deep sea. If we
could read mare instead of iter, then there
would be no difficulty in this interpretation.
2. Certus: determined on gºing. Fluctus
atros Aquilone; he cut the wave" blackened
by the wind; or he cut the blackened waves
before the wind. Aquilo: the north wind,
put for wind in general; the species for the
renus. JMoºnia: in the sense of wrbem.
6. Polluto: in the sense of lapso, vel
violato.
7. Per triste augurium: through gloomy
presages or conjectures.
8. Ut: in the sense of quando.
10. Imber: in the sense of nubes vel nim-
bus. Olli for illi, by antithesis.
AENEIS. LIB. W.
319
Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab altà:
Heu ! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi ?
Quidve, pater Neptune, paras' sic deinde locutus,
Colligere arma jubet, validisque incumbere remis;
Obliquatoue sinus in ventum, ac talia fatur:
Magnanime AEnea, non, simihi Jupiter auctor
Spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere coelo.
Mutati transversä fremunt, et vespere ab atro
Consurgunt venti: atque in nubem cogitur ačr.
Nec nos obniti contra, nec tendere tantüm
Sufficimus: Superat quoniam fortuna, Sequamur:
Quðque vocat, vertamus iter. Nec litora longé
Fida reor fraterna Erycis, portusque Sicanos,
Si modó rité memor servata remetior astra.
12. Palinurus ipse
gubernator eacclamat ab
altà puppi: heu! quia-
IlāIII &
15
21. Nos sufficimus nec
tendere contrå, nec tan-
20 tim obniti
24. Nec reor fida fra-
terna litora Erycis, Si-
canosque portus esse
longé.
28. An ulla tellus sit
25 gratior mihi, quoque ma-
Tum pius AEneas: Equidem sic poscere ventos
Jamdudum, et frustrà cerno te tendere contra.
An sit mihi gration ulla,
Quðque magis fessas optem demittere naves;
Quàm quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten, 30
Flecte viam velis.
gis optem demittere fes-
sas naves, quam quge
servat mihi Dardanum
Acesten, et quae com-
plectitur ossa patris An-
chise in ejus gremio"
NOTES. \
13. Quianam : in the sense of cur.
14. Quidve, paler JNeptune, paras 2 This
apostrophe to Neptune gives us a very lively
idea of his wonder and astonishment.
15. Arma : properly signifies any kind of
instruments whatever—here the tackling of
the ship—the sails, spars and rigging of
every description. Davidson confines it to
the sails. But this is not necessary. It was
proper that all things should be stowed
away, as well as the sails reefed, that the
ship might the better weather the storm.
16. Obliquat sinus : he turns the sail into
the wind—he brings the vessel more into
the wind—he lies, in nautical language,
nearer the wind.
"17. Auctor: the founder of our race.
18. Colo; in this weather. Vespere: in
the sense of occidente.
19. Transvers& : an adj. neu. plu. taken
as an adverb in imitation of the Greeks.
21. JWec nos sufficimus : nor are we able
to proceed against it, nor so much as to
hold our own—to bear up against the storm
—to contend against it.
24. Reor fida: I think the faithful frater-
nal shores of Eryx, &c. Eryx was the son
of Butes and P'enus, according to common
report. Some say, his mother was Lycaste,
a Sicilian courtezan, who, on account of her
extraordinary beauty, was called Venus.
Virgil, following tradition, calls him the
brother of Eneas, both being reputed to be
the sons of Venus. His grandfather was
•Amycus, who was slain by Pollux in a com-
test with the gauntlet: upon which Butes
fled into Sicily, and founded a city. Eryx,
in like manner, was slain by Hercules. He
ave his name to a mountain and city not
ar from the Promontorium Lilybaeum.
25. Si modø rite: if now, remembering
rightly, I measure over again the stars op
served before. From the relative situation
of those stars which he had observed upon
the coast of Sicily, and from their corres-
pondence with his present observations, he
judges himself to be on that coast again.
27. Tendere : strove—contended.
28. Viam : in the sense of cursum. Turn
your course before the wind. The south-
west wind was favorable for them to go to
Sicily.
29. Demittere: in the sense of dirigere.
30. Acesten. What is said of the origin
of Acestes, is so incorporated with fable,
that little dependence can be placed upon it.
The account, which Dionysius Halicarnas.
sus gives, is probably the most correct. It
appears that Laomedon, king of Troy, be-
ing offended at some Trojan nobleman,
caused him and his sons to be put to death.
Lycophron calls him Phaenodamus; but Ser-
vius and Pomponius call him Hippotes. But
thinking his daughters, who were three in
number, less deserving his displeasure, the
king sold them to some Sicilian merchants,
on condition that they should transport them
to some foreign country. A person of some
distinction being on board, by the name of
Crimisus, Crimisus, or Crimissus, fell in love
with one of them, whose name was Egesta,
and markied her. Soon after she bore a son,
whom Virgil calls Acestes, but others Egestes,
or JEgestes. Upon the death of Laomedon,
he obtained permission of Priam to return
to Troy; where he was during the siege
and destruction of that city, when he con-
tracted a friendship with Æneas. He after-
ward returned to Sicily. The river Crini-
sus being afterward called by, his name, gave
rise to the fabulous account of his birth.
320
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
- Et patris Anchisãe gremio complectitur ossa 7
32. Ubi hac dicta Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi
Gºgºł
Intendunt Zephyri: fertur cita gurgite classis:
Et tandem laeti notae advertuntur arenae.
35. At Acestes ea ex-
At procul excelso miratus vertice montis
**.*.*.*.*. Adventum, sociasque rates, occurrit Acestes,
cul miratus adventum,
sociasque rates, occurrit
nobis, horridus
39. Quem Troia ma- Quem genuit.
Crimiso flumine.
Horridus in jaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae :
Troia Crimiso conceptum flumine mater
& a ' Veterum non immemor ille parentum,
ter, genuit conceptum Gratatur reduces,
et gazà lastus agresti
Excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amicis.
.42, Cúm postern clara Postera cum primo stellas oriente fugărat
dies fºgº sºlº Prº Clara dies; socios in coetum litore ab omni
mo oriente, Æneas
Advocat Æneas, tumulique exaggere fatur:
45. Quorum genus est Dardanidae magni, genus alto à Sanguine Divām,
45
Annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis;
tº Ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis
99.9 Pi, "", * vo- Condidimus terrá, moestasque sacravimus aras.
luistis.
51. Ego agerem hunc
Jamgue dies, ni fallor, adest; quem semper acerbum,
diem, sitessºn exul ºn Semper honoratum, sic Di voluistis, habebo.
50
Gaetulis syrtibus, de- Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si syrtibus exul,
prensus-ve
Argolicove mari deprensus, et urbe Mycenae:
55. Nune ultrö, adsu- Annua vota tamen, solemnesque ordine pompas
mus ad cineres et ossa
ipsius parentis, equidem
Divām
Exsequerer; strueremdue suis altaria donis.
reorhaud siné numine Nunc ultrô ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis, tº
Haud equidem siné mente, reor, siné numine Div(\m,
55
NOTES.
33. Gurgite: in the sense of mari.
34. Lteti; socii is understood: my joyous
companions.
35. JMiratus: observing—wondering at.
Our arrival was unexpected, and a matter
of wonder to him.
37. Horridus in jaculis: rough with jave-
lins, and the hide of an African bear. The
wo.d horridus is vory applicable to the dress
and equipage of a hunter, bearing his darts
and javelins in his hands, and guarded
against the savages of the mountains. In
which character Acestes is here represented.
Libystidis ; an adj. from Libystis, and that
from the noun Libys. Pliny says there were
no bears in Africa, on account of its great
heat. But there are many good authorities
ugainst him. Solinus says the Numidian
bears excel all others in beauty and form:
which is probably the reason that Virgil
dresses Acestes in one of their skins.
39. Genuit. In the sense of peperit.
40. Agresti gazd; with his ſ. fare.
Gaga is a word of Persian origin, and signi-
fies any kind of sumptuous exponse, either
in provision or furniture. JNos is to be con-
nected with reduces. . .
44. Aggere: summitate, says Ruteus,
46. Annuus orbis: the annual circle (to
wit, a year) is completed.
49. Acerbum: afflictive—sorrowful.
50. Habebo ; I shall consider.
I would observe, or keep.
53. Solemnes, pompas. This is peculiarly
proper in this place. Pompa properly signi-
fies a funeral or other procession; and, ease-
querer: I would perform the easequiæ, or fu-
neral obsequies; the principal of which was
the following of the corpse to the grave, or
funeral pile. Hence easequiæ came to sig-
nify the whole funeral rites: from sequor, I
follow.
54. Struerem altaria : I would cover the
altars with his own proper gifts. These
were milk, wine, honey, and blood, poured
upon the tomb. Upon these it was thought
the Umbra, or shade of the deceased, #.
and especially upon the blood. Walpy says,
fit offerings.
56. Hawd siné mente, Eneas here attri-
butes their arrival in Sicily to the interposi-
tion of the gods, as if they designed it to
afford him an opportunity of paying divine
honors to his father. JMenter design. Ru-
teus says, consilio.
58. Latum honorem: the ſº. festival,
Rugeus interprets honorem by sacrificium.
But it is plain that honorem includes every
part of the rites and ceremonies which were
performed upon that occasion, as well as the
offerings or sacrifices. g
•Agerent -
ÆNEIS.
I,IB W. 32,
Adsumus; et portus delati intramus amicos.
Ergö agite, et lastum cuncti celebremus honorem:
Poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quotannis
Urbe velit posità templis sibi ferre dicatis.
Bina boum vobis Trojà generatus Acestes
Dat numero capita in naves: adhibete Penates
Et patrios epulis, et quos colit hospes Acestes.
56. Et nos delati hun
instramus
59. Poscamus ventos
50 abeo, atque ut velit me,
urbe posità, quotannis
ferre hac sacra in temp-
lis dicatis sibi
62. In singulas naves
Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum
Aurora extulerit, radiisgue retexerit orbem,
Prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis.
Quique pedum curs a valet, et qui viribus audax,
Aut jaculo incedit melior, levibusve sagittis;
65
67. Et qui incedit an-
dax viribus
Seu crudo fidit pugnam committere caestu ;
Cuncti adsint, meritaeque expectent praemia palmae.
70
Ore favete, omnes, et cingite tempora ramis.
Sic fatus, velat maternå tempora myrto :
Hoc Elymus facit, hoc a-vi maturus Acestes,
Hoc puer Ascanius: sequitur quos caetera pubes.
Ille é concilio multis cum millibus ibat
Ad tumulum, magná medius comitante catervá.
Hic duo rité mero libans carchesia Baccho
75 75. Ille ibat medius &
concilio cum multis mil-
libus ad
Fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro ; *
Purpureosque jacit flores, ac talia fatur:
Salve, sancte parens: iterum salvete, recepti
80
NOTES.
60. Posità wrbe: a city being built—that
is, after they had founded a city and erected
temples in it dedicated to him.
61. Acestes generatus. Acestes sprung
from Troy, gives, &c. Bina capita bowm :
simply, two oaren. .
62. Adhibete Penates, &c. Servius is of
opinion that the poet here alludes to the
Roman custom called Leclisternia, or sacred
banquets, prepared at the solemn games for
the gods, whose images were placed on
ouches, and set down at the most honorable
part of the table, as principal guests.
64. Si: in the sense of cūm.
66. Ponam : in the sense of instituam.
AEneas here institutes four kinds of games
or sports—a rowing match—a foot race—a
shooting match, and a gauntlet fight; and
proposes suitable rewards for the victors in
each.
67. Valet: in the sense of prestat.
dit : in the sense of est.
69. Fidit : in the sense of audet.
70. Praemia merita, palma : rewards of
meritorious victory—or rewards worthy of
victory. Palmae: in the sense of victoriae :
by meton. - -
71. Favete omnes ore: favete ore, vel favete
linguis, was the phrase made use of by the
public criers before the oelebration of solemn
games or sacrifices. The import seems to
be: Favor us with your religious attention
pronounce no words of bad omen that
Ince-
may profane the sacred ceremonies: or, let
us have the concurrence of your prayers to
render the gods favorable to us: or, lastly,
aid us by your applaise and joyful acclama-
tions.
72. Pelat tempora. The poet here alludes
to a practice among the Romans, of persons
of every age and condition, who appeared
at these solemn games, to wear a garland
upon their heads. The myrtle was sacred
to Venus; hence the propriety of the expres-
sion, materna myrto.
73. Maturus avi : a Grecism. In the sense
of provectus actate, vel annis. -
77. Hic duo rité here in due form offer-
ing, he pours on the ground, &c. Carchesia •
large bowls without handles: plu. of canche-
sium. Libans: pouring out—offering. Bac-
cho: for vino. JMero : pure—unmixed.
80. Iterum salvete: Ye ashes revisited in
vain, and soul and shade of my father, again
hail.-Cineres recepti nequicquam. By these
words Servius understands Anchises himself,
whom AEneas rescued from the flames of
Troy in vain; since he lost him before nis
arrival in Italy. But the sense given above
is easier. Æneas lost his father a year be-
fore on his way to Italy; but, meeting with
a storm, he was obliged to go to Africa-
Now on his return he visits his tomb, and in
a manner receives him again, but in vain;
since it was not permitted that he should
take him with him to Italy, Animſeque um
322 P. VIRGILII
MARONIS
82. Non licuit mihi Nequicquam cineres, animaeque umbraeque paternae.
tecum quaerere
fines
85. Cúm ingens lu-
Italos Non licuit fines Italos, fataliague arva, -
Nec tecum Ausonium, quicunque est, quaerere Tybrim.
Dixerat haec: adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis
ºis traxit sep- Septem ingens gyros, septena volumina traxit, 85
87. Cui terga coerulese Amplexus placidé tumulum, lapsusque per aras:
notae wicendebant, et cu- Coerulea cui terga notae, maculosus et auro
jus squaman fulgor Squamam incendebat fulgor: ceu nubibus arcus
90. Tandem ille Ser- Mille trahit varios adverso Sole colores.
P**g”*** Obstupuit visu AEneas: ille agmine longo 90
Tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpers, .
Libavitaue dapes, rursusque innoxius imo T
Successit tumulo, et depasta altaria liquit.
Höc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores:
* Incertus, Geniumne loci, famulumne parentis 95
Esse putet: caeditsquinas de more bidentes,
-: .. Totaue sues, totidem nigrantes terga juvencos :
* Winaque fundebat pateris, animamque vocabat
: Anchisae magni, Manesque Acheronte remissos, - -
# , , . Necnon et socii, quae cuique est copia, lasti 100
*** Dona ferunt : onerant aras, mactantoue juvencos
'... ." Qrdine ahena locant alii : fusique per herbam
#. Subjiciunt verubus prunas, et viscera torrent.--
- Expectata dies aderat, nonamdue serenå.
* Auroram Phaëthontis equi jam luce vehebant. 105
NOTES.
brºque. Solme consider these as genitives Genii appointed, some the protectors of
eonnected with and governed by cineres.
£ervius explains it upon the principles of
Plato and Aristotle; who gave to man a
fourfold soul—the intellectual, the sensual,
the vital, and the wegetative. To each of
these they assigned º shade or ghost. It is
most probable the poet here, as elsewhere,
Muses the plural for the singular, in order to
aggrandize his subject: that is, anima, for
anºma, and Ambrae for w"mbra, in the voc.
sing. This is the opinion of Ruteus and
Heyme. *
#4. Adytis. The tomb of Anchises here
is spoken of as attemple—a shi ine.
3.T. Cui: in the sense of cuju's, Terga -
acc., ulu. governed by incendejant; o; some
other verb of like import, understood. .
88. . Wºlgor maculosus: a brightnes's varie-
gated with gold—with a golden hue. In-
gendebat: " made or rendered resplendent.
91. Ser, wins: a part of the verb se”,
agreeing ith fille in the pregeding line.
92. İşa, ºt dapes: tasted the banquetr
and again, , ºg. The dapes was the offer
ing to the sha de of Anchises, spoken of 54,
supra.
93. Depasta:
94. Instaurat : ". tº º is
Honores, in the , ense of sacrificia.
95. Incertus-ne, ' ºncertain whether he
should consider him ' (the serpent) to be, &c.
The ancients had a notion that there were
fed upon—just tasted.
• in the sense of renaoat.
countries and cities, and others the guar-
dians of particular persons, who never left
them even after death. . .
98. Vocabat. Æneas here not merely
called upon his ghost to partake of the re-
past he had prepared, but invoked him as a
god to be propitious to him, thereby deify-
ing him. ;
99. JManes remissos Acheronte : the shade
or ghost sent back from the dead to partake
of the banquet. Acheron: a fabulous river
of hell—often put for hell itself: or the place
of the dead, as here. .
100. Quae copia est cuique: in the sense of
secundum copiam qua est unwouique.
101. Onerant: some copies have onerant-
que. Heinsius, Pierius, and Heyne omit the
que.
103. Viscere: by this we are to understand
the meat in general. -
105. Equi Phaëthontis: the horses of the
sun brought the ninth, &c. Phoeton, was the
son of Phoebus and Clymene. He obtained
from his father the management of his cha-
liot for one day; but unable to govern the
fiery steeds, he was precipitated into the Po.
See Ovid. Met. 2. Here put for the Sun
himself. The poets represented the sun as
drawn in a chariot by four horses, whose
names were Pyrois, Eois, JEthon, and Phle-
gon, all of Greek origin. - -
AENEIs. LIB. V.
32:
Famaque finitimos et clari momen Acestae
Excierat: lato complérant litora coetu,
Visuri AEneadas, pars et certare parati.
Munera principio ante oculos, circoque
In medio, sacri tripodes, viridesque coronae,
Et palmae, pretium victoribus; armaque, et ostro
Perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta:
Et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos.
Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis
Quatuor, ex omni delectae classe, carinae.
Velocem Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristin,
Mox Italus Mne theus, genus à quo nomine Memmi :
Ingentemque Gyasingenti mole Chimaeram,
Urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu
impellunt: terno consurgunt ordine remi.
Sergestusque, domus tenet à quo Sergia nomen,
Centauro invehitur magnā; Scyllāque Cloanthus
Coeruleå, genus unde tibi, Romane Cluenti.”
Est procul in pelago saxum, spumantia contra
Litora ; quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim
Fluctibus, hyberni condunt ubi sidera Cori :
Tranquillo silet, immotáque attollitur undá
Campus, et apricis statio gratissima mergis.
Hic viridem AEneas frondenti ex ilice metam
Constituit, signum nautis, pater : unde reverti
Scirent, et longos ubi circumflectere cursus.
108. Pars visuri
AEneadas, et pars parati
Certare.
111. Pretium destina-
tum victoribus
113. Tuba canite me-
dio aggere ludos com-
missos esse.
115. Quatuor carinae
delectae ex omni classe,
pares gravibus remis
117. A quo nomine
orifur genus -
118. Gyas agit ingen-
tem Chiinaeram ea in-
genti Inole
121. Sergestusque, a
120 quo Sergia domus tenet
nomen, invehitur mag-
na Centauro ; Cloan-
thusque invehitur caru-
leå Scylla; unde genus
est tibi
127. Silet in tranquillo
cºlo, attolliturque ea: im-
motá unda, tanquam
campus *.
129. Hic pater Æneas
constituit viridem me-
130 tam ex frondenti ilice,
tanquam signum nautis:
unde.
locantur
1 10
115
125
NOTES.
108. JEneadas: in the sense of Trojanos.
110. Sacri tripodes. The tripod was pro-
perly a kind of three-footed stool or table,
on which were placed the sacred bowls and
other vessels for the libation. It is called
sacred on account of its various uses in the
ceremonies of religion. We learn from Ho-
mer that the Greeks used to make presents
of tripods to their heroes and great men.
111. Palmae. The palm was the ordina-
ry prize of every conqueror at the games.
Plutarch gives this reason for it; because
the palm is a fit emblem of fortitude, as it
is not crushed, nor borne down by any
weight ; but still maintains its growth,
and rises superior to opposition. Per-
fuse - dyed, or colored. Talenta : one talent
of each.
116. Agit: in the sense of regit vel gu-
bermat. Acri remige: with a valiant band
of rowers. -
117. A quo nomine : from whose name is
the family of JMemmius. In order to recom-
mend himself to the noble families at Rome,
Virgil derives their origin from Trojans of
distinction. Genus ; in the sense of familia.
118. Opus wrbis: in the sense of instar
wrbis. - -
119. Triplici versw: with a triple row of
oars. What Virgil says of the nature of
these boats, is in anticipation; but it was
not necessary that he should conform ex-
actly to chronological fact. The galley, it
is well known, was not invented till long
after, and was of various sizes. Some had
two, some three, and others four banks, or
rows of rowers: and, accordingly, they were
called Biremis, Triremis, quadriremis, &c.
Their banks of rowers were raised, slopingly
one above another, so that those of the
second bench rested their feet where those
of the first were seated, &c. Remi consur-
gunt terno ordine. By this we are to under-
stand that the oars rose together, and, as it
were, kept time throughout the three rows,
Ruteus makes a distinction between versus
and ordo. The first, according to him, sig-
nifies the series of oars reckoned horizontally
from stem to stern. The ordines he makes
to be the same oars reckoned vertically, or
as they rose obliquely above one another.
121. Domus; properly the house, by me-
ton. the family—race. * -
123. Genus ; race—family.
125. Olim: continually—usually.
126. Condunt: cover over—hide them in
clouds. -
127. Tranquillo. In calm weather this
rock was visible; but in storms it was cover-
ed with waves, and resounded with the dasn
ing of the waters. It rose above the sur
face like a plain.
324
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
132. Ipsi ductores Tum loca sorte le
longé effulgent in pup-
pibus, decori auro os-
trogue.
135.
gunt: ipsique in puppibus auro
Ductores longé effulgent ostroque decori:
Caetera populeå velatur fronde juventus,
Perfusa quoad Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit.
nudatos humeros oleo Considunt transtris, intentaque brachia remis: ,
nitescit.
Intenti expectant signum : exultantiaque haurit
Corda pavor pulsans, laudumque arrecta cupido.
Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes,
Haud mora, prosiluere suis : ferit aethera clamor
140
Nauticus; adductis spumant freta versa lacertis.
Infindunt pariter sulcos : totumque dehiscit
Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor.
Non tam praecipites bijugo certamine campum
145. Currus non tam Corripuere, ruuntdue effusi carcere, currus:
corriPuere Nec sic immissis aurigae undaria lora
Concussere jugis, pronique in verbera pendent.
precipites
campum
145
Tum plausu fremituque virtim, studiisgue faventùm
Consonat omne nemus, vocemgue inclusa volutant
151. Gyas effugit ante
alios: primusque elabi-
tur undis inter turbam
fremitumque.
Litora; pulsati colles clamore resultant.
Effugit ante alios, primusque elabitur undis
Turbam inter fremitumque Gyas: quem deinde Cloanthus
Consequitur, melior remis; sed pondere pinus
150
NOTES.
134. Populea fronde. Servius observes,
the reason of their wearing garlands of the
poplar tree, was, that they were celebrating
funeral games. , Hercules, it is said, brought
that tree from the infernal regions.
136. Brachia intenta remis: their arms
are stretched to the oars. Ruasus has no
stop after remis, but connects it with the
following words. This, however, is not so
easy ; and, beside, it takes from the so-
lemnity of the description. The verb sunt
.s understood.
138. Pulsuns pavor : throbbing fear, and
an eager desire of praise, draws their beat-
ing hearts. This is very expressive. It
raises such palpitations in their breasts, as
if it would draw their hearts out of their
bodies. Pulsans is a very proper epithet to
pavor, beating—palpitating. O
139. Finibus. Finis, here, means the line,
place, or bound, from which they start—the
mark. Sonitum ; the signal.
141. Lacertis adductis. Dr. Trapp ob-
serves, by this we are to understand the
motions of the rowers, when, in pulling at
the oar, they draw the arms close to the
body. This they do, especially when they
row with all their strength.
142. Infindunt pariter sulcos : they cleave
furrows in the sea at the same time—they
start all at once. *
143. AEquor convulsum : the whole sur-
face of the sea convulsed, &c. Some edi-
tions have stridentibus. But this violates
the measure of the verse; the first syllable
of stridentibus being always long. Ancient
medals explain the matter; on some of
which there is plainly seen a rostrum, or beak
of a ship with three teeth. Tridens, of tres
and dens. *
144. Pracipites: in the sense of celeres.
Certamine : the chariot race. Bijugo signi-
fies or implies that two horses were yoked
or harnessed in the chariot. Macrobius ob-
serves that Virgil here excels Homer. In-
deed nothing can be more finely imagined,
or represented more to the life. Career
the mark, or starting place; meta, the goal
or turning place. Currus, by meton. for
equi. * . -
146. JVec aurigae sic: nor have the cha-
rioteers so shook, &c. Jugis : the yoke,
by moton. put for the horses harnessed in it.
Immissis jugis : the horses flying with loos-
ened reins—at full speed.
148. Studiis : in the sense of acclama-
tionibus.
149. Litora inclusa, &c. Ruapus observes
that this is, by a figure called commutatio,
for volutant inclusam vocem. Or perhaps
inclusa may be taken here in the sense of
C7.7°0)0.
151. Primus. Davidson has primis, agree-
ing with undis. He glides away on the
nearest Waves.
easier, and conveys the same idea. It is
the reading of Ruabus and others. Resul-
tant: echo it back.
153. Pinus; the timber of the pºne tree,
put by meton, for the ship or galley made
of it.
}
Primus is however the .
ENEIs. LIB. v.
325
r
Tarda tenet.
Post hos, aequo discrimine, Pristis
Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem.
155
Et nunc Pristis habet; nunc victam praeterit ingens
Centaurus; nunc una ambae junctisque feruntur
Frontibus, et longá sulcant vada salsa carina.
Jamgue propinquabant scopulo, metamgue tenebant;
Cüm princeps, mediogue Gyas in gurgite victor,
Rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten:
Quð tantūm mihi dexter abis 2 huc dirige cursum,
Litus ama, et lavas stringat, sine, palmula cautes:
Dixit : sed caeca Menoetes
Saxa timens, proram pelagi detorquet ad undas.
Altum alii teneant.
Quð diversus abis? iterum, Pete saxa, Menoete,
Cum clamore Gyas revocabat: et ecce Cloanthum
Respicit instantem tergo, et propiora tenentem.
Ille inter navemdue Gyae scopulosque sonantes
Radit iter lavum interior, subitusque priorem
160
163. Et sine ut pal-
mula stringat levas
... cautes
• 165
170
Praeterit; et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis.
Tum verö exarsit juyeni dolor ossibus ingens,
Nec lachrymis caruere genae: segmemdue Menoeten,
Oblitus decorisque sui,sociómgue salutis,
In mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab altá.
Ipse gubernáclo rector subit, ipse magister:
Hortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet.
At gravis ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est
Jam senior, madidāque fluens in veste, Menoetes,
Summa petit Scopuli, siccague in rupe resedit.
Illum et labentem Teucri, et risere natantem:
Et Salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus.
Hic laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus,
Sergesto Mnestheoque, Gyam superare morantem.
174. Oblitusque sui
175 decoris, salutisque so-
ciam, deturbat segmem
Mendeten, praecipitem
178. At ut Menoetes
senior et gravis undis
jam tandem vix reddi-
tus est imo fundo;
fluensque in madida
veste, petit summa sco
puli, reseditoue
180
Sergestus capit anté locum, scopuloque propinquat: 185
NOTES.
*
154. Discrimine: in the sense of intervallo.
Superare : in the sense of occupare, vel ob-
timere. -
156. Habet. This is the reading of Hein-
sius, Heyne, Davidson, and others. Ruteus
has abit.
157. Junctis frontibus. They moved on
together head and head. Neither one gain-
ing of the other. It is of the same import
with aquatis rostris. -
158. Salsa vada: the briny sea.
160. Princeps : in the sense of primus.
Gurgite : in the sense of mari.
161. Rectorem: the helmsman—steersman.
162. JMihi. Ruteus conjectures that mihi
here is merely expletive, as in many other
places. Ama litus; keep close to or hug the
rock. .
166. Diversus: contrary—a different way.
170. Ille radit interior, &c. In the races
it was customary to keep the meta, or goal,
on the left hand. This will serve to explain
the present case. Cloanthus on the inside
(interior) and nearer the meta than Gyas,
cut along the left way (iter lavum) and sud-
denly passed Gyas, who just before had been
ahead of him; praeterit Gyam modó priorem.
Both in the naval and chariot race the great
art lay in turning as near the goal as possi-
ble. For the nearer they kept to it, the
shorterºcircumference they had to make, and .
the less distance to run. This was a great
advantage to be gained, but it was attended
with danger. Subitus. Some copies have
subilä. The sense is the same with either.
Heyne has subità, on the authority of Bur-
mannus; but observes that the other is the
more poetical.
172. Juveni: the dat.in the sense of the gen,
174. Decoris : in the sense of dignitalis.
176. Rector ipse. Gyas hitherto had only
acted as pilot. He now discharges the of
fice both of pilot and helmsman.
177. Litora : to the rock or goal.
178. Redditus est : issued or rose from
with difficulty. '
183. .4ccensa est: was kindled—arose.
184. Superare: in the sense of praterire.
*
325
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
186. Neo, tamen ille Nec totá tamen ille prior praeeunte cariná :
est prior, tota carina
praeeunte; wha parte est
prior; AEmula Pristis
premit
rostro.
Parte prior, partem rostro premit aemula Pristis.
At media socios incedens nave per ipsos
aiian partem Hortatur Mnestheus: Nunc, nunc insurgite remis,
Hectorei socii, Trojae quos sorte supremä
Delegi comites: nuncillas promite vires,
190
Nunc animos ; quibus in Gaetulis syrtibus usi,
Ionioque mari, Maleaeque sequacibus undis.
194. Ego Mnestheus Non jam prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo :
non peto prima loca
Quanquam Ó Sed Superent, quibus hoc, Neptune, dedisti.
196 O utinam possem Extremos pudeat rediisse: hoc vincite, cives,
196
Et prohibete nefas. Olli certamine summo
Procumbunt: vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis,
Subtrahiturque solum: tum creber anhelitus artus
Aridaque ora quatit: sudor fluit undique rivis-
200
Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem.
202. Namque dum Namgue furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburget
Sergestus furens animi Interior, spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo;
suburget proram
Infelix saxis in procurrentibus haesit.
Concussae cautes, et acuto in murice remi
205
Obnixi crepuere; illisaque prora dependit.
NOTEs.
187. Prior parte. The meaning is, that
Sergestus was ahead, but not by the whole
length of his galley; only by a part of it.
190. Hectorei socii: my brave companions,
whom I chose, &c. In order to animate
them the more, he calls them Hectorei, as .
brave and valiant as Hector. Nothing can
be more expressive. Sorte: in the sense of
wind, vel eacitio. -
192. Gaetulis : African. The Gaetuli were
a people of Africa, not far from Carthage.
The word is here used as an adj. Syrtibus:
see AEn. i. 111. Usi: sunt is to be supplied.
193. Ionio mari. That part of the Medi-
terranean lying between Epirus, Italy, and
Sicily, was called the Ionian sea. Through
or over this sea. AEneas passed with his fleet.
JMaleſe. Malete, a promontory of the Pelo-
ponnesus between the Sinus Argolicus and
the Sinus Laconicus, extending about five
miles into the sea. It was dangerous sailing
near it. It gave rise to the proverb, WMaleam
legens, obliviscere, qua, sunt domi. The epi-
thet sequacibus, given to the waves of that
coast, represents them as so many fierce
and devouring monsters, that pursued ships
in order to overwhelm them.
195. Quanquam, Ó This is an instance
where Virgil is eloquent even in silence.
This abrupt exclamation is more expressive
of the mind cf JMnestheus than any words
could have been, especially to those who
saw the looks and gestures that would ac-
company his voice. Having observed that
he did not strive with an expectation of
conquering, he turns upon himself: O that
I could but let them conquer, to whom, O
Neptune, thou hast given that honor.
197. JWefas : disgrace—ignominy, of be-
ing the last to come out. Olli ; by anti-
thesis for illi, they. Procumbunt: they ply
their oars with the greatest earnestness—
they spring upon them with all their strength.
199. Solum subtrahitur : the surface is
drawn from under them. Whatever is spread'
under any thing as its support and founda-
tion is called in Latin solum, as the sea is to
a ship; the air to a fowl on the wing. So
rapidly did the galley move that the surface
of the sea seemed to withdraw from under
her. - -
201. Casus ipse: chance itself—mere
chance. •
202. Suburget proram: while he presses
the prow to the rock on the inside, &c. In-
terior, between Mnestheus and the goal,
taking a nearer course to it. But he had
not left to himself sufficient room, and was
therefore forced to run his galley upon that
part of the rock which projected farther than
the other points of the same rock. Ruteus
reads proró in the abl. Heyne, Davidson,
and Valpy, read proram.
203. Iniquo: in the sense of angusto.
205. Cautes concussae: the rocks were
struck. In other words, the galley received
a violent shock; for action and reaction are
equal. JMurice. JMurea, properly signifies
the shell-fish, of the liquor of which, it was
thought, purple color was made. Hence
it is taken for the prominence of a rock,
which tapers into a sharp point like the shell
of that fish. - -
206. Crepuere: in the sense of fracti sunt.
The prow ran or slid up upon the rock, and
in that elevated situation stuck fast
A.NEIS. LIB. V.
327
Consurgunt nautae, et magno clamore morantur :
Ferratasque sudes, et acutä cuspide contos
Expediunt, fractosque legunt in gurgite remos.
At laptus Mnestheus successuque acrior ipso,
210
Agmine remorum celeri, ventisque vocatis,
Prona petit maria, et pelago decurrit aperto.
Qualis speluncă subitó commota columba,
Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi,
Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis
Dat tecto ingentem: mox ačre lapsa quieto,
Radit iter liquidum, celeres neque commovet alas:
Sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fugā secat ultima Pristis
AEquora ; sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem.
Et primūm in scopulo luctantem deserit alto
213. Talis qualis co-
lumba; cui domus et
215 dulces nidi sunt in late-
broso pumice, subità
commota è speluncá, vo-
lans fertur in arva ; ex-
territaque dat ingentem
plausum tecto pennis.
220
Sergestum, brevibusque vadis; frustràque vocantem
Auxilia, et fractis discentem currere remis.
Inde Gyan, ipsamgue ingenti mole Chimaeram
Consequitur ; cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro est.
Solus jamgue ipso superest in fine Cloanthus:
225
Quem petit, et summis admixus viribus urget.
Tum verö ingeminat clamor ; cunctioue sequenterm
Instigant studiis : resonatolue fragoribus aether.
Hi proprium decus, et partum indignantur honorem,
Nitemeant; vitamgue volunt pro laude pacisci.
Hos successus alit: possunt, quia posse videntur.
Et fors aquatis cepissent praemia rostris;
229. Hi indignantur
230 mi teneant proprium de :
cus et honorem jam par
tum; voluntgue pacisci
Ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus
Fudissetdue preces, Divosque in vota vocasset:
Di, quibus imperium est pelagi, quorum sequora curro;
Vobis lastus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum
236
NOTEs.
207. Clamore : noise—bustle—confusion.
JMorantur: are delayed—stopped.
208. Sudes. This was a pole used by boat-
men, and usually prefixed with iron. Hence
the epithet ſerratas. Heyne reads trudes.
211. Celeri aginine: by or with the quick
motion of the oars. Acrior: ardentior, says
Rugeus. -
212. Petit prona: he seeks the easy wa-
ters, &c. Pronus here is easy—unobstruct-
ed, as appears from the words which follow,
pelago decurrit aperto: he runs on the open
808.
214. Dulees nidi: the nests are here put
for the young ones in them, by meton. Cui:
in the sense of cujus.
216. Dat ingentem: the pigeon gives the
stroke to her nest (tecto) with her wings
when she first leaves it, and commences her
flight.
217. Liquidum: in the sense of ačreum.
218. Ultima ſequora : by this we are to
understand the last part of the race—that
part of it which lay beyond the meta, or goal.
220. Deserit: in the sense of practerit.
Brevibus vadis: simply, shallows. Here the
rock on which his galley stuck.
222. Discentem: in the sense of tentantem.
224. Cedit: she yields—falls behind.
225. Cloanthus superest, &c. Mnestheus
had gotten ahead of Sergestus and Gyas,
and Cloanthus remained alone to contest
the prize with him. Him he pursues, and
presses closely, straining every nerve. The
prize was not to be given to him, who first
arrived at the goal, but to him who return-
ed first to the port, or place from whence
they set out.
228. Fragoribus. Some ancient manu-
scripts have clamoribus, but this makes false
quantity. The other is doubtless the true
reading, Studiis : huzzas—acclamations.
229. Hi indignantur: these consider it a
disgrace, unless, &c. His these, meaning
the crew of Cloanthus. Hos, in verse 231
infra, the crew of Mnestheus.
231. Alit : in the sense of animat.
232. Et fors cepissent: they would have
gotten to the shore together; so that it
could not have been determined who was
the victor, and both received equal prizes,
had not Cloanthus, &c. Fors: in the sense
of fortasse. -
328
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Constituam ante aras voti reus, extaque Salsos
Porrician in fluctus, et vina liquentia fundam. ”
Dixit : eumgue innis sub fluctibus audiit omnis
Nereidum Phorcique chorus, Panopeaque virgo;
Et pater ipse manu magnä Portunus euntem
Illa Noto citiús volucrique sagittà
Impulit.
240
Ad terram fugit, et portu se condidit alto.
Tum Satus Anchisã, cunctis ex more vocatis,
Victorem, magnâ praecomis voce Cloanthum
245
Declarat, viridique advelat tempora lauro :
248. Lat ei optare
Muneraque in naves, ternos optare juvencos,
enjuºno, wi. Vinaque, et argenti magnum dat ferre talentum.
et ferre magnum talen- Ipsis praecipuos ductoribus addit honores:
tum argenti; qua erant Victori chlamydem auratam, quam plurima circum
Purpura Maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit;
munera in naves.
250
250. Victori Cloanth0 Intextusque puer frondosá regius Idä
dat auratam
Veloces jaculo cervos cursuque fatigat,
Acer, anhelanti similis : quem praepes ab Idä
Sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis.
255
Longaevi palmas nequicquam ad sidera tendunt
Custodes, saevitaue canum latratus in auras.
At, qui deinde locum tenuit virtute secundum,
Levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem
Loricam, quam Demoleo detraxerat ipse
260
NOTES.
237. Reus voti. When a person has taken
upon himself a vow on a certain condition,
he is said to be Reus voti, exposed to, or
liable for his vow. When the condition is
granted on the part of the gods, he is said
to be damnatus voti or damnatus votis : bound
to the performance of his vow. See Ecl.
v. 80.
238. Porriciam: in the sense of projiciam.
This verb properly signifies to place an offer-
ing to the gods upon an altar or otherwise.
Liquentia: in the sense of pura.
240. Omnis chorus : all the choir of the
Nereids, &c. The Nereids were the fabu-
lous daughters of Nereus and Doris. See
Ecl. 6. 35. Phorci. Phorcus or Phorcys
was a marine god, the son of Neptune and
Terra, and father of the Gorgons. Pano-
pea, one of the Nereids. Servius says she
is here mentioned by name, because she was
the only virgin among them.
241. Pater Portunus ipse: father Portu-
nus himself, &c. Portunus, one of the ma-
rine gods, whose name is derived from por-
tus, because he presided over ports and har-
bors. Euntem may agree either with evm,
(to wit.) Cloanthum, understood, or with na-
vem. The sense is the same in either case.
It may be observed, that Virgil omits no
opportunity to instruct, as well as to please.
He keeps to strict decorum in this first game.
He gives the palm of victory to him who had
invoked the gods. He shows us, also, the
rashness of youth plaished in the case of
Gyas, whose fool-hardiness makes him lose
the victory, of which he had the fairest
prospects at the first. He sets forth the
equity and liberality of Æneas in rewarding
Sergestus for saving his galley, since he
could not give him a prize as a conqueror.
242. Illa: to wit, navis. JNoto: the south
wind, put for wind in general—the species
for the genus.
250. Circum quam plurima: around which
very much Meliboean purple run in a double
maze. JMalander was a river in the Lesser
Asia, running between Caria and Ionia into
the Ægean sea. It was so full of windings
and turnings, that the word came to be used
for any turning or windings whatever. For
maandro, Ruteus says flewu. Meliboea was
a city in Thessaly, at the foot of Mount
Ossa, famous for dying purple. Here used
as an adj.
252. Regius puer interlus: the royal boy
interwoven in it, (the º pursues with
his javelin, and with speed, &c. The boy
here meant is Ganymede. He was taken up
from Mount Ida by Jove in the form of an
eagle, and made cupbéhrer to the gods in
the place of Hebe. See AEm. i. 28. Fatigat
in the sense of sequitur.
255. Prapes armiger Jovis : the swift-
winged armour-bearer of Jove—the eagle.
Pliny observes that the eagle is proof against
thunder; and this is the reason of its being
selected for Jove's armour-bearer.
260. Loricam consertam, &c. The coat
AENEIS.
JJB V 329
#
Victor apud rapidum Simoënta sub Ilio alto, f
Donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis.
Wix illam famuli Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant
Multiplicem, connixi humeris: indutus at olim
Demoleus, cursu palantes Troas agebat.
265
Tertia dona facit geminos ex ære lebetas,
Cymbiaque argento perfecta, atque aspera signis.
Jamgue aded donati omnes, opibusque superbi,
Punicels ibant evincti tempora taenis : '
Cüm saevo e scopulo multà vix arte revulsus,
Amissis remis, atque ordine debilis uno,
Irrisam siné honore ratem Sergestus agebat.
Qualis saepe via deprensus in aggere serpens,
AErea quem obliquum rota transiit, aut gravis ictu
Seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viator:
Nequicquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus;
Parte ferox, ardensque oculis, et sibila colla
Arduus attollens; pars vulnere clauda retentat
Nexantem nodos, seque in Sua membra plicantem.
Tali remigio navis se tarda movebat:
269. Evincti quoad
270 tempora
270. Cúm Sergestus
agebat irrisam ratem
siné honore, vix revul-
sus é savo scopulo mul-
tà arté, remis amissis,
275 atque debilis uno ordine.
275. Aut viator gravis
ictu liquit seminecem,
lacerumque saxo;
278. Altera pars clauda
280
Vela facit tamen, et plenis subit ostia velis.
Sergestum AEneas promisso munere donat,
Servatam ob navem laetus, sociosque
eductOS.
r
Olli serva datur, operum haud ignara §.
- Cressa genus, Pholoé, geminique sub übere nati. 285 285. Cressagwoga ge-
Hoc, pius AEneas, misso certamine, tendit
Gramineum in campum, quem collibus undique curvis
nus, nomine Pholoé, ge
minique
Cingebant sylvae: mediáque in valle theatri
Circus erat; quð se multis cum millibus heros
§
NOTES.
of mall usually consisted of several thin
plates of iron or brass, which were fastened
together with hooks or rings. Hence con-
sertam hamis. See AEn. iii. 467. and vii.
639.
264. JMultiplicem. JMultiplew, any thing
consisting of many folds, or thicknesses. Of
multum et plico.
265. Agebat palantes Troas. The peet
here pays to Æneas a very high compliment
in an indirect manner. For if Damoleus
was able to drive before him whole troops
of Trojans, flying in confusion and dismay:
how great a hero must he be, who slew this
mighty champion :
266. Facit in the sense of dat. This
present was given to Gyas, who came in the
third victor. Signis ; with figures—with
carved work.
268. Donatº - were rewarded. The verb
sunt is to be supplied.
270. Revulsus. Some copies have revul-
sam, agreeing with ratem vel navem. But
revulsus, referring to Sergestus, is the most
approved reading. If revulsam be read, then
we must read debilem, instead of debilis.
271. Debilis uno ordine: disabled in one
bank or tier of oars. Dr. Trapp thinks
this means all the oars on one side. But
this cannot be, since the galley had three
banks or tiers of oars on a side.
273. Aggere vie. Agger viſe is properly
the eminence or the highest part of the
road ; which is raised or cast up in the mid-
dle for the purpose of carrying off the rain.
276. Dat: in the sense of movet vel for-
mat. Tortus: in the sense of flexus.
278. Retentat: in the sense of moratur.
JNearantem modos : in the sense of torquentem
sewn nodos. Heyne reads, nodis.
284. Serva datur. The games here are
imitated from Homer. In that barbarous
age, that one of the prizes should be a fe-
male, is no matter of wonder. Hawd igna-
ra: not unskilled in the works of Minerva;
that is, in manufactures. The Cretans were
very skilful in manufactures and the works
of the loom.
286. Certamine : in the sense of ludo.
JMisso: in the sense of finito, vel dimisso.
289. Erat circus theatri. The theatrum
was the place at Rome appropriated for
scenical representations. See Geor. ii. 381
The circus was destined for the celebration
of the Roman games, especially horse-races
It was built by Tarquinius Priscus, between
g
330
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Consessu medium tulit, extructoque resedit.
290
291. Hic pretiis invi- Hic, qui fortè velint rapido contendere cursu,
tat animos eorum,
fortà velint
qui Invitat pretiis animos, et praemia ponit.
Undique conveniunt Teucri, mixtique Sicani:
Nisus et Euryalus, primi.
Euryalus formä insignis, viridique juventā;
Nisus, amore pio pueri: quos deinde secutus
Regius egregiá Priami de stirpe Diores.
298. Salius, simul et Hunc Salius, simul et Patron ; quorum alter Acarnan :
Patron seculus * hunº Alter ab Arcadia, Tegeaeae sanguine gentis.
39%. Tunsecuti sunt Tum duo Trinacrii juvenes, Elymus Panopesque,
Assueti sylvis, comites senioris Acestaº.
duo Trinacril
302. Præterea multi Multi praetereà, quos fama obscura recondit.
secuti sunt; quos ob- AEneas quibus in mediis sic deinde locutus:
[SCURIſa,
Accipite hºc animis, lastasque advertite mentes:
Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit.
305
306. Dabo is ferre Gnossia bina dabo laevato lucida ferro
bina Gnossia spicula
lucida laevato ferro,
Spicula, coelatamgue argento ferre bipennem :
Omnibus hic erit unus honos.
Tres praemia primi
Accipient, flavāque caput nectentur olivá.
311. Alter victor ha- Primus equum phaleris insignem victor habeto.
Alter Amazoniam pharetram, plenamgue Sagittis
beto
310
NOTES.
the mountains Aventinus and Palatinus, for
the celebration of games in imitation of the
Olympic games. This Sicilian valley, hav-
ing some resemblance to it, is therefore call-
ed circus theatri, the circuit of a theatre.
See Geor. ii. 381.
290. Resedit, &c. The meaning probably
is, that Æneas sat down upon an eminence
that had been erected for the occasion. In
this case, loco is to be understood with ea:-
tructo: on a place built up. Ruacus seems
to think otherwise: he says, in composito
cactu resedit. By connecting consessu with
eactructo, he implies that the company or as-
sembly sat down on an elevated place.
And it is no way improbable that Æneas,
with some of the chief men, was seated in
the centre of the whole assembly on an ele-
vated place, that they might be the more
conspicuous. -
There seems to be here an allusion to the
custom, in the Roman camp, of the general
to address his soldiers from the agger, or
suggestus.
292. Pretiis. By prelium we may under-
stand the value of the rewards; and, by
praemia, the rewards themselves.
296. Pio amore. Pius amor signifies a
generous, tender, and disinterested love,
such as that of parents to children. An ac-
count of the love of Euryalus for JNºsus, we
have in the 9th book, verse 176, and fºllow-
ing. Nothing can more forcibly set forth
his love for the lad, than that tender expos-
tulation in hig fan ºr, verse 42" at seq. quad
wide.
Arcadia, sacred to Pan.
298. Salius. The names here mentioned
are not of the poet's invention. Varro says
that Salius came into Italy with Evander,
and there instituted the Salian dance; which
was performed by persons clad in armour, in
honor of Mars. Acarnan, a native of Acar-
nania : a region of Epirus. .
299. Tegetea gentis. Tegea was a city of
Patron was a na
tive of this city, and Salius was of Epirus.
Heyne reads Arcadio, an adj. agreeing with
sanguine: of Arcadian blood. But Arca-
dia is the common reading.
302. Quos fama; whose names, fame ob
scure by length of time, hath concealed
from us.
304. Memtes : thoughts—attention.
306. Gnossia spicula: Gnossian darts.
Gnossius, an adj. from Gnossus, a city of
Crete, whose darts and missive weapons
were very much celebrated. The spiculum
was about five feet long, tipped with steel
of a triangular form: hence lucida larvato
ferro: shining with polished steel. It was
the same with the pilum, a military weapon,
used by footmen; which, in a charge, they
darted against the enemy.
309. JWectentur : they shall be bound, as
to the head, with yellow olive. This alludes
to the conquerors at the Olympic games,
who were crowned with garlands of olive *
leaves, which are of a yellow color. The
olive was sacred to Minerva.
311. Amazoniam : an Amazonian quiver;
one of the same form, with those that the
Amazons used. They were said to have
\,
295
300
|
AENEIS.
LIB v. 331
Threiciis; lato quam circumplectitur auro
Balteus, et tereti subnectit fibula gemmá.
Tertius Argolicá hāc galeå contentus abito.
Haec ubi dicta, locum capiunt, signoque repentë
Corripiunt spatia audito, limenque relinquunt
312. Balteus é lato
Tºº O
315 315. Ubi haec suns
dicta, omnes
Effusi, nimbo similes: simul ultima signant.
Primus abit, longèque ante omnia corpora Nisus
Emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocyor alis.
Proximus huic, longo sed proximus intervallo,
Spatio póst deinde relicto,
Insequitur Salius.
Tertius Euryalus.
Euryalumque Elymus sequitur.
Quo deinde sub ipso
Ecce volat, calcemque terit jam calce Diores,
Incumbens humero: spatia et si plura supersint,
Transeat elapsus prior, ambiguumve relinquat.
Jamgue feré spatio extremo fessique sub ipsum
320
321. Deinde, spatio
relicto pöst Salium, Eu-
ryalus sequitur tertius
323. Sub quo ipso ecce
Diores deinde volat
325
326. Certamen ambi-
guum
Finem adventabant: levi cum sanguine Nisus
Labitur infelix, caesis ut forté juvencis
Fusus humum viridesque super madefecerat herbas.
Hic juvenis, jam victor ovans, vestigia presso
Haud tenuit titubata solo : sed pronus in ipso
329. Ut fortè ea ju-
vencis caesis fusus erat
331 super humum, madefe-
ceratgue virides herbas.
Concidit immundoque fimo, sacroque cruore.
Non tamen Euryali, non ille oblitus amorum :
Nam Sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens;
Ille autem spissä jacuit revolutus arenå.
Emicat Euryalus, et munere victor amici
Prima tenet, plausuque volat fremituque secundo.
Póst Elymus Subit; et nunc tertia palma Diores.
Hic totum caveae consessum ingentis, et ora
334. Ille non oblitus
335 est Euryali, non oblitus
est amorum
335. Lubrica loca
336. Ille Salius jacuit
338. Tenet prima spa-
tia, volatque
340
NOTES.
been a nation of females inhabiting a part
of Thrace. Much is said of them among
the ancients, the greater part of which is
doubtless fable. Alter: in the sense of se-
cundus.
312. Circumplectitur. The common read-
ing is circºm amplectitur. Heyne reads, cir-
cumplectitur, and observes that the best co-
pies do the same. Balleus lato auro. Rugeus
says, latus balleus ea; auro.
316. Relinquunt limen : they leave the
mark, rushing forth like a tempest. Corri-
piunt spatia ; they seize the first ground—
they start. Limen. In the Roman circus,
when at the height of its magnificence, the
racers started from under a kind of portico;
over whose threshold they leaped, Hence
limen came to signify the start \g place.
In a temporary circus, such as the one here
mentioned, a line drawn in the sand served
as the barrier, or starting place. Spatium
we may suppose to be the whole ground
lying between the carcer and meta. The
race was twice that distance, or divided in
the middle by the meta, or turning place.
Hence the propriety of the plu. spatia, as
applied to the race ground.
317. Signant, &c. Notant oculis, animo-
*
que designant metam, says Heyne. They
fix their eyes steadfastly upon the goal. Ul-
tima: spatia is understood.
318. Omnia corpora: all the rest. Nisus
is to be taken with primus. He gets the
start of all the others. -
323. Sub quo ipso : close up to whom—to
Elymus.
325. Si plura spatia supersint: if there
had been more distance to run, he would
have overtaken Elymus and gotten ahead
of him; or at least left the victory doubtful.
332. Haud tenuit: did not hold firm his
tottering steps, &c.
337. JMunere: in the sense of beneficio.
339. Pöst Elymus subit: afterward Ely.
mus comes out; and now Diores (comes
out) the third victor. Palma : the prize, or
victory itself, put by meton. for the victor
or conqueror. -
340. Ingentis caveſe. The middle part
or area of the Roman theatre was called
cavea, because it was considerably lower
than the other parts of it. Here the com-
mon people had their seats. It was capable
of containing 80,000 men. By synec. put,
for the whole theatre.
332
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
Prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet;
Ereptumque dolo reddi sibi poscit honorem.
Tutatur favor Euryalum, lachrymaeque decorae,
Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus.
$45. Diores adjuvat Adjuvat, et magnâ proclamat voce, Diores,
Qui subiit palmae : frustråque ad praemia venit
Euryalum
343
Ultima, si primi Salio redduntur honores.
Tum pater Æneas, Westra, inquit, munera vobis
Certa manent, pueri, et palmam movet ordine nemo.
Me liceat castis misereri insontis amici. w
350
Sic fatus, tergum Gaetuli immane leonis
Dat Salio, villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis.
Hic Nisus, Si tanta, inquit, sunt praemia victis,
Et te lapsorum miseret: quae munera Niso
& º º 7 ^ e
Digna dabis, primam merui qui laude coronam
quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset 7
356. Ni eadem inimica Ni Ime,
355
º'", "Et simuſ his dictis faciem ostentabat, etudo
tulit Salium
Turpia membra fimo.
362. Post, ubi cursus Et clypeum efferri jussit, Didymaonis artes,
confecti sunt, et peregit Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum.
Risit pater optimus olli,
360
dona, ºneas inquit: Hoc juvenem egregium praestanti munere donat.”
Nunc, si sit cui virtus,
animusque praesens in
pectore, ille adsit, et
attollat brachia evinctis
palmis
Pöst, ubi confecti cursus, et dona peregit:
Nunc, si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens,
Adsit, et evinctis attollat brachia palmis.
Sic ait, et geminum pugna proponit honorem:
365
NOTEs.
341. Salius implet prima ora: Salius fills
the whole assembly of the huge pit, and the
foremost seats of the fathers, &c. Virgil
here applies a verb to two nouns, though in
strict propriety it suits only one of them.
Implet concessum is very proper, but implet
prima ora can only be used in poetry. The
patres and principal men sat in the first or
foremost seats; hence the epithet prima.
The meaning appears to be this: that Sa-
lius standing before, or in front of the patres
or principal men, demanded the palm of
victory in loud and vociferous language,
which filled the ears of the whole assembly.
Prima ora patrum: in the sense of priores
ordines, quibus seniores sedebant.
344. Peniens: in the sense of eacistens, vel
apparens. -
346. Penit ad ultima praemia. The three
first, by the condition of the race, were to
have a prize. And Diores, who was next
to Elymus, was entitled to the third or last,
provided Salius was set aside, and Euryalus
allowed to have the first prize.
351. Tergum: in the sense of pellem.
352. Onerosum villis : heavy with shag
and golden claws. The fur of lions and
other wild beasts were worn in ancient
times by persons of distinction, and their
claws were often gilt for ornament and
show. Africa was infested with lions and
other wild beasts of prey, especially Gaetulia,
whose lions are said to have been the largest,
and the most savage. t
355. Laude : in the sense of virtute in
cursu. Coronam : honor—reward. JMerui.;
in the sense of merwissem.
356. Tulissel. This verb here has a pe-
culiar signification: to bear down, to over-
power, or get the better of. Some explain
it by Hypallage: for tulissem inimicam for-
tunam; but this is hardly allowable. Ruteus
takes tulisset in the sense of obstitisset.
359. Artes : the workmanship of Didy-
maon. This is a fictitious name, signifying
a skilful or ingenious workman,
360. Rºſicum Danais : torn down by the
Greeks from the sacred post of Neptune's
temple. Servius thinks that this was a
buckler or shield, which Pyrrhus had taken
from Neptune's temple in the sacking of
Troy; and that after his death it fell into
the hands of Helenus, who presented it tº
AEneas at his departure from Epirus. 'ſ
was usual to fix up arms won from the ene-
my on the door posts of the temples, as con-
secrated offerings to the gods.
363. Virtus. This, for the most part, sig-
nifies military bravery, skill, and prowess.
These the ancients considered the most
valuable qualities and the first virtues. -
364. Palmis : with his hands bound with
the gauntlet. -
AENEIS.
LIB. W. 333
Victori velatum auro vittisque juvencum ;
Ensem, atque insignem galeam, solatia victo.
Nec mora: continuð vastis cum viribus effert
Ora Dares, magnoque virām se murmure tollit:
Solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra:
Idemgue ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector,
Victorem Buten immani corpore, qui se
Bebryciá veniens Amyci de gente ferebat, .
Perculit, et fulvå moribundum extendit arenå.
Talis prima Dares caput altum in praelia tollit,
OstenditGue humeros latos, alternaque jactat
Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras.
Quaeritur huic alius: nec quisquam exagnine tanto
367. Victo ensem at
* * *
que insignem galeam
quae sint solatia ejus.
370
371. Idemgue Dares
ad tumulum, quo maxi-
mus Hector occubat, per-
culit victorem. Buten im-
mani corpore, quiferebat
se, utpote veniens de Be-
brycia gente Armyci, et
extendit eum moribun
dum in flava arenå.
375
Audet adire virum, manibusque inducere caestus.
Ergö alacris, cunctosque putans excedere palmà,
380
AEneae stetit ante pedes : mec plura moratus,
Tum laevå taurum cornu tenet, atque ita fatur:
Nate Deá, si memo audet se credere pugnaº,
Quae finis standi ? quë me decet usque teneri ?
Cuncti simul ore fremebant
Dardanidae, reddique viro promissa jubebant.
Hic gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes,
Ducere dona jube.
384. Quèusque decet
38 5 Jºne teneri
386. Promissa praemia
reddi
Proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbae :
Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frustrà,
NOTEs.
366. Velatum auro vittisque : ornamented
with gold and fillets—simply, golden fillets,
by hendiadis. It was customary to adorn
the oxen with fillets, and gild their horns,
both when they were designed for sacrifice,
and also when they were to be given away
as rewards of merit.
370. Paridem. Paris, the son of Priam,
though dissolute and effeminate in his morals,
was haturally strong and valiant, as appears
from Homer, and always behaved himself
well in arms. He is said to have been su-
perior to Hector in the gauntlet fight. JMur-
mure : applause—shouts of applause.
371. Quo maximus Hector. It is said,
upon the death of Hector there was a truce
of two months between the Greeks and
Trojans, during which games were celebra-
ted by the latter at Hector's tomb on the
promontory of Sigeum; where Dares distin-
guished himself.
372. Buten perculit.: he smote victorious
Butes, of huge body, who boºsted that he
sprung from the Bebrycian race of Amycus,
&c. The Butes here mentioned was not
the son of Amycus and father of Eryx, ſor
he must have been dead long before; but of
another of the same name, who lived in the
time of the Trojan wars, and boasted to be
of the same race as the other.
373. Bebryció. This was the original
name of Bythinia, a province of Asia Minor.
Here Amycus reigned. He is said to have
received no person into his dominions, only
on the condition that they would try the
gauntlet with him. He was at last van-
quished and slain by Pollux, one of the Ar-
gonauts. **.
379. Audet adire virum : dares engage the
man, and draw the gauntlets on his hands.
It is not easy to say what was the exact na
ture of the cºstus. Some take it to be a
kind of club or bludgeon, with lead at the
end. It is more probable, however, it was
a sort of leathern guard for the hands and
arms, composed of thongs, and filled with
lead to add force and weight to the blow
It was bound about the hands and arms, as
high as the elbows, both as a guard, and to
keep them from slipping off. This explains
evinctis palmis, 364, supra.
To this, the account which Virgil here
º the weapon best agrees. The word
cºstas most probably is derived from the
word cºdo. The gauntlet fight was so cruel
and bloody that the celebrated Lycurgus
made a law forbidding the Spartans to prac-
tise it.
380. Eaccedere palmà , to decline or leave
the prize—to depart from it. -
381. Plura moratus. Ruteus says, diutius
tardans. Plura here, properly an adj. neu.
plu. is taken adverbially in imitation of the
Greeks. * .
384. Standi : in the sense of expectandi.
385. Fremebant ore : they all expressed
approbation with their mouths.
334
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
390. Tam-ne patiens Tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli
Dona sines? ubi nunc nobis Deus ille, magister
Nequicquam memoratus, Eryx 2 ubi fama per omnem
sines tanta dona tolli
391. Ubi nunc est
Eryx, ille Deus nobis,
390
nequicquam memoratus Trinacriam, et spolia illa tuis pendentia tectis'
twus magister? Ubi est Ille sub hac: Non laudis amor, mec gloria cessit
tua fama inclyta
Pulsa metu : sed enim gelidus tardante senectä
395
- Sanguis hebet, frigentgue effoºta in corpore vires.
.397, §i, si mºno illa Simihi, quae quondam fuerat, quâque improbus iste
juventa foret mihi, qute Exultat fidens, si nunc foret illa juventa;
quondam fuerat
Haud equidem pretio inductus pulchroque juvenco
Venissem: ne; dona moror.
In medium geminos immani pondere caestus
Sic deinde locutus, 400
Projecit: quibus acer Eryx in praelia suetus
Ferre manum, duroque intendere brachia tergo.
404. Animi spectato-
rum obstupuere: septem
Ingentia terga tantorum
boun rigebant plumbo
ferroque insuto.
Obstupuere animi: tantorum ingentia septem
Terga boum plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant.
Ante omnes stupet ipse Dares, longèque recusat:
Magnanimusque Anchisiades, et pondus, et ipsa
405
Huc illuc vinclorum immensa volumina versat.
Tum senior tales referebat pectore voces:
Quid si quis caestus ipsius et Herculis arma
410
* Vidisset, tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam 7
413. Cernis ea adhuc Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat.
infecta
Sanguine cernis adhuc fractoque infecta cerebro.
.*.*.*.*.*.*. His magnum Alciden contra stetit: his ego suetus,
pugnare his, dum melior
sanguis dabat vires mihi,
necdum aemula senectus
sparsa canebat
Dum melior vires sanguis dabat, amula necdum
Temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus.
Sed, si nostra Dares hac Troius arma recusat,
415
NOTES.
394. Sub: in the sense of ad. Inquit, or
a verb of the same import, is understood.
JWon: in the sense of nec.
395. Enim: in the sense of equidem. He-
bet: is chilled. Tardante : enfeebling old
age.
396. Frigent: fail. In the sense of torpent.
400. JMoror: value—regard. Praemium
non curo, says Heyne.
403. Tergo: properly the back; by meton.
the hide or skin. Ferre manum in praelia :
to engage in fight; a phrase. Intendere: in
the sense of cingere. •
406. Longé in the sense of valde væ.
hementer. Recusat: declines the fight. "
407. Anchisiades : the son of Anchises—
AEneas. A patronymic noun.
408. Vinclorum: by syn. for vinculorum :
the castws or gauntlets with which their
hands and arms were bound.
409. Senior: namely, Entellus.
411. Tristem pugram. The fight is called
tristem, sad or woful; because Eryx was
slain. The occasion of the combat is said
to have been this: Hercules having slain
Geryon, king of Spain, was returning with
his booty, which was a herd of fine oxen.
In his way having visited Sicily, he received
a challenge from Eryx to fight him with the
gauntlet. If the victory fell to Eryx, he
was to have the oxen; and if he were van-
quished, the island of Sicily was to fall to
Hercules. Some say one of the oxen passed
over into Sicily and was taken by Eryx
who refused to give it up, which occasionec
the combat. -
412. Tuus germanus Erya: ; your brother
Eryx. See verse 24, supra. -
413. Fracto. This is the reading of Heyne,
on the authority of Heinsius, Burmannus,
and others, as he informs us. The common
reading is sparso. The sense is the same
with either.
414. Alciden : Hercules, who, though the
reputed son of Jupiter and Alcmene, was
also called Amphitryoniades, from, Amphi-
tryo, the husband of Alcmene; and Alcides,
from Alcaeus the father of Amphitryo. See
Æn. vi. 801.
415. AEmula senectus. envious age, not
yet spread over my temples, &c. The
meaning is: while old age had not yet co-
vered his head with gray hairs. Some say,
old age is here called (amula) envious, be-
cause it is apt to envy the strength and vigor
of youth, and emulate their feats in vain.
But it may be called envious on account of
the many evils and infirmities which it
AENElS.
LIB W 335
ſdque pio sedet AEnea, probat auctor Acestes;
AEquemus pugmas. Erycis tibi terga remitto;
Solve metus: et tu Trojanos exue caestus.
420
Haec fatus, duplicem exhumeris dejecit amictum :
Et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa, lacertosque
Exuit; atque ingens mediá consistit arenå.
Tum satus Anchisä caestus pater extulit aequos,
Et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis.
424. Tum pater Jºned,
425 satus Anchisã extulit
Constitit in digitos extempló arrectus uterque,
Brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras.
Abduxere retro longé capita ardua ab ictu.
Immiscentaue manus manibus, pugnamque lacessunt.
Ille, pedum melior motu, fretusque juventâ;
430
Hic, membris et mole valens: sed tarda trementi
Genua labant: vastos quatit ager anhelitus artus.
Multa viri nequicquam inter se vulnera jactant;
Multa cavo lateri ingeminant; et pectore vastos
Dant sonitus: errataue aures et tempora circum
435
Crebra manus : duro crepitant sub vulnere malae.
Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem :
Corpore tela modó atque oculis vigilantibus exit.
Ille, velut celsam oppugnat quimolibus urbem,
Aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis;
Nunc hos, nuncillos aditus, omnemoue pererrat
Arte locum, et variis assultibus irritus urget.
Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus, et alté
Extulit: ille ictum venientem à vertice velox
Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit.
Entellus vires in ventum effudit, et ultrö
Ipse gravis, graviterque ad terram pondere vasto
Concidit: ut quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho,
439. Ille, velut qul op
440 pugnat molibus celsam
urbem, aut sedet sub ar-
mis circum montana cas-
tella, nunc pererrat hos,
nunc illos aditus, on
nemgue locum arte.
445
448. Ut quondam cava
pinus eruta radicibus,
concidit aut
NOTES.
orings along with it, and the little comfort
it yields, as if it envied man the enjoyment
of life. JEmula : in the sense of invida.
418. Sedet: in the sense of placet vel pro-
balur. Auctor: the author or adviser of the
combat.
419. Terga : the gauntlets of Eryx.
423. Eacwit: in the sense of nudavit.
425. Inneacuit : bound the hands, &c.
426. In digitos: upon their toes. Each
stood tiptoe that the blow might fall with
the more force. -
430. Ille, melior motu : the former (Dares)
is more active in the movements of his feet,
and relying upon his youth; the latter (En-
tellus) excelling, &c.
431. JMembris et mole:
his limbs, by hend.
432. Tarda janwa labant: his feeble knees
totter under him trembling. Hard breath-
simply, the size of
ing, &c. & -
433. JNequicquam : in vain, because they
were without effect. Pulnera: in the sense
of ictus.
434. Ingeminant : they repeat.
435. Errat ; moves, or passes around, &c.
437. Gravis : in the sense of firmws.
438. JModò eacit : he only with his body
and watchful eyes avoids the blows. Eacit:
in the sense of evitat vel eludit. Tela: for
ictus.
439. Molibus : with batteries: engines,
441. Pererrat; in the sense of eacquirit.
442. Irritus : being foiled—disappointed
—baffled. -.
445.sºlapsus cessit: simply for elabitur.
447 it ipse gravis, gravitergwe: and heavy
he felºfieavily to the ground with his vast
weight. The graviterque appears to be
merely expletive. The sense is complete
without it. Entellus had raised himself with
the intention of giving a heavier blow to
Dares, who, having observed it, slipt from
the stroke. By these means his own na-
tural weight, and the impetus he gave to
himself, brought him to the ground. Orth
gravis may refer to his unwieldy size and
bulk, while the graviter refers to the vio-
lence of the shock he gave himselfin missing
the blow aimed at Dares. But this is rather
a refinement.
448. Erymantho: Erymanthus was a fa
336
P VIRGILII MARONIS
. Aut Idâ in magná, radicibus eruta pinus.
450 Diversis studiis Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes.
450
It clamor coelo : primusque accurrit Acestes,
AEquaevumque ab humo miserans attollit amicum
At non tardatus casu, neque territus heros:
Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira:
Tum pudor incendit vires, et conscia virtus:
455
Praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore toto ;
Nunc dextră ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistrá.
Nec mora, nec requies: quâm multà grandine nimbi
Culminibus crepitant; sic densis ictibus heros
Creber utrāque manu pulsat versatgue Dareta.
pater Æneas, procedere longitis iras,
Et savire animis Entellum haud passus acerbis:
. .461. Pater Æneas Tum
naud passus est iras
460
Sed finem imposuit pugna; fessumque Dareta
Eripuit, mulcens dictis, ac talia fatur:
Infelix quae tanta animum dementia cepitº
Non vires alias, conversaque numina sentis?
Dixitdue, et praelia voce diremit.
Ast illum fidi aequales, genua agra trahentem,
Jactantemque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem
Ore ejectantem mixtosque in sanguine dentes,
: galeamque ensemgue vocati
* Cede Deo.
468. Ast fidi aequales
ducunt illum ad naves,
trahentemque aegra ge-
Ill] ºd, * .
Ducunt ad naves
465
470
Accipiunt: palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt.
Hic victor, superans animis, tauroque superbus,
Nate Deá, vosque haec, inquit, cognoscite, Teucri,
Et mihi quae fuerint juvenili in corpore vires,
Et quâ servetis revocatum a morte Dareta.
Dixit : et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,
Qui donum adstabat pugna : durosque reductà
Libravit dextrá media inter cornua caestus
cornua, ilisitºue eos in Arduus, effractoque illisit in ossa cerebro. -
Sternitur, exanimisque tremens procumbit humi, bos
76. Et à qua morte
servetis
480. Arduusque, dex-
tra reducta, libravit du-
ros caestus inter media
ossa, cerebro effracto,
475
480
NOTES.
mous wood and mountain in Arcadia, where
Hercules slew the celebrated boar.
453. At heros non tardatus : but the hero
not disabled, nor terrified by the fall, &c.
By the rules of the combat, if one fell, the
other was not to take the advantage of it,
but allow him time to rise and return to the
fight. iſ ºw.
. Sic: in the sense of tam, cor
ing with quam in the preceding line." A
bi: storms. *:::.
463. Eripwit fessum Dareta: he rescued
weary Dares. Virgil follows Homer through-
out these games, but has varied from him in
the issue of the combat, with judgment, and
with an improvement of the moral. He
gives his readers the pleasure of seeing an
arrogant boaster humbled by an infirm old
man, roused by his courage to engage in an
unequal contest. Whereas in Homer, the
younger and the stronger vanquishes the
more feeble, which contributes nothing to
the surprise or pleasure of the reader.
©
466. JNon sentis alias vires: do you not
perceive other strength, and the gods to bo
changed 8 Alias vires: other or foreign
strength—that which you did not expect to
be exerted against you, and therefore it is in
vain to contend. Cede Deo. By the god
here mentioned we are to understand the
one by whom Entellus was aided; perhaps
Erya, whom the Sicilians had deified.
470. Effectantem: some copies have re-
jerfantam. Pierius prefers this. Heyne reads
ejectantem; so also Heinsius and Davidson.
473. Superans : in the sense of laplans.
476. Revocatum : rescued—freed—deli-
vered.
478. Donum: in the sense of praemium.
481. Sternitur: the oxfalls, and trembling,
&c. This verse Servius thinks a very bad
one, because it ends with a monosyllable.
Mr. Davidson thinks it is to be admired for
that very reason. This abrupt ending of
the verse, says he, is like a rub in a person's


AENEIS. LIB W
337
Ille super tales effudit pectore voces:
482. Super bove
Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis
Persolvo : hic victor castus artemque reponor
Protinús AEneas celeri certare sagittà
495
Invitat, qui forté velint, et praemia ponit.
Ingentigue manu malum de nave Seresti
Erigit; et volucrem trajecto in fune columbam,
Qué tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto.
Convenère viri: dejectamgue, aerea sortem
488. Et suspendit ab
alto malo volucrom co-
490 lumbam.
Accepit galea : et primus clamore secundo
Hyrtacidae ante omnes exit locus Hippocoöntis:
Quem modó navali Mnestheus certamine victor
Consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus olivá.
Tertius Eurytion, tuus, 6 clarissime, frater,
492. Locus Hippocoön-
tis Hyrtacidae exit pri-
mus ante oinnes
495. Eurytion est ter-
495 tius, tuus
Pandare: qui quondam, jussus confundere foedus,
In medios telum torsisti primus Achivos.
Extremus galeågue imâ subsedit Acestes,
Ausus et ipse manu juvenum tentare laborem.
Tum validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus,
Prose quisque, viri, et depromunt tela pharetris:
Primaque per coelum nervo stridente sagitta
Hyrtacidae juvenis volucres diverberat auras,
500
501. Tum virl, quis-
que pro se, . Incurvant
flexos arcus
Et venit, adversique infigitur arbore mali.
Intremuit malus, timuitgue exterrita pennis
Ales, et ingenti Sonuerunt omnia plausu.
505
- 506. Omnia loca
PÖst acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu
NOTES.
way; it forces him to stop and dwell upon
the object with attention.
483. JMeliorem: either, because brute vic-
tims were more acceptable to the gods than
human victims; or it alludes to the second
victims, which, when the first escaped, were
substituted in their room, and were called
meliores, better. Animam : in the sense of
victimam.
484. Repono, &c. This is an allusion to
the gladiators in after times, who, when
their age exempted them from practising the
art, hung up the arms of their profession on
the doorposts of the temple of Hercules.
Persolvo: in the sense of immolo.
487. Ingentique manu : AEneas may not
do it with his own hand; for men are often
said to do what they order to be done by
others. Heyne says, magna multitudine.
488. In fune trajecto: by a rope put through
the mast; trajecto per malum. Volucrem:
fluttering. Ferrum : for sagittam.
491. JErea galea accepit, &c. In war, and
among soldiers, a helmet supplied the place
of an urn to receive the lots.
492. Hippocoöntis. Hippocoön, the son
of Hyrtacus. , Homer says he was cousin to
Rhesus, who was slain by Ulysses and Dio-
mede in the first night after his arrival on the
Trojan shore. See AEn. i. 469. Locus: in
the sense of sors. ,
kille,
496. Pandare. Pandarus was the son of
Lycaon. Homer makes him to have broken
the truce (confundere fedus) between the
Greeks and Trojans, when iney nad agreed
to put the decision of the war upon the issue
of a single combat between Paris and Me-
nelaus. Paris was rescued by Venus, when
he was nearly overcome. Juno, unwilling
that the disaster of Troy should so soon be
terminated, urged Jupiter to bring about a
violation of the truce. He employed Mi-
nerva as his agent in the business. By her
persuasion, Pandarus shot an arrow among
the Greeks at Menelaus, which rekindled
the war. The epithet clarissime, is given to
him ºbeing a distinguished archer. Ho-
º him to Apollo.
y Diomede.
498. Acestes subsedit. Acestes remained
the last in the bottom of the helmet: that
is, the lot of Acestes.
501. Tela : in the sense of sagittae.
502. Sagitta juvenis Hyrtacidae: the ar-
row of the youth Hippocoön first, &c. Stri
dente nervo: from the whizzing string.
503. Volucres auras: the light air.
504. Arbore mali : in the wood of the mast,
505. Timwit - fluttered with her wings—
expressed signs of fear. .
506. Ingenti plausu : with loud shouts, or
acclamations ...? the spectators. .
He was at last.
º
338
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
*;
Alta petens, pariterque oculos teluinque tetendit.
Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro
Non valuit: nodos et vincula linea rupit,
510
Queis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto.
Illa Notos atque atra volans in nubila fugit.
Tum rapidus jamdudum arcu contenta parato
515. Jam speculatus
columbam laetam in va-
cuo coelo, et plauden-
tem alis, figit eam sub
Tela tenens, fratrem Eurytion in vota vocavit:
Jam vacuo laetam coelo speculatus, et alis
Plaudentem nigrá figit sub nube columbam
Decidit examimis, vitamgue reliquit in astris
515
Aériis, fixamque refert delapsa sagittam.
Amissä solus palmā superabat Acestes:
Qui tamen aethereas telum contorsit in auras,
Ostentans artem pariter arcumque sonantem.
... Hic oculis Subitó objicitur magnoque futurum
* Augurio monstrum: docuit póst exitus ingens,
Seraque terrifici cecinerunt omina vates. -
Namgue volans liquidis in nubibus arsit arundo,
523. Ingens
docuit hoc póst
520
525
Signavitaue viam flammis, tenuesque recessit
527. Ceu stepe sidera Consumpta in ventos ſº ceu Saepe refixa
refixa 8 coelo transcur-
runt, volantiaque
Transcurrunt, crinemdue volantia sidera ducunt. )
Attonitis hasère animis, Superosque precati
Trinacrii Teucrique viri: nec maximus omen
5:30
Abnuit AEneas: sed latum amplexus Acesten
Muneribus cumulat magnis, ac talia fatur:
NOTES.
510. Modos et linea vincula rupit: he cut
the knots, and the hempen cords, with which,
being tied by the foot, &c. Mr. Pope, in
3omparing the games of Homer and Virgil,
owns that Virgil has outdone his master by
the addition of two circumstances that make
a beautiful gradation. In Homer, the first
archer cuts the string that held the bird, and
the other shoots him as he is mounting. In
Virgil, the first only hits the mark, the se-
cond cuts the string, the third shoots him,
and the fourth, to show the strength of his
arm, directs his arrow up to heaven, where
it kindles into a flame, and makes a pro-
digy.
512. Fugit in notos : Natus is properly the
south wind. Sometimes it is put any
wind. Here it seems to be used for \e air
simply; wind being only air put in Mºtion.
In nubes ac coelum evolavit, says Heyne.
513. Tum rapidus Eurytion: then intre-
pid Eurytion, a long time holding the arrow
extended on his ready bow, &c. Servius
says that Pandarus was worshipped as a
hero among the Lycians. This explains the
conduct of Eurytion in invoking him, in this
critical moment, to direct his arrow.
520. Contorsit: the reading of Heyne is
contendit.
523. JMonstrum : here a prodigy, and
about to be of great import, is suddenly
presented to our eyes. JMonstrum signifies
any thing that is, or happens, contrary to
the ordinary course of events. It is from
monstro; because prodigies were thought to
be sent from heaven to signify some remark-
able future event. This one presaged the
burning of the fleet of Æneas. Subitó. This
is the common reading. Heyne, after Hein-
sius, reads subitum.
524. Cecinerunt : they interpreted the
omens late. .
Servius explains sera by gravia, others by
futura, and Cerdanus by tarda. The com-
mon aceptation of the word is the easiest,
implying that the soothsayers could make
nothing of the omen, till the event took
place; and then, when it was too late to
avert it, and the ships on fire, they agreed
that this must have been the thing signified
by the prodigy.
528. Crimern: a train of light.
529. Haesere attonitis : they stood with
astonished minds. Ruteus says: steterunt
stupefacti animo. * *
531. AEneas abnuit: nor did great Æneas
reject the omen; but embracing joyful Aces-
tes, &c. He accepted it, considering it to be
propitious or favorable to him. He was
probably led to this from its resemblance to
that which shone from the head of Ascanius,
his son. See HEn. ii. 680. It appears from
this that the soothsayers had not yet inter-
preted the omen; otherwise AEneas would
not have received it with joy.
AENEIS. LIB. W
339
Sume, pater; nam te voluit rex magnus Olympi
Talibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honorem.
Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc munus habebis:
Cratera impressum signis, quem Thracius olim
Anchisa genitori, in magno munere, Cisseus
Ferre Sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.
Sic fatus, cingit viridanti tempora lauro, -
Et primum ante omnes victorem appellat Acesten
Nec bonus Eurytion praelato invidit honori,
Quamvis solus avem coelo dejecitab alto.
Proximus ingreditur donis, qui vincula rupit:
Extremus, volucri qui fixit arundine malum.
At pater Æneas, nondum certamine misso,
Custodem ad sese comitemque impubis Illi
Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem:
Wade, age, et, Ascanio, si jam puerile paratum
Agmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum,
Ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis,
Dic, ait. Ipse omnem longo decedere circo .
Infusum populum, et campos jubet esse patentes.
Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum
Fraenatis lucent in equis: quos omnis euntes
Trinacriae mirata fremit Trojaeque juventus.
Omnibus in morem tonsā coma pressa coroná.
Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro,
Pars leves humero pharetras: it pectore summo
Flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri.
NOTEs.
533. Sume haz, Opa-
ter
535 - *.
536. Quem Thracius
Cisseus olim
Anchise genitori ferre
in magno munere, quasi
monumentum et pignus
540 sui amoris.
544. Ille ingreditur
545 extremus, qui fixit
545. At pater Æneas.
certamine nondum mis-
so, vocat Epytiden ad
SeSC .
548. Wade, age, ait.
550 et dic Ascanio, si jam
habet puerile agnmen pa-
ratum secum, instruxit
que cursus equorum, ut
ducat turmas avo, et
555 .
556. Coma pressa est
omnibus tonsā coroná in
In Orem.
558. Pars fert leves
pharetras humero. -
dederat
534. Eacsortem : compounded of eac and
sors. An allusion is here had to a custom
among the Greeks, who used, before the
booty was divided among the soldiers, to
give those who had distinguished them-
selves, some of the choicest articles, not by
lot, but as they judged meet and right. By
eacsortem honorem, we are, therefore, to un-
derstand the first or choicest honor. David-
son renders it, an honor out of course. Heyne
reads, eacsortem honores, referring the easor-
tem to the pron. te. Valpy reads the same.
Ruteus says, eactraordinarium honorem. The
common reading is easortem honorem.
Talibus auspiciis; by such signs, tokens,
Or OIIlêInS, -
536. Signis: in the sense of figuris.
537. Cisseus. He was king of Thrace,
and the father of Hecuba, the first wife of
Priam. t
541. Proclato. Heyne takes this in the
sense 8f prerepto. He does not envy the
honor taken from him, and given to Acestes.
But prºlato may retain its usual significa-
tion, if we give the passage this gloss: he
does not envy the honor to Acestes prefer-
red before him. This is the sense of Mark-
land.
543. Ingreditur : he enters next for the
prizes, who, &c. Both ingreditwr, and ince-
dit are military terms, and imply stateliness,
and an air of dignity and pride.
546. Custodem : either the guardian of his
education, or his tutor in the military art.
547. Epytiden : a patronymic noun; the
son of Epytus, the herald of Anchises. His
name was Periphas, or Periphantes.
549. Agmen ; troop—battalion. Instruz-
it cursus ; hath arranged the movements,
march, &c. º:
551. Circo: ring—course. Infusum: in
the sense of diffusum, vel parsum.
553. Puer, incedunt : the boys march for-
ward, fººd shine equally, &c. This game,
commººly known by the name of lusus
Trojae, is wholly of the poet's invention.
He had no hint of it from Homer. He sub-
stituted this in the room of three in Homer.
(viz.) the wrestling, the single combat, and
the discus; and it is worth them all. Virgil
added this game to please Augustus, who,
at that time, repewed the same.
*
554. Fremit : in the sense of plaudit, vel
laudat.
556. Tonsa corona. This crown consist-
ed of green boughs, bent into a circular
form, resembling a crown. It was probably
placed upon their helmets. g
559. Fleavilis circulus obtort: auri.
is a circumlocution to express a golden chain.
This -
340 P VIRGILII MARONIS
Tres equitum numero turmae, ternique vagantum 560
Ductores: pueri bis seni quemdue secuti,
- Agmine partito fulgent, paribusque magistris.’
563. Es: una acies ju- Una acies juvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem
venum, quam ovantem Nomen avi referens Priamus, tua clara, Polite,
parvus Priamus Progenies, auctura Italos : quem Thracius albis 565
566. Vestigia primi Portat equus bicolor maculis : vestigia primi
pedis sumt Alba pedis, frontemque ostentans arduus albam.
A: * * * Alter'Atys, genus unde Attiduxere intini;
- - Parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus Iülo.
570. Extremus dua. Extremus, formāque ante omnes pulcher, Iülus 570
est Itilus, pulcher ante Sidonio est invectus equo; quem candida Dido
§. * * Esse sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.
1aonio equo Caetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae
Fertur equis.
Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentaue tuentes 575
Dardanidae ; veterumque agnoscunt ora parentum.
Postguam omnem laeti consessum oculosque suorum
578. Illis paratis
Lustravére in equis: signum clamore paratis
Epytides longé dedit, insonuitgue flagello.
Olli discurrère pares, atque agnmina termi
580
Diductis solvére choris; rursusque vocati
582. Infesta tela in se Convertère vias, infestaque tela tulere.
invicem.
Inde alios ineunt cursus, aliosque recursus,
NOTES.
It goes over the neck, down to the upper
part of the breast.
560. Vagantur: march along. Oberrant,
says Rugeus.
562. JMagistris: in the sense of ducibus.
564. Polite. Polites was the son of Priam,
and slain by Pyrrhus in the presence of his
father. See AEn. ii. 526. He is said, how-
ever, to have accompanied Æneas into Italy,
and to have founded the city Politorium,
which was afterward destroyed by Ancus, a
king of the Romans. Virgil seems to at-
tribute the building of the city to his son
here mentioned. Auctura Italos : either to
increase the Italians by founding a city, or
by conferring honor and dignity upon them.
566. Vestigia : the fetlocks of his fore
feet. Cerdanus explains this of his right
foot alone. But vestigia is here evºntly
used out of its ordinary sense. ** .
568. Unde genus ; whence the Latin At-
ti, &c. Virgil mentions this in compliment
to his prince, whose mother's name was At-
tia. Attius Balbus married Julia, the sister
of Julius Caesar, and had by her a daugh-
ter, who married Octavius, the father of
Augustus. The poet, signalizes Iülus, and
.4tys, the founders of his prince's family,
tooth on his father's and mother's side : and
by making so close a friendship to subsist
between the two, he alludes to the affinity
between the Julian and Attian families, now
united in the person of Augustus.
say, however, that he was the son of Julia,
the sister of Caesar, and his lawful heir.
Some
576. Dardanidae excipiunt: the Trojans
with applause receive them, anxious and
solicitous for praise and victory; and, be
holding them, they rejoice, and know the
features of their aged parents. They trace
the resemblance between the children and
parents, and know the former by the latter.
For pavidos, Ruteus says, solicitos de gloria.
577. Postguam latti: after they joyous
went round the whole assembly, and the
eyes of their parents, &c. The oculos suo-
rum, if duly considered, will appear very
beautiful and emphatic. They made the
circuit of the spectators’, and their parents’
eyes; as much as to say, their parents were
all eyes, and all attention to their motions
and whole deportment. -
580. Pares. This may imply that they
moved or marched abreast—head and head:
in the sense of pariter. Or it may mean
that they marched in a double file, that is,
two abreast. This is the sense given to
pares, by Davidson. Terni : some copies
have termis, which makes the sense easier.
The meaning of the passage is: after they
had marched round the company in order
to be reviewed, upon a signal giverſ, they
(the three leaders, termi) divided (solvère) the
troops into three separate companies, (di
ductis choris) and marched over the plain.
each company performing its exercises on
different grounds. - t
581. Choris ; in the sense of turms.
583. Cursus: a going forward—advance
Recursus ; a retreat—a going backward.
AENEIS
341
LIB. v.
Adversis spatiis; alternosque orbibus orbes
Impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis.
Et nunc terga fugă nudant, nunc spicula vertunt
Infensi, factā pariter nunc pace feruntur.
(Ut quondam Cretà fertur Labyrinthus in altā
Parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque - in
Mille viis habuisse dolum, quâ signa sequendi
Falleret indeprensus etirremeabilis error)
Haud aliter Teucrèm nati vestigia cursu
Impediunt, texuntque fugas et praelia ludo :
(Delphinum similes, qui per maria humida nando -
Carpathium Libycumque secant, luduntdue per undas)
Hunc morem cursăs, atque haec certamina primus
Ascanius, longam muris cum cingeret Albam,
Rettulit, et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos;
Quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes:
Albani docuere suosº; hinc maxima porró
Accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem :
Trojaque nunc pueri, Trojanum dicitur agnmen.
Håc celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri.
Hic primúm fortuna fidem mutata novavit.
Dum variis tumulo referunt solemnia ludis,
Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno
Iliacam ad classem : ventosque aspirat eunti,
Multa movens, necdum antiquum saturata dolorem.
Illawiam celerans per mille coloribus arcum,
585
586. Nunc quasa in
fensi vertunt spicula in
se invicem
588. Ut Labyrinthus
alta Cretà fertur
590 quondam habuisse iter
textum caecis parietibus,
dolumque ancipitem
mille viis, quâ
597. Ascanius primus
rettulit hunc morem
596 cursăs, atque haic cer-
tamina, clim
599. , Quo modo puer
ipse celebravit ea, quo
modo Troia pubes se-
cum ; eodem modo Alba-
ni docuere suos posteros.
hinc porró maxima Ro-
ma accepit
602. Nuncque pueri
et Trojanum agnmen di-
citur Troja
603. Håctenus certa-
mina celebrata sunt
sancto patri
609. Illa virgo Iris
celerans viam
600
60
5
NOTES.
Alios appears to be merely expletive in both
places. Ineunt: they advance and retreat
from opposite grounds, or in front of each
other. * .
584. Alternos orbes : alternate circles, or
circles in turn, one after another. Heyne
reads alternis, agreeing with orbibus. Impe-
diwnt: in the sense of implicant vel miscent.
Cient : in the sense of eachibent.
587. Feruntur: in the sense of incedunt.
589. Caecis: obscure—dark. Ancipitem
dolum: a maze, intricate, and perplexed by
a thousand passages. The Labyrinth was
an edifice full of cells, which communicated
with one another; and was perplexed with
winding avenues, disposed in such manner
as to lead backward and forward in a maze;
and so bewildered those who entered it, that
they could not trace their way out.
original one was in Egypt, carried on at the
expense of many kings, and at last finished
by Psammetichus. After this model, Daeda-
lus built one in Crete, but much smaller, in
which the JMinotaur was confined.
590. Quà signa sequendi: where error un-
discoverable, and inextricable, deceived the
signs of going forward. The nature of the
labyrinth was to perplex and bewilder the
visitant, while he discovered, or knew no-
thing of it; and when he supposed he was
coming out. to carry him backward
The
594. Similes delphinum: like dolphins.
Similes has sometimes the genitive after it;
but most commonly the dative.
595. Carpathium : an adj. That part of
the Mediterranean between Crete and the
island of Rhodes, was called the Carpathian
sea, from the island Carpathus. Libycum :
an adj. from Libya, a part of Africa lying
over against Crete. Mare is understood.
595. Hunc morem cursils. Heyne reads,
hunc morem, h0s cursus. .
604. JMutata novavit; simply for mutavit,
says Heyne. Fortune is here represented
as a friend, on whom AEneas had depended
for favºr and protection. She now changes
sides, §. her faith, and becomes treach-
erous. Referunt : they pay--perform.
606. Irim misit. Servius observes, that
as Mercury is mostly sent on messages of
peace, so Iris is generally sent on mesages
of mischief and contention. She is chiefly
employed by Juno, but sometimes carries
messages for the other deities.
607. Aspirat ventos : Ruteus says, adjuvat
eam €7477tern vent.S.
608. JMovems multa: revolving much mis-
chief in her mind—plotting, &c. 'Saturata
may be taken as a Grecism. Here is an
allusion to the decision of Paris. See Fn.
i 4. -
$42 P. VIRGILII
MARONIs
Nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo. -
610
*11. Concursum ad Conspicit ingentem concursum; et litora lustrat,
'udos vel certamana.
Desertosque videt portus, classemque relictam.
At procul in solā secretae Troades actà
Amissum Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque profundum
615. Heu ! tot vada Pontum aspectabant flentes: heu, tot vada ſessis,
Et tantum superesse maris vox omnibus una.
Urbem orant : ta-det pelagi perferre laborem.
et tantum maris super-
esse nobis fessis eral
una vox omnibus.
618. Ergö iris haud Ergö inter medias sese haud ignara nocendi
ignara
conjicit sese inter
artis nocendi Conjicit, et faciemgue Deae vestemque reponit.
Fit Beroë, Ismarii conjux longaeva Dorycli,
620
Cui genus, et quondam nomen, natioue fuissent.
Ac sic Dardanidüm mediam se matribus inſert:
623. O miserie vos, in- O miserae, quas non manus, inquit, Achaica bello
quit, quas Achaica ma-
nus non traxeritºad le-
tum in bello sub-
Traxerit ad letum, patriae sub moenibus! 6 gens
Infelix cui te exitio fortuna reservat? .
Septima post Trojae excidium jam vertitur aestas ;
625
Cüm freta, cum terras omnes, tot inhospita saxa,
Sideraque emensae ferimur ; dum per mare magnum
630. Hic sunt fraterni.
fines Erycis, atque hic
€Sł
Italiam sequimur fugientem, et volvimur undis. .
Hic Erycis fines fraterni, atque hospes Acestes:
Quis prohibet muros jacere, et dare civibus urbem 2
630
633. Nulla-me menia O patria, et rapti nequicquam ex hoste Penates
dicentur monia Trojae? Nullane jam Trojae dicentur moenia 7 musquam
NOTES.
611. Lustrat. Ruãºus reads, lustrans—
Heyne, lustrat. Davidson, also, reads, lus-
tral. -
613. At Troades, &c. It was reckoned an
indecency among the Greeks and Romans,
for women to be present at the public games.
Virgil, who all along has a view to the Ro-
man customs, represents the matrons as
apart by themselves on the lonely shore, de-
ploring the death of Anchises.
620. Beroë—Dorycli: these are fictitious
names. Ismarii : an adj. from Ismarus, a
mountain in Thrace. -
621. Cui quondam: to whom there was
a noble descent, and once renown, and illus-
trious offspring. Genus here is used in the
sense of nobilitas; Valpy says, rank. JNo-
men: in the sense of fama. -
623. Achaica manus : the Grecian troops.
628. Ferimur: in the sense of vagamur vel
erramus. Emenste: having measured out—
having passed over so many seas, &c. Ferimur
emensae: in the sense of emensae sumus, says
Heyne. Sidera: climes--regions. To account
for Æneas's having spent seven years in his
voyage, a French critic (says Davidson) has
the following computation. He finds from
Shistory that Troy was taken in the month of
May or June. He allows Æneas ten months
for fitting out his fleet at Artandros, and
makes him set out in the month of March in
the following year. From this to his arrival
in Epirus he computes four years and some
months which time he spent in building ci-
ties in Thrace and in Crete. Having spent
some time in Epirus, he set out from thence
in the end of autumn in the fifth year, and
having made a compass almost round Sici-
ly, arrived at Drepanum in the beginning
of the following year. Here he lost his fa-
ther in the beginning of February, and, ac-
cording to the custom of the ancients, de-
voted ten months to grief and retirement.
According to his calculation, Æneas did not
sail from Sicily till the month of November,
and here the action of the AEmeid begins.
AEn. i. 34. P'ia è conspectu. Soon after
this he was driven by a storm on the coast
of Carthage, about the middle of the seventh
year of his voyage, where he spent three
months of winter, and from thence set out
for Italy in the end of January following,
and arrived again in Sicily in the month of
February, about the end of the seventh year,
where he spent one month in celebrating his
father's anniversary, and about the begin-
ning of the eighth year arrived in Italy, in
the end of March or beginning of April,
when the spring was in bloom. ‘.
629. Sequimur Italiam: while over the
mighty deep we pursue Italy fleeing from
us. This is highly poetical. Servius takes
magnum to mean stormy—swelling high.
Heyne says, vastum—immensum. Wolvimur:
in the sense of jactamur. .
630. Fraterni. For the reasons that Eryx
is here called the brother of Æneas, see 24,
Supra.
AENEIS. Lib. v.
343
Hectoreos amnes, Xanthum et Simoënta wideboº
Quin agite, et mecum infaustas exurite puppes.
Nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago
Ardentes dare visa faces: hic quaerite Trojam ;
Hic domus est, inquit, vobis : jam tempus agit res.
Nectantis mora prodigiis: en quatuor arae
Neptuno | Deus ipse faces animumque ministrat.
Haec memorans, prima infensum vi corripit ignem :
Sublatāque procul dextrá connixa coruscat,
Et jacit. . Arrectae mentes, stupefactaque corda
Iliadum. Hic una è multis, quae maxima natu,
Pyrgo, tot Priami natorum regia nutrix:
Non Beroë vobis; non haec Rhoeteia, matres,
Est Dorycli conjux: divini signa decoris,
Ardentesque notate oculos : qui spiritus illi,
Qui vultus, vocisve sonus, vel gressus eunti.
Ipsa egomet dudum Beroën digressa reliqui
$35 -
636. Nam imago valis
Cassandrie per somnum
visa est dare
* 639. Nec sit mora tan-
640 tºs
643. Mentes Iliadum
sunt arrecta-
644. Hic una è mul-
fis, quae eral maxima na-
tu, Pyrgo nomine, regia
nutrix tot natorum Pri-
ami, inquit : hºc non est
Beroë vobis.
645
bbO
AEgram, indignantem, tali quðd sola Čareret
Munere, nec meritos Anchisae inferret honores.
Haec effata.
At matres primö ancipites, oculisque malignis
Ambigua, spectare rates, miserum inter amorem
Praesentis terrae fatisque vocantia regna :
Cüm Dea se paribus per coelum sustulit alis,
Ingentemque fugā secuit sub nubibus arcum.
653. Illa effata est hac.
Et matres primö cape-
runt spectare rates ma-
655 lignis oculis, ancipites,
ambiguaºque inter mise-
rum amorem praesentis
terræ regnaque
Tum verö attonitae monstris, actaeque furore,
Conclamant, rapiuntdue focis penetralibus ignem :
660
Pars spoliant aras, frondem ac virgulta facesque
Conjiciunt: furit immissis Vulcanus habenis
Transtra per, et remos, et pictas abiete puppes.
NOTES.
634. Hectoreos amnes: the Trojan streams.
638. Tempus agit res: now the time de-
mands the thing. Some read tempus agi
res: it is time the things be done. But Pie-
rius found the former in the Codea. Romanus
and Mediceus, and in some others. Heyne
reads, agi res. Rueus prefers the former;
Occasio ipsa urget rem, says he.
639. En quatuor arae, &c. It is not said
by whom these altars were erected. Ruasus
conjectures they were built by Cloanthus
for his naval victory. See 234, supra. Or
by the Trojans generally, for mention is
made of their offering sacrifice. See 100,
supra. The verb sunt is understood.
642. Sublatáque; and exerting her strength,
her right hand being raised, she waved the
torch (infensum ignem) and threw it at a
distance. Infensum: in the sense of inimi-
645. Pyrgo. This is a fictitious name.
The tendency of her speech was not to dis-
suade the Trojan matrons from executing
the purposes of Juno, but rather to incite
them to it, by showing them that the person
who appeared to them in the form of Beroë
was really a goddess. Rheteia: an adj. from
Rhaetium, a promontory of Troas.
648. Ardentes oculos. Here are mention-
ed four distinguished marks or signs of a
divine person: 1. Beauty, radiant eyes, &c.,
qui vultus: 2. A fragrant breath which per-
fumed the air around, qui spiritus: 3. An
easy and majestic motion, qui gressus: 4.
A sound, tone, or accent of voice which dis-
tinguished them from mortals, qui sonus
7)0C2S,
651. Careret: that she should be deprived
of such an employment—of celebrating the
anniversary of Anchises. Indignantern : in
the sense of dolentem.
655. Ambiguº in the sense of dubwe.
.Ancipites: in the sense of infesta.
660. Focis penetralibus : from the inmost
hearths. Pavidson renders it, from the hal-
lowed hearths. Ruteus says, intimis aris.
662. Vulcanus : the god of fire, put by
meton. for fire itself. Immissis habenis
without restraint—with violence.
663. Pictas abiete : either the sterns, by
synec. for the whole ships, on which was
carved work of the fir tree; or pictas must
be taken in the sense of constructas, built or
made. Ruſſeus says, structas ea: abiete pictas
puppes. Valpy says, constructed of fir
344
P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS
iº
Nuntius Anchisee ad tumuluni, cuneosque theatri,
665. Eumelus nuntius Incensas
ad tumulum Anchisee
perfert naves incensas
CŞ362
perfert naves Eumelus: et ipsi
Respiciunt atram in nimbo volitare favillam.
Primus et Ascanius, cursus ut laetus equestres
665
Ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit
Castra : nec examimes possunt retinere magistri.
& Quis furor iste novus 7 quð nunc, quð tenditis, inquit,
Heu miserae cives | non hostem, inimicague castra 671
672. Sed uritis vestras Argivām, vestras spes, uritis.
Galeam ante pedes projecit inanem,
spes Ascanius !
rº
En ego vester
Quà ludo indutus belli simulacra ciebat.
Accelerat simul AFneas, simul agnina Teucröm.
67B
Astillae diversa metu per litora passim
677. Petuntgue furtim Diffugiunt, sylvasque, et sicubi concava furtim
sylvas, et sicubi
&OſicäV8 Sã Y8.
* Saxapetunt: piget incepti, lucisque: Suosque
Mutatae agnoscunt: excussaque pectore Juno est.
Sed non idcircó flammae atque incendia vires
680
Indomitas posuere: udo sub robore vivit
Stuppa, vomens tardum fumum : lentusque carinas
Est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis :
Nec vires heroum, infusaque flumina prosunt.
685. Pius AEneas coe-
pit
687. Si nondum tu
exosus es Trojanos ad
unum; si tua antiqua
pietas respicit humanos
pater, da classi
Tum pius AEneas humeris abscindere westem,
Auxilioque vocare Deos, et tendere palmas :
Jupiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum
Trojanos, si quid pietas antiqua labores
Respicit humanos; da flammam evadere classi
iabores quid, nunc, O Nunc, pater, et tenues Teucrüm res eripe leto :
Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti,
685
690
692. Vel tu demitte Si mereor, demitte; tuáque hic obrue dextrá.
me morti cum infesto
695. Arduaque loca
terrarum, et campi tre-
miscunt tonitru.
Wix ha-c ediderat, cum effusis imbribus atra
Tempestas siné more furit: tonitruque tremiscunt
Ardua terrarum, et campi : ruit aethere toto
Turbidus imber aquà; densisque nigerrimus Austris :
698
NOTES.
aº
664. Cuneos. These were seats in the
Roman theatre for the common people, so
called because they were in the form of a
wedge, the narrowest part toward the stage.
Reference is here made to the theatre men-
tioned or spoken of 288, supra.
668. Sic acer equo: the meaning is that
Ascanius rode up to the confused camp
squick on his horse, just in the same habit as
he led the cavalcade, equestres cursus.
669. Magistri: either Priamus and Atys,
commanders of the cavalcade, or Epytides
and the other guardians and instructors of
the youth.
670. Quánunc tenditis: what now do you
aim at?—what do you intend by thus burn-
ing your ships? The repetition of the quo
is emphatical.
679. Juno eaccussa est pectore; Juno is
driven from their breast—the fury with
which she had inspired them. This is an
allusion to the frantic Bacchanals, who re-
urned to themselves after the god, with
whom they pretended to be possessed, was
driven out of them.
682. Stuppa: this was a kind of coarse
flax or hemp driven into the seams and
thinks, and then overlaid with pitch to keep
out the water and render the vessel tight—
oakum. Vivit: lives—continues to burn.
Lentus vapor: a slow fire. Est: in the sense
of edu. Pestis: in the sense of flamma.
684. Flumina: in the sense of aqua.
685. Pius JEneas abscindere, &c. Tear-
ing their liair and garment was reckoned a
sign of extreme distress both by Jews, Egyp-
tians, and Greeks.
688. Pietas: pity—compassion—clemency.
693. Effusis imbribus : with falling rains
—with floods of rain. Imbribus : in the
sense of pluviis.
696. Imber turbidus: the cloud, thick with
water, and black with the heavy south winds,
pours down from the whole heaven. The
south winds were more impregnated with
ÆNEIS. LIB W *345
Implenturque supér puppes: semusta madescunt
Robora, restinctus donec vapor omnis; et omnes,
Quatuor amissis, servatae à peste carinae. *.
At pater Æneas casu concussus acerbo,
Nunc huc ingentes, nunc illuc, pectore curas
Mutabat; versans, Siculisne resideret arvis
Oblitus fatorum, Italasne capesseret oras
"Tum senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas
Quem docuit, multâque insignem reddidit arte,
Haec responsa dabat; wel quae portenderetira
Magna Deûm, wel quae fatorum posceret ordo,
Isque his AEneam solatus vocibus infit :
Nate Deá, quð fata trahunt retrahuntgue, sequamur.
Quicquid erit, superanda onnis fortuna ferendo est.
Est tibi Dardanius divinae stirpis Acestes:
Hunc cape consiliis socium, et conjunge volentem.
Huic trade, amissis superant qui navibus; et quos
Pertaesum magni incepti rerumque tuarum est;
Longaevosque senes, ac fessas aequore matres;
Et quicquid tecum invalidum, metuensque pericliest,
Delige; et his habeant terris, sine, moenia fessi.
Urbem appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam.
Talibus incensus dictis senioris amici :
Tum verö in curas animus diducitur omnes.
Et nox atra polum bigis subvecta tenebat.
Visa dehinc coelo facies delapsa parentis
Anchisa, subitó tales effundere voces:
700
705
711
712. Cape nunc so
cium tibi in twis consi-
liis t
713. Trade huic eos,
715 qui superant
715. Deligeque lon-
gaevos senes, ac matres
fessas
717. Et sine ut illi
fessi habeant moenia
719. JEneas incensus
est
722. Dehinc facies
parentis Anchise delap-
720
Nate, mihi vită quondam, dum vita manebat,
Chare magis; nate Iliacis exercite fatis,
Imperio Jovis huc venio, qui classibus ignem
Depulit, et coelo tandem miseratus ab alto est.
sa coelo visa est subitó
725 effundere tales voces:
Nate, quondam magis
chare Inihi vità ipsa,
dum
Consiliis pare, quae nunc pulcherrima Nautes
NOTES.
vapor than any other, which, meeting with
the cold northern air, was condensed into
clouds and rain. Hence the epithet, densis.
Imber is, properly, a shower or fall of rain.
It may, by meton. be taken for the cloud
containing the vapor. In this sense the
meaning is plain and easy.
697. Semusta: for semivsta, by syn. This
contraction is necessary for the sake of the
verse. Supér: in the sense of desuper.
702. JMutabat: in the sense of volvebat.
Versans : in the sense of deliberans.
704. Unum: in the sense of solum; or we may
take it in the sense of unicum, vel praecipwum.
705. Arte : knowledge. Ruaus says, mul-
tis valiciniis. -
713. Qui superant. Nautes advises to
deliver to Acestes the crews of those ships
that had been burnt—those who were weary
of the enterprise—the old men and women,
&c. and to found a city for them in Sicily, to
be called after the name of their friend,
Acestes. This city was on the western side,
about five miles from the shore. It was
also called Egesta, JEgesta, and Sergesta.
716. Pericli: by sym. for periculi.
718. Permisso nomine: by a permitted
name. Acestes agreed that it might be so
called.
720. Animus. Davidson and Heyne read
animum, in the acc. Valpy and Ruasus
have animus, which is the easier.
721. Atra noa: ; dark night, wafted in her
two-horse chariot, possessed the heavens.
As the chariot of the sun is represented as
drawn by four horses, so that of the moon
and the night by two, and those of a black
or sable color. Polum: by synec. the whole
heavens. f:
722. Facies delapsa, &c. The ancients
distinguished between the soul and the shade
or phantom. The former, they believed,
went to heaven, while the other had its resi-
dence in the inſernal regions. Thus Anchi-
ses descends from heaven in regard to his
soul, while at the same time his sliade was
in the regions below, as appears from verse
733.
725. Fatis : in the sense of casibus.
727. Pulcherrima : in the sense of optima
346
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
* Dat senior : lectos juvenes, ſortissima corda,
Defer in Italiam :
Debellanda tibi Latio est.
gens dura, atque aspera cultu, 730
Ditis tamen entë
Infernas accede domos, et Averna per alta
Congressus pete, nate, meos.
Non me impia namdue
Tartara habent tristesque umbrae; sed amoena piorum
Concilia, Elysiumque colo. Huc casta Sibylla
Nigrantūm multo pecudum te sanguine ducet.
735
Tum genus omne tuum, et, quae dentur moenia, disces.
Jamgue vale: torquet medios nox humida cursus,
Et me savus equis Oriens afflavit anhelis.
Dixerat: et tenues fugit, ceu fumus, in auras.
AEneas, Quð deinde ruis' quê proripis 7 inquit:
740
Quem fugis 7 aut quis te nostris complexibus arcet'
Haec memorans, cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes;
744. Supplexque vene Pergameumque Larem, et canae penetralia Vestae
ratur Pergameum La-
rem, et penetralia canae
Vestae pio farre
Farre pio, et plená supplex veneratur acerrã.
Extempló socios, primumque arcessit Acesten,
Et Jovis imperium, et chari praecepta parentis
'745
Edocet ; et quae nunc animo sententia constet.
Haud mora consiliis; nec jussa recusat Acestes.
Transcribunt urbi matres, populumque volentem
750
NOTES.
730. Cultu : in the sense of moribus.
731. Tamen anté accede, &c. This appa-
rition of Anchises, and the direction he gives
his son to descend to the regions below, are .
a proper preparation for the following book.
The art of the poet is admirable in thus
making one event rise out of another and
preparing the reader beforehand. This raises
that pleasing suspense, which is the princi-
pal thing that charms in an epic poem. Di-
tis: gen, of Dis, a name of Pluto.
735. Elysium. This was the name of
the place assigned for the residence of the
happy. Here they placed their heroes and
other distinguished characters. Casta Si-
bylla : the Sibyl hath the epithet casta, be-
cause those prophetesses were virgins. Con-
cilia: in the sense of sedes.
736. JMulto sanguine: with much blood of
black victims; that is, after having offered
many black victims in sacrifice. Victims of
a black color were sacrificed to the infernal
deities.
738. Humida now ; humid night turns its
middle course. This is a metaphor taken
from the chariot-races, when they wheeled
, about at the meta or goal, and returned to
the carcer or starting place. So here night
was on her return, having passed her farthest
point, the hour of midnight, which divides
her course in the middle. - -
739. Saevus Oriens : the cruel morning (the
approaching sun) had breathed on me with
his panting steeds. The morning is here
called saevus, because it broke off his con-
versation, and forced him to retire. It was
a prevailing opinion that ghosts and appa-
ritions were only allowed to appear in the
darkness of night, and were chased away by
the dawn of day.
743. Suscitat cinerem: he opens the ashes
and kindles up the dormant fire. This is
one of those passages where Virgil uses the
same verb with two nouns, when it can be
properly applied only to one of them. So-
pitos: buried up—covered over.
744. Veneratur: he worships the Trojan
Larés, and the shrine of hoary Vesta, &c.
The Lares were the images consecrated to
the souls of their departed ancestors, which
the ancients worshipped at their own houses
by oblations of incense and cakes of fine
flour, called far; see Geor. iii. 344. The
Lares, like the Penates, were household gods.
Penetralia Vesta - this shrine, or sanctuary
of Vesta, was commonly the hearth or fire-
place in the apartment where they lodged.
Here was kept a fire always burning, in
honor of that goddess. See AEn. i. 292.
AEneas is said to have introduced into Italy
the worship 6f the Penates, the Lares, and
of Westa or the unextinguished fire. Heyne
takes penetralia Westº for Vesta herself, be-
cause, says he, the goddess had her residence
in the inmost part of the house, remote from
the view of men. She is called cana, either
on account of the antiquity of her worship,
or because the vestal virgins were clad in
white robes.
748. Constet : in the sense of sedef.
750. Transcribunt. This word was ap
plied to those whose names were enrolled
in order to be transported to some new co
Jony; and those thus enrolled were called
Y
AENEIS.
347
LIB. W
Deponunt, ammos nil Inagna, laudis egentes.
Ipsi transtra novant, flammisque ambesa reponunt
Robora navigils: aptant remosque rudentesque :
Exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus.
Interea AEneas urbem designat aratro,
Sortiturque domos: hoc, Ilium, et haec loca, Trojam
Esse jubet; gaudet regno Trojanus Acestes,
Indicitoue forum, et patribus dat jura vocatis.
Tum vicina astris Erycino in vertice sedes ,
Fundatur Veneri Idaliae: tumuloque sacerdos
Et lucus laté sacer additur Anchisaeo.
754. Exiguitm nume-
755 ro, sed eorum virtus ºrat
vivida bello.
757. Jubet hoc spa
tium esse Ilium, et htéc
loca esse Trojam.
760
Jamgue dies epulata novem gens omnis, et aris
Factus honos; placidi straverunt aequora venti:
Creber et aspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum.
Exoritur procurva ingens per litora fletus:
Complexi inter se noctemque diemgue morantur.
Ipsae jam matres; ipsi, quibus aspera quondam
Visa maris facies, et non tolerabile numen,
Ire volunt, omnemoue fugae perferre laborem.
Quos bonus AEneas dictis solatur amicis,
765
767. Jam matres ip-
ste; etipsi homines, qui-
bus quondam facies
770
Et consanguineo lachrymans commendat Acesta.
NOTES.
transcripti; hence the word came to signify
to transfer, designate, or appoint.
751. Depomunt : they leave—set apart.
, Egentes : in the sense of cupidos.
755. Designat wrbem. This refers to a
custom of the Romans, who, when they were
about to build a city, first marked out the
boundary of it by drawing a furrow with a
plough, which they lifted over those spaces
where they intended to have the gates.
Hence porta (from porto, to carry) came to
signify a gate. . . .
756. Hoc, Ilium : history mentions no city
in Sicily by the name of Ilium. AEneas may
have called it so at first, but agreed that
Acestes should change its name afterward.
Or Ilium may be the tower of the city Aces-
ta or Segesta, and here taken for the whole
city by synec. as Pergamus, the tower or
citadel of Troy, is often put for the city it-
self. This is the opinion of Rugsus. Strabo
mentions two rivers near the city Segesta,
by the names of Xanthus and Simois, and
that they were so called by Æneas.
758. Indicit forum: he appoints courts of
justice, and gives laws to his assembled
senators. The Roman senators were called
Patres, either on account of their age, or to
remind them that they were the fathers of
the people. . - &
759. Erycino: an adj. from Erya, a moun-
tain in Sicily, in height next to Ætna; from
Erya, king of that island, who was slain by
Hercules. See 411, supra. AEneas built a
temple to his mother Venus on the top of
this mountain. Some say it was founded
by Erya, and only decorated by Æneas.
Yenus is called Idalian, from Idalium or Ida-
lia, a town and grove on the island of Cy-
~"
prus. This whole island was sacred to Ve-
nus. Sedes : in the sense of templum.
761. Lucus additur. A priest and grove,
sacred far around, is added to the tomb of
Anchises. It appears hence that he was
buried on Mount Erya. Some say that he
arrived in Italy along with his son: others
that he died before he arrived in Sicily.
762. Gens: in the sense of populus. The
verb fuerat is to be connected with epulata.
Honos factus : in the sense of sacrificium
factum erat. All his people had kept the
anniversary festival of his father for nine
days, and performed the usual offerings,
when the weather became favorable;, and
having repaired the damages occasioned by
the fire, they make ready for their depart-
ure. Here a most interesting scene ensued.
A day and a night they pass in embracing
each other before their final separation.
Those who before were weary of the voy-
age, now summon up courage, and are will-
ing again to encounter the danger of the sea.
The interesting scene brought tears from the
hero's eyes.
768. Numen. This is the usual reading.
The sense is, that the divinity, or divine
power, of the sea, seemed to them insupporta-
ble—more than they could endure after all
their fatigues. But Heyne, upon the au-
thority of Heinsius, reads nomen. The sense
in this case will be: and the name of sea
seemed insupportable to them. They could
not bear to hear its name mentioned. JNo-
men maris, says he, audiiu, et dictat intolera-
bile visum. He observes of numen : Ex-
plicationem commodam non habet. The read-
er will judge for himself. . . . .
771. Consanguineo. Acestes was in truth
348
P. VIRGILl I MARONIS
Tres Eryci vitulos, et tempestatibus agnam
774. Ipse evinctus
quoad caput foliis tonste
olivae, stans
Caedere deinde jubet, solvique ex ordine funes.
Ipse caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae, -
Stans procul in prorå, pateram tenet, extaque salsos 775
Porricit in fluctus, ac vina liquentia fundit.
Prosequitur surgens à puppi ventus euntes :
Certatin socii feriunt mare, et aequora verrunt.
783. Quam, nempe Ju-
Yº,070.62%, -
784. Nec quiescit in-
fracta imperio Jovis fa-
At Venus interea Neptunum exercita curis
Alloquitur, talesque effundit pectore questus:
Junonis gravisira et inexsaturabile pectus
'780
tisve. Non satis est ei Cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnes:
nefandis odiis.exedisse Quam mec longa dies, pietas nec mitigat ulla;
ºbem de media gente Nec Jovis imperio ſatisve infracta quiescit.
Phrygum, et traxisse ejus
relliquias per ommem
poenam:
Nom mediá de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandis
Urbem odiis satis est, poenam traxisse per omnem
'786
789, Tu ipse ſuisti Reliquias: Troja cineres atque ossa perempta,
testis mihi, quam molem Insequitur.
subitó excierit nuper in
Libycis undis.
792. Ausa est hoc in
tuis regnis.
Causas tanti sciatilla furoris.
Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tu testis in undis
Quam molem subità excierit.
Miscuit, Æoliis nequicquam freta procellis :
Maria omnia coelo 790
795. Et, classe amis- In regnis hoc ausa tuis.
så, subegit socios, lin-Proh scelus ; ecce etiam Trojanis matribus actis,
* **res ignor Exussit foede puppes; et classe subegit
796. Oro ut liceat Tro- Amissä socios ignotae linquere terrae-
W95
janis dare tibi vela tuta Quod superest : Oro, liceat dare tuta per undas
per undas; ut liceat iis Vela tibi: liceat Laurentem attingere Tybrim :
NOTES.
no way related to Æneas. See 30, supra.
Consangwineus is properly a relation by
blood; agnatus, one by the father's side;
cognatus, by the mother's side; and qfinis,
by marriage.
772. Tempestatibus. Storms and tempests
were deified by the Romans, and goats and
lambs were offered to them in sacrifice.
773. Caedere: in the sense of immolare.
Funes: the cables. Some copies have fu
mem. This is the reading of Heyne, after
Pierius and Heinsius. The sense is the
same either way.
775. Stans procul: standing at a distance
on the prow, he holds the bowl and scatters
the entrails upon the briny waves.
implies that he stood as far as he could from
tne shore on the extremity of the head of
the vessel toward the sea. Porricit, from
porro and facio: to throw at a distance. It
was a custom among the Romans to present
offerings to the marine gods before sailing,
which consisted principally in casting the
entrails of the victims upon the sea. Some-
times, however, they offered libations also,
as in the present instance.
781. Gravis ira Junonis: the heavy an-
ger of Juno, &c. An allusion is here made
to the decision of Paris in the case of the
prize of beauty, which ever after made her a
bitter enemy to the Trojan race, Peclus:
in the sense of animus. -
Procul
784. Infracta: overcome—made to desist
from her purpose. Dies: in the sense of
tempus. Juno persisted in her opposition to
AEneas, in spite of the authority of Jove, and
the decrees of the gods, which directed him
to Italy.
787. Cineres et ossa : the ashes and bones
of ruined Troy. By these we are to under-
stand Æneas and his company, who were
on their way to Italy—the only remains or
survivors of that once flourishing city.
788. Illa scat : she may know, &c. Ve-
mus here insinuates that there was no cause
for her resentment. She may perhaps know;
as for me, I do not.
790. Quam molem: what a tempest she
raised, &c. JMolem: for tempestalem.
791. JW equicquam freta: relying in vain,
&c. Because she had not accomplished her
purposes; she and Æolus being controlled
by Neptune. See Hºn. i. 86, et sequens.
793. Proh scelus. Heyne and some others
read per scelus taking per in the sense of
$n, vel ad. Trojanis matribus actis in vel
ad scelus. The common reading appears the
easiest, which takes Proh scelus as an ex-
clamation or interjection. Oh horrid crime!
—Oh wickedness! Juno burned the Trojan
ships, by impelling their matrons to do it. .
797. Tibi: by thee—under thy care and
y, otection. Si: in the sense of siguidem,
AENEIS.
J.IB. W. 349
Si concessa peto; si dant ea moenia Parcae.
Tum Saturnius hac domitor maris edidit alti.
Fas omne est, Cytherea, meiste fidere regnis,
Saepe furores
Compressi, et rabiem tantam coelique marisque ;
Nec minor in terris, Xanthum Simoëntaque testor,
Cüm Troia Achilles
Exanimata sequens impingeret agnina muris,
Millia multa daret leto, gemerentaue repleti
Unde genus ducis ; merui quoque.
AEnea mihi cura tui.
800 800. Fas est to fidero
omne meis regnis, unde
ducis genus; merui quo
que ut fidas
803. Nec minor cura
fuit mihi tui AEneae in
805 terris .
Amnes, nec reper;ire viam atque evolvere posset
In mare se Xanthus; Pelidae tunc ego forti
Congressum AEneam, nec Dis, nec viribus aequis,
Nube cavá eripui ; cuperem cum vertere ab imo
808. Tunc ego eripui
cavá nube AEneam con-
810 gressum forti
Structa meis manibus perjurae moenia Trojae.
Nunc quoque mens eadem perstat mihi: pelle timorem.
Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni.
Unus erit tantüm, amissum quem gurgite quaeret;
Unum pro multis dabitur caput.
His ubi laeta Deae permulsit pectora dictis,
Jungit equos auro Genitor, spumantiaque addit
815 +.
816. Ubl Genitor per-
mulsit leta pectora Dea
Frana feris, manibusque omnes effundit habenas.
Coeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru :
Subsidunt undae, tumidumque sub axe tomanti
820
Sternitur aequor aquis: fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi.
NOTES.
799. Tum Saturnius domitor. Mr. Da-
vidson observes there is a grandeur and bold-
ness in this line, suitable to the majesty of
him whose speech it introduces, which make
it worthy the attention of the reader. JNep-
tune was the son of Saturn, and in the di-
vision of the world the sea fell to him by lot.
Hence the adj. Saturnius, and also the pro-
priety of Domitor alti maris. Edidit: in the
sense of diacit.
801. Unde genus. This alludes to the
fabulous account of her springing from the
foam of the sea.
805. Eacanimata : may mean that the
Trojans were weary and out of breath, or
were affrighted and struck with dismay.
Impengeret : drove—forced.
810. Eripwi cava nube: I snatched away
in a hollow cloud AEneas engaging, &c.
This encounter Homer gives us in the twen-
tieth book of the Iliad. But the great
slaughter which Achilles made among the
Trojan troops, so as to choak the rivers Xan-
thus and Simois with their dead bodies, is
given us in the following book. Cwm cupe-
rem: though I wished to overturn from the
foundation the walls, &c. See Geor. i. 502,
and AEm. ii. 610. *t
812. Eadem mens : the same disposition.
813. Averni: Avernus, a lake in Campa-
nia, the fabulous descent to hell. See AEm.
iv. 512.
817. Auro ; his golden car. The common
reading is curru, but Pierius observes that
all the ancient manuscripts have auro in-
stead of curru. It has more dignity, and
saves the disagreeable repetition of curru,
which occurs in the next line but one. Be-
side, nothing is more common than to put,
by meton. the metal for the instrument made
or composed of it, as ferrum, for a sword,
axe, or knife ; auro, for a golden bowl, &c.
I)avidson has auro. Heyne reads auro
also: in the sense of aureo curru.
818. Effundit: in the sense of lawat. Fe-
ris : in the sense of equis. * ,
823. Glauci. Glaucus, according to Ser-
vius, was a famous fisherman of Anthedon
in Beotia, who, having laid some fishes on
the grass that he had just caught, perceived
them to recover their life and motion, and
to leap into the sea. He supposed there was
some virtue in those herbs that produced
this effect: whereupon he tasted them, and
was immediately transformed into a sea-god.
Inois : an adj. from Ino, the daughter of
Cadmus. See Geor. i. 437. Senior chorus
Glauci : by commutatio, for chorus senioris
Glauci. These were the nymphs and the
tritons. Palaemon. He is supposed by some
to be the god whom the Latins worshipped
under the name of Portunus. He was so
called from portus, because he was supposed
to preside over ports and harbors. It was
thought that mariners were under his special
care and protection. See 241, supra
350
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
822. Tum varie facies Tum variae comitum facies; immania cete,
comitum apparent; im-
mania cete
rºº
Et senior Glauci chorus Inoisque Palaemon,
Tritonesque citi, Phorcique exercitus omnis.
825. Lava spatia ma- Laeva tenent Thetis et Melite, Panopeaque virgo,
sº Nesāee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque.
8%lº
Hic patris AEneae suspensam blanda vicissim
Gaudia pertentant mentem: jubet ocyūs omnes
Attolli malos, intendi brachia velis.
Una omnes fecere pedem : pariterque sinistros,
830
Nunc dextros solvére sinus: unā ardua torquent
Cornua detorquentclue: ferunt sua flamina classem.
Princeps ante omnes densum Palinurus agebat
Agmen: ad hunc alii cursum contendere jussi.
Jamgue ferè mediam coeli nox humida metam.
835
Contigerat: placidà laxârant membra quiete
837. Nautie fusi per Sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae:
dura sedilia sub remis
laxârant
Cüm levis aethereis delapsus Somnus ab astris
Aéra dimovit tenebrosum, et dispulit umbras,
Te, Palinure, petens, tibi tristia somnia portans
840
Insonti : puppique Deus consedit in altá,
NOTES.
824. Omnis eacercitus : the whole army of
Bhorcus—all the Nereids, whom Phorcus
was wont to collect. He was the son of
Pontus and Terra, and father of the Gor-
ons. Tritones. Triton was the son of
Rºund and Amphitrite. His upper part
was like a man, and his lower part like a
fish. He was said to be Neptune's trum-
peter. He used the concha, or shell, in room
of a trumpet. .
826. Thetis et JMelite, &c. These are the
names of some of the sea-nymphs: all of
Greek derivation. Of all the nymphs, it is
said that Panopea was the only virgin.
827. Vicissim : in turn—in the room of
the anxiety which he had before felt on ac-
count of the burning of his ships: now
soothing (pleasant) joys, &c.
829. Intendi brachia velis. When they
arrived in port, it was usual for mariners to
take down the masts; and, when they de-
parted, to raise them up again. The ºntendi
brachwa velis, is the same in import as inten-
di vela brachiis : to stretch the sails to the
yards. The brachia were those parts of
the antenna, or sail yards, which were near
the mast, here put for the whole yards.
The extremities of the antennae were called
cornua. It may be observed, however, that
the old Roman copy has intendi brachia re-
mis: he orders their arms to be stretched to
the oars; which is easier, and in Virgil's
style. The antennae were long spars, ex-
tending across the mast at right angles; and
o which the sails were fastened. Here
talled brachia, from their resemblance to
the extended arms of a man
830. Fecere pedem; they worked the sheet
—they lengthened or shortened it, and shift-
ed it from one side of the ship to the other,
as occasion required. Pedem. The pes was
a rope, halser, or sheet, fastened to the low-
er corners of the sail, and also to the sides
of the ship, when she was under sail. And,
as these were lengthened or shortened, the
sail would be turned accordingly, more or
less to the wind. Solvére: they spread—
expand, or let out. The perf here is used
in its appropriate sense. It continues the
past action up to the time in which it is
mentioned. Sinus : in the sense of vela.
Uná—pariterque. These words imply that
they all worked together with equal eager-
ness, and with uniform motions. Sinistros
they turned the sails sometimes to the right,
and sometimes to the left, as the wind veer-
ed or shifted. In nautical language, they
shifted their tacks as, &c.
832. Sua : in the sense of prospera vel se-
cunda : prosperous gales—ſavorable winds.
833. Princeps: in the sense of primus.
Palinurus was the pilot of the ship of Æneas.
He fell overboard, and was drowned: the
only one lost in the whole fleet.
834. Agmen: in the sense of classem. Con-
tendere. Palinurus led the fleet, and all the
other ships were ordered to follow him—to
direct their course after him.
835. Humida now ; humid night had al
most reached the middle point of heaven.
It was almost midnight. This is a meta
phor taken from the races. It had almost
reached the turning point. *.
840. Triatia somnia: in the sonse of trus-
tem vel lethalem somnway,
ÆNEIS.
LIB. V. 351
Phorbanti simills, fuditoue has ore loguelas:
Iaside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem,
AEquatae spirant aura, datur hora quieti.
Pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori.
845
Ipse ego paulisper prote tua munera inibo.
Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur:
Mene salis placidi vultum fluctusque quietos
Ignorare jubes? mene huic confidere monstro !
AEneam credam quid enim fallacibus Austris,
Et coeli toties deceptus fraude sereni ?
849. Jubes-ne me
850
Talia dicta dabat: clavumque affixus et harens
Nusquam amittebat, oculosque sub astra tenebat
Ecce Deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem,
Vique soporatum Stygiã, super utraque quassat
Tempora; cunctantique natantia lumina solvit.
Wix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus,
Et super incumbens, cum puppis parte revulså,
854. Ecce Dcus quas
855 sat ramum madentenc
Lethaeo rore, soporatum
que Stygia vi, super
utraque tempora
Cumque gubernáclo, liquidas projecit in undas
Praecipitem, ac socios nequicquam saepe vocantem. 860
Ipse volans tenues se sustulit ales in auras.
Currit iter tutum non secius aequore classis,
Promissisque patris Neptuni interrita fertur.
Jamgue aded scopulos Sirenum advecta subibat,
o
862. Classis currit iter
in tequore non secitis tu-
tum, ferturque interrita
NOTES.
842. Phorbanti. Phorbas was one of the
sons of Priam.
843. Iaside. Iasius was some Trojan, the
father or grandfather of Palinurus.
844. JEquatte: steady—fair. So that they
spread the sails, in nautical language, wing
and wing.
846. Inibo: I will discharge your offices,
& - -
C. * -
848. Me-ne jubes: do you bid me to dis-
regard the face of the calm sea, and the
waves at rest? do you bid me to trust to
that appearance & As if he had said: though
the face of the sea be smooth, and its waves
at rest, I am not so ignorant of sailing, as to
trust to that circumstance; the winds may
suddenly rise, and things be materially
changed. Salis: in the sense of maris.
851. Et: in the sense of etiam:
often deceived, &c.
854. Rore: in the sense of aqua.
855. Soporatum vi : impregnated with a
Stygian quality. By this, Servius under-
stands a mortal or deadly quality; such as
effected his death. &
856. Cunctanti: to him struggling against
it, and endeavoring to keep awake. Solvit:
in the sense of claudit.
857. Primos artus. Sleep is here repre-
sented as creeping, or diffusing itself over
the several members of the body, and relar-
ing them one after another. The primos
arius may mean the extremities of the body,
which are apt to be first affected with sleep.
858. Et super-incumbens; when (the god)
even I so
leaning, against him, threw him headlong,
&c. The et here must have the force of
cüm, as Mr. Davidson very justly observes.
The part of the ship which Palinurus carried
with him into the sea, enabled him to float
three days. See AEn. vi. 350. -
860. JW equicquam : in vain; because his
companions were asleep, and could afford
him no assistance. -
861. Ales : in the sense of ce.er.
nempe Deus somnus.
862. JYon secites tutum : in the sense of
non minis tutum. Interrita : safe, without
fear of danger. Secura, says Ruasus.
864. Scopulos Sirenum : the rocks of the
Sirenes. Subibat: was approaching—was
coming to. Classis is understood. The S.
renes are said to have been three beautiful
women, who inhabited steep rocks on the
sea-coast, whither they allured passengers
by the sweetness of their music, and then
put them to death. They are fabled to have
been the daughters of Achelois, and Calli-
ope. One sung, one played on the flute, and
one on the lyre. The poets say, it was de-
creed that they should live till some person
should be able to resist their charms. Ulys-
ses being informed of this by Circe, escaped
the fatal snare by stopping the ears of his
companions with wax, and fastening himself
to the mast of his ship. Upon which they
threw themselves into the sea in despair,
and were transformed into fishes from the
waist downward. The truth of the fable is
this: they were lewd women, who, by their
Ipse,
352
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
868. Güm pater ºne- Difficiles quondam, multorumque ossibus albos;
as sensit ratem errare
(luitantem, magistro a-
misso, et
870. O Palinure, in
865
Tum rauca assiduo longé sale saxa sonabant:
Cüm pater amisso fluitantem, errare magistro
Sensit, et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis,
quit, nimium confise se Multa gemens, casuque animum concussus amici:
reno coelo et pelago, nu-
dus jacehis in
at ená.
g O nimium coelo et pelago confise sereno,
* Nudus in ignotá, Palinure, jacebis arenå.
870
NOTES.
sharms, enticed men to debauchery. The
place of their residence was in the three
islands called Sirenuste, in the Sinus Pasta-
nus, in the Tyrrhene, or Tuscan sea. Their
names were Ileucosia, Ligea, and Parthe-
mope. ; *
865. Difficiles: dangerous on account of
the rocks and shoals. Albos ossibus : white
with the bones of ship-wrecked mariners.
867. Assiduo sale : with a constant dash-
ing of the waves against the rocks.
868. Errare fluitantem: to stray, or go
adrift—to be carried here and there at the
pleasure of the winds and waves. -
870. O nimium confise: O Palinurus, trust-
ing too much, &c. AEneas had been asleep;
and he speaks only by conjecture as to the
cause of his misfortune, not knowing that a
god had thrown him overboard. The truth
of the case is this: Palinurus was overcome
by sleep in spite of his efforts to keep awake;
and, in that situation, fell overboard. Some
say he was not drowned; but swam to the
Italian coast, and was there killed by the
inhabitants& See AEn. vi. 38"
QUESTIONS.
How does this book open?
What is its nature and character 2
What happened to Æneas soon after he
was out to sea 3
To what place was he forced to direct his
course 2 *
At what place in Sicily did he land 2
How was he received by his friend Acestes?
What did Æneas do soon after his arrival?
How long had Anchises been dead?
Did he institute games in honor of him *
How many kinds of games?
From whom were they imitated 2
In honor of whom were Homer's games
instituted 3
By whom were they instituted 2
In what book of the Iliad is the account
of them given 3
What do you understand by carcer, when
applied to races in general?
What by meta ? p
Why is the word limen sometimes used
for the starting place 2
, What was the first game?
How many ships or galleys contended
for the prize 3 -
Who was the first conqueror?
To what circumstance does the poet at-
uribute his victory 2
Who was the second victor?
Did Mnestheus make any animated ad-
dress to his oarsmen :
What did he call them? -
What effect had this address upon them?
What was the second game *
Who entered the list for the prizes?
Who took the first prize
How did it happen that Euryalus came
sut the first?
*
What befel Nisus ”
Who was next to him 2
And why did not Salius obtain the prize?
What was the third game 2
What is the nature of the gauntlet fight?
Can it be practised in an improved state
of society 2 -
What did Lycurgus in regard to this kind
of exercise 2
Who entered the list on the part of the
Trojans in this game 2
Had Dares distinguished himself in this
fight before ?
Whom had he slain on the plains of
Troy
With whom was he accustomed to con-
tend at Troy Q.
Was Paris said to be superior to Hector
at the gauntlet? - -
Who was the antagonist of Dares
Who was Entellus? -
What was his age 2
What was the issue of the contest?
What was the fourth game?
Where was the bird suspended ?
Whose arrow cut the cord by which the
bird was bound 3 :
Whose arrow pierced her?
Where was the bird at that moment?
Whose brother was Eurytion ?
What is Pandarus said to have done d
ring the Trojan war? -
Was he a distinguished archer?
Is it said that he received divine honors’
Who last shot his arrow? -
What happened to it as it passed through
the air? -
_In what light was this considered by
AEneas?
AENEIS.
353
LIB. VI.
Could the soothsayers interpret the omen,
or prodigy, in a satisfactory manner?
What was it afterward understood to
point out?
What was the fifth game?
Can you give me an account of this ca-
valcade 2
Who were the leaders?
How many turma, or companies, were
there 2 x-
At whose instigation was the fleet of
AEneas set on fire?
Who was Iris 2
On what kind of business was she usu-
ally employed?
How many ships were destroyed 2
How was the fire finally extinguished 2
What was the design of the Trojan wo-
men in burning their ships ?
Were they weary of their long voyage 2
What effect had the loss of these ships
upon the mind of AF .eas:
What course was he advised to pursue
by Nautes?
Did he found a city for those who were
willing to remain in Sicily:
What did he call it 2
In the mean time, did the ghost of his
father appear to him in a vision?
What direction did it give him?
Having repaired his fleet, to what place
did he direct his course 2
In his voyage, did he lose his pilot over
board 2 -
How was that effected, and by whom?
Who were the Sirenes 2
How many in number were there 2
What were they said to do?
How did Ulysses escape when he ap
proached their shores :
What islands did they inhabit?
What were they supposed to be 2
What became of them at last?
After his arrival in Italy, did Æneas fol-
low the direction of his father ?
Who conducted him to the regions be-
low 2
Who was this Sibyl '
Where did she reside 2
What was the place whence she delivered
her predictions?
By what god was she inspired 2
LIBER SExTUs.
This is one of those books which Virgil read in the presence of Augustus and Octavia.
The subject is the descent of Æneas to the infernal regions.
After his arrival in Italy,
he repaired immediately to the cave of the Sibyl, where he learned the difficulties that
awaited him before his peaceful settlement.
descent.
He then consults her about his intended
She informed him of the danger of the enterprise, and that he must, in the
' first place, obtain a golden bough from a certain tree which was sacred to Hecate. She
then informs him that one of his friends lay dead on the shore, and directs him to
perform his funeral rites, and afterward come and offer sacrifice. He returned to his
• companions, and found JMisenus dead. Having found the golden bough, he goes to the
Sibyl, who conducts him down to hell. . She describes to him the various scenes of those
regions as they pass along, and shows him the several apartments; in one of which he
sees Dido. He attempts to address her, but she turns from him in proud disdain. He
then proceeds till he comes to the residence of his father ; who explains to him the na-
ture of transmigration according to the notion of Pythagoras, and shows him the illus-
trious race of heroes that should descend from him. After which he returns to the
upper regions, through the ivory gate, and revisits his companions. -
This book is entirely episodical, and interrupts the thread of the story. It is probable
that Virgil took the hint of conducting his hero to the regions of the dead, from Her-
cules, Orpheus, Ulysses, and others, who had visited them before. This gave him an
opportunity of elucidating the economy of those regions according to the doctrines of
Pythagoras, Plato, and other philosophers; of inculcating, in the most forcible manner.
principles of morality and religion ; of developing the leading incidents of Roman his-
tory, and of flattering the vanity of his countrymen, and his prince.
Bishop Warburton considers this book as an allegorical representation of the Eleusinian
JMysteries, at one time very much celebrated through Greece. But there is a difficulty
in this interpretation. A considerable portion of the book cannot be considered in that
light: for it contains a biographical sketch of the principal characters, from Æneas
down to the time of Augustus, and embraces the most important events connected with
the Roman government. Besides, it is not certain that Virgil was ever initiated into
those mysteries; and, fit were, it is º injustice to his character to suppose he would
2
354 P. VIRGILII MARONIs
divulge them; when every one that was admitted, bound himself, in the most solemn
manner, to keep them secret, and from the knowledge of the vulgar. Heyne observes
there is some resemblance between the mysteries and the machinery of the poet; but to
consider the book as an allegory, destroys the force and beauty of the whole. Perit
tandem omnis epica vis et poética suavitas, si res à poèta narrata ad allegoriam revocetur,
says he. - . .
Those who would see the substance of the arguments on both sides, may consult M’Knight
on the Epistles—introduction to the epistle to the Ephesians.
SIC fatur lachrymans, classique immittit habenas:
Et tandem Euboicis Cumarum allabitur oris.
Obvertunt pelago proras: tum dente tenaci
Anchora fundabat naves, et litora curvae
Praetexunt puppes: juvenum manus emicat ardens 5
Litus in Hesperium : quaerit pars semina flammae,
7. Pars rapit sylvas,
densa
monstrataue
10. Immaneque all-
trum, secreta Sibyllae
horrendae procul; cui
Delius vates inspirat
- Abstrusa in venis silicis; pars densa ferarum
.* * Tecta rapit sylvas, inventague flumina monstrat.
At pius AEneas arces, quibus altus Apollo
Praesidet, horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae,
Antrum immane, petit: magnam cui mºntem animumque
Delius inspirat vates, aperitaue futura.
10
Jam subeunt Triviae lucos, atque aurea tecta.
Daedalus, ut fama est, fugiens Minoia regna,
Praepetibus pennis ausus se credere coelo,
15
Insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos,
NOTES.
1. Sic fatur. This refers to what he said
in the two last lines of the preceding book.
Q nemºm confise, &c. Immittit; he gives
full reins to his fleet. It implies that the
wind was fair, and that the ships were un-
der full sail. -
This is a common metaphor, taken from
the horse and his rider.
2. Euboicis: an adj. of Euboea, an island
in the Ægean sea, lying to the east of
Achaia ; hodie, Negropont. From hence
Jºſegasthenes, of the city of Chalcis, trans-
planted a colony into Italy, and built Cumae,
a town in Campania. Hence, Euboicis oris
Cumarum.
4. Anchora fundabat: the anchor moored
the ships. Fundabat: in the sense of tene-
5at.
5. Puppes : here used in its appropriate
sense—the sterns of the ships.
6. Semina ; the seeds—the sparks of fire.
8. Rapit; plunders the wood; for the
purpose of collecting fuel. Ruteus says, col-
ligit ligna arborum. Densa tecta, &c. is put
in apposition with sylvas.
9. Arces : in the sense of templum. We
are informed that a temple was built to
Apollo in this place, in the form of a cave,
that seemed to be hollowed out of a rock.
In the inmost part of this temple, was the
grotto, or cell, of the Sibyl. f
40. Horrenda procul. The avenues and
approaches to her cell were awful and gloomy,
for a considerable distance. It is the pecu-
liar characteristic of this Sibyl, that she
keeps her consultors at an awful distance,
and fences the approaches to her cave with
Procul, O procul este, profani/
11. Cui magnam : whose great mind and
soul Apollo inspires. Cui has the sense of
cujus. JMens properly signifies the under-
standing—animus, the soul. Delius vates:
Apollo. He is called Delian from Delos,
the place of his birth.
13. Trivia. Trivia, a name of Diana.
.Aurea tecta. This was the temple built to
Apollo by Daedalus. º
14. Daedalus. An Athenian artist, who,
having put to death Perdia, his sister's son,
for rivalling him in his art, fled to Crete:
where he soon incurred the displeasure of
JMinos, then king of that island, for assisting
his wife Pasiphaë, in carrying on her amours
with Taurus : and, on that account, was
confined with his son Icarus in a tower.
He escaped, however, by the help of wings.
He flew into Sicily, according to Pausanias
and Diodorus; but, according to Virgil and
others, to Cumae, where he built this temple
to Apollo, for conducting him safe in his
, flight through the airy element.
16. Enavit. There is such a similitude
between sailing or swimming, and flying,

that the terms which properly belong to the
one, are indiscriminately applied to the
other. A ship is said to fly through the li-
quid element, and Mercury is said to swim
through the air. Æn. iv. 245. And Daeda-
lus, on wings, swam to the cold north, and
consecrated remigium alarum, those wings
AENEIS. LIB W I.
355
Chalcidicăgue levistandem superadstitit arce. ºr.
Redditus his primúm terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit
Remigium alarum ; posuitºue immania templa.
In forbus, letum Androgei: tum pendere poenas
Cecropidae jussi, miserum ! Septena quotannis
Corpora natorum : stat ductis sortibus urna.
Contrà elata mari respondet Gnossia tellus.
Hic crudelis amor tauri, suppóstaque furto
Pasiphaë, mixtumque genus, prolesque biformis
Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae
Hic labor ille domás, et inextricabilis error.
Magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem
Daedalus, ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit,
Tu quoque magnam
Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes.
Caeca regens filo vestigia.
0 20. In foribus lethum
2 Androgei sculptum era! :
tum Cecropida, jussi
quotannis pendere poe-
mas, O miserum ! nem-
pe, bis septema corpora
suorum natorum
25 24. Hicinest crudelis
amor tauri, Pasiphaë
que suppósta furto, Mi-
notaurusque mixtum ge-
nus, biformisque proles,
SA monumental nefandae
30 veneris.
31. Si dolor patris
NOTES.
on which he had cut his way through the
air, as oars divide the water. But what gives
a greater propriety to these phrases, is, that
Daedalus was the inventor of navigation by
the use of sails; and that his wings were
nothing else than the sails of the ship, in
which he escaped from Crete. Enavit : in
the sense of advolavit. -
17. Chalcidica: an adj. from Chalcis, a
city of Euboea. See 2. supra. Chalcidica
arce: the city of Cumae. Here Daedalus
first landed in Italy; and built the temple
to Apollo, which Æneas is about to enter.
It is said that he first went to Sardania, and
from thence to Italy. Redditus ; having
arrived.
20. Androgei: gen, of Androgeus. He
was the son of Minos; and frequenting the
public games at Athens, contracted a friend-
ship with the sons of Pallas, brother to
AEgeus, king of Athens. Not having as yet
acknowledged Theseus to be his son; and
suspecting Androgeus to have entered into a
conspiracy with his nephew to dethrone him,
JEgeus employed assassins to take away his
life. To revenge this atrocious deed, Minos
made war upon him, and forced him to sue
for peace. This was granted on the condi-
tion that he should every year, or, as others
say, every third, or ninth year, pay a tax of
seven of their young men, and as many vir-
gins, who were chosen by lot as victims, for
the preservation of their country. Some
say that Androgeus having been repeatedly
victorious at the public games of Greece,
excited the envy and jealousy of some per-
sons, who procured his death. However
the case may be, his death brought upon the
Athenians a war with Minos, his father, then
king of Crete.
The death of Androgeus was represented
on the gates or doors of the temple, the
Athenian youth sent as an expiation for the
barbarous deed, and the urn from which
the fatal lots were drawn. On the opposite
side arose the island of Crete—Pasaphaë,
the wife of Minos—the Minotaur—the La-
byrinth, and the ingenious workmen (Dae-
dalus) explaining its mysteries to Theseus;
all these were in carved work. Posuit : in
the sense of ºdificavit. Pendere poenas: to
make retribution or satisfaction for the
crime. *
21. Cecropidae: the Athenians so called
from Cecrops, their first king. He built the
city of Athens, and called it Cecropia.
23. Gnossia tellus : Crete. Gnossia : an
adj. from Gnossus, a city of that island.
24. Amor tauri. Pasiphaë, the wife of
Minos, and daughter of the Sun, was fabled
to have fallen in love with a beautiful bull,
and to have gratified her passion by a con-
trivance of Daedalus, who shut her up in a
wooden cow. From this unnatural com
nexion sprang the JMinotaur, a monster hahi
man and half bull, that fed on human flesh;
and devoured the Athenian youth, whom
Minos shut up in the Labyrinth. The truth
of the story is this: Pasiphaë fell in love
with a nobleman of the court, whose name
was Taurus; and made Daedalus her confi-
dant, who kept it concealed, and even lent
his house to the lovers. Supposita furto.
This refers to Pasiphaë's being shut up in
the wooden cow that she might receive the
embrace of the bull—substituted through
artifice or contrivance in the room of a cow.
26. Inest : in the sense of sculptus est.
Weneris nefandae: of execrable lust.
27. Labor domils, &c. By these we are
to understand the Labyrinth. See AEn. v.
588. *
28. JMiseratus magnum: Daedalus, pitying
the great love of the queen, discovers (to
Theseus) the deception and intricacies of
the structure, &c. Theseus, the son of
AEgeus, king of Athens, proposed to go to
Crete, along with the victims, to fight the
Minotaur in the Labyrinth. Ariadne, thi
daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë, whom.
356
P. VIRGILII MARON Is
* Bisconatus erat casus effingere in auro.
Bis patriae cecidére manus. Quin protinús omnia
34. Ni Achates pre- Perlegerent oculis; ni jam praemissus Achates
* * * * Afforet; atque una Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos,
Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi:
Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit
Nunc grege de intacto septem mactare juvencos
JEnea, jam afforet, at-
que una Deiphobe filia
Glauci, sacerdos
Praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentes.
40. Sacerdos affata
Talibus affata Æneam, nec sacra morantur
£neº talibus verbis Jussa viri, Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos.
vocat Teucros
41. Ingens latus Eu-
boice rupis excisum est
Excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum; .
Quð lati ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum ;
II? Unde ruunt totidem voces, responsa Sibyllae.
- Ventum erat ad limen, cum virgo, Poscere fata
46. Cui fantitalia an- Tempus, ait: Deus, ecce, Deus!
45
Cui talia fanti
..º.º.º.º. Ante fores, subitó non vultus, non color unus,
3. Non comptae mansère comae : sed pectus anhelum,
color; comae non man-
sere compte; sed pectus Et rabie fera corda tument; majorque videri,
anhelum est, et ejus fera Nec mortale sonans: afflata est numine quando
b0
corda tument, rabie : Jam propiore Dei. Cessas in vota precesque,
capitaue videri major Tros, ait, Ænea 7
Attonitae magna ora domiis.
Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit
Ossa tremor; fuditoue preces rex pectore ab imo:
vité, nec vow ejus est so-
mans mortale. tº º
52. Anté quám emi- Conticuit.
seris vota precesque.
cessas' neque enim antè dehiscent
Ettalia ſata,
55
Phoebe, graves Trojae semper miserate labores,
NOTES.
Virgil here calls regina, fell in love with The-
seus, and taught him how to vanquish the
JMinotaur, and also gave him a clew, which
she had received from Daedalus, whereby he
could extricate himself from the Labyrinth.
It was agreed as a condition of the combat,
that if Theseus killed the Minotaur, the
Athenian youths should be released, and his
country freed from that humiliating condi-
tion. Theseus was victorious. By the clew
we are to understand the plan and contri-
vance of the Labyrinth. Enim : in the
sense of equidem. -
29. Resolvit: in the sense of earplicuit.
30. Caeca : in the sense of incerta.
31. Icare. Icarus, as the fable goes, was
the son and associate of Daedalus. He at-
tempted to make his escape from Crete by
the help of wings, but being unable to ma-
nage them with dexterity, he wandered from
his way, and fell into the Ægean sea, and
was drowned. He gave name to Icarus, an
island between Samos and JMycene.
33. Patriae manus cecidère. Daedalus at-
tempted to represent the calamity (casus) of
Icarus, but his grief and sorrow prevented
him. He attempted it twice, and twice his
hands failed; otherwise Icarus would have
made a distinguished figure in the carved
work. • *
34. Perlegerent omnia ; the Trojans would
have examined all the carved work and cu-
rious sculpture of the temple, had not Acha-
tes, &c. Protinës: in the sense of in ordine.
Perlegerent : in the sense of perlegissent.
35. Afforet: in the sense of redivisset.
38. Intacto : untouched by the yoke.
39. Bidentes : in the sense of oves.
40. JWec viri morantwr: nor do the men
(the Trojans) delay to perform her sacred
commands concerning offering sacrifice. Sa-
cerdos. The daughter of Glaucus. She was
the priestess, attendant upou the Sibyl, who
was at this time in her cell of cave. Amtrum.
This is the same with alta templa in the pre-
ceding line. By this we are not to understand
the temple of Apollo already mentioned,
but the residence of the Sibyl—her cave,
here called templum. -
45. Ventum erat: they had come to the
entrance of the cave, when, &c. Fata: in
the sense of oracula. Thºst is understood with
tempus. -
46. Ecce, Deus: behold, the god, the god
is here—Apollo. . -
47. Subità nonvulius: suddenly her counte-
nance changes, and her color comes and goes.
50. Quando jam afflata est: when now she
is inspired with a nearer influence of the god
Apollo. Cessas: dost thou delay to go into
vows and prayers? JWeque: in the sense of
72070,
57. Qui dirécti Dardana tela; who didst
direct the Trojan darts, and the hands of




AENEIS. LIB VI.
357
Dardana qui Paridis diréxti tela manusque
Corpus in AEacidae: magnas obeuntia terras
Tot maria intravi, duce te, penitàsque repôstas
Massyläm gentes, praetentaque Syrtibus arva :
Jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras.
Håc Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta.
Vos quoque Pergamea, jam fas est parcere genti,
59. Te duce, intravi
60 tot maria abeuntia mag-
nas terras, gentesque
Massyläm penitàs re-
póstas
Dique Deaeque omnes, quibus obstitit Ilium, et ingens
Gloria Dardaniae.
Tuque, 6 sanctissima vates,
Praescia venturi, da, non indebita posco
Regna meis fatis, Latio considere Teucros,
Errantesque Deos, agitataque numina Trojae.
Tum Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templa
Instituam, festosque dies de nomine Phoebi.
65
66. Da Teucros, er-
rantesque Deos, agita-
taque numina Trojae
considere in Latio, non
70 Posco.
Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris.
Hic ego namdue tuas sortes, arcanaque fata,
Dicta mete gentiponam ; lectosque sacrabo,
Alma, viros : foliis tantūm me.carmina manda,
Ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis:
Ipsa canas, oro. Finem dedit ore loquendi.’
At, Phoebi nondum patiens immanis in antro
7 75. Ne turbata volent
tanquam ludibria rapidis
ventis: oro ut tw. ipsa
CallſlåS 620, €2 07'e.
NOTES.
Paris, against the body of Achilles. It is
said that Achilles was killed by Paris in the
temple of Apollo, at Troy.
57. Diréati : for direzisti, by syncope.
59. Penitàs repôstas: far remote.
60. JMassylüm. The JMassyli, a people of
Africa, put for the Africans in general, or
for the Carthaginians in particular. See
AEn. iv. 483. Praetenta: lying before. Arva:
the lands—country.
61. Italia fugientis: the nearer they ap-
proached to Italy, new obstructions arose,
which seemed to prevent access to it, as if it
Jled from them. -
62. Hactenus : hitherto—thus far. It is
separated by timesis, for the sake of the verse.
Trojano fortuna: id est, adversa fortuna.
64. Dique Deſeque omnes, quibus : ye
gods and goddesses all, to whom Ilium and
the great glory of Troy was offensive, it is
just that you too, &c. The deities here
meant were Juno, Minerva, and Neptune.
Obstitit: invisa sunt, says Heyne.
68. Agitata numina : persecuted deities
of Troy. - -
70. Instituam Phaebo : I will build to
Phoebus and Diana temples of solid marble,
and institute festival days, &c. Here is an
allusion to the Ludi Apollinares, which were
Instituted in the first Punic war, and to the
building of a temple to Apollo by Augustus,
after his victory over Anthony and Cleopa-
tra, at Actium. Heyne reads templum, after
Heinsius. The common reading is templa.
Virgil here uses the verb instituam with two
nouns, when in strict propriety it can apply
to one of them only. We can say, institute
festivals, but it is quite another thing to say,
*nstitute a house or temple. Our language
will not admit of this liberty and freedom of
expression. See AEn. vii. 431, and Æn. viii.
410. Some copies have constituam.
71. Te quoque magna: a spacious sanc-
tuary too awaits thee in our realms. This
alludes to the shrine or sanctuary in the
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the
Sibylline books were kept in a stone chest
under ground. Fifteen persons, called Quin-
decemviri, were appointed to take care of
them, and to consult them in the affairs of
state. They were chosen from the Patri-
cians, and had great influence in public af-
fairs. It was a very easy matter to make
these Sibylline books speak what language
they pleased. -
72. Sortes: in the sense of oracula. Dicta :
in the sense of declarata.
74. JWe manda : do not commit, &c. It
was the custom of this Sibyl to write her
prophetic responses upon the leaves of the
palm tree. Before the invention of parch
ment and paper, there was no better mate-
rial for writing than the leaves and bark of
trees. Alma : O holy prophetess.
77. JYondum patiens, &c., The meaning
is this: the Sibyl was not docile and sub-
missive (patiens) to Phoebus, and would not
utter orncles according to his will, but re-
sisted him until he had subdued her ferocious
temper and formed her to his purposes by
force and restraint. Eaccussisse: the perf.
in the sense of the pres. The terms here
used are taken from the horse and the rider.
The Sibyl is compared to the former; and
Apollo, breaking her and rendering her sub-
missive and obedient to him, to the latter
358
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
78. Tentans, si possit Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit
axcussisse
Excussisse Deum : tantò magis ille fatigat •
Os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitºue premendo
80
Ostia jamgue domiis patuere ingentia centum
Sponte suā, Vatisque ferunt responsa per auras:
83. O tu tandem de-O tandem magnis pelagi defuncte periclist
**, *gnis Periºlis Sed terrá graviora manent. In regna Lavini
pelagi! sed graviora pe-
ricula -
86. Sed et
non venisse ed.
Dardanidae venient, mitte hanc de pectore curam :
volent se Sed non et venisse volent.
t Tybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno.
§5
Bella, horrida bella, s
Non Simois tibi, nec Xanthus, nec Dorica castra
89. Alius Achilles par- Defuerint: alius Latio jam partus Achilles,
Natus et ipse Deá : mec Teucris addita Juno
Cüm tu supplex in rebus egenis,
Quas gentes Italiim, aut quas non oraveris urbes! .
Causa mali tanti conjux iterum hospita Teucris;
jux hospita iterum erit Externique iterum thalami.
eausa tanti, mali Teu- Tu ne cede malis; sed contrå audentiorito,
tris; externique thalami Quatuate fortuna sinet.
tus est tibi
91. Cum in egenis re- Usquam aberit.
hus, quas gentes Italám,
aut quas urbes, non tu
supplex oraveris? Con-
iterum erunt causa.
90
95
Via prima salutis,
Quod minimè reris, Graiā pandetur abºurbe.
Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla
NOTES. ~~~
The verb earcutio is applied to the horse
when he throws his rider. Immanis: in the
sense of ammaniter vel vehementer. An ad-
jective closely connected in construction
with a verb, is better rendered by its corres-
ponding adverb. Bacchatur: furit in more
Baccharum, says Ruapus.
80. Fatigat rabidum os: he curbs—holds
in, &c. This alludes to the manner of break
ing and taming horses when they are unru-
ly and impatient of the bit. The rider curbs
or holds them in by pulling up the reins.
Fingitgue; and forms and prepares her for
the delivery of his oracles.
82. Ferunt : in the sense of emittunt.
83. Defuncte: voc. Othou, having pass-
ed through—escaped. Rugeus says, Qui
evasisti. Periclis: by syn. for periculis.
84. Lavin? : by apocope for Lavinii, gen.
of Lavinium, a country to the east of the
Tyber, so called from the city Lavinium,
which Æneas built. See AEm.i.2. Some read,
regna Latini, which perhaps is the best read-
ing: the kingdom of Latinus. He received
AEneas, on his arrival, with hospitality, gave
him his daughter in marriage, and was suc-
ceeded by him in his kingdom. Heyne pre-
fers Lavin?, and observes that it is more in
the language of prophecy than Latini.
88. JW on Simois tibi : neither Simois, nor
Xanthus, nor the Grecian camp, shall be
wanting to you, &c. Here the prophetess,
to prepare the mind of Æneas to meet the
worst, or rather the poet to do honor to his
hero in overcoming such powerful opposi-
tion, gives a terrible representation of the
war in which he was to be engaged in Italy,
comparing it with the Trojan war, both as
to its similitude of characters, places, and
causes. Xanthus and Simois are the Tyber
and Numicus; Turnus is Achilles; Lavinia,
the daughter of Latinus, is a second Helen.
90. JNatus Deá : Turnus, a brave and
warlike prince, the son of the nymph Venilia.
.Addita : in the sense of inimica. Ruabus
says infesta; et quasi lateri semper affiaca.
91. Cúm , in the sense of lum, says Heyne.
Rugeus reads quem, but gives no authority
for it; the best copies have cilm. Rebus
egenis : in your distress—difficulty.
93. Conjua hospita. As the rape of Helen
by Paris, whom she entertained in her palace
at Sparta, was the cause of the Trojan war,
so shall Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, who
shall receive AEneas under his hospitable roof,
be the cause of a second war, by espousing
AEneas after she had been promised to Tur-
nus. Thalami: in the sense of nuptiº.
96. Quá; the common reading is quâm,
but of this it is difficult to make sense. It
is not probable that the Sibyl could advise
AEneas to proceed with more courage or
boldness than prudence dictated, or his for-
tune permitted. To preserve the reading of
quam, Mr. Davidson renders the words quâm
tua, &c., “The more that fortune shall op-
pose you;” giving to the verb sinet a turn
which it will by no means bear. Heyne
reads quâ, taking it in the sense of qua via
et ratione, vel quantum per fatum licebit,
Heinsius and Burmannus read quâm, which
they take in the sense of quantum.
97. Graid urbe: this was the city Pallan-
teum, where Evander reigned. See Lib. 8.
AENEIS. LIB VI
359
Horrendas canit ambages, antroque remugit,
Obscuris vera involvens ; ea fraºna furenti
Concutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo
Ut primúm cessit furor, et rabida ora quièrunt:
Incipit AEneas heros: Non ulla laborum,
O virgo, nova mi facies inopinave surgit:
Omnia præcepi, atque animo mecum anté peregi.
Unum oro; quando hic inferni januaregis
Dicitur, et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso ;
Iread conspectum chari genitoris, et ora
Contingat; doceas iter, et sacra ostia pandas.
Illum ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela
Eripui his humeris, mediogue ex hoste recepi:
Ille meum comitatus iter, maria omnia mecum, ,
Atque omnes pelagique minas coelique ferebat
Invalidus, vires ultra sortemque senectae.
Quin, utte supplex peterem, et tua limina adirem,
Natique patrisque,
Alma, precor, miserere: potes namoue omnia; nec te
Nequicquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis.
Sipotuit Manes arcessere conjugis Orpheus,
Threiciá fretus cithará fidibusque canoris:
Si fratrem Pollux alternå morte redemit,
Itgue reditºlue viam toties. quid Thesea, magnum
Quid memorem Alciden 7 et mi genus ab Jove summo.
Talibus orabat dictis, arasque tenebat.
Idem orans mandata dabat.
05
106. Dicitur esse hic,
et tenebrosa palus sur-
gens ea. Acheronte
109. Ut contingat mi-
110 hi ire ad
112. Ille comitatus
est meum iter; et inva-
lidus ferebat omnia ma
ria mecum, atque omnee
115 minas pelagique coeli
que, ultra
115. Quin, idem .4n.
chises orans dabat man
data mihi, ut
120
122. Quid memorem
Thesea
123. Est mi et genus
ab
NOTES.
99. Canit horrendas: she delivers her aw-
ful predictions. Ambages: (ea, ambi, et ago)
mysteries, says Valpy.
100. Ea fraºna furenti : Apollo shakes
those reins over her, raging, (inspired) and
turns his spurs under her breast. The meta-
phor of the horse and the rider, is still con-
tinued.
104. JMł: by apocope for mihi. AEneas
speaks like a man long accustomed to the
calamities and misfortunes (laborum) of life,
and so well fortified in his mind to meet
every vicissitude of things, that no form of
toil and suffering could arise, new and un-
expected.
195. Praecept: I have anticipated all things
—I have received information of all those
difficulties before.
107. Tenebrosa palus : the gloomy lake,
(arising) from the overflowing of Acheron.
The lake here is Avernus, which was fabled
to arise from the overflowing of the river
Acheron, a fabulous river of the infernal
regions. See Geor. iv. 4.
111. Eripwi : in the sense of sustuli.
114. Sortem : state—condition.
119. Si Orpheus potwit - if Orpheus could
call back the ghost of his wife, relying upon,
&c. See the story of his descent to hell.
Geor. iv. 454, 3
121. Sá Pollua redemit: if Pollux redeem-
ed his brother by an alternate death, &c.
Castor and Pollux were twin brothers of Le-
da, the wife of Tyndarus, king of Sparta.
Jupiter being the father of Polluſc, he was
immortal, while Castor, being only the son
of Tyndarus, was subject to mortality.
Upon the death of Castor, his brother, out
of the great love he bore to him, obtained of
Jupiter leave to share with him his immor-
tality; whereupon they lived, by turns, one.
day in heaven and one in hell.
122. Thesea: a Greek acc. He was the
son of AEgeus, king of Athens. He and Piri-
thotis are fabled to have made a descent to
hell for the purpose of liberating Proserpina.
but were seized by Pluto, who gave Piri
thotis to Cerberus to be devoured, while
Theseus he bound in chains, where he re
mained till he was set at liberty by Hercu-
les. See 28, supra.
123. Alciden : Hercules, so called from
.Alceus, his grandfather. He was the son of
Jupiter and Alcmene. He is said to have
descended to the infernal regions, and to
have carried off Cerberus in spite of Plute
himself. JMé : for mihi, by apocope, an
in the sense of meum. Jºſé genus : my de
scent also is from Jove supreme. Æneas
descended from Dardanus, the son of Jove
He was also the son of Venus, the daughter
of the same god. Et: in the sense of etiam.
360
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Tunc sic orsa loquivates: Sate sanguine Div(\m,
125
Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averni:
Noctes atque dies patet atri janua Ditis:
Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras,
Hoc opus, hic labor est.
Pauci, quos aequus amavit
Jupiter, aut ardens evexit ad acthera virtus, 130
131. Geniti Dis, po- Dis geniti, potuere. Tenent media omnia sylvae,
tuere efficere id Cocytusque sinu labens circumfluit atro. -
Quðd si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido est,
Bis Stygios innare lacus, bis migra videre
Tartara; et insano juvat indulgere labori: 135
136. Accipe ea, quie Accipe quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opacá,
sunt Peragenda tibi Aureus et foliis et lento vimine ramus,
prlus. Junofi infernae dictus sacer: hunc tegit omnis
Lucus, et obscuris claudunt convallibus umbrae. -
140. Non datur su- Sed non antè datur telluris operta Subire, 140
bire opertà loca telluris Auricomos quam quis decerpserit arbore foetus.
antè quâm quis Hoc sibi pulchra suum ferri Proserpina munus
Instituit. Primo avulso, non deficit alter
Aureus; et simili frondescit virga metallo.
145. Ergö vestiga ra- Ergö alté vestiga oculis, et rité repertum 145
mum oculis alté, et ma-
nu rité carpe eum reper-
turm -
Carpe manu: namdue ipse volens facilisque sequetur,
Site fata vocant;
aliter non viribus ullis . **
147. Vocant tead in- Vincere, nec duro poteris convellere ferro.
feros.
Praetereà jacet examimum tibi corpus amici,
Heu nescis' totamgue incestat funere classem ;
150
Dum consulta petis, nostroque in limine pendes.
Sedibus hunc refer anté suis, et conde sepulchro
153. Deinde duc ad Duc nigras pecudes: ea prima piacula sunto.
aram nigras
Sic demüm lucos Stygios, regna invia vivis
NOTES.
128. Revocare gradum : to return—to re-
trace your steps; a phrase. Superas awras:
to this upper world—the upper regions of
light; they are so called in reference to the
regions below.
132. Cocytusque : and Cocytus gliding
along with its gloomy stream, flows around
them. Cocytus, a river in Campania in Ita-
ly, but by the poets feigned to be a river in
hell. Sinu: in the sense of flewu.
134, Innare: in the sense of navigare.
Insano ; vast—mighty. Ruabus says, vano.
135. Accipe: in the sense of audi, vel
disce.
137. Ramus aureus: a bough, golden both
in its leaves and limber twig, &c. lies con-
cealed in a shady tree. This is considered
by some a mere fiction of the poet, but pro-
bably it is founded on some historical fact,
or refers to some fabulous tradition, which
it is not easy to find out. Servius thinks it
alludes to a tree in the midst of the sacred
grove of Diana, not far from Aritia, a city
of Latium, where, if a fugitive, came for
sanctuary, and could pluck a branch from
the tree, he was permitted to fight a single
combat with the priest of her temple, and if
he overcame him, to take his place.
138. Junoni: Proserpine. She is here
called Infernal Juno ; as Pluto is sometimes
called Stygius Jupiter.
141. Auricomos foetus : the golden bough.
Fºetus: the young of any thing animate or
inanimate. Here, a bough, shoot, or scion.
142. Swum: in the sense of charum. * *
143. Instituit: in the sense of jussit. Pri-
mo avulso: ramo is understood. For primo,
Ruseus says, uno.
144. Frondescit : in the sense of pullulat.
Virga : in the sense of ramus. When one
bough was plucked, another immediately
shot forth of the same form, shape, and
color. . .
146. Sequetur: will follow—will yield to
you, if, &c.
148. Avellere: in the sense of amputare
vel coedere. -
150. Incestat ; defiles. Funere: in the
sense of cadavere. Consulta: advice—
counsel. -
151. Pendes : in the sense of hares.
152. Swis sedibus : to his own proper
place—to the earth. - -
g AENEIS. LIB. VI.
361
Aspicies. Dixit; pressoque obmutuit ore.
AEneas moesto defixus lumina vultu
155
Ingreditur, linquens antrum , cacosque volutat
Eventus animo secum: cui fidus Achates
It comes, et paribus curis vestigia figit.
Multa inter sese vario sermone serebant,
Quem socium exanimem vates, quod corpus humandum
Atque illi Misenum in litore sicco,
Ut wenère, vident indigná morte peremptum ;
Misenum AEoliden, quo non praestantior alter
AEre ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu.
Hectora circum
Et lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hastā.
Postguam illum victor vitā spoliavit Achilles,
Diceret.
Hectoris hic magni fuerat comes.
Dardanio AEneae sese'fortissimus heros
Addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus.
160
161. Quem socium
vates diceret esse exami-
mem, quod corpus hu-
mandum esse
165
167. Et obibat pug-
nas circum Hectora, in-
signis lituo et hastā.
170 -
Sed tum, forté cavă dum personat aequora conchá,
Demens, et cantu vocat in certamina Divos,
Æmulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignum est,
Inter saxa wirum spumosá immerserat undā.
Ergö omnes magno circum clamore fremebant,
Tum jussa Sibyllae,
Haud mora, festinant flentes: aramgue sepulchri
Congerere arboribus, coeloque educere certant.
Itur in antiquam sylvam, stabula alta ferarum :
Procumbunt piceae : sonat icta securibus ilex:
Praecipué pius AEneas.
175
175. Circiim illum,
177. Tum flentes fes-
tinant exsequi jussa Si-
byllae
180
Fraxineaeque trabes, cuneis et fissile robur
Scinditur : advolvunt ingentes montibus ornos.
Necnon AEneas opera inter talia primus
Hortatur socios, paribusque accingitur armis.
Atque haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat,
185
Aspectans sylvam immensam, et sic ore precatur:
|NOTES.
156. Defia:us lumina: a Grecism. Or, in the
sense of figens oculos in terram, says Ruteus.
‘160. Serebant multa : they made many
conjectures—they talked much, &c.
164. AEoliden. Misenus is here called
the son of JEolus, the fabulous god of the
winds; because he excelled in blowing upon
wind instruments. Praestantior: more ex-
pert. The verb erat is understood.
165. JMartemque accendere cantu. This
hemistich Virgil is said to have added in
the mere heat of fancy, while he was re-
citing the book before Augustus ; having
left the line imperfect at first. JEre: with
his brazen trumpet. Any thing made of
hrass may be called aes.
167. Litwo. The lituus was a trumpet
not so straight as the tuba, nor so crooked as
the cornua, It was used, for the most part,
by the cavalry. Obibat pugnas: simply, he
fought.
170. Inferiora: in the sense of inferiorem
ducem.
171. Personat (equora : he makes the sea
resound. &c. Conchá. Shell trumpets were
ſº
in use at first ; before those instruments
came to be made of brass.
172. Pocat: he challenges the gods to a
trial of music.
173. Triton temulus: Triton envious (jea-
lous of his fame) drowned in the foaming
waves the man taken by surprise among
the rocks. Triton was the son of Neptune
and Amphitrite. He was half man and
half fish ; and was Neptune’s trumpeter.
175. Fremebant : in the sense of lamenta-
bantwr. .
177. Aramgue sepulchri: the funeral pile,
so called because built in the form of an
altar. Ingentern pyram, says Heyne.
180. Sonat: in the sense of procumbit. Tra-
best for arbores. Fissile robur: the fissile oak.
183. Primus : chief in command—cap-
tain of the company. - &
184. Accingiturque, &c.; and is arrayed
with equal arms. By armis, we are to un-
derstand the axes, and other implements
for cutting and preparing wood for the fu-
neral pile of JMiserius. - -
186. Ore. This is the common reading -
362
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus
Ostendat nemore in tanto! quando omnia veré
Heu ! nimium de te vates, Misene, locuta est.
Wix ea fatus erat, geminae cum fortè columbae
189. Nimium veræ
190
Ipsa sub ora viri coelo venère volantes,
Et viridi sedère solo.
Maternas agnoscit aves, lastusque precatur:
Este duces, Ó, siqua via est; cursumque per auras
Dirigite in lucos, ubi pinguem dives opacat
Ramus humum : tuque, 6, dubiis ne defice rebus,
194. O vos, este duces
nunu, siqua
Tum maximus heros
195
Diva parens. Sic effatus, vestigia pressit,
199. Illae pascentes
tieperunt prodire volan-
tes tantúm
Observans quae signa ferant, qué tendere pergant.
Pascentes illae tantüm prodire volando,
Quantùm acie possent oculi servare sequentām.
200
Inde, ubi venère ad fauces graveolentis Averni;
Tollunt se celeres; liquidumque per ačra lapsae,
Sedibus optatis geminae super arbore sidunt,
Discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit.
205. Quale viscum, Quale solet Sylvis brumali frigore viscum
205
quod sua arbos non se- Fronde virere nová, quod non sua seminat arbos,
minat, solet ºn Sylvis Wi- Et croceo foetu teretes circumdare truncos.
rere nová fronde in bru-
mali frigore
Taliserat species auri frondentis opacá
- e Ilice : sic leni crepitabat bractea vento.
210. Corripit ramum Corripit extemplo AEneas, avidusque refringit
210
Cunctantem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae.
213. Ferebant supre-
ma. Qſficia.
Nec minus interea Misenum in litore Teucri
Flebant, et cineri ingrato suprema ferebant.
NOTES.
but Heyne and of hers have voce. The sense
is the same either way.
187. Si: in the sense of witnam.
189. Wates: the prophetess.
193. JMaternas aves. Pigeons were sa-
ered to Venus, it is said, on account of their
fecundity. -
196. Dubiis rebus: perplexity—difficulty.
Dęfice : in the sense of desere.
197. Pressit vestigia: he stopt his pace—
he stood still. -
198. Ferant : in the sense of dent vel
praebant. Pergant: proceed to go. Ten-
dere : in the sense of ire vel prodire.
198. Illae pascentes, &c.: they flew, and
then alighted to feed. And this they did by
turns, so that they just kept within sight of
the followers, sequentëm.
200. Acie : with the sight.
acutissimo visu.
201. Fauces : in the sense of os. The
junction of the lakes Avernus and Lucrinus.
Graveolentis: noxious—pestiferous.
203. Optatis sedibus : they both alight on
the tree near the place whence the golden
bough shone through the branches of the tree.
204. Discolor aura : the variegated gleam
of gold shone through the boughs. It va-
...; its color according to the different
The
Ruſeus says,
shades of light in which it was seen.
leaves mingling their green shade with the
lustre of the gold, produced that variega-
ted color. Aura: in the sense of splendor.
205. Viscum. This is a kind of shrub of a
glutinous nature, called misletoe. It grows on
trees principally of the oak kind. The winter
is the proper season for its production; and
it is of a color resembling gold. It was
thought to grow out of the excrements of
birds, that alighted on those trees: to which
the poet alludes in these words: quod mon
sua seminat arbos: which its own tree does
not produce : but this opinion is incorrect.
The ancient Druids made great use of this
in their religious ceremonies.
206. Semnat: in the sense of producit.
Foetu: see 141. supra.
208. Frondentis auri : of the golden
bough—the verdant gold. Ruteus says,
pullulantis auri. -
209. Bractea : the golden leaves rustled
in the gentle wind. Bractea, properly, thin
laminae, or leaves of gold; taken here in
the sense of aurae frondes.
211. Cunctantem: in the sense of tarde
sequentem. . .
213. Ferebant suprema: they were per-
forming the last offices. Ingrato: being in-
sensible of the honors conferred upon it, and
therefore ungrateful for them. Or it may
º
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
363
Principio pinguem taedis et robore secto
Ingentem struxere pyram: cui frondibus atris
Intexunt latera, et ferales anté cupressos t
Constituunt, decorantgue supér fulgentibus armis
2ſ6 215. Struxere ingen
tem pyram, pinguem é
taedis et robore secto
Pars calidos latices et ahena undantia flammis
Expediunt; corpusque lavant frigentis et unguunt
Fit gemitus: tum membra toro defleta reponunt,
220
Purpureasque supér vestes, velamina nota,
Conjiciunt.
Pars ingentisubiere feretro,
Triste ministerium ! et subjectam more parentum
Aversi tenuere facem. Congesta cremantur
Thurea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo.
Postguam collapsi cineres, et flamma quievit,
Relliquias vino et bibulam lavère favillam :
Ossaque lecta cado texit Chorinaeus aheno.
Idem ter socios pură circumtulit undā,
Spargens rore levi et ramo felicis olivae;
225
226. Collapsi sunt.
230 s
Lustrayitoue viros, dixit'lue novissima verba.
At pius AEneas ingenti mole sepulchrum
*
be understood as causing sorrow to all—
being an object or spectacle no way plea-
sant or agreeable. In this sense, ingrato
may be rendered mournful—unjoyous. Ci-
neri : in the sense of cadaveri. Ingrato:
nec sentienti nec referenti gratiam, says
Heyne. -
Virgil here gives us most of the ceremo-
nies used among the Romans in burying the
dead. -
214. Taedis. The taeda, or pine, is a fat
and unctuous wood. Hence the epithet pin-
guem. Secto robore : in the sense of fisso
robore.
215. Pyram. The funeral pile was called
pyra when it was set on fire, rogus before it
was set on fire, and bustum after it was con-
sumed. The higher it was raised, the more
honorable it was considered; and therefore
they endeavored to raise it to heaven : cer-
tant educere cºlo, 178. Supra. Cui frondi-
bus atris ; whose sides they interweave with
black boughs. The boughs of the yew, pine,
and such like trees, are of a sable color, and
were therefore used in funeral obsequies.
Cui : in the sense of cujus.
216. Cupressos: the cypress is here called
mournful; and used on the occasion, either
because its strong smell prevented anything
disagreeable from the corpse; or rather as
It was a fit emblem of death; for when it
is once cut, it never grows up again. Antë .
before—in front: an adv.
217. Supēr above—on the top.
218. Latices; in the sense of aquam.
221. Mota velamina: the garments of Mi-
senus. Or it is said in allusion to a Roman
custom of placing a purple covering over
the corps of distinguished persons on the
funeral pile .
NOTEs.
222. Pars subiere: a part supported
(went under) the huge bier, a mournful of
Jce! and turned (aversi) away with their
faces, held a torch under it, &c. They turn-
ed away their faces to show how unwilling
they were to part with him, and that their
grief would not allow them to look upon
his pale and lifeless body; which was now
about to be reduced to ashes.
225. Dapes. By this we are to under-
stand the fat and other parts of the victims
that were consecrated to the gods.
teres: goblets of oil poured out upon the
pile. Whole goblets were offered to the
infernal gods; but to the celestial gods only
libations. Thurea dona: gifts of frankin-
cense. There is an allusion here to the
custom of placing frankincense, oil, and
other unctuous substances upon the funeral
pile, to accelerate its burning. -
227. Relliquias, &c. After the body was
consumed, they extinguished (lavère) the
coals and embers with wine, that the ashes
might the more easily be collected. Bibu-
lam: in the sense of siccam.
228. Cado : in the sense of wrna.
in the sense of inclusit.
229. Idem ter circumtulit the same thrice
went around his companions with holy wa-
ter, sprinkling them, &c. The ordo of con-
struction is, tulit seter circum socios, &c.
which means, to go round them three times:
Tezit
but because the priest used to sprinkle them,
at the same time, with the aqua lustralis, or
holy water, it came to signify, to purify.
230. Levi rore: with a dew or spray. He
sprinkled the water with a bough of olive.
231. Lustravit; he purified the men. JNo
vissima verba. These were vale, vale, v
when they all departed.
Cra-
364
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Imponit, suaque arma viro, remumque, tubamgue,
Monte sub ačrio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo -
Dicitur, aeternumque tenet per saecula nomen. 235
His actis, properé exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae.
Spelunca alta fuit, vastoque immanis hiatu,
Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro memorumque tenebris;
239. Super quam haud Quam superhaud ullae poterant impuni volantes
ullae volantos. Tendere iter pennis: talis sese halitus atris 240
Faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat;
Unde locum Graii dixerunt nomine Avernum.
243. Hic sacerdos Quatuor hic primúm nigrantes terga juvencos
constituit, quatuor ju; Constituit, frontique invergit vina sacerdos;
: * * Et summas carpens media inter cornua setas, 245
à6. Imponit eas, Ignibus imponit sacris libamina prima,
quasi prima iibamina Voce vocans Hecaten, coeloque Ereboque potentem ...
Supponunt alii cultros, tepidumque cruorem -
'º Suscipiunt pateris. Ipse atri velleris agnam
250. AEneas ipse ferit AEneas matri Eumenidum magnæque sorori 250
ense agnam atri velle- Ense ferit; sterilemdue tibi, Proserpina, vaccam.
ris matri Tum Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras,
254. Supérfundens Et Solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis,
que pingue Pingue supérque oleum fundens ardentibus extis.
*... .º.º. Ecce autem, primi sub lumina Solis et ortus, 255
mugire sub pedibus, et.
juga sylvarum coepta
Śwnt moveri, canesque
visae sunt Adventante Deá.
Sub pedibus mugire solum, et juga coepta moveri
Sylvarum ; visaeque canes ululare per umbram,
Procul, 6, procul este, profani.
NOTES.
233. Imponit, &c. The poet here uses
the verb imponit with two nouns, when, in
strict propriety it can agree with one of
them only. He builds a tomb, and places
upon it (imponit) his arms, &c. He orders
to be carved upon it his arms, to denote that
he was a warrior—an oar, to show that he
perished in a naval expedition—and a trum-
pet, to denote his office.
234. JMonte sub ačrio, quº. The mountain
here meant is the promontory JMisenus,
which forms the western shôre of the Sinus
Puteolanus, or JNeapotilanus. Hodie, Capo
JMiseno. Not far from it was the Portus JMi-
senus, where Augustus kept a part of his
fleet. g
238. Tuta : in the sense of defensa. Vo-
lantes : in the sense of aves.
240. Halitus: vapor—stench. Supera con-
veza: the high canopy of heaven. Effun-
dens : in the sense of erumpens.
242. Avernum. See Geor. iv. 493.
243. Hic primūm, &c. The lake Avernus
appears to have been chosen as the place of
this sacrifice, because, by it, it was thought
an easier access was had to the infernal dei-
ties, particularly Hecate. Having prepar-
ed her victims, the Sibyl poured wine be-
tween their horns; afterward cut a lock of
the topmost hair, and cast it upon the fire
as the first offering, to show that the sacri-
fice was then begun, and that the victims
were then devoted to the gods. - .
, 247. Vocans Hecaten. Servius informs us,
that Hecate was usually invoked not by
words, but by certain mystic and imarticu-
late sounds. *
248. Alii supportunt; others, apply the
knives (i.e. slay the victims) and catch, &c.
Suscipiunt : in the sense of eaccipiunt.
250. JMatri Eumenidum: to the mother
of the furies, that is, JWow. See Geor. i.
278. Night is said to have brought forth
the furies to Acheron; which, in the lan-
guage of poetry, signifies that night or dark-
ness is the mother of horrid shapes, vision-
ary forms, and apparitions. JMagna sorori:
to her great sister, that is, to the earth, Tel-
lus: for night is only the shadow of the
earth, or the absence of light.
252. Aras: by meton. for the sacrifices
offered upon them. They were offered in
the night: hence the epithet nocturna. For
aras, Ruabus says sacrificia. -
253. Solida viscera. By these we are to
understand the whole or entire carcases of
the victims; so that this sacrifice was pro-
perly what was called a holocaust, or whole
burnt-offering. Totam victimam, says Heyne.
256. Solum: in the sense of terra.
258. Procul! O procult be at a distance
—at a distance, O ye profane! This was
AENEIS. LIB VI
365
Conclamat wates, totoque absistite luco.
Tuque invade viam, vagináque eripe ferrum :
Nunc animis opus, AEnea, nunc pectore firmo.
Tantum effata, furens antro se immisit aperto :
Ille ducem haud timidis wadentem passibus aequat.
Di, quibus imperium est animarum, umbraeque silentes,
Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte silentia laté, º
Sit mihi fas audita logui: sit numine vestro
Pandere res altă terrá et caligine mersas.
Ibant obscuri Solà sub nocte per umbram,
260
261. Nunc opus eet
animis, O AEnea,
263. Ille aequat du-
. vadentem, haud tu-
finidisc
°624:-Mosque silentes
umbrae, et -
266. Fas sit mihi ves-
tro numine, pandere res
IIlerSã.S
Perque domos Ditis vacuas, et inania regna.
Quale per incertam Lunam sub luce malignâ
Est iter in sylvis; ubi coelum condidit umbră
Jupiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem.
270 270. Tale quale est
iter in sylvis per incer-
tam Lunam
Westibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orci,
Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae :
Pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus,
Et metus, et malesuada Fames, et turpis Egestas,
275 275. Hèc quoque pal-
lentesque morbi
Terribiles visu formae : Letumque, Laborque :
Tum consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis
Gaudia, mortiferumque adverso in limine Bellum,
278. Tum in adverso
limine sunt Sopor
Ferreique Eumenidum thalami, et Discordia demens
NOTES.
*
the usual preamble with which the sacred
mysteries were ushered in. Those who were
not initiated, were called scelesti, inea piati,
and profani ; and were prevented from ac-
cess to such holy rites. Dea adventante. By
Dea, we are to understand Hecate, accom-
panied by her dogs. Heyne observes that
the furies are sometimes called canes. But
they are not so to be taken in this place.
Sunt canes Hecaten comitantes, et passim me-
morati in sacris'magicis. 4.
259. Absistite: in the sense of recedite.
260. Eripe ferrum : draw the sword from
the sheath. This indicated danger, and the
hazard of the enterprise.
262. Tantum : so much—this only.
263. Wadentem: in the sense of euntem,
vel ingredientem.
265. Chaos: properly, a confused and
indigested mass of matter, out of which it
is supposed all things were made.—One of
the most ancient gods of the Heathens; or
rather the parent of them all. Phlegethon :
the name of one of the infernal rivers, of
Greek derivation. According to the poets,
there were five rivers of hell, Acheron, Co-
cytus, Stya, Phlegethon, and Lethe, all of
Greek derivation. Silentia: this is the com-
mon reading; but Heyne, on the authority
of Heinsius, has tacentia.
267. JMersas; in the sense of tectas vel oc-
oultas. - -
268. Obscuri solá nocte: by hypallage, for
soli obscura nocte.
270. Per incertam lunam. By this, some
understand the new moon soon after its
change, when it shines with a feeble or glim-
mering light. Others, the moon occasion-
ally hid and obscured by clouds. JMaligná
luce : envious light—that which shines so
faintly, as if it grudged one the happiness
of enjoying it. Condidit: hath hid, or co-
vered.
273. Vestibulum. This was the space or
area contained between the house and high-
way. In this vestibulum of hell, the poet
describes the various calamities of human
life, as having their residence: all of which
he clothes with a kind of airy body.
274. Curae : in the sense of conscientia,
says Heyne.
276. Fames maleswada: hunger persuad-
ing to evil. Quae suadet rapinas sceleraque,
says Heyne. JW on tantùm inopia victós; sea
etiam avaritia, et awri sacra fames, says Ru-
aeus. That avarice and thirst for gold, which
persuades and hurries men to the perpetra-
tion of crimes, and is the fruitful source of
evils. -
278. Sopor: sleep, the brother of death.
The poets tell us that Somnus and JMors
were children of JNow. Or, in the language
of poetry, sleep and death may be called
brothers, on account of their resemblance.
JMala gaudia mentis: the criminal joys of
the mind. Tum : then—in the next place.
280. Ferrei thalami, &c. By the iron beds
of the furies, we are to understand the rack-
ing torments of a guilty conscience, the
consequence of a course of vice and sensua-
lity: aid, by frantic discord, bound as to
its viperous locks with bloody fillets, we are
to understand all those base and turbulent
passions, which unhinge the mind, and over
366
P VIRGILII MARONIs
Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. º, 281
In medio ramos annosaque brachia pandit .
Ulmus opaca, ingens: quam sedem Somnia vulgö
- - Vana tenere ferunt ; foliisque sub omnibus harent.
285. Multa monstra Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, 285
variarum ferarum sta-
bulant in foribus Orci,
•empe, Centauri
Centauri in foribus stabulant, Scyllaeque biformes,
Et centum geminus Briareus, ac bellua Lernae
Horrendüm stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera ;
Gorgones, Harpyiaeque; et forma tricorporis umbrae.
Corripit hic subità trepidus formidine ferrum
AEneas, strictamgue aciem venientibus offert.
Et, ni docta comes tenues siné corpore vitas
Admoneat volitare cavā sub imagine formae,
Irruat, et frustrà ferro diverberet umbras. * - -
Hinc via, Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas. 295
Turbidus hic coeno vastāque voragine gurges **. ‘. . .
Aºstuat, atque omnem Cocyto eructät arenam. ,
Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servatº
292. Etirruat, et frus-
trā diverberät umbras
ferro, ni docta comes
admoneat ewiſt illas te-
nues vitas volitare sinë
corpore
295. Hinc est via, quae
296. Hic gurges tur-
bidus coeno
290 .
298. Portitor Charon Terribili squalore Charon : cui plurimâ mento
horrendus terribili squa- Canities inculta jacet : stant lumina flamma:
Sordidus exhumeris nodo dependet amictus.
lore servat
300
Ipse ratem conto subigit, velisque ministrat,
Et ferrugineå subvectat corpora cymbá
NOTES.
turn the peace of society. These, with great
propriety, are placed in the opposite threshold,
confronting the criminal joys of the mind.
Thalami : not the marriage bed; for the
furies were never married; but rather the
place where they were begotten, or where
they resided.
284. Haerent. Dreams are here represent-
ed as only perching upon the leaves, per-
haps on account of their light wandering
nature. Ferunt : they report—say. Tenere:
in the sense of occupare.
285. JMulta monstra: many forms or spec-
tres of savage beasts. ... /
286. Centauri : these were fabled to have
been monsters, half man and half horse.
They may, therefore, properly be said to be
stabled. The truth is, they were a people of
Thessaly, who first broke horses, and made
use of them in war Scyllae biformes.
P cl. vi. 74.
287. Briareus : one of the giants, said to
have had a hundred hands. Bellua Lernae:
the beast of Lerna—the snake which was
bred in the lake of Lerna, and destroyed by
Hercules. It had seven heads, and some
say fifty; and as soon as any one of them
was cut off, another sprang up in its place.
Stridens : hissing horribly.
288. Chimaera : a monster said to vomit
flames. Its head was that of a lion, its
breast and middle parts resembled a goat,
and its tail a serpent. He was slain by Bel-
lerophon on the horse Pegasus. The truth
of the fable is this: Chimaera was the name
of a mountain in Lycia, in Asia Minor,
See .
whose top was infested with lions, and its
bottom with serpents, while its middle parts
and sides abounded with goats. Bellero-
phon rendered it habitable, and was there
fore said to have slain the monster. -
289. Forma tricorporis umbrae: the form of
the three-bodied º: Geryon. He was
fabled to have had three bodies, because he
reigned over three islands, JMinorca, JMajor-
ca, and Urica. He was a king of Spain.
291. Offert: presents. Vitas: in the sense
of umbras.
293. Formie: in the sense of figura: vel
corporis.
296. Gurges : the river Stya or Acheron.
Eructat ; in the sense of immittit. Cocyto.
in the sense of in Cocytum.
298. Horrendus terribili squalore :
ful with horrid filthiness.
299. Cui plurima mento; on whose chin
a very large hoary beard lies neglected and
undressed. Cui : in the sense of cujus.
300. Lumina : in the sense of oculi. Flam-
ma. This is the common reading, but the
Roman, Medicean, and some other copies,
have flamma in the plu, Davidson reads
flammae. Heyne reads flamma, but takes it
in the sense of flammea, and stant, in the sense
of sunt: Lumina sunt flammea. Some copies
fight-
have lumine stant flammae, taking lumine
for oculis, which makes the reading easy.
Rugeus says, oculi sunt pleni igne. Walpy
reads, flammó, in the abl.
303. Corpora: in the sense of umbras, vel
inania corpora. Ferrugined : dark-colored
—of an iron hue.
ÆNEIS. LIB. VI.
367
Jam senior: sed cruda Deoviridisque senectus.
Huc omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat; -
Matres, atque viri, defunctaque corpora vità
304. Cruda viridisque
305 fºur est illi wipote
CO
Magnanimàm heroum, pueri innuptasque puellae,
Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentum :
Quàm multa in Sylvis autumni frigore primo
Lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terram gurgite ab alto
Quàm multae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus
Trans pontum fugat, et terris immittit apricis.
Stabant orantes, primi transmittere cursum,
309. Tam multi, quam
310 multa folia lapsa cadunt
in sylvis primo frigore
autumni; aut quâm mul-
tae aves glomerantur
Tendebantgue manus ripas ulterioris amore.
Navita sed tristis nunc hos, nunc accipit illos:
Ast alios longé submotos arcet arenå.
315
AEneas, miratus enim motusque tumultu,
Dic, ait, 6 virgo, quid vult concursus ad amnem
Quidve petunt animae 2 vel quo discrimine ripaq
Hae linquunt, illae remis vada livida verrunt?
320
Olli sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdos:
Anchisã generate, Deûm certissima proles,
Çocyti stagna alta vides, Stygiamgue paludem,
Di cujus jurare timent et fallere numen :
Haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumataque turba est:
Portitor ille Charon: hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti.… 326
Nec ripas datur horrendas, nec rauca fluenta
Transportare priès, quam sedibus ossa quièrunt.
Centum errant annos, volitantaue hac litora circum :
Tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt.
327. Nec datur es
transportare eos horren
das ripas, nec rauca
330
, Constitit Anchisā Satus, et vestigia pressit,
Multa putans, sortemque animo miseratus iniquam.
Cermit ibi moestos, et mortis honore carentes,
NOTES.
306. Defuncta; in the sense of privata.
310. Gurgite: in the sense of mari. Glo-
merantwr: in the sense of congregant. Fri-
gidus annus : the cold season of the year—
the approach of winter.
*315. Tristis : inexorable. Ruteus says,
asper. -
316. Ast arcet alios : but drives others re-
moved far from the shore. Those that were
unburied were not permitted to pass over,
until such time as they had received the
rites of burial. - .
318. Quid vult: what means this con-
course, &c. º -
319. Qwo discrimine: by what distinc-
tion; or by what reason. --
320. Wada ; in the sense of aquas, vel
0.7717,62772, . * - .
321. Longaeva sacerdos. Servius tells us
that Apollo, out of affection for the Sibyl,
promised her whatever she should ask; up-
on which she took up a handful of sand,
and desired to have her life prolonged to a
length of years equal to the number of the
sands the mass contained. Her request was
granted, on condition she should remove
from Erythrſe to Cumae, and there spend the
remainder of her days. She lived so long
that she was so completely emaciated that
she retained nothing but her voice.
323. Alta stagna: the deep waters.
324. Cujus numen D: ; by whose divinity
the gods fear to swear and to deceive. The
river Stya was held in such veneration by
the gods that they used to swear by it, and
if they violated their oath they were de-
prived of their divinity, and were excluded
from nectar and ambrosia for nine years;
some say for a hundred years. The reason
assigned for their conferring this honor upon
Stya is, that her offspring, Victory and
Strength, had given the gods such signal
assistance in the war against the Titans.
Per cujus numen. Dii, &c. *
325. Inops : poor-—unable to pay their
fare, which was an obolus. Or, unable to
pay the expenses of burial, and so remained
inhumata, unburied.
327. Datur: in the sense of permittitur.
328. Sedibus : in their graves. . .
330. Admissi : in the sense of recept.
Revisunt : in the sense of transeunt.
331. Pressit vestigia : in the sense of con-
tinuit gressum vel pedem; a phrase.
333. Honore mortis : burial. Privatos he
more sepulturae, says Ruteus. *
868 - P. VIRGILII MARONIS
**,
Leucaspin, et Lycia ductorem classis Orontem:
Quos simula Trojá ventosa per aequora vectos 335
Obruit Auster, aquà involvens navemaue virosque
Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat:
Qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sidera servat,
Exciderat puppi, mediis effusus in undis.
Hunc ubi vix multà moestum cognovit in umbră, $40
Sic prior alloquitur : Quis te; Palinure, Deorum
- Eripuit nobis, mediogue sub aquore mersit?
*...*.*.*Pº Dic, age. Namgue mihi fallax haud anté repertus,
haud anté repertus mihi H . $ delusit Apollo :
fi.l.it animº. Hoguno responso animum delusit Apollo;
hoc uno responso, qui Qui fore te ponto incolumem, finesque canebat 345
canebat Venturum Ausonios: en l haec promissa fides est?
Ille autem: Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit,
, Dux Anchisiade; mec me Deus aequore mersit.
349. Nºnque Prº* Namgue gubernáclum multà vi forté revulsum,
ams traxi mecum gu- *
i. forté *i. Cui datus hærebam custos, cursusque regebam, 350
SUllTl **-*. Praecipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera juro,
351. Juro per aspera Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem;
maria menon cepisse ul-Quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro,
lum Deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis. s
- Tres Notuş hybernas immensa per aequora noctes 355
Vexit me violentus aquà : vix lumine quarto
Prospexi Italiam, summâ sublimis ab undà.
358. Tuta loca, ni cru- Paulatim adnabam terrae, et jam tuta tenebam ;
. gºns ºrro invºis Nigens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum,
BiºU, ſº 6 Prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera montis, 360
Ferro invasisset, praedamgue ignara putässet.
Nunc me fluctus habet, versantdue in litore venti
NOTES.
336. Obruit: urowned—sunk. was not false and deceptive. JMersit: in
337. Agebat sese: in the sense offerebat sese, the sense of submersit. -
338. Libyco cursu. Palinurus was not 350. Cui hatreyam : to which I clung, be-
drowned in the Libyan, but in the Tuscan ing the appointed helmsman. With the part
sea, after he set sail from Sicily. The voy- of the ship which he carried with him, Pali-
age was commenced from Africa, or Libya, nurus kept himself above the water, and was
which is the reason of its being called a enabled to swim to the land.
Libyan course, or voyage. Effusus: in the 353. Ne tua navis, spoliala: lest your ship
sense of lapsus vel praicipitatus, being deprived of its rudder and destitute of
347. Cortina: the table or tripod on which a pilot, &c. Arma signifies, when applied to
the statue of Apollo was placed, whence re- navigation, the whole tackling or equipments
sponses were given; by meton, the oracle of a ship, whether for use, steerage, orna-
itself. JWeque le. In this and the following ment, or defence. Eaccussa: in the sense of
line some imagine a difficulty; to remove privata. Armis: for gubernaculo.
which, they make a point after the pronoun 357. Sublimis: raised high on the top of
me, reading it thus: JNor hath the oracle of a wave, I saw Italy. Lumine : in the sénso
w!pollo deceived you, nor me; a god plunged of die. - -
me into the sea. For the poet had inform- 358, Paulation : at my ease—s-cºwly.
, ed us, Lib. v. 841, that Palinurus was ac- There are several instances in Virgil where
tually thrown overboard by the god Somnus. the indicative appears to be used instead of
Others connect the me with mersit, and say, the subjunctive, or where the sense evident-
though it was a god, yet Palinurus believed ly requires the sub. Jam tuta tenebam : I
it to be Phorbas, one of the sons of Priam. should have now been safe on land, had
But there is no need of this refinement. not, &c. - -
348. JWec inersit: nor hath a god drowned 359. JN'i : in the sense of sed, vel autem.
me in the sea. Although Palinurus was 361. Putásset; by syn. for putavisset.
thrown overboard by Somnus, he was not They ignorant thought me a prize.
drowned. He arrived safe to the shores of , 362. Versant.: toss my dead body on the
Italy, and therefore the promise of Apollo shore.
ÆNEIS. LIB. VI. 369
&
Quðd te per coeli jucundum lumen et anras,
Per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis Iüli;
Eripe me his, invicte, malis: aut tu mihi terram
Injice, namdue potes; portusque require Welinos :
Aut tu, si qua via est, si quam tibi Diva creatrix
Ostendit (neque enim, credo, siné numine Divöm.
Flumina tanta paras Stygiamgue innare paludem)
Da dextram misero, et tecum me tolle per undas,
385
370,
Sedibus ut saltem placidis in morte quiescam.2%
Talia fatus erat: coepit cum talia wates:
Unde haec, 6 Palinure, tibi tam dira cupido'
"Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas, amnemoue severum
Eumenidum aspicies? ripamve injussus adibis 7
373. Unde est hºc
tam dira
375 375. Alteram ripam
Desine fata Deûm flecti sperare precando.
Sed cape dicta memor, duri solatia casts.
Nam tua finitimi, longé latéque per urbes
Prodigiis acti coelestibus, 9ssa piabunt;
Et statuent tumulum, et tumulo solemnia mittent :
AEternumque locus Palinuri nomen habebit.”
His dictis curae emotae, pulsusque parumper
Corde dolor tristi: gaudet cognomine terrá.
Ergö iter inceptum peragunt, fluvioque propinquant :
Navita quos jam inde ut Stygiá prospexit ab undá
Per tacitum nemus ire, pedemgue advertere ripa ;
Sic prior aggreditur dictis, atque increpat ultro :
377. Sed memor cape
mea dicta, tanquam so-
379 latia tui duri casăs.
Nam finitimi acti coeles-
tibus prodigiis piabunt
tua ossa -
382. Curge emota sunt,
dolorque parumper pul-
sus est ejus
385 385. Quos. ut navita
jam inde ab Stygia undá
prospexit, ire per
Quisquis es, armatus qui nostra ad flumina tendis,
Fare, age, quid venias: jam istinc et comprime gressum.
Umbrarum hic locus est, Somni, Noctisque sopora :
Corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare cariná.
Nec verö Alciden me sum laetatus euntem
391.
tare
391
Nefas est vec-
NOTES.
365. Eripe me: rescue me from these evils,
Invincible tº.
ried he could not pass over to the peaceful
abodes of here?s; not until the expiration
of a hundred years. This was the evil here
complained of. -
366. Portus Velinos. Velinos, an adj. from
Welia, a city on the shore of Lucania, be-
tween thes promontories of Palinurus and
Posidium, founded by Servius Tullius, more
than six hundred years after Æneas. The
poet mentions this by way of anticipation.
367. Creatria: ; in the sense of mater.
369. Innare: in the sense of transire.
371. Quiescam : that at least in death I
may rest in peaceful seats. Palinurus' life
had been full of labor and toil: and, there-
fore, there is a peculiar emphasis in his beg-
ging for rest in the regions of the dead.
376. Fata: decrees—purposes. Flecti:
to be changed, or turned from the fixed or-
&er of things.
379. Piabunt ossa. We are told by Ser-
vius that the inhabitants of Lucania, as a
punishment for the inhuman murder of Pa-
linurus, were visited with a plague. They
consulted alº oracle upon the subject, and
While he remained unbu-
were directed to appease his Manes. They
dedicated to him a grove, and built him a
tomb to the south of Velia, upon the pro-
montory, which from that time was called
after his name.
380. JMittent solemnia : they shall make
anniversary offerings upon the tomb. Fe-
rent inferias, says Heyne. Ferent munera,
says Rubeus.
383. Gaudet cognomine terrá: he delights
in the land called after his name. Cogno-
mine : an adj. agreeing with terrá. Wide
cognominis.
385, JNavita : Charon.
387. Ultrö; of his own accord—first—be-
fore being spoken to. *
389. Jam istinc.; and now stop your pro-
gress there—from this moment proceed
not a step farther. Quid : in the sense of
cur. Or, ob quid venias.
392. JNſec lastatus sum : nor indeed was I
pleased that I took over the lake Hercules,
coming hither, &c. The poets tell us that
when Hercules descended to hell, Charon
was terrified at his appearance, and imme.
diately took him into his boat, for which
870
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Accepisse lacu; nec Thesea, Piritholimgue;
Dis quanquam geniti, atque invicti viribus essent.
Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petivit,
395
Ipsius à solio regis traxitgue trementem:
Hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.
Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates
Nullae hic insidiae tales; absiste moveri;
400. JNostra tela fe-
runt vim: per nos licet
14t
Nec vim tela ferunt: licet ingens janitor antro
Æternüm latrans exsangues terreat umbras;
Casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen.
400
Troius AEneas, pietate insignis et armis,
Ad genitorem, imas Erebi descendit ad umbras.
Site nulla movet tantae pietatis imago,
At ramum hunc (aperit ramum, qui veste latebat)
Tumidā exirå tum corda residunt.
Ille admirans venerabile donum
Fatalis virgaº, longo pöst tempore visum,
Coeruleam advertit puppim, ripaque propinquat.
407. Corda Charonis
residunt ex tumidā irá.
Nec plura his dicta sun.i.
Agnoscas.
Nec plura his.
405
410
Inde alias animas, quae per juga longa sedebant,
Deturbat, laxatque foros : simul accipit alveo
Ingentem AEneam. Gemuit sub pondere cymba
Sutilis, et multam accepit rimosa paludem. -
414
415. Tandem Charon Tandem trans fluvium incolumes watemque virumque
exponit. watemque vi- Informi limo glaucáque exponit in ulva.
rumque incolumes
Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci
Personat, adverso recubans immanis in antro.
Cui vates, horrere videns jam colla colubris,
Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam
420
NOTES.
Pluto bound him in chains for a whole year.
To this he here alludes.
394. Quanquam geniti: although they
were the sons of the gods, and invincible in
strength. Hercules was the son of Jupiter;
Theseus, of Neptune; and Pirithoils, accord-
ing to Homer, was the son of Dia, the wife
of Iacion, by Jove.
395. Tartareum custodem : the Tartarean
keeper—the dog Cerberus. His proper
place was at the entrance of the infernal re-
gions. Ille: Hercules. He drew Cerberus
from the throne of his master, whither he
had fled for shelter. Or, by the throne of
Pluto we may understand his dominions in
general. Petivit: seized—bound him in
. chains. -
397. Hi adori; : Theseus and Pirithotis.
These attempted to carry off Proserpine
from the bed of Pluto: both daring attempts.
398. Amphrysia vates: the prophetess of
Apollo. Amphrysia : an adj. from Amphry-
sus, a river of Thessaly, where Apollo kept
the flocks of Admetus, when banished by
Jove from heaven for killing the Cyclops,
'who forged his thunderbolts. Here taken
as a name of Apollo.
swer to which—in reply to which.
402. Patrui - gen, of patruws. Pluto
Contra quº: in an-
was both uncle and husband of Proserpine.
She was the daughter of Ceres and Jove.
the brother of Pluto.
406. Aperit: in the sense of ostendit.
409. Fatalis virgaº. By this we are to un-
derstand the bough or branch, which was
the pledge or evidence that the person who
bore it was authorized and licensed by fate
to be admitted into the infernal regions.
This appears to have been presented to
Charon for a similar purpose, at a former
time: perhaps by Theseus or Pirithotis.
412. Deturbat alias animas : he drives out
other souls, that sat on the long benches
(juga) and clears the deck. Or, Lawat foros
may be rendered, opens the hatches. Valpy
says, “empties the hold.”
414. Sutilis—rimosa :
Paludem : for aquam.
416. Eaponit: lands.
417. Cerberus. He was represented as
having three separate heads. Hence the
epithet trifauci. ' - -
418. Personat hec regna : the same
sonat per hoc regna. - -
420. Objicit offam: she throws a cake,
soaked in honey and medicinal fruits. . By
jrugibus we are to understand the seeds of
patched—leaky
AENEIS LIB VI
371
Objicit Iſle ſame rabida tria. guttura pandens,
Corripit. 9
.#
Fusus; †.
b
timi
iºctam, atque immania terga resolvit
#. ingens extenditur antro.
Occupat Æneas aditum, custode sepulto,
422. Corripit eam op-
jectam, atque fusus hu-
IIll
Evaditoue celer ripam irremeabilis undae. 425
Continuo auditæ voces, vagitus et ingens,
Infantumque animaº flentes in limine primo : wºme
Quos dulcis vitae exsortes, et ab ubere raptos
Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo.
Hosjuxta, falso damnati crimine mortis.
Nec veró has siné'sorte date, siné judice, sedes.
Quaesitor Minos urnam movet: ille silentåm
Conciliumque vocat, vitasque et crimina discit.
Proxima deinde tenent moesti loca, qui sibiletum
Insontes peperére manu, lucemdue perosi
Quâm vellent athere in alto
Nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores!
Fata obstant, tristique palus inamabilis undá
Projecăre animas.
428. Quos exsortes
dulcis vitae, et raptos at
430 ubere atra dies abstulit
430. Sunt illi damnati
mortis sub
432. Silentåm umbra-
7"Q4???,
434. Deinde mobsti,
435 qui insontes peperère le-
tum sibi sua manu, pe—
rosique lucem projecere
animas, tenent proxima
loca
Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coèrcet.
NOTEs.
the poppy, and other soporiferous ingre-
dients.
422. Resolvit : relaxes.
sense of artus, vel corpus.
424. Sepulto : buried in sleep. Somno
being understood.
425. Evadit: he ascends—or mounts the
bank of the impassable stream. Unde non
reditur, says Ruapus.
427. Infantumque animſe. The wailings
of those infant ghosts or shades, considered
orky in a poetical light, are very properly
disposed of in the entrance of Pluto's king-
dom, as they cast a melancholy gloom over
the scene, and excite such tender passions
in the mind of the reader, as prepare him
for relishing the beauties of so grave and
solemn a representation. But then their la-
montation and weeping we are not to con-
sider as the effect of punishment, so much
as an expression of their grief and sorrow
at being taken away by an untimely death.
428. Eacsortes dulcis vitae : deprived of
sweet life, and snatched from the breast, &c.
Rugeus says, privatos. -
429. Funere : in the sense of morte. Da-
vidson says, “an untimely grave.”
430. Damnati mortis. That they should
be punished who suffer death under a false
charge or accusation, may at first view ap-
pear unjust. Though they werc innocent
Terga : in the
of the crime for which they were eondemn-
ed, it does not follow that they were wholly
free from fault, and innocent in their lives,
of punishment, proportioned to their actual
SIłłS.
431. Sorte. , Servius takes sorte to imply
sentence, appointment, or destination. Ju-
dice. The judges of hell, according to the
poets, were three : JMinos, Rhadamanthus,
and JEacus. Minos was a king of Crete,
celebrated for the equity of his administra-
tion, and the justice of his laws; hence
feigned to be the first judge of hell. Rhq-
damanthus was his brother and prime minis-
ter; both were sons of Jove and Europa.
JEacus was the son of Jove and Ægina, the
father of Peleus, king of Thessaly, and grand-
father of Achilles. -
The several apartments of the infernal
regions were appointed or assigned to the
several shades, according to the decision of
the judges appointed to sit in judgment up-
on their lives and actions.
432. JMovet urnam : he shakes
which contains each one’s sent
other words, he determines e
doom, and assigns their pro
This is an allusion to the r
the Greeks, who used two
one or other of which the
calculi sortes, or suffrages.
were inclined to conder
Jentilm :’ of the shades
434. JMaeshi : the sa
435, Insomtes: inr
436, Quâm velle
are to bear, &c.
world—in the rº
And according to the doctrine of the Platonio 438. Fata.
philosophy, none could have access to the Heyne reads -
Elysian fields till their stains and pollutions sius, Servit, d.
were purged away. It became necessary, Inamabilis - *o lºnel
therefore, that they should undergo a degree 439, St ^*. jº *ne
sº º wº{

372
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Nec procul hinc, partem fusi monstrantur in omnem
Lugentes campi:
sic illos nomine dicunt. 441
442. Hic secreti cal Hic, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit,
ses celant, et myrtea syl-
Secreti celant calles, et myrtea circum
Yº...” Sylva tegit: curae non ipsa in morte relinquunt.
durus
446. AEneas
Phaedram
His Phaedram Procrinque locis, moestamgue Eriphylen
cernit Crudelis nati monstrantem vulnera cernit, .
Evadnenque, et Pasiphaën.
446
His Laodamia -
It comes; et, juvenis quondam, nunc foemina, Caeneus,
Rursus et in veterem fato revoluta figuram.
Inter quas Phoenissa recens à vulnere Dido.
* Errabat sylvá in magnâ : quam Troius heros
* Ut primum juxta stetit, agnovitgue per umbram
Obscuram ; qualem primo qui surgere mense
Aut videt, aut widisse putat, per nubila lunam ;
Demisit lachrymas, dulcique affatus amore est:
verus mihi nuntius ergö
Venerat, extinctam, ferroque extrema secutam 7
Funeris heu tibi causa fui ! per sidera juro, -
per fidem, si Per Superos, et, si qua fides tellure sub imá est,
Invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. -
451. Juxta quam,
primūm Troius
stetit,
453. Talem qualem,
qui aut videt
456. Ergö verus nun- Infelix Didol
tius venerat mihi te esse
extinctam, secutamgue
extrema ferro 2
459. Et
qua fides
450
455
460 .
Sed me jussa Deûm, qua, nunc has ire per umbras,
Per loca senta situ cogunt, noctemoue profundam,
NOTES.
around the realms of Pluto. Fusi: spread—
extending in every direction. -
445. Phaedram. She was the daughter of
Minos, and wife of Theseus. She fell in
love with her step-son Hippolytus, who re-
fused to comply with her request. Where-
upon, she accused him to her husband of
offering violence to her. Upon this he slew
him with his own hand. As soon as she
heard of this, she was so stung with remorse
that she finally hung herself Procrin. Pro-
cris was the daughter of Erechtheus, king
of Athens, and wife of Cephalus. She lost
her life through jealousy of her husband.
She watched him one day in the woods,
where he was wont to go a hunting, and
overheard him, in the heat of the day, in-
voking the cool breeze, and repeating to
himself, aura veni. She imagined he was
calling his mistress; and, coming from the
place of her concealment to make the dis-
covery, she made the bushes move; which
Cephalus observing, and taking her for some
447. Evadnen. She was the daughter of
Mars, and wife of Capaneus. Her husband
being slain in battle; while she was per-
forming his funeral rites, she threw herself
on the pile, and was consumed with him.
Laodamia, She was the daughter of Acas-
tus, and wife of Protesilaus, who was, the
first of the Greeks slain in the Trojan war.
When she heard the news of her husband's
death, nothing would satisfy her, but the
sight of his ghost, which the gods granted
to her : she breathed out her soul in the
fond embraces of the phantom. Pasiphaën.
See 34. supra. Eactrema: in the sense of
mortem. Secutam: esse is understood. To
have brought death upon yourself, &c.
448. Coeneus. Caenis, the daughter of
Elatheus, one of the Lapithe. By subject-
ing herself to the embrace of Neptune, she
obtained from him the change of her sex;
and that she should never be wounded by
an arrow. After the change had been ef-
fected, Caeneus distinguished himself in the
wars against the Centaurs, and became so
much elated with pride, that he despised the
§§§ Abeast of prey, slew her with a javelin, Eri-
Q5 tº *". e *
* * * *phylen. She was the wife of Amphiaraus,
the prophet of Argos. Foreseeing that he
should die if he went to the Theban war
against Eteocles, he sought to conceal him-
self; but was discovered by his wife, who
was bribed by Polynices, the brother of
Eteocles, with a golden necklace. He was
forced to the war, and perished by an earth-
quake as he was fighting valiantly. ... His
son Alcmaeon revenged his death by killing
Eriphyle, his mother. -
gods themselves. Whereupon, they deter-
mined he should return to his former sex,
that is, become a woman again. Hence,
revoluta fato : changed by fate.
453. Primo mense: in the first of her
monthly course—soon after her change.
when her light is feeble. -
462. Senta: in the sense of sparsa vol
plena. A metaphor taken from lands in a
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
373
Imperiis egére suis : nec credere quivi,
Hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem.
Siste gradum, teque aspectu ne subtrahe nostro.
Quem fugis 7 extremum fato quod te alloquor hoc est.
Talibus AEneas ardentem et torva tuentem
Lenibat dictis animum, lachrymasque ciebat.
Illa solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat:
Nec magis incepto vultum sermone movetur,
Quàm si dura silex, aut stet Marpesia cautes.
465
466. Hoc est extre-
mum tempus permissuu.
fato, quod ºff. te.
Talibus dictis AEneas
lenibat ejus. animum ar-
470 dentem, et tuentem tor-
V8,
Tandem corripuit sese, atque inimica refugit
In nemus umbriferum ; conjux ubi pristinus illi
Respondet curis, aequatoue Sichaeus amorem.
Nec minus AEneas casu percussus iniquo,
475
Prosequitur lachrymans longé, et miseratur euntem.”
Inde datum molitur iter.
Jamgue arva tenebant
Ultima, quae bello clari secreta frequentant.
Hic illi occurrit Tydeus, hic inclytus armis
Parthenopaeus, et Adrasti pallentis imago.
478. Quge secreta virt
clari bello frequentant.
480
Hic multum fleti ad superos, belloque caduci
Dardanidae: quos ille omnes longo ordine cernens,
Ingemuit: Glaucumque, Medontaque, Thersilochumque,
Tres Antenoridas: Cererique sacrum Polyboeten,
Idaeumque, etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem.
Circumstant animae dextrá lacváque frequentes.
Nec vidisse semel satis est: juvat usque morari,
485
487. Nec satis est iss
vidisse eum semel:
NOTES.
state of neglect—covered with weeds and
filthiness.
463. Quivi : in the sense of polwi.
466. Quod. If he could read quo, in the
abl. the passage would be easier. Ruaeus
takes it in that sense: quo lecum loquor, says
he. -
467. Talibus dictis JEneas : in such words
Æneas was soothing her soul, &c. Torva :
, an adj. of the neu. plu. of torvus, taken as
an adverb in imitation of the Greeks, the
same as torvé.
469. Aversa: turned from him. Ruabus
says, inſensa ; but that idea is expressed by
inimica, infra. .
470. JMovelur vultum : moved with regard
to her countenance: a Grecism. This in-
-erview of Æneas and Dido, is in imitation
of the Odyssey, where the poet brings Ulys-
ses and Ajax together in the infernal regions.
The conduct of Dido is copied from that of
Ajax. Longinus observes that the silence
of Ajax is more sublime than any words
could have been.
471. Marpesia; an adj. from Marpesus, a
mountain on the island of Paros, one of the
Cyclades, famous for its white marble.
472. Inimica: hating—detesting him.
475. Iniquo casu ; in the sense of acerba
morte. Mec minus ; nevertheless.
477. Molilur: in the sense of prosequilur.
479. Tydeus. Tydeus was one of those
generals who commanded at the Theban
war, about thirty years before the siege of
Troy. He was the father of the famous
Diomede, and was slain by Menalippus the
Theban, at the siege of Thebes. Partheno-
poeus was the son of Meleager and Atalanta.
He went to the Theban war when very
young. It is said he afterward died at the
siege of Troy. Adrasti. Adrastus was
father-in-law both to Tydeus and Polynices.
Having lost a numerous army before Thebes,
he was forced to raise the siege of that city,
and retreat precipitately to his own country.
His ghost, or shade, is called pale, because
paleness is a companion of flight and fear.
481. Superos : those above—the upper
world—the living. JMulliam: in the sense of
valdé. -
483. Glaucum. Glaucus was the son of
Hippolochus, and grandscn of the famous
Bellerophon. He, with Sarpedon, command-
ed the Lycian troops in the Trojan war.
Thersilochus. He was of Macedonia, in the
confines of Thrace. He was slain by Achil-
les. Thes .Antenoridas: the three sons of
Antenor. Homer calls them, Polybus, Age-
nor, and Acamus. Idaeum. He was the
charioteer of Priam.
484. Sacrum: in the sense of sacerdotem.
Homer makes no mention of Polyboetes
among the Trojans. He mentions him
among the Greeks, under the name cf Po.
lypaetes, the son of Pirithoils .
374
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et conferre gradum, et veniendi discere causas. . . .
At Danaúm proceres, Agamemnoniaeque phalanges,
Ut vidēre virum, fulgentiaque arma per umbras,
491. Caperunt trepi- Ingenti trepidare metu : pars vertere terga, .
quondam petière rates: pars tollere vocem
Exiguam : inceptus clamor frustratur hiantes.
Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto
495. Lacerum crude- Deiphobum widit, lacerum crudeliter ora;
liter quoad ora, ora, am- Ora, manusque ambas,
dare ingenti metu: pars Ceu
capit vertere.
basque manus,
que populata
490
49b
populataque tempora raptis
* Auribus, et truncas inhonesto vulnere nares.
Wix aded agnovit pavitantem, et dira tegentem
Supplicia: et notis compellat vocibus ultrö : &
Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto à Sanguine Teucri,
501. Quis optavit su- Quis tam crudeles optavit sumere poenas'
Cui tantum de te licuit'. Mihi fama supremä
Nocte tulit, fessum vastá te caede Pelasgúm
Procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum.
Tunc egomet tumulum Rhoeteo in litore inanem
Constitui, et magná Manes ter voce vocavi.
Nomen et arma locum servant.
mere de te tam crudeles
poenas? Cui licuit su-
mere tantum supplicii
de te?
508. Et decedens po-
nere te sepultum patriá
terrá
501
50b
Te, amice, nequivi
509. Priamides air. Conspicere, et patrià decedens ponere terrá.
Nihil, 6 amice, relictum Ad quae Priamides: Nihil 6 tibi, amice, relictum est.
est
511. Haec vulnera tan-
quam monumenta ejus
amoris
Omnia Deiphobo solvisti, et funeris umbris:
Sed me fata mea et scelus exitiale Lacaenae -
His mersere malis : illa haec monumenta reliquit.
510
513. Namque nosti, Namgue, it supremam falsa inter guadia noctem
ut egerimus Egerimus, nósti';
et nimium meminisse necesse est:
*
* NOTES.
488. Conferre gradum : to meet him—to
come in close conference with him: a phrase.
Usque: in the sense of diu.
489. Phalanges: in the sense of turmoe.
492. Cew quondam, &c. The account of
the fight to which the poet here alludes, is
given, Iliad 15. The Trojans under Hector
drove the Greeks, forced their entrench-
ments, pursued them to their ships, and set
them on fire. -
493. Clamor inceptus : the cry begun,
frustrates them, gaping and opening their
throats. They were so terrified at the sight
of AEneas, as to be unable to finish the
scream which they had begun. It perished
in their throats. Rugeus takes frustraturin
the sense of fallit.
495. Deiphobum. Deiphobus was the son
of Priam, and married Helen after the death
of Paris. What is here said of his being
cruelly mangled, is agreeable to the account
given by Dictys Cretensis. He was slain by
Menelaus. This representation of Deipho-
bus’ mangled shade or ghost, is according
to the philosophy of Plato, who taught that
the dead retain the same marks and blemish-
es it, their bodies, which they had when,
alive. 4.
496. Populata in the sense of privata
vel spoliata. Raptis: in the sense of sects
When the concluding word of a preceding
line is repeated in the beginning of the fol-
lowing line, the figure is called anadiplosis.
It is usually emphatical, as in the present
instance. Trumcas: cut—gashed.
499. Supplicia : in the sense of vulnera
vel plagas. JNotis : familiar. Or it may
have reference to their speaking the same
language. This is the sense in which Ru-
aeus takes it : cognita voce, says he. -
500. Genus: offspring. It is placed in
apposition with Deiphobe. -
504. Confuse stragis : of mingled car-
Ca,SeS,
507. JWomen et arma: by commutatio, for
locus servat nomen, et arma: the place pre-
serves your name and arms. . .
509. Ad qua. Rugeus, and some others
read atque hāc. Heyne and Valpy read, ad
quae. Heinsius and Burmannus read, wal
qua haec. - x,
510. Funeris : the corpse, or dead body
itself. - -
511. Lacenſe: of Helen—of the Lacedº-
monian. . . - -
512. Illa reliquit. she hath left those scars
and wounds, which you see, as monuments
of her love. .
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
375
Cúm fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit
515
Pergama, et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo.
Illa chorum simulans, evantes orgia circum
Ducebat Phrygias: flammam media ipsa tenebat
Ingentem, et summâ Danaos ex arce vocabat.
Tum me confectum curis, somnoque gravatum
518. Ducebat Phar-
gias foeminas, evantes
520 circum orgia
Infelix habuit thalamus, pressitaue jacentem
Dulcis et alta quies, placidaeque simillima morti.
Egregia interea conjux arma omnia tectis s
Emovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem.
Intra tecta vocat Menelaum, et limina pāndit.
Scilicetid magnum sperans fore munus amanti,
Et famam exstingui veterum sic posse-malorum.
Quid moror 7 irrumpunt thalamo; comes additur una
Hortator scelerum AEolides. Di, talia Grajis st
Instaurate; pið si poenas ore reposco.
Sed te qui vivum casus, age, fare vicissim,
Attulerint: pelagine Venis erroribus actus 7
An monitu Divām 7 an quae te fortuna fatigat,
525
526. Sperans id fore
magnum munus amanti,
et famam
~
530
-- 532. Venis-ne huc ac-
tus erroribus
Ut tristes siné sole domos, loca turbida, adires 7
Håc vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis
535
}
}
NOTES.
515. Cúm fatalis, &c. See AEn. ii. 234.
st sequens. -
517. Evantes: shouting in praise of Bac-
chus. The word is of Greek derivation;
and is applied to the bacchanals, or devotees
of the god Bacchus. Evantes orgia: ea more
orgiorum, says Heyne. -
519. Vocabat. Helen made signals from
the walls to the Greeks, that all things were
ready for the assault. Her leading the
Phrygian women around the city, as if in
honor of Bacchus, the giver of joy, on ac-
count of the departure of their enemies,
was mere pretence—mere deception to cover
her plans.
521. Infelia: ; unhappy; because he was
slain in it, and thereby prevented from join-
ing his comrades in arms, and avenging
their falling country. Pressit. His sleep
was so sound, that it seemed to press him
down like a great weight, lying upon him.
523. Egregia conjua : precious wife. This
is spoken ironically. The meaning is, odi-
ows—abominable.
524. Subduaterat ; and had withdrawn
my faithful sword from my head. It was a
custom among the warriors to lay their
swords under their heads when they slept.
525. Pocat JMenelaum : she called Mene-
laus into the house, &c. After the death of
Paris, Helen married Deiphobus, his brother.
It is said she endeavored to be reconciled to
her first husband, by aiding the Grecian
arms. , Here she calls to him, and opens the
door. That Deiphobus might fall an easy
prey, she had previously removed all the
arms from the house, and his sword from
under his head. What befell Helen after
the capture of Troy is not certain. Some
say she returned to Sparta, and passed her
days with Menelaus; and was buried with
him in the same tomb. Others say, after his
death, being banished from Sparta, she fled
to Rhodes, where she died. Homer informs
us, Odys. iv. 277, that Helen went three
times round the wooden horse, calling each
of the Greeks by name. To this the poet
alludes, 517. Supra.
526. Amanti: to her husband—viz. Me-
nelaus. JMunus : favor—gift.
527. Et famam; and that the infamy of
her former crimes might in this way be blot-
ted out. Famam: in the sense of wrfamiam.
529. AEolides. This is a reproachful name
given to Ulysses. It insinuates that he was
not the son of Laërtes, but of Sisyphus, the
son of AEolus, with whom his mother Anti
clea is said to have been familiar.
530. Instaurate: in the sense of reddite.
532. Erroribus : dangers. Davidson ren-
ders it casualties.
533. Quae fortuna; what (adverse) fortune
forces or impels you, that, &c.
534. Turbida: in the sense of obscura, vel
tenebrosa.
535. Hác vice sermonum: during the course
(or change) of conversation, the sun in his
rosy chariot had now passed, &c. By Au-
rora, here, we are undoubtedly to under-
stand the sun. Quadrigus : properly, a cha-
riot drawn by four horses. , Ruãºus thinks
the middle of the day is here meant by
medium azem; and not the middle of the
376
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Jam medium aethereo cursu trajecerat axem,
537. Per talia cullo- Et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus;
Vuia
Sed comes admonuit, breviterque affata Sibylla est'
Nox ruit, Ænea ;
Hic locus est, partes ubi se via findit in ambas.
nos flendo ducinus horas.
540
541. Dextera est via, Dextera, quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit:
quae tendit
542. Håc via est iter
nobis ad Elysium : ât
lieva pars exercet
Håc iter Elysium nobis: at lava malorum
Exercet poenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit.
Deiphobus contrå : Ne savi, magna sacerdos:
Discedam; explebo numerum, reddargue tenebris.
545
I decus, i, nostrum: melioribus utere fatis.
Tantum effatus, et in verbo vestigia torsit.
Respicit AEneas subitó; et sub rupe sinistrá
, Moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro :
Quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis
Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetgue sonantia saxa.
ingens, solidoque adamante columnae :
Wis ut nulla virim, non ipsi exscindere ferro
Coelicolae valeant.
Tisiphoneque sedens, pallá succincta cruentā,
552. Est porta adversa Porta adversa,
553. Ut nulla vis vi-
rüm valet, non
557. Gemitus coºpe-
runt exaudiri hinc
550
Stat ferrea turris ad auras:
555
558. Tum stridor fer- Westibulum insomnis servat noctesque diesque.
ri, tractaeque
coºperunt eacudiri
560. O virgo, inquit,
effare, quae facies scele-
rum sunt illic
catenae Hinc exaudirigemitus, et Saºva Sonare
Verbera : tum stridor ferri, tractaeque catenae.
Constitit AEneas, strepitumque exterritus hausit :
Quae scelerum facies, Ó virgo, effare, quibusve
560
Urgentur poenis' quistantus plangor ad auras"
NOTES.
night, as Servius, and most interpreters sup-
pose. The time appointed for performing
the preliminary rites, and visiting the infer-
mal regions, here called tempus datum, was
a day and two nights, as we learn from Plu-
tarch's treatise concerning the genius of So-
crates. Now Hºneas had passed the whole
of the first night in offering the prescribed
sacrifices, verse 255. He commenced his
descent the next morning about sunrise.
.Medium aarem must therefore mean the me-
ridian, which the sun had passed, and was
hastening to the western horizon. The in-
tervening time AEneas may be supposed to
have passed in going through so many
apartments. The remaining part of the
day and following night, he visits his father,
and the Elysian fields; and returns the fol-
lowing morning to his companions.
537. Fors: in the sense of fortasse.
542. Laeva eacercet, &c. The meaning of
this passage is, that they had now arrived
at the place where the way separated into
two: the right led to the city of Pluto, and
the left ed to the place where the impious
are punished. Tendit : in the sense of du-
cit. JMittit, also, in the sense of ducit.
545. Discedam; explebo numerum, &c.
The meaning of this line has not been set-
tled by commentators. There are three opi-
nions which seem to prevail. 1. Discedam
et implebo numerum turbº, ea qua discessi wi
te alloquerer: I will depart, and fill up the
number of the multitude which I left, that
I might converse with you. This is the
opinion of Heyne and Davidson. Accord-
ing to Plato's motion of transmigration, the
souls of the deceased passed a certain num-
ber of years in purification, before they as-
sumed other bodies; therefore, 2d. Disce-
dam, impleturus numerum annorum purga-
tionis, quae fit in his tenebris : I will depart
to fill up the number of the years of puri-
fication, which is done in this darkness. 3.
Discedam; modo, sine wt earpleam numerum,
et periodum orationis mea, quam incept ; I
will depart; only let me fill up the number
and period of the discourse which I have
begun. Only let me finish what I have be-
gun to say. This last Ruasus prefers.
546. I decus, i, nostrum : pass on, pass on
thou glory of our nation: experience fates
more propitious. The repetition of the I is
emphatical. -
549. JMaenia : in the sense of urben.
551. Phlegethon : the name of one of the
five rivers of hell: from a Greek word sig-
nifying, to burn, or to be on fire.
558. Verbera : scourges—lashes.
Jerri : a grating, or din of iron.
559. Hausit strepitum ; he heard the tu-
mult—confused noise.
560. Facies : forms—kinds.
561. Crgentur : in the sense of crucian-
Stridor
y
ÆNEIS. LL.B. VI.
377
Tum vates sic orsa loqui : Dux inclyte Teucrüm,
Nulli fas casto sceleratum insistere limen:
Sed, me cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis,
gº poenas docuit, perque omnia duxitx
563. Fas est nulli casto
insistere
565
nossius haec Rhadamanthus habet durissima regna,
Castigatoue, auditºlue dolos: subigitgue fateri,
Quae quis apud superos, furto lastatus inani,
Distulit in Seram commissa piacula mortem.
Continué sontes ultrix accincta flagello
Tisiphone quatit insultans; torvosque sinistrá
Intentans angues, vocat agnmina saeva sororum...”
Tum demum horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae
Panduntur portae. Cerhis, custodia qualis
Westibulo sedeat? facies quae limina servet 72.
Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydrā ,”
Saevior intus habet sedem. Tum Tartarus ipse
Bis patet in praeceps tantùm, tenditGue sub umbras,
Quantus ad athereum coeli suspectus Olympum.
Hic genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes,
Fulmine dejecti, fundo volwuntur in imo.
Hic et Aloidas geminos, immania widi
Corpora ;
567. Subig tºue eos
fateri quae piacula com
missa apud superos,
quis distulit
5' 0
571. Tisiphone ultrix.
accinta flagello, quatly
sontes insultans; sinis-
traque mani.
574. Sibylla inquit :
575 cernis-ne . º -
577. Saevior Hydr
immanis quinquaginta
atris hiatibus
579. Quantus est
580
qui mãnibus magnum rescindere coelum
Aggressi, superisque Jovem detrudere regnis.
Vidi et crudeles dantem Salmonea poenas,
58b
Dum flammas Jovis et somitus imitatur Olympi.
Quatuor hic invectus equis, et lampada quassans,
NOTES.
tur. Plangor : shrieking—outcry. The verb
surgit, is understood.
568. Apud superos : with the living—in
the upper world. Furto: privacy—conceal-
ment. Inani: vain or unprofitable, because
however great the privacy might have been,
in which crimes were committed : they
were, nevertheless, all known to the gods.
Ruteus says, vana simulatione.
569. Piacula : in the sense of crimina, vel
scelera. .
571. Quatit : strikes. Verberat, says Ru-
BellS, •
572. Saeva agmina sororum. The furies
were reckoned three in number. Their
names are Tisiphone, Jºllecto, and JMegara.
They may be called agnina, bands or troops,
on account of their complicated rage; or
these may be only the principal ones, and
might have others under their command.
Intentans: shaking or brandishing.
573. Sacrae : in the sense of sceleratae.
576. Hiatibus : mouths. *
579. Suspectus: height—distance. AEthe-
rewm Olympum : the ethereal vault of hea-
ven—the highest pinnacle—the seat of the
ods. - .
580. Titania pubes: the giants, the sons
of Titan and Terra. They attempted to
scale heaven, and dethrone Jupiter; but he
crushed thern with his thunder. Their ob
ject, in the attempt, was to restore their fa-
ther to his throne, from which he had been
driven by Jupiter. Volvuntur: in the sense
of premuntur.
582. Aloidas. These were the giants Otwes
and Ephialtes, the sons of Neptune by Iphi-
media, the wife of Aloëws. Homer makes
them nine cubits broad, and nine ells high,
in the Linth year of their age. Odyss. xi.
304. -
585. Salmonea ; a Greek acc. of Salmo-
neus. He was the son of AEolus, a king of
Elis. He made a bridge of brass, over which
he drove his chariot, boasting that by the
rattling of his wheels, and the prancing of
his horses, he imitated the thunder of Jove;
who was highly honored at Elis. At the
same time, to counterfeit his lightning, he
hurled flaming torches at his subjects, and
ordered every one to be put to death, at
whom he threw his torch. He was struck
by the thunderbolt of Jove, for his impi
ety and cruelty. Poenas. Poena proper.
ly signifies a recompense or satisfaction
Hence the phrase dare poenam vel poenas,
to be punished—-that is, to make retribution
or satisfaction.
586. Flammas : lightning. Sonitus ; thun
der. -
&
378
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Per Graiſim populos, mediaeque per Elidis urbem
Ibat ovans, Div(\mdue sibi poscebat honorem:
Demens! qui nimbos, et non imitabile fulmen
590
AEre et cornipedum cursu simularet equorum.
592 Ille Jupiter non At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum
contorsit faces, nec lumi-
na fumea 2 taedis,
Salmoneus fecit
Contorsit (non ille faces, nec fumea taedis
Lumina) praecipitemque immani turbine adegit,
Nec non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum,
b95
596. Licitum orat cer-Cernere erat: per tota novem cui jugera corpus
mere Tityon -
Porrigitur; rostroque immanis vultur obunco
Immortale jecur tundens, foccundaque poenis
Viscera, rimaturque epulis, habitatoue sub alto
Pectore : nec fibris requies datur ulla rematis.
600
Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona, Piritholimgue 2
Quos super atra silex jamjam lapsura, cadentique
Imminet assimilis. Lucent genialibus altis
604. Epula parate Aurea fulcra toris, epulaeque ante ora paratae
sunt ante eorum ora, cum Regifico luxu : Furiarum maxima juxtà
605
Accubat, et manibus prohibet contingere mensas;
Exsurgitaue facem attollens, atque intomat ore.
608. He sunt illi, qui- Hic, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat,
bus fratres erant invisi
Pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti;
Aut qui divitiis soli incubuère repertis,
610
Nec partem posuere suis ; quae maxima turba est
Quique ob adulterium caesi ; quique arma secuti
NOTES.
588. Urbem mediae Elidis. For median
urbem Elidis ; through the middle of the
city of Elis. Heyne observes that some co-
pies read mediam, which is the easier.
590. JWimbos : storms—tempests.
591. Simularet. This is the reading of
Heyne. Most copies have simulárat, the plu.
perf. of the ind.
592 Telum : thunderbolt.
595. Tilyon. Tityus was the son of Ju-
piter and Elara, the daughter of Orchome-
nus. When Jupiter found her with child,
he shut her rºo in the earth for fear of Juno;
where Tºxºs issuing forth in a gigantic
form, was thought to be the son of the
earth. Virgil, therefore, calls him alumnus,
&c.; the foster-child of all-bearing earth. He
was slain by Apollo for offering violence to
Latona. He was punished by a huge vul-
ture, that continually preyed upon his liver
and vitals; which, as they were devoured,
always grew afresh. Hence immortalejecur:
his immortal liver; because it never was
consumed. Rimatur epulis : rummages them
for his meal. , Renalis: springing up anew.
596. Cui: in the sense of cujus. }
598. Tundens : beating—tearing. This is
the common reading. But Heyne reads
‘ondens. Foecunda poemis: fertile in punish-
ment. This is said, because as soon as any
part was torn away, and consumed by the
vulture, its place was immediately supplied.
His punishment would therefore be perpe-
tual. g *
601. Lapithas : the Lapithae were a peo-
ple of Thessaly of dissolute manners. Iai-
ona. Ixion, the son of Phlegyas, was their
king. He was admitted to an intimacy with
Jupiter, which he forfeited by designing an
intimacy with Juno. Jupiter knowing his
purpose, substituted a cloud for the god-
dess; and was content at first only to re-
move him from heaven; but finding that
he boasted of having been honored with
Juno’s bed, he hurled him down to Tarta-
rus, and ordered Mercury to bind him to
a wheel, hung round with serpents, which
he was doomed to turn without any inter-
mission. Pirithoiſm. He was the son of
Ixion. See 122, supra.
609. Pulsus-ve parens: the crime of par
ricide is so horrid and unnatural, that he
passes it by, not supposing any of the hu-
man race could be guilty of it. He puts
the case only of one who had beaten a pa-
rent. Fraus inneaca clienti : fraud practised
upon a client. The claim of the client to
the faith and protection of his patron was
considered sacred among the Romans; like
that of a child to the protection of the pa-
rent. Among the laws of the twelve tables
it is said: “if any patron shall defraud his
client, let him be accursed.” -
611. JWee partem : nor have distributed a
part to their own. Arma; in the sense of bella
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
379
Impla; nec verit dominorum fallere dextras;
Inclusi poenam expectant. Ne quære doceri
Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. .
Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum
Sedet, aeternümque sedebit
Districti pendent.
614 614. Hi omnes inclusi
hie expectant -
615. Quam poenam
pendent, aut quae forma
Infelix Theseus: Phlegyasque miserrimus omnes
Admonet, et magná testatur voce per umbras: ~
Discite justitiãm moniti, et non temnere Divos.,
620
Vendidit hic auro patriam, dominumque potentem
Imposuit: fixit leges pretio atque refixit.
Hic thalamum inväsit-natae, vetitosque hymenaeos.
Ausi omnes immane nefas, ausoque potiti.
Non, mihi si lingua centum sint, oraque centum,
Ferrea vox, omnes scelerum compréndere formas,
Omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.
Haec ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva Sacerdos.;
624. Hi omnes ausi
625 sunt immane nefas, et
potiti sunt auso
626. Non possim com-
prèndere omnes formas
Sed jam age, carpe viam, et susceptum perfice munus:
Acceleremus, ait.
V
613. Fallere deactras dominorum: to vio-
late the faith of their masters—pledged to
their masters. Deactra: in the sense of fides.
615. Forma—fortuna. By forma, Servius
understands the form or rule of justice: and
by fortuna, Dr. Trapp understands the sen-
tence of the judge. What punishment they
undergo, or in what form or state of misery
they are overwhelmed or involved. This
is plainly the meaning of the passage.—
Heyne says, Quae forma paºnae, quod-ve mise-
ride genus mersit, vel manet viros.
616. Ingens saacum. This refers to the
case of Sisyphus, the son of Æolus, a moto-
rious robber.
compelled to roll a great stone to the top
of a hill; which, before he reached the top,
returned to the bottom again. Thus his
labor became perpetual. Districti radiis :
bound to the spokes of wheels, they hang.
This alludes to the case of Iacion. See 601,
Supra. -
617. AEternism sedebit. This may be ex-
plained by referring it to the shade or ghost
of Theseus after death: for he was set at
liberty by Hercules, after he had been bound
by Pluto, and returned to the intercourse of
men. See 122, supra. -
618. I’hlegyas. He was the father of Iz-
ion, and king of the Lapitha. His daugh-
ter Coronis, being ravished by Apollo, in re-
venge for the injury, he burnt his temple;
for which he was thrust down to Tartarus.
He is represented as calling aloud to the
shades, and admonishing all to take warning
by him, not to despise the gods, nor commit
acts of impiety.
620. JMoniti discite justitiam : ye being
admonished by my example, learn justice.
º Cyclopum educta caminis w
Moenia conspicio, atque adverso fornice portas,
Haec ubi nos praecepta jubent deponere dona.
He was sentenced to hell, and
630 ,
632. Ubi Di jubentnos
NOTEs.
This is the great moral of all those infernal
punishments, that the example of them might
deter from vice, and stimulate to virtue.
JMoniti meo eacemplo, says Heyme.
622. Fiacit leges : he made and unmado
laws for a price. This is said in reference
to the Roman custom of engraving their
laws upon tables of brass, and firing them
up in public places, to the view of the peo-
ple; and when those laws were abrogated
or repealed, they were 'said to be refigu, to
be unfixed, on taken down. Hymenteos : in
the sense of nuptias.
624. Potiti awso: accomplished their bold
undertaking. Dr. Trapp thinks auso may
be used for praemio usi, they now have their
reward, by way of sarcasm. But the sense
commonly given is easier, and contains this
moral, that however successful men arc in
wickedness, they are not the less odious
to God, and will hereafter receive their due
reward.
629. Perfice susceptum munus: finish the
undertaken offering. This refers to the
golden bough, which Æneas promised to
deposit in the palace of Proserpine.
630. Cyclopum. The Cyclops were the
first inhabitants of Sicily. To them is at
tributed the invention of forging iron, and
of fortifying cities. The expression here
denotes that these walls were made of iron,
and strongly fortified. Edweta ; drawn out,
or wrought in the forges of the Cyclops.
See Geor. i. 471.
631. Portas fornice adverso: the gates,
with their arch, directly opposite to us, or in
front of us. . . . .
632. Haec praecepta dona: these command
380 P. VIRGILII
MARONIS
Dixerat: et pariter gress, per opaca viarum,
Corripiunt spatium medium, foribusque propinquant
Occupat Æneas aditum, corpusque recenti -
638
Spargit aquà, ramumque adverso in limine figit.
His demum exactis, perfecto munere Divae,
Devenère locos lastos, et amoena wireta
Fortunatorum memorum, sedesque beatas:
Largior hic campos aether, et lumine vestit
Purpureo : solemgue suum, sua sidera nórunt,”
Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,
641 Incolae nôrunt
640
Contendunt ludo, et fulvă luctantur arenå : -
Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas, et carmina dicunt.
Necnon Threicius longá cum veste sacerdos
Obloquitur numeris Septem discrimina vocum:
645
Jamgue eadem digitis, jam pectine pulsat eburno.
648. Hic estantiquum Hic genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles,
genus
Magnanimi heroës, nati melioribus annis :
Ilusque, Assaracusque, et Trojae Dardanus auctor.
650
Arma procul, currusque virtim miratur inanes.
Stant terrá defixae hastae, passimdue soluti
Per campos pascuntur equi.
Armorumque fuit vivis; quae cura nitentes
655. Eadem cura se- Pascere equos; eadem sequitur tellure repôstos.
Quae gratia currām
655
quitur eos repôstos tel- Conspicit ecce alios dextrà lavāque per herbam
lure.
Vescentes, laetumque choro paeana canentes,
NOTEs.
ed gifts. This refers to the golden bough,
which was sacred to Proserpine, and which
AEneas was directed to deliver to her. Ru-
aeus says, munera decerpta ea arbore. -
633. Opaca viarum ; the dark places o
the way, or simply, the dark way. Spatia
vel loca may be understood.
634. Spatium : ground—way.
636. Spargit corpus: he sprinkles his body
with fresh water; either because he was
polluted by the sight of Tartarus, or because
he presented an offering to Proserpine. Spar-
git aquà, &c. In the entrance of the heathen
temples, aqua lustralis, or holy water, was
placed, to sprinkle the devout on their en-
trance. This custom of sprinkling with holy
water in the Roman church, La Cerda ad-
mits was borrowed from this practice of the
heathen.
637. Diva: ; Proserpine. Perfecto: finish-
ed—presented to her.
638. Devenère: they came to.
639. Fortunatorum: in the sense of feli-
eium. Amºena viriditate herbarum arborum-
que, says Rugeus.
640. Vestit: in the sense of circumdat.
641. Purpureo : clear—resplendent.
642. Palaestris: in the sense of locis. Pa-
lastra, both the place of exercise, and the
exercise itself.
644. Dicunt: in the sense of canunt.
645. Threicius sacerdos : the Thracian
poet warbles the seven distinctions of sound
(the seven different notes) in music. Or
pheus is here represented clothed in a long
robe, that being anciently the garb both of a
priest and musician; in which character he
is here represented. g
646. Septem, &c. Allusion is here had to
the harp or lyre, which at first had only
seven chords or strings. Two were after-
wards added to make the number nine, in
honor of the muses. Pectine. The pecten,
or plectrum, was a kind of instrument which
the musician struck the strings of the harp
or lyre with, called. a quill.
647. Eadem. Markland conjectures this
should be changed to fidem, the strings or
chords of the lyre. The present reading"re-
fers to discrimina. The same (discrimina)
he at one time strikes with his fingers, at
another, &c. gº
650. Ilusque.
see Geor. iii. 35.
653. Gratia: in the sense of amor. Pº-
vis: iis is understood : in the sense of dum
tlli viazerunt.
657. Paeana. Paean was a sacred hymn
or song of praise. It was sometimes sun
in honor of Mars, especially before battle.
It was sung in honor of Apollo, after a vic-
tory; and it was sometimes sung in hono
of all the gods. It is derived from a Greek
word, signifying to wound or pierce. It was
first sung in honor of Apollo after he killed
the Python. Inter; simply, for in. -
For the genealogy of these,
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
381
Inter odoratum lauri nemus: unde superné
Plurimus Eridani per sylvam volvitur amnis. -
Hic manus, ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi' 660 660. Hic est manus
Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat:
Quique pii vates, et Phoebo digna locuti:
Inventas aut qui vitam excoluére per artes'
Quique sui memores alios fecáre merendo
Omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vittä.
Quos circumfusos sic est affata, Sibylla,
eorum, qui passi sunt
vulnera pugnando
661. Quique fuerant
casti
662. Fuerant piivates,
665 et locuti
Musaeum ante omnes: medium nam plurima turba
Hunc habet, atque humeris exstantem suspicit altis :
Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime vates;
Quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus' illius ergo
Venimus, et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnes.
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros:
Nulli certa domus : lucis habitamus opacis,
Riparumque toros, et prata recentia rivis
Incolimus : sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas,
Hoc superate jugum, et facili jam tramite sistam.
Dixit : et ante tulit gressum, camposque nitentes
Desuper ostentat: dehinc summa cacumina linquunt.
At pater Anchises penitàs convalle virenti
Inclusas animas, superumque ad lumen ituras,
670
672. Paucus verbis
673. Est certa domus
nulli nostrum.
677. Tulit gressum
675 ante eos
679. Pater Anchises
lustrabat amiſmas peni-
tūs inclusas in virenti
convalle, iturasque ad
superum lumen, recolens
680 eas studio -
NOTES.
658. Unde superné. Interpreters are not
agreed as to the meaning of this passage.
Some make it to be this : unde magna pars
Eridani é : precipital ad inferos. This
interpretation is founded on what we are told
by Pliny, that the Po, soon after its rise,
passes under ground and flows out again in
a part of Piedmont. Others: unde magnus
Eridanus fluit ad superiores incolas terrae.
This seems to be the opinion of Ruabus. This
appears to be founded upon the general re-
ceived opinion that the great source of rivers
is in the body of the earth. Mr. Davidson
differs from both of these interpretations.
He takes supermè in its common accepta-
‘tion, denoting from an eminence or rising
ground. Unde: whence (that is, from the
Elysian fields,) from an eminence, or rising
ground, the great river Eridanus rolls or
flows. This is the easiest and most natural
meaning. * .
662. Quique pii vates. Vates signifies
either a poet or a prophet. Poets were ori-
ginally the only persons who taught a know-
ledge of the divine nature, and declared the
sublime doctrines of religion. Locuti digna
Phoebo ; and spoke things worthy of Phoebus;
such doctrines of religion and morality as
were worthy of the inspiration of that God.
663. Eaccoluère : improved human life.
664. Quique fecere alios : and those who
had made others mindful of them by their
merit. These included all patriots and pub-
lic spirited men—all who had distinguished
themselves in the arts and sciences, and all
the benefactors of mankind.
665. His omnibus: the dat. In the sense
of the gen. horum omnium.
666. Circumfusos : in the sense of circum
stantes.
667. JMusaeum. Musæus was the disciple
of Orpheus. He was an Athenian by birth,
and flourished under Cecrops the second, a
considerable time before the destruction of
Troy. He was an heroic poet. There are
said to be some fragments of verses which
go under his name, but probably they are
the production of a later poet. Some have
censured Virgil for preferring Museus to
Homer as a poet. But it is to be remem-
bered that Homer did not live till some time
after this descent of AEneas, and therefore
to have mentioned him, would have been
wholly out of place. -
668. Eastantem : rising above the rest by
his head and lofty shoulders. Suspicit: in
the sense of admiratur. Eneas is under-
stood.
670. Ergo illius : on account of him we
have come. Ergo is here used in the sense
of causá. -
674. Toros riparum: Ruabus says, herbosas
ripas. Recentia rivis: verdant or green on
account of its streams or rivers. Virentia
propter vicinas aquas, says Heyne. Fert: in-
clines you.
676. Jugum: in the sense of collem.
678. Antë tulit gressum; he (Musæus,
went before them; a phrase.
'680. Superum lumen : the upper world—
the regions of light. Here is an allusion to
.382 P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Lustrabat studio recolens: omnemoue suorum
Forté recensebat numerum, charosque nepotes,
- Fataque, fortunasque virtum, moresque, manusque.
684. Vidit ºnean ten- Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina widit
tºº.” Aºnean; alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 688
686. Lachrymeeffuse Effuseque genis lachrymae, et vox excidit ore :
sunt genis Venisti tandem, tuaque spectata parenti
688. Tuaque pietas Vicit iter durum pietas' datur ora tueri,
spectata mihi parenti Nate, tua; et notas audire et reddere voces!
vicit durum Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum, 690
Tempora dinumerans: nec me mea cura fefellit.
692. Per quas terras, Quas ego te terras, et quanta per aequora vectum,
: º .." Accipio quantis jactatum, nate, periclis.
p “ Quam metai, ne quid Libya, tibi regnanocerent! .
\ . Ille autem: Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago 695
Saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit.
Stant sale Tyrrheno classes. Da jungere dextram,
Da genitor: teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro.
*__* Sic memorans, largo fletu simul ora rigabat.
700. Collo patris Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum; 700
Ter frustrà comprènsa manus effugit imago,
Par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somnozº
Interea videt AEneas in valle reductà
Seclusum nemus, et virgulta sonantia sylvis,
Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui praenatat, amnem. 705.
Hunc circum innumerae gentes populique volabant.
Ac veluti in pratis, ubi apes aestate serenå.
Floribus insidunt variis, et candida circum
Lilia funduntur: strepit omnis murmure campus.
Horrescit visu subito, causasque requirit
710
Inscius AEneas: quae sint ea flumina porrö,
$. Quive viri tanto complérint agnine ripas.
Tum pater Anchises : Animae, quibus altera fato
- NOTEs.
the doctrine of transmigration, maintained
by Pythagoras and his followers.
683. JManus: achievements—noble deeds.
Tendentem: in the sense of venientem ad se.
687. Spectata. This is the reading of
Heyne, and is easier than earpectata, which is
the common reading. Ruseus seems to ap-
prove of it, although he has expectata.
Doctissimi legunt spectata, id est, cognita,
perspecta, probata, says he.
688. Datur: in the sense of permittitur.
JMihi is understood.
690. Sic equidem ducebam : indeed I was
concluding in my mind, and thinking it
would be so; computing and reckoning the
time for you to arrive. The ghost of An-
chises had directed AEneas to repair to the
regions below. See lib. v. 731.
693. Accipio; in the sense of audio.
697. Tyrrheno sale. That part of the
Mediterranean lying to the south of Italy,
and having Sicily on the east and Sardinia.
and Corsica on the west, was called the
Tuscan sea. Sale: in the sense of mari, by
meton.
699. Largo fletu: in the sense of multis
lachrymis.
700. Circumdare: they are separated by
tmesis for the sake of the verse. Conatus
sum, &c.
704. Seclusum: in the sense of separatum.
Virgulia sonantia sylvis. Heyne takes these
words in the sense of virgulla sylvarum so:
mantia; and this again for sylvae sonantes.
Sonantia: sounding—rustling with the wind.
705. Praenatat ; in the sense of praeter-
jluit.
709. Funduntur: in the sense of volant.
713. Anima, quibus: the souls, for which
other bodies are destined by fate, drink,
&c. There were some who were exempt
from transmigration. Such were those, who,
for their exalted virtue, had been admitted
into the society of the gods. Among this
number was Anchises. What Æneas here
converses with under the appearance of his
a'
* {
383
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
Corpora debentur, Lethael ad fluminis undam
Securos latices et longa oblivia potant.
Has equidem memorare tibi, atque ostendere corâm,
Jampridem hanc prolem cupio enumerare meorum :
Quà magis Italiá mecum laetere repertà.
O pater, anne aliquas ad coelum hinc ire putandum est
Sublimes animas? iterumque ad tarda reverti 720
'715
716. Equidem jarnpri-
dem cupio memorare ti-
bi, atque ostendere has
animas corām, et enume
rare hanc prolem meo-
rum; quo
Corpora º quae lucis miseris tam dira cupido'
Dicam equidem, nec te suspensum, nate, tenebo ;
Suscipit Anchises, atque ordine singula pandit.
Principio coelum, ac terras, camposque liquentes,
Lucentemque globum Lunae, Titaniaque astra
725
Spiritus intus alit; totamgue infusa per artus
Mens agitat molem, et magnose corpore miscet.
Inde hominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantùm,
Et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aquore pontus.
Igneus est ollis vigor, et coelestis origo
Seminibus; quantúm non noxia corpora tardant,
Terrenique hebetant artus, moribundaque membra.
728. Unde oriiur ge-
nus hominum
729. Et monstra, quae
pontus fert
re, cy
732. Terrenique artus,
Hinc metuunt cupiuntºue, dolent gaudentaue: neque au- moribundaque, membra
Respiciunt, clausae tenebris et carcere caeco.
Quin et supremo cum lumine vita reliquit;
Non tamen omne malum miseris, nec funditus omnes
Corporeae excedunt pestes; penitàsque necesse est
Multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris.
Ergö exercentur poenis, veterumque malorum
non hebetant illum vigo-
Treº.
733. Hinc animae me-
tuunt
738. Multa viiia diu
concreta penitàs inoles-
cere its
[ras
735
NOTES.
father, was only his image, his Idolum or
Simulacrum, which the poets feigned to re-
side in the infernal regions, while the soul
was in heaven among the gods. Latices se-
curos : draughts expelling care—producing
a peaceful and quiet mind.
719. Coelum : this means here the upper
, world—the regions of light: ad superas aw-
ras—ad vitam. -
720. Sublimes: in the sense of illustres.
I,ucis : in the sense of vitae.
724. Principio spiritus: in the first place
a spirit within supports the heaven, &c.
Here Anchises explains to Æneas the system
Jr economy of the world, on the principles
of the Pythagorean, and Platonic philosophy.
The same is explained in other words, Geor.
iv. 221, et seq. The doctrine here inculca-
ted is, that God is intimately united with
every part of the universe, and that his spirit
sustains the whole, the heavens, the earth,
and the starry lamps; that a mind, or intel-
ligence, diffused through every part of mat-
ter, actuates and gives life and motion to
the whole. And from this active principle
sprang the various kinds of animals. Li-
quentes campos: elegantly put for the sea,
or watery element.
725. Titania astra. By these we are to
understand the sun and stars, since they all
equally shine by their own light. , Titania:
**
an adj. from Titan, a name given to the sun,
of Greek origin. Also, the son of Coelus
and Vesta, and the father of the Titans.
These were all distinguished astronomers,
as we are told by Diodorus and Pausanias,
pecially Hyperion. This might lead the
poets to feign them transformed into the bo
dies of the sun and stars after their death.
726. Agitat ; in the sense of movet. Ar-
tus : in the sense of omnes partes. *
728. Polantum : in the sense of avium.
730. Ollis : for illis, by antithesis.
731. JN on tardant : do not clog it.
733. Hinc metwwnt. The passions are
generally ranked under these four heads:
fear and grief; joy and desire. The two
first have for their object present or future
evil; the two last, present or future good.
•Auras: In the sense of coelum.
735. Quin et cum: but when life hath left
them, even in the last glimmering light, &c.
737. Pestes : stains—pollutions.
738. Diu concreta: a long time habitual.
Ruãeus says, conglutinata. JMala is under-
stood in the sense of pestes, as above. Inoles-
cere: in the sense of adhaerescere.
739. Ergö exercentur poenis. These pu-
nishments were of three kinds, according to
the nature of the stains with which the soul
was infected. Those, whose stains or pol.
384
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Supplicia expendunt.
Alie panduntur inanes 740
Suspensae ad ventos: aliis sub gurgite vasto
Infectum eluitur scelus, aut exuritur igni.
Quisque suospatimur Manes.
Exinde per amplum
Mittimur Elysium, et pauci laeta arva tenemus:
Donec longa dies, perfecto temporis Orbe,
'746
Concretam exemit labem, purumque reliquit
748. Deus evocatom- AEthereum sensum, atque aurai simplicis ignem.
nes has animas
Has omnes, ubi mille rotam volvére per annos,
NOTES.
lutions were the slightest, were suspended
and exposed to the winds; others were
washed away; others again, whose pollu-
tions were of the deepest dye, were burnt in
the fire. The elements, air, water, and fire,
are of a purifying nature, and have been
figuratively used by all writers as emblems
of moral purification.
740. Earpendunt: suffer—undergo.
mes : in the sense of leves.
743. Quisque patimur: we all suffer every
one his own JManes. This passage hath
very much perplexed commentators. It is
not certain in what sense we are to take
JManes. The ghosts, or Manes of the dead,
were supposed to haunt and disturb the liv-
ing, from whom they had received any great
injury. Hence the word JManes may signify
the fiends, furies, or tormenting demons of
the lower world. According to Plato, every
person at his birth hath assigned him a ge-
mium or demon, that guards him through
life, and after death accompanies him to the
shades below, and becomes a minister of
purification. By JManes we may understand
these Platonic demons. Some understand
by JManes the stings and fierce .
of a guilty conscience. These every offen
er carries about with him, and by these
means becomes his own tormentor. Pati-
mur JManes is the same with palimur suppli-
cium per JManes. The above is the usual
acceptation of the words. In the present
instance Heyne differs from the current of
interpreters. He confesses it a perplexed
and intricate passage, and conjectures it was
left in an unfinished state by the poet. That
part of the dead which the ancients called
JManes they placed in the infernal regions,
while the umbra remained upon earth and
the soul ascended to heaven. He takes
Quisque suos patimur Manes, in the sense of
nostrum omnium JManes patiumtur : vel, ista
supplicia patienda omnibus Manibus. His
ordo of construction is: nos JManes patimur
quisque quoad suos. According to the no-
tion of Plato and others, all must undergo
purification before they could be admitted
to Elysium, to the lata arva. Now as the
JManes alone descended to the shades below,
they alone could suffer: Hi sunt, qui pur-
gantur: qui patiuntur: quº subeunt illas
Ina-
purgationes, pro sua cujusque parte.
is the substance of his reasoning.
745. Donec longa dies, &c. It is the ge-
neral opinion of commentators that the ordo
is here inverted, and that this line should
immediately follow Quisque swos patimer
JManes; and that eacinde, &c. should follow
after auraï simplicis ignem. This is the only
way in which the common meaning of donee
can be retained: we suffer every one his
own Manes, till length of time, the period
of time being completed, hath taken away
the inherent stains, and left the ethereal
sense pure, &c. them, after that, we are sent:
eacinde mittimur, &c. Ruteus takes donec in
the sense of quando, and it is the only sense
it will bear in the present ordo of construc-
tion. Eacinde, &c.; then we are sent—
when length of time, &c.
746. Labem. The poet hath found no less
than five different words to express the stains
or pollutions of sin: malum, corporeſe pestes,
vetera mala, infectum seclus, and labes. Con-
cretam: inherent—contracted—habitual.
747. Ignem simplicis aurai. By this we
are to understand the soul. The Platonists
supposed the soul to be of a fiery quality
This may have led the poet to call it em-
phatically the fire, or flame of simple bright-
ness. Simplicis: simple—uncorrupted—un
compounded. Aurai : for aurae. Nouns of
this declension sometimes formed the gen.
sing. in aż. -
748. Has omnes. The meaning is, that
after these animae, or souls, had passed a
This
thousand years in Elysium, the god calls
them to the river Lethe, where, by drinking
copiously of its water, . might forget the
happiness of those peaceful abodes, and be
prepared and willing to return again to life,
and to visit this upper world. This notion
of the transmigration of souls, as little as it
is founded in truth, was generally received
among the ancients. There were some ex-
ceptions to this transmigration. Those who
had been admitted into the society of the
gods, such as deified heroes, were exempt-
ed. Their anima or soul resided in heaven,
while their Idolum, vel simulachrum, always
remained in Elysium, to enjoy its pleasures
and delights. So we are to understand
of Anchises. His Idolum conversed with
g
AENEIS. LIB VI
385
Letha-um ad fluvium Deus evocat agnmine magno .
Scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant,
Rursils et incipiant in corpora velle reverti.
Dixerat Anchises: natumque, unaque Sibyllam,
750 750. Scilicetut imme-
mores praeteritorum revi-.
Sant
Conventus trahit in medios, türbamoue sonantem.
Et tumulum capit, unde omnes longo ordine possit
Adversos legere, et venientäm discere vultus. -
Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur
Gloria, qui maneant Italá de gente nepotes,
Illustres animas, nostrumque in nomen ituras,
Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo.
Ille, vides, pură juvenis quinititur hastā,
Proxima sorte tenet lucis loca; primus ad auras
AEthereas Italo commixtus sanguine surget,
Sylvius, Albanum nomen, tua postuma proles:
Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux
Educet sylvis regem, regumque parentem:
Unde genus Longá nostrum dominabitur Albă.
Proximus ille, Procas, Trojanae gloria gentis;
Et Capys, et Numitor; et, quite nomine reddet,
Sylvius AEneas; pariter pietate vel armis .
Egregius, si unquam regnandam acceperit Albam.
'755
756. Nung age, expe-
diam dictis, quae gloria
deinde sequatur Darda-
niam prolem, qui ne-
potes maneant te *
760 Itala gente
760. Ille juvenis, ...t
mititur
763. Dictus Sylvius.
764. Quem serum con
765 jux Lavinia in sylvis
educet tibi longaevo fu
turum regem
767. Ille proximus en
768. Deinde sunt et
Capys, et Numitor; et
770 Sylvius AEneas, qui
Qui juvenes quantas ostentant, aspice, vires!
At, qui umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu -
Hi tibi Nomentum, et Gabios, urbemgue Fidenam;
772. Hi imponent No-
mentum
NOTES.
AEneas, while his anima enjoyed the converse
of the gods. Rotam volvére: in the sense of
traduaterunt tempus. It
from the rolling or turning of a wheel.
749. Deus. Some take the god here
mentioned to be Mercury. But Heyne thinks
deus is here used indefinitely for any day-
mon or genium, in allusion to the motions
of Plato, which the poet here hath in his
view. Perhaps it is better to suppose that
each shade is called by its own special daº-
rion to the waters of Lethe, to prepare for a
return to life. This makes the sense easier,
and is in perfect accordance with the prin-
ciples of that philosophy, here inculcated
and explaimed.
750. Supera conveaca : in the sense of su-
peras antras; or simply, vitam.
753, Sonantem: in the sense of strepentem.
755. Legere : in the sense of recensere, vel
cognoscere. - -
. 163. Sylvius. Dionysius Halicarnassus
informs us that Lavinia, at the death of
Aºngas, was pregnant, and for fear of As-
oumius fled into the woods to a Tuscan
shepherd, where she was delivered of a son,
whom, from that circumstance, she called
Sylvius. But Ascanius, moved with com-
passion toward her, named him his succes-
sor in the kingdom of Alba Longa. From
him, the kings of Alba took the common
name of Sylvii. Livy, however, makes him
It is a metaphor taken
the son of Ascanius. In order to make the
historian and the poet agree, some would
understand by longaevo, in the following
line, advanced to the gods, immortal, relying
upon AEschylus, who calls the gods longaevi.
Postuma proles. The meaning of postuma
here will, in a good degree, depend upon the
Jense given to longevo. If it be taken as
abovementioned, to denote one advanced to
the liſe of the gods, then postuma proles will
mean posthumous child, one born aſter the
death of the father. But if we take longave
in its ordinary acceptation, to denote an old
man, or one advanced in age, then postuma
must be taken in the sense of postrema: last
—your last child, whom late your wife La-
vinia brought to you advanced in age.
765. Educet : in the sense of pariet.
767. Proarimus. Not the one who should
succeed Sylvius in the throne of Alba, for
Procas was the thirteenth king; but the
one who stood next to him in the Elysian
fields.
772. At, qui gerunt : but who bear their
temples shaded with the civic crown. This
was made of oak, because the fruit of that
tree supported man at the first. It was con
ferred upon the man who had saved the life
of a Roman citizen in battle. Quercu : the
oak; by meton. the crown made of it.
773. Hi JNomentum: these shall found
Nomentum, &c. This was a towº ºf the
Sabines, situated upon the river &ta, about
26
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces, .
Pometios, Castrumque Inui, Bolamgue, Coramique. 775
Haec tum nomina erunt, nunc sunt siné nomine terrae.
Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet
Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater
Educet.
Widen’ ut geminae stant vertice cristae,
Et pater ipse suo Superúm jam signat honore ?
780
En hujus, nate, auspiciis illa inclyta Roma
Imperium terris, animos acquabit Olympo,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces,
Felix prole virim: ſqualis Berecynthia mater
Invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes,
78.3
- • Laeta Deûm partu, centum complexa nepotes,
787. Omnes tecentes Omnes coelicolas, omnes supera alta tellentes,
supera et alta loca
789. Hic est Caesar, et Romanosque tuos.
Progenies, magnum coeli ventura sub axem.
Hic vir, hic est, tibi quem promitti sãepiùs audis,
Augustus Caesar, Divi genus; aurea condet
omnis
791. Quem saepius
audis promittitibi, nempe
Huc geminas huc flecte acies: hanc aspice gentem,
Hic Caesar, et omnis Iüli .
790
Saecula qui rursus Latio, regnata per arva
Saturno quondam : super et Garamantas et Indos
NOTES.
twelve miles from Rome, on the east. Gabić.
a town about ten miles from Rome, also to-
ward the east. Fidena : a town situated on
the Tyber, about five miles north of Rome.
'Collatiae : a town not far from Fidena, to the
east. Pometia, or Pometii: a town of the
Volsci, situate to the north of the Pomptinae
paludes. Castrum Inui: a maritime town
of the Rutuli. It was dedicated to that god
whom the Greeks called Pan, but the Latins
called Inwus or Incubus. Bolte vel Bola : a
town of the JEquinear Praneste, to the east.
Cora : a town of the Volsci not far frong
Pometia, to the north. These towns were
not all in Latium, properly so called, as the
poet would insinuate. They were built after
their respective people were incorporated
among the Romans, and their lands made a
part of the Roman state.
774. Imponent: in the sense of condent.
Collatinas arces: the town or city Collatiae.
777. Comitem avo. Comes here is an as-
sistant or helper. Numitor, the son of Pro-
cas, was driven from his throne by his bro-
ther Amulius. Romulus being informed of
this, collected a company of men, joined the
party of Numitor, and restored him to his
throne. Romulus was the reputed son of
JMars and Ilia, the daughter of Numitor,
who was therefore his grandfather. JMavor-
tius : an adj. from JMavors, a name of Mars,
agreeing with Romulus, who is said to have
been the son of that god.
779. Educet : in the sense of pariet.
780. Pater Superim ; Jupiter, who is
styled the father of the gods, and king of
men. Some understand JMars, the father of
*Romulus. -
781. Auspiciis; conduct—government.
782. Animos: courage—valor.
783. Unaque circumdabit : and it alone
shall surround for itself seven hills.
784. Berecynthia mater ; as the Berecyn-
thian mother, crowned with turrets, is wafted
in her car, &c. Cybele is here meant, who
was said to be the mother of most of the
gods. Hence lasta Deûm partu : rejoicing
in a race or progeny of gods. The epithet
Berecynthia is added to her from Berecyn-
thium, a castle of Phrygia, on the river Sa-
garis, or from a mountain of that name,
where she was worshipped in a distinguish-
ed manner. Cybele is often put, by meton.
for the earth; for which reason she is repre-
sented as wearing a turreted crown. Prole
virim : in a race of heroes.
788. Gentem: race—progeny.
792. Genus Divis the offspring of a god.
This the poet says to flatter the vanity of
Augustus, who, from the time that he dei-
fied Julius Caesar, his father by adoption, as-
sumed the title of the son of a god, filius
Divi, as appears from ancient inscriptions.
Or his divine descent might be traced from
Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan race,
the reputed son of Jove. Some copies have
Diviſm. Heyne reads Divi. Aurea soccula
condet : who again shall establish the golden
age in Latium, through the country, &c.
See Ecl. iv. 6.
793. Augustus. This is the first time that
Virgil called his prince Augustus. This
title was decreed to him by the senate, in the
year of Rome 727. -
,
AENEIS. LIB. VI.
Proferet imperium: jacet extra sidera tellus,
795
Extra anni solisque vias, ubi coelifer Atlas
Axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum.
Hujus in adventu jam nunc et Caspia regna
Responsis horrent Divām; et Maeotica tellus,
Et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nili,’
Nec veró Alcides tantum telluris obivit;
800
Fixerit aeripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi
Pacărit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit arcu.
Nec, qui pampineis victor jug a flectit habenis
Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigres.
Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis 7
Aut metus Ausonià prohibet consistere terrá 7
Quis procul ille autem, ramis insignis olivae,
Sacra ferens ! nosco crimes incanaque menta
804. Nec Liber obiouſ
805 tantum telluris, qui vic-
tor flectit juga pampi-
neis habenis, agens
808. Autem quis eat
ille procul, insignis ra-
ITQIS
NOTES.
795. Proferet imperium super : he shall
extend his empire over, &c. The Gara-
mantes were a people inhabiting the interior
of Africa. Indos. Suetonius informs us that
the kings of India, properly so called, being
moved at the fame of Augustus, sought his
friendship. But it is well known that he
did not extend his empire over them. Most
probably the people here mentioned under
the name of Indos were the AEthiopians, or
some nation of Africa. Besides, any coun-
try lying in a hot climate, or within the
tropics, was anciently called India, and its
inhabitants Indi, as might be shown by
abundant testimony.
795. Tellus jacet : their land lies, &c. Si-
dera, here, does not mean the stars and con-
stellations in general ; but the particular
signs of the zodiac, as appears from the fol-
lowing words: eactra vias annui solis. This
description agrees very well to Africa, which
extends beyond the tropic of Cancer to the
north, and, also, beyond the tropic of Capri-
corn to the south.
797. Azem : by synec. for coelum.
798. Caspia regna. By this we are to un-
derstand the kingdoms bordering upon the
Caspian sea. To the north were the Sar-
matians and Scythians; to the south, the
Parthians; to the west, the Arminians.
This sea has no visible outlet or communi-
cation with any other waters. It is said to
be about 630 miles long, and 260 broad.
The Wolga, the largest river in Europe,
empties into it. JMaeotica tellus. By this we
are to understand the northern nations of
Europe, bordering on the Palus JMarotis, or
sea of Azoff, on the north of the Euxine,
or black sea.
sponses of the gods.
800. Trepida ostia: the astonished mouths
of the seven-fold Nile are troubled. Tur-
bant has, in this place, the signification of
turbantur, vel trºpidant. Ruteus says, com-
Horrent : tremble at the re-
moventur. The Nile is the largest river of
Africa, and falls into the Mediterranean sea
by seven mouths. It annually overflows its
banks, and occasions the fertility of Egypt.
The Egyptians worshipped it as a divinity.
801. Alcides : a name of Hercules, from
.Alcaeus, his grandfather. He is sometimes
called Amphitryoniades, from Amphitryon,
the husband of Alcmene, of whom Jupiter be-
gat him. He travelled over many parts of
the world, performing feats of valor. He
was in the Argonautic expedition. In Egypt
he slew Busiris; in Spain, Geryon; in Si-
cily, Erya: ; in Thrace, Diomede ; in Africa
he destroyed the gardens of the Hesperides.
The poet here mentions three instances of
his valor: 1. His piercing the brazen-footed
hind. Fiverit (eripeden, &c. This hind in-
habited the mountain JMaenalus, in Arcadia.
Servius, in order to reconcile Virgil with
mythology, takes fiverit, in the sense o
statuerit, stopped, out-run, took, &c. becauso
being sacred to Diana, it would have been.
impious to put her to death. Heyne takes
.fia:erit in the sense of ceperit. 2. His sub-
duing the groves of Erymanthus: pacárit
memora ; that is, subdued the wild boar that
infested them. He took him alive, and car
ried him to Eurystheus, king of JMycena.
3. His making Lerna tremble with his bow .
Lernam tremefecerit; that is, the fens of
Lerna, between Argos and JMycenae, where
|be slew the Hydra with fifty heads.
804. Juga : the yoke, by meton. for the
carriage. The car of Bacchus was drawn
by tigers.
805. JNysae. There were several moun
tains by this name, all sacred to Bacchus,
.Agens tigres: driving the tigers from, &c.
Tigers are said to be transported with fury
at the sound of tabrets and drums; which.
perhaps, is the reason of their being given
to Bacchus, the god of fury and enthusiastic
rage.
388
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
812. Cui deinde Tul- Missus in imperium magnum.
lus subibit, qui rumpet Otia qui rumpet patriae, residesque movebit
otia patriae,
Regis Romani; primus qui legibus urbem 810
Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terrá -
Cui deinde submbit,
* Tullus in arma viros, et jam desueta triumphis ... --
Quem juxtà sequitur jactantior Ancus, 815
Agmina.
Nunc quoque jam nimium gaudens popularibus auris.
817. Vis-ne videre et Wis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam
Tarquinios
Ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos ?
Consulis imperium hic primus, saevasque secures
NOTES.
810. Romani regis. The person here
spoken of is JNuma Pompilius, the second
king of Rome. He was a Sabine by birth.
After the death of Romulus, a dispute arose
between the Romans and Sabines upon the
choice of his successor. They finally agreed
that the Romans should choose, but the
choice must fall upon a Sabine. It accord-
ingly fell upon Numa. He proved to be a
peaceful monarch. He is, therefore, here
represented as bearing an olive branch, the
badge of peace. He reigned forty-three
years, and died at the age of eighty. This
justifies the incana menta; his white chim
—beard. The prep. in, in composition,
sometimes changes the signification of the
primitive, at others, increases it. This last
is the case here. Hitherto the Romans
had been little better than a band of robbers,
associated together for the purpose of ex-
tending their rapine more widely. It was
Numa's first care to establish the influence
of religion over the minds of his subjects,
and to enact a code of laws for their civil
government. He is therefore represented
bearing sacred utensils. See nom. prop.
under JWuma. Hence it is said, fundabit wr-
bem legibus : he shall found the city by laws.
811. Curibus : Cures was a small city of
the Sabines. Paupere terra : from a poor
or humble estate.
814. Tullus.
king of the Romans. He was a descend-
ant neither of Numa, nor Romulus. The go-
vernment of Rome was then an elective mo-
narchy, though great deference was paid to
the will of the last king, and sometimes it
º much influenced the choice. Tullus
broke the peace with the Albans, and a bloody
war ensued. Piros resides movebit et agnina:
he shall rouse his inactive men to arms, and
his troops long unaccustomed to triumphs.
Otia: in the sense of pacem,
815. Ancus. This was Ancus Martius,
the fourth king of Rome. He courted the
favor of the people: hence it is said of him,
awdens popularibus auris. Nor was he in-
erior to his predecessor in the arts of peace
and war. He was the grandson of Numa
by his daughter. Being indignant that Tul-
us should possess the throne in preference
Tullus Hostilius, the third
to himself, he sought means to procure his
death, and that of his family. No mention
is here made of Servius Tullius, the sixth
king of Rome. -
816. Auris ; aura, applause—favor.
818. Ultoris Bruti. Tarquin, surnamed
the proud, the seventh and last king of
Rome, had rendered himself odious to the
people. His son Seatus, enamored with the
beautiful Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus,
offered violence to her. Unable to survive
the disgrace, she killed herself with her own
hand. This caused a general sensation.
Brutus, a leading member of the Senate,
roused that body to assert their rights
against the tyrant, and procured a decree
to banish Tarquin and his family for ever.
For this reason, he is called ultor, the aven-
ger. . The government was changed from
regal, to consular; and Brutus and Collati-
nus were chosen the first consuls. These
officers were chosen annually. Fasces recep-
tos : these words may mean, the authority
and power recovered, and restored to the
people, from whom they had been taken by
usurpation and tyranny. Heyne says, re-
giam dignitalem, et imperium translatum &
regibus in consules. This is also the opinion
of Dr. Trapp. But this is going too far.
It is better to understand it of the power
recovered and restored to the people, from
whom it had been taken. In confirmation
of this, history informs us, that the consuls
were obliged to bow their fasces to the as-
sembly of the people, as an acknowledg-
ment that the 'sovereign power was theirs.
Fascis : properly, a bundle of rods bound
together with an axe in the middle, carried
before the consuls and chief magistrates, to
denote that they had the power to scourge
and to put to death—the rods to scourge,
and the axe (securis) to put to death. Hence
by meton. it came to signify the power itself,
—the ensigns of authority and royalty—
also power and authority in general. Se-
curis is properly an axe. But being used as
an instrument of executing the sentence of
the law against offenders, it came to signify
the sentence itself. And as the sentence of
the law is to be considered just, it is taken
also for justice in a general sense. Saivas
AENEIS.
389
LIB. Vl
Accipiet; natosque pater, nova bella moventes,
Ad poenam pulchrā pro libertate vocabit
820 820. Inſelix pater vo
cabit natos, moventes
Inſelix. Utcunque ferent ea facta minores,
Vincet amor patriae, laudumque immensa cupido.
Quin Decios, Drusosque procul, saevumque securi
Aspice Torquatum, et referentem signa Camillum.
Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis,
Concordes animae nunc, et dum nocte premuntur,
Heu ! quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae
Attigerint, quantas acies stragemgue ciebunt!
Aggeribus socer Alpinis, atque arce Monoeci
825
826. Autem illae ºng-
mae, quas cernis fulgere
in paribus armis concor
des nunc, et dum pre-
muntur nocte, heu !
830
Descendens; gener adversis instructus Eois.
Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella:
Neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires.
Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo
Projice tela manu, sanguis meus !
Ille triumphatá Capitolia ad alta Corintho
835 835. Tu qui es meus
sanguls
NOTES.
secures: rigid, stern, or impartial justice—
the sword of justice. Perhaps the poet here
alludes to the sentence passed upon the sons
of Brutus, for being among the number of
conspirators to restore the Tarquins, which
was rigidly enforced by their father. They
were beheaded with the awe.
820. JVatos. The two sons of Brutus, Ti-
tus and Tiberius, conspired with other noble
youths of Rome, to recall Tarquin. But
being discovered, their father commanded
them to be put to death; and stood by, and
saw the sentence put in execution. The
epithet infelic, connected with pater, is very
just, as well as expressive. Some copies
connect infelic with utcunque minores. How-
ever posterity shall regard that action, love"
of country will prevail and justify the father.
824, Decios aspice: but see the Decii, &c.
They were a noble family at Röme.
of them devoted their lives for their coun-
try. Drusos: Drusus was the surname of
the Livian family, from Drusus, a general
of the Gauls, slain by one of that family.
Of this family was Livia Drusilla, the wife
of Augustus. -
825. Torquatum. Titus Manlius, sur-
named Torquatus, from a golden chain or
collar (torques) which he took from a gene-
ral of the Gauls, whom he slew, anno wrbis,
393. It became afterward the common name
of the family. He was three times consul,
and as often dictator. He ordered his son
to be slain for fighting the enemy against
his order, although he gained the victory.
In allusion to this, he is called savum securi.
Camillum : a Roman of noble birth. He
was banished from Rome for envy of his
talents and military renown. While he was
in-exile, the Gauls made, an incursion into
Italy, and took Rome. This roused Ca-
unillus. He forgot the injury done to him;
and, collecting a body of men, fell upon
Three
them unawares, and cut them in pieces. He
was five times dictator, and four times he
triumphed.
828. Heu º quantum : alas! how great a
war, &c. Here is an allusion to the civil
war between Caesar and Pompey. Pompey
married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. The
troops that composed the army of Caesar
(socer, the father-in-law) were chiefly Gauls
and Germans from the west. Hence he is
said to come from the Alpine hills, and the
tower of JMonaecus. This was a town and
port on the coast of Liguria, where the Alps
begin to rise. The place was well fortified.
The troops of Pompey (gener, the son-in-
law,) were from the eastern part of the em-
pire, adversis Eois : from the opposite east.
Populis vel militibus is understood.
832. JN'e assuescite tanta bella animis : by
commutatio, for me assuescite animos tantis
bellis.
833. New patria. This verse, in a very
remarkable manner, conveys to the ear the
sound of tearing and rending, which it is
designed to express. -
835. JMeus sanguis. Julius Caesar is here
meant, who, according to Virgil, descended
from Venus, through Iülus, the son of Æne-
as. The poet here very artfully expresses
his abhorrence of the civil war which placed
the Caesars on the imperial throne; but he
does it so artfully as leaves to Augustus no
‘room for taking offence.
836. Corintho triumphatá: Corinth being
triumphed over. This was a famous city of
Greece, situated on the isthmus which con
nects \he Peloponnesus with the main land.
This city privately formed an alliance with
the principal Grecian states; when gave
offence to the Romans. Upon this, they
sent ambassadors to dissolve this alliance
or council of the states, as it was called;
who were treated with violence and abuse.
*
390
b'. VIRGILII MARONIS
Victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis.
Eruet ille Argos, Agamemnoniasque Mycenas,
Ipsumque AEaciden, genus armipotentis Achillei;
Ultus avos Trojae, templa et temerata Minervae.
840
Quis te, magne Cato, tacitum ; autte, Cosse, relinquatº
842. Quis relinquat
genus Gracchi tacitum 2
5 Ult
Quis Gracchi genus 7 aut geminos, duo fulmina belli,
Scipiadas, cladem Libyae 2 parvogue potentem
Fabricium ? vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem 7
NOTEs.
Rome instantly declared war, which ended
in the destruction of Corinth, and the sub-
jugation of its allies. This was completed
by the consul Mummius, in the year of Rome
609. Ille victor. This refers to Mummius.
He was honored by a triumph. Capitolia :
neu. plu. a famous temple of Jupiter at
Rome, commenced by Tarquinius Priscus
upon the hill called Tarpeius, but afterward
Capitolinus, from the circumstance of a hu-
man head (caput) being found when they
were laying the foundation of that edifice.
Hitherto the victors used to be drawn in a
car to place their laurels in the lap of Jove.
838. Ille eruet Argos: he shall overthrow
Argos, &c. Virgil is here supposed by Hy-
gºnus to confound two events which took
place at different periods—the war of Acha-
ta, which ended in the destruction of Co-
r. nth, and the war with Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus. The former was conducted by the
consul JMummius, to whom the ille, in the
preceding line, refers; but it is not certain
to whom the ille here refers; whether to
Quinctius Flaminius, Paulus JEmilius, Ca:-
cilius JMetellus, or JM. Curius, each of whom
acted a distinguished part in the war with
Greece and Epirus. By .4rgos—JMycenſe,
the best interpreters understand the power
of Greece in general. And by AEaciden,
not Pyrrhus, but the power—the govern-
ment of Epirus. This was not destroyed
during the reign of that monarch. It was,
aowever, completed in the reign of Perses
or Perseus, king of Macedonia, the last of
ne descendants of Achilles, whom Paulus
JEmilius led in triumph. He may be called
AEacides, as being descended from Achilles,
me grandson of JEacus, by Olympias, the
viaughter of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. He
united the interests of northern Greece.
840. Ullus avos Troje: having avenged
his ancestors of Troy, Témerata templa:
the violated temple of Minerva. This al-
ludes to the violence offered to it by Diomede
and Ulysses, in taking away the Palladium.
841. Cato. There were two distinguish-
ed persons of this name. The one here
spoken of is the Cato Major, sometimes call-
ed Cato Censorius, from his great gravity
and strictness in the censorship. He lived
to a very great age. He sprang from an
obscure family; and, on account of his wis-
dom and prudence, was called Cato, from
catus, wise or prudent. The other Cato
was his great grandson, and called JMinor.
He arrived at the praetorship. He subju-
gated Sardinia; and, in the year of Rome
560, obtained a triumph in Spain, where he
acted as proconsul. He took part against
Caesar, and, when he saw the republic was
lost, slew himself. Cosse: Cornelius Cossus.
He slew the king of the Veientes, and con-
secrated his spoils to Jupiter Feretrius.
These were the second spolia opima, since
the building of Rome. He was afterward
nominated dictator, and triumphed over the
Volsci. w
842. Genus Gracchi. Tiberius Sempro-
nius Gracchus was the most distinguished
of his family. He was appointed praetor,
and triumphed over the Celtiberi in Spain,
destroying three hundred of their towns, in
the year of Rome 576. He was twice con-
sul, and once censor. He married Cornelia,
the daughter of Scipio Africanus. By her,
among other children, he had the two fa-
mous brothers Tiberius and Caius. They
were both appointed tribunes of the people at
different times, and were the sincere advo-
cates of their rights. This excited the jealousy
of the senate, who raised a tumult, in which
they both perished. The former in the year
of Rome 621, and the latter in the year 633.
843. Scipiadas. There were two Scipios,
Cornelius Scipio major, and Cornelius Sci-
pio minor. They were both surnamed Af.
ricanus. The latter was grandson of the
former, and was adopted by Paulus JEmi-
lius, and to distinguish him from the former,
he was called also AEmilianus. They were
both distinguished men. At the age of
twenty-four, Scipio JMajor was appointed to
command in Spain against the Carthagi-
nians, whom he expelled from that country.
He was afterward, anno urbis 549, made
consul. He passed over into Africa, where
he defeated them again, and terminated the
second Punic war, much to the advantage
of the Romans. He obtained a triumph,
anno urbis 553. Hence he was called Afri-
canus. Scipio JMinor was appointed consul
in 607. He took the department of Africa
in the third Punic war, and entirely erased
Carthage. He triumphed in 608. Hence
also called Africanus. Duo fulmina belli:
two thunderbolts of war. They were so
called by Lucretius and Cicero.
# - AENEIS.
LIB. VI. 391
Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii ?
(Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera,
Tu Maximus ille es,
Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.
845. 845. º,408 rapi-
tis me fessum?
Credo equidem : vivos ducent de marmore vultus;
Orabunt causas meliùs; coelique meatus
Describent radio, et surgentia sidera dicent:
850
Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento :
Hae tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem,
Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos.
Sic pater Anchises : atque haec mirantibus addit:
Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis
Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnos.
Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu,
Sistet eques: sternet Poenos, Gallumque rebellem ;
Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.
Atque hic AEneas; ună namdue ire widebat
854. Pater Anchises
divit: atque .
857. Hic eques sistet
855 Romanam rem, magno
tumultu turbante eam
860. Hic AEneas ait :
O pater quis est ille, qui
sic comitatur virum
euntem 2 namdue vide-
860 bat *...
NOTES.
844. Fabricium. Fabricius was raised
from a low estate to the command of the
Roman army. The Samnites and Pyrrhus
both attempted to corrupt him with money;
but he gave them to understand that Rome
was not ambitious of gold, but gloried in
commanding those who possessed it. He
was twice consul, and twice he triumphed.
Serrane : Quinctius Cincinnatus. He was
twice dictator. At the age of eighty he was
taken from his farm of four acres only,
which he ploughed and sowed with his own
hand. Whence he is called Serranus, from.
the verb sero. Florus calls him dictator ab
aratro. :
845. Fabii. These were a noble family
at Rome, of whom Quinlius Fabius was
the most distinguished. In the second Pu-
nic war Annibal reduced the Roman state
to the brink of ruin by two signal victories
obtained over them, one at Trebia, the other
at Trasimenus. In this state of things, Fa-
bius was appointed dictator, and took the
command of the, army against the con-
queror. By delaying to give him battle,
by degrees he broke his power and com-
pelled him to leave Italy. Cunctando resti-
twis rem: by delaying you restore the state.
He was honored with the surname of JMaari-
mus. He was five times consul, twice dic-
tator, once censor, and twice he triumphed.
846. Rem : the state—the republic. Most
copies have restituis, in the present; some
Testitues, in the future.
847. Alii excudent : others shall form
with more delicacy the animated brass, &c.
The Corinthians were famed for statuary;
the Athenians for eloquence, and the Chal-
deans and Egyptians for astronomy. These
are the arts or sciences here alluded to. The
Romans are advised to neglect them, or
oonsider them of inferior importance to the
art of war, to ruling the nations, and dicta-
ling the conditions of peace. It is well known
that for a long time the Romans paid little
attention to the arts of civilized life; not un-
til they had made themselves masters of
Greece. Pivos : to the life. ACra : statuas
€X bere,
849. JMeatus coeli : nempe, cursus sidcrum.
Radio : the radius was a stick or wand,
used by the geomitricians to mark or de-
scribe their figures in the sand. Dicent.
shall explain—treat of.
852. JMorem : in the sense of legem, vel
conditiones.
855. Marcellus ingreditur : Marcellus
moves along, distinguished by triumphal
spoils, &c. The spolia opima were those
spoils which a Roman general took from the
general of the enemy, whom he had slain
with his own hand on the field of battle.
Such spoils Marcellus won from Viridoma-
rus, the general of the Gauls. Tumultu. By
tumultus here we are to understand a Gallig
war, which broke out and threatened the
peace of Italy. A civil war, or intestine
commotion, was properly called tumultus.
JMajores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod eral
domesticus; twmultum Gallicum, quod eral
Italia finitimus; praeterea nullum tumultum
nominabant, says Cicero. Marcellus was
appointed to the command of the army, and
wishing to attack the Gauls by surprise, or
before they were prepared to receive him,
he left his infantry behind, and proceeded
with his cavalry, or horse, alone, because
they could march with speed. Hence he is
called here eques. Sistet : in the sense of
Jirmabit.
859. Suspendetgue tertia arma. The first
spolia opima were offered to Jupiter Fere-
trius by Romulus, taken from Acron, king
of the Caminenses. The second were offer-
ed by Cornelius Cossus, mentioned 841, su-
pra. The third were taken by Marcellus
from Viridomarus. Tt is not certain who
392
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Egregium formä juvenem, et fulgentibus armis;
Sed frons laeta partim, et dejecto lumina vultu •
Quis, pater, ille virum qui sic comitatur euntem 7
865. Quis, strepitus Filius 7 anne aliquis magná de stirpe nepotum ?
comitum est circa cum ! Quis strepitus circa comitum :
Quantum instar JMaz-
selli est in ipso :
869. Neque sinent eum
esse ultrà.
Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbră.
Tum pater Anchises lachrymis ingressus obortis
Romana O nate, Ingentem luctum me quare tuorum :
quantum instar in ipso est!
866
propago visa essel vobis, Ostendent terris hunc tantùm fata, neque ultra
O Superi, esse nimium Esse sinent.
potens, si
872. Quantos gemitus
virãm ille campus ad
magnam urbem
Nimièm vobis Romana propago
Visa potens, Superi, propria haec si dona fuissent)
Quantos ille virtim magnam Mavortis ad urbem
Campus aget gemitus ! vel quae, Tyberine, videbis
Funera, cum tumulum praeterlabère recentem :
Nec puer Iliacá quisquam de gente Latinos
In tantūm spe tollet avos : mec Romula quondam
870
875
Ullo se tantúm tellus jactabit alumno.
Heu pietas heu prisca fides invictaque bello
879. Non quisquam
obvius tulisset se illi
armato impuné, seu
Dextera ! (non illi quisquam se impunè tulisset
Obvius armato : seu cum pedesiret in hostem,
Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos.)
880
NOTES.
we are to understand by Patri Quirino, to
whom these spoils were to be suspended and
offered. Nascimbaenus explains Quirino by
JMarte, vel bello. He suspends to father
Jove the spoils taken (capta) in battle. Ser-
vius, by Quirino understands Romulus. He
suspends to father Romulus, &c. and pro-
duces a law of Numa which ordered the,
first spolia opima to be offered to Jupiter,
tho second to Mars, and the third to Romu-
lus. But this law regarded those who might
repeat the spolia opima. Ruteus understands
by Patri Quirino, Jupiter Feretrius, in the
same manner as Janus is called Quirinus
by Suetonius; because he presided over
war, and because his temple was built by
Romulus Quirinus. He thinks Jupiter Fc-
retrius may be called Quirinus. Suspendet,
&c.; he shall suspend to father Jove the
third triumphal spoils taken from the ene-
my. Marcellus was of a plebeian family,
and was advanced to the consulship five
times. In his third, he was sent to Sicily,
where he distinguished himself in the de-
feat of Hannibal. He laid siege to Syracuse,
and took it after he had . before it three
years. It was nobly defended by the cele-
brated mathematician Archimedes, who re-
peatedly destroyed the fleet of the assailants
by his machines and burning glasses. It
was at last taken by stratagem, and Archi-
medes slain. -
862. Parºm laeta : in the sense of tristis.
863. Virum: M. Marcellus, the consul.
867. Ingressus: in the sense of coepit.
Obortis : gushing from his eyes. -
869. Fata ostendent: the fates will only
show him to the earth, &c. This is JMarcus
JMarcellus, the son of Caius Marcellus and
Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He de-
signed him for his daughter Julia. When
a boy, he woopted him as a son, and intenu-
ed him for his successor in the empire. He
died about the age of twenty years, at Baias.
His body was carried to Rome, and con-
sumed to ashes in the campus JMarlius. The
Romans were much affected at his loss, and
made great lamentation over him. He was
interred near the banks of the Tiber with
great pomp. Propago; race—stock—off
spring. -
871. Propria: lasting—permanent; that
is, if Marcellus had been permitted to live.
872. Quantos gemitus ille ; how great
groans of men shall that Campus Martius
send forth ! JMavortis, gen. of JMavors, a
name of Mars. Rome was sacred to JMars,
as being the father both of Romulus and
Remus. Age! : in the sense of emittel. Ad
in the sense of prope. .
'876. Tantùm spe. Some read, in tantam
spen : others, in tanta spe. Heyne reads
in tanlúm spe; so also Rubeus. But spe may
be for spei, the gen. (as die is put for diev.
Geor. i. 208.) governed by tantùm. Th.s
last I prefer. .
878. Heu pietas heu prisca fides 1 The
poet here deplores the loss which virtue, in-
tegrity, and valor, sustained in him. Both
Pelleius and Seneca give young Marcellus a
most excellent character.
880. Seu cºm pedes. The meaning is:
whether, as a footman, he should rush against
the foe, or whether he should spur on his
foaming steed to the attack. , - .
881. Armos: in the sense of latera.
y
AENElS. LIB. VI.
398
IIeu, miserande puer! si quâ fata aspera rumpas,
Tu Marcellus-eris.
Manibus date lilia plenis.
Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis
His saltem accumulem donis, et fungar inani
Sic totă passim regione vagantur
Munere.
886
Aéris in campis latis, atque omnia lustrant.
Quæ postguam Anchises natum per singula duxit,
Incenditaue animum famae venientis amore :
Exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda;
Laurentesque docet populos, urbemoue Latini;
888. Per quae singuia.
postguara Anchises dux
890 it natum
Et quo quemdue modo fugiataue feratoue laborem.
Sunt geminae Somni porta : quarum altera fertur
Cornea, quá veris facilis datur exitus umbris:
Altera, candenti perfecta nitens elephanto:
Sed falsa ad coelum mittunt insomnia Manes.
His ubi tum natum Anchises unāque Sibyllam
895 895. Alteranitens per
fecta est & candenti ele-
phanto; sed per hane
Manes mittunt
Prosequitur dictis, portáque emittit eburnâ.
"Ille viam secat ad naves, sociosque revisit.
Tum se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum.
900
Anchora de prorá jacitur : stant litore puppes.
NOTES.
882. Aspera : in the sense of dura, vel
crudelia. Plenis manibus : in full hands.
883. JMarcellus eris. On hearing this line,
is said, Octavia fainted. The encomium
which the poet passes upon this noble youth
s esteemed one of the finest passages of the
AEmeid. Augustus was so much pleased
with it when he heard Virgil read it, that he
ordered a present to be given him of ten ses-
tertia for every line, which is about seventy-
eight pounds sterling.
886. JMunere: Rügeus says qfficio.
887. Latis campis aéris. By this we are
to understand the Elysian fields, so qa.ied ;
quia vacuum, et inanibus umbris habitatum ;
vel quia situm in aéreis pratis, says Rugeus.
Heyne takes the words simply in the sense
of locis caliginosis.
888. Per qua: ; through all which things.
Singula : properly, all taken separately and
singly—all one by one. Venientis: in the
sense of futurae.
890. Viro ; AEmcas. Earin : (for crinde :)
in the sense of tune. \
891. Laurentes. See AEn. vii. 63.
893. Geminae portae. This fiction is bor-
rowed fron the Odyss. lib. 19. The most
probable conjecture why true dreams are
said to pass through the horn gate, and false
ones through the ivory gate, is, that horn is a
fit emblem of truth, as being transparent and
pervious to the sight, whereas ivory is im-
pervious and impenetrable to it.
894. Umbris. Heyne takes this in the
sense of somniis, Rua’us says figuris.
895. Perfecta; in the sense of facta est.
896. Manes: here the infernal gods. Ad
cºlum: in the sense of ad homunes. vel ad
supras 0.747'0.5e - -
truth.
897. Ubi.
Some copies have ibi.
same with either.
898. Prosequilur.Anchises : Anchises ac
companies Æneas and the Sibyl through
the various parts of the infernal regions, and
discourses with them as they pass along, till
they arrive at the ivory gate, through which
he dismisses them. Servius thinks that Vir-
gil, by telling us that Æneas passed through
the ivory gate, would have us believe all he
had been here saying was fiction. But it is
hardly to be imagined that so judicious a
poet, by one dash of his pen would destroy
the many fine compliments he had paid his
prince and the whole Roman people, by in-
forming them the whole was false. Mr.
Davidson conjectures that Virgil had in view
the Platonic philosophy. By emitting his
hero through the ivory gate, through which
lying dreams ascend to the earth, he might
mean that thus far he had been admitted tr
see the naked trº.1.1—had the true system of
nature laid open to his view, and the secrets
of futurity unveiled; but henceforth he was
returning to his former state of darkness,
ignorance, and error; and therefore he is
'sent forth from those regions of light and
truth by the ivory gate, in company with
lying dreams and mere shadows, which are
to attend him through life. But, on the
whole, as the poet hath concealed from us
the reason of his hero's passing through the
ivory gate, after all our conjectures on the
subject, we may be as far as ever from the
Prosequitur : in the sense of allo
This is the common reading.
The sense is the
quitur.
900. Fert se ad portum ; he takes himself
along the shore direct to une port, &c. Caieta
894
P. VIRGILIl MARONIS
was a premontory and town of the Ansones
(hodie, Gaéta) a name derived from the
*arse of Æneas, who died there. Some de-
rive it from a Greek word, which signifies
to burn, because the fleet of Æneas was
here burnt by the Trojan women, as some
authors say. Litore; this is the common
reading, but Heyne reads limite in the sense
of via, vel itinere. -
QUESTIONS.
Is this one of the books which Virgil read
in the presence of Augustus and Octavia:
What is the subject of it?
What is the nature of it 2
What, probably, suggested to the poet this
fine episode 3 -
Can you mention any others who, accord-
ing to the poets, visited those regions :
What, probably, was the object of the
poet in conducting his hero thither 2
In what light does bishop Warburton con-
sider this book?
Were these mysteries in great repute at
one time in Greece 2
Is there no difficulty in this interpreta-
tion ?
What are the principal difficulties 2
Is it certain that Virgil was ever initiated
into those mysteries 2 -
If he had been acquainted with them, is
it probable he would have divulged them :
What does Heyne say upon this subject 2
At what place in Italy did Æneas land 2
Who founded the city of Cumae 2
What celebrated temple was there 2
By whom was it built 2
Who was Daedalus *
What is said of him 2
Was there any curiously carved work up-
on the doors of this temple 2
What was this sculpture designed to re-
present 2 .
What was the residence of the Sibyl 2
By whose inspiration did she give pro-
phetic responses? -
What direction did she give AEneas in re-
gard to his deseent to the regions below 2
Where was this golden bough to be found 2
In what way did he find it? -
To whom was the bough considered sa-
cred?
Where does the poet represent the en-
trance to those regions :
What did Æneas and his guide do imme-
diately preceding their descent 2
What is the lake Avernus properly 2
Why was that thought to give admission
to the regions of the dead 2
From what circumstance did it receive the
name of Avermus 3
What is its Greek name 2
According to the poets, how many rivers
watered the realms of Pluto :
What were their names?
Which one was said to flow around them
uine times?
Why did the gods swear by the river
Styx *
If they violated their oath, what was the
penalty 2
Who was Charon 2 .
What was his employment?
From what historical fact is this fable
supposed to be derived 2 .
On the approach of Æneas, what did the
ferryman do?
What effect had the sight of the
bough upon him : :
What punishment had he received for
carrying over Hercules:
Who was said to be the door keeper of
Pluto's realms?
How many heads had Cerberus?
What did Hercules do to him *
What did the Sibyl do that he might per
mit them to pass?
How many were represented as judges of
the dead 2
What were their names 2
Who was Minos?
Who Radamanthus?
Who AEacus 2 -
Why were they made judges of the dead?
How was Minos employed, when Æneas
visited his court? - -
As he passed along, and viewed the van
ous apartments, did he see Dido -
Whateffect had the sight of her upon him 2
What is the nature of his address to her *
What effect had it upon her?
Did Dido leave him abruptly?
Where did she go?
What passage of the Odyssey had Virgil
here in view 2 -
What was the conduct of Ajax *
What does Longinus say of his silence •
After this, to what place did he go 2
What was his object in visiting the court
of Pluto 2
..Where did he see the place of punishment?
What was the name of that place 2
What river surrounded it 2
What is the meaning of the word Phlege-
thon 2.
From what language is it derived 2
From the palace of Pluto, where then did
AEneas and the Sibyl go 8
Whom did they meet in the way?
What was the employment of Orpheus *
What poet was distinguished above all
the rest ? , -
Why was no mention made of Homer ?
Who was Musæus 2
When did he flourish *
Are there any fragments of his poems ex-
tant 2 w
golden
AENEIS. IIB. VII.
395
What information did Musæus give them 2
• Where did they find Anchises:
* In what part of the regions below 2
How was Anchises engaged at that time.”
Was he expecting the arrival of his son 2
What was the nature of their meeting:
Anchises explained to Æneas the system
of the world upon the Pythagorean and Pla-
tonic philosophy: what were some of the
leading points of that philosophy?
Had this philosophy many advocates? .
Who was the inventor of the doctrine of
transmigration? -
What were some of its leading principles 2
According to the principles of that philo-
sophy, Anchises points out to his son a list of
distinguished men who were to descend from
him: can you mention some of their names?
Whom does he specially mention ?
Was Augustus highly pleased with any
part of this book?
What part was that?
§
Is it said that Octavia fainted at the men
tion of Marcellus 2
Who was this Marcellus *
What did Augustus order to be given Vir-
gil for each line of that eulogium ?
To how much would that amount in ster-
ling money?
What leading doctrine of religion and
morality does the poet here inculcate 2
Are the punishments here inflicted in pro-
portion to the offence:
Is that a principle founded in reason and
justice 2
How long was the time assigned for a
visit to the regions below 2
Through which gate did Æneas ascend
to the upper regions?
How many gates were there 2
What is the most probable reason that
can be given for his ascent through the ivory
gate 2
LIBER SEPTIMUs.
*
FRoM Caiata, or Cajeta, AEneas pursues his course westward, and arrives in the Tiber, in
the kingdom of Latium; where he was kindly entertained by Latinus, then advanced
in age.
He had an only daughter, the heiress of his crown, then young and beautiful.
Many of the neighboring princes sought her in marriage; among whom was Turmus,
king of the Rululi, every way worthy of her; and whose addresses were pleasing to
her mother Amata.
For several reasons, however, her father was opposed to the match;
particularly, on account of the responses of the oracle of Faunus.
ed that a foreigner was destined to be his son-in-law.
From this he learn-
He conceived AEneas to be the
person pointed out by the oracle, and accordingly proposed to him a match with his
daughter.
she called Alecto from below.
In the mean time, Juno, displeased at the friendly reception of the Trojans,
and especially at the proposal of the king, set about to frustrate it.
For this purpose,
Through her means Turnus is roused to arms, and a
ski, ...sh brought about between some Latin shepherds and rustics on one side, and the
Trojans on the other; in which Almon, the eldest son of Tyrrhus, the royal herdsman,
was slain. This kindles the war.
their importunity.
opens the brazen doors.
Both Turnus and the Latins repair to the palace of
the king, and urge him to an immediate declaration of war.
The aged monarch resists
In this state, things remain, till Juno descends from above, and
The report is soon spread abroad that war is begun.
neighboring nations join Turnus, and make a common cause of the war.
The
The poet
concludes by giving us an account of the auxiliaries, and their respective leaders.
Throughout the whole, he has displayed a great degree of taste and judgment. In
these six last books, the poet has imitated the Iliad of Homer.
A celebrated critic, Valpy observes, accuses Virgil of losing, instead of increasing, in inte
rest, in these books.
The Trojan and Greek heroes, whose names have been familiar
with us from infancy, disappear; and we are introduced to personages of whom we
have not before heard; and whose names do not appear elsewhere either in fable or
history. But he does not consider, in making his charge, that the poet wrote for his
OWn Countrymen, and not for us.
The adventures of Æneas in Italy, little as we may
be interested in them, relate to the supposed ancestors of the Romans, to their domestic
history, and to the foundation of their empire. . The narration must, therefore, have
then excited emotions in which we do not partake; and caused an interest in them, te
which we, as we are situated, and at this distance of time, are strangers.
39t,
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
<!
TU quoque litoribus nostris, AEneia nutrix,
AEternam moriens famam, Caieta, dedisti: *
S. Nomen tuum signat Et nunc servat honos sedem tuus; ossaque nomen
Hesperià in magná, si qua est ea gloria, signat.
ossa in magna
At pius exsequis AEneas rité solutis,” §
Aggere composito tumuli, postguam alta quièrunt
Æquora, tendit iter velis, portumque relinquit.
Aspirant aurae in noctem : nec candida cursum .
Luna negat: splendet tremulo sub lumine pontus)
Proxima Circaeae raduntur litora terrae ;
10
Dives inaccessos ubi Solis filia lucos .
Assiduo resonat cantu, tectisque superbis
Urit odoratam nocturna in lumina cedrum,
Arguto tenues percurrens pectine telas.
15. Hinc gemitus cæ- Hinc exaudirigemitus, iraeque leonum
Vincla recusantüm, et será sub nocte rudentſim:
perunt exaudiri
15
17. Setigerique sues, Setigerique sues, atque in praesepibus ursi
* * * * Saevire, ac formae magnorum ululare luporum:
19. Quos sava Dea
Circe induerat
Quos hominum ex facie Dea sava potentibus herbis
Induerat Circe in vultus acterga ferarum.
20
Quae ne monstra pii paterentur talia Troés
Delati in portus, neu litora dira subirent,
NOTES.
i. Tu quoque. This refers to what he had
told us in the preceding buok, verse 232, et
sequens, of the monument erected to the
memory of JMisenus, on the Italian coast.
Thou, also, O Cajeta, didst give, &c.
3. Tuus honos. Some consider this an
hypallage, for sedes servat twum honorem :
the place preserves thy honor.
her name may be considered a kind of guar-
dian to the place. In this sense, there is no
need of any figure. The words may be
taken as they stand : thy honor, or fame,
protects the place. This is the better and
more poetical. Sedem: in the sense of lo-
cum. Ossa : in the sense of sepulchrum.
There is a promontory and city in this part
of Italy, by the name of Cajeta, or Gaieta.
6. Aggere tumuli composito: a tomb being
crected. The earth heaped up over the
Jorpse or ashes of the dead, was called agger
turnuli.
8. Aurae aspirahl. Dr. Trapp observes
that, down to the 18th line, is, beyond ex-
pression, elegant and affecting. A funeral
had been just performed. They sail in the
still night by the light of the moon. They
pass along an enchanted coast, whence they
hear the roaring of lions, and other beasts of
prey. Upon the four last lines he passes tie
highest encomium. Candida. As the sun,
from his flaming brightness, is called aureus,
golden; so the moon, from her paler light, is
called candida, white or silvered.
10. Circasſe: an adj. from Circe, a cele-
brated sorceress, the daughter of Sol, and
the nymph Perse. She was the sister of
AFtes, king of Colchis, the father of the fa-
But perhaps
mous JMedea. Some say she was the sister
of Medea. She was called JEaa, from AEa,
an island and city of Colchis, near the
mouth of the river Phasis. It is said she
married a king of the Sarmatians, whom she
killed with her poisons; after which she fled
to Italy to the promontory and mountain
which, from her, is called Circaeus: hodie,
Circello. -
12. Resonat inaccessos lucos : she makes
the inaccessible groves resound with her con-
tinual song. Not absolutely inaccessible;
for Ulysses and his company landed here—
but difficult of access.
14. Argulo pectine : the shrill sounding
shuttle.
15. Ira!: the rage—fury.
18. Formae magnorum luporum : simply,
the great wolves. -
19. Quos ear facie hominum : whom the
cruel goddess Circe had chänged from the
shape of men, into the apperance and form
(terga) of wild beasts, &c. Induerat is evi-
dently to be taken in the sense of mutaverat.
Terga : the backs, by synec. for the whole
bodies. -
The fable of Circe is taken from the
Odyssey, lib. 10, where Homer informs us
that the followers of Ulysses were changed
into swine. He atone was preserved by the
aid of Mercury, and the eating of the herb
moly. At his request, however, they were
restored to their former shapes. Beside poi-
sonous herbs, she made use of a magical
wand, with which she touched them.
21. Quae talia monstra : any such mon-
strous changes—shapes—forms. . .
AENEſs. LIB. VII.
397
*A
surface of the sea.
Neptunus ventis implevit vela secundis,
Atque fugam dedit, et præter vada fervi
Jämque rubescebat radiis mare, et athere ab alto
Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis:
Cüm ventiposuere, omnisque repenté resedit
Flatus, et in lento luctantur marmore tonsae. }
Atque hic AEneas ingentem ex aequore lucum
Prospicit: hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amoeno,
Worticibus rapidis et multà flavus arená,
Ln mare prorumpit.
Variae circumque suprāque
Assuetae ripis volucres et fluminis alveo,
AEthera mulcebant cantu, lucoque volabant.
Flectere iter sociis, terraeque advertere proras
Imperat: et lastus fluvio succedit opaco.
. Nunc age, qui reges, Erato, quae tempora, rerum
Quis Latio antiquo fuerit status, advena classem .
Cüm primüm Ausoniis exercitus appulit oris,
Expediam: et primae revocabo exordia pugna. 40
Dicam horrida bella,
Tu watem, tu, Diva, mone.
da vexit.
25
30
35
37. Nunc age, OErato.
expedlam qui reges, quee
tempora, quis status re
rum fuerit
Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera reges, *
Tyrrhenamgue manum, totamgue sub arma coactam
Hesperiam.
Majus opus moveo.
Major rerum mihi nascitur ordo :
Rex arva Latinus et urbes
Jam senior longá placidas in pace regebat.
Hunc Fauno et Nymphā genitum Laurente Marică
47. Accipimus hunc
genitum esse Fauno, et
Marica Laurente Nym-
phâ. Picus erat pater
NOTES.
26. Bigis. Aurora is represented by the
poets as drawn in a chariot of two horses.
Dutea : an adj. from lutum, an herb with
which yellow or saffron color is dyed. The
poet, here, has given a charming description
of the morning.
27. Poswere: in the sense of quieverunt.
28. Tons(e: the oars labor in the smooth
Tonsa, properly, the
blade of the oar. Dr. Trapp takes lento, to
denote here yielding or giving way to the
oar. JMarmore : the sea unruffled by the
wind.
30. Tiberinus inter hunc : through this
grove, with its pleasant streams and rapid
course, (whirls) yellow with much sand, &c.
Some take Tiberinus, not for the river itself,
but for the god of the river. In this case it
may be rendered Tiberinus, god of the plea-
sant river, in rapid whirls, &c. The prep.
ë, or ear, being understood. The Tibet is,
next to the Po, the largest river in Italy. It
rises in the Appennines, and running in a
southern direction, dividing Latium from
Etruria or Tuscany, falls into the sea by
two mouths. Its original name, we are told,
was Albula. It took its present name from
a Tuscan king, who was killed near it. But
Livy says it took its name from Tiberinus,
a king of the Albans, who was drowned
in it. - *
34. JMulcebant ºthera: they charmed the
air with their song. This is highly poetical.
The air, calm and still, is represented as
listening to the music of the birds that were
flying in all directions about the river, and
being charmed with their melody. Indeed
the whole is extremely beautiful, and cannot
be too much admired. It would appear from
this, that Æneas arrived in the Tiber about
the middle of the spring, when the birds
are most lively and musical.
37. Erato ; the muse that presides over
love affairs. She is invoked because the
following wars were in consequence of the
love of Turnus and Æneas for Lavinia. It
is derived from the Greek. Rerum. Most
commentators connect rerum with tempora;
but it is evident its place is after status: what
state of things there was in Latium, when
first a foreign army arrived on the Italian
shores. Pleyne connects it with tempora
Davidson with status. -
42. Animis: in the sense of ira.
43. JManum : troops—forces.
45. Latinus. Virgil places Latinus onk,
three generations from Saturn. Faunus,
Picus, then Saturn. Others place him a
the distance of mine. His origin is much ob-
scured. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, agrees
with Virgil, that, when Æneas arrived in
Italy, Latinus reigned in Latium—that he
had no male issue; but an only daughter,
whom Eneas married. Arva: the country.
Placidas: in the sense ef quielas.
398
12. WIRGILII MARONIS
Accipimus.
Fauno Picus pater. ipse parentem
Te, Saturne, refert: tu sanguinis ultimus auctor.
50. Fuit nullus filius Filius huic, fato Divām, prolesque virilis
Nulla fuit: primâque oriens erepta juventà est.
Sola domum et tantas servabat filia sedes;
Jam matura viro, jam plenis nubilis annis.
Multi illam magno é Latio totáque petebant
Ausoniä. Petit ante alios pulcherrimus omnes
huie Latino fato Deo-
rum, nulla virilis proles:
quaeque oriens
55
, 56. Quem regia con: Turnus, avis atavisque potens: quem regia conjux
jº.” R.P." Adjungi generum miro properabat amore.
miro amore adjungi ge-
nerum sibi
Sed variis portenta Deûm terroribus obstant.”
Laurus erat tecti medio, in penetralibus altis,
Sacra comam, multosque metu servata per annos:
60
61. Quam inventam, Quam pater inventam, primas cum conderet arces,
pater Latinus ipsº fere- Ipse forebatur Phoebo sacråsse Latinus;
batur sacrásse Phoebo, Laurentis
£U. Ill
64. Densae apes, vectae
ingenti stridore trans li-
que ab eå nomen posuisse colonis.
Hujus apes summum densae, mirabile dictu!
Stridore ingenti liquidum trans acthera vectae,
quidum tethera obsedère Obsedère apicem: et, pedibus per mutua nexis,
summum apicem hujus
arboris.
Examen subitum ramo frondente pependit.
Continuè wates, Externum cernimus, inquit,
Adventare virum, et partes petere agmen easdem
Partibus ex isdem, et summâ dominarier arce.
70
NOTES.
48. Accipimus: in the sense of audimus.
49. Ultimus auctor : the first or remotest
founder of our race. Ultimus, ascending, is
the same with primus, descending. Reſert:
in the sense of habet. t
50. Filius huic. It is evident that Lati-
nus had, in the course of his life, male issue;
but at that time he had none. It is not said
whether he had one, two, or more sons; and
we have a right to suppose either. I have
supposed that he had, in the course of his
life, several, and accordingly have inserted
the word qua'que, before oriens : quasque
oriens: every one growing up was snatched
away in early life.
52. Filia Jola servabat. By this we are
to understand, that his daughter alone pre-
served his family from extinction, and his
kingdom from passing into the hands of
or hers: or that she alone was the heiress of
his crown and kingdom—tantas sedes. To-
tam regionem, says Ruteus.
56. Potens avis atavisque : powerful (in ,
grandfathers and great grandfathers) in his
ancestors. The queen was taken with such
an illustrious match for her daughter; and
accordingly urged, with great importunity,
that Turnus should be received into the fa-
mily as their son-in-law. Amore : Ruteus
says, studio.
59. Penetralibus. The interior of a house
or palace, though not roofed, may be called
penetrale. Such must have been the palace
of Latinus; otherwise a stately laurel could
got have grown in that place
60. Servata metw: preserved with reli-
gious awe and veneration. Sacra comam: a
Grecism.
63. Laurentis colonis. The name Lawrens
was originally given to a grove of laurel,
near the shore of the Tuscan sea, extending
to the east of the Tiber. Hence the neigh-
boring country was called Laurens. Also,
the nymph JMarica, the wife of Faunus, and
mother of Latinus, was called Lawrens.
Turmus, too, is called Lawrens, from the cir-
cumstance of this grove bordering upon his
dominions. It appears that Latinus only
raised fortifications, and embellished the
city, which must have been built before; for
we are told that his father Picus had erected
here a noble palace; see 171. The city,
after the time of Latinus, was called Law-
rentum, from a very large laurel growing on
the spot where he founded the tower. This,
however, was the common name of the
whole neighboring country, from the grove
above mentioned. The inhabitants were
called Laurentes—Laurentini—Laurentii et
Laurenti. *
64. Denste apes: a thick swarm of bees.
66. Per mulua; taken adverbially. Their
feet being mutually joined or linked to-
gether.
68. Cernimus : we see a foreigner ap-
proach, and an army seek those parts,
which the bees sought, from the same parts
from which they came.
70. Dominarier : by paragoge, for domi
mari : to rule—bear sway.
AENEIS. LIB. VII. 399
t
Praetereº castis adolet dum altaria taedis;
Ut juxta genitorem adstat Lavinia virgo,
Wisa, nefas longis compréndere crinibus ignem,
Atque omnem ornatum flammâ crepitante cremari:
Regalesque accensa comas, accensa coronam
Insignem gemmis: tum fumida lumine fulvo
Involvi, ac totis Vulcanum spargere tectis.
Id verö horrendum ac visu mirabile ferri.
Namgue fore illustrem famá fatisque canebant
Ipsam, sed populo magnum portendere bellum.
At rex sollicitus monstris, oracula Fauni
73. Visa est, O nefas
compréndere ignem lon-
75 gis crinibus
75. Visa est accenas.
quoad regales comas,
accensa quoad
76. Tum fumida visa
est involvi
80 79. Namque vates ca-
nebant Laviniam ipsam
fore
Fatidici genitoris, adit; lucosque sub altà
Consulit Albuneå ; memorum quae maxima sacro
Fontesonat, saevamgue exhalat opaca mephitim.
IIinc Italae gentes, omnisque OEnotria tellus
85
In dubiis responsa petunt : huc dona sacerdos
Cüm tulit, et casarum ovium sub nocte silenti
Pellibus incubuit stratis, somnosque petivit:
Multa modis simulacra videt volitantia miris,
Et varias audit voces, fruiturque Deorum
90
Colloquio, atque imis Acheronta affatur Avernis.
Hic et tum pater ipse petens responsa Latinus;
Centum lanigeras mactabat rité bidentes;
Atque harum effultus tergo stratisque jacebat
Welleribus.
Subita ex alto vox reddita luco est:
95
Ne pete connubiis natam sociare Latinis,
O mea progenies: thalamis neu crede paratis.
Externi Veniunt generi, qui sanguine nostrum
Nomen in astra ferent; quorumque à stirpe nepotes,
NOTES.
'1. Dum adolet altaria : while he kindles
the altar with holy torches, &c. Some con-
nect adolet with Lavinia, and understand
.her to have set fire to the altars. But it is
evidently better to understand this cf the
father, his daughter standing near him.
Castis: in the sense of puris vel sacris.
72. Ut: et is the common reading.—
Heyne reads wi, which makes the sense
CàSler.
76. Fulvo. Ruteus takes this in the sense
of rutilanti. -
77. Vulcanum : in the sense of flammam
vel ignem.
78. Id verb, &c. This line is capable of a
double meaning. according to the sense giv-
en to ferri. If it be taken in its usual sense,
it will be: this terrible thing, and wonderful
to the sight, (began) to be spread abroad. It
it be taken in the sense of haberi, it will be:
this thing (began) to be considered terrible
and wonderful to the sight. This is the sense
given both by Ruteus and Davidson. Dr.
Trapp favors the former.
79. Fatis. Fatum, here, is in the sense of -
fortuna, Canebant: in the sense of n, a di-
cebant,
81. JMonstris: at the predigies, or wonder
ful signs. JMonstrum. any thing that is con
trary to the ordinary course of nature. Fa
tidici : prophetic. -
82. Consulit.: he consults the grove under
lofty Albuna. This was a fountain from
which flowed the river Albula. Its waters
were very deeply impregnated with sulphur.
It was surrounded with a very gross and
putrid atmosphere, which the poet calls sce-
vam mephitim. Here was a grove sacred to
Faunus.
85. CEnotria tellus: Italy. See AEm, i.
530.
91. Affatur Acheronta: converses with
the infernal powers in deep Avernus. Ache-
ronta acc. sing. of Greek formation. Ache-
ron, by the poets, is made one of the rivers
of hell. Here it is evidently used for the
infernal gods.
94. Atque jacebat: and lay, supported by
their skins and outspread fleeces—he lay
down upon them.
97. Paratis. This alludes to the contem-
plated match with Turnus. Thalamis in
the sense of nuptiis.
99. Quorumque stirpe: descending front
400
P. VIRGIłII MARONIs
Omnia sub pedibus, qua Sol utrumque recurrens
Aspicit Oceanum, vertique regidue widebunt.
Haec responsa patris Fauni, monitusque silonti
103, Latinus pse non Nocte datos, non ipse suo premit ore Latinus;
Pºniº "" ore hºc re. Sed circum laté volitans jam ſama per urbes
sponsa
Ausonias tulerat;
cum Laomedontia pubes
Gramineo ripa religavit ab aggere classem.
AEneas, primique duces, et pulcher Itilus,
Corpora sub ramis depomunt arboris altae :
Instituuntdue dapes, et adorea liba per herbam
Subjiciunt epulis (sic Jupiter ille monebat)
1 10
... Et Cereale solum pomis agrestibus augent.
112. Hic forte, aliis Consumptis hic forté aliis, ut vertere morsus
cibis consumptis, ut pe-
nuria edendi
Exiguam in Cererem penuria adegit edendi; *
Et violare manu, malisque audacibus orbem
Fatalis crusti, patulis mec parcere quadris :
1 15
Heus ! etiam mensas consumimus, inquit Iülus.
verba
119. Paterque eripuit
eam primam ab ore fi
loquentis
117. Nec dirit plura Nec plura, alludens.
Ea vox audita laborum’
Prima tulit finem : primamque loquentis ab ore
* Eripuit pater, ac stupefactus numine pressit.
* Continuo, Salve, ſatis mihi debita tellas;
Vosque, ait, 6 fidi Trojae, salvete, Penates.
Hic domus, haec patria est.
120
Genitor mihi talia, namgue
124. Dicens, o nate, Nunc repeto, Anchises fatorºm arcana reliquit :
cam fimes coge: teye.” Cum te, nate, fames ignota ad litora vectum
tum
Accisis coget dapibus consumere mensas;
125
NOTES.
whose stock, our posterity shall see all things
reduced, &c. This alludes to the extent of
the Roman empire, which, in the height of
its greatness, embraced the greater part of
the then known world. It ruled the subject
nations with a rod of iron.
105. Laomedontia pubes : the Trojan
youth ; so called from Laomedon, one of
the kings of Troy. Tulerat: spread them
abroad.
106. Religavit : moored.
110. Subjiciunt: they place along the
grass wheaten cakes under their meat. They
use them in the room of plates or trenchers.
1. Solum : anything placed under ano-
ther to support it, may be called solum. Ce-
reale solum, therefore, must be those wheaten
cakes which they used on this occasion as
plates. Augent : they load them with, &c.
112. JMorsus: in the sense of dentes.
113. Ut penuria edendi : when want of
other provisions forced them to turn their
teeth upon the small cake, &c. Edendi : in
the sense of cibi.
114. Violare. The eating tables among
the ancients were considered sacred. They
were a kind of altar, on which libations
were made to the gods, both before and af
ter meals. To destroy them was consider-
ed a kind of sacrilege or violence. Orbem
fatalis crusti. By this we are to understand
the cake or trencher—the orb of the omnous
cake. Fatalis is not to be understood in the
sense of fatal in English, but rather as im-
porting some great event, or something des-
tined and ordered by fate. Patulis quadris :
the broad or large quadrants. These cakes
were divided by two lines, crossing each
other in the centre, and dividing each cake
into four equal parts, called quadrants. Aw-
dacibus malis : with greedy or hungry jaws.
117. Alludens : joking—smiling.
119. Stupefactus numine pressit. The
prophetic Celeno (AEn. iii. 257) had fore-
told that the Trojans should be reduced to
such extremity as to consume their tables
before they could expect an end to their wan-
derings. By numine we are to understand
the solution or fulfilment of this prophecy,
or divine purpose. Pressit does not refer to
the words of Ascanius, as Servius supposes,
but to Æneas. The prophecy had been
wrapped up in mystery till the present mo-
ment. The solution of it was a matter of
surprise and joy. It excited a degree of
wonder and admiration, and caused him to
pause a while upon the subject. Pressil :
he kept silence. Voeem is understood.
123. Repeto: I recollect—I call to memo-
ry JMemoriam is understood. -
125. Dapibus accisis : your provisions
having failed—being consumed.
AENEIS. LIB. VII
401
Tum sperare domos defessus, ibique memento
Prima locare manu, molirique aggere tecta.
IIaec erat illa fames: haic nos suprema manebant,
Exitiis positura modum.
Quare agite, et primo laeti cum lumine solis,
Quae loca, quive habeant homines, ubi moenia gentis,
Westigemus ; et à portu diversa petamus
Nunc pateras libate Jovi, precibusque vocate
Anchisen genitorem, et vina reponite mensis.
Sic deinde effatus, frondenti tempora ramo
Implicat, et, Geniumque loci, primamque Deorum
Tellurem, Nymphasgue, et adhuc ignota precatur
Flumina : tum Noctem, noctisque orientia signa,
Idaeumque Jovem, Phrygiamgue ex ordine matrem
Invocat; et duplices coeloque Erebogue parentes.
Hic pater omnipotens ter coelo clarus ab alto
Intonuit, radiisgue ardentem lucis et auro
Ipse manu quatiens ostendit ab athere nubem.
Diditur hic subitó Trojana per agnmina rumor,
Advenisse diem, quo debita moenia condant.
Certatim instaurant epulas, atque omine magno
Crateras laeti statuunt, et vina coronant-
Postera cüm primâ lustrabat lampade terras
Orta dies; urbem, et fines, et litora gentis
Diversi explorant: haec fontis stagna Numici,
Hunc Tybrim fluvium, hic fortes habitare Latinos.
Tum satus Anchisã delectos ordine ab omni
Centum oratores augusta ad moenia regis
Ire jubet, ramis velatos Palladis omnes:
Donaque ferre viro, pacemdue exposcere Teucris.
130 130. Nos lativestige-
mus, quae sint hoc loca,
qui-ve homines habeant
ea; ubi sint moenia gen-
tis; et petamus diversa
loca a portu.
135
140
142. Ipseque ostendit
ab athere nubem arden-
tem radiis lucis et aure,
quatiens eam manu
145
150 150. Discunt hec es-e
stagna fontis Numici,
hunc esse
152. Jubet centum
oratores delectos abom-
ni ordine ire
155
Haud mora : festinant jussi, rapidisque feruntur
Passibus. Ipse humili designat moenia fossä,
NOTES.
129. JModum : bounds—end. Eacitiis; to
our woes—calamities.
133. Pateras: the bowls, by meton. put
for the wine in them.
136. Primam Deorum. According to He-
siod, Tellus, or Terra, was reckoned the first
of the gods except Chaos. Implicat : in the
sense of cing it.
138. JNoctem. This goddess sprang from
Chaos, according to Hesiod. AEneas invokes
her, fearing, perhaps, during the darkness,
some mischief from the natives.
139. Idaeum : an adj. from Ida, a moun-
tain in Crete, where Jupiter was brought
up. Phrygiam matrem : Cybele.
140. Duplices parentes: both his parents,
Venus and Anchises; the former in heaven,
the latter in Elysium; at least his idolum,
or simulacrum. -
141. Clarus: may mean loud—shrill; or
perhaps it may imply that the sky was clear,
which was considered a good .#.
142. Radiis lucis et auro. This is for
aureis radiis lucis, by hend. the golden beams.
of light. *
144. Diditur ! is spread abroad.
145. Debita in the sense of destinata.
148. Lampale : in the sense of luce.
150. Stagna fontis: the streams of the
fountain JNumicus. This was a small river,
or stream, flowing between Laurentum and
Ardea. Diversi: they in different directions.
154. Ramis Palladis ; with the boughs of
Pallas—with the olive. The olive was sa-
cred to Minerva, and the badge of peace,
Velatos : coronatos, says Rugeus. -
157. Ipse designat: he himself, in the
mean time, marks out his city with a low
furrow, and prepares the place for building.
This city of Æneas was situated on the east
bank of the Tiber, a little above the sea.
He called the name of it Troy. In after
times, Ancus Martius, a king of the Romans,
founded here a city, which he called Ostia,
from its vicinity to the mouth of the Tiber
See AEn. v. 755. - -
.
.27
4U2 i
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
158. Cºngitgue primas Moliturque locum; primasque in litore sedes, }
*** **P** Castrorum in morém, pinnis atque aggere cingit.
Jamgue iter emensi, turres ac tecta Latinorum
Ardua cernebant juvenes, muroque subibant.
Ante urbem pueri, et primaevo flore juventus
que aggere
160. Jamgue juvines
emens, iter cernebant
ið)
Exercentur equis, domitantoue in pulvere currus.
Aut acres tendunt arcus, aut lenta lacertis
Spicula contorquent, cursuque ictuque lacessunt.
[65
Cüm praevectus equo longaevi regis ad aures
Nuntius ingentes ignotă in veste reportat
Advenisse viros.
Ille intra tecta vocari
169. Medius suorum Imperat, et solio medius consedit avito.
civium.
Tectum augustum, ingens, centum sublime columnis,
174. Hoc templum Urbe fuit summâ, Laurentis regia Pici,
eral illis curia; hae sedes Horrendum Sylvis et religione parentum.
17
destinate erant sacris Hinc sceptra accipere, et primos attollere fasces
epulis,
177. Effigies veterum
avorum e cedro antiqua
adstabant vestibulo, po-
sitte ex ordine
Regibus omen erat: hoc illis curia templum,
Hae sacris sedes epulis : hic ariete caeso
Perpetuis soliti patres considere mensis.
Quin etiam veterum effigies ex ordine avorum
17b
NOTES.
159. Cingutgue primas; and he incloses
his first settlement on the shore with a ram-
part, and a mound, &c. The pinnae origi-
nally were the tufts or crests on the soldier's
helmet. Hence they came to be applied to
the turrets and battlements in fortifications.
160. Emensi iter: having completed their
Journey to the city of Latinus. .
163. Domitant : they break the harnessed
steeds in the dusty plain. Currus is pro-
perly a chariot: by meton. the horses har-
messed in it.
164. Acres arcus ; elastic bows.
tough—rigid—not easily bent.
165. Lacessunt: they challenge one ano-
ther at the race, and missive weapon. La
Cerda understands by cursu the throwing of
the javelin as they ran forward: and by
Lenta:
ictu, the shooting of the arrow. But it is .
better to take cursu for the races and other
exercises on horseback and in the chariot,
and ictu for the shooting of the arrow and
throwing of the javelin.
167. Nuntius pracvectus: a messenger on
horseback relates, &c. -
169. Avvto solio: on the throne of his an-
cestors.
170. Tectum augustum: a building, &c.
put in apposition with regia.
171. Regia Laurentis Pici. This mag-
nificent palace was erected by Picus, the fa-
ther of Latinus. It was situated on the
highest ground or part of the city, and sup-
ported by a hundred columns. , Horrendum :
awful by its sacred groves, and the religion
of their ancestors. By religione, Mr. David-
son understands the religious monuments,
images, groves, &c. that had been consecra-
ted by the founders of the family; some of
which are mentioned. Sublime: high—rais
ed high upon, &c. -
173. Primos fasces: the first badges or
authority—the first ensigns of power: by
meton, the first power.
174. Omen erat regibus. Ruaus and Dr.
Trapp take omen in the sense of initivm.
Davidson takes omen in the sense of mos, a
custom or practice; but one on which they
laid a religious stress, and on which they
imagined the prosperity of their kings, in a
degree, to depend; and had they been con-
secrated in any other place, they would
have considered it deficient and imperfect.
Valpy is of the same opinion with Davidson.
Hoc templum. In this noble structure, it
appears there was one part for religious pur-
poses, another for the senate, and a third for
sacred banquets.
175. Ariete capso: in the sense of victimá
cºsa : sacrifice being offered.
176. Considere perpetuis. The most an-
cient posture at table was sitting; after-
ward luxury introduced that of reclining
on couches. Perpetua, mensae, were tables
that extended from one end of the hall te
the other. - * 2:
177. Qwin etiam effigies: moreover the
statues of their ancestors of ancient cedar
stood in the vestibule arranged in order, &e
Ruasus and Heyne connect Pitisator with
pater Sabinus, which appears incorrect;\for
the planting of the vine in Italy is ascribed
to Saturn by most authors; and the scythe
was the well known symbol of that god.
La Cerda makes a full stop after Sabinus.
which is unnecessary and improper.
AENEIS. IIB VII
403.
Antiquà è cedro, Italusque, paterque Sabinus,
Vitisator, curvam servans sub imagine falcem,
Saturnusque senex, Janique bifrontis imago, 130
Westibulo adstabant: aliique ab origine reges,
Martia qui ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi.
Multaque praeterea sacris in postibus arma,
181. Aliique reges ah
origine gentis, qui passi
sunt
Captivi pendent currus, curvaeque secures,
Et cristae capitum, et portarum ingentia claustra,
185
Spiculaque, clypeigue, ereptaque rostra carinis.
Ipse Quirinali lituo parvāque sedebat
Succinctus trabeñ, lavāque ancile gerebat
Picus, equêm domitor; quem capta cupidine conjux
Aureå percussum virgå, versumque venenis,
Fecit avem Circe, sparsitQue coloribus alas.
Tali intus templo Divām, patriáque Latinus
Sede, sedens, Teucros ad sese in tecta vocavit:
Atque haec ingressis placido prior edidit ore;’
Dicite, Dardanidae; neque enim nescimus et urbem, 195
Et genus, auditique advertitis aequore cursum ;
Quid petitis' quae causa rates, aut cujus egentes,
Litus ad Ausonium tot per vada coerula vexit 7
Sive errore viae, seu tempestatibus acti,
Qualia multa mari nautae patiuntur in alto)
luminis intràstis ripas, portuque sedetis:
Ne fugite hospitium; neve ignorate Latinos
Saturni gentem, haud vinclonec legibus aequam,
Sponte suá, veterisque Dei se more tenentem.
187. Picus ipse, do-
mitor equim sedebat
cum Quirinali lituo, suc-
cinctusque 4.
189, Quem percussum
aurea virgá, versumque
venenis conjux Circe.
capta cupidine ejus, focit
a Verſ!
194. Illis ingressis
190
196. Vosque audit.
advertitis cursum huc
aequore.
197. Quae causa vexit
rates vestras ad Auso-
200 mium litus per tot caeru-
la vada, aut egentes cu-
jus rei advenistis huc *
sive acti errore via
204. Sed suá sponte
Atque equidem memini (fama est obscurior annis) 205
NOTES.
178. Antiqua; may here mean durable
—lasting. It is the quality of cedar not to
decay. , Italus: a king of Sicily, who ex-
tended his conquests into Italy, then called
GEmotria, to which he gave the name of Ita-
lia. Sabinus. He was the second king of
Italy, and the founder of the Sabines, to
whom he gave name.
179. Sub imagine.
by sub oculis.
scythe hung down in his hand, and the sta-
tue was in a stooping posture over it, and
looking upon it.
180. Janique ºnti. : double-faced Ja-
nus. See 610, infra. -
187. Quirinali lituo : the augural wand.
The lituus was a wand or rod used by the
augurs. It was crooked toward the extre-
mity. It is here called Quirinalis, from
Servius explains this
Quirinus, a name of Romulus, who, we are
informed, was very expert at augury.
188. Trabea. This was a robe worn by
augurs, and sometimes by kings and other
officers of state. Broad trimmings of pur-
ple ran across it like beams, from which it
took its name. Ancile. This was a small
oval shield worn chiefly by the priests of
Mars.
191. Circe : a famous sorceress. Conjuz,
The meaning is, that the .
here, is plainly used in the sense of amatriz.
a lover. She desired to become his wife.
Sparsit alas: she spread or covered his wings
with colors. These were purple and yellow.
The bird into which Picus was changed, is
the pie or woodpecker. See Ovid. Met. lib
xiv. 320. -
194. Edidit: in the sense of dizit. .
196. Auditi : head of—being known.
198. Vada. Vadum, properly, signifies
shallows, places ºn the sea, or rivers, where
one may walk, from vadere. Here it is put
for the sea in general.
200. Multa qualia: many such things.
202. JNeve ignorate : in the sense of mos-
cite.
203. JEquam : just, not by restraint, nor
by laws. Vinculum is any thing that binds
or fastens. Reference may here be made to
the golden age, when Saturn reigned. La-
tinus calls his people the nation of Saturn,
either because he reigned in Latium over
the same people; or because they governed
themselves by the principles of justice and
equity, and walked in the steps of that god.
205. Fama est obscurior annis: the tra-
dition is rather obscure through years. Sca
liger would understand it, as being more
obscure than might be expected, consider
404 P VIRGILII
MARONIS
Auruncos Ita ferre senes: his ortus ut agris
Dardanus Idaeas Phrygiae penetravit ad urbes,
Threicianque Samum, quae nunc Samothracia fertur.
Hinc illum Corythi Tyrrhenā ab sede profectum
Aurea nunc solio stellantis regia coeli
Accipit, et numerum Divorum altaribus auget.
Et dicta Ilioneus sic voce secutus:
Rex, genus egregium Fauni, nec fluctibus actos
Atra subegit hyems vestris succedere terris;
Nec sidus regione viae, litusve fefellit. -
212. Et Ilioneus secu-
- - Dixerat.
tus est dicta regis
210
215
216. Nos omnes affe- Consilio hanc omnes animisque volentibus urbem
rimur consilio
220. JNoster rex ipse
ortus de suprema gente
Jovis, Troius AEneas no-Gaudet avo.
mine, misit
222. Quisque audiit
quanta tempestas belli
effusa
Afferimur ; pulsi regnis, quae maxima quondam
Extremo veniens Sol aspiciebat Olympo. -
Ab Jove principium generis: Jove Dardana pubes
Rex ipse, Jovis de gente supremä,
Troius AEneas tua nos ad limina misit.
Quanta per Idaeos saevis effusa Mycenis
Tempestasierit campos; quibus actus utergue
225. Et si extrema Europae atque Asiae fatis concurrerit orbis,
tellus submovet quem Audiit; et si quem tellus extrema refuso
220
225
refuso Oceano ; , et si Submovet Oceano, et si quem extenta plagarum
plaga iniqui Solis ex-
tenta in medio quatuor
plagarum dirimit quem
ab caeteris hominibus, ille
Quatuor in medio dirimit plaga solis iniqui.
Diluvio exillo tot vasta per aequora vecti,
Dis sedem exiguam patriis, litusque rogamus
audivit. Innocuum, et cunctis undamgue auramgue patentem
NOTES.
ing how few years had elapsed since. But veyed in his diurnal course. Afferimur ; we
this is a gloss which the passage will hardly
bear. Virgil mentions the fact as having
taken place long before ; and handed down
from the ancient Aurunci. These were the
first inhabitants of Italy. And as several
kings had reigned in Troy after Dardanus,
it is plain his departure from Italy was an-
cient, the tradition or report of it obscure,
and the memory of it almost lost.
206. Ferre : in the sense of narrare, vel
dicere. -
208. Samum. Samus was an island in
the Ægean sea, not far to the south of the .
mouth of the Hebrus. There were two
others of the same name: one in the Ionian
sea, to the west of the Sinus Corinthiacus;
the other in the Icarian sea, not far from the
ancient city of Ephesus, in Asia Minor.
209. Corythi. Corythus was a mountain
and city of Tuscany, where Dardanus re-
sided ; hodie, Cortona. After his death,
Dardanus was deified ; which the poet
beautifully expresses: nunc aurea regia stel-
lantis, &c. -
215. JVec sidus : neither star nor shore
hath misled (fefellit) us from the direct
course of our voyage. -
217. Pulsi regnis. The greatest part of
Asia Minor was subject to Priam. This
justifies Ilioneus in saying they were expel-
Jod from the greatest kingdom the sun sur-
are all brought to your city by design, &c.
222. Quanta tempestas : how great a tem-
pest of war issuing from cruel Mycense over-
ran the Trojan plains, &c. This is beauti-
ful and highly poetical. , Quibus fatis; by
what fates each world of Europe and Asia
impelled, engaged in arms. -
225. Eactrema tellus. The ancients sup-
posed the frigid zones were not habitable on
account of the extreme cold ; ts, also, the
torrid or burning zone, on account of its
extreme heat. Experience, however, has
proved their opinion incorrect. By eactrema
tellus, we are to understand the frigid zone;
and by plaga iniqui solis, the torrid zone.
Dr. Trapp takes refuso in the sense of “e-
fluens, refluent, ebbing and flowing. David-
son takes it in the sense of wide, expanded,
which certainly is sometimes the meaning
of the word. This last I prefer. In this
sense Valpy takes it. -
228. Diluvio. The poet had represented
the war under the figure of a tempest, rising
out of Greece; and he continues the idea.
The effect of this tempest was a deluge, which
swept away the Trojan state, and the wealth
of Asia. -
230. Innocuum: safe—secure—that will
be offensive to none. Undam : in the sense
of aquam. Patentem; in the sense of coº-
e AENEIS.
405
LIB. VII
Non erimus regno indecores: nec vestra ſeretur
231
Fama levis, tantive abolescet gratia facti:
Nec Trojam Ausonios gremio excepisse pigebit.
Fata per Æneae juro, dextramgue potentem,
Sive fide, seu quis bello est expertus et armis:
Multi nos populi, multae (ne temne, quðd ultrö
Praeferimus manibus vittas ac verba precantia)
Et petière sibi et voluère adjungere gentes.
Sed nos fata Deûm vestras exquirere terras
Hinc Dardanus ortus,
Imperiis egère suis.
234. Perque ejus po-
235 tentem dextram, sive
quis expertus est eam
fide
236. Multi populi,
mult& gentes, et petière,
et voluére adjungere
240 nos sibi
Huc repetit: jussisque ingentibus urget Apollo
Tyrrhenum ad Tybrim, et fontis vada sacra Numici.
Dat tibi praeterea fortunae parva prioris
Munera, reliquias Trojá ex ardente receptas.
Hoc pater Anchises auro libabat ad aras :
243. Praeterea noster
rea, dat tibi parva mu-
Iſlera,
245
THoc Priami gestamen erat, cum jura vocatis
More daret populis; sceptrumque, sacerque tiaras,
Iliadumque labor, vestes. -
Talibus Ilionei dictis, defixa Latinus
Qbtutu tenet ora, soloque immobilis haeret, 250
Nec purpura regem
Intentos volvens oculos.
Picta movet, nec sceptra movent Priameia tantüm,
Quantùm in connubio natae thalamoque moratur;
Et veteris Fauni volvit sub pectore sortem :
Hunc illum fatis externå a sede profectum
Portendi generum, paribusque in regna vocari
Auspiciis : hinc progeniem virtute futuram
Egregiam, et totum quae viribus occupet orbem.
255 255. Hunc illum pro
fectum a sede externa
portendi generum
257. Hinc progeniem
futuram esse
Tandem laetus ait: Di nostra incepta secundent,
Auguriumque suum. Dabitur, Trojane, quod optas:
NOTES.
231. Feretur: in the sense of habebitur.
Levis : small—light. .
,232. Abolescet : be effaced from our minds.
237. Praeferimus. It was a custom among
the ancients for suppliants to carry in their
hands a bough of olive, bound about with
woollen fillets. The fillets here are only
mentioned. Precantia: Ruteus reads, pre-
cantúm.
239. Fata: decrees—declaration. Rueus
says, voluntas. -
240. Dardanus. Dardanus, sprung from
hence, calls us hither. This is the sense
given by Davidson. This seems to be the
opinion of Valpy, who connects repetit with
Dardanus ortus. Ruteus interprets repetit
by revertitur. This represents Dardanus as
coming in person to claim, and take posses-
sion of Italy, his native country. This is
the more poetical. Heyne seems to consi-
der Apollo the nominative to repetit. He
says, Dardanus ortus hinc; huc repetit jus-
sisque ingentibus wrget Apolio. If we take
Apollo for the nom. to repetit, there should
be a colon after ortus, or at least a semi-
colon. It was principally under the direc-
tions of this god, that Æneas came to taly.
242. Vada: properly, the shallow, or shoal
part of the river. Here the water of the
river. Fontis: in the sense of rivi vel flu-
minis.
244. Receptas: saved from, &c.
245. Hoc auro; in this golden bowl, fa
ther Anchises, &c. •
246. Gestamen : the garment—robe.
250. Obtutu : in a steady, attentive pos-
ture.
252. Pieta purpura: the embroidered pur-
ple robe. Embroidery was invented among
the Phrygians.
253, JMoratur: reflects upon—dwells or
meditates upon.
254. Sortem: in the sense of oraculum, vel
responsum oraculi.
255. Humc illum : that this very person
come, &c. Portendi: in the sense of desig-
mari. º
257. Auspiciis; in the sense of potestate.
Progeniem: an issue—race—offspring.—
Hinc.; from the union of the Trojans and
Latins in the persons of Æneas and Lavinia.
260. Augurium ; this refers to the re-
sponse of the oracle of Faunus, concerning
the marriage of Lavinia. See 96, supra.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Munera nec sperno. Non vobis, rege Latino,
26.
Divitis uber agri, Trojaeve opulentia deerit.
Ipse modó AEneas, nostri si tanta Cupido est,
Si jungi hospitio properat, sociusque vocari,
Adveniat; vultus neve exhorrescat amicos.
265
Pars mihi pacis crit dextram tetigisse tyranni.
Vos contra regimea nunc mandata referte
268. Est mihi nata, Est mihi nata, viro gentis quam jungere nostrae,
quam sortes, ex patrio Non patrio ex adyto sortes, non plurima coelo
ady to non sinum, plu-
rima monstra de coelo
non sinunt, jungere viro
271. Canunt hoc res-
Monstra sinunt: generos externis affore ab oris,
Hoc Latio restare canunt, qui sanguine nostrum
Nomen in astra ferant.
270
Hunc illum poscere fata
tare Latio, generos af. Et reor, et, si quid veri mens augurat, opto.
fore
Haec effatus, equos numero pater eligit omni.
Stabant tercentum mitidi in praesepibus altis.
275
276. Extemplo jubet Omnibus extemplo Teucris jubet ordine duci
alipedes instratos ostro Instratos
pictisque tapetis duci
ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis.
Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent:
280. Jubet currum, ge- Tecti auro fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum.
mino gue jugales equºs Absenti AEneae currum geminosque jugales,
Semine ab acthereo, spirantes naribus ignem :
Illorum de gente, patri quos Daedala Circe
ab tethereo semine, spi-
rantes ignem maribus
duct absenti AEneae ;
280
equos de gente illorum, Supposità de matre nothos furata creavit.
quos Daedala Circe, fu-Talibus AEneada domis dictisque Latini
ratº Patri. 89% Creºt Sublimes in equis redeunt, pacemdue reportant."
Ecce autem Inachiis sese referebat ab Argis
nothos de supposita º
matre.
285
233. Et ex æthere Saeva Jovis conjux, aurasque invecta tenebat:
longe usque ab Siculo Et latum AEneam, classemgue ex æthere longé
Pachyno
Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pachyno.
NOTES.
262. Uber divitis agri: the fruitfulness of
a rich soil, &c. Deerit. In scanning, the
two first vowels make one syllable.
266. Pars erit pacis: it will be part of a
treaty of amity and friendship, to have
touched the right hand of your king. It
will be a considerable step toward it. Pars:
in the sense of pignus, says Heyne.
269. Sortes. The responses of some ora-
cles were given by drawing or casting lots.
Hence sors came, to signify an oracle, or the
response of the oracle. Eac patrio adyto:
from his father's oracle. See 97, supra.
.Adytum : the most sacred place of the tem-
ple, particularly the place where the oracle
stood. Hence the oracle itself, by meton.
Plurima monstra: very many prodigies from
heaven, &c. some of which were mentioned
59, supra, et seq. .
277. Alipedes. Alipes, properly, an adj. :
swift of foot. Here it is used as a sub. : swift
horses. Pictis tapetis: with embroidered
trappings. º -
279. JMandunt : they champ the golden
bit under their teeth. Aurum, properly, gold
—anything made of gold : also, a golden o
yellow color.
282. De gente illorum. Circe, as the fable
goes, stole, by some means, one of the fiery
steeds of her father Phoebus. By substi-
tuting a mare of common breed, she was ena-
bled to procure what is called, in common
language, a half blood. This production,
or mixed breed, the poet calls nothos. Of
this race, or stock, descending from the ce-
lestial breed, were the horses that Latinus
presented to Æneas. Dadala : an adj. of
Daedalus, an ingenious artificer of Athens.
He built a labyrinth at Crete, in imitation
of the one in Egypt. It is said he escaped
from Crete on artificial wings. Daedala :
cunning—artful.
285. Sublimes. This may mean simply
high, elevated upon their horses. Or it may
be taken in the sense of laiti.
286. Argis : a city of the Peloponnesus,
dear to Juno. It is called Inachian, from
Inachus, one of its kings; or from the river
Inachus, which flowed near it.
288. Longè ea tethere usque : and from
the heavens afar off, even from Sicilian Pa-
chynus, she beheld joyous AEmeas, &c. Pa-
chymus : the southern promontory of Sicily.
Hodie, Capo Passaro. For longé, Heyne reads
longo, agreeing with athere: but longè is
the common reading, and is the easier.
AENEIS. LIB. VII.
407
Moliri jam tecta videt, jam fidere terrie,
290
Deseruisse rates. Stetit acri fixa dolore :
Tum, quassans caput, haec effudit pectore dicta:
Heu stirpem invisam, et fatis contraria nostris
Fata Phrygum ! num Sigeis occumbere campis 7
Num capti potuére capi? num incensa cremavit
Troja viros' medias acies, mediosque per ignes
At, credo, mea numina tandern
Invenère viam.
294, Num potué e oc-
295 cumbere Sigeis campie
num capti potuère capi?
Fessa jacent: odiis aut exsaturata quievi.
Quin etiam patriá excussos infesta per undas
Ausa sequi, et profugis toto me opponere ponto.
Absumpta in Teucros wires coelique marisque.
299. Infesta ausa sum
300 sequi eos excussos par
triá per undas
Quid Syrtes, aut Scylla mihi, quid vasta Charybdis
Profuit 7 optato conduntur Tybridis alveo,
Securi pelagi atque mei.
tem 7. Å.
Mars perdere gentem
Immanem Lapithūm valuit : concessit in iras
Ipse Deûm antiquam genitor Calydona Dianae:
Quod Scelus, aut Lapithas tantum, aut Calydona meren-
305 307. Quod tantum
scelus aut Lapithas me-
rentes, aut Calydona
merentem 2
NOTES.
290. JMoliri: to build—to lay the foun-
dations of their houses. The word Trojanos
is to be supplied, governed by videt. Fidere:
to trust to the land. Davidson reads sidere:
to settle on the land. He informs us that
Pierius found sidere in the most of the an-
çient MSS. The sense is the same with
either.
291. Stetit: she stops pierced with, &c.
294, JNum Sigeis : could they fall upon
the Sigean plains 2 could the captives be
taken 2 &c. Juno here speaks as if nothing
less than the protection of the gods, that
were opposed to her, could have saved them
amidst such havoc and desolation of fire
and sword. She had done her best to de-
stroy them.
Fata Phrygum. This may mean the
success or fortune of the Trojans, in es-
caping all the dangers, and surmounting all
the difficulties in their way to Italy. And
fatis nostris, may mean the power, will, or
inclination of Juno. It was her earnest de-
sire to destroy them all, and she exerted
her utmost power to effect it; but she was
baffled in all her attempts. Their success,
or fortune, prevailed against her. Or, by
fata Phrygum, we may understand the de-
crees and purposes of the gods in their favor,
opposed to the will and inclinations of Juno,
and baffling all her power.
298. Autodiis. This is capable of a two-
fold version : I, satiated with resentment,
have ceased : or, satiated, . I have ceased
from my resentment. The sense is the same
either way.
299. Excussos; expelled or cast from their
country. It is a metaphor taken from a per-
son's being tost or thrown out of a chariot.
304. Mars valuit. Piritholis, king of the
Lapithſe, invited all the gods to his nuptials
with Hippodame, except Mars. This in-
dignity the god revenged upon his subjects.
The Lapithae were a people of Thessaly,
inhabiting mount Pindus. Immanem: savage
—barbarous : or great, large, in reference
to their size and stature. This last seems
to suit the design of the speech the best;
which was to magnify the power of Mars,
in destroying such an enemy. Securi: re-
gardless of safe from.
305. In iras : in the sense of ad poenam et
vindictam, says Heyne.
306. Calydona : acc. sing. of Greek for-
mation, from Calydon, the chief city of JEto-
lia, near the river Evenus. AEneas, its king,
paid homage to all the gods, except Diana.
The goddess being provoked at this neglect,
sent a wild boar that laid waste his whole
country, till he was slain by his son Mele
ager.
307. Quod tantum scelus. Ruãºus and Da-
vidson have Lapithis, Calydone merente: the
meaning will then be: what so great punish-
ment did the Lapithae or Calydon deserve 2
Scelus is here in the sense of pena wel sup
plicium ; the punishment for crimes or wick
ed actions. Heyne, and others, read Lapi-
thas, and Calydona merentem, governed by
the verb concessit understood. In this case,
the Words may be rendered: deserving what
so great punishment did he give up either
the Lapithe to Mars, or Calydon to Diana.
If the Lapithae deserved such signal punish-
ment for neglect shown to Mars; and it
Calydon deserved it for contempt of Diana
what do not these Trojans deserve for con-
tempt of me, the wife of Jove, and queen
of the gods? Thus she reasoned. For the
cause of Juno's resentment against the Tro-
jans, see AEn. 1, 4, and 28.
408
P VIRGII,II MARONIs
Ast ego, magna Jovis conjux, nil linquere inausum
Quae potui infelix, quae memet in omnia verti;
Wincor ab AEneå.
Quðd si mea numina non sunt 310
311. Quod numer est Magna satis, dubitem haud equidem implorare quod
usquam usquam est.
Flectere si nequeo Superos, Acheronta movebo.
313. Esto, non dabitur
mhi prohibere Trojanos
Latinis regnus
Non dabitur regnis, esto, prohibere Latinis,
Atque immota manet fatis Lavinia conjux.
At trahere, atque moras tantis licet addere rebus;
31 F.
At licetamborum populos exscindere regum. iº
Håc gener atque socer coéant mercede suorum.
Sanguine Trojano et Rutulo dotabere, virgo :
Et Bellona manet te pronuba. Nec façe tantüm
Cisseis praegnans ignes enixa jugales:
320
Quin idem Weneri partus suus, et Paris alter,
Funestaeque iterum recidiva in Pergama taedae.”
Haec ubi dicta dedit, terras horrenda petivit.
Luctificam Alecto dirarum ab sede sororum,
Infernisque ciet tenebris: cui tristia bella,
325
Iraeque, insidiaeque, et crimina noxia cordi.
Odit et ipse pater Pluton, odere sorores
329. Tam saevae facies
lulat tot colubris.
Tartarea monstrum: tot sese vertit in ora,
sun, iii., iii., atra pui. Tam savaº facies, tot pullulat atra colubris.
Quam Juno his acuit verbis, ac talia fatur:
330
NOTES.
308. Qua potwi: who could leave nothing
untried—who had power to try every thing.
309. Infelia: ; unsuccessful—not having
accomplished my purpose. Verti memet in
omnia : I have had recourse to all expedi-
ents—I have tried all the means in my
power. *
312. Acheronta: acc. sing. of Acheron :
properly, a river of hell. Here put for the
infernal gods.
314. Immota: certain—fixed—determined.
315. Trahere: in the sense of differre.
317. Hác mercede: at this cost, or price
of their people, let them unite. JMerces
sometimes signifies a condition. In this
sense it will be: let them unite upon this
condition, viz. the destruction of both their
people, the Trojans and Latins, mentioned in
the line above.
sense of malo et pernicie.
318. Virgo, dotabere: O virgin, thou shalt
be dowered with Trojan and Rutulian blood
—thou shalt receive thy dowry in Trojan,
319. Bellona manet: and Bellona awaits
thee as a bride-maid. Bellona, the goddess
presiding over war. She was the sister of
Mars, and prepared his chariot for him, when
he went out to war. Pronubae were the
women who managed those things that per-
.ained to nuptials, and placed the bride in
ner bed. It is used in the singular for the
goddess of marriage. What gives empha-
sip to the expression here, is, that Juno her-
Heyne takes mercede in the
self was the Pronuba, as being the goddess
who presided over marriage.
320. Cisseis. Hecuba, the wife of Priam,
is so called, from Cissetis, her father. Be-
fore she was delivered of Paris, she dreamed
she had a torch in her womb. Eniaca ju-
gales ignes : she brought forth a nuptial
fire-brand, to wit, Paris; who was the cause
of the Trojan war, and the destruction of
his country. Any thing belonging to or
connected with marriage, or the marriage
state, may be called jugalis.
321. Quin suus partus; but her own sor
shall be the same to Venus, even another
Paris. The meaning is, that Æneas should
prove the same to Venus his mother, that
Paris did to his. He should kindle the
flames of another war, which should end in
the destruction of Troy, rising again from
ruins. It is evident that this must be the
meaning of recidiva. Hºneashadjust founded
a city which he called Troy. It was rising
from the ruins of old Troy. Ruteus takes
recidiva, in the sense of iterum cadentia.
322. Taedoegue funestſe: and a torch or fire-
brand, again fatal, &c. .
324. Luctificam : doleful—causing sorrow.
See Geor. i. 278. - -
326. Cordi; dat. of cor, for a pleasure or
delight. The verb sunt is to be supplied.
327. Pluton. The n is added on account
of the following word, beginning with the
vowel 0. e --
y
AENEIS. LIB. VII.
409
{
Hune mihi da proprium, virgo sata nocte, laborem,
Hanc operam; ne noster honos, infractave cedat
331. ... O vergo sala
nocte, da mibi
Fama loco ; neu connubiis ambire Latinum
MEncadae possint, Italosve obsidere fines.
Tu potes unanimes armare in praelia fratres,
Atque odiis versare domos: tu verbera tectiº
Funereasque inferre faces: tibi nomina mille,
335
336. Tu potes inferre
verbera -
Mille nocendi artes: foecundum concute pectus,
Disjice compositam pacem, sere crimina belli:
Arma velit, poscatoue simul, rapiatolue juventus.
Exin Gorgoneis Alecto infecta venenis
340 340. Fac ut Juventus
velit, simulque poscat
Principio Latium et Laurentis tecta tyranni
Celsa petit, tacitumque obsedit limen Amatae:
Quam super adventu Teucrüm, Turnique hymenaeis,
Foemineae ardentem curaeque iraeque coquebant.
Huic Dea coeruleis unum de crinibus anguem
344. Quam Amatam
ardentem super adventu
Teucrüm hymenaeisque
Turni, foomineaeque
345
Conjicit, inque sinum praecordia ad intima subdit:
Quo furibunda domum monstro permisceat omnem.
Ille inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus
Wolvitur attactu nullo, fallitoue furentem,
• 349. Ille anguis lap-
350 sus inter vestes
Vipeream inspirans animam : fit tortile collo
. Aurum ingens coluber, fit longae taenia vittae,
Innectitgue comas, et membris lubricus errat.
Ac dum prima lues udo sublapsa veneno
Pertentat sensus, atque ossibus implicat ignem,
352. Ingens coluber
fit tortile
355
Necdum animus toto percepit pectore flammam ;
*
NOTES.
331. Hunc proprium laborem: this pecu-
liar task—this task or business which pro-
perly belongs to you.
332. Infracta - declining—broken. Of in
and fracta. Ruãºus says, victa. -
, 333. Ambire: in the sense of circumve-
rvire.
336. Domos: in the sense of familias.
337. JMille nomina: there are to you a
thousand pretences, a thousand ways of do-
ing hurt, or mischief. , Verbera : blows—
scourges. Inferre : in the sense of immit-
tere.
339. Disjice. This is the common read-
ing. Heyne reads dissice. Pierius says he
found dissice in all the ancient MSS. Cri-
mina belli: the causes of war. Compositam
pacem: the treaty to which Latinus had
agreed, or the match of Lavinia with
AEneas.
341. Gorgoneis venenis infecta : infected
with-Gorgonian poisons—with such poisons
as the serpents had, with which the head of
the Gorgon, JMedusa, was encircled. Ac-
cording to fable, Perseus cut off her head,
and took it with him in his travels into Af.
rica. The drops falling from it, sprung up
immediately into venomous reptiles. The
Gorgons were the daughters of Phorcys and
Ceto. They were three in number, Stheno,
Medusa, and Euryale. See Ovid. Met. lib.
iv. Eacin: forthwith. She stays not to
make reply. She is so bent on mischief,
that she obeys as soon as desired. See noin.
prop. under Gorgon. .
345. Foemmineae cura: ; female cares and
angry passions tortured her, inflamed at, &c.
The curat may refer to the match with Tur-
nus, which she was very anxious to bring
about; and the irae, to the arrival of the
Trojans.
346, Coeruleis crinibus : from her serpen
time locks. Coeruleis. This is said of ser
pents, because they are streaked with bluish
spots. Instead of hair, the heads of the
Gorgons were attired with serpents; Huic.
to Amata.
348. Quo monstro: by which serpent, ren
dered furious, (or driven to fury,) she might
embroil the whole family.
350. Nullo attaciu : without any percep-
tible touch. -
352. Tortile aurum collo : wreathed gold
for the neck—a chain of wreathed gold—a
necklace.
354. Prima lues sublapsa ; and while the
first infection, gliding gently downward, with
its humid poison, penetrates the senses, &c.
Most interpreters connect subtapsa wdo ve-
meno together, and consider the infection as
gliding under the humid poison. David-
son thinks, udo veneno should be connected
d. 10
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
357. Regina locuta Molliès, et solito matrum de more, locuta est, --
est mollius, et de solito
unore matrum, lachry-
mans multa
matris; quam iste perfi-
dus praedo relinquet pri-
uno Aquilone
sancta fides
Multa super natä lachrymans, Phrygiisque hymenaeis:
Exulibusne datur ducenda Lavinia Teucris,
O genitor 1 nec te miseret nataeque tuique
361. Nec miseret te Nec matris miseret;
360
quam primo Aquilone relinquet
Perfidus, alta petens, abductā virgine, praedo?
At non sic Phrygius penetrat Lacedaemona pastor,
Ledaeamque Helenam Trojanas vexit ad urbes!
365. .. Quid erit tua Quid tua sancta fides, quid cura antiqua tuorum,
Et consanguineo toties data dextera Turno
365
Si gener externå petitur de gente Latinis,
º Idque sedet, Faunique premunt te jussa parentis:
369. Equidem reor Omnem equidem sceptris terram quae libera nostris
Omnem terram esse ex-
terman, qua libera &
nostris sceptris dissidet
& nobis ; et reor Divos
dicere sic. Et, si prima
Dissidet, externam reor; et sic dicere Divos.”
Et Turno, si prima domis repetatur origo,
nachus Acrisiusque patres, mediaeque Mycenae.”,
His ubi nequicquam dictis experta, Latinum
370
origo jus, domis repe- Contra stare videt; penitàsque in viscera lapsum
tatur, Inachus, Acrisius-
que reperientur patres
Turno; Mycenaeque me-
dia Grecia, ejus patria.
Serpentis furiale malum, totamgue pererrat:
Tum veró infelix, ingentibus excita monstris,
Immensam siné more furit lymphata per urbem :
375
Ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo,
NOTES.
with perientat sensus. He observes that ser-
pents leave a humidity, a kind of infectious
poison or slime, where they pass along; and
as the motion of this serpent was down-
ward, sublapsa is very properly used.
360. Genitor. The whole of this speech
of the queen is very artful, and very well
calculated to produce the intended effect.
She applies to him not the title of king, nor
the name of husband ; but the tender áp-
pellation of father. Thus making her ad-
dress to his parental affections, that if he
had any compassion, it might be moved in
behalf of his only daughter, the support of
his family, and the heiress of his kingdom.
She puts him in mind of the conduct of
Paris at the court of Menelaus; and inti-
Inates that Æneas, like a perfidious robber,
would carry off his daughter the first op-
pºv. unity. -
353. At non. This is the common read-
ing. Mr. Davidson reads an mon. Phry-
givs pastor: Paris. Penetrat: in the sense
of intravit.
366, Turno. His mother's name was Ve-
milia, the sister of Amata, the wife of Lati-
nus. He was therefore connected with the
royal family of Latium. Consanguineo :
properly, a relation by blood.
368. Sedet : is resolved upon. Statutum
est, says Ruasus. º -
370. Dissidet: in the sense of separatur.
72. Inachus. He was one of the first
kings of Argos, and gave his name to the
river near that city. Acrisius was one of
nia descendants, and the last king of Argos.
the Peloponnesus.
He, or his grandson Perseus, removed the
seat of government to JMycenae. He order-
ed his daughter Danaë to be shut up in a
wooden chest, and cast into the sea. Here
it is said she was impregnated by Jupiter,
and had Perseus. She was wafted to the
coast of Italy, where she was taken up by
Polydectes. Afterward, she married Pilum-
nus, who was one of the ancestors of Tur-
nus. She founded the city Ardea, in the
country of the Rutuli. JMycenae was situ-
ated on the river Inachus, which flows into
the Sinus Argolicus, on the eastern side of
It is here said to be the
middle of Greece. But this is more from
its being the chief city, or capital of Greece.
than from its local situation.
373. Earperta ; having tried—addressed
him.
374. Stare contra: in the sense of resistere.
375. Furiale malum: the infuriate poison.
Pererrat; in the sense of penetrat.
376. Eaccula ingéntibus : roused by the
mighty monsters. The effect of the poison
upon her imagination made her see a thou-
sand monsters, which affrighted and dis-
tracted her. .
377. Lymphata frantic, furious. ' This
is thought, by most interpreters, to express
that kind of fury with which persons are
seized who have been bitten by a mad dog;
and whose madness, when it comes te the
height, is accompanied with a dread of wa-
ter. From lympha, water. Siné more: be
yond bounds—immoderately. - v.
378. Ceu quondam: as when a top whirl
AENEIs. LIB. vil
411
Quem pueri magno in gyro vacua atria circum
"ntenti ludo exercent. Ille actus habenă
380
Curvatis fertur spatiis; stupet inscia turba,
Impubesque manus, mirata volubile buxum :
Dant animos plagae.
Non cursu segnior illo
Per medias urbes agitur, populosque feroces.
Quin etiam in sylvas, simulato numine Bacchi,
Majus adorsa neſas, majoremdue orsa furorem,
384. Regina agitur
385 non segnior illo cursu
per
Evolat; et natam frondosis montibus abdit,
Quà thalamum eripiat Teucris, taedasque moretur.
Evoë Bacche, fremens; solum te virgine dignum
Vociferans, etenim molles tibi sumere thyrsos,
Te lustrare choro, sacrum tibi pascere crinem.
Fama volat: furiisque accensas pectore matres
389. Vociferans te,
390 Bacche, solum esse dig-
num virgine; eam su-
mere molles thyrsos tibi,
lustrare te
Idem omnes simul ardor agit, nova quaerere tecta.
Deseruere domos : ventis dant colla comasque.
Ast aliae tremulis ululatibus aethera complent,
395
Pampineasque gerunt incinctae pellibus hastas.
Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum
Sustinet, ac natae Turnique canit hymenaeos,
Sanguineam torquens aciem : torvumque repenté
Clamat: Io matres, audite, ubi quaeque, Latinae :
Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae
Gratia, si juris materni cura remordet ;
397. Regina ipsa fer-
vida sustinet
400 400. Io Latinae matres,
audite, ubiqueque estis:
si qua gratia infelicis
Amatae manet -
NOTES.
ing under the twisted lash, which boys, in-
tent on their sport, &c. Dr. Trapp observes,
this simile is the perfection of elegance.
Nothing can be more finely described.
380. Eacercent: in the sense of agitant.
Habená: with the string.
382. Buarum : the box wood, of which
tops were made—the top itself, by meton.
, 383. Dant animos plagº. This is capable
of two meanings, according as plaga is ta-
ken for the nom. plu. or the dat. sing. Dr.
Trapp insists on the former, and renders it:
the lashes give (it) life; taking animos in
the sense of vitam ; and this again for rapi-
dum motum. Davidson objects to this, and
prefers the latter: they give their souls to
the stroke. This is the more elegant, and
poetical. Dryden renders it thus: “ and
lend their little souls to every stroke.” Val-
py takes animos in the same sense with Dr.
Trapp. Heyne says, concitaliorem motum.
JVon segnior: not less impetuous is the queen
driven in her course through, &c.
386. Orsa : part, from ordior, I begin or
enter upon. JNſumine Bacchi : the influ-
ence of Bacchus being pretended. She pre-
tended to be under the influence or impulse
of that god. Ruteus takes numen in the
sense of religio, making the queen to feign
a zeal for the service or worship of Bacchus.
Walpy says, under a pretence of celebrating
the orgies of Bacchus. Adorsa : attempt.
ing. JNefas: in the sense of crimen vel
scelus .
same with either.
388. Thalamum : in the sense of conju-
givm. Taedas: in the sense of nuptias.
390. Etenim. In some editions, there is a
full stop after vociferans. This perplexes the
whole passage: whereas, if we make voci-
ferans to govern the following infinitives, all
will be plaih and easy. Ruteus, and Dr.
Trapp, think they are governed by fama vo-
lat. The etenim, here, appears to be exple-
tive. Thyrsos. The thyrsus was a kind of
spear wrapped about with vine and ivy
leaves, which Bacchus and his retinue used
to wear.
391. Choro.
others choros.
Some copies have choris,
The sense is, however, the
The bacchanals used to
dance round the image of Bacchus. Sa
crum tibi. It was a custom among the Ro-
mans and Greeks, for maidens to consecrate
their hair to some god or goddess; and
never to cut it off till just before they were
married, when they suspended it in the tem-
ple of that deity, in honor of whom they
had preserved it. Lustrare : in the sense
of circumire. Pascere: in the sense of
Se???&re. -
393. Tecta ; abodes, to wit, the woods.
399. Torvitm: an adj. neu. taken as an
adverb; in imitation of the Greeks. In the
sense of torvé. -
400. Latinſe matres: ye Latin matrons
hear, wherever any of you be. The verb
estis is understood. Ubi: , in the sense of
wbicumque.
412
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Solvite crunales vittas, capite orgia mecum.
404. Alecto agit Re- Talem inter sylvas, inter deserta ferarum,
*, *, *timulis Reginam Alecto stimulis agit undique Bacchi.
Postguam visa satis primos acuisse furores,
Consiliumque omnemoue domum vertisse Latini
Protinús hinc fuscis tristis Dea tollitur alis
acchi undique
406. Postguam Alecto
visa est sibi acuisse pri-
mos furores Amatae
405
Audacis Rutuli ad muros : quam dicitur urhe
Acrisioneis Danaë fundāsse colonis,
410
Praecipiti delata Noto: locus Ardua quondam
Dictus avis, et nunc magnum manet Ardea nomen.
Sed fortuna fuit.
Tectis hic Turnus in altis
Jam mediam nigrá carpebat nocte quietem.
Alecto torvam faciem et furialia membra
4 lb
Exuit : in vultus sese transformat aniles, .
Et frontem obscoenam rugis arat: induit albos
Cum wittà crines:
.* Fit Calybe, Junonis anus, templique sacerdos
420. Etoffertsºjuveni Et juveni ante oculos his se cum vocibus offert:
Turne, tot incassúm fusos patiere labores,
Et tua Dardaniis transcribi sceptra colonis 7
ante oculos cum his ver-
bis
tum ramum innectit olivae.
420
Rex tibi conjugium, et quaesitas sanguine dotes
Abnegat; externusque in regnum quaeritur haeres.
I nunc, ingratis offer te, irrise, periclis:
425
*A s Tyrrhenas, i, sterne acies: tege pace Latinos
427. Adeo omnipºtens Haec adeo tibi me, placidá cum nocte jaceres,
Saturnia ipsa jussit me
fari hec palam tibi, clim
Ipsa palam fari omnipotens Saturnia jussit.
Quare age, et armari pubem, portisque moveri
Laetus in arma para : et Phrygios, qui flumine pulchro
Consedère, duces pictasque exure carinas.
431
NOTES.
407. Vertisse: in the sense 6f turbavisse.
410. Fundásse, &c. Danaë founded a
city, which she called Ardea or Ardwa, most
probably from its high and elevated situa-
tion. Acrisioneis colonis : for her Grecian
colony. Acrisioneis: an adj. from Acrisius,
the name of her father. See 372, supra.
411. Praecipiti noto: by a violent wind
wafted to Italy. JNoto ; the south wind, put
for wind in general.
412. Avis : in the sense of majoribus.
JMagnum : great—illustrious.
413. Sed fortuna fuit. Most interpreters
take this to mean no more than forté, or ita
event : so it was, or so it happened; and
connect it with what follows. It happened
so that Turnus, &c. Ruteus says, casus ita
tulit. But this is very flat, and makes the
conjunction sed a mere expletive. It is bet-
ter to refer it to Ardea just mentioned;
which, though illustrious and flourishing,
was now doomed to be destroyed by Æneas;
taking fortuna fuit in the sense of Æn. ii.
325. where fuinius Troes, funt Ilium, imports:
we Trojans once were, Ilium once was ; but
RS II (9 W In O III Olſe. . . .
417 Obscuenam: filthy—deformed. Arat;
ºn the sense of sulcat .
421. Fusos : part.of fundor: to be lost—
to be thrown away, in vain. Esse is under-
stood. - -
422. Transcribi : to be transferred to a
Trojan colony. This word was generally
applied to those persons, whose names were
enrolled in order to be transplanted into
some new colony. Such persons were call-
ed transcripti. Hence the verb came to
signify to transfer. -
423. Conjugium : in the sense of Lavini-
am, vel nuptias Lavinia. -
426. Tege: defend—protect. The Latins,
in their wars with the Tuscans, received aid
from Turnus, and by his means obtained
peace. To this circumstance, here is an al-
lusion.
430. Para: in the sense of jube. Arma
in the sense of bellham. - -
431. Earure Phrygios, &c. The poets
sometimes connect two words together in
the same sentence to be governed by a verb:
when strictly it can agree with one of them
only. Thus, in the present case, eaſure
agrees with the pictas carinas; but it does
not suit Phrygios duees. The meaning is"
destroy the 'I'rojan leaders, and burn their
painted ships. - -
AENEIs. LIB. vii.
413
Ira Supér.
Coelestâm vis magna jubet. Rex ipse Latinus,
Ni dare conjugium, et dicto parere fatetur,
Sentiat, et tandem Turnum experiatur in armis.
Hic juvenis watem irridens, sic orsa vicissim
Ore refert : Classes invectas Tybridis alveo,
Non, ut rere, meas effugit nuntius aures:
Netantos mihi finge metus: nec regia Juno
Immemor est nostri. - - t
Sed te victa situ, verique effoeta senectus,
O mater, curis nequicquam exercet; et arma
Regum inter, falsá watem formidine ludit.
Cura tibi, Divām effigies et templa tueri:
Bella viri pacemdue gerant, queis bella gerenda.
Talibus Alecto dictis exarsit in iras.
At juveni oranti Subitus tremor occupat artus
Diriguere oculi: tot Erinnys sibilat hydris,
Tantaque se facies aperit. Tum flammea torquens
Lumina, cunctantem et quaerentem dicere plura
Reppulit, et geminos erexit crinibus angues,
Verberaque insonuit, rabidoque haec addidit ore :
En ego victa situ, quam veri effoºta Senectus
Arma inter regum falsā formidine ludit.
Respice ad haec: adsum dirarum a sede sororum ;
Bella manu, letumque gero.
Sic effata facem juveni conjecit, et atro
Lumine fumantes fixit sub pectore taedas.
Olli somnum ingens rupit pavor: ossaque et artus
Perſudit toto proruptus corpore sudor.
Arma amens fremit; arma toro tectisgue requirit.
Saevit amor ferri, et scelerata insania belli,
Magno veluti cum flamma sonore
Virgea suggeritur costis undantis aheni,
Exsultantºue astu latices: furit intus aquae vis,
* * NOTES.
435 435. Hic Juvenis Tur-
nus irridens watem, sic
vicissim reſert haec orsa
ez ore: nuntius non ef-
fugit meas aures, ut aw
rere
440 440. Sed, O mater,
senectus victa situ, effoe-
taque veri
443. Sit tibi cura tueri
effigies
445
449. Reppulit eum.
450 cunctantern
452. En ego sum illa
victa situ
455
460
461. Amor ferri, et
scelerata insania belli,
supér ira saevit. Veluti
clim virgea flamma
432. Pºs.; in the sense of potentia.
433. JYi fatetur: unless he consent to ra-
tify the match, and abide by his word, &c.
435. Orsa: in the sense of verba, from
the verb ordior.
440, Situ. Situs properly signifies the
squalor or mustiness that grows upon old
walls and dark places. Here put for the
hoariness, (gray hairs) deformity, or rust of
old age. Ruacus interprets it by annis,
and it may be used very well for years, or
old age, by meton. Effeta is said of a wo-
man who is past child-bearing. Effoºta veri,
will then mean, barren of truth—one who
has ceased to speak the truth. Dr. Trapp
renders it, impotent of truth. Picta : en-
feebled—overcome. -
442. Ludit: in the sense of decipit. Va-
tem a priestess, Te is understood. Inter
arma regum. Ruteus says, super bellis re-
446. Oranti: in the sense of loquenti, vel
dicent,
448. Tanta facies : so horrid an appear-
anco of her disclosed itself to his view. She
displayed so terrific an appearance to the
astonished youth, that a sudden trembling
seized his limbs, &c.
450. Reppulit : prevented—repelled.—
Erezit : in the sense of eactulit.
451. Verbera ; her lash—whip.
457. Fumanies atro lumine: smoking with
gloomy light. Servius interprets atro by
furiali—inferno.
459. Proruptus : gushing—bursting from
his whole body, drenched—wet, &c.
460. Fremit : he raves for his arms.
teus says, fervet.
462. Super. This is used here in the sense
of insuper : furthermore—beside. It may
seem a strange climax, says 1)r. Trapp, te
mention anger after madness. The former
relates to the hurry of his thoughts about
war in general, and the latter to his own re-
Ru-
sentment and jealousy. Peluti cilm ; as
when a fire of twigs, with a great roaring. .
414
P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS
Fumidus atque alté spumis exuberat amnis:
465
Nec jam se capit unda; volat vaporater ad auras
467 Ergö Turnus in-Ergo iter ad regem, pollutà pace, Latinum
heit , primis juvenum Indicit primis juvenum : et jubet arma parari,
"ter ad regem
ths ambobus
Tutari Italian), detrudere finibus hostem :
470. Ait sevenire sa-Se satis ambobus Teucrisque venire Latinisque.
Haec ubi dicta dedit, Divosque in vota vocavit,
470
Certatin sese Rutuli exhortantur in arma.
473. Egregium decus Hunc decus egregium formae movet atque juventae;
formae atque juventae
swu regis movet hunc :
reges ejus atavi movent
hunc : dextera inclyta
claris factis movet hunc
Hunc atavi reges; hunc claris dextera factis.”
Dum Turnus Rutulos animis audacibus implet,
Alecto in Teucros Stygiis se concitat alis:
Arte nová speculata locum, quo litore pulcher
475
Insidiis cursugue feras agitabat Iülus.
Hic subitam canibus rabiem Cocytia virgo
Objicit, et noto nares contingit odore,
480
Ut cervum ardentes agerent: quae prima laborum
Causa fuit, belloque animos accendit agrestes.”
Cervus erat formá praestanti, et cornibus ingens
484. Quem
ab ubere matris pueri
Tyrrheidae nutribant
486. Cui custodia
raptum Tyrrheidae pueri quem matris ab ubere raptum
Nutribant, Tyrrheusque pater, cui regia parent
Armenta, et laté custodia credita campi.
485
camp, late eral credita. Assuetum imperiis soror omni Sylvia curá
Sylvia soror eorum orna- Mollibus intexens ornabat cornua sertis.
hat ewm assuetum
Pectebatſue ferum, puroque in fonte lavabat.
Ille manum patiens, mensæque assuetus herili,
490
Errabat sylvis: rursiisque ad limina nota
NOTES.
is placed under the sides of a boiling chal-
dron, &c.
464. Latices: in the sense of aqua. Eac-
ultant : boil up, Aquae vis: the force or
power of the water. Heyne reads Aquai :
the old gen. of aqua, and connects it with
fumidus amnis. The common reading is
aq.de vis. -
465. Fumidws amnis : the steam or va-
por. Eacuberat ; abounds—overflows. No-
thing can give us a greater and more terri-
ble idea of human rage and fierceness, than
the boiling of water in a chaldron. Dr.
Trapp thinks with Pierius, that the force of
eloquence is here wonderfully displayed in
the variety of words to express the same
thing.
467. Pace pollutá. A league or treaty of
peace was considered sacred, and ratified by
polemn rites of religion; and the violation
of it was considered an act of pollution and
profaneness. •
470. Sal?s venire: that he is a match for
both, &c. Venire: in the sense of esse.
472. Certatin: eagerly—with emulation.
In arma: in the sense of ad bellum.
473. Hunc : one—this one.
474. Atavi; in the sense of majores. The
poet here enumerates the different incite-
ºnents to the war. One is induced to take up'
arms from the grace and dignity of his king;
a second, from a consideration of his long
line of royal ancestors; and a third, from
his noble achievements and feats in arms.
.Atavi reges. These words are here used
in the sense of regales majores: his royal
ancestors.
477, Speculata: having observed the place,
on what shore beautiful Itilus, &c. JNovu
arte: with a new purpose, design, or object
in view—with a design different from her
visit to Latinus or Turnus, that she might
actually kindle the war.
478. Insidiis : snares—traps. .
479. Cocytia : hellish or infernal; an ad).
from Cocytus, a fabulous river of hell. s
480. JNoto odore: the known scent of the
stag.
481. Ardentes : eager—fierce.
484. Tyrrheidae : the sons of Tyrrheus—
a patronymic noun. Tyrrheus kept the
herds of Latinus.
487. Imperiis : authority—commands.
Ruteus takes assuetum, in the sense of do-
cilem.
489. Ferum. Ferus properly signifies a
wild or savage animal. Here, and in some
other places of Virgil, it signifies a tama
Oſł0, -
AENEIS. LIB. VII.
416
lpse domum será quamvis se nocte ferebat.
Hunc procul errantem rabidae venantis Iuli
Commovëre canes. fluvio clim forté secundo
Deflueret, ripâque aestus viridante levaret.
495
Ipse etiam eximiae laudis succensus amore
Ascanius curvo direxit spicula cornu :
Nec dextrae erranti Deus abſuit, actaque multo
Perque uterum sonitu, perque ilia venit arundo.
Saucius at quadrupes nota intra tecta refugit,
Successitdue gemens stabulis; questuque cruentus
Atque imploranti similis, tectum omne replevit.
Sylvia prima soror, palmis percussa lacertos,
500
501. Cruentusque, at-
que similis imploranti
opem, cervus replevit
Auxilium vocat, et duros conclamat agrestes.
Olli, pestis enim tacitis latet aspera sylvis,
Improvisi adsunt : hic torre armatus obusto,
Stipitis hic gravidi nodis : quod cuique repertum
Vocat agnina Tyrrheus,
Quadrifidam quercum cuneis ut forté coactis
Scindebat, raptā spirans immané securi.
At saeva è speculis tempus Dea nacta nocendi,
Ardua tecta petit stabuli, et de culmine summo
Rimanti, telum ira facit.
505. Aspera
.Alecto latet
507. Hic armalus no-
disgravidi stipitis adest.
ira facit id telum, quod
est repertum cuique ri-
510 manti. Tyrrheus spirans
immane, securi raptá,
vocat agnina, ut forté
pestie
Pastorale canit signum, cornugue recurvo
Tartaream intendit vocem: quá protinús omne
Contremuit nemus, et sylvae intonuère profundae.
515
Audit et Triviae longé lacus, audiit amnis
Sulfureà Nar albus aquà, fontesque Velini:
NOTES.
493. Rabudae: in the sense of furiosa.
494. Déflueret secundo: when by chance
he was swimming down the stream—along
with the current. Commovére : roused up
as he was roving at large.
495. Levaret : allaying—assuaging the
heat.
497. Curvo cornu : from his bent, or elas-
tic bow.
498. Dews. Alecto is here meant. Deus
is of both genders. Erranti : Dr. Trapp
observes, there is an elegancy in this. He
erred even by hitting the animal, consider-
ing the consequences. But he thinks by
Deus, we are to understand any god, or for-
tune. Most commentators, however, take
erranti in its common acceptation.
hand was erring in itself, and would have
erred, had it not been guided by the goddess.
.Acta : in the sense of immissa, vel impulsa.
499. Sonitw: in the sense of stridore. It
made a whizzing noise as it cut the air.
505. , Aspera pestis : the odious fiend
lurks, &c. But La Cerda understands it of
the fury which seized the rustics. This is
not so natural and easy, though the sense
be the same. -
509. Cuneis coactis :
into it. i
510. Spirans immané. Davidson under-
stands this of the passion into which Tyr-
with wedges driven
His .
rheus was thrown, on hearing of the dealn
of the stag: breathing fury—panting for
vengeance. Dr. Trapp understands it of his
puffing and blowing in felling and splitting
timber. Valpy is of the same opinion with
Davidson.
514. Intendit : she swells her infernal
voice through the crooked horn. By means
of the horn, the sound was greatly in-
creased.
515. Profundſe sylva; ; either the woods in
deep valleys, or the inmost and thickest part
of the woods.
516. Lacus Triviae: the lake of Diana.
This was near the city Aricia, about three
leagues from Laurentum to the north. Ho-
die, Lago di Nemo.
517. Nar. This river rises in the Apen-
nines, and running in a south-western di-
rection, separating Umbria from the country
of the Sabines, falls into the Tiber. Its
surface is whitened for a considerable dis-
tance by the foam, occasioned by the dash-
ing of the water against the rocks that lie
in its bed. Its name is of Sabine origin,
and signifies sulphur, with which the water
is impregnated. Hodie, Nera. Fontes Ve-
lini : the river Velinus. This river rises in
the country of the Sabines, and flows into
the Nar
416
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
*
Et trepidae matres pressère ad pectora natos.
519. Tum, verö indo-Tum verö ad vocem celeres, qua buccina signum
miti agricolae
concurrunt undique, te-
lis raptis, ad vocem, quâ
dira
* Dira dedit, raptis concurrunt undique telis
Indomiti agricolae : necnon et Troia pubes
Ascanio auxilium castris effundit apertis.
520
Direxere acies: non jam certamine agresti,
Stipitibus duris agitur, sudibusve praeustis;
Sed ferro ancipiti decernunt, atraque laté
b?5
Horrescitstrictis seges ensibus, aeraque fulgent
Sole lacessita, et lucem sub nubila jactant.
Fluctus uti primo coepit cum albescere vento;
Paulatim sese tollit mare, et altius undas
Erigit, inde imo consurgit ad athera fundo.
Hic juvenis primam ante aciem stridente sagittà,
531. Hic juvenis Al-
530
mon, qui fuit maximus Natorum Tyrrhei fuerat qui maximus, Almon
natorum Tyrrhei, ster-
nitur, ante
Sternitur. haesit enim sub gutture vulnus, et udae
Wocis iter, tenuemgue inclusit sanguine vitam.
535. Multa corpora Corpora multa virtim circă : seniorque Galaesus,
535
Virtim sternuntur circă Dum paci medium se offert, justissimus unus
illum seniorque Gele- Qui fuit, Ausoniisgue olim ditissimus arvis.
Quinque greges illi balantüm, quina redibant
sus sternitur quoque
Armenta, et terram centum vertebat aratris.
Atque, ea per campos aequo dum Marte geruntur,
Promissi Dea facta potens, ubi sanguine bellum 541
Imbuit, et primae commisit funera pugna ;
Deserit Hesperiam, et coeli convexa per auras,
Junonem victrix affatur voce superbă :
545
545. En discordia per- En perfecta tibi bello discordia tristi! * *
Dic, in amicitiam coéant, et foedera jungant,
"ecta est tibi
547. Dic illis, sit co- Quandoquidem Ausonio respersi sanguine Teucros.
cant
Hoc etiam his addam, tua simihi certa voluntas :
NOTES.
520. Indomiti; rude, unpolished, country-
men, &c.
522. Effundit: in the sense of mittit.
523 Direwere acies: they arranged the
lines. They drew up their respective forces
in order of battle. JYon agitur agresti: they
do not now engage in rustic fight, with, &c.,
•Agilur: in the sense of pugnatur.
525. Ancipiti ferro: with the two-edged
sword. , Ruteus says, dubiis gladiis, alluding
to the issue of the contest. Atra seges: a
direful field (crop) of drawn swords waves
afar, &c. The prep. 8 is understood before
trictis ensibws. * - •
526. Aºra : brazen armor; plu. of tes:
brass. Any thing made of brass may be
called aes, vel apra.
533. Vulnus: the wound; here put, by
meton, for the wounding instrument—the
arrow. Udae Pocis. The voice is here call-
ed humid, because it passes through a moist
of humid passage. The same as udum iter
vvcis.
534. Inclusit: in the sense of obstruait.
536. Medium pact: a mediator of peace.
538. Redibant: returned home to him
from pasture. He had five flocks of sheep,
and five herds of cattle. -
540. AEquo JMarte. This cannot mean
that the loss was equal on both sides, for
the slain was on the part of the Latins only.
Donatus explains it by aperto JMarte; and
Ascensius, by a quo et plano campo ; mean-
ing, that the field of battle was a plain and
level spot of ground. Ruteus takes it to re-
for to the fight itself; when the issue was as
yet equal; or it was uncertain, on which
side the victory would turn. -
541. Dea facta potens: the goddess hav-
ing accomplished her promise. Potems: in
the sense of compos. Bellum. Davidson
renders it, by field of war; which evidently
is its meaning in this place. When she
stained the field of battle with blood, she
had then fulfilled her engagement with Juno.
542. Funera: in the sense of coedem
Commissit: in the sense of incepit.
543. Convera: in the sense of vecta. .
544. Victric: victorious—having effected
her object.
AENEIS.
LIB. VII. 417
Finitimas in bella feram rumoribus urbes,
Accendamgue animos insani Martis amore,
550
Undique ut auxilio veniant: spargam arma per agros.
Tum contrà Juno : Terrorum et fraudis abundé est:
Stant belli causae: pugnatur cominūs armis.
Quæ fors prima dedit, sanguis novus imbuit arma.
Talia connubia et tales celebrent hymenaeos
Fgregium Veneris genus, et rex ipse Latinus.
le super aethereas errare licentitis auras
Haud pater ipse velit summi regnator Olympi.
Cede locis. Ego, si qua super fortuna laborum est,
Tales dederat Saturnia voces:
[lla autem attollit stridentes anguibus alas,
ſpsa regam.
555 ,
556. AEneas, egregium
genus Veneris, et rex
Latinus ipse celebrent
558. Pater Jupiter
ipse regnator summi
560 Olympi haud velit fe
errare
Cocytique petit sedem, supera ardua linquens.
Est locus, Italiae in medio sub montibus alti
Nobilis, et famâ multis memoratus in oris,
Amsancti valles : densis hunc frondibus atrum
Urget utrinque latus memoris, mediogue fragosus
Dat sonitum saxis et torto vortice torrens.
Hic specus horrendum, et savi spiracula Ditis
Monstrantur: ruptoque ingens Acheronte vorago,
Pestiferas aperit fauces: quels condita Erinnys,
Invisum numen, terras coelumque levabat.
565 565. Mempe valles am-
sancti. Latus nemoris,
atrum densis frondibus
urget hunc locum utrin-
que, medioque ejus
570 , 570. In queis Erinnys,
- invisum numen, condita
Nec minus interea extremam Saturnia bello
Imponit regina manum. Ruit omnis in urbem
Pastorum ex acie numerus : caesosque reportant,
NOTES.
550. Amore insani. Ruabus takes this for
insano amore JMartis, by hypallage. But in-
sanus is an epithet highly applicable, and
proper for Mars, or war; where nothing but
havoc and mad fury reign.
551. Arma: in the sense of bella.
554. JNovus sanguis : new (or recent)
blood hath stained the arms, which, &c. The
novºs, alludes to the blood which had been
shed in the recent or late encounter. Fors:
chance—fortune. Dedit: offered—presented.
559. Cede locis: depart from the places
of this upper world. The earth is called the
celestial or ethereal regions, in opposition to
the infernal regions, or regions of darkness.
Superest. The parts of the verb are sepa-
rated by timesis. Fortuna laborum : Ruſſeus
says, discrimen in hoc negotio.
560. Voces: in the sense of verba.
561. Attollit: in the sense of ea plicat. She
(Alecto) spreads her wings hissing, &c.
562. Supera ardua : the lofty places of
this upper world. Loca being understood.
565. Valles Amsancti. Commentators are
not agreed about the situation of this place.
Mr. Addison is of opinion that the Velinus,
mentioned 517, is the place which the poet
had in his view. The river, says he, is ex-
tremely rapid before its fall, and rushes down
a precipice a hundred yards high. It throws
itself into the hollow rock, which mas pro-
bably been worn by such a constant fall of
water. It is impossible to see the bottom,
on which it breaks, for the thickness of the
mist that rises from it; which looks at a
distance like clouds of smoke, ascending
from some vast furnace; and distils in per-
petual rains on all the places near it. He ob-
serves, that this was the most proper place
in the world for a fury to make her exit, after
she had filled a nation with distractions and
alarms; and, I believe, continues he, that
every reader’s imagination is pleased, when
he sees the angry goddess, thus sinking as
it were in a tempest, and plunging herself
into hell amidst such a scene of horror and
confusion. This cascade is near the middle
of Italy. Amsanctus : of the old amphi, and
sacer vel sanctus. -
567. Tortovortice: with its whirling eddy
Fragosus ; roaring among the rocks.
568. Spiracula : in the sense of ostia.
569. Ingens vorago: a vast gulf issuing
from overflowing Acheron—from Ache-
ron, having burst its barriers. Acheron, a
river of hell: also hell itself—the infer
nal deities. Davidson takes it absolutely
with rupto. -
570. Condita: being hid—sunk. Levabat
relieved them from her presence, by disap-
pearing from these upper regions. Heyne
says, linquebat. -
572. Saturnia regina: Juno, the daugh-
ter of Saturn, and wife of Jove. Hence .
sometimes styled the queen of the gods.
28
418. P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Almonem puerum, foodatidue ora Galaesi 373
Implorantgue Deos, obtestanturque Latinum.
Turnus adest, medioque in crimine caedis et ignis,
578. QueliturTeucros Terrorem ingeminat: Teucrosque in regna vocari;
vocali , , . . . ... Stirpem admisceri Phrygiam ; se limine pelli.
jº, º Admisceri Lati. Tum, quorum attonitae Baccho nemora avia matres
$80. Tum illi, quorum Insultant thiasis, neque enim leve nomen Amatae 581
matres attonite Baccho Undique collecti coéunt, Martemque fatigant.
insultant thiasis per Ilicët infandum cuncti contra omina bellum,
Contra fata Deûm, perverso numine poscunt.
Certatim regis circumstant tecta Latinić 585
Ille, velut pelagi rupes immota, resistit:
Ut pelagi rupes, magno veniente fragore,
588. Quae tenet sese Quae sese, multis circumlatrantibus undis,
•ua mole, magno fra- Mole tenet: scopuli nequicquam et spumea circum
gore Pro** *** Saxa fremunt, laterique illisa refunditur alga. 590
Verüm ubi nulla datur cascum exsuperare potestas
Consilium, et savae mutu Junonis eunt res:
Multa Deos, aurasque pater testatus inanes,
Frangimur heu fatis, inquit, ferimurque procellà!
595. O. miseri vos Ipsi has sacrilego pendetis sanguine poenas, 595
ipsi pendetis has
O miseri ! Te, Turne, nefas, tetriste manebit
Supplicium; votisque Deos venerabere seris.
Nam mihi parta quies, omnisque in limine portus;
NOTES.
575. Ora : in the sense of caput; and
fedati, in the sense of occisi; or ora fedati
Galaesi, may mean simply the body of Galae-
sus, mangled and disfigured with wounds.
577. JMedio crimine, &c. By crimen here
we are undoubtedly to understand the
charge or accusation, which the rustics
brought against the Trojans, for the death
of Almon and Galaesus. While they are
making the accusation, in medio crimine,
Turnus comes up, and increases the alarm.
Dr. Trapp takes it for the crime of murder
simply ; and Rugeus interprets it by in me-
dio cadaverum.
580. Attonitoe : inspired—under the in-
fluence of Ruteus says, percito.
581. Insultant thiasis : leap and dance
in choirs through the pathless groves. For
thiasis, Ruteus says choreis. JWomen : in-
fluence—authority.
582. Fatigant: in the sense of poscunt.
JMartem : war. -
583. Omina. These were the flight of
bees and fiery appearance about Lavinia.
See 64, supra et sequens.
584. Fata ; these were the responses of
the Oracle of Faunus. Perverso numine.
! ºus takes this in the sense of contra vo-
luntalem Deorum : the will of the gods
being against it. Heyne is of the same
opinion. Perverso: in the sense of adverso.
587. Fragore: in the sense of tempestate.
588 Circumlatrantibus : in the sense of
orircumsonantibus.
589. Scopuli: properly high sharp rocks.
Saara: any rocks—rocks in general.
590. Alga illisa ; the sea-weed dashed
against its sides is repelled, or washed off.
591. Caecum: in the sense of insanum.
593. Testatus multa: having often be
sought the gods and skies—having called
them to witness. Mulla : a Grecism, for
multism, vel sarpe. Inames auras: vacuum
aërem, says Ruteus. Auras: the skies or
heavens, as the word frequently significs.
Dr. Trapp thinks it should be read aras, and,
accordingly, he connects inanes with it: the
vain or useless altars; because of the league
which had been made in due form, but now
was broken. But Davidson reads inanir,
agreeing with pater, in the sense of inaniter,
in vain—to no purpose; and he observes
it is the reading of some ancient copies.
Heyne reads inanes agreeing with auras.
Valpy and La Cerda do the same. Pierius
connects inanes with frangimur.
595. Sacrilego sanguine. Latinus calls
their blood sacrilegious, because they had
compelled him to the war against the will
of the gods. §
596. Nefas: an impious or wicked person.
As AEn, ii. 585. Or it may be taken in the
sense of ºnfandum, agreeing with supplicium.
Ruteus interprets it by crimen. Davidson
renders it: “tae impious promoter of this
war,” in apposition with Turne.
*
598. Nam quies: for rest is prepared ſo
AENEIS. LIB. VII
419
Funere felici spolior. Nec plura locutus,
Sepsit se tectis, rerumque reliquit habenas.
600
Moserat Hesperio in Latio, quem protinús urbes
Albanae coluère sacrum, nunc maxima rerum
Romã colit, clim prima movent in praelia Martem
Sive Getis inferre manu lachrymabile bellum,
Hyrcanisve, Arabisve parant; seu tendere ad Indos,
Auroramgue sequi, Parthosque reposcere signa.
604. Sive parant ma
nu inferre
606
Sunt geminae belli portae, sic nomine dicunt,
Relligione sacrae, et savi formidine Martis:
Centum aerei claudunt vectes, aeternaque ferri
Robora ; nec custos absistit limine Janus.
Has, ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnac ;
Ipse, Quirinali trabeñ cinctuque Gabino .
Insignis, reserat stridentia limina consul;
Ipse vocat pugnas : sequitur tum caetera pubes,
AEreague assensu conspirant cornua rauco.
Hoc et tum AEneadis indicere bella Latinus
610
611. Ubi certa senten
tia pugna sedet patri
bus, consul ipse insignis
Quirinali trabea, Gabi-
noque cinctu reserat has
615 portas, (i. e.) stridentia
limina --
More jubebatur, tristesque recludere portas.
y NOTES.
me, and my whole haven is at the door.
This is a fine metaphor. , The weather-
beaten mariner enters the haven"with joy.
It is a place of rest and quiet, from the
dangers of the ocean. So the aged monarch
views death at the door, as the end of his
toils, and as a rest from his cares and labors.
All he loses is the satisfaction of leaving his
people in peace and prosperity.
600. Habenas rerum; the reins of govern-
ment. A metaphor, taken from the manage-
ment of horses, with bit and reins. Sepsit: in
the sense of clausit.
601. JMos erat. This custom was institu-
ted in the time of Numa, as we are told by
Livy; but, for the sake of embellishment,
the poet refers the origin of it to the earliest
ages of his country. Protinús : constantly.
Rugeus says, perpetuo. -
602. Coluère: in the sense of servaverunt.
Rerum : the world.
603. JMovent JMartem. We are told that
the Romans used, upon the declaration of
war, to enter the temple of Mars, where
the sacred bucklers were suspended, and
strike upon them, with the words: JMars
vigila, Mars awake. Hence the expression,
movent JMartem: in the sense of eaccitant
JMartem. *
604. Getis. The Getae were a people of
Dacia, near the mouth of the Danube. The
proconsul L. Crassus triumphed over them,
just before the time of Virgil.
605. Hyrcanis. Hyrcania was formerly
a part of Parthia. Against them, as a dis-
tinct people, the Romans did not declare
war. In the year of Rome 730, Augustus
attempted the subjugation of the Arabians,
but he failed in it. Indos. It is well known
that the Romans made no conquests in In-
dia, properly so called. But Dion informs
us that, overawed by the fame of Augustus,
they made peace with him, and presented
him with rich gifts, while he tarried at Sa-
mos, in Asia, about the year 734. Tendere
ad : to march against the Indians, and to
penetrate the remotest parts of the east, se-
qui auroram.
606. Parthos reposcere: to demand back
the standards from the Parthians.
608. Relligione : religious veneration.
609. Vectes atternaque: a hundred brazen
bars, and eternal strength of iron, shut
them. . -
610. Janus. This is said because the
statue of Janus was in the threshold; or be-,
cause he presided over all doors, which,
from him, were called jamua. Janus was
the most ancient king of Italy. Some sup-
pose him to have been Japhet, the son of
Noah. See Ecl. iv. 6. He was represent
ed with two faces.
611 Pugnac: in the sense of belli. Sen
tentia: determination; and sedet: in the
sense of haeret. Has. This must refer to
portas understood. But it would seem quite
unnecessary. The idea is sufficiently con-
veyed by limina stridentia, which is to be
placed in this ease, in apposition with has
portas. Ruteus takes limina in the sense of
cardines, but this seems a refinement unne-
cessary. He says, has (portas) et earum
stridentes cardines. Heyne and Valpy take
them as meaning the same thing—the doors
of the temple of Janus.
612. Quirinali trabed : with his augural
robe. So called, because worn by Romulus,
who was also called Quirinus. See 187,
supra, Gabino cinctu. This dress Servius
derives from Gabii, a city of Latium. See
Lex. under cinctus. .
617. Recludere: to open the direful doºrs.
*
*
420 P. VIRGILII
MARONIS
• Abstinuit tactu pater, aversusque refugit
Foeda ministeria, et caecis secondidit umbris.
620. Tum Saturnia T'um regina Deûm, coelo delapsa, morantes
delapsa, Impulit ipsa manu portas, et, cardine verso,
Belli ferratos rupit Saturnia postes.
regina Deûm,
coelo, ipsa
620
Ardet inexcita Ausonia atque immobilis anté:
Pars pedesire parat campis; pars arduus altis
Pulverulentus equis furit: omnes arma requirunt.
625
Pars leves clypeos et spicula lucida tergunt
Arviná pingui, subiguntdue in cote secures: .
Signaque ferre juvat, sonitusque audire tubarum.
Quinque adeo magnæ positis incudibus urbes
629. Adeb quinque Tela novant: Atina potens, Tiburque superbum,
Ardea, Crustumerigue, et turrigerae Antemnae.
magnæ urbes
Tegmina tuta cavant capitum, flectuntdue salignas
Umbonum crates: alii thoracas ahenos,
Aut leves ocreas lento ducunt argento.
Womeris huc et falcis honos, huc omnis aratri
635
Cessit amor; recoquunt patrios formacibus enses.
Classica jamgue sonant: it bello tessera signum.
Hic galeam tectis trepidus rapit: ille frementes
ſt
NOTES.
The doors of the temple of Janus were open
in time of war, but shut in time of peace.
Immediately on the declaration of war, the
consul, with much parade and solemnity,
opened them. What is said here on the
subject, is by anticipation. Jubebatur : is
urged—importuned.
622. Postes. Postis, properly, the door-
post, or that part of the frame to which the
door is hung. Also, the door itself, by me-
*On.
624. Pars arduus : a part raised on lofty
steeds, involved in clouds of dust, rage for
war. The meaning of the passage is : á
part prepare to take the field as infantry,
(pedites,) a part as cavalry. -
627. Arviná : tallow—any fat.
629. Urbes : the cities; by meton. the in-
nabitants. Incudibus posilis : on their erect-
ed anvils, or their anvils being erected.
630. JNovant tela : they repair their wea-
pons. Atina : a city of the Volsci. Tibur:
this was a city in the northern part of Lati-
um, near the cataract of the river Anien.
It was situated near the top of a mountain.
Hence the epithet superbum. Hodie, Tri-
voli.
631. Ardea. This was the capital of the
Rutuli. See 372, and 410, supra. Crus-
tumeri: this was a city situated not far from
the place where Rome was afterward built.
Little, however, is known of it. Antemnae:
a city near the confluence of the rivers Ani-
en and Tiber.
633. Crates umbonum. These were the
supporters or frames of the shields, made of
osiers, or small pieces of wood, and after-
ward covered with the hides of beasts Un-
bo: the farthest projecting point of the
shield; by synec. put for the whole shield
These frames were made of willow.
634. Ducunt : in the sense of eaccudunt
Leves ocreas : smooth greaves of ductile sil
ver. These were armor for the legs and
thighs. -
635. Honos vomeris : the honor (regard)
of the ploughshare and of the pruning knife
gives place (huc) to the preparations for war;
and all the love of the plough yields to them
They are so intent upon war, that they dis-
regard the business of agriculture.
636. Recoquunt : they form anew—they
make over again.
637. Tessera signum: the tessera, the signal
for war, goes forth. This was a square
figure like a dice, on which was inscribed
the watchword or private signal, by which
they could distinguish friends from foes in
battle. Or, according to others, it contain-
ed the order and regulations of the march.
This was distributed among the soldiers.
Hence the phrase : it tessera. It was after-
ward given viva você. Classica : the trum-
pets. The tuba was a straight trumpet: the
cornua, a crooked trumpet, resembling a
horn. They were also called buccina. The
lituus was a trumpet not so straight as the
tuba, nor so crooked as the cornu. Classi-
cum, properly, the sound of the trumpet :
the trumpet itself, by meton. *
639. Trilicem auro. The coat of mail was
composed of plates of iron linked to gether
by rings. Some of them were fringed or
bordered in the lower extremity with gold
tissue of two or three textures, and were ac
cording y called bilia, triºia, &c. All Juga
AENEIS. LIB. VII
42]
Ad juga cogit equos ; clypeumque, auroque trilicem
Loricam induitur, fidoque accingitur ense.
Pandite nunc Helicona, Deae, cantusque movete:
Qui bello exciti reges: quae quemgue secutaº
Complérint campos acies: quibus Itala jam tum
640
639. Induiturque cly
peum, loricamgue trili
CeII, a UIrO r
641. O Deae
pandite
642. Qui reges exciſ
JMusq.,
Floruerit terra alma viris, quibus arserit armis.
Et meministis enim, Diva, et memorare potestis:
Ad nos vix tenuis famae perlabitur aura.
Primus init bellum Tyrrhenis asper ab oris
Contemptor Divām Mezentius, agninaque armat.
Filius huic juxtà Lausus; quo pulchrior alter
Non fuit, excepto Laurentis corpore Turni:
Lausus equêm domitor, debellatorque ferarum,
Ducit Agylliná nequicquam ex urbe secutos
fuerint; quaº acies
643. Quibus viris jam
tum Itala, alma terra
645
648. Asper Mezentius,
contemptor Divām, pri-
mus init
649. Huic filius Lau-
sus sequitur juxtà, quo
652. Ducit mille viros
secutos eum nequicquam
650
Mille viros; dignus patriis qui laetior esset
Imperiis, et cui pater haud Mezentius esset.
Post hos, insignem palmă per gramina currum,
Victoresque ostentat equos, Satus Hercule pulchro
Pulcher Aventinus; clypeoque insigne paternum,
Centum angues, cinctamgue gerit serpentibus hydram:
Collis Aventini sylvå quem Rhea sacerdos
Furtivum partu sub luminis edidit oras,
Mixta Deo mulier : postguam Laurentia victor,
Geryone extincto, Tirynthius attigit arva,
655. Post hos pulcher
Aventinus, satus pul-
chro Hercule, ostentat
currum insignem palmä
657. Clypeoque gerit
paternum insigne, nempe
659. Quem Rhea sa-
cerdos, mulier mixta
Deo, partu edidit furti-
vum sub oras luminis
655
660
NOTES.
to the chariots. Chariots were anciently
used in war by all distinguished persons.
640. Induitur: in the sense of induit.
641. Helicona : a Greek acc. : a mountain
in Beotia sacred to the muses. The poet
here imitates the Iliad. lib. ii. both in this
invocation, and in the enumeration of the
forces of the Italian princes. But, in seve-
ral particulars, he has improved upon his
model.
646. Tenuis aura: a small breath of fame,
&c.—scarcely a slendor thread of tradition
hath extended down to us.
647. Asper: fierce—cruel.
648. JMezentius. We are told that he
commanded his subjects to pay him a tax of
the first fruits, and the firstlings of their
ſlocks; which before were given to the gods.
On this account, he was considered an athe-
ist, contemptor divām. The poet here gives
us a list of the troops engaged on the part of
Turnus.
649. Hwic. The dative of the personal
pronouns is often used in the sense of the
genitive. Hwic: in the sense of hujws.
650. Corpore Turni: a Grecism, for Tur-
nus himself. .
652. Argyllina : an adj. from Argylla, a
city of Tuscany, near the confines of Lati-
um. It was founded by a colony of Thes-
salians. Nequicquam : in vain, because he
was to be slain in the war with his troops:
or, because he could not prevent thereby
the purposes of the gods concerning the
Trojans.
653. Dignus, &c. This line is somewhat
perplexed. The usual ordo is, dignus qui
esset loºtior, &c. It would be easier by trans-
position thus : quiesset dignus (fuisse) lalior,
&c. : who was worthy to have been happier
in his father's authority. It was in obedi-
ence to his father that he came to the war.
Iſ he had not been constrained, he would
have tarried at home, shunned the toils and
dangers of the war, and by that means have
saved his life. He was worthy to have
lived. Rugeus interprets imperiis by regno,
implying that he deserved to be happier in
his father's kingdom—to have remained at
home, and, by that means, saved his life
Cui : to whom Mezentius ought not to have
been a father; who could have imposed
such commands upon a son.
657. Pulcher. Dr. Trapp thinks this can
not here mean beautiful; but rather stout,
illustrious, renowned; as the same word is
applied to Hercules, his father. Paternum
insigne : his father’s ensign, or impress.
This was the figure of the conquered hydra,
shooting up into a hundred heads.
660. Edidit partw: brought forth at a
birth into life, &c.
661, JMixta : uniting—mingling with--
having intercourse with. Hercules, after he
had slain Geryon, the king of Spain, and
taken his herds, returned with them through
Italy. It was at this time, that the priestess
Rhea conceived Aventinus, and afterward
bore him to that hero. -
662. Tirynthius : a name of Hercules.

422 |
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Tyrrhenoque boves in flumine lavit Iberas.
664. Eius milites ge- Pila manu, saevosque gerunt in bella dolones:
runt Ettereti pugnant mucrone, veruque Sabello. 68:
Ipse pedes, tegmen torquens immane leonis,
Terribili impexum setă, cum dentibus albis,
Indutus capiti : sic regia tecta subibat
Horridus, Herculeoque humeros innexus amictu.
670. Tum gemini fra- Tum gemini fratres Tiburtia moenia linquunt, 670
tres, Catillusque, acer- Fratris Tiburti dictam cognomine gentem,
**.9°ºs, Argiva ju- Catillusque, acerque Coras, Argiva juventus:
ventur inquant Et primam ante aciem densa inter tela feruntur.
Ceu duo nubigenae clim vertice montis ab alto
Descendunt Centauri, Omolen Othryngue nivalem 675
Linquentes cursu rapido: dat euntibus ingens
Sylva locum, et magno cedunt virgulta fragore.
678, Nec Ceculus fun- Nec Praenestinae fundator defuit urbis;
i. P. º: Vulcano genitum pecora inter agrestia regem, -
omnis 'etas credidi ge- Inventumque focis, omnis quem credidit aetas, 680
nitum esse Caeculus. Hunc legio late comitatur agrestis:
682. Quique viri co- Quique altum Praemeste viri, quique arva Gabinae
lunt altum . Præneste, Junonis, gelidumque Anienem, et roscida rivis
* §:. alº, o Hernica saxa colunt: quos, dives Anagnia, pascis; ,
pater" A...". Quos, Amasene pater. Non illis omnibus arma, 685
..non sunt omnibus
Nec clypei currusve sonant: pars maxima glandes
NOTES.
from Tyrins, a city near Argos, where he
was brought up.
663. Tyrrheno flumine: the river Tiber,
which divided Tuscany or Etruria from La-
tium. Iberas boves: his Spanish herds. Ibé.
ras: an adj. from Iberus, a river of Spain.
Hodie, Ebro. -
664. Dolones. These were long poles or
battoons, with bayonets enclosed at the end,
which were hardly to be observed. Hence
they were called dolones, from dolus, being
a kind of deceitful weapon.
665. Veru. This was a kind of dart used
by the Sabines and Samnites. Hence the
epithet Sabello, that is, Sabinovel Samnitico.
668. Indutws capiti : he put it (the shaggy
lion skin) upon his head. Cinctus circa
eaput, says Ruteus. -
669. Inneaus: covered, as to his shoul-
ders, with the garment of Hercules, his fa-
ther. This was the hide of the Nemaean
lion.
673. Feruntur: in the sense of incedunt.
.Ante primam : before the first line—in the
front of the battle.
674. JWubigenſe: cloud-born sons. These
were the Centaurs, whom Ixion begat, it is
said, upon a cloud. They were a people of
Thessaly, and celebrated for horsemanship.
axion was their king. - -
675. Omolen—Othryn. These were moun-
tains of Thessaly, where the Centaurs re-
sided.
678, Fundator &c. Caeculus, we are told,
had very small eyes, as his name implies.
He was very ambitious, and was the found
er of a colony. He pretended that he was
the son of Vulcan, and that the brightness
of his father's fire had injured his sight.
He ºilt the city Praeneste, situated on a
mountain. Hence called allum Praeneste,
about 24 miles from Rome. -
680. Inventum focis: found upon the
hearth. He was therefore reputed the son
of Vulcan. The verb esse vel fuisse is un-
derstood.
682. Gabina Junonis. Gabino, an adj.
from Gabii, a town of the Volsci, between
Rome and Praeneste. Here Juno had a
splendid temple. Hence she is called Ga-
binian Juno.
683. Gelidum Anienem: the river Anien,
which empties into the Tiber from the north-
east. Its water was very cold. Hence the
epithet gelidum.
684. Hernica saza : the towns of the
Hernici. They were a people between the
AEqui, the Marsi, and the Volsci. Their
country was very mountainous. Hence
their towns were called sara, being built
amongst rocks. Their chief town was
JAnagnia. Roscida rivis: watered with rills
or streams. . . . - -
685. Amasene. The river Amasenus,
which watered the country about Anagna.
The epithet pater is common to all the river
gods. Hodie, Toppia. -
686, Glaudes plumbi, balls of lead. Sps
git : throws. y -
AENEIS.
LIB. VII. 423
Liventis plumbi spargit, pars spicula gestat
Bina manu, fulvosque lupi de pelle galeros
Tegmen habet capiti: vestigia nuda sinistri
Instituére pedis; crudus tegit altera pero.
690
At Messapus equêm domitor, Neptunia proles,
Quem neque fas igni cuiquam nec sternere ferro,
Jampridem resides populos, desuetaque bello
Agmina, in arma vocat subitó, ferrumque retractat.
Hi Fescenninas acies, aequosque Faliscos;
Hi Soractis habent arces, Flaviniaque arva,
692. Quem nequ
erat fas cuique sterne
695 695. Hi ducunt Fes-
cenninas
Et Cimini cum monte lacum, lucosque Capenos.
Ibant aequati numero, regemdue canebant:
Ceu quondam nivei liquida inter nubila cycni
Cüm sese è pastu referunt, et longa canoros
Sonat amnis, et Asia longé
Dant per colla modos:
Pulsa palus.
700
Nec quisquam aratas aciessex agnmine tanto
Misceri putet, ačriam sed gurgite ab alto
NOTES.
688. Fulvos galeros : tawny caps of the
wolf's skin, &c.
689. Vestigia nuda: they formed the prints
or tracks of the left foot naked—their left
foot was naked. Crudus pero: unwrought
leather covers the other. Westigia is un-
derstood. The pero was a kind of high
shoe, made of raw hide, and worn by rustics
principally. Instituére: in the sense of po-
swere. *
691. Messapus. By birth he was a Greek. .
After his arrival in Italy, he occupied the
eastern part, which was from him called
JMessapia, afterward Calabria. He was a
skilful navigator; and hence called JNep-
tunia proles: the offspring of Neptune. Vir-
gil places his dominions in the eastern part
of Etruria, not far from the place where
Rome was afterward built.
693. Populos jampridem : his people, a
long time inactive, and disengaged from the
pursuits of war. .
695. Fescenninas acies: the Fescennine
troops. These were from the city Fescen-
nia, or Fescennium, a town of Etruria, a
little below the confluence of the Nar and
Tiber. Acies, properly, an army drawn up
in order of battle. Here, troops in general.
./Equosque Faliscos. These were a people
situated a little below Fescennium. Their
city was Faliscwm. Servius says, they were
called JEquos, because the Romans borrow-
ed from them their jura fecialia, or laws of
arins; also, a supplement to the laws of the
twelve tables. Others make JEqui the name
of a people, called, also, AEquicolae, and
read, JEquosque Faliscosque. The hi in this
and the following line, appears to refer to
Messapus, within whose territories all these
cities and people were, here mentioned; and,
consequently, he was their commander in
chief. The plu. may be used for the sing.
by way of aggrandizement, as is common
to all languages. Or the hi must refer to
the subordinate officers and commanders of
Messapus. This seems to be the opinion of
Rugeus, who has: hi duces JMessapi.
696. Soractis. Soracte was the name of a
mountain in the country of the Falisci. Ar-
ces : the towers or strong places built upon
it. Flavinia arva. Little is known of this
place, nor is its situation exactly ascertained.
697. Cimini. Ciminus was a mountain
in the western part of Etruria. It had a
lake and a grove. Capenos : an adj. of Ca-
pena, a city on the banks of the Tiber: Here
was a grove and temple. All these follow-
ed Messapus to the war.
698. Ibant aquati; they marched with
equal steps, and uniform motion. By nume-
ro, we are to understand a kind of harmony
and keeping time with their music. Or,
rather, the order of their march—rank and
file. - *
699. Ceu quondam, &c. This simile is
taken from the Iliad, lib. ii. and is very fine-
ly expressed.
701. Amnis et Asia : the river and the
Asian lake, struck from afar, resound. The
.Annis is the Cajstrus. See Geor. i. 383.
JModos : in the sense of voces. -
702. JNec quisquam putet: nor would any
one (who heard their music only) have
thought them armed troops of so great num-
bers, united and joined together ; but an
aërial cloud of sonorous fowls, &c. The
words, who heard their music only, are ne
cessary to make the sense complete. Fur
the poet could not intend that those whº
saw them, would have taken them ior a
flock of birds.
424
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Urgeri volucrum raucarum ad litora nubem.
705
Ecce, Sabinorum prisco de sanguine, magnum
Agmen agens Clausus, magnique ipse agminis instar,
Claudia nunc à quo diffunditur et tribus et gens
710. Unā cum eo ibant
ingens Amiterna cohors,
priscique
, Per Latium, postguam in partem data Roma Sabinis.
Una ingens Amiterna cohors, priscique Quirites,
Ereti manus omnis, oliviferaeque Mutuscae :
710
712. Illi quoque ibant Qui Nomentum urbem, qui rosea rura Velini:
qui colunt urbem No-
me...itum, qui colunt ro-
sea rura Velini; qui co-
lunt
Qui Tetrica horrentes rupes, montemque Severum,
Casperiamgue colunt, Forulosque et flumen Himellae.
Qui Tybrim Fabarimgue bibunt: quos frigida misit 715
715. Illi ibant quoque, Nursia; et Hortinae classes, populique Latini:
sit
717. Illi que, quos Al-
lia, infaustum nomen,
secans interluit, ibant
und cum eo.
quos frigida Nursia mi- Quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen,
Quàm multi Libyco volvuntur marmore fluctus,
Saevus ubi Orion hybernis conditur undis :
Vel quâm Sole novo densae torrentur aristae,
Aut Hermi campo, aut Lycite flaventibus arvis.
NOTES.
707. Clausus. After the expulsion of the
kings, Atta Clausus removed with his fami-
ly, and about five thousand clients and
friends, from Regillum, a city of the Sa-
bines, to Rome. After which he took the
name of Appius. He was admitted into the
patrician order. The poet makes the Claw-
sus here named, to have been one of his an-
cestors. Instar agninis : himself like a
mighty army—a match for.
708. Diffunditur : in the sense of propa-
gatur, vel spargitur. -
709. In partem Sabinºis. The poet here
alludes to the union of the Sabines and Ro-
mans, which put an end to the wars between
the two nations. These were the conditions
of the compact. The Sabines were to re-
move to Rome, which was to retain its name.
The citizens were to take the name of Qui-
rites, from Cures, a city of the Sabines; and
the government was to be jointly adminis-
tered by Tatius and Romulus.
710. Amiterna cohors. The poet here
enumerates various places, all belonging to
the Sabines. Amiterna : an adj. from Ami-
ternum, a town situated among the Apen-
nines. Quirites were the inhabitants of
Cures, whence the Romans were afterward
sometimes called Quirites. Eretum was a
village near the confluence of the rivers
Alua and Tiber. Hodie, JMonte Rotundo.
.Mutuscae : a village beyond the Palus Rea-
tima, to the north. Hodie, JMonte Leone.
JWomentumn, was a town near Eretum on the
east. Hodie, JWomentano.
712. Itosca rura. Part of the country of
Reatina, according to Pliny, was called ro-
sea, from ros, dew; which, falling copiously,
fertilized that part of the country. Mr.
Addison observes, that the river Velinus is
shaded by a green forest made up of seve-
ral kinds of trees, which preserve their ver-
dure all the year. The neighboring moun-
tains are covered with them; and, by reason
of their height, are more exposed to dews
and drizzling rains than the adjacent parts.
Some copies have roscida. Dr. Trapp pre-
fers rosea, and takes it for a patronymic ad-
jective; and observes it should be written
with a capital R. Heyne writes it with a
capital. Tetrica—Severum. The names of
two mountains, so called from their wild
aspect and barrenness. Their situation is
uncertain. º
714. Casperiam. Casperia was a town
not far from Cures. Hodie, Aspera. Foru-
los. Foruli was a town in the neighborhood
of Amiternum. Himella. This was a small
river falling into the Tiber, a little below
Cures. Hodie, Aia. • ‘’’
716. JNursia. This city was situated
among the Apennines, and much exposed to
frost. Hence the epithet, frigida. Hodie,
JNorica. Hortinſe: an adj. from Hortanum
or Horta, a city at the confluence of the
JWar and Tiber. Classes. It is plain that
classes here means land forces, or troops in
general. Heyne says, copie.
717. Allia. A river that runs into the
Tiber a little below Eretum. Here the Ro
mans were completely defeated by the Galli
Senones, under Brennus, their king: on
which account, Virgil calls it wrfaustum no-
men : an inauspicious name. Secans: in
the sense of dividens.
719. Orion: a constellation mnch dreaded
by mariners; hence called savus: stormy.
720. JNovo sole. By this interpreters un-
derstand the sun in the beginning of the
summer. But perhaps the sun is called
new, not in respect of the year; but of the
arista!, the ears of corn. Hermi. Hermus
was a river of Lydia, a most fertila country
Lycia. This was a country on the south of
--~~
ÆNEIS. I.I.B. Włł.
425
Scuta sonant, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus
Hinc Agamemnonius, Trojani nominis hostis,
Curru jungit Halesus equos, Turnoque feroces
Mille rapit populos.
Oscorumque manus.
Wertunt felicia Baccho
Massica qui rastris: et quos de collibus altis
Aurunci misère patres, Sidicinaque juxta
AEquora : quique Cales linquunt; amnisque vadosi
Accola Vulturni; pariterque Saticulus asper,
Teretes sunt aclides illis
Tela; sed hac lento mos estaptare flagello:
Laevas cetra tegit: falcati cominūs enses.
Nec tu carminibus nostris indictus abibis,
CEbale; quem generásse Telon Sebethide Nymphā
Fertur, Teleboim Capreas cum regna teneret
Jam senior: patriis sed non et filius arvis
Contentus, laté jam tum diſjone premebat
Sarrastes populos, et quae rigat a quora Sarnus:
Quique Rufas, Batulumque tenent, atque arva Celennae :
Et quos maliferae despectant moenia Abellae:
725 725. Rapit mille fero-
ces populos in auxilium
Turnu. Jili veniunt qui
vertunt rastris Massica
arva felicia Baccho ; et
illi veniunt quos Aurun-
730 ci patres, Sidicinaque
juxta aequora misère
732. Cetra tegit lavas
manus ; falcati enses
sunt illis ad pugnandum
cominūs. Nee tu, O
735 pater CEbale, abibis in-
dictus
739. Veniuntºue, qui,
tenent
740. Et illi quos moe-
740 nia
NOTEs.
Asia Minor, abounding in corn. Torrentur:
dried—ripened. -
722. Eaccita : in the sense of eommota.
723. Hinc : in the next place, Halesus, &c.
724. Halesus. Either the natural son of
Agamemnon, or an illegitimate one. Or
perhaps by Agamemnonius, we are to under-
stand simply his being a Greek by birth.
Curru : for currui.
726. JMassica. The poet here mentions
several nations and places in Campania.
JMassica : an adj. agreeing with area under-
stood. Massicus was a mountain in Cam-
pania near the sea, in the confines of La-
tium, very fertile in vines. Aurunci patres.
The Aurunci, or Ausones, were the most
ancient inhabitants of Italy, and therefore
styled Patres. They were between Campa-
nia and the Volsci. Sidicina : plu. of Sidi-
cinum, a tract of country to the eastward
of the Aurunci, bordering upon the sea.
Cales ; plu. a town built upon the mountain
Massicus. Hodie, Calvi.
729. Accola : the inhabitants of the forda-
ble river Vulturnus—those who live near
the river, &c. came also to the war. Mr.
Davidson observes that vadosus must be
used here metaphorically, to signify danger-
ous ; or it must refer to those parts of the
river near the mouth, where it spreads and
runs with a gentle course, and consequently
is shoal. The Vulturnus is a river of Cam-
pania, noted for its rapidity. Padosus :
from vadum, a shoal or sand-bank. This
river takes its rise in the Apennines, and
after a very circuitous course falls into the
sea not far from the alicient Cumae. Salicu-
'ws: an inhabitant of Saticula, or Satricula, a
town to the east of Vulturnus, and Caouac.
JManus Oscorum. The Osci, were a people
descended from the ancient Ausones, and in-
habited the city Capua. All these troops
were under the command of Halesus.
730. Teretes aclides. The aclis was a kind
of missive weapon, with a sharp point at
each end. It had a string fastened to it, .
by which the owner drew it back after a
throw. These in close fight were formida-
ble weapons. It is probable they bound
them about the wrist with a cord, (flagello,)
or string, by way of security.
732. Falcali : in the sense of curvi.
733. Indictus : unsung—unmentioned.
734. Telon: acc. of Greek ending. Sebe
thide : the nymph Sebethis.
735. Capreas: Caprea, an island over
against the Surrentinum Promontorium. The
Teleboi, a colony from Epirus, possessed it.
Hodie, Capri. *
737. Premebat diſſione: held in bondage--
in subjection.
738. Sarnus. A river flowing through
Campania, into the Sinus JNeapolitanus,
Sarrastes. These were the inhabitants of
the promontory Surrentinum, in that part of
Italy called Campania. JEquora : in the
sense of campi vel arva. AEquor, properly
signifies any plane, or level surface, whether
land or water
739. Rufas: Rufe, or Rufre, was a city
farther to the east. Hodie, Ruſo. The
situation of Batulum and Celennie is un-
known.
740. Abella: Abella a town to the north
of Sarnus, in the confines of Campania and
the Harpini. It was celebrated for that sort
of nuts, called nuces avellante, or filbert-nuts,
Hodie Avella. It was built on an elevated
426
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
ſº Teutonico ritu soliti torquere cateias; .
* Quºis tegmina Tegmina queis capitum raptus de subere cortex,
capitum sunt cortex
AErataeque micant peltae, micat areus ensis.
Et te montosae misère in praelia Nursae,
Ufens, insignem famâ et felicibus armis : -
Horrida praecipué cui gens, assuetaque multo
Wenatu nemorum, duris AEquicola glebis.
Armati terram exercent; sempergue recentes
Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto.
750. Quin et fortissi- Quin et Marrubiá venit de gente sacerdos,
Fronde super galeam et felici comptus olivá,
Archippi regis missu, fortissimus Umbro :
Vipereo generi et graviter spirantibus hydris
Spargere qui somnos cantuque manuque solebat,
Mulcebataue iras, et morsus arte levabat.
746. Cui praecipué
Æquicola in duris gle-
bis, horrida gens, assu-
etaque multo venatune-
morum, paret
mus Umbro venit missu
regis Archippi, sacerdos
de Marrubiá gente
754. Qui solebat spar-
gere somnos vipereo
74%
750
755
Sed non Dardaniae medicari cuspidis ictum
Evaluit: neque eum juvère Tn vulnera cantus
Somniferi, et Marsis quaesitae in montibus herbas.
759. Nemus Angitiae
flewit te, Fucinus vitrea
undá flewitte
Te nemus Angitiae, vitreate Fucinus undă,
Te liquidi flewére lacus.
Ibat et Hippolyti proles pulcherrima bello,
760
NOTES.
situation. Hence it is said to look, de-
spectant, down upon the inhabitants below.
JMaliferae : fruit-bearing.
741. Cateias. The cateia was a kind of
halbert or dart, used by the Germans, and
Gauls. All the nations just mentioned were
subject to CEbelus, and followed him to the
war. Ritu : after the Teutonic manner,
they used, &c. Soliti: sunt is understood.
The Teutones were a people of Germany,
near the Chérsonesus Cimbrica. Hodie, Den-
mark.
742. Tegmina : coverings for the head—
helmets. Ruasus says, galeſe. Queis ; the
dat, in the sense of quorum.
744. JWurste : the situation of this place
is not known, probably it was among the
Apennines.
745. Insignem famá: illustrious by fame,
and successful arms. This is equivalent
to insignem famá felicium armorum.
748. Ezercent: in the sense of colunt.
749. Vivere rapto: to live upon plunder.
This is agreeable to what Livy says of
those nations: Fortuna Volscis JEquisque
predomum poliès mentem quâm hostium dedit.
The AEquicoli or AEqui were a people to
the east of Latium, not far from the source
of the river Anien. Their country was
hard and mountainous. Virgil calls it,
./Equicola duras glebis ; ABQuicola of hard
soil. These were under the command of
Ufens, and followed him to the war.
750. JMarrubiá: an adj. of Marrubium or
.Marruvium, a city of the Marsi, to the east
of the AEqui, on the river Liris.
751. Comptus super : decked upon his
of Theseus king of Athens.
overtures of his step-mother Phaedra, he
helmet with leaves, and the auspicious
olive—having his helmet adorned with the
leaves of the happy olive. Fronde et felici
olina, by hend. for fronde felicis oliva.
752. JMissu: by the command, or order.
754. Spargere somnos : to diffuse sleep
over the viperous race, &c. Cantu : by his
charms, or incantations. -
755. Levabat: he healed -cured.
756. Ictum: in the sense of vulnus. The
wounds inflicted by the weapons of the
Trojans.
757. Juvère: helped—aided. Ruteus says,
profuerunt. -
758. Somniferi cantus: soporific charms.
Herbac: herbs gathered in the mountains of
the JMarsi. These people were skilled in
enchantments, particularly in charming ser-
pents. This they learned from JMarsus, the
son of Circe, the founder of their race.
759. Angitie. Angitia was the sister of
Circe, and came with her into Italy. She
occupied the country in the neighborhood
of the lake Fucinus. The town she built is
now called Lwco, situated to the westward
of the said lake. Hodie, Lago Fucino. Wi-
trea : cicar—peſiucid.
760. Liquidi : in the sense of puri.
761. Hippolyti : Hippolytus was the son
Refusing the
was accused by her to his father, who con-
demned him to death. As he was driving
his chariot along the shore, his horses were
affrighted by sea-monsters, tore his chariot
in pieces and killed him. Diana pitying
his hard fate, by the help of AEsculapius,
AENEIS. LIB VII.
427
Virbius; insignem quem mater Aricia misit,
Eductum Egeriae lucis, humentia circum
Litora, pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Dianae.
764
Namgue ferunt famä Hippolytum, postguam arte novercae 765. Hippolytum Vir-
Occiderit, patriasque explérit sanguine poenas,
Turbatis distractus equis, ad sidera rursus
AEtherea, et superas coeli venisse sub auras,
Paeoniis revocatum herbis, et amore Dianae.
Tum pater omnipotens, aliquem indignatus ab umbris
Mortalem infernis ad lumina surgere vitae,
Ipse repertorem medicinae talis et artis
Fulmine Phoebigenam Stygias detrusit ad undas.
At Trivia Hippolytum secretis alma recondit
Sedibus, et Nymphae Egeriae nemorique relegat:
Solus ubi in sylvis Italis ignobilis aevum
bium, postguam occide-
rit nrte novercae, distrao-
tusque turbatis equis,
explérit patrias poenas,
venisse rursus
Exigeret, versoque ubi nomine Virbius esset.
Unde etiam Triviae templo lucisque sacratis
Cornipedes arcentur equi, quéd litore currum
Et juvenem monstris pavidi effudère marinis.
Filius ardentes haud secitis aequore campi
Exercebut equos, curruque in bella ruebat.
Ipse inter primos praestanti corpore Turnus
Vertitur, arma tenens, et toto vertice supra est.
Cui triplici crinita jubă galea alta Chimaeram
Sustinet, Ætnaëos efflantem faucibus ignes :
Tam magis illa fremens, et tristibus effera flammis,
771 -
- - 772. Fulmine detrusit
Phoebigenam, reperto-
Teul
775
780
781. Filius hujus Vir-
bii haud secius exer-
cebat
784. Etest supra om-
785 ne: toto vertice
# 787. Illa est tam ma-
gls fremens, eteffera tris-
tibus flammis,
- NOTES.
restored him to life, and commended him to
the care of Egeria, the nymph of the Arici-
mean grove. Here he was worshipped as a
demi-god and called Virbius ; from the
words vir and bis. Virgil makes him the
son of Hippolytus and the nymph Aricia.
By mater, we are to understand his mother.
762, Aricia. This was a city of ancient
Latium, not far from the mouth of the Tiber.
It might be so called from the nymph Ari-
cia. Servius understands by mater this city,
which was the birth-place of the mother of
Augustus, and the parent of an illustrious
family. But it is better to take it as above.
In its neighborhood was a grove sacred to
Egeria. With this nymph, Numa Pompi-
lius pretended to be intimate, and to receive
instructions in religion. -
763. Humentia litora : the shores of the
lake Aricinus. -
764. Pinguis ; this is said of the altar, in
reference to the number of victims offered
apon it. Placabilis: easy to be appeased.
The verb est is understood. -
766. Earplérit; had satisfied—filled up.
Turbatis: affrighted. - -
768. Sub superas auras coeli : to the upper
regions of light—this upper world.
769. Paeoniis herbis : , such herbs as were
used by Paean, the physician of the gods
by Apollo, his father, who is also styled
Paean—medicinal herbs. -
773. Phoebigenam: Æsculapius, the son
of Phoebus and Coronis, the daughter of a
king of the Lapithae. He is esteemed the
father of physic. It is said he raised several
from the dead.
775. Relegat : she consigns him to the
nymph, &c. Triviae: a name of Diana,
from tres et via.
776. Ignobilis : unknown—retired from
the world.
778. Unde: hence—from that circum-
stance—to wit, their being affrighted at the
monsters. -
780. Pavidi : affrighted at the sea-mon-
sters, they overturned—ran away with the
chariot, &c. -
781. Filius haud: the son, not less intre.
pidly than the father, managed the fiery
steeds, &c. - -
784. Vertitur inter primos: he marches
in the foremost ranks. Vertitur : in the
sense of incedit.
785. Galea crimita : his lofty helmet way
ing with a triple crest, &c. The figure of
the Chimaera was represented on his helmet,
See AEn. vi. 288. - -
787. Effera: fierce—dreadful. Tristibus"
horrid—awful. - r -
428
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Quàm magis effuso crudescunt sanguine pugnac.
789. At Io ea. . auro At levem clypeum sublatis cornibus Io
sublatis cornibus, insig-
nibat levem clypeum
Turni
Auro insignibat, jam setis obsita, jam bos;
Argumentum ingens! et custos virginis Argus,
Coelatāque amnem fundens pater Inachus urnâ.
790,
Insequitur nimbus peditum, clypeataque totis
Agmina densantur campis, Argivaque pubes,
Auruncaeque manus, Rutuli, veteresque Sicani,
* 95
796. Labici pict, quoad Et Sacranae acies, et picti scuta Labici :
scuta : qui arant tuos
saltus, O Tiberine
Qui Saltus, Tiberine, tuos, sacrumque Numici .
I ſitus arant: Rutulosque exercent vomere colles,
Circaeumque jugum: queis Jupiter Anxurus arvis
Praesidet, et viridi gaudens Feronia luco :
800
801. Gelidusque Ufens Quà Saturae jacetatra palus; gelidusque perimas
quaerit iter per
Quaerit iter valles, atque in mare conditur Ufens.
Hos super advenit Volscă de gente Camilla,
805. Illa non assueta Agmen agens equitum et florentes are catervas,
est foemineas manus colo Bellatrix: non illa colo calathisve Minervae
805
NOTES. º
788. Crudescunt: rage—grow more and
more fierce and bloody.
789. Io. . The poets say she was the
daughter of the river-god Inachus. Jove
had an amour with her; and likely to be
discovered by Juno, he changed her into a
heifer. Juno suspecting the trick, desired
the heifer to be given to her. Having ob-
tained her request, she gave her into the
custody of the shepherd Argus, fabled to
have had a hundred eyes. . He was slain by
Mercury; and Juno placed his eyes in the
tail of her peacock. After this she drove
the heifer into Egypt, where she was re-
stored to her former shape by Jove. Here
she married Osiris, king of Egypt; and
after her death, was worshipped as a god-
dess, under the name of Isis. This fable
was represented on the shield of Turnus.
He was descended from Inachus, king of
Argos. See 372, supra-sublatis: high—
wide—spreading. -
790. Obsita : covered with hairs. Bos :
in the sense of vacca. -
791. Argumentum : subject—device. In-
gens: noble—illustrious.
792, Pater, here refers to the father of Io.
Coelata urva : from his embossed urn.
794. Argivaque pubes. The poet now
enumerates the nations that followed Tur-
nus. The Argive troops, most probably
came from Ardea. See 372, supra.
795. Auruncae manus. These were the
descendants of the old Aurunci, or Ausones,
the first people of Italy. Sicani. These
were the inhabitants of some part of Lati-
um; or the remains of the Siculi, whom
Cluverius thinks to have been among the
first inhabitants of Italy; but, being expell-
ed their country, fled to Sicily, to which
island they gave their name.
796. Sacrante: an adject. from Sacrant.
These were a people made up of the abori-
gines and the Pelasgi: who, after their ex
pulsion of the Siculi, were themselves driven
by the Sabines beyond the river Anien, and
settled near the place where Rome was af-
terward built. Labici. Their city Labi-
cum, was in the northern part of Latium.
798. Eacercent: in the sense of eaccindunt
vel vertunt.
799. Circaum jugum. This was the hill
and promontory which bounded old Latium
on the east. Here was the residence of the
celebrated Circe. Hodie, mount Circello.
.Anacurus: an epithet of Jupiter, from Anacur,
or Anacurus, a town of the Volsci, where he
was particularly worshipped. -
800. Feronia: Feronia rejoicing in a ver-
dant grove. This was situated between
JMons Circaeus, and Terracina or Anxur. It
is not certain what goddess is meant by
Feronia. Most interpreters take her to be
the same with Juno. But La Cerda thinks
her to be the same with Flora, relying on the
authority of Dionysius.
801. Atra palus Satura!: the dismal lake
of Satura. By this we are to uniderstand
the palus pontina, or pontine lake, which ex-
tended along the maritime coast of the
Volsci. It gave rise to many foul and un
wholesome streams. Here fitly called atra
palus. Ufens. This river flows in deep
winding vales, to which the sun can hardly
have access. Hence the epithet, gelidus.
803. Super hos: beside these—in addi-
tion to the troops already mentioned, Ca-
milla brings her squadrons of horse and
foot. + .
804. Florentes are : glittering, or gleam-
ing in brazen armor. The Volsci, her peo-
ple, were brave and warlike ; and had the
AENEIS. LIB. VII.
429
Foemineas assueta manus; sed praelia virgo
Dura pati, cursuque pedum praevertere ventos.
806. Sed virgo assueta
est pati dura praelis
Illa vel intactae segetis per summa volaret
Gramina, nec teneras cursu lassisset aristas:
Vel mare per medium, fluctu suspensa tumenti,
Ferret iter, celeres nectingeret aequore plantas
Illam omnis tectis agrisque effusa juventus,
810 810. Suspensa tumen
ti fluctu, vel ferret Iter
per medium mare
Turbaque miratur matrum, et prospectat euntem,
Attonitis inhians animis; ut regius ostro
Velet honos leves humeros; ut fibula crinem
814. Widens ut regius
815
Auro internectat; Lyciam ut gerat ipsa pharetram,
Et pastoralem praefixà cuspide myrtum.
NOTES.
Latins on the west, the Aurunci and Cam-
pani on the east, and the Hernici and Æqui
on the north.
806. Assueta ; she had not accustomed
her female hands to the distaff-&c. Cala-
this JMinervae.
Hence, by meton. the work itself. Then
will calathis JMinervae mean, light and easy
female employments in general. She had
not accustomed her hands to these; but to
endure the fatigue and hardships of war.
808. Illa vel volaret: she could even fly
along the topmost stalks of the corn un-
touched, &c. Gramina: the stalks or blades
of corn. We may observe that the poet
here does not say she actually flew over the
fields of corn; but, by an hyperbole, to de-
note her swiftness, she could even do it, nor
touch them in her course. *
812. Omnis juventus effusa: all the youth
Calathus is a basket for wor-
men to put their sewing and other work into.
issuing from city and country, and the crowd
of matrons, wonder at her, &c. Tectis and
agris are plainly opposed to each other; the
one put for the city, and the other for the
country.
“814. Inhians : gazing upon her.
815. Regius honos: how the regal orna-
ments, &c.
816. Ut ipsa gerat: how she bears the
Lycian quiver, &c. The poet gives her this
quiver, because the Lycians were famed for
skill in archery.
817. JMyrtum. The myrtle was a suitable
wood for spears. Hence, by meton. the
spear itself. It is called pastoral, because
she had lived among shepherds with her fa-
ther Metabus. Cuspide: this is put for the
point of the spear, which was tipped with
steel. Ruaus says, armatam cuspide; mean-
ing myrtum, the spear or javelin.
QUESTIONS.
From Cajeta to what place did Æneas
direct his course 2
What time of the day did he set sail 2
What does Dr. Trapp observe of the open-
ing of this book? .
After his arrival in the Tiber, what were
the first measures which he adopted:
How were his ambassadors received by
Latinus 2
Who was Latinus?
How many generations was he from Sa-
turn ? - z
Why was his kingdom called Latium ?
Had he any children?
What was the name of his daughter?
In the course of his life, had he any sons?
What was the age of his daughter at that
time * -
Had any of the Italian princes sought her
in marriage? +
Who was the most distinguished of her
suitors? *
Had she been promised in marriage to
Turnus P -
Who was Turnus?
Of what country were his ancestors:
What was the character of Turnus?
Was Latinus in favor of this connexion ?
What was the reason of his opposing it?
What particularly influenced his mind
upon this subject?
What was the response of the oracle of
Fawnws 2 -
Did he consider Æneas to be the person
alluded to by the oracle as his son-in-law
Did he propose to the Trojan ambassa-
dors a connexion between him and his
daughter?
Was this connexion opposed by Turnus?
What was the consequence of this?
How was the mother of Lavinia affected
toward Turnus?
What was her name 2
Did she endeavor to persuade her husband
to consent to the match?
Did she make any speech to him upon
the subject?
What is the character of that address?
4.30
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
IIow was she affected with the determi-
nation of Latinus 3
AEneas had been told that his followers
should be reduced to the necessity of con-
suming their trenchers, before they should
find a permanent settlement: how was that
prediction fulfilled
Who made this prophetic declaration te
AEneas: .
How was the accomplishment received by
him and his associates?
How was Juno affected with this kind re-
ception of the Trojans?
What does the poet represent her as doing
to kindle the war?
What course does Alecto pursue 2
While these things are going on, what do
the Trojans?
While in the chase, what does Ascanius 2
To whom did this beautiful stag belong 2
Whither did the wounded animal flee *
What effect had this upon the minds of
the rustics?
Who was killed in this skirmish *
Who was Almon 3
Who was Tyrrheus?
What was his employment?
Was there any other person slain:
Did the Trojans suffer any loss 2
What was the next measure adopted?
What course did Latinus pursue?
Did Turnus also urge the aged Inonarch
to declare war against the intruders?
How was the war finally declared 2
What was the manner or form of decla-
ring war?
In time of peace, what was the state of
the temple of Janus? ; :
What in time of war?
After the war had been thus declared
what effect had it upon the neighboring na-
tions? -
Which side did they join
Who may be considered the commander-
in-chief? -
How does the book conclude:
Who was the first who joined the con-
federacy? -
Who was Mezentius 2 -
Over what people was he king?
What was his character 2 •
Why did the people expel him from his
throne? . .
Had he any son 2
What was his name? -
What does the poet say of him?
Who is mentioned as a distinguished
horseman 2 -
What troops had he under his command?
Among the commanders, was there any
distinguished female? What was her name?
Of what people was she queen?
For what was she especially distinguish-
ed 2
What does the poet say of her speed, and
the rapidity of her course?
Do these last books excite in us an inte-
rest equal to the first books of the Æneid?
Has the poet been censured on this ac-
count? -
Is this censure justly founded? . .
Why is it not justly founded ?
LIBER O CTAWU Se
WAR being determined upon, Turnus sends to Diomede to engage him in his interest;
and Æneas, at the direction of the god of the Tiber, ascends that river to Evander to
obtain supplies.
He finds the aged monarch engaged in the sacred rites of Hercules.
He receives him very kindly, informs him of their relationship, and of his former ac-
quaintance with Priam and Anchises, who visited Arcadia, his native country. He then
proceeds to give him an account of the victory of Hercules over the monster Cacus, a
noted robber: in memory of which, the rites, in which he was then engaged, were in-
stituted. He also recounts to him the antiquities of that part of Italy, and mentions,
particularly, the rock or hill on which the Capitol at Rome was afterward built. While
these things are going on, Venus repairs to Vulcan, and engages him to make armor for
AEneas. He immediately repairs to the AEolian Islands, where he had his forges, and
sets about the business with all haste.
£vander furnishes two hundred horse, and sends Pallas, his son, with as many more.
At
this time the Tuscans are in arms to avenge the barbarities of Mezentius, their king
who had fled to Turnus for safety. These gladly join AEneas in the war. The book
concludes with a description of the armor of Æneas, brought to him by Venus through
the air.
The scene is here changed from the country of Latinus to that of Evandor
This book is chiefly episodical, and abounds in matter of the most interesting kind.
Dr. Trapp thinks, on the whole, it is one of the noblest, most elegant, and most enter
taining of the whole MEneid.
y
AENEIs. LIB. VIII.
431
UT belli signum Laurenti Turnus ab arce
Extulit, et rauco strepuerunt cornua cantu ;
Utgue acres concussit equos, utgue impulit arma:
Extemplé turbati animi: simul omne tumultu
Conjurat trepido Latium, saevitoue juventus
Ductores primi, Messapus, et Ufens,
Effera.
4. Extemplá , animi
B turbati sunt
Contemptorque Deûm Mezentius, undique cogunt
Auxilia, et latos vastant cultoribus agros.
Mittitur et magni Venulus Diomedis ad urbem,
Adv
{nferre, et fatis regem se dicere posci,
Edoceat; multasque viro se adjungere gentes
Qui tº: auxilium, et Latio consistere Teucros,
Éctum AEneam classi, victosque Penates
10. Et edoceat eum
Teucros consistere La-
tio; AEneam advectum
esse classi,
10
Dardanio, et laté Latio increbrescere nomen.
Quid struat his coeptis, quem, si fortuna sequatur,
, Eventum pugna cupiat, manifestiãs ipsi,
Quàm Turno regi, aut regi apparere Latino.
Talia per Latium : quae Laomedontius heros
. Cuncta videns, magno curarum fluctuat aestu;
Atque animum nunc huc celerem, nunc dividit illuc,
In partesque rapit varias, perque omnia versat.
Sicut aquae tremulum labris.ubilumen ahenis
15 15. Et addat, quid
-Eneas struat his coeptis;
quem eventum pugna:
cupiat, si fortuna sequa-
tur eum, apparere mani-
festius ipsi Diomedi
20 quárn -
18. Talia fivnt per
Latium; quae cuncta
Sole repercussum, aut radiantis imagine Lunae,
Omnia pervolitat laté loca; jamgue sub auras
Erigitur, summique ferit laquearia tecti.
Nox erat, et terras animalia fessa per omnes
Alituum pecudumque genus sopor altus habebat:
Cüm pater in ripá gelidique sub atheris axe
AEneas, tristi turbatus pectora bello,
Procubuit, seramgue dedit per membra quietem.
Huic deus ipse loci, fluvio Tiberinus amoeno,
28. Căm pater Æneas,
turbatus quoad pectora,
30 procubuit * .
Populens inter senior se attollere frondes
Visus. Eum tenuis glauco Velabat amictu
\
NOTES.
1. Signum. The poet here alludes to the
custom among the Romans, of hanging out
the sign or signal of war from the Capitol.
2. Cornua; trumpets. See AEn. vii. 637.
Concussit equos : roused the active horses.
This he did by the sound of the trumpets,
the clashing of their arms, &c. Impulit ar-
ma. Some understand by this the throwing
3f the spear into the enemy's country, which
was a practice among the Romans. This
was a declaration of war. Servius under-
stands it of the rattling of the arms in the
temple of Mars. But it is easier to under-
stand it of his striking on his shield as a sign
and prelude to the war. -
8, Wastant; in the sense of spoliunt. Cul-
, toribus : the farmers—inhabitants.
9. Urbem Diomedis ; the city of Diomede,
Arpos or Argyripa, a city built by him in
Apulia, after the destruction of Troy. See
En. xi. 243, et seq. - .
12. Posci fatis : that he was demanded
by the fates or destinies as a king over the
Latims.
14. JNomen ; the name of Æneas—his
fame—renown, had spread widely.
18. Talia : the verb fivnt, or another on
the like import, is understood.
22. Sicut aquat: as when the tremulous
light in brazen vats of water, reflected from
the sun, or the image of the radiant moon,
flies through, &c. This simile Dr. Trapp
observes is of the low kind; but extremely
elegant and beautiful. By sole, we are to
understand the image of the sun.
24. Sub auras : simply, on high.
27. Alituum : in the sense of volucrum.
28. Sub awe : under the canopy of the
cold sky. -
31. Senior Tiberinus, Deus loci old Ti-
berinus, the god of the place, seemed to him
to raise himself from the pleasant stream
among, &c. . This is a Inost beautiful de-
scrintion.
432
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Carbasus, et crines umbrosa tegebat arundo.
35. Tum capit affari Tum sic affari, et curas his demere dictis :
eum sic
Penates tibi :
ab incepto
nati albi circum ubera
49. Nunc adverte, do-
ratione tw victor
profectum a Pallante,
35
O sate gente Deûm, Trojanam ex hostibus urbem
Qui revehis nobis, aeternaque Pergama servas,
Expectate solo Laurenti, arvisque Latinis:
39. Hic erit certa do- Hic tibi certa domus; certi, ne absiste, Penates
mus tibi; hºc erunt certi Neu belli terrère minis. Tumor omnis et irae 4(?
* * Concessère Deûm. º
Jamgue tibi, né vana putes haec fingere somnum,
Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus,
44. Jacebit recubans Triginta capitum foetus enixa, jacebit, §
*...*.*.*.* Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera fati. 45
Hic locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum:
cebo tepancisverbs, qua Ex quo ter;dénis urbem redeuntibus annis
Ascanius clari condet cognominis Albam.
51. , Arcades, genus Haud incerta cano. Nunc, quá ratione, quod instat,
Expedias victór, paucis, adverte, docebo. 50
qui comites secuti sunt
regem Evandrum, qui
secuti sunt ejus signa,
delegère
Arcades his oris, genus à Pallante profectum,
Qui regem Evandrum comites, qui signa secuti,
Delegére locum, et posuère in montibus urbem
NOTES.
34. Tenwis carbasus: fine lawn—a robe
of lawn. In this habit, river-gods were com-
monly represented on medals and ancient
monuments.
36. Gente : of the family—race—stock.
AEneas sprang from Jove both by Dardanus
and Venus.
37. Itevehns: who bringest back to us the
Trojan city, &c. AEterna Pergama : and
Pergamus to continue forever—to be etermal.
Here is 'an allusion to the opinion of the
Bomans, of the eternal duration of their em-
pire. Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan
race, was a native of Italy.
38. Ewpectate: welcome—looked for : a
part. adj. agreeing with sate in the voc.
Solo: in the sense of terra.
39. Penates : properly household gods;
by meton, a house or dwelling. Certi Pena-
tis: a certain or fixed abode.
41. Concessère.
was still the enemy of the Trojans. To
save Virgil from a seeming inconsistency,
§ervius makes the sense, as well as the line,
abrupt; and observes that some have filled
it up thus: Concessère Deûm profugis nova
JMaenia Teucris, La Cerda observes, that
Virgil does not say all the gods, and thinks
that it is sufficient for the poet’s purpose,
that Jupiter and Neptune, who took part
with the Greeks, were now reconciled to the
Trojans. Ira!: the anger of the gods has
ceased—subsided.
44, Faetus enia:a: having brought forth a
litter of thirty head, &c. Helenus informed
Æneas, (lib. iii. 389.) that when he should
find a white sow under the holms on the side
of the river, with a litter of thirty white pigs
around her, he might be assured that was
It is evident that Juno
the place destined to him by the gods. Ti-
berinus here repeats the same, lifts the cur-
taim of futurity, and gives him some direc-
tions in his critical affairs.
45. Jacebit recubans : shall lie prostrate,
or stretched on the ground, &c. I think
recubans should be taken in the sense of
strata, or prostrata, and connected with ja-
cebit. To take recubans in its usual sense
and meaning, would be mere tautology. But
in the sense of strata, it gives this addition
al idea, that the animal was lying flat, or at
full length, in the attitude of giving suck to
her pigs. -
47. Eac quo: from which time, thirty years
having rolled away, Ascanius shall, &c. The
thirty years here spoken of, are not to be
reckoned from the discovery of the sow, for
that would not agree with history; but from
the death of Æneas, who sat on the throne
of Lavinium three years. Ascanius sue-
ceeded him, who, in the thirtieth year of his
reign, built Alba Longa, and made it the
seat of his government. .
49. Cano: in the sense of dico, vel pra-
dico. -
50. Ea'pedias : you may accomplish, on
effect,
51. Arcades : plu. of Arcas, a native of
Arcadia, a country of the Peloponnesus.
This was the birth-place of Evander. He
migrated into Italy, and settled on the banks
of the Tiber, upon a mount, which he called
Palantium, Pallanteum, or Palativm, from
his native city Pallantium: or from Pallas,
king of Arcadia, his great grandfather. On
the same spot Rome was afterward built.
53. Posuère : in the sense of condiderunt.
AENEIS LIB VIII.
433
, Pallantis proavi de nomine, Pallanteum.
Hi bellum assidué ducunt cum gente Latina :
Hos castris adhibe socios, et foedera jungo.
Ipse ego te ripis et recto flumine ducam, º
Adversum remis superes subvectus ut amnem. .
Surge, age, nate Deá; primisque cadentibus astris
Junoni ferrité preces, iramgue minasque
Mihi victor honorem
Persolves. Ego sum, pleno quem flumine cernis
Stringentem ripas, et pinguia culta secantem,
Supplicibus supera votis.
~ Coeruleus Tybris, coelo gratissimus amnis.
Hic mihi magna domus; celsis caput urbibus exit.
Dixit : deinde lacu fluvius secondidit alto
Ima petens: nox AEneam. Somnusque reliquit.
Surgit, et aetherii spectans orientia Solis
Lumina, rité cavis undam de flumine palmis
Sustulit, ac tales effudit ad athera voces;”
Nymphae, Laurentes Nymphae, genus amnibus unde est;
Tuque, 6 Tybri tuo genitor cum flumine sancto,
Accipite AEnean, et tandem arcete periclis.
Quote cunque lacus miserantem incommoda nostra
Fonte tenet, quocungue solo pulcherrimus exis;
Semper honore meo, semper celebrabere donis :
Corniger Hesperidum fluvius regnator aquarum,
fº
60
62. Ego sum ille, quem
cernis
65
70
72. Tuque, O genitor
Tybri, cum tuo sancte
flumine
75. Quocunqae sole
tu exis pulcherrimus
7 amnis; tu celebrabero
semper meo honore,
semper meis donis : O
corniger fluvius.
NOTES.
54. Pallanteum: the name of the city.
56. Junge foºdera: make—ratify a treaty
with them. *
57. Recto flumine. This does not mean
that the river was straight, or in a direct
line; but that it would lead him to the place
of his destination—to the residence of Evan-
der, in a direct or unerring course. Absque
errore, says Ruabus.
58. Adversum amnem. By this we are to
sunderstand the current of the river, which
was against him as he ascended it. Ut sub-
vectus : that borne along, you may over-
come, &c.
59. Primis astris cadentibus: the first stars
setting. By this we are to understand the
early dawn. The stars are said to set, when
they disappear at the approach of the sun.
63. Stringentem ripas : touching lightly,
or rolling gently along the banks with my
full stream. Secantem: in the sense of di-
videntem.
65. Caput evit, &c. There are some com-
mentators who take these words in a pro-
photic or oracular sense, that here should be
the head to lofty cities—Rome, the empress
of the world. The chief difficulty in this
is the word eacit, the present for the future :
Dr. Trapp thinks this not very material,
especially in a prophetic or oracular sen-
tence. Others take them in a literak sense.
Here is my palace; my source or head rises
near, or flows from lofty cities. The for-
mer is the best idea.
But it is probable,
Virgil intended to include both : and, there-
fore, expressed himself ambiguously. Da-
vidson renders the passage thus: “here is
my spacious mansion; near lofty cities my
fountain springs.”
66. Alto lacu : the deepest part of the
stream—the bed of the river.
68. Spectans orientia, &c. It was a cus-
tom of the ancients, in prayer, to turn their
faces toward the east. It was also a cus-
tom to wash their hands before they per-
formed any acts of religion. AEneas for that
purpose takes water (undam) from the ri-
ver, and turns his face toward the rising
Sll Il.
74. Quocumque fonte : in whatever place
thy lake holds, or contains thee pitying, &c.
It was the opinion of some philosophers,
that rivers took their rise from great lakes,
or reservoirs of water under ground. AEneas
here promises to worship the god Tiber, in
whatever place he found his residence to
be ; whether in his primary reservoir, in his
fountain, or in the course of the river. Fon-
; appears to be used here in the sense of
OC0.
76. Celebrabere. Some manuscripts have
venerabere: thou shalt be worshipped. Ho-
more : worship—veneration.
77. Corniger fluvius. Horns are an em
blem of power, and are therefore, applica-
ble to the Tiber, here called the ruler of the
Italian rivers. But it is common with the
poets to ascribe to rive’s the ‘orm of the
29
434
P VIRGILII MARONIs
Adsis 0 tantüm, et propiùs tua numina firmes!
Sic memorat: geminasque legit de classe biremes,
Remigioque aptat: socios simul instruit armis.
81. Autem ecce mon- Ecce autem subitum atque oculis mirabile monstrum !
strum subitum atque
mirabile offert sese ocu-
lis; candida sus, conco-
lor, cum albo foetu pro-
cubult per sylvam
Candida per sylvam cum foetu concolor albo
Procubuit, viridique in litore conspicitur sus:
Quam pius AEmeås, tibi enim, tibi, maxima Juno,
Mactat, sacra ferens, et cum grege sistit ad aram.
85
84. Quam pius Aºneast Tybris ea fluvium, quâm longa est, nocte tumentem
mactat tibi, (enim tibi
jussus est) O maxima
Juno, ferens sacra, et
sistit eam -
eniit ; et tacitā refluens ita substitit undà,
Mitis ut in morem stagni placidaeque paludis
Sterneret aequor aquis, remo ut luctamen abesset.
88. Utsterneret aequor Ergö iter inceptum celerant rumore secundo.
90
aquis, in morem mitis Labitur uncta vadis abies: mirantur et undae,
stagni
92. Nemus insuetum
his spectaculis miratur
Miratur nemus insuetum, fulgentia longè
Scuta virim, fluvio pictasque innare carinas.
scuta viram, fulgentia Olli remigio noctemdue diemgue fatigant,
łongé
*. Et longos superant flexus, variisque teguntur
95
.95. Pongos flexus.ſhº Arboribus, viridesque secant-placido aequore sylvas
ſºlº -
Sol medium coeli conscenderat igneus orbem,
Cüm muros, arcemdue procul, et rara domorum
Tecta vident, quae nunc Romana potentia coelo
NOTES.
bull. The reason of this is, that the roar-
ing noise of rivers resembles the bellowing
of that animal. See Geor. IV. 372. The
Tiber could not be called the king of Italian
rivers from its magnitude; that belongs to
the Eridanus or Po, called the king of ri-
vers. . Geor. I. 482. There must be some
other reason for it; the future magnitude
and glory of Rome, built on its banks; or
AEneas may be supposed to speak from his
own knowledge, supposing the Tiber to be
the largest river. Fluvius, here, is plainly
in the vocative case.
78. JWumina : oracles—prophetic declara-
tions. -
84. Enim tibi. Mr. Dryden says the
word enim was of such necessity among the
Romans, that a sacrifice could not be per-
formed without it. But this appears a no-
tion entirely his own. Servius says, it is
merely expletive and ornamental. It is
plain there is an ellipsis, which, to make
sense, must be filled. AEneas had just been
ordered by Tiberinus to offer prayers and
supplications to Juno, and to overcome her
resentment by vows and offerings. He sa-
crifices (mactat) to thee, O supreme Juno ;
for to thee he was commanded, &c. As Ju-
piter is called JMazimus, so Juno, his consort
and queen, is called JMaasima.
same reason, she is sometimes called onni-
potens.
85. Grege: her pigs—litter of pigs.
86. Eá nocte: in that night. Thumentern
lemut ; it smoothed (lowered) its swelling
“Clirrënt,
&
For the
89. Utsterneret: that it might level the
surface of its waters in the manner, &c.
.4quis: the dat, in the sense of the gen.
90. Secundo rumore. By this we are,
most probably, to understand the shouts
and acclamations with which they animated
each other, under the assurance of a prosper-
ous issue. This assurance they had from
the omen of the white sow. They under-
stood by this that they should succeed to
their wishes.
91. Uncta abies labitur : the ship glides
easily along on the water, as if it were
moving down the current. . .4bies: properly
the fir-tree; by meton. a ship, because ships
were made of that wood. This is the sense
given by Ruasus and Davidson. Heyne
connects secundo rumore with uncta abies,
understanding by it the noise made in the
water by the oars and the, keel as they
moved along. Valpy is of the same opin-
ion. It appears to be an unnecessary re-
finement. k
92. Insuetum : unaccustomed to suſ.n
sights. His spectaculis, says Rugeus.
94. Fatigant : in the sense of traducunt.
Remigio: in rowing. 2
95. Flexus: the windings and flexures of
the river. -
96. Secant virides: they cut the verdant
trees in the smooth surface—the shades of
the trees, which appeared in the water of
the river, by meton, - -
, '97. JMedium orbem. This is a fine cir-
cumlocution for the middle of the day. The
sun had ascended the middle of his course
AENEIS. LIB VIII
435
AEquavit. tum res inopes Evandrus habebat
100
Ocyūs advertunt proras, urbique propinquant.
Forté die solemnem illo rex Arcas honorem
Amphitryoniadae magno Divisque ferebat,
Ante urbem, in luco.
Terrentur visu subito, cunctioue relictis
Consurgunt mensis audax quos rumpere Pallas
Sacra vetat, raptoque volat telo obvius ipse,
Et procul é tumulo, Juvenes, quae causa subegit
Ignotas tentare vias 2 quð tenditis 7 inquit.
Qui genus 7 unde domo 7 pacemne huc fertis, an arina º
Tum pater Æneas puppi sic fatur ab altá,
Paciferaeque manu ramum praetendit olivae:
Pallas-huic filius una,
Uná omnes juvenum primi, pauperque senatus,
Thura dabant: tepidusque cruor fumabat ad aras.
Ut celsas vidére rates, atque inter opacum
Allabi nemus, et tacitis incumbere remis;
105 A.
106. Dabant thura
huic Deo
107. Atque viros alla
bi inter §
1 10
111. Ipseque, telo rap
to, volat obvius iis, et
procul é tumulo inquit
114. Qui estus quoad
1 15 genus: Unde remistis
domo P
Trojugenas ac tela vides inimica Latinis,
Quos illi bello profugos egère superbo.
Evandrum petimus: ferte haec, et dicite lectos
Dardaniae venisse duces, socia arma rogantes.
120
Obstupuit, tanto perculsus nomine, Pallas:
Egredere, 6 quicunque es, ait, corāmgue parentem
Alloquere, ac nostris succede penatibus
Accepitºlue manu, dextramgue amplexus inhaesit.
Progressi subeunt luco, fluviumque relinquunt.
Tum regem AEneas. dictis affatur amicis;--
Optime Grajugenöm, cui me fortuna precari,
Et vittà comptos voluit praetendere ramos:
124. Accepit JEneam
Imanu
127. Cui fortuna vo
125 luit me precari, et prae-
tendere
129. Equidem non ex-
timui facere id, quéd
fores ductor Danaúm, et
hospes.
Non equidem extimui, Danaúm quðd ductor et Arcas, Arcas, quëdque
|
NOTES. .
or circuit. The next day after their depar-
ture, they arrived at the city of Evander;
it was small, and its inhabitants poor.
102. Arcas reac. Evander is called .4rcas,
an Arcadian, because he was a native of that
country. Honorem: in the sense of sacrifi-
cium. -
103. Amphitryoniadae magno: to great
Hercules. A patronymic noun, from Am-
phitryon, the husband of Alcmene, the mo-
ther of Hercules, by Jove. See AEm. VI.
801.
106. Dabant: in the sense of offerebant.
108. Tacitis: silent—not moving. The
impetus, which the galleys had already re-
ceived, was carrying them forward, without
the assistance of the oars, which conse-
quently were still. The oarsmen were rest-
ing upon their oars at the same time, incum-
bere, &c. -
113. Quă tenditis: whither are you go-
ing 2 - -
Hia. .Arma: in the sense of bellum.
118. Profugos., Most probably we are to
understand by this, the Trojans driven from
their native country, and wandering from
place to place without any habitation. The
same term he used, Æn. I. 2. in reference to
his leaving his own country, &c. As Pallas
had proposed his questions in a brief man-
ner, so Æneas is as brief in his answers.
Trojugenas profugos answers to the ques-
tion: Qui genus, et unde domo & The olive-
branch is a sufficient reply to Pacem-ne huc
fertis, an arma 3 To remove any suspicion
arising from their arms, he informs him they
were Inimica Latinis. Having been made
satisfied of their friendly intention, Pallas
immediately invites them on shore.
122. Egredere: come on shore—land, who-
ever thou art—whatever be thy name.
AEneas had informed him they were Tro-
jans, but had not as yet told his name.
126. Regem : Evander.
128. Ramos comptos vittá - to hold out
boughs adorned with the fillet. Olive boughs
wrapped around with wreaths of whito
wool, hanging down over the hands of the
suppliant, were emblems of peace, and de-
noted that the persons came with a friendlw
intention. -
136
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quðdque à stirpe fores geminis conjunctus Atridis;
Sed mea me virtus, et sancta oracula Divām,
13?
Cognatidue patres, tua terris didita fama,
Conjunxere tibi, et ſatis egère volentem.
Dardanus, Iliacae primus pater urbis et auctor,
Electrá, ut Grail perhibent, Atlantide cretus,
*3b
Advehitur Teucros: Electram maximus Atlas
Edidit, aethereos humero qui sustinet orbes.
138. Quem conceptum Wobis Mercurius
candida Maia fudit -
pater est, quem candida Maia
Cyllenes gelido conceptum vertice fudit.
At Maiam, auditis si quicquam credimus, Atlas,
Idem Atlas generat, coeli qui sidera tollit.
Sic genus amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno.
His fretus; non legatos, neque prima per artem
Tentamenta tui pepigi ; memet ipse, meumque
Objeci caput, et supplex ad limina veni.
142. Sic genus ambo-
rum noström scindit se
143. Ego fretus his re-
ous non pepigi
f 40
145
146. Eadem Daunia Gens eadem, quae te, crudeli Daunia bello
gons, quie insequitur te Insequitur: nos si pellant, nihil abfore credunt,
crudel, bello, * Quin omnem Hesperiam penitàs sua subjuga mittant,
nos quoque
149. Et teneant mare,
Et mare, quod suprā, teneant, quoddue alluit infră.
Suod alluit eam suprā, Accipe, daque fidem. Sunt nobis fortia bello
150
quodgue alluit eam infră Pectora, sunt animi, et rebus spectata juventus.
152. Ille Evander jam-
dudum lustrabat os ocu-
losque AEnea, loquentis
Dixerat Æneas: ille os oculosque loguentis
Jamdudum, et totum lustrabat lumine corpus.
Tunc sic pauca refert: Utte, fortissime Teucrüm,
NOTES.
130. A stirpe fores conjunctus, &c. It ap-
pears that Evander was related to the sons
of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus, the
bitter enemies of the Trojans.
their common ancestor. He had seven
daughters ; of one of them Jove begåt
Tantalus, the grandfather of Atreus. Of
another (Maia) he begat Mercury, the repu-
ted father of Evander. Stirpe: in the sense
of origine.
131. Oracula: these were the answers or
responses of the Sibyl. See AEn. VI. 96.
Didita: diffused—spread.
132. Cognati patres.
ter of Atlas, was the mother of Dardanus, by
Jove; so that Æneas and Evander had the
same common origin—Atlas and Jove.
Their ancestors were relations. “
133. Fatis: by their power—authority;
they forced or impelled me hither by their
authority. Yet he came willingly—their
commands and directions concurred with .
kis own inclinations.
135. Cretus : sprung from Electra, the
daughter of Atlas. Here the poet traces
the line of relationship between Æneas and
Evander.
137. Edidit: in the sense of genuit.
139. Fudit : in the sense of peperit, vel
edidit.
140. Si credimus quicquam : if we give
any credit to things heard—to tradition.
Atlas. See Hºn. IV. 247, and Geor. I. 138.
Atlas was.
Electra, the daugh-
w *
Cyllenes: gen. of Cyllene: a mountain in,
Arcadia, where Mercury was born ; whence
he is sometimes called Cyllenus.
143. Genus : in the sense of gens, vel fa-
milia.
144. JW on pepigi prima : I did not make
, the first trial of your inclinations in this
matter by ambassadors, nor by art; but I
have come in person—I have exposed my
self and my life to the consequences. Pe.
pigi: the perf. of pango. Heyne says, non
priès te sentavi per legalos, et callida consilia,
which is evidently the sense of the passage.
146. Daunia: an adj. from Daunus, the
father of Turnus.-Rutulian or Italian.
149. Et mare, quod: should they be able
to expel us, they hope to be able to subject
all Italy, from the Adriatic sea on the north,
to the Tuscan or lower sea on the south.
151. Spectata rebus : tried or exercised in
action. Animi : courage.
153. Lustrabat lumine: surveyed with an
attentive eye. Lumine : in the sense of
oculis. * *
157. Hesiones: Hesione was the daughter
of Laomedon, king of Troy. She married
Telamon, king of the island of Salamis, in
the Sinus Saronicus. Hesiones: gen. of
Hesione; put in apposition with sororis.
159. Protinës. Dr. Trapp renders this.
in his way. But Arcadia lies to the west of
Salamis. It must mean, at the same time—
continuing his journey forward. Priam, being
** AENEIS. IIB. VIII
437
Accipio, agnoscoque libens ! ut verba parents
Et vocem Anchisae magni vultumque recordor
Nam memini Hesiones visentem regna sororis
Laomedontiadem Priamum, Salamina petentem,
Protinús Arcadiae gelidos invisere fines.
Tum mihi prima genas vestibat flore juventa :
Mirabarque duces Teucros, mirabar et ipsum
Laomedontiaden : sed cunctis altioribat
Mihi mens juvenili ardebat amore
Anchises.
Compellare virum, et dextrae conjungere dextram.
Accessi, et cupidus Phenei sub moenia duxi.
Ille mihi insignem pharetram, Lyciasque sagittas
Discedens, chlamydemgue auro dedit intertextam,
155
160
165
166. Dle discedens de
dit mihi
Franaque bina, meus quae nunc habet aurea Pallas.
Ergö et, quam petitis, juncta est mihi foedere dextra :
Et, lux, cum primúm terris se crastina reddet,
170
Auxilio laetos dimittam, opibusque juvabo.
Interea sacra haec, quando huc venistis amici,
Annua, quae differre nefas, celebrate faventes
Nobiscum, et jam nunc sociorum assuescite mensis.
Haec ubi dicta, dapes jubet et sublata reponi
Pocula, gramineoque viros locat ipse sedili :
Praecipuumque toro et villosi pelle leonis
Accipit AEneam, solioque invitat acerno.
172. Interea, quando
vos venistis huc tanquam
amici, faventes celebrate
nobiscum haec annua sa-
175 cra, quae est nefas differre
175. Ubi hac dicta
sunt, jubet
Tum lecti juvenes certatim araeque sacerdos
Wiscera tosta ferunt taurorum, onerantoue canistris
180
Dona laboratae Cereris, Bacchumque ministrant.
Vescitur AEneas, simul et Trojana juventus,
Perpetui tergo bovis, et lustralibus extis.
NOTES.
on a visit to his sister at Salamis, proceeded
with his company and attendants to visit
the cool borders of Arcadia. Anchises ac-
companied him, with whom Evander, then
a youth, contracted an acquaintance and
friendship. -
160. Flore. Flos here may mean the
down on his cheeks, before he had properly
a beard. Ruteus says, lanugºne. Vestibat :
by syn. for vestiebat.
165. Phenei. Pheneum or Pheneus, was
a city in Arcadia, near mount Cyllene.
Duzi : I led Anchises, &c.
166. Lycias : an adj. from Lycia, a coun-
try of Asia Minor, whose inhabitants were
famed for their skill in archery. Here Apol- .
lo, the god of the bow, had a famous temple.
169. JMihi : in the sense of mea, agreeing
with dextra. !
171. Auxilio. This may refer to the men,
whom Evander sent with him to the war,
and opibus, to the provisions, and other ne-
cessaries, with which he furnished him.
172. Intered haic sacra. This is an episode
cf. the finest kind, and adds much to the
excellence of this book. The story in brief
is this: Cacus, a monster, the son of Wu..an,
half man and half beast, had his residence
in an inaccessible mountain, whe ice he used
&
to make excursions into the plain, and plun
der and lay waste the country. Hercules
on his return from Spain, happened to pass
this way; and having discovered the mon-
ster, by the lowing of one of his heifers,
which he had stolen, came upon him and
slew him. For this act, the inhabitants con-
sidered him their benefactor, and paid him
divine honors. -
175. Reponi : to be replaced—brought
back. They had finished their repast, and
the dishes had been removed.
178. Acerno: maple—made of the wood
of the maple-tree. - -
179. Sacerdos argº. The ſeast at the end
of the ceremony was always considered as
a part of the sacrifice. The priest, there-
fore, does nothing out of character in serv-
ing at this entertainment.
180. Tosta viscera: the roasted flesh, &c.
181. Dona laboratae Cereris: a circumlo
cution for bread. Bacchum : for vimum.
183. Tergo perpetui bovis: they feast upon
the chine of an entire ox, and the hallowed
entrails. At some of their entertainments,
it is evident from Homer, that the ancients
used to roast, and serve up whole oxen.
Homer assigns the chine to his heroes, and
that whole and unbroken.
438
P. VIRGILll MARONIS •
Postguam exempta fames, et amor compressus edendi,
Rex Evandrus ait: Non haec solemnia nobis,
185
Has ex more dapes, hanc tanti numinis aram,
Vana superstitio veterumve ignara Deorum
Imposuit: savis, hospes Trojane, periclis , ºr
Servati facimus, meritosque novamus honores.
Jam primūm saxis suspensam hanc aspice rupem :
190
191. Utmoles disjectie Disjectae procul ut moles, desertaque montis
runt procul
193. Hic fuit spelunca
submota vasto recessu,
quam inaccessam radiis
solis, dira facies
Stat domus, et scopuli ingentem traxére ruinam.
Hic spelunca fuit vasto submota recessu, -
Semihominis Caci facies quam dira tenebat,
Solis inaccessam radiis 3 semperdue recenti
195
Caede tepebat humus; foribusque affixa superbis
Ora virtum tristi pendebant pallida tabo. -
Huic monstro Vulcanus erat pater : illius atros
199. Ille vomens atros
ignes illius patris eac ore
ferebat se
Ore womens ignes, magná se mole ferebat.
Attulit et nobis aliquando optantibus aetas
301. Nam Alcides ade- Auxilium adventumque Dei : ram maximus ultor,
200
rat, maximus ultor cri-Tergemini nece Geryonis Spoliisque superbus,
minum, superbus nece, Alcides aderat: taurosque hāc victor agebat
spoliisque
209. Atque occultabat
hos opaco saxo, tractos
in speluncam caudā, rap-
tosque versis indiclis vi-
arum, ne qua vestigia
Ingentes: vallemgue bowes amnemdue tenebant.
At furiis Caci mens effera, ne quid inausum
Aut intractatum scelerisve dolive fuisset,
Quatuor a stabulis praestanti corpore tauros
Avertit, totidem formā superante juvencas.
Atque hos, ne qua forent pedibus vestigia rectis,
Caudā in speluncam tractos, versisque viarum
205
210
forent ea pedibus rectis Indiciis raptos, Saxo occultabat opaco.
NOTES. "
184. Compressus: was allayed. The verb
est is understood.
186. Hanc aram: this sacrifice in honor
of so great a god. Ara, by meton. for the
5Acrifice offered upon it.
187. JN on superstitio : not superstition,
vain and ignorant of the old gods, hath im-
posed on us these solemn rites, these, &c.
Superstition here is opposed to religion. The
former was the worship of modern gods, to
the neglect of the old ones; while the latter
was adhering to the established worship of
the old gods exclusively. The religion of
Evander was not a false superstition, disre-
garding the ancient gods, and the establish-
cd order of their worship. It was ſounded
in gratitude to Hercules, for a great deliver-
ance from a most cruel monster.
189. Meritos honores: Ruabus says, meri-
tum cultum. JNovamus : we repeat.
191. Ut: in the sense of quomodo.
194. Dira facies Caci, &c. Dr. Trapp
observes, it is a peculiar elegancy in poetry,
to put a person's most remarkable quality
in a substantive, as an epithet to him in an
adjective.
Laelius. Wis Herculis, for powerful Hercu-
les. Dira facies Casi, for direful-looking
Cacus. See supra. 172.
197. Ora : in the sense of capita.
Thus: sapientia Laeli, for wise
tain. Or by
199. JMagné mole: of vast size or magnitude.
200. AEtas aliquando: time at length
brought also aid, and the presence of a god
to us wishing it—greatly desiring it. Et:
also. It brought aid, &c. to us, as it had
done to many others, whose grievances Her-
cules had redressed. *
202. Geryonis: Geryon was said to have
three bodies, because he reigned over the
three islands, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica,
on the Spanish coast of the Mediterranean.
See AEm. vi. 289. -
204. Amnem : this must mean the banks
of the river, and not the river itself. Effera:
in the sense of concilata. JMens Caci : the
mind of Cacus, by meton. for Cacus himself.
208. Avertit : in the sense of abducit. Sw-
perante : in the sense of eacima, vel pulchra.
The prep. & is understood, to govern formá.
It also governs corpore, in the preceding line,
209. Ne qua vestigia forent, &c. The
meaning is ; that Cacus drew the cattle
backward to his cave, that their tracks might
seem to proceed from it; and might lead the
searcher for them the other way; and by
that means prevent discovery. -
211. Saro opaco. By this we may under
stand his cave, which was in a rocky moun
saacum; the stone which shus
the mouth or entrance of his cave. He hid
w
AENEIS. LIB. VIII
439
Quærentem nulla ad speluncam signa ſerebant.
Interea cüm jam stabulis Saturata moveret -
212. Nulla signa fere-
bant heroa quaerentem
Amphitryoniades armenta, abitumque pararet, boves
Discessu mugire bowes, atque omne querelis
Impleri nemus, et colles clamore relinqui.
Reddidit una boum vocem, vastoque sub antro
Mugiit, et Caci spem custodita fefellit.
Hic veró Alcidae furiis exarserat atro
Felle dolor: rapit arma manu, nodisque gravatum
Robur, et ačrii cursu petit ardua montis.
Tum primúm nostri Cacum vidēre timentem,
Turbatumque oculis. Fugit ilicêt ocyor Euro,
Speluncamgue petit: pedibus timor addidit alas.
Ut sese inclusit, ruptisque immane catenis
Dejecit saxum, ferro quod et arte paternâ
Pendebat; fultosque emumiit objice postes;
Ecce furens animis aderat Tirynthius, omnemaue
Accessum lustrans, huc ora ferebat et illuc,
Dentibus infrendens. Ter totum fervidus irá
Lustrat Aventini montem; ter saxea tentat
Limina nequicquam; ter fessus valle resedit.
Stabat acuta silex, praecisis undique saxis,
Speluncae dorso insurgens, altissima visu,
Dirarum midis domus opportuna volucrum.
Hanc, ut prona jugo laevum incumbebat ad amnem,
Dexter in adversum nitens concussit, et imis
215 215. Boves carperunt
mugire discessu, atque
omne nemus capit im-
pleri querelis. et colles
carperunt relinqui cla-
In Ore s
220
221. Ardua juga aerii
montis
222. Nostri homines
225
236. Hercules dexter
nitens in adversum con-
235 cussit hanc silicem, ut
prona incumbebat jugo
ad lavum amnem, et
solvit eam avulsam
NOTES.
them in his cave, by shutting the entrance They think that Cacus by his eyes ex
upon them. Indiciis: in the sense of signis. pressed his fear and dismay. Ruteus says
212. Quaerentem: Hercules searching for visu.
his cattle. Ferebant: in the sense of duce- 226. Paterna arte : by his father's art,
bunt. * The Cyclops, the servants of Vulcan, are said
214, Abitum: a sup. in um, of abeo ; to to have invented the art of fortifying cities.
depart. ‘. - 227. Postes : properly the door-posts. By
215. Discessw: in their departure—as he meton. the door or entrance. Objice : from
was driving them off. This bellowing of obez, a bolt or bar—any thing that shutteth
his cattle was in consequence of the loss of in or out, and preventeth passage. Fultos:
those that had been stolen by Cacus. At
this moment one of those shut up in the
cave, hearing the bellowing of her mates,
answered, and by that means, led to a disco-
very.
216. Relinqui; the hills were left by the
cattle, to proceed on their way; and conse-
quently, they would cease to resound with
the lowings of the herd. *
219. Furiis : in the sense of in furias.
220. Dolor atro felle ; then indeed rage
from the black gall of Hercules, flamed into
fury. Alcidº gen. of Alcides, a name of
Hercules. - º, poet here supposes the gall
to be the seat of the angry passions.
221. Robur: the club was the principal
weapon of Hercules. .
223. Oculis. By this is evidently meant
secured. • g
228. Tirynthius. A name of Hercules,
from Tirynthus, a town of Argolis, in the
Peloponnesus, where he passed the greater
part of his youth.
229. Ferebat ora : he cast his eyes—he
looked on every side.
233. Acuta silew stabat, &c. The mean-
ing of the passage, is this : on the side of
the cave, stood a large flinty rock, and pro-
jecting with its top over the river on the left.
This the hero observing, he took his stand
opposite to it on the right; and exerting his
strength, started it from its bed, and pulled
it over. By this means, an aperture was
made into the cave of the monster. This
cave was on Mount Aventinus, on the east
of the Tiber. Saris praecisis undique : the
the sight of Hercules. On seeing the hero / rock being sharpened or tapered all around
approach, Cacus was filled with fear and toward the top. This rock was a suita-
consternation. Dr. Trapp and Mr. David- ble place for the haunts of inauspicious
son, both give a verſ' singular turn to this. birds. -
440
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Avulsam solvit radicibus: inde repentë
Impulit, impulsu quo maximus insonat aether :
Dissultant ripaº, refluitgue exterritus annis.
?40
At specus, et Caci detecta apparuit ingens
Regia, et umbrosae penitus patuere cavernae.
243. Non sectis ac
siquà vi terra dehiscens
penitus reseret infernas
sedes
247. Ergo Alcides pre-
mit evm telis desuper,
repenté deprensum in
Insperata luce
Non secus ac siquá penitus vi terra dehiscens
Infernas reseret sedes, et regna recludat
Pallida, Dis invisa; supérque immane barathrum
Cernatur, trepidentdue immisso lumine Manes.
Ergö insperată deprensum in luce repenté,
Inclusumque cavo Saxo, atque insueta rudentem,
Desuper Alcides telis premit, omniadue arma
Advocat, et ramis vastisque molaribus instat.
245
250
Ille autem, neque enim fuga jam super ulla pericliest,
Faucibus ingentem fumum, mirabile dictu !
Evomit; involvitºlue domum caligine caecă,
Prospectum eripiens oculis : glomeratoue sub antro
Fumiferam nocten, commixtis igne tenebris.
Non tulit Alcides animis; seque ipse per ignem
Praecipiti jecit saltu, quâ plurimus undam
Fumus agit, nebuláque ingens specus aestuat atrá.
256. Alcides ardens
animis non tulit hoc ;
ipseque jecit
255
Hic Cacum in tenebris incendia vana womentem
260. Complexus eum
in nodum
Corripit, in nodum complexus ; et angit inhaerens
Elisos oculos, et siccum sanguine guttur.
26Q
Panditur extempló foribus domus atra revulsis:
Abstractaeque bowes, abjurataeque rapinae
265. Nostra cordane- Coelo ostenduntur; pedibusque informe cadaver
queunt,
Protrahitur. Nequeunt expleri corda tuendo
265
NOTES.
236. Jugo : in the sense of vertice.
238. Solvit: loosened it. -
239. Quo impulsu : by the fall of which.
240. Ripa dissultant. Mr. Davidson thinks
this is to be taken in a literal sense; the
banks leap different ways. The tumbling
rock shatters the bank, and makes it fly in
pieces. These shattered fragments, together
- with the splinters of the rock, falling into
the river, drive back its current. This
plain natural effect, the poet describes in
animated style: Dissultant ripa, &c.
241. Detecta : uncovered.
242. Umbrosae: in the sense of tenebrosae.
Penities: widely—deeply.
244. Reseret: in the sense of aperiat.
245. Invisa Dis: abhorred—hated by the
gods. Rugeus interprets invisa, by inaspec-
ia : unseen—invisible. Dr. Trapp thinks
this to be one of the finest similes that ever
was written. The idea is taken from Ho-
mer. Iliad, Lib. 20. Super : in the sense
of desuper.
248. Rudentem insuetà: roaring hugely.
Insueta : an adj. neu. plu. taken as an adv.
in imitation of the Greeks. #.
250. Ramis. Hare the boughs are taken for
the trees that bore them, by synec, ; for the
bough" would have been too feeble weapons.
JMolare oroperly a mill-stone—here any
ta: rapinae : abjured plunder.
stone. Advocat: calls to his aid every kind
of weapon, &c. -
251. Fuga: escape. Super est. The parts
of the verb are separated by trmesis.
253. Involvit: in the sense of implet.
254. Oculis : from the eyes of Hercules.
Glomerat ; whirls around in his cave, &c.
256. Animis : in the sense of irá.
257. Quá fumus : where the smoke as-
cends thickest in wavy columns; and where
the capacious den waves in black clouds of
smoke. -
260. Inhaerens angit: holding him fast, he
squeezes his eyes started from their sockets,
and his throat destitute of blood. He held
him so fast about the neck, that his eyes
started from their sockets. It also prevented
the circulation of the blood ; the conse-
quence of which was death.
263. Abstraete boves: these were the sto-
len or filched heifers of Herculos. Abjura-
Most proba-
bly these were things which Cacus had de-
nied upon oath to have been in his posses-
SIOIl.
264. Calos in the sense of luci.
265. Corda: in the sense of animi, vel
oculi. -
ÆNEIs. LIB VIII.
44]
Terribiles oculos, vultum, villosaque setis
Pectora semiferi, atque extinctos faucibus ignes.
Exillo celebratus honos, lastique minores
Servavere diem; primusque Potitius auctor,
Et domus Herculei custos Pinaria sacri,
Hanc aram luco statuit; quae maxima semper
Dicetur nobis, et erit quae maxima semper.
Quare agite, 6 juvenes, tantarum in munere laudum,
267. Pectora semiſer:
Caci villosa
268. Ex illo tempore
honos Herculis celebra-
270 tus est
270. Et Pinaria do
mus, custos Herculei
sacri
Cingite fronde comas, et pocula pórgite dextris;
Communemgue vocate Deum, et date vina volentes.
Herculeå bicolor cum populus umbră
Dixerat.
275. Herculem com-
276 munem Deum.
Wélavitºlue comas, foliisque innexa pependit;
Et sacer implevit dextram scyphus. Ocyūs omnes
In mensam laeti libant, Divosque precantur.
Devexo interea propior fit vesper Olympo :
280
Jamgue sacerdotes, primusque Potitius, ibant,
Pellibus in morem cincti, flammasque ferebant.
Instaurant epulas, et mensae grata secunda,
Dona ferunt, cumulantgue oneratis lancibus aras.
Tum Salii ad cantus, incensa altaria circum
285 Tuºm Salii evinctl
quoad tempora populeis
285 ramis adsunt
NOTES.
269. .4uctor : institutor—founder.
270. Domus : in the sense of familia. Sa-
cre : in the sense of sacrificvi, says Ruteus.
Custos : keeper—preserver. Ruapus inter-
prets it by ministra; which implies that this
family performed the offerings and sacrifices
to Hercules themselves. Davidson renders
it: “the depository of this institution sacred
to Hercules.”
271. Quae dicetur: which shall always be
called the greatest by us, &c. Dionysius
informs us that this was the altar on which
Hercules offered the tenth of his spoils. On
that account it became the object of their
chief veneration; and was therefore called
marina, to distinguish it from the numerous
altars, which that hero had in Italy.
273. JMunere tamtarum : in the celebration
of so great virtue, &c. Lawdum : praisc-
worthy deeds. JMunus, says Donatus, dici-
twr cura cujusque rei perficiendſe imposita
cum necessitate faciendi.
275. Communem Deum. Those gods were
called communes, or common, who were wor-
shipped on accóunt of their general good,
or utility. Such were Mars and Mercury.
Hercules was one of them. The Arcadians,
Trojans, and Italians, equally worshipped
them. - .
276. Populus bicolor, &c. The poplar tree
was sacred to Hercules, because, in his de-
scent to hell, he made himself a crown of the
‘leaves of that tree. The part next his head
retained its color, while the outer part be-
came black with the smoke of the infernal
regions. Hence it is called bicolor: double-
colored. Herculeå wºmbra : with its Hercu-
.ean shade.
277. Innera: in the sense of implicata.
278. Scyphus : a large vessel or cup used
by Hercules, and sacred to that god. It is
of Greek origin.
280. Vesper fit : the evening becomes
nearer, the heaven being set—the day being
closed. This is said according to the notion
of those philosophers, who taught that the
whole heavens revolve about the earth in
the space of twenty-four hours. As the
hemisphere of day sets, that of the night
arises. Deveaco Olympo : the day drawing
toward a close. This is the better version.
For might had not yet arrived. It was only
fast approaching—it was coming near.
282. Cincti : clad in skins according to
custom. This custom was founded on the
habit of Hercules, which was the skin of a
lion.
284. Cumulant aras : they heap the al
tars with full chargers. La Cerda under-
stands this of the incense, which, on solemn
occasions, used to be offered on broad plates.
This seems to agree best with the following
words: circum incensa altaria : around the
altars burning with incense. Others refer it
to the dona secunda, mensae; the fruits and
other delicacies which used to be served up
in the second course; and, in the sacred
banquets, were first presented on the altar
by way of consecration. The ancients di-
vided their feasts into one, two, and some-
times three courses, or tables : the first
Jourse consisted of meats, which being re
moved, a second course was brought on,
consisting of fruits, deserts, wine, &c. They
were denominated prima memsa, secunda
mensa, &c.
285. Salii. These were a choir of twelve
men of patrician order, first instituted by
442
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
287. Hic est chorus Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis.
juvenum, ille est chorus
senum ; qui
288. Ut premens ma-
nu eliserit prima mon-
stra novercae Junonis, Ut bello egregias idem disjecerit urbes,
geminosque angues:
293. Tu, O invicte he-
ros, mactas bimembres
nubigenas
296. Cerberus janitor
Pertulerit.
Hic juvenum chorus, ille senum; qui carmine laudes
Herculeas et facta ſerunt: ut prima novercae
Monstra manu, geminosque premens eliserit angues,
t 290
Trojamque, CEchaliamgue; ut duros mille labores
Rege sub Eurystheo, fatis Junonis iniquae, -
Tu nubigenas, invicte, bimembres,
Hylaeumque, Pholumdue manu; tu Cressia mactas
Ocri, recubans cruento Prodigia, et vastum Nemea sub rupe leonem
295
antro super semesa, ossa, Te Stygii tremuere lacus: te janitor Orci,
tremwit te: mec ulla fa-
cies terruerunt te -
300. Lernaeus anguis
cum turba capitum cir-
tam rationis. Salve,
302. The dexter adi et Et nos
nos et tua sacra.
Ossa super recubans antro semesa cruento.
Nec te ullae facies, non terruit ipse Typhoeus
Arduus, arma tenens: non te rationis egentem
cumstetit te non egen- Lernaeus turbā capitum circumstetit anguis.
vera Jovis proles, decus addite Divis;
, et tua dexter adi pede Sacra secundo.
& w NOTES.
Numa in honor of Mars. Virgil supposes
that Evander was the founder of it in ho-
nor of Hercules, so called from salio. Evan-
der divided his band into two choirs; the
one consisting of youths, the other of old men.
286. Adsunt : in the sense of accedunt vel
saltant. Cantus : music—song. Ruãºus
says, inter cantus.
288. Ferunt carmine : they celebrate in
song the praises of Hercules, and his heroic
deeds. The chief of these are ten, which
are denominated labors. 1. When in his
cradle, he killed the two serpents that Juno
sent to devour him ; 2. He took Troy in the
reign of Laomedon, because he refused to
pay the promised reward for delivering his
daughter Hesione from a whale; 3. He
destroyed the city of CEchalia, in Thessaly,
because Eurytus, its king, refused to give
“him his daughter after he had promised her
to him ; 4. The servitude imposed upon him
by Eurystheus, king of Mycenae; 5. His
victory over the centaurs, a people of Thes-
saly; 6. His victory over the bull that ra-
vaged Crete. This bull vomited or breath-
ed flames. Some say he killed him, others
that he carried him to Eurystheus; 7. His
victory over the lion in the Nemacan grove;
8. His descent into hell ; 9. He assisted the
gods in the war against the giants; 10. He
killed the hydra of a hundred heads in the
lake of Lerna. It is said he built a funeral
pile on mount CEla, in Thessaly, on which
he threw himself; and having become pu-
rified from all mortal pollution, he ascended
to heaven, and took a seat among the gods.
See Lex. under Hercules. Ferunt : in the
sense of memorant vel celebrant.
289. Premens: grasping in his hand, he
killed the first monsters, &c. Ut: how.
292 Eurystheo. Eurystheus was king of
Myc,nae, to whom Hercules was made sub-
jeo... by the fates for a term of years. He
imposed on him the severest labors, at the
instance of Juno, with an intention to des-
troy him. Juno was the bitter enemy of
her stepson. Hence she is called inique
Junonis. Fatis : by the order—destination.
Per potestatem Junonis, says Ruteus.
293. JNubigenas ; the cloud-born sons.—
They were fabled to have been the sons of
Irion and JNubes. Their upper part was
human, their lower part a horse. Hence
they are called binnembres; double membered.
The truth of the fable is this: Mount Pe-
lion was infested by a species of wild cattle
or bulls, that proved very troublesome to the
inhabitants of the adjacent country. Ixion,
king of Thessaly, offered a great reward to
any who should destroy them. Whereupon,
the young men of a village called Nephele
undertook it. For this purpose they mount-
ed on horseback, and attacked them with
such success, that, in a short time, they were
utterly destroyed. Hence the fable of their
being begotten by Ixion on a cloud, JNephele
being the Greek word for a cloud. They
were called Centauri, from the circumstance
of their killing these bulls. Tu, invicte.
This is a beautiful transition from the third
person to the second. This figure, properly
used, renders composition animated and
lively. . *
294. Cressia prodigia ; the bull that
breathed fire, and the hind with brazen feet.
Prodigia : monsters.
296. Tremuére : in the sense of timuerunt.
299. Egentem rationis ; wanting presence
of mind—reason. Circumstetit : surround-
ed—assaulted on every side.
301. Addite: added to the gods as an
honor to their assembly. Addite: a part.
agreeing with vera proles, in the voc.
302. Deacter: favorable—propitious. Adi :
approach—visit. Rugeus says, veni. Se-
cundo pede : with favorable omons—signs.
AENEIS LIB. WIſ". 443
Talia carminibus celebrant; super omnia Caci
Speluncam adjiciunt, spirantemque ignibus ipsum.
Consonat omne nemus strepitu, collesque resultant. 305
Exin se cuncti divinis rebus ad urbem
Perfectis referunt. Ibat rex obsitus aevo;
Et comitem AEneam juxtà natumque tenebat
Ingrediens, varioque viam sermone levabat.
Miratur, facilesque oculos fert omnia circum
AEneas, capiturque locis ; et singula laetus
Exquiritgue auditolue virtim monumenta priorum.
Tum rex Evandrus, Romanæ conditor arcis:
Haec memora indigenae Fauni Nymphaeque tenebant,
Gensque virãm truncis et duro robore mata: 315
Queis neque mos, neque cultus erat; nec jungere tauros.
Aut componere opes norānt, aut parcere parto;
Sed rami, atque asper victu venatus alebat.
Primus ab athereo venit Saturnus Olympo,
Arma Jovis fugiens, et regnis exul ademptis.
Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis
Composuit, legesque dedit: Latiumque vocari
Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris.
Aurea, quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuerunt
Saecula ; sic placidá populos in pace regebat.
Deterior donec paulatim ac decolor aetas,
Et belli rabies, et amor successit habendi.
Tum manus Ausoniae, et gences venère Sicanae :
Saepiùs et nomen posuit Saturnia tellus.
Tum reges, asperque immani corpore Tybris;
310
313. Conditor Ronya-
nae arcis inquit: Fauxli,
Nymphaeque indigenge, .
gensque virüm nata
*.
320
322. Maluitgue regi-
onem vocari Latiuin.
quonia
325
330 330. Tum reges vene
runt; asperque Tybris
A quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Tybrim
Diximus amisit verum vetus Albula nomen.
er immani corpore venit,
ă quo nos Itali post
NOTEs.
303. Super omnia: above all—in addition
to all other things.
307. Obsitus avo: sown thick with age—
with gray hairs, and other marks of age.
This is a metaphor taken from a field of
COI’Iſle
310. Faciles oculos: his rolling eyes—his
eyes eager to observe the various scenes that
presented to his view.
311. Capitur: is captivated—charmed.
312. Singula: all—every one. This word
bignifies all taken singly—one by one.
313. Conditor Romance arcis. Evander's
city Pallanteum was built upon the hill,
afterward called mons Palatinus ; where
Romulus laid the foundation of Rome.
314. Indigena: ; properly, a sub. here used
as an adj. ; born in the plâce—native of the
country—not foreign. - -
315. Gens virim mata: a race of men
sprung from the trunks of trees and hard
oak. At first men inhabited the deserts and
forests. Hence they were thought to have
sprung from trees... Mos: in the sense of
leges. Cultus: civil institutions.
317. Aut parcere parto ; or to use frugal-
y what they had acquired. This descrip-
tion of the state of the spot where Rome
was afterward built, and its comparison
with its state when the poet wrote, must
have been highly gratifying to his country-
II) ene º . . .
318. Asper: in the sense of durus.
20. Regnis ademptis : his possessions
(kingdom) being taken from him—banished
from his throne and kingdom.
322. Composuit; he united together—he
formed into society a race, &c. - .
326. Donec deterior till, by little and lit-
tle, a depraved and corrupt age, and a rage
for war, &c. Here is an allusion to the sil-
ver, brass, and iron ages. See Ecl. iv. 6.
327. Habendi : of possessing—getting
wealth. -
329. Posuit momen: changed its name :
laid it down. . . . " w {
330. Tybris. He was a king of the Tus-
cams, and, being slain near the river, gave
his name to it. Its original name was Al-
bula. Some derive its name frcm. Tiberinus,
king of the Albans, who was drowued in
it. Asper : fierce. . .
332. Dirimus : called. Apellavimus, says
Ruans. -
444
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Me pulsum patrià, pelagique extrema sequentem,
Fortuna omnipotens et ineluctabile fatum
& His posuere locis: matrisque egère tremenda '*'.
*...*.*.*.*. Carmentis Nymphae monita, et Deus auctor Apollo.
Wix ea dicta, dehinc progressus, monstrat et aram,
nita Carmentis Nymphae
meat matris, et Deus
335
v.
Apollo auctor egère me Et Carmentalem Romano nomine portam,
huc.
337. Wix ea dicta fue- Vatis fatidicae; cecinit quae prima futuros
*...* ALneadas magnos, et nobile Pallanteum.
Hinc lucum ingentem, quem Romulus acer asylum
runt,
progressus monstrat
339. Quam homines
Quam memorant Nymphae priscum Carmentis honorem
340
memorantſuisse priseum Rettulit, et gelidā monstrat sub rupe Lupercal,
honorem Nymphae Car- Parrhasio dictum Panos de more Lycaei.
mentis
- Necnon et sacri monstrat nemus Argileti:
345
*** ***in Testaturque locum, et letum docet hospitis Argi.
gentem-
3.17. Hinc ducit ºne- Hinc ad Tarpeiam sedem et Capitolia ducit,
an ad
351. Evander inquit:
Deus (sed quis Deus, est
Aurea nunc, olim sylvestribus horrida dumis
Jam tum relligio pavidos terrebat agrestes
Dira loci ; jam tum sylvam saxumque tremebant.
350
incertúm)' habitat hoc Hoc nemus, hunc, inquit, frondoso vertice collem,
memus, et hunc
Quis Deus, incertum est, habitat Deus.
Arcades ipsum
NOTEs.
333. Sequentem: experiencing the dangers
of the sea. Rugeus says, quarentem ultima
spatia maris. Heyne takes eactrema pelagi,
in the sense of witimum mare.
336. Auctor. By this Servius understands
the author of oracles. Ruasus takes it in
the sense of suasor: persuader, or adviser.
This is the sense given to the word by Da-
vidson.
337. Dehine : in the sense of cūm.
340. Fatidicae valis : a prophetic prophet-
ess. Cecinit: in the sense of prodiacit.
342. Quem asylum : which Romulus ren-
dered an asylum—reduced or turned into an
asylum. This was a place of safety to all
criminals who should take refuge in it.
Multitudes fled thither from the neighbor-
ing nations. By this means, Romulus in-
creased the number of his subjects; which
was the object he had in view. But then
they were desperate and abandoned charac-
ters generally. Hinc: in the sense of deinde.
343. Lupercal. This was a place at the
foot of Mount Palatine, where the Arcadians
under Evander built a temple to Pan, the
god of Arcadia; where he was worshipped
as the protector of their flocks from wolves.
Lupercal, from lupus, a wolf. Here the
young men performed their annual plays
naked, and were called Luperci. Some sup-
pose Romulus to have instituted these sports,
because, in that place, he was nourished by
Lupa.
344. Dictum de : so called from the Ar-
cadian manner of Lycaean Pan. Parrhasio:
an adj. from Parrhasia, a district and city
of Arcadia. Lycaei: an adj. from Lycºus,
a mountain in Arcadia, where Pan was par-
ticularly worshipped.
|
345. Argileti. Argiletum was a place be-
tween mount Aventinus and Capitolinus, so
called because it belonged to Argus; or be-
cause he where hospitably entertained Evan-
der on his arrival in Italy; or, lastly, be-
cause he was buried there. For some cause
or other, Argus was killed by the new
comers, without the knowledge of Evān-
der, who gave him a sumptuous burial.
346. Testatur locum : he calls the place to
witness, &c. On seeing the place, the re-
membrance of his friend and host sensibly
affected him. He began immediately to
make protcstations of his innocence, and
call the place to witness that he was clean
from the foul deed. Docet : he relates—he
informs AEneas of the death of his host.
347. Tarpeiam sedem; the Tarpeian rock.
This is so called by anticipation. It was
not given to the place till the time of Ro-
mulus. It was first called Saturnium, from
a city built by Janus, in memory of his
friendship and union with Saturn. After-
wards called by Romulus Tarpeium, and
lastly Capitolinum, because the head of a
man (caput) was found there, when the
foundations of the capitol were laid.
349. Dira relligio : even then the awful
sanctity of the place terrified the fearful rus-
tics. Dr. Trapp observes, there is some-
thing wonderfully grand and awful in this
image, both as it is in itself, and as it is con-
nected with what follows; the capitol is to
be built upon it. . A god had already chosen
it for his residence. Ruteus says, horrida
sanctitas.
350. Tremebant: they feared even then
the grove, &c. -
AENEIS. LIB. WIII.
445
Credunt se vidisse Jovem; cum saepe nigrantem
AEgida concuteret dextrá, nimbosque cieret.
Haec duo praeterea disjectis oppida muris,
Relliquias veterumque vides monumenta virorum.
355 355. Praeterea wides
hsec duo oppida
Hanc Janus pater, hanc Saturnus condidit urbem:
Janiculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen.
Talibus inter se dictis ad tecta subjbant
Pauperis Evandri; passimdue armenta widebant
Romanoque ford et lautis mugire Carinis.
Ut ventum ad sedes : Haec, inquit, limina victor
Alcides subiit ; haec illum regia cepit.
358. Janiculum fuerat
nomen huic, Saturnia
360 fuerat momen illi.
361. Mugire in loco,
deinde dictoque Romano
foro, et lautis Carinis.
Aude, hospes, contemnere opes, ct te quoque dignum
Finge Deo, rebusque veni non asper egenis.
Dixit: et angusti subter fastigia tecti
Ingentem AEneam duxit; stratisque locavit,
Effultum foliis et pelle Libystidis ursae.
Nox ruit, et ſuscis tellurem amplectitur alis.
At Venus haud animo nequicquam exterrita mater, 370
Laurentāmgue minis et duro mota tumultu,
Vulcanum alloquitur ; thalamoque haec conjugis aureo
Incipit, et dictis divinum aspirat amorem : -
Dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges
Debita, casurasque inimicis ignibus arces;
Non ullum auxilium miseris, non arma rogavi
Artis opisque tuæ : nec te, charissime conjux,
Incassúmve tuos volui exercere labores
Quamvis et Priami debºrem plurima natis,
Et durum AEneae flewissem saepe laborem ;
365
* * 367. Locavitgue eum
stratis, effultum foliis
370. At Venus mater
.AEmeſe haud nequicquam
exterrita animo, mota-
que
372. Incipitaue hae
verba in aureo --
375
376. Non rogavi ullum
auxilium miseris Troja-
nis, non rogavi ulla arma
tute artis opisque
380
Nunc Jovis imperiis Rutulorum constitit oris :
Ergö eaden supplex venio, et sanctum mihi numen
NOTES.
*.
354. JEgida : acc. sing. of agis, a shield
made of goat skin, from a Greek word
signifying a goat. JWimbos : nimbus pro-
perly signifies those deep and black clouds,
which brew storms, thunder, and lightning
—the tempest itself.
355. Muris disjectis : their walls being
demolished—thrown down.
361. Carinis. Carina was the name of
a magnificent street in Rome, where Pom-
pey had his house. 3. . s
362. Ad sedes : to the Palace of Evander.
Ventum ; est is understood: in the sense of
venerwmt.
364. Aude : be not afraid to despise.
Davidson says, “have greatness of mind to
undervalue magnificence,” &c.
365. Finge te quoque : manifest yourself
worthy of a god. By Deo, some under-
stand Hercules, whom Evander would have
AEneas to imitate. But the quoque seems to
determine it to be taken in a general sense :
as Hercules acted worthy of a god, so do
you. Wen non asper: come not displeased
with our poverty. Finge: Rugeus says, os-
tende. Asper: for offensus.
370. At Venus. This is a fine episoue.
It consists, properly, of three parts: the con-
versation between Venus and her husband
—the casting and forging of the arms by
the Cyclops, with a description of the place
—the sculpture upon the shield of Æneas,
&c. The whole is in imitation of the Iliad,
lib. 18. where Thetis entreats Vulcan to
make arms for her son. But Virgil is supe-
rior to Homer in dignity of sentiment.
373. Aspirat. Some copies have inspirat,
The sense is the same in either case. She
inspires into her husband a divine love by
her endearing words. .
375. Debita & destined—doomed to de-
struction, in consequence of the perjury of
Laomedon. After which, Neptune and
Apollo became the enemies of Troy. See
Geor. i. 502.
379. Deberem: I owed very much to the
sons of Priam.
382. Eadem wenio: I, the same affection-
ate wife, who have always been so tender
of your honor, and so loth to give you
trouble, come to you a suppliant, and ask
of your divinity, sacred to me arms a
446
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
883. Thetis filia Nerei Arma rogo, genitrix nato.
potwit flectere te, et Ti-
Te potuit lachrymis Tithonia flectere conjux.
Te filia Nerei,
. *. 1: Aspice, qui coèant populi, quae menia clausis 385
mis Ferrum acuant portis, in me excidiumque meorum.
Dixerat: et niveis hinc atque hinc Diva lacertis
388. , Fovet ... Deum Cunctantem amplexu molli fovet: ille repenté
ºntºn * * Accepit solitam flammam ; notusque medullas
plexu. Intravit calor, et labefacta per ossa cucurrit: 390
Non sects atque olim tonitru cum rupta corusco
Ignea rima micans percurrit lumine nimbos.
393 Conjux éjus laeta Sensit lasta dolis, et formae conscia conjux.
dolis, et ºscia form” Tum pater aeterno ſatur devinctus amore:
suſe sensit id Quid causas petis ex alto ? fiducia cessit 395
* Què tibi, Diva, mei ? similis si cura fuisset,
Tum quoque fas nobis Teucros armare fuisset.
Nec pater omnipotens Trojam. nec fata vetabant
Stare, decemque alios Priamum superesse per annos.
Et nunc, si bellare paras, atque haec tibi mens est:
400
401. Quicquid cure Quicquid in arte meå possum promittere curae,
est in mea arte possum
promittere tibi.
403. Quantùm ignes
animaeque valent, pro- Viribus indubitare tuis.
Optatos dedit amplexus: placidumque petivit
mitto id '
Quod fieri ferro, liquidove potest electro,
Quantùm ignes animaeque valent : absiste precando
Ea verba locutus,
405
Conjugis infusus gremio per membra soporem: -
Inde, ubi prima quies medio jam noctis abactae
NOTES.
mother for a son. Verbs of asking, &c. go-
vern two accusatives. w
383. Filia JNerei : the daughter of Ne-
reus—Thetis, the reputed mother of Achil-
les. See Ecl. iv. 37. -
384. Tithonia conjur; Aurora.
385. JMaenia : cities—fortified towns. Here
put for the inhabitants, by meton. Acuant:
sharpen—prepare. .
386. In me : against me. Venus here
identifies herself with Æneas and the Trojans.
388. Cunctantem: hesitating—loth to un-
dertake the business. -
391. Atque : in the sense of quâm. Olim:
sometimes. This word signifies time past,
future, and indefinite. his last is the
meaning here.
392. Ignea rima. Rugeus says, flammeus
hiatwa, apertus fulgenli fulmine. JWimbos :
in the sense of nubes. Servius, whom Dr.
Trapp follows, takes corusco, for darted or
orandished. Ruteus interprets it by ful-
genti, ahining. The former is the best, in-
asmuch as thunder does not shine; it is the
lightning alone that becomes visible. There
may be reference here to the darting of the
thunderbolt of Jove. It pierces the cloud,
and disengages the lightning, which, let
loose, runs across the heavens in forked
ight. Ignea rima, very beautifully ex-
presses a stream of fire, bursting through a
rived cloud—lightning.
394. Pater : Vulcan is meant.
{}
395. Quid causas petis: why do you seek
reasons from far ” Instead of coming to
the point at once, you have recourse to far-
fetched arguments.
398. Nec pater. It hath been observed by
commentators, upon this and similar pas-
sages of Virgil, that though the fates could
not be changed, they might be deferred. But
Mr. Dryden hath made it appear, that this
very deferring is in consequence of a decree.
In this sense, these words of Vulcan are to
be understood. Troy did fall at such a
time; but it was not necessary it should.
The fates would have permitted me to defer
its doom for ten years longer; and I would
have done it, if you had desired it : but I
could have done it no longer—it being then
destined to be destroyed.
401. Curve : skill, - -
402. Liquido electro. A composition of
gold and silver is called electrum. Pl.1:y
makes the proportion to be four fifths of
silver, and one fifth of gold. Here put for
metals in general: the species for the genus.
403. Anima: ; the wind or breath of the
bellows. Absiste: cease to distrust your
power at entreaty. -
406. Infusus gremio; and resting cn the
bosom of his spouse, he sought soft sleep,
&c. Ruteus says, jacens. -
407. Medio curriculo noctis jams in the
middle course of night, now being past.
This marks the time to be just after mid
AENEIS. LIB. VIII.
447
Curriculo expulerat Somnum; cilm foemina, primum
Cui tolerare colo vitam tenuique Minervá,
Impositum cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes,
408. Cúm foemina, cus
est primum officium to
410 lerare vitam colo -
Noctem addens operi, famulasque ad lumina longo
Exercet penso; castum ut servare cubile
Conjugis, et possit parvos educere natos.
Haud sectis ignipotens, nec tempore segnior illo,
Mollibus é stratis opera ad fabrilia surgit.
415
Insula Sicanium juxta latus, AEoliamgue
Erigitur Liparen, fumantibus ardua saxis;
Quam subter specus, et Cyclopum exesa caminis
Antra A2tnaea tonant, validique incudibus ictus
Auditi referunt gemitum, striduntgue cavernis
Stricturae Chalybum, et formacibus ignis anhelat,
Vulcani domus, et Vulcania nomine tellus.
Huc tunc ignipotens coelo descendit ab alto.
Ferrum exercebant vasto Cyclopes in antro,
Brontesque, Steropesque, et nudus membra Pyracmon.
His informatum manibus jam parte polità
Fulmen erat; toto genitor quae plurima coelo
Dejicit in terras; pars imperfecta manebat.
Tres imbris torti radios, tres nubis aquosae
418. Subter quam spe
cus, et AEtnaºa antra ex
420 esa caminis Cyclopulº-
tonant.
422. Haec est domus
Vulcani, et tellus dicta
est Vulcania, ejus no-
mine.
426. Erat his in ma-.
426 nibus fulmen informa-
tum eac illis, quae pluri-
ma genitor Deorum de-
jicit toto coelo in terras,
parte jam polità
NOTES.
night. Rest is here said to expel sleep, be-
cause, when we have taken rest, sleep be-
comes unnecessary. Curriculo : circle—
course. Ruteus says, spatio.
409. Tenwi JMinerva. This may mean
handycraft in general, or spinstry in parti-
cular. Or, perhaps, it is better to under-
stand it of the works of the loom.
410. Suscitat impositum, &c. Virgil here
connects the same verb with two substan-
tives, when it can properly be used with one
of them only. This is frequent with him,
and is a beauty which our language will not
admit. Cinerem impositum is, doubtless, the
ashes that cover the fire, which she first re-
moves; and then she kindles or awakes the
dormant fire (sopitos ignes) into a flame.
See AEn. vii. 431.
411. Addens noctem : adding the night to
her work—working in the night, before the
approach, of day.
412. Castum: chaste—undefiled. Here
the poet gives us a fine description of do-
smestic industry, on the part of the mistress
of the house.
414, Ignipotens: a name of Vulcan. JNec
segnior: nor less active--industrious than she.
415. Ad fabrilia opera: to his mechanic
labors.
416. Insula erigitur, &c. Between Sicily
and the Italian coast there are seven islands,
called JEolidae, from AEolus, who reigned
there; and Vulcaniae, from Vulcanus, whose
forge was fabled to have been in one of them.
This is imitated from Homer. He, how-
ever, places Vulcan’s forge in heaven; Vir-
gil, with more propriety, places it on the
earth. As the eruptions of Ætna are mat-
ters of fact, the poet, with much judgment,
places the forge of the Cyclops in the neigh-
borhood of that mountain. The whole de-
scription is of the noblest kind. Brontes,
Steropes, and Pyracmon, were his principal
assistants. All of Greek derivation.
418. Eacesa : excavated—hollowed out by
the forges of the Cyclops.
421. Stricturae : bars of iron or steel.
Chalybum. The Chalybes were a people of
Spain; or, according to some, of Pontus,
celebrated for their iron works. Here, by
meton. put for iron and steel.
426. Informatum: unfinished. A part only
was polished, the rest remaining in an im-
perfect state.
429. Tres radios torti imbris. By the torti
imbris, the wreathed shower, commentators
understand hail. The torti expresses the
violence with which hail in a storm is hurled
or darted. Radios. These are the forks or
spikes with which lightning is painted or
described. The form of thunder, to which
Virgil here seems to allude, is known from
medals. It consisted of twelve wreathed
spikes or darts, extended like the radii of a
circle, three and three together, with wings
spread out in the middle. The wings de-
note the lightning's rapid motion, and the
spikes or darts, its penetrating quality. By
the four different kinds of spikes, Servius
understands the four seasons of the year.
According to him, the tres imbris torti ra-
dios, or the three spikes of hail, denote the
winter season, when hail-storms abound.
The tres nubis aquosae radios, or the three
448
P. VIRGILI1 MARONIS
Addiderant, rutili tres ignis et alitis Austri.
430
Fulgores nunc terrificos, sonitumque, metumque
Miscebant operi, flammisque sequacibus iras.
Parte alià Marti currumque rotasque volucres
434. Quibus ille exci- Instabant, quibus ille viros, quibus excitat urbes.
tat viros, quibus eaccitat
urbes ad arma :
436. Certatimgue po-
libant horriferam AEgida,
AEgidague horriferam, turbatae Palladis arma,
Certatin squamis serpentum auroque polibant,
Connexosque angues, ipsamgue in pectore Divae
435
arma turbate Palladis Gorgona, desecto vertentem lumina collo.
squamis
438. Gorgonaque ip-
sam in pectore Divae
vertentem
Tollite cuncta, inquit, coeptosque auferte labores,
AEtnasi Cyclopes, et huc advertite mentem.
Arma acri facienda viro: nunc viribus usus,
440
439. Pulcanus inquit, Nunc manibus rapidis, omni nunc arte magistră :
Pos, O AEtnaei Cyclopes, Praecipitate moras.
tollite cuncta hapc
441. Nunc est usus Sortiti
viribus wº
Nec plura effatus. At illi
Ocyūs incubuère omnes, paritergue laborem
Fluit as rivis, aurigue metallum ;
445
Vulnificusque chalybs vastā formace liquescit.
447. Unum sufficien-
fem contra
Impediunt.
Alii ventosis follibus auras
Accipiunt redduntdue ; alii stridentia tingunt
Ingentem clypeum informant, unum omnia contra
Tela Latinorum ;
septenosque orbibus orbes
450
AEra lacu : gemit impositis incudibus antrum.
Illi inter sese multà vi brachia tollunt
454. Dum Lemnius In numerum, versantdue tenaci forcipe massam."
pater Vulcanus properat
456. Matutini cantus
volucrum sub culmine
suscitant Evandrum ex
Haec pater Æoliis properat,dum Lemnius oris,
Evandrum ex humili tecto lux suscitat alma,
Et matutini volucruti sub culmine cantus.
455
humiji tecto, aima lux. Consurgit senior, tunicăque inducitur artus,
suscitat evm.
Et Tyrrhena pedum circumdat vincula plantis.
NOTES.
spikes of a watery cloud, denote the spring
season, which is called imbriferum ver, be-
cause rain then abounds. The tres rutuli
ignis radios, or the three spikes of sparkling
fire, denote the summer season, when light-
ning is most frequent. The tres alitis Avº-
stri radios, or the three spikes of winged
wind, denote the autumual season, when
storms of wind are frequent and violent.
430. Addiderant. This part they had
completed; therefore he uses the plu. perf.
tense: they had done with it. But in the
following line, he says, nunc miscebant: they
were now mingling with the work, the ter-
rific lightning, &c. This distinction of tense
is worthy of notice. -
432. Sequacibus: persecuting—avenging.
435. Horriferam. Pierius informs us that
this is the true reading of all the ancient
manuscripts. Heyne reads, horriferum. Da-
vidson reads the same. Valpy and Ruacus
have horrificam. Turbatae : in the sense of
iratae.
436. Squamis serpentum auroque : with
tue scales of serpents and gold; by hend.
for aureis pº serpentum. Polibant: in
the sense of ornabant.
438. Gorgona: acc. sing. of Gorgon. See
+:
AEn. ii. 616. Desecto collo : her neck being
cut off.
444. Incubuère: they applied vigorously—
they set about it in earnest.
445. Sortiti : having distributed by lot—
having assigned to each one his part.
446. Chalybs ; steel. See 421, supra-
also, Geor. i. 58. Unum ; alone sufficient.
449. Impediunt: they involve or infold
seven orbs in orbs. Ruabus says, connec-
tunt. Alii accipiwnt: simply, some blow
the bellows, others put, &c.
451. Lacu : the trough. -
452. Illi tollunt brachia. In the very turn
of the verse, we see them lifting up, and
letting fall their hammers alternately, and
keeping time with one another. In nume-
rum: in regular motion—keeping stroke.
with one another. * * -
454. Lemnius pater: Vulcan. He was
banished from heaven to Lemnos, an island
in the AEgean sea, not far from the Helles
pont. See Geor. i. 295.
457. Inducitur : in the sense of induit
vel vestit.
458. Tyrrhena vincula: he binds his Tus
can sandals to the bottom of his feet. These
sandals were of wood, about four inches
g AENEIS.
LIB. VIII 449
Tum lateri atque humeris Tegeaeum subligat ensem,
Demissa ab laevă pantherae terga retorquens.
Necnon et gemini custodes limine ab alto
460 460. Retorquens tº
destram terga panthere
Procedunt, gressumgue canes comitantur herilem.
Hospitis AEneas sedem et secreta petebat,
Sermonum memor et promissi muneris, heros.
Nec minus AEneas se matutinus agebat.
Filius huic Pallas, olli comes ibat Achates.
Congressi jungunt dextras, mediisque residunt
AEdibus, et licito tandem sermone fruuntur.
Rex prior haec.
Maxime Teucrorum ductor, quo sospite, nunquam
Res equidem Troiae victas aut regna fatebor.
Nobis ad belli auxilium pro nomine tanto
Hinc Tusco claudimur amni;
Hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis.
Sed tibi ego ingentes populos, opulentaque regnis
Jungere castra paro, quam fors inopina salutem
Ostentat: fatis huc te poscentibus affers.
Exigua vires.
465 -
466. Pallas filius ibat
comes huic Evandro ;
Achates ibat comes olk
.AE nea.
470
171. Nunquam equi-
dem fatebor res Troja
victas esse, aut regna
eversa esse. Sunt nobis
exigua
475 474. Premit nos, et
circumsonat 720strum
murum armis.
Haud procul hinc saxo colitur fundata vetusto
Urbis Agyllinae sedes: ubi Lydia quondam
Gens, bello praeclara, jugis insedit Etruscis.
Hanc multos florentem annos rex deinde superbo
Imperio et savis tenuit Mezentius armis.
Quid memorem imandas caedes 2 quid facta tyranni
Effera ! Di capiti ipsius generigue reserventſ
Mortua quin etiam jungebat corpora vivis,
Componens manibusque manus atque oribus ora,
p
480
481. Deinde rex Me-
zentius tenuit hanc wr-
bem florentem multos
&IRIl OS
484. Di reservent talia
485 capiti ipsius, generique.
NOTES.
broad, and fastened to the feet with gilded
thongs. The poet here makes a very hap-
by transition from the smoke, fire, and noise
of Vulcan's caverh, to the sweet air of the
morning, and the charming music of birds.
45%. Tegeaeum : an adj. from Tegea, a
city of Arcadia, where Pan was especially
worsbipped: Arcadian.
460. Retorquens terga, &c. This panther's
skin was cast or thrown back over the right
shoulder, passed around, and hung down
over the left. Terga : in the sense of pel-
,60??. t - w
461. Gemini canes, &c. These two dogs,
\hat are all the guard Evander has, gives us
a lively image of the poverty and simplicity
of that good monarch.
463. Secreta: private apartments, which
HEneas occupied.
464. JMuneris : aid—assistance.
465. Agebat: in the sense of movebat.
468. Licito : free—unrestrained.
, 471. Res Troja: ; the power of Troy.
472. Pro tanto nomine : for, or in propor-
tion to, the greatness of the Trojan name ;
or the greatness of the cause in which he
was about to engage. g
473. Exigua wires; small ability, or means
to support, &c. Tusco amni: the Tiber,
which bounded his territory on the west, and
divided it from the Tuscans.
476. Paro: Ruabus says, meditor.
478. Fundata:
bws, says Rugeus.
479. Agyllinae : an adj. from Agylla, a
city of Etruria or Tuscany. It was planted
by a Lydian colony. It was afterward call-
ed Cere. Hodie, Cerveteri. Lydia; an ex-
tensive country of Asia Minor: here used
as an adjective. Part of it was called JMac-
structa antiquis lapwali-
onia.
480. Etruscos jagis: on the Tuscan moun-
tains. -
482. Mezentius tenuit, &c. This story is
of importance to the subject, and very pro-
perly introduced in this place. For, without
the auxiliary forces of the Tuscans, AEneas
could not have carried on the war. The
tyranny of Mezentius gives an air of proba
bility to the whole.
485. Quin etiam jungebat: moreover he
joined dead bodies to the living, putting, &c.
The invention of this cruel kind of punish-
ment, is ascribed, by Cicero and others, to
the Tuscans. Virgil takes occasion hence
to form a character of uncommon barbarity
in one of his personages.
30
45ſ) P. WIF.GILII
MARONIS
487. Genus tormenti! Tormenti genus ! et sanie tabogue fluentes,
et sic necabat homimes
fluentes sanie tabogue,
in noc misero
491.
ad fastigia ejus regiae.
493. Caepit confugere
et defendier armis
Complexu in misero, longa sic morte necabat.
At fessi tandem cives infandā furentem
Armati circumsistunt, ipsumque, domumque :
Jactant ignem Obtruncant socios, ignem ad fastigia jactant.
Ille inter caedes Rutulorum elapsus in agros
Confugere, et Turni defendier hospitis armis.
Ergö omnis furiis surrexit Etruria justis, \
Regem ad supplicium praesenti Marte reposcunt.
495
His ego te, Ænea, ductorem millibus addam.
Toto namdue fremunt condensae litore puppes,
498. Retinet eos: di- Signaque ferre jubent. - -
cens, 0 delecta juventus, Fata canens: Ö Maeonie delecta juventus,
Retinet longaevus aruspex,
499
Flos veterum virtusque viram; quos justus in hostem
501. Et, quos Mezen- Fert dolor, et merità accendit Mezentius irá
tiº.”; Nulli ſas Italo tantam subjungere gentem:
est fas nulli Italo
Externos optate duces.
Tum Etrusca resedit
Hoc acies campo, monitis exterrita Divām.
b05. Tarchon ipse mi- Ipse oratores ad me regnigue coronam 505
sit oratores
*
Cum sceptro misit, mandatºlue insignia, Tarchon :
507. Rogans ut suc- Succedam castris, Tyrrhenaque regna capessam.
cedam
509. Wiresque jam ni-
mis serae ad fortia facta
invident mihi.
tarer meum natum facere Hinc partem patriae traheret.
Et generi fatum indulget, quem numina poscunt,
Ingredere, 6 Teucrüm atque Italàm fortissime ductor.
Hunc tibi praetereà, spes et solatia nostri,
Pallanta adjungam.
td, ni
515. Adjungam hunc
meum filium Pallanta
tibi, spes, et solatia nos-
Sed mihi tarda gelu, Sa-clisque effoeta, Senectus
Invidet imperium, seraeque ad fortia vires. .
Exhor- Natum exhortarer, ni, mixtus matre Sabellà
510
Tu, cujus et annis
Sub te tolerare magistro 515
tri; wit sub te magistro Militiam, et grave Martis opus, tua cernere facta
NOTES.
487. Genus tormenti : O horrid kind of
torture . This is the sense of Ruteus and
Valpy. But Heyne and Davidson take them
not as an exclamation. Fluentes : wasting
—pining away. *
489. Infandā : an adj. neu. plu. taken as
an adverb, in imitation of the “Greeks: in
the sense of immaniter.
490. Circumsistunt : in the sense of obsi-
dent.
491. Socios: his friends—those who ad-
hered to the king. Their houses were co-
vered with straw, even the palaces of kings;
which was the reason of their throwing fire
on the roof of Mezentius's palace.
493. Defendier; by paragoge, for defendi.
497. Puppes : the ships, by meton. for the
troops in them. Fremunt : impatient for the
W8.1". -
498. Ferre signa: to bear forward the
standards—to march. A militarw phrase.
499. JMaconia. Maeonia is a country of
Lydia, in Asia Minor, wher.ce a colony re-
moved to Tuscany, and sºctled. They built
the city Agylla. Lyºza and JMaconia are
used, however, sometimes indiscriminately
for the same country. -
501. Dolor : in the sense of indignatio
Fert : in the sense of impellit:
502. Subjungere: to subdue.
503. Resedit: sat down. Acies : troops
in general. Optale: choose ye.
504. JMonitis : admonitions—prophetic
declarations. Ruteus says, oraculo. The
same with fata, verse 499.
506. Mandataue; and commits the en-
signs (or badges) of royalty to me. These
were the crown and sceptre just mentioned.
508. Tarda gelus benumbed by the frost
of age. This is highly metaphorical. Soº-
clis. Saeculum properly signifies the space
of thirty years; in which the old actors are
already gone off the stage, and new ones
have arisen in their room. Thus Nestor is
said to have lived three ages, or ninety
years, as Plutareh explains it. Saeclis : by
syn. for saeculis : here used in the sense of
annis. Effoºta: worn out—enfeebled.
510. Sabellá matre: his Sabine mother
By her, he became heir to a part of her na-
tive country. It was therefore inconsistent
with his duty to his people, to accept of the
Tuscan crown. - - -
AENEIS. LJB VIII
451 -
Assuescat; primis et te miretur ab annis.
Arcadas huic equites bis centum, robora pubis
Lecta, dabo; totidemque suo tibi nomine Pallas
Wix ea fatus erat, defixidue ora tenebant
AEneas Anchisiades et fidus Achates,
520
Multaque dura suo tristi cum corde putabant,
Ni signum coelo Cytherea dedisset aperto.
Namgue improvisó vibratus ab athere fulgor
Cum sonitu venue, et ruere omnia visa repenté,
Tyrrhenusque tubae mugire per aethera clangor.
sunt ruere repenté
Suspiciunt: iterum atque iterum fragor intonatingens:
Arma inter nubem, coeli in regione serená,
Per sudum rutilare vident, et pulsa tomare.
• * * * @ * se
Obstupuere animis alii: sed Troius heros
Agnovit sonitum, et Diva promissa parentis.
Tum memorat: Neveró, hospes, ne quaere profect&
Quem casum portenta ferant: ego poscor Olympo.
Hoc signum cecinit missuram Diva creatrix,
Sibellum ingrueret; Vulcaniaque arma per auras
Laturam auxilio. -
Heu quantae miseris caedes Laurentibus instant!
535
ras pro auxilio mihi
Quas poenas mihi, Turne, dabis quam multa sub undas
Scuta virtum, galeasque, et fortia corpora volves,
Tybri pater | Poscant acies, et foedera rumpant.
540
Haec ubi dicta dedit, solio se tollit ab alto :
Et primūm Herculeis sopitas ignibus aras
Excitat: hesternumque Larem, parvosque Penates
NOTES.
517. Primis annis : from his first and
earliest years for bearing arms; which,
among the Romans, was about the age of
seventeen.
522. Putabant: they were just entering
into a train of perplexing thoughts, as to
the present crisis of affairs; and would have
pursued them, had not Venus interposed.
They were revolving in their minds many
difficulties that might arise, &c.
524. Fulgor vibrutus: a flash of lightning
darting across the sky, &c.
526. Tyrrhenus clangor : a Tuscan sound
of the trumpet began, &c. The sound of the
trumpet is called Tuscan, because it is said
they were the inventors of that instrument.
It was understood to indicate that Æneas
was invited to the throne of the Tuscans.
529. Pulsa tonare. This seems to imply
that the thunder was the effect of the clash-
ing of the arms that appeared in the air.
Being struck (pulsa) they seemed to thun-
der. Rutilare: to flash—shine through the
clear air or sky. Pisa sunt is understood.
532. JWe veró, hospes, ne: do not indeed,
do not indeed, inquire what event these pro-
digies portend. This repetition is very em-
phatical. Some copies repeat the quare
thus: me quaere veró, ne quaere profect3.
534. Cecinit: in the sense of predicit.
JMissuram: that she would send, &c.
537. Instant : in the sense of ammument.
540. Poscant acies: let them demand war
—let them break their treaties. This is
spoken ironically. Ruabus says, petant bel-
lum. Latinus had proposed Æneas for a son-
in-law; and entered into an alliance or treaty
of friendship with him. To that circum-
stance this is an allusion.
542. Sopitas aras, &c.
tors take this for, sopitos ignes in Herculeis
aris, by hypallage: the dormant fires on the
altar of Hercules.
that Æneas returned to the grove, where
the sacred rites had been performed the day
before to Hercules. The altar here men-
tioned may have been Evander’s domestic
altar, to which the remains of the hallowed
fire, from the altar of Hercules, might have
been conveyed. If we suppose this, there
will be no need of an hypallage. Eaccitat:
he kindles up the dormant altars with the
Herculean fire—the fire taken from the altar
of Hercules as supposed. This seems to be
the opinion of Ruteus and Davidson.
543. Hesternum Larem. By this some un-
derstand the hallowed hearth, on which the
sacrifices have been offered the day beforo
But it may be Evander's Lar, or guardian
god, to whom AEneas had sacrificed th
day before; and with whom he had ther
become acquainted. Parvos Penates. Th
525 525. Et omnia visa -
530
533. Ego poscor olyn-
po ad bellum.
535. Seque laturam
Vulcania arma per au-
Most commenta-
But it does not appear
*
45%
P. WiltGILII MARONIS
Laetus adit: mactant lectas de more bidented
Evandrus pariter, pariter Trojana juventus
545
Pöst hinc ad naves graditur, sociosque revisit: .
547. De numero quo- Quorum de numero, qui Sese in bella sequantur,
rum legit eos præstantes Praestantes virtute legit; pars caetera proná
Fertur aquà, segnisque secundo defluit amni,
Nuntia ventura Ascanio rerumque patrisque.
Dantur equi Teucris Tyrrhena petentibus arva :
550
552. Ducunt unum ex- Ducunt exsortem AEneae, quem fulva leonis
sortem equum AEmete
Pellis obit totum, praefulgens unguibus aureis.
Fama volat parvam subitó vulgata per urbem,
Ocyūs ire equites Tyrrheni ad limina regis.
555
Wota metu duplicant matres ; propiùsque periclo
It timor, et major Martis jam apparet imago.
558. Complexus dex- Tum pater Evandrus dextram complexus euntis
ill;
tram ſilii euntis heret Haeret, inexpletum lachrymans, ac talia ſatur:
O mihi praeteritos referat si Jupiter annos!
560
561. Et faciat me ta- Qualis eram, cum primam aciem Praeneste sub ipsá
lem, qualis eram, cum Stravi, scutorumque incendi victor acervos :
stravi primam aciem
Et regem hác Herilum dextrá sub Tartara misi:
Nascenti cui tres animas Feronia mater,
Horrendum dictu ! dederat; terna arma movenda; 565
567. Et exuit eum to-
tidem armis. Nunc ego
Ter leto sternendus erat: cui tunc tamen omnes
Abstulit hapc animas dextra, et totidem exuit armis.
non divellerer usquam. Non ego nunc dulci amplexu divellerer usquam,
NOTEs.
Penates were tutelary deities, either for fa-
milies, or for cities and provinces.
former were the Parvi Penates, sometimes
called Lares: the latter, the Magni Pe-
nates. - g
544. Bidentes : properly sheep of two
years old, of bis and dens.
549. Fertur proná aqua; borne down the
descending stream. Segnis defluit, without
labor, float down the current—at their ease,
float, &c. Rugeus says, lenta descendit.
550. Ventura nunţia : to be messengers
to Ascanius, of his father, and of the state of
his affairs—to bear tidings to Ascanius, &c.
551. Petentibus Tyrrhena: to the Trojans
going to the Tuscan territory.
552. Eacsortem : in the sense of insignem :
a distinguished horse.
553. Aureis unguibus. The claws of the
skin were overlaid with gold, for the sake of
ornament. Obit: in the sense of tegit.
557. Timor it propius, &c. This passage,
has puzzled commentators very much. Da-
vidson supposes the word major, is to be
supplied with timor: their fear grows greater,
the nearer they are to danger. Ruacus takes
propiùs in the sense of prope: near—ap-
proaching to. He makes the meaning to be :
their fear comes near to danger. They are
so much impressed with the idea of danger,
that it becomes to them almost a reality.
It : in the sense of est vel fit. Most copies
have jam immediately after JMartis. But
The
Pierius informs us, that in most of the an
cient JMSS. which he consulted, it was want
ing. Heyne reads jam.
559. Inexpletum: an adj. neu. gen, used
as an adverb : immoderately—beyond mea-
Sure. . - -
560. O anihi, &c. This is one of the finest
parts of the Æneid. We see an aged father,
delivering his farewell address to his only
son, the hope and solace of his old age,
while he holds him close in his embrace,
and is full of anxious apprehension of never
seeing him again. The relation of those
exploits, which he performed when he was
in the vigor of manhood, is very natural, and
the conclusion is extremely pathetic.
561. Praeneste. The ſounder of this city
was Caeculus, who took part with Turnus.
See AEm. vii. 678. How then could Herilus
have been its king so long before ? He
might have laid its foundations, and Caecu-
lus added its fortifications, &c. Hence he
might be called its founder. *
562. Scutorumque, &c. It was a custo
among the Romans, to gather up the armor
that lay scattered on the field of battle, and
burn it as an offering to one of their deities.
564. Feronia mater: to whom, at his birth.
his mother had given three lives, and three
sets of armor to be wielded. See AEm. vii.
800. - r .
568. JNon ego nunc : I would not now be
torn from thy sweet embrace. This is a
AENEIS LIB. VIII.
453
|
Nate, tuo : neque finitimus Mezentius unquam, *
Huic capiti insultans, tot ferro saeva dedisset
f;70
Funera, tam multis viduásset civibus urbem
At vos, 6 Superi, et Divām tu maxime rector
Jupiter, Arcadii, quaeso, miserescite regis,
Et patrias audite preces.
Si numina vestra
Incolumem Pallanta mihi, si fata reservant;
Si visurus eum vivo, et venturus in unum ;
Vitam oro : patiar quemvis durare laborem.
575
576. Et venturus in
UlrlūIn locum cum illo, oro
Sin aliquem infandum casum, Fortuna, minaris;
Nunc, Ö, nunc liceat crudelem abrumpere vitam,
Dum curae ambigua, dum spes incerta futuri;
Dum te, chare puer, mea sera et sola voluptas,
Complexu teneo; gravior ne nuntius aures
Haec genitor digressu dicta supremo
Vulneret.
580. Dum meat curae
sunt ambigua, dum spes
futuriest incerta
580
Fundebat: famuli collapsum in tecta ferebant.
Jamgue ade') exierat portis equitatus apertis:
AEneas inter primos et fidus Achates;
585
Inde alii Trojae proceres: ipse agmine Pallas
In medio, chlamyde et pictis conspectus in armis.
Qualis ubi Oceani perfusus Lucifer undă,
Quem Venus ante alios astrorum diligit ignes,
Extulit os sacrum coelo, tenebrasque resolvit.
Stant pavidae in muris matres, oculisque sequuntur
589. Talis qualis Lu-
590 eifer est, quem Venus di-
ligit ante alios ignes as-
trorum, ubi perfusus un-
da Oceani extulit
Pulveream nubem, et fulgentes are catervas.
Olli per dumos, quâ proxima meta viarum,
It clamor ; et, agnine facto,
Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.
Est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem,
Armati tendunt.
594. Quà meta via-
595 rum est proxima
596. Ungula equorum
quatit putrem
Relligione patrum laté sacer : undique colles
NOTES.
y
most tender line, and paints the paternal
affections in the deepest colors,
571. Viduásset : in the sense of privásset.
574. JNſumina : power-—will.
576. Venturus in unum :
again.
577. Patiar: I will consent—agree to.
578. Sin Fortuna minaris : but if, O For-
tune, thou threatenest any dire calamity to
him. Infandum : properly is that which
may not be spoken, or expressed——which I
dare not name. -
579. JNunc, 6; nunc, &c. This is much
of the nature of Æn. ii. 644. Sic, O sic, &c.
to meet him
There is so much force and emphasis in the
repetition of the sic, that iſ we remove it,
we destroy the chief beauty and energy of
the line. So also with the nunc, in the
present instance. -
380. Dum curſe: while my sorrows be
doubtful, &c. While it be yet uncertain,
whethor I shall see my dear son again.
583. Supremo digressu: at his final de-
parture.
588. Conspectus : conspicuous—distin-
guished.
589. Qualis wbi, &c. This is a beautiful
simile, and said to have been greatly ad-
mired by Scaliger. Perfusus: wet, dipped.
590. Ante alios ignes astrorum: above other
orbs of the stars—above other starry orbs.
591. Resolvit : in the sense of dissipat.
594. Meta viarum : the boundary of the
way. , Simply, the way.—Pia, says Heyne.
Prozima : the nearest. Olli : for illi, by
antithesis. •
595. Agmine. Agmen properly signifies
a moving body or multitude—an army of
ms “ on the march. Tendunt : in the sense
of ‘’’. ‘dunt, vel progrediumtur. It : in the
sense ºf urgit.
596. Gººdrupedante sonitu : with a pran-
cing sound. Every ear perceives, that the
numbers of the verse imitate the prancing
of the horses. There are no less than fivo
dactyls in it, which give it a quick and gal
loping motion. Quatit; strikes.
597. Caeritis prope gelidum: near the cold
river of Cteris. Caeris: a town of Tuscány,
whose inhabitants were called Carrites. In
the neighborhood was a small river with a
grove. Hence the epithet, gelidus.
598. Relligione: religious veneration—
regard.
454
P VIRGILII MARONIS
inclusére cavi, et nigrá nemus abiete cingunt.
600. Fama est veteres Sylvano fama est veteres sacråsse Pelasgos,
Pelasgoš, Hui Primi ali- Arvorum pecorisque Deo, lucumque diemque,
quando habuere Latinos
fines sacråsse lucumque,
diemgue Sylvano
Qui primi fines aliquando habuere Latinos. -
Haud procul hinc Tarcho et Tyrrheni tuta tenebant
Castra locis: celsoque omnis de colle videri
Jam poterat legio, et latis tendebat in arvis.
605
Huc pater Æneas et bello lecta juventus
Succedunt, fessique et equos et corpora curant.
At Venus, aethereos inter Dea candida nimbos,
610. Utgue widit matum
secretum procul
612. En munera per-
fecta promissä
Dona ferens aderat: natumque in valle reductà
Ut procul egelido secretum flumine widit;
Talibus affata est dictis, seque obtulit ultrö :
En perfecta mei promissä conjugis arte
Muneral ne mox, aut Laurentes, nate, superbos,
610
Aut acrem dubites in proclia poscere Turnum.
Dixit : et amplexus nati Cytherea petivit:
615
Arma sub adversä posuit radiantia quercu.
Ille, Deas donis et tanto et lastus honore,
Expleri nequit, atque oculos per singula volvit;
Miraturque ; interque manus et brachia versat.
622. Talem, qualis est
coerulea nubes, cum in-
ardescit
Terribilem cristis galeam, flammasque womentem,
Fatiferumque ensem, loricam ex aere rigentem,
Sanguineam, ingentem: qualis cum coerula nubes.
620
624. Tum versat ocreas Solis inardescit radiis, longèque refulget:
leves ea: electro.
626. Ignipotens, haud
ignarus vatum, inscius-
que venturi Bevi fecerat
illic
Tum leves ocreas electro auroque recocto,
Hastamgue, et clypei non enarrabile textum.
Illic res Italas, Romanorumque triumphos,
Haud vatum ignarus, venturique inscius aevi,
625
NOTES.
599. Cavi : in the sense of curvi : wind-
ing hills.
600. Pelasgos. These were a colony from
AEmonia, the ancient name of Thessaly.
They expelled the Etrusci, and settled in
their country. They, in turn, were expelled
by the Tyrrheni, a colony from Lydia, or
Maeonia in the lesser Asia.
605. Tendebat: pitched their tents in the
open fields. Legio: troops in general.
607. Curant : rest—refresh. Ruteus says,
réficiunt. -
608. JWimbos : in the sense of nubes.
610. Flumine: pear the cool river—on
the banks of the cold stream. Secretum :
retired—remote. 33
612. Perfecta ; made—finished.
613. JMoac me dubites : clad in this armor,
my son, you may not hesitate to challenge
either the proud, &c. The epithet superbos,
refers to the outrage, which they had offer-
ed to Æneas and his followers, mentioned
118. Supra. *
618. Eapleri : to be satisfied in looking
upon them. • .
619. Versat interque: he turns and shifts
his armor every way, the less in his hands,
...he larger in his arms—between his liands
flames.
proved.
and his arms. JMiratur: he wonders at
them. Rugeus says, stupet. -
620. Galeam : the helmet vomiting out
He means only that the crest or
plume was of a fiery red color, and seemed
to rise out of his helmet like flames.
621. Fatiſerum : mortal—causing death.
622. Coerula nubes : an azure cloud; such
an one as receives the tincture, and reflects
the various colors of the rainbow.
624. I.emes : smooth—polished. Recocto
doubly purified. Ruteus says, repurgato.
625. JNon ènarrabile teaclum : the inex
pressible texture of the shield.
626. Italas res: the Italian history.
627. Haud ignarus, &c. We now come
to tho conclusion of the book; and, cer-
tainly, there never was a book more nobly
finished. Having given us the particulars of
the arms and armor, the poet proceeds to
the description of the sculptures upon the
shield. And by way of prophecy, he gives
us a very important piece of history in these
engravings, and by that means, makes them
one of the most important parts of the poem.
It is imitated from Homer; but greatly im-
Patum: in the sense of vaticinio-
rum vel prwdictionum. Valpy says, “Of
AENEIS. LIB. VIII
455
Fecerat Ignipotens illic genus omne future
Stirpis ab Ascanio, pugnataque in ordine bella.
Fecerat et viridi foetam Mavortis in antro
628. Illic expresserat
omne genus
630
Procubuisse lupam : geminos huie ubera circum
Ludere pendentes pueros, et lambere matrem
Impavidos: illam tereti cervice reflexam
Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere linguá.
Nec procul hinc Roman, et raptas siné more Sabinas
Concessu caveae, magnis Circensibus actis, • 636
Addiderat: subitóque novum consurgere bellum
Romulidis, Tatioque seni, Curibusque severis.
PÖst idem, inter se posito certamine, reges
Armati, Jovis ante aras paterasque tenentes
635. Nec procul hinc
3 addiderat Roman, et
Sabinas virgines raptas
siné more s
636. Car censibus ludis
actis.
64U)
Stabant; et caesa jungebant foedera porcă.”
Haud procul inde citae Metium in diversa quadrigae
Distulerant; at tu dictis, Albane, maneres'
Raptabatdue viri mendacis viscera Tullus
Per sylvam ; et sparsi rorabant sanguine vepres.
Nec non Tarquinium ejectum Porsenna jubebat
Accipere, ingentique urbem obsidione premebat.
645. Et vepres sparsi
sanguine rorabant. Nec
non Porsenna jubebat
Romanos accipere
645
NOTES.
what had been foretold,” by preceding pro-
phets. Davidson says of Vulcan : “A pro-
phet not unskilful,” taking ignarus vatum
in the sense of ignarus vates vel propheta.
628. Ignipotens : a name of Vulcan ; of
ignis and polens. Fecerat: in the sense of
eacpresserat.
630. Foetam : not pregnant, but in the
sense of emiaram : having just brought forth
her young. This description is thought to
have been taken from a statue of Romulus
and Remus sucking the wolf, that was in
the capitol in Virgil's time. See AEn. i. 274.
635. Sabinas raptas. After Romulus had
founded his city, he became sensible that
a body of men could not long be kept to-
gether, without some common bond ; nor
could his state continue long without
women. He therefore proposed alliances
with his neighbors, for the purpose of ob-
taining wives for his subjects; but they re-
fused any connexion with a band of ruffians.
He then conceived the plan of taking them
by violence. For this purpose he instituted
sports, which were then called Conswales,
afterward Circenses. In these he invited his
neighbors, especially the Sabines, from the
city Cures, and upon a signal given, the Ro-
mans were to rush upon the women, and
convey them to their own homes. This they
did, in violation of good faith, and every
principle of justice. War immediately en-
sued between the two states, which however
was settled between Tatius king of the Sa-
bines, and Romulus, upon these conditions:
the Sabinos should migrate to Rome; the
government should be administered jointly
by the two kings; that Rome should re-
tain its name; but that the citizens should
be called Cwrites, or Quirites, from Cures.
Siné more : without regard to law or right.
Servius says, absque eacemplo, whom Ruasus
follows: without precedent, or example. Da-
vidson thinks it should be taken in the sense
of malo more : wickedly—atrociously. For,
says he Romulus, solatus earwm moestitiam,
docuit, non injurić sed connubii causá, ipsas
raptas esse ; et demonstravit morem istum et
Graecum et antiquum esse. Eac Dionysio.
636. Concessw caveat: in the crowded circus
—in the assembly of the circus : when the
great Circensian games were celebrated.
For caveae, see Geor. ii. 381.
638. Romulidis ; dat. of Romulidae, the
Romans, so called from Romulus. Curibus
severis. Cures, was a city of the Sabines: by
meton. put for the inhabitants. These are
again put by synec. for the Sabines in ge-
neral. They were a people remarkable for
their integrity and rigid virtue. Hence the
epithet severis.
640. Tenentes pateras : holding goblets
ready to offer libations on the altar.
642. JMetium distulenant. The poet, sen-
sible that the story of Metius might shock
the humanity of his reader, is careful to re-
mind him of the cause, for which the Ro-
man king was so terribly severe, both in
his apostrophe to the traitor, and in giving
him the epithet of mendaz, false or treache
rous. See nom. prop. under JMetius.
645. Rorabant: in the sense of distillabant.
646. Porsenna. He was king of the
Etrusci, and took part with Tarquin after
his expulsion, and endeavored to restore
him to his throne. And he came near ef-
fecting it. He took possession of Janicu
lum, on the western bank of the Tiber
456
P VIRGILII MARONIS
AEneada in ferrum pro libertate ruebant.
Illum indignanti similem, similemgue minanti
Aspiceres, pontem auderet quðd vellere Cocles,
650
Et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis.
652. In summo clypeo
Manlius, custos
In summo custos Tarpeiae Manlius arcis
Stabat pro templo, et Capitolia celsa tenebat:
Romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo.
- Atque hic auratis volitans argenteus anser
655
Porticibus, Gallos in limine adesse canebat:
Galli per dumos aderant, arcemdue tenebant,
Defensi tenebris, et dono noctis opacae.
659. Erat ollis aurea Aurea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis ;
Virgatis lucent sagulis : tum lactea colla
Auro innectuntur; duo quisque Alpina coruscant
Gaesa manu, scutis protecti corpora longis.
Hic exsultantes Salios, nudosque Lupercos,
Lanigerosque apices, et lapsa ancilia coelo,
662.
corpora
663. Hic extuderat
exsultantes Salios
Protecti quoad
660
NOTES.
over which a bridge was built to connect it
with the main city. This bridge was de-
fended on the western end by Cocles, against
the Etruscan army, as they attempted to
pass it, until the Romans on the eastern
shore broke it down. After which he cast
himself into the river, and swam to his
friends. By this means the city was saved.
See mom. prop. under Tarquinius.
648. JEmeadº: the Romans, so called from
.AEneas.
649. Illum : Porsenna.
651. Cloelia. One of the conditions of
peace exacted by Porsenna of the Romans,
was the surrender of their virgins to him as
hostages. Among these hostages was Cloe-
lia. Under the pretence of bathing herself,
she eluded her guards, and with some others
mounted their horses, and swam over the
Tiber. Porsenna demanded her, and she
was restored. But he set her at liberty with
such other of the hostages, as she thought ,
proper to name. The Romans presented her
with an equestrian statue.
652. JManlius. In the year of Rome 364,
the Gauls, under Brennus, routed the Ro-
man army at the river Allium, and pro-
ceeded to Rome and took it. Marcus Man-
lius collected a body of men, threw himself
into the capitol, and defended it. By this
means the city was saved. See 347, supra.
654. Regia horrebat: the palace appeared
rough, and newly repaired with Romulian
straw. This thatched palace of Romulus,
which was built on mount Capitolinus, was
repaired from time to time, as it fell to de-
cay. Virgil here represents it as standing
in the time of Manlius, 327 years after the
death of Romulus. It was held in great
veneration, as a monument of their ancient
frugality. -
655. Argenteus anser. It is said that at
the time the Gauls held possession of Ivºire,
an attempt was made to seize upon the
capitol in the dead of the night. The only
access was by a narrow passage. The
Gauls had succeeded in eluding the guards;
and an alarm was given by the noise of a
flock of geese, which was near this private
passage: and by that means the capitol was
saved. The goose afterward was held in
high estimation. To this circumstance the
poet here alludes. -
656. Canebat: in the sense of momebat,
vel indicabat.
658. Dono ; by the favor—assistance.
659. Aurea caesaries, &c. Here we have
a description of the Gauls, and an account
of their armor. They are said by Livy and
others to have had long yellow hair, and a
remarkable white neck. Their hair, there-
fore, the poet calls awrea, golden, and their
necks lactea, milk-white. -
660. Sagulis. The sagulum was a cloak
or upper garment worn by the ancient
Gauls. It was streaked or striped with
different 'colors. Hence the epithet vir-
gatis.
661. Auro: in the sense of aureis moni-
libus. - -
662. Gaesa. The goeswm was a long, but
a light and slender spear, so that two of
them could easily be carried in one’s hand.
They are here called Alpina, because pecu .
liar to the Gauls, who inhabited about the
Alps. g - ... '
663. Salios. See 285, supra. Lupercos.
See 343. supra.
664. Lanigeros apices: woollen caps. An-
cilia. The ancie was a kind of oval shield,
worn only by the priests of Mars on certain
days. One of them is said to have fallen
from heaven in the reign of Numa ; anu
to have portended that the city bf Rome
AENEIS. LIB. VIII.
457
Extuderat castae ducebant sacra per urbem
Hinc procul addit
Tartareas etiam sedes, alta ostia Ditis:
Pilentis matres in mollibus.
6ü5
Et scelerum poenas: et te, Catilina, minaci
Pendentem scopulo, Furiarumque ora trementem:
Secretosque pios: his dantem jura Catonem.
Haec inter tumidi laté maris ibat imago
Aurea, sed fluctu spumabant coerula cano;
Et circüm argento clari delphines in orbem
670 670. Piosque secretos
ab impiis: et Catoners,
672. Sedcoerula aequo
ra spumabant cano fluc
tu * *
AEquora verrebant caudis, aestumque secabant.
In medio classes aeratas, Actia bella,
Cernere erat: totumque instructo Marte videres
675. In medio mare
erat cernere
675
Fervere Leucaten, auroque effulgere fluctus.
Hinc Augustus agens Italos in proclia Caesar,
Cum patribus, populoque, Penatibus, et magnis Dis,
Stans celså in puppi: geminas cui tempora flammas
NOTES.
should become most powerful, and be ren-
dered invinsible, so long as that remained
in it.
665. Eactuderat :
eays, sculpserat.
666. Pilentis, &c. In the war with the
Veientes, Camillus vowed an offering of gold
to Apollo of Delphi; and not having it in
his power to perform it, the women of dis-
tinction brought together their jewels, and
presented them to him. Whereupon they
received the honor of being carried at the
public shows, and other exhibitions, in light
coaches (pilentis mollibus) at the public ex-
pense.
668. Catilina. L. Sergius Catiline was
of patrician rank, but of a very abandoned
character. He twice sought the consulate,
and was as often disappointed; which so en-
raged him, that he entered into a conspiracy
with some others to murder the consuls and
burn the city. The whole plot was disco-
vered by the vigilance of Cicero, and Ca-
tiline expelled from Rome. He afterward
perished on the field of battle, about the mid-
dle of December, 58 years before the Chris-
tian era. His associates also perished, many
of them miserably, by the hand of the pub-
lic executioner. Sallust has given a full
account of this most daring conspiracy,
written in purely classic style.
670. Catonem. Some understand Cato
the Censor; but others, with more reason,
perhaps, Cato Uticensis La Cerda here
censures Virgil very much in making Cato
give laws in hell to gratify Augustus. But,
it is to be observed, that Cato does not sus-
tain that character in the place of the con-
demned ; but in the abodes of the blessed.
Beside, it could not be a dishonor to Cato to
be ranked with Minos and Rhadamanthus,
those distinguished legislators. A question
may here arise: what is the use of giving
had represented. Ruabus
laws to those in Elysium, who are establish-
ed in perfection and virtue 2 Perhaps by
jura, we are to understand their rights or
just rewards. This Cato was distinguished
for his integrity and rigid virtue.
671. Inter hac, &c. The poet now pro-
ceeds to the ever memorable victory which
Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleo-
patra on the shores of Epirus, near Actium,
in the year of Rome 723. Upon this, the
poet exerts all the energy of his mind, with
a view to immortalize the name of his
prince. The previous description of the
sea is a painting which nothing can surpass.
Imago ibai : the surface of the wide-swell-
ing sea was golden. Ibat: in the sense of
erat vel apparebat. 4.
672. Coerula. JMaria is understood. This
expresses the waters in general, without
any particular reference to color in this
place. Cano fluctu : with white silvered
Wa.V eS. \
673. Clari : shining in silver.
674. AEstum: in the sense of fluctus vel
7?? (17°C.
675. Actia bella: the Actic fight. Actia:
an adj. from Actium, a promontory of Epi-
rus, where Augustus gained a complete vic-
...tory over Antony and sGleopatra, in the
year of Rome 723. This victory placed
Augustus securely on the imperial throne.
J£ratas: brazen beaked.
676. Instructo marle: with the marshalled
fight. Leucaten. See AEn. iii. 274.
678. Hinc Augustus, &c. Here the poet
arranges the respective armies. On the one
side, Augustus, with his Italian forces, the
fathers of his country, and its guardian
gods. On the other side, Antony, with his
foreign forces, and the gods of Egypt. Every
line is beyond expression admirable.
680. Cui laeta tempora : whose joyous
temples, &c. Cui: in the sense of cuius.
Geminas flammas. Some refer this to his
458
P VIRGILII MARONIs
682. In alia parte erat
Agrippa
683. Cui tempora ful-
Laeta vomunt, patriumque aperitur vertice sidus
Parte aliá, ventis et Dis Agrippa secundis,
Arduus, agnmen agens: cui, belli insigne superbum,
68]
gent. rostrata navali co- Tempora navali fulgent rostrata coroná.
rooš
Hinc ope barbarică variisque Antonius armis
685
685. Hine victor An-Victor, ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro
tonius, barbarica ope, AEgyptum, viresque Orientis, et ultima secum
variisque armis, vehit B
Aegyptum, viresque Ori-
entis, et ultima Bactra
actra vehit : sequiturque, nefas Ægyptia conjux.
Una omnes ruere, actotum spumare reductis
secum, usque ab populis Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor.
689. Omnes videntur Alta petunt : pelago credas innare revulsas
690
Fuere una, ac totum Cycladas, aut montes concurrere montibus, altos:
Sequor
Tantã mole viri turritis puppibus instant.
Stuppea flamma manu, telisque volatile ferrum
NOTES.
helmet, the cone or tuft of which had red
fiery plumes. Others, to his diadem, which
was set with sparkling gems.
681. Patrium sidws. This alludes to the
manner in which he used to be represented
in the Roman sculpture, having over his
head the star into which his adopted father
Julius Caesar was supposed to have been
changed. Womunt flammas. The poet here
imitates Homer in his description of the
helmet of Diomede.
682. Agrippa : a noble Roman, and high-
ly honored by his prince. To his skill and
conduct, the victory at Actium was chiefly
owing. He was the son-in-law of Augus-
tus, and also his adopted som. He died in
the year of the city 742. Secundis; in the
sense of proputiis.
, 684. Rostrata ; adorned with the naval
crown. This crown was bestowed on such
as signalized themselves in an engagement
at sea. It was set around with figures like
the beaks of ships.
| 685. Antonius. Marcus Antonius was
the companion of Julius Caesar in, all his
expeditions, and was magister equitum du-
ring his dictatorship. After the death of Cae-
sar, he was triumvir with Octavius (after-
ward Augustus) and Lepidus. He over-
threw the army of Brutus and Cassius, and
with them the hopes of the republicans, on
the plaims of Philippi. He performed many
noble deeds for his country, and triumphed
over the Parthians in the year of Rome
716. He put a way his wife for the sake of
Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He put
her away in turn, and married Cleopatra,
queen of Egypt; whereupon he was decla-
red an enemy by the Senate. War was im-
mediately declared against him. The two
armics, or rather fleets, engaged at Actium,
a promontory of Epirus. Antony was
vanquished, and fled to Alexandria in Egypt,
which was soon besieged ; and was taken
the following year. He killed himself, to
prevent falling into the hands of his enemies.
f
The same was the end of Cleopatra, who
diéd by the bite of asps, which she kept for
that purpose. The army of Antony was
made up chiefly of Asiatics. Hence popu-
lis Aurorae : from the nations of the morn-
ing—of the east. Variis armis : with vari-
ous arms—with arms of various kingdoms
and nations.
686. Rubro litore : from the coast of the
Red sea. This sea separates Egypt from
Arabia. Victor. This is mentioned with
reference to his victory and triumph over the
Parthians. It is added to do honor to Au-
gustus in conquering so formidable an
enemy. -
688. Bactra: neu. plu. : a principal city
of Bactriana, a country lying to the south-
east of the Caspian sea, put, by synec. for
the whole country. The Romans, like the
Greeks before them, called all other nations
barbarians. So here the forces of Antony
are called, barbarica opes. Ultima: the
farthest, or most remote part of the empire.
JEgyptia conjua : Cleopatra.
690. Reductis remis : with laboring oars.
Reductis, shows the men laboring at the oar.
and with all their might pulling home every
stroke. Tridentibus rostris : with trident
beaks. See AEm. v. 143. *
692. Cycladas. The Cyclades were a clus-
ter of islands in the AEgean sea." Delos, one
of them, was the birth-place of Apollo and
Diana. The poet likens the ships, on ac-
count of their magnitude, to these islands
floating on the sea, and to mountains en-
gaging with one another. The comparison
is of the noblest kind. *
693. Turritis puppibus. These were ships
that had turrets or towers erected on their
decks; from which the soldiers threw all
manner of weapons, as if they had been on
dry land; and so engaged with the greatest
fury imaginable. Of so great size or bulk:
tantá mole. y
694. Stuppea flamma. These were bur-
dles of tow or hemp set on fire, and cast cm
AENEIS. LIB. VIII.
459
Spargitur arva nová Neptunia caede rubescunt.
Regina in mediis patrio vocat agmina sistro.
Necdum etiam geminos à tergo respicit angues.
Omnigenömgue Deûm monstra, et latrator Anubis,
695
696. In mediis party-
bus clypei reginn Cléo-
patra vocat -
Contra Neptunum et Venerem, contrague Minervam
Tela tenent.
Saevit medio in certamine Mavors
Coelatus ferro, tristesque ex æthere Dirae ;
Et scissä gaudens wadit Discordia pallá,
700
701. Tristesque Dire
sacvvunt ex æthere.
Quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagello.
Actius hac cernens arcum intendebat Apollo
Desuper : omnis eo terrore Ægyptus, et Indi, 705
Omnis Arabs, omnes vertebant terga Sabaei.
Ipsa widebatur ventis regina vocatis
Vela dare, et laxos jam jamgue immittere funes.
Illam inter cades, pallentem morte futură,
Fecerat Ignipotens undis et Iapyge ferri:
Contra autem magno moerentem corpore Nilum,
Pandentemque sinus, et totă veste vocantem
Coeruleum in gremium, latebrosaque flumina victos.
710. Ignipotens fece-
rat illam inter cades,
pallentem futura morte
ferri
711. Autem contra
710 celaverat Nilum magno
corpore moerentem, pan-
dentemque swos sinus, et
tota veste expassá vo
cantem victos
NOTES.
board the enemy. Stuppea: an adj. from
stuppa. Telis volatile ferrum. It is not easy
to come at the meaning of these words. If
we could take telis in the sense of machinis,
the engines with which the weapons were
thrown, there would be no difficulty. Heyne
thinks this can hardly be dome. He sug-
gests the reading of teli in the gen. The
volatile steel of the dart is thrown. The
dat. is frequently used in the sense of the
gen. If it be in the present case, the mean-
ing will be: The volatile steel of (to) the
darts is thrown; that is, the darts and mis-
sive weapons themselves. Ferrum: the point
or barb of the dart, by synec. the whole
dart.
695, JNeptunia arva: a most beautiful ex-
pression for the sea. . . .Nova caede : with
great—unusual slaughter.
696. Sistro. The sistrum was a kind of
timbrel peculiar to the Egyptians, and used
by them in the worship of Isis. The epithet
patrio is therefore very proper.
697. Geminos angues. This is supposed
to allude to the manner of her death. As
she was to die by the bite of asps, it is sup-
posed that Vulcan engraved them behind
her, to show what was to be her destiny,
though she was not then apprehensive of it.
698. Omnigenilm, &c. The Egyptians
were notorious for consecrating as gods the
several kinds of animals. . Cicero says of
them : omne ferð genus bestiarum JEgyptii
eonsecrārunt. The deities, however, most
honored, were Osiris, one of their kings,
and Isis his wife. Also, Anubis. He was
most probably their servant, and, for his
fidelity, was consecrated. He was repre-
sented with a dog's head, in allusion to his
fidelity; the dog being the most faithful of
animals. Virgil calls him latrator.
702. Gawdens scissà pallá: discord rejoic-
ing in her rent mantle. By the rent mantle,
the poet very forcibly expresses the effect of
discord in dividing the minds of men, and
destroying the peace of society.
704. Actius. Apollo is here called Actius,
from Actium, a prolnontory on the coast of
Epirus, where he had a famous temple. The
whole coast was sacred to him. The word
.Actium is derived from a Greek word which
signifies the shore, or litus.
705. Indi : either the Bactrians, or the
AEthiopians. These composed a part of the
forces of Antony. The inhabitants of any
warm climate were sometimes called Indi,
indiscriminately. Sabaei: the inhabitants of
.Arabia Felic. These, also, were with An-
tony. Eo terrore: with the fear of that, &c.
708. Immittere laaros funes: to give loose
ropes—to let go the ropes that contracted
the sails. This is a metaphor taken from
loosening the reins of a horse, to let him
go at full speed. :
710. Iapyge. This wind blew from Apu-
lia, the most eastern part of Italy, and con-
sequently toward Egypt. It is called Iapya,
from the ancient name of Apulia. Fecerat:
had engraved—represented.
711. Nilum. This personification of the
river Nile is extremely fine. The Nile is
the largest river of Africa. Rising in the
mountains of Abyssinia, and running a north-
erly course, fertilizing the country through
which it passes, it falls into the Mediterra-
nean sea by seven mouths. Its Inundations
are occasioned by the periodical rains, which
fall within the tropics. Moºrentem: in the
sense of dolentern.
713. Ilatebrosa: winding—affording a saf
and secure retreat.
P. VIRGII,II MARONTS
At Caesar, triplici invectis Romana triumpho
Moenia, Dis Italis votum immortale sacrabat,
7 15
716. Nempetercentum Maximater centum totam delubra per urbem.
maxima delubra
710 Erat chorus ma-
trum in omnibus temp-
ils; erant are
720. Augustus ipse,
Laetitiã, ludisque viae plausuque fremebant:
Omnibus in templis matrum chorus; omnibus arae
Ante aras terram caesi stravére juvenci. -
Ipse, sedens niveo candentis limine Phoebi,
720
sedens in niveo limine Dona recognoscit populorum, aptatque superbis
candentis templi Postibus.
Incedunt victae longo ordine gentes,
Quàm variae linguis, habitu tam vestis et armis.
724. Hic
finxerat genus
Finxerat.
Mulciber Hic Nomadum genus, et discinctos Mulciber Afros,
Hic Lelegas, Carasque, sagittiferosque Gelonos
Euphrates ibat jam mollior undis,
729. JEneas miratur Extremique hominum Morini,
725
Rhenusque bicornis,
taliº dona Parentis Ke- Indomitique Dahae, et pontem indignatus Araxes.
zeris
730. Gaudetque ima-
gine rerum, quarum est
adhuc ignarus
Talia, per clypeum Vulcani, dona parentis
iratur: rerumque ignarus imagine gaudet,
Attollens humero famamque et fata nepotum.
730
NOTEs.
714. Triplici triumpho. Augustus obtain-
ed three victories: one over the Illyrians,
another over Antony and Cleopatra, and a
third over Egypt, which was reduced to a
Roman province. This was effected by the
capture of Alexandria in the year of Rome
724, and in the month Seactilis; which after-
ward was called Augustus. Soon after this,
the year was begun on the first day of Ja-
nuary.
716. Ter centum, &c. A definite number
is here used for an indefinite number. We
are informed that Augustus built several
sumptuous temples at Rome, among which
was one to Julius Caesar, his adopted father.
This was built on mount Palatine, of white
Parian marble. Hence the epithet canden-
tis, verse 720, infra. Viap.: the streets of
the city. Fremebant : in the sense of reso-
nabant. -
723. Linguis: language. Habitu : man-
ner, or form of their apparel. .
724. JNomadum. The JNomada vel JWuma-
dae were a people of Africa, situated to the
west of Carthage. Their capital city was
Cirta. They derived their name from a
Greek word which signifies pasture; pas-
turage being their chief business. Discinc-
tos: the Africans are so called from the
looseness of their apparel, or from their ge-
neral inactivity and aversion to labor. JMul-
ciber: a name of Vulcan.
725. Lelegas. The Lelegaº were a people
of Asia Minor. Homer places them about
the bay of Adramyttium. By some they
are confounded with the Cares. These were
f
a people to the south of Ionia, and to the
north of Doris. Gelonos. These were a
people of Scythia, or Thrace, skilful in
throwing the arrow.
726. Fina:erat: in the sense of sculpserat.
727. JMorini. These were a people in-
habiting the northern parts of Gaul over
against Britain; which the Romans consi-
dered the boundary of the world to the
westward. Hence they are called eactremi
hominum: the most remote of men. Their
capital was Tarvanna. Caius Carinus tri-
umphed over them, on the same day that
Augustus obtained his first triumph. Rhe-
nus: the Rhine, a well-known river. It
arises in the Alps, and taking a northerly
direction, unites with the JMain from the east
Hence it is called bicornis, two horned. It
falls into the German sea by several mouths.
728. Dahae. Where these people were
situated is uncertain. Stephanius thinks
they were a nation of Scythia. Others place
them in Asia, near the river Oxus, which
falls into the Caspian sea, from the south-
east, separating Bactriana from Sogdiana.
If this be correct, they were allies of Anto-
my. Arawes. This is a river, rising in Ar-
menia, taking an easterly direction, and fall.
ing into the Caspian sea. . It carried away
the bridge which Alexander built over it.
Hence it is said: indignatus pontem: it dis-,
dained a bridge. -
730. Ignarus, &c. Although Æneas was
delighted with these figures and representa-
tions upon his shield, he knew not what they
were designed to represent and foreshow.
A.NEIs. LIB. VIII.
461
QUESTIONS.
What is the subject of this book?
At whose direction did Æneas go to the
court of Evander 2
Where was his city situated 2
What was the name of it?
Why was it called Pallanteum ?
How was he received by the aged mo-
narch 2 - . . .
Of what country was he a native?
What was he doing at the time of the
arrival of Æneas 2
Were AEneas and Evander in any way re-
lated to each other? . e
‘How was that relationship deduced 2
Who was their common ancestor :
Had Evander any acquaintance with Am-
chises 2 -
On what occasion had he seen him :
Where is the island of Salamis situated 2
How came Priam to visit that island 2
What other places did he visit at the same
time 2 -
On what account were those sacred rites
instituted in honor of Hercules, in which
Evander was then engaged 2
Who was Hercules?
What other names had he .
On what occasion did he visit Evander 2
Who was Cacus 2
Where had he his residence 2
What had he done to bring the vengeance
of Hercules upon him *
In what way did he take these heifers to
his cave 8 -
What was his object in doing this?
How was a discovery finally made 2
Where was the cave of Cacus situated 2.
On the approach of Hercules, what did
Cacus do - - • *
How did the hero find admission into his
den P
What resistance did he make 2
How did Hercules kill the monster 2
Did Hercules perform any other distin-
guished actions : e
What are some of them :
To whom was he made subject by Juno 2
How many actions did he perform at the
command of that king 2 - -
What are they called by way of distinc-
tion and eminence 2 -
What was the object of Æneas in going
to the court of Evander?
Did he furnish him with men and supplies
for the war -
What was the character of Evander as a
soldier 3 -
Had he performed, in his youth, any feats
of valorf
What are some of them 2
How many men did he send with Æneas f
Who commanded them :
What was the age of Pallas at that time *
What was the state of the Tuscans?
Where were they situated in respect to
the Tiber 2
What was the cause of their being in
arms ? -
Was the throne of Tuscany at that time
vacant 2
Had they made any offer of the crown to
Evander 2
Why did he decline it?
Who commanded the Tuscan troops f
What was the object of Æneas in visiting
the Tuscan camp 2
Did the Tuscans willingly place them-
selves under his command * .
Had there been any prophetic declaratio
upon this subject 2 • -
What prince does Turnus endeavor to
bring over to his interest?
In what part of Italy were his posses
sions? -
What was the name of his city ?
Who was Diomede? -
What did Venus in the mean time 2
Where were the forges of Vulcan 2
Who were his workmen 2.
What were the names of the chief of
them 2
What were they doing at that time?
On the shield of Æneas was there any
carved work 2
Were there any events of the Roman his-
tory there represented 2 -
What were some of those events?
How did Æneas receive this impenetra-
ble shield 2
Where was he at the time 2 -
Was this a very unexpected event to him *
In what light may this book be consi
dered 2
Where is the scene laid 2
What does Dr. Trapp observe of this
book 2
What part, in particular, is the finest and
most noble 3 -
In what description does the poet appeaw
to have exerted all the powers of his mind
Where was that battle fought?
What was the consequence of that victe
ry to Augustus 2
What was the end of Antony?
What was the end of Cleopatra 2
In what manner did she die
How does the book conclude 2
penetravit
poscere equos
s
LIBER NoNUs.
In this book the war commences. Turnus, taking the advantage of the absence of
AEneas, assaults the Trojan camp; and attempts to set fire to their ships, when they are
changed into sea-nymphs. In a state of consternation, they send Nisus and Euryalus
to recall AEneas. This introduces the episode of their friendship, generosity, and the
conclusion of their adventures: which extends from the 176th line to the 502d, and is
one of the finest pieces of the Æneid. The next morning, Turnus renews the assault,
and performs prodigies of valor. At length, being informed that the Trojans had
opened the gates, he repairs thither; when a most desperate conflict ensues. The
Trojans take refuge within their gates. The hero enters along with them, and the
gates are closed upon him. Juno assists him, and a great slaughter ensues. The Trojans
flee in all directions before him. At last, however, they are rallied by Mnestheus and
Sergestus, and renew the fight. Turnus retires before them, escapes from their entrench-
ments, and returns in safety to his camp. -
This book is distinguished from the rest by the total absence of Æneas. It contains more
fighting than any of the other. Dr. Trapp considers the transformation of the ships
into nvmphs of the sea, as a blemish to the book. .
ATQUE ea diversă penitàs dum parte geruntur,
Irim de coelo misit Saturnia Juno
Audacem ad Turnum. Luco tum forté parentis
Pilumni Turnus sacratà valle sedebat:
Ad quem sic roseo Thaumantias ore locuta est: 5
Turne, quod optanti Divām promittere nemo
Auderet, volvenda dies en attulit ultrôl
AEneas, urbe, et sociis, et classe relictá,
Sceptra Palatini sedemgue petivit Evandri.
10. Nec est hoc satis; Nec satis: extremas Corythi penetravit ad urbes:
Lydorumque manum, collectos armat agrestes.
* Nunc est tempus Quid dubitas 2 nunc tempus equos, nunc poscere currus:
Rumpe moras omnes, et turbata arripe castra.
Dixit : et in coelum paribus se sustulit alis;
Ingentemque fugā secuit sub nubibus arcum.
10
lo
NOTES.
1. Geruntur. This refers to what has the form of a city, with turrets, ramparts,
been related in the preceding book—the
transactions at the court of Evander.
3. Parentis. Pilumnus was not the im-
mediate parent of Turnus, but one of his
ancestors; either his grandfather or great
grandfather. Servius says Pilumnus was
the common name of the family.
5. Thawmantias.
Thaumas and Electra. See AEm. iv. 700.
6. Optanti: to you wishing so favorable
an opportunity. -
7. Dies volvenda ; the time (that was) to
hu revolved—the time destined by the fates.
Dise : in the sense of tempus.
8. Urbe. This city of Æneas is sometimes
called a camp. It was a camp, fortified in
Iris, the daughter of
and gates. - -
9. Evandri. Evander is here called Pa-
latine, because he dwelt on mount Palatine,
or Palilinus, where Romulus afterward
dwelt; and, also, the Roman emperors, down
from Augustus. Sceptra : the realms. Ru-
teus says, regna. Sedem : palace—city. t
10. Corylhi. Corythus, a city of Tusca-
ny founded by Corytus, a Tuscan king, and
called by his name.
11. Lydorum. The Tuscans are called
Lydians, because they were a colony from
Lydia in Asia Minor. ~
15. Secuit arcum: she cut the mighty bow,
&c. The rainbow was reckoned the chariot
of Iris; so that the meaning is: she cut
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
463
Agnovit juvenis, duplicesque ad sidera palmas
Sustulit, ac tali fugientem est voce secutus:
16. Juvenis Turnus
agnovit eam
ſri, decus coeli, quis te mihi nubibus actam
Detulit in terras ? unde haec tam clara repentë
Tempestas? medium video discedere coelum,
Sequar omina tanta,
Et sic effatus, ad undam
Processit, summoque hausit de gurgite lymphas,
Multa Deos orans : oneravitoue aethera votis.
Palantesque polo stellas
Quisquis in arma vocas.
20
22. Quisquis Deorum
vocas me in arma. Et
sic effatus processit ad
undam Tibris
Jamgue omnis campis exercitus ibat apertis, º
Dives equêm, dives pictal vestis, et auri.
Messapus primas acies, postrema coèrcent
Tyrrheidae juvenes: medio dux aginine Turnus
Vertitur arma tenens, et toto vertice supra est.
Ceu septem surgens sedatis amnibus altus
Per tacitum Ganges; aut pingui flumine Nilus,
Cüm refluit campis, et jam secondidit alveo.
27. Messapus coercet
primas acies
29. Et est supra om-
* 30 nes alios toto vertice
31. Aut ceu Nilus pin-
gui flumine fluit, cum
Hic subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem
Prospiciunt Teucri, ac tenebras insurgere campis.
Primus ab adversä conclamat mole Caicus:
NOTES.
her way through it, to mount up again into
heaven in that vehicle. *
16. Palmas: properly, the palm of the
hand : by synec. the whole hand.
19. Unde haic tam: whence this so glaring
brightness, all on a sudden : Tempestas evi-
dently means, in this place, serenity, bright-
mess, or brilliancy. Detulit : in the sense of
demisit. Tempestas tam clara. Rudeus says,
Jacies cºeli tam splendida. -
20. Video medium : I see heaven open in
...the midst, and stars shooting across the sky.
When the lightning bursts through the
clouds, the skies seem at times to be rent
asunder. We are to understand by stellas,
the moteors, and other electric appearances,
that shoot across the skies like stars. Ser-
vius understands it of the stars themselves.
That they should ever appear in the day-
time is very extraordinary, but that they
should appear in the additional light brought
by Iris, was much more so. This, therefore,
confirmed Turnus in the opinion that it was
something preternatural and divine. Sequar
tanta omina, was therefore his immediate
determination. &
23. Lymphas: in the sense of aquam.
Summo gurgite : from the surface of the
strealm. -
24. JEthera : in the sense of colum.
26. Pictañ the old genitive for pictſe: va-
riegated—embroidered.
27. Coërcent: in the sense of inferant.
Ruabus says, regunt. Postrema : the rear.
.dgmina is understood. -
28. Tyrrheidte: the sons of Tyrrheus, a
atronymic noun. Tyrrheus was the shep-
#. of Latinus, whose eldest son was killed
in the first skirmish. See Aºn. vii.
29. Wertilur; in the sense of incedit. This
line is marked by Heyne as an interpola-
tion.
30. Cew altus Ganges ; as the deep Gan-
ges, rising silently from seven still streams
flows on its course silent and still, so moves
the army (, Turnus. This is a beautiful
simile, and is intended to express the majes-
tic slowness and silence of their march :
also, their order, after having been scattered
and dispersed; as those rivers glide within
their channels, after having overflowed the
country. An ellipsis here is necessary in
order to make the sense clear, which I have
filled. The Ganges is the largest river of
Asia, and divides India into two parts.
After a course of about 2,000 miles, in which
it recieves the waters of a number of con-
siderable streams, it falls into the bay of
Bengal by several mouths. Like the Nile,
it overflows its banks. By septem sedatis
amnibus, we are to understand the several
rivers which flow into the Ganges, and aug
ment its waters. Hence the propriety of
surgens. The natives worship the river as
a god. -
31. Per tacitum ; taken adverbially, in tho
sense of tacité. *
32. Cúm refluit: when it hath retired,
or flowed back from the plains, and confined.
itself to its channel. Pingut flumine : with
its fertilizing waters. The fertility of Egypt
is wholly owing to the overflowing of the
Nile. See Geor. iv. 293. and Æn. viii. 711.
33. Glomerari : to be formed—to ascend in
wreathy columns, like clouds of smoke.
35. Mole: rampart—tower
464
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quis globus, 6 cives, caligine volvitur atráž
Ferte citi ferrum, date tela, scandite muros.
Hostis adest, eja.
Ingenti clamore per omnes
39. OmnesTeucricon- Condunt se Teucri portas, et moenla complent.
dunt se ingenti clamore
per portas
41. Interea siqua dura
fortuna fuisset -
Namgue ita discedens praeceperat optimus armis
AEneas : si qua interea fortuna fuisset;
Ne struere auderent aciem, neu credere campo :
40
Castra modó, et tutos servarent aggere muros.
Ergö, etsi conferre manum pudor iraque monstrat,
Objiciunt portas tamen, et praecepta facessunt;
Armatique cavis exspectant turribus hostem.
45
Turnus, ut antevolans tardum praecesserat agnmen,
Viginti lectis equitum comitatus, et urbi •
Improvisus adest:
Portat equus, cristāque tegit galea aurea rubrå.
t
maculis quem Thracius albis,
50
51. O juvenes, ecquis Ecquis erit mecum, juvenes, qui primus in hostem 7
westrum, erit, qui Primus En, ait; et jaculum intorquens emittit in auras,
erruet in Rosiem me-
cum ! *
Horrisono.
56. Viros non dare se
ſequo campo, non ferre
arma obvia
Principium pugnac ; et campo Sese arduus infert.
Clamore excipiunt socii, fremituque sequuntur
Teucrüm mirantur inertia corda:
Non a quo dare se campo, non obvia ferre
Arma viros; sed castra fovere. Huc turbidus atque huc
55
57. Turnus turbidus Lustrat equo muros, aditumque per avia quaerit.
lustrat
64. Rabies edendi col- Nocte
lecta ex longo tempore
fatigat eum, et fauces
siccae sanguine fatigant
€1177.
Ac veluti pleno lupus insidiatus ovili,
Cüm fremit ad caulas, ventos perpessus et imbres,
super mediá : tuti sub matribus agni.
Balatum exercent: ille asper et improbus irá
Saevit in absentes: collecta fatigat edendi
Ex longo rabies, et siccae Sanguine fauces
60
NOTES,
36. Globus: a troop, or multitude of sol-
diers. Quis : in the sense of quantus. Wol-
witur: is approaching. Rubeus says, accedit
ad nos. But volvitur may be taken perhaps
in the sense of involvitur : is involved, or
concealed from us, in that thick cloud of dust.
37. Ferrum : here, must mean arms in
general.
38. Per : in the sense of intra.
40. Optimus armis : most skilful in the
art of war—most valiant in arms.
'41. Siqua fortuna : if there should be any
danger or hazard during his absence, he di-
rected that they should not, &c. If war
should break out while, &c.
43. JModô - only—they should attempt
nothing more.
munimentis.
44. JMonstrat conferre : urges them to en-
gage hand to hand—in close quarters, and
on equal terms, yet, &c.
48. Equitum : gen, plu. for equitibus, to
bgree with lectis. . .
49. Albis maculis : of white spots. The
prep. 8 vel ea is understood. sº º º
52. Intorquens jaculum : brandishing his
Javelin, he threw it into the air, as the begin-
ning, &c. This is an allusion to the Roman
Jäggere : in the sense of
ceremony of throwing a javelin into the ene
my's territory, as a signal of war. Princi
pium : in the sense of initivm.
54. Horrisono fremitu : with terrific shouts.
Eaccipiunt : they answer with acclamation
—they second, &c. - -
55. Inertia : cowardly—fearful.
56. Obvia : in the sense of adversa.
57. Fovere castra : to cherish or hug their
camp—keep close to it. This is an oppro-
brious expression. It is a metaphor taken
from timorous mothers, who hug their chil-
dren, and keep them close to their bosoms,
when apprehensive of their being in danger.
Turbidus : in the sense of iratus.
58. Per avia : in the sense of per inac-
cessa loca. Avia ; of a priv. and via.
60. Cúm fremit: growls around the sheep-
cotes. Perpessus; enduring—suffering.
61. Super : until—as far as. Ruapus says,
sub mediam noctem. -
62. Ille asper: he fierce and outrageous
with anger, &c. Absentes : the lambs shut
up in the fold, and out of his reach. Eacer
cent : in the sense of emittwmt.
63. Savit; in the sense of furit. Eos is
understood.
64. Rabies edendi : a rage for eating-.
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
465
Haud aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuenti
Ignescunt irae: et duris dolor ossibus ardet;
65
Quá tentet ratione aditus; et quá via clausos
Excutiat Teucros vallo, atque effundat in aequor.
Classem, quae lateri castrorum adjuncta latebat,
Aggeribus septam circum et fluvialibus undis,
70
Invadit; sociosque incendia poscit ovantes,
Atque manum pinu flagranti fervidus implet.
Tum veró incumbunt urget praesentia Turni,
Atque omnis facibus pubes accingitur atris.
Diripuère focos: piceum fert fumida lumen
Taeda, et commixtam Vulcanus ad astra favillam.
Quis Deus, 6 Musae, tam sava incendia Teucris
Avertit? tantos ratibus quis depulit ignes'
Prisca fides facto, sed fama perennis.
Tempore, quo primūm Phrygiã formabat in Idä
AEneas classem, et pelagi petere alta parabat;
Ipsa Deûm fertur genitrix Berecynthia magnum
Dicite.
75 76. Et Vulcanus fern
commixtam favillam ad
astra.
79. Est prisca fides
facto, sed fama ejus est
perennis.
80 * $2. Berecynthia ipsa
genitrix Deûm fertur af-
fata, esse magnum Jovem
NOTES.
hunger. Edendi : in the sense of cibi. Fa-
tigat urges him on. , Ruteus says, veacat.
Siceae dry—thirsting for blood.
65. Hºwtulo : to the Rutulian—to Turnus.
66. Dolor : indignation—anguish.
67. Qua ratione : in what way he may
obtain access; and in what way he may
dislodge the Trojans, shut up in their in-
trenchments, &c. It is much
take via in the abl. than the nominative to
the verb earcutiat, with Heyne and Valpy.
This obscures the sense, while the former
renders it obvious. Ruteus and Davidson
read quá via. Heyne, qua via. t
69. Adjuncta : adjoining—near to. Ru-
aus says, admota.
70. Circiim septam : protected around.
Ruacus says, defensam. Fluvialibus undis :
by the waters of the river—simply, by the
river Tiber. -
71. Poscit incendia ; he demands flames
of his joyous companions. He orders them
to take fire, and assist him in burning the
ships. Verbs of commanding, &c. govern
two accusatives.
73. Incumbunt : they exert all their
strength—they spring to it earnestly.
75. Diripuere: they strip—plunder the
hearths. Fert : in the sense of emittit.
76. Pulcanus : the god of fire, by meton.
put for fire itself. Tºda ; a firebrand—
torch. Favillam : the sparks.
78. Depulit.: in the ºpnse of avertit.
79. Prisca fides, &c. There have been
various conjectures upon the sense of this
passage. Servius takes prisca in the sense
of obsolete. It was once believed, but now
is not; yet the report continues, and is like-
ly to be immortal. This Dr. Trapp ap-
proves. Some take prisca fides facto, sim-
ply for priseum factum, with the addition of
*
better to .
its being believed. But to put fides facto for
factum, though with the addition of belief,
is harsh and singular. Heyne takes facto,
in the sense of facti, which makes the sense
easier. The belief of the fact was ancient,
but the report or tradition will always con-
tinue. Davidson renders the words: “an-
cient is the testimony of the fact, but im-
mortal is its fame.” Valpy says, “ the fact
was at first credited on good authority, but
the tradition has been constant.”
80. Tempore, quo, &c. By some critics,
Virgil has been censured for this metamor-
phosis of the ships of Æneas into sea-nymphs.
Dr. Trapp has considered this matter at some
length in a note upon this place. In con-
clusion he says: Virgil we know was not
the first who wrote of the coming of AEme-
as into Italy : and, among other tradi-
tions of his country, it is probable he found
the story coined to his hand, and could not
omit it without disobliging those whom it
was his business to please. This appears
probable, if we consider the judgment of
this great poet, (who is not likely to be the
inventor of a story which exceeds all Ovid's
in improbability) and also the hints which
he ‘gives of his own disapprobation of it.
However, he does all he can to cover its
absurdity. and deludes us as much as possi-
ble. He invokes the muses afresh ; intro-
duces it as a thing scarcely credible : it is .
dore by the greatest of the gods at the re-
quest of his mother. The story is short
and elegant. But when all is said, the
faulty image is not covered. Upon the
whole, I am satisfied that Virgil was forced
to insert it contrary to his judgment; or
that he would have erased it, had he lived to
perfect the poem. Alta ; spatia is understood.
82. Berecynthia: a name of Cybele, who
31
466
P VIRGILII*MARONIS
Wocibus his affata Jovem: Da, nate, petenti,
Quod tua chara parens domito te poscit Olympo
85. Fuit in summâ Pinea sylva mihi multos dilecta per annos,
8P
arge pinea sylva dilecta Lucus in arce fuit summa, quð sacra ferebant,
mihi per multos annos,
nempe, lucus
Nigranti piceſ trabibusque obscurus acernis.
§§ Egoista dedi has Has ego Dardanio Juveni, clim classis egeret,
arborés
Laeta dedi: nunc solicitam timor anxius urget.
Solve metus, atque hoc precibus sine posse parentem, 90
91. Ut ille naves ne Ne cursu quassatse ullo, neu turbine venti - -
wincantur quassate ullo Wincantur.
cursu, meu wilo turbine
venti: prosit iis eas or-
tas esse in
\
Prosit nostris in montibus ortas.
Filius huic contra, torquet qui sidera mundi:
O genitrix, quð fata vocas? aut quid petis istis ?
Mortaline manufactae immortale carinae
95
Fas habeant certusque incerta pericula lustret
AEneas' cui tanta Deo permissa potestas?
98. Ubi defunctae peri- Imö, ubi defunctae finem, portusque tenebunt
tºulis maris tenebunt
Ausonios; olim quaecungue evaserit undis,
Dardaniumque ducem Laurentia vexerit arva ;
100
101. Eripiam have Mortalem eripiam formam, magnique jubebo
mortalem
AEquoris esse Deas: qualis Nereia Doto
Et Galatea secant spumantem pectore pontum.
104. Annuitgue id ra- Dixerat:
tum esse per flumina
108. Cúm injuria Tur-
ni admonuit matrem
idque ratum, Stygii per flumina fratris,
Per pice torrentes atrâque voragine ripas,
Annuit: et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum.
• Ergö aderat promissa dies, et tempora Parcae
105
Cybelen depellere taedas Debita complérant; cum Turni injuria matrem
NOTEs.
is said to have been the mother of the gods.
See HEn. vi. 784.
84. Olympo domito. Jupiter had dethroned
his father Saturn, and reduced all the gods
to his obedience. The mention of this cir-
cumstance is emphatical. For kings are
most likely to grant favors on their first ac-
cession to their thrones. And besides, it was
peculiarly proper to be mentioned by her;
for it was by her means that he was so ad-
vanced. He had been preserved by her
from Saturn ; and for the undisturbed pos-
session of Olympus, he was indebted to his
mother. Jove could not therefore refuse
her prayer. -
86. Lucus : put, in apposition with pinea
sylva. Ferebant: in the sense of offerebant.
Sacra : sacrifices. -
87. Obscurus : darkened—shaded; agree-
ing with lucus. Arce summa: mount Ida,
where Cybele was peculiarly worshipped.
This mountain was sacred to her. Trabºbws
acernis: ash-trees. Trabs: the trunk, put
by synec. for the whole tree.
88. Classis : gen, governed by egeret.
89. Urget: this is the common reading.
Davidson reads angit. -
90. Solve metus: dismiss my fears. Fear
may be considered as a yoke in which a
person is bound. Ruteus says, ea pelle. Posse
hoc to obtain this by intreaties—to have
sufficient influence with you to obtain, &c.
91. Ullo cursu : in any voyage—course.
Turbine venti : a storm, or gale of wind.
94. Vocas : in the sense of vertis. Fata
the course—order of things. Istis: for those
ships. JNavibus is understood.
96. Immortale fas: an immortal privilege,
or right. Lustret: surmount—pass through.
Certus: safe—secure from harm. For lus-
tret, Ruzeus says adibit. -
100. Laurentia arva : Italy—the land of
Laurentum. The prep. ad is understood.
102. Doto—Galatea : the names of two
nymphs of the sea, the daughters of Ne-
reus and Doris. See Ecl. ii. 46, -
104. Annuitgue id ratum: he assented it
should be granted—he bowed his head as a
sign that it was granted to her. The gods
were wont to swear by the infernal rivers,
particularly by Styx; and if they did not
perform, they lost their divinity for an hun-
dred years. See Geor. iii. 551.
105. Torrentes : in the sense of fluentes.
Cybele had requested of Jove, that the ,
ships of JEneas jº. not, under any cir
cumstance, be overcome or destroyed. He
intimates , this to be a singular request.
Could ships built by mortal hands, enjoy
the privilege of immortality? was it certain,
that Æneas would escape the dangers of
his long and perilous voyage? what she de-
manded was out of his power to grant un
conditionally. But if any of them shoul"
AENEIS.
LIB. LX 467
Admonuit sacris ratibus depellere taedas.
Hic primūm nova lux oculis effulsit, et ingens
Visus ab Aurorá coelum transcurrere nimbus
2
Idaeique chori: tum vox horrenda per auras
Excidit, et Troöm Rutulorumque agnmina complet:
Ne trepidate meas, Teucri, defendere naves,
Neve armate manus: maria anté exurere Turno
Quâm sacras dabitur pinus. Vos ite solutae,
Et sua quaeque
Continué puppes abrumpunt vincula ripis ;
Ite, Deae pelagi: genitrix jubet.
1 10
112. Idaeique chori st-
mul: tum
115 115. Dabitur Turno
exurere maria antequam
has sacras pinus
116. Genitrix Deorum
jubet id.
Delphinumque modo demersis aequora rostris
Ima petunt.
Hine virgineae, mirabile monstrum !
Reddunt se totidem facies, pontoque feruntur,
120. Hinc totidem vir
120 . &
ginee facies
Quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prorae.
Obstupuere animis Rutuli: conterritus ipse
Turbatis Messapus equis: cunctatur et amnis
Rauca sonans; revocatoue pedem Tiberinus ab alto.
At non audaci cessit fiducia Turno.
126
Ultrö animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultrö:
Trojanos haec monstra petunt : his Jupiter ipse
Auxilium solitum eripuit: non tela, nec ignes
Ergö maria invia Teucris,
Nec spes ulla fugae: rerum pars altera adempta est:
Terra autem in manibus nostris: tot millia gentes
Arma ferunt Italae. Nil me fatalia terrent,
Si qua Phryges praese jactant, responsa Deorum
Sat fatis Venerique datum, tetigere quðd arva
Fertilis Ausoniae Troés. Sunt et mea contra
Expectant Rutulos.
130 130. Ergo maria sumu
invia -
133. Fatalia responsa
Deorum, si qua Phryges
jactant praese
136. Et sunt mihi mea
135 fata contra illa, nempe
exscindere
NOTES.
escape the dangers of the sea, and arrive
safe in Italy, he would grant to such, to be-
come nymphs of the sea. This he promises
in the most solemn manner, and ratifies it
by the usual oath.
109. Tedas: in the sense of flammas.
110. Hèc primūm, &c. This implies, that
Cybele had before been unknown in Italy:
and now made her first appearance in that
country, in favor of the Trojans. Oculis :
in the sense of visui.
111. JNimbus: a bright cloud, or cloud of
glory, the vehicle of the goddess. Aurora :
the east.
112. Idaeique chori: her Idaean choir.
These were the priests of Cybele, the Cory-
bantes, Curetes, or Dactyli. They made a
sound about the goddess on their brazen
cymbals, as she passed through the sky.
Horrenda; awful—inspiring dread.
113. Eaccidit: in the sense of emittitur.
114, Trepidate: in the sense of properate.
116. Vos ite solute: go, ye, free, go, god-
desses of the sea. *
119. JModo : in the sense of more. De-
mersis: sunk—immerged. Like dolphins,
they dive with their prows or beaks to the
bottom of the sea. - -
121. Reddunt se, &c. The meaning is
}
after they had gone to the bottom, each one
came up with a virgin face, and floated down
the stream into the sea.
124. Turbatis: affrighted--alarmed. Cunc-
tatur: stopt—delayed. -
125. Raucá an adj. neu. plu., taken as
an adv. Revocat pedem : recalls his current
from the deep.
127. Tollit animos: he rouses the courage
of his men (militum) by his words, and re
bukes their fears.
128. Petunt. in the sense of spectant.
130. Expectant: naves Trojanſe is under
stood. -
131. Altera pars rerum : one part of the
world is taken from them, now their ships
have left them; namely, the sea: and the
land is in our possession. There is no way
for them to escape. - .
133. Arma: by meton. for the men who
bear them. Ferunt: bring to our aid. Ter-
rent nil, &c. This whole speech of Turnus,
bespeaks him the soldier and intrepid com
mander. And to turn those very prodigies,
which encouraged and animated his ene-
mies, against them, marks his undaunted
spirit. He calls them Phrygians by way of
contempt. - -
468
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Fata mihi, ferro sceleratam exscindere gentem,
Conjuge praereptă. Nec solos tangit Atridas
ste dolor; solisque licet capere arma Mycenis.
140. Sed dicetur, est(Sed periisse semel satis est: peccare fuisset
penitàs modô non genus omne perosos
Oemineum. Quibus haec medii fiducia valli,
Fossarumque morae, leti discrimina parva,
At non viderunt moenia Trojae,
Neptuni fabricata manu, considere in ignes 7
satis cos periisse semel: Antë satis,
ſuisset satis eos peccare F
antë, penitus perosos esse
non modó omne Q
Dant animos.
140
145
146. Sed vos, O lecti Sed vos, 6 lecti, ferro quis scindere vallum
rat
º, quis vestrum “PP" Apparat, et mecum invadit trepidantia castra 2
G. on armis mihi Vulcani, non mille carinis
st opus in Teucros: addant se protinús omnes
bras
150. Nº time” Etrusci socios: tenebras et inertia furta
Palladii, caesis summae custodibus arcis,
150
Ne timeant: nec equi cască condemur in alvo.
Luce palam certum est igni circumdare muros.
154. Faxo w!, haud Haud sibi cum Danais rem, faxo, et pube Pelasgå
putent esse rem sibi cum
Danais
Esse putent, decimum quos distulit Hector in annum.
(Nunc aded, melior quoniam pars acta diei; ,
15%
Quod superest; lasti bené gestis corpora rebus
NOTES.
138. Conjuge procreptá. Lavinia had been
promised to Turnus in marriage: and he
already considered her as his wife. She was
taken (praerepta) from him, and transferred
to HEneas.
139, Licetgue JMycenis : nor is it lawful
for Greece alone to take up arms. It is
lawful for us too, in a similar cause. It is
plain that the negation is to be continued, in
this last member of the sentence.
140. Sed periisse semel, &c. This is a diffi-
cult passage; and it is so rendered by its
conciseness. To make the sense, something
must be supplied. There is a note in the
Variorum edition upon this place, in these
words: Verôm dicent Trojani se lunsse jam
Helenae raptum. Respondet : desiissent ergö
peccare : dedicissent odisse potiºs foeminas
omnes, quâm vel unam rapere: quod quia in
Lavinia faciunt, iterum pereant. Eac quo
colligitur, quoties peccaverint, toties eos perire
debere. Upon the words penitàs modo non,
Dr. Trapp observes, the penitàs should be
connected with perosos : and the modo non,
he takes in the sense of propemodum, and
joins them with omne genus, &c. That they
should utterly hate almost the whole female
sex. They could not hate all women; their
mothers, sisters, and relations, must be ex-
cepted. Rugeus makes the first clause an
interrogation: which is incorrect. It is a
supposed objection, to which peccare fuisset,
&c. is the answer. -
142. Quibus hape fiducia : to whom this
confidence of an intervening rampart, &c.
give courage. The meaning of the passage
is this: let them not presume on their forti-
fications and ramparts, that these will save
them from death, since their former treache-
ry was punished, when they were guarded
by much stronger munitions, even those
walls which were built by the hand of Nep-
“tune. Parva discrimina lethi: a small space,
or feeble partition between them and death,
.Medii: intervening—between them and üs.
144. At : this is the reading of Heyne,
and Valpy. The common reading is an.
147. Trepidantia castra : trembling—in
terror and consternation, now their leader
is absent.
* 148. JWon armis opus est: either that he
needed not arms made by Vulcan, such as
Achilles had; or that he would not use his
own sword, which was also the workman-
ship of the god of fire. See AFn. xii. 90.
151. Palladii, &c. Here is an allusion to
the exploit of Diomede and Ulysses, who
privately entered the temple of Minerva in
Troy, and stole the Palladium, having slain
the guards. Hence, inertia furla : such
cowardly and unmanly conduct, Turnus
disdains.
* 153. Luce palam: I am resolved to sur-
round, &c. Turnus promises the Trojans
fair play, that he will not have recourse to
those stratagems and arts, which the Greeks
employed when before Troy. This bespeaks
a manly and dignified spirit; one, truly be-
coming the hero. Luce palam : openly—
in the day. -
154. Faaro ; I will do or cause that, &c.
157. Rebus bené gestis. These words are
to be taken absolutely. Things being favor-
ably begun. This is the sense given by
ÆNEIS. LIB. IX.
469
Procurate, viri: et pugnam sperate parati.
Intereà vigilum excubiis obsidere portas,
Cura datur Messapo, et moenia cingere flammis.
158. O viri, laeti pro- .
turate corporn
160
Bis septem Rutuli, muros qui milite servent,
Delecti: ast illos centeni quemgue sequuntur,
Purpurei cristis juvenes, auroque corusci.
162. Ast centenijuve-
nes purpurei cristis
Discurrunt, variantgue vices, fusique per herbam
Indulgent vino, et vertunt crateras ahenos.
Collucent ignes: noctem custodia ducit
Insomnem ludo.
1.65
Haec supérè vallo prospectant Troés, et armis
Alta tenent; nec non trepidi formidine portas
Explorant, pontesque et propugnacula jungunt:
Instant Mnestheus acerque Serestus:
Quos pater Æneas, si quando adversa vocarent,
Rectores juvenum, et rerum dedit esse magistros.
Omnis per muros legio sortita periclum
Excubat, exercet'ſue vices, quod cuique tuendum est.
isus erat portae custos, acerrimus armis,
Hyrtacides; comitem AEnea quem miserat Ida
Tela gerunt.
170
172. Quospater Æneas
dedit esse rectores juve-
num, et magistros rerum
175. Exercetaue vices
176 quoad id, quod est cui-
que tuendum.
Wenatrix, jaculo celerem levibusque sagittis:
Et juxtà comes Euryalus, quo pulchrior alter
Non fuit AEneadām, Trojana nec induit arma;
179. Et juxta eum
180 comes Euryalus, quo
Ora puer primä signans intonsa juventā.
His amor unus erat, pariterque in bella ruebant:
Tunc quoque communi portam statione tenebant.
Nisus ait: Di-ne hunc ardorem mentibus addunt,
NOTES.
Davidson and Rugeus. Or the meaning may
be: prepare yourselves for noble exploits, on
the morrow.
158. Procurate: refresh—invigorate. Spe-
rate: in the sense of earpectate.
159. Eaccubins vigilum: simply, with sen-
tinels or guards. Obsidere: to besiege the
gates of the Trojan camp—to block up, &c.
160. Cingere mania: to encompass their
walls with fires to give them light in the
night, lest the enemy should sally out upon
them unobserved; or in despair, leave their
city. -
162. Sequwnturillos quemque: follow them
every one. Quisque is a distributive pronoun.
Delecti : fourteen Rutulians were chosen to
superintend the watch, and see that due at-
tention was paid, and each one performed
his duty. JMilite: with soldiers; the same
as militibus. The guard amounted then to
fourteen hundred men.
164. Variant vices: they shift, or change
their tours of duty. They stand guard by
turns.
169. Alta: the high places of the walls.
Loca or spatia is understood.
- 170. Jungunt, &c. The same as jungunt
ſº.". cum pontibus. They laid
ridges from one bulwark on tower to ano-
ther, for the purpose of ready and easy com-
munication. They connected their towers
or ramparts together by means of bridges.
172. Adversa : in the sense of res adversaE.
Vocarent : should require—demand.
173. Dedit: appointed.
175. Eacercet vices: they perform their
watch in turns. Eacercet : in the sense of
variat. Tuendum : to be attended to—per-
formed—done. " ;
176. JVisus erat, &c. Here the poet be-
gins his celebrated episode of the friendship
of Nisus and Euryalus. He had in the fourth
book considered the force of love. Here
he gives us a specimen of his skill in the
power of friendship ; and never was any
thing more artfully disposed, more noble,
more moving, and pathetic, than this piece.
It is introduced without any formal intro.
duction. He was speaking of the several
posts that were to be defended; and among
the rest, was one committed to the care of
these two friends. -
177. Ida : either the mother of Nisus
or mount Ida, which is sometimes called
venatria, because it abounded in game, and
was frequented by hunters. Hyrtacides : a
noun patronymic, from Hyrtacus, the fathst
of Nisus. +.
181. Intomsa ora : his beardless fate-
unshaven face.
182. Bella : in the sense of pugnam.
470
12. VIRGILII MARONIS
185. An sua dira cu- Euryale 7 an sua cuique Deus fit dira cupido'
Aut pugnam, aut aliquid jamdudum invadere magnum
pido fit Deus cuique 2
185
Mens agitat mihi; nec placidà contenta quiete est.
Cernis, quae Rutulos habeat fiducia rerum :
Lumina rara micant : somno vinoque soluti
Procubuère : silent laté loca.
Percipe porrö, 190
Quid dubitem, et quae nunc animo sententia surgat.
AEneam acciri omnes, populusque, patresque,
Exposcunt; mittique viros, qui certa reportent.
Si tibi, quae posco, promittunt; nam mihi facti
Fama sat est; tumulo videor reperire sub illo
195
196. Videor mihi posse Posse viam ad muros et moenia Pallantea.
reperire viam sub illo
tumulo ad
in summis rebus :
201. JMeus genitor
Opheltes assuetus bellis
non sic erudiit me sub-
latum
Obstupuit magno laudum perculsus amore
Euryalus, simul his ardentem affatur amicum :
199. Nise, fugisne ad-Me-ne igitur socium summis adjungere rebus,
jungere me socium tibi Nise, fugis 7 solum te in tanta pericula mittam 7
Non ita me genitor, bellis assuetus Opheltes
Argolicum terrorem inter Trojaeque labores
Sublatum erudiit:
Magnanimum AEnean et fata extrema secutus.
205. He est, hºc est Est hic, est animus, lucis contemptor; et istum
200
nec tecum talia gessi,
205
animus, contemptor, lu- Quività bené credat emi, quð tendis, honorem.
cis, et qui credat istum Nisus
honorem, quo tendis, Nec fas:
bené emi vità ipsa. €C TaS : Il OI] .
aspicit
ad haec: Equidem de te nil tale verebar ;
Ita me referat tibi magnus ovantem
209. Quicumque Deus Jupiter, aut quicumque oculis hac aspicit aequis.
Sed si quis (quae multa vides discrimine tali)
210
Si quis in adversum rapiat casusve Deusve,
Te superesse Velim : tua vità dignior aetas.
NOTES.
185. Dira: great, vehement, or ardent.
Ruſeus says, ardens.
187. Agitat: urges—impels.
the sense of mea.
189. Rara : here and there—few. JMi-
cant: in the sense of splendent.
190. Percipe quid dubitem: hear what I
am meditating, and what, &c. This first
speech is noble and disinterested. Nisuscom-
municates his purposes to his friend; who
1s struck with the proposal, and takes it ill,
that he should think of excluding him from
a share of the danger and glory of the en-
terprise. Dubitem: in the sense of mediter.
193. Certa : the truth—true things.
195. Fama: the glory of the deed, &c.
196. JMoºnia Pallantea : the city of Evan-
der.
197.
*199.
JMihi : in
Laudum : in the sense of gloria.
Rebus: enterprises—undertakings.
200. Fugis ; refuse—reject.
202. Inter labores Troja. This intimates
that h; was about seventeen years of age.
For AEfieas” wanderings had continued seven
years, and the Trojan war ten years. This
made him just the age when youth among
the Romans began to bear arms. It also
agrees with what is said verse 181, supra, of
bis just beginning to have a beard.
203. Sublatum. This alludes to the Ro
man custom of laying down the child naker
upon the ground as soon as born, that the
father might take it wip, in token of his own-
ing it for his own child. Heyne says, natum
et educatum. JWec gessi : nor have I perform-
ed such actions in your company, that you
should now refuse me as your companion
and partner in your hazardous enterprise;
nor have I acted so cowardly, &c.
205. Est hºc, &c. These two lines are
extremely fine. Nisus replies to them in a
speech extremely pathetic. He declines the
company of Euryalus, chiefly on account of
the dangers of the undertaking, his youth
and inexperience; and his being more worthy
of a long life. The whole is greatly height-
ened by the mention of his aged mother.
Hłc est, est animºus : here is, here is a soul, a
despiser of life; and which, &c. Lucis : in
the sense of vitae.
206. Quă tendis ; whither—to which you
aspire, or aim at.
210. Tali discrimine: in such a hazard-
ous enterprise, as he had in contemplation.
211. Adversum: a sub. in the sense of
gºun. Rapiat me: hurry me—carry me.
C -
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
47 I
Slt, qui me raptum pugnâ, pretiove redemptum,
Mandet humo solità ; aut, si qua id fortuna vetabit,
Absentiferat inferias, decoretºlue sepulchro.
213. Sit aliquis, qui
mandet me solità humó
215 -
Neumatri miserae tanti sim causa doloris :
Quae te sola, puer, multis é matribus ausa,
Persequitur ; magni nec moenia curat Acestae.
Ille autem : Causas nequicquam nectis inanes;
Necmea jam mutata loco sententia cedit.
Vigiles simul excitat: illi
Acceleremus, ait.
219. Autem ille Eury
220 alus respondet.
Succedunt, servantgue vices: statione relictà,
Ipse comes Niso graditur, regemdue requirunt.
Caetera per terras omnes animalia somno
Laxabant curas, et corda oblita laborum.
225
Ductores Teucrüm primi, et delecta juventus,
Consilium summis regni de rebus habebant:
Quid facerent, quisve AEneae jam nuntius esset.
Stant longis admixi hastis, et scuta tenentes,
Castrorum et campi medio. Tum Nisus, et una
230
Euryalus, confestin alacres admittier orantz'
Rem magnam, pretiumque mora fore.
Accepit trepidos, ac Nisum dicere jussit.
232. Dicunt rem esse
magnam
Primus Iülus
Tunc sic Hyrtacides: Audite, 6, mentibus aequis,
Æneadae ; neve haec nostris spectentur ab annis,
Rutuli somno vinoque sepulti
Quae ferimus.
235
Conticuere: locum insidiis conspeximus ipsi,
Qui patet in bivio portae, quae proxima ponto.
Interrupti ignes, aterque ad sidera fumus
Erigitur. Si fortună permittitis uti,
240
NOTES.
, 213. Sit qui mandet: may there be some
one who will commit me to the solitary
earth, snatched from the field of battle, or
redeemed with money, &c. -
215. Ferat: or may perform the funeral
rites to me absent, and honor me with an
empty tomb. It was usual among the Ro-
mans, when the corpse could not be obtain-
ed, to perform the same funeral rites, as if it
were present. The tomb was said to be
empty, because the corpse was not there.
Of such a burial, Nisus here speaks.
217. Ausa : having courage—daring. Ru-
&us says, audaa'.
218. JMoenia Acestoe. This was the city
which Æneas founded in Sicily, and called
after the name of his friend Acestes. Here
he left the aged and infirm, and all who
were not willing to accompany him into
Italy. The mother of Euryalus was among
those who braved the dangers of the voyage,
and accompanied him, the poot intimates,
for the sake of her son.
219. Cawsas : pretexts—excuses.
221. Eaccitat vigiles: at the same time, he
wakes the watch—those who were to keep
watch in turn.
223. Regem : Ascanius here is intended,
as being a prince and heir to the crown.
224. Caetera animalia, &c. This is very
expressive, and greatly heightens the image.
At this time, when all nature was silent, and
enjoying repose, the Trojan chiefs were as-
sembled in council upon the state of their
affairs. At this moment, they are surprised
by Nisus and Euryalus, who demand to be
admitted.
227. Regni : government—state.
231. Admittier: by paragoge, for admitti.
232. Pretium more. He observes that the
subject he wished to propose, was of great
importance, and would sufficiently compen-
sate for the interruption of their delibera-
tions.
235. Spectentur: in the sense of a stimen-
tur. Ferimus : in the sense of proponimus.
237. Insidiis locum : we have observed a
place for our purpose—sºme fit for the exe-
cution of our designºnos ipsi : we our-
selves. *
238. In bivio portae : in the forked ways
of the gate—where the way before the gate
divides into two paths. ..
239. Ignes interrupti : the fires are dying
away; or, only here and there one is burn-
ing, the rest having gone out.
240. Uti fortuné: to embrace this oppor-
tunity.

172 P. WIRGILII MARONIS
&
241. Sipermiºtitis nos Quaesitum AEnean ad moenia Pallantea,
i. *...*. ſºm Moxhic cum spoliis, ingenti caede peractâ,
**, *** *** Affore cernetis. Nec nos via fallit euntes :
a nobis ad moenia Pal- : *. * e &
Iantoa, mox affore he Vidimus obscuris primam sub vallibus urbem
Wenatu assiduo, et totum cognovimus amnem. 245
} Hic annis gravis, atque animi maturus Alethes:
Di patrii, quorum semper sub numine Troja est,
Non tamen omnino Teucros delere paratis,
Cüm tales animos juvenum, et tam certa tulistis 249
Pectora. Sic memorans, humeros dextrasque tenebat
Amborum, et vultum lachrymis atque ora rigabat.
Quae vobis, quae digna, viri, pro talibus ausis
Praemia posse rear solvi ? pulcherrima primūm
Di, moresque dabunt vestri: tum catera reddet
252. Quae, quae digna
praemia rear posse solvi
vobis, O viri, pro
Actutăm pius AEneas, atque integer aevi 255
256. Non unquanfu. Ascanius, meriti tanti non immemor unquam.
#:º, immemo: tanti Immó ego vos, cui sola salus genitore reducto,
357. Ascanius, cui so- Excipit Ascanius, per magnos, Nise, Penates,
la salus est in genitore Assaracique Larem, et canae penetralia Westa,
reducto, excipit; immo Obtestor; quaecunque mihi fortuna fidesque est, 260
ego obtestor Vos, O Nise Investris pono gremiis; revocate parentem,
382, Nihil erit triste Reddite conspectum : nihil illo triste recepto.
mobis illo recepto. Bina dabo argento perfecta, atque aspera signis
* Pocula, devictá genitor quae cepit Arisbä ;
Et tripodas geminos, auri duo magna talenta; 265
Cratera antiquum, quem dat Sidonia Dido.
&: Si verö capere Italiam, sceptrisque potiri,
.268, Si verö contige- Contigerit victori, et praedae ducere sortem :
rit mihi victori Vidisti quo Turnus equo, quibus ibat in armis,
Aureus 7 ipsum illum clypeum cristasque rubentes 270
Excipiam sorti: jam nunc tua praemia, Nise.
NOTES.
!
242. Peractà: made—done.
244. Primam urbem : the front of the
houses, or the skirts of the city Pallanteum.
Perhaps, simply, the suburbs of the city.
246. Animi : understanding—judgment.
247. Mumine : in the sense of potestate.
248. JW on tamen, &c. The word tamen
258. Eccipit : in the sense of incipat.
259. Larem Assaraci. This was the tute-
lar deity or guardian god of Assaracus and
his family. Vesta was the goddess that pre-
sided over the inextinguishable fire. She
was called cana, hoary, or aged, because
she was the most ancient of all the goddess-
shows that there is an ellipsis here of licet
ad tempus irascamini, or of some others of
the like inportance were angry with us for
a time, yet yo determine not to destroy, &c.
249. Tulistis: ye have produced or grant-
*ed. Pectora : courage—resolution.
252. Talibus ausis : for such an enter-
prise, or bold ..º.º. Heyne reads,
istis laudibus; and swalpy after him. The
common reading is talibus ausis. . .
253. Pulcherrima: in the sense of optima.
254. Mores vestri: your virtues. Caetera:
prºmia is understood.
255. Integer avi, , Dr. Trapp thinks this
refers to the future manhood of Ascanius.
This, too, is the opinion of the Variorum
edition. Others tako it for the present state
of his youth—mature in age.
es, and deemed the mother of all the living.
263. Signis : figures—carved work.
264. Arisbä devictá. Most interpreters
understand by this that Arisba was taken by
the Trojans. But Catrou thinks it was one
of those cities taken by the Greeks in the
first nine years of the war; and that these
cups were saved by Æneas from the hands
of the Greeks, when they plundered the
town. Pliny informs us that Arisba was a
city of Troas, and part of the kingdom of
Priam.
267. Sceptris: in the sense of imperio vel
regno, by meton.
268. Ducere sortem: to draw lots for the
booty—to divide thé booty by lot. -
271. Eaccipian : I will exempt from the
lot—I will reserve. .
AENEIS.
473
I,IB. IX
Praeterea bis sex genitor lectissima matrum
Corpora, captivosque dabit, suaque omnibus arma:
Insuper his, campl quod rex habet inse Latinus.
Te verö, mea quem spatiis propioribus astas
Insequitur, venerande pier, jam pectore toto
Accipio, et comitem casus complector in omnes.
Nulla meis siné te quaeretur gloria rebus:
Seu pacem, seu bella geram, tibi maxima rerum
Contra quem talia fatur
Verborumque fides.
274. Insuper his, ge-
275 mitor dabit id campi
quod
275. Verð accipio te,
venerande puer,
280
Euryalus: Me nulla dies tam fortibus ausis
Dissimilem arguerit; tantüm fortuna secunda,
Haud adversa cadat.
Sed te super omnia dona
Unum oro : genitrix Priami de gente vetustá
Est mihi, quam miseram tenuit non Ilia tellus
Mecum excedentem, non moenia regis Acesta.
Hanc ego nunc ignaram hujus quodcunque pericliest,
Inque salutatam linquo: nox, et tua testis
Dextera, quðd nequeam lachrymas perferre parentis.
At tu, oro, solare inopem, et succurre relictæ.
285 285. Quam miseram
excedenten mecum non
Ilia tellus
288. Noa, et tua dex
tra sunt testis, quëd
290
Hanc sine me spem ferre tui : audentior ibo
In casus omnes.
Percussà mente dederunt
Dardanidae lachrymas; ante omnes pulcher Iülus;
Atque animum patria strinxit pietatis imago.
Tum sic effatur:
295
Spondeo digna tuis ingentibus omnia coeptis.
Namgue erit ista mihi genitrix, nomengue Creüsae
Solum defuerit: mec partum gratia talem
NOTES.
72. Bis sea lectissima corpora; twelve
most choice matrons, and as many captives
of men, &c. Sua : in the sense of propria:
it should be taken after arma. The arms
peculiar to (that belonged to) them all. Cor-
pora matrum : simply, matrons—women.
274. Insuper his ; in addition to these—
beside these. Some copies have insuper, id
campi quod, &c. The sense will be the same
either way. We are not to understand the
kingdom of Latinus; but his own private
lands and possessions.
275. Propioribus spatiis. By this we are
to understand that Ascanius and Euryalus
were nearly of the same age. Davidson
renders the words: “in the nearer stages of
life.”
280. Contra: in the sense of ad.
282. Argwerit: shall show me unequal to.
Ruteus says, ostendet degenerem. Tantºm
fortuna secunda: only let fortune fall pros-
perous, and not adverse. This is the read-
ing of Heinsius, Ruteus, and Davidson.—
Heyne reads, tantum : fortuna, secunda aut
adversa, cadat, which scarcely makes sense.
The pointing, too, tends to obscure it. Wal-
py, who follows Heyne, sensible of the diffi-
culty attending this reading, conjectures the
passage was left by the poet in an unfinished
ºtate. . .
283. Super : above—more than.
284. Genitriz, &c. The meaning is, that
neither the land of Troy, nor the city of
Acestes, could prevent or induce his mother
from following the fortunes of her son
through all dangers. This reply of Fury-
alus is very pathetic. It speaks a dutiful
and affectionate son.
286. Eaccedentem : from going with me—
from accompanying me in all our dangers.
288. Inque salutatam : this is for insalu-
tatamgue, by trnesis: not bidden farewell.
JNoæ et tua deactera, &c. This picture of
filial piety is admirably drawn.
290. Relictae : bereaved—disconsolate.
292. Dederunt : in the sense of effude-
runt. Percussá. This is the reading of
Heyne. Some copies have perculsa, fromy
the verb percello. The sense is the same
with either.
294, Imago patriº pietatis, &c. The Tro-
jams were moved at this image, or pattern of
piety toward a parent; but in an especial
manner it touched the heart of young Asca-
nius; who consoles the anxious youth, as-
suring him that his mother should not want
a friend while he had life—that he would
immediately take her for his mother, and
load her with honors.
299. JManet: awaits--is due. Partum.
474
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Parva manet.
Casus factum quicungue sequetur,
Per caput hoc juro, per quod pater antè solebat
300
Quae tibi polliceor reduci, rebusque secundis,
Haec eadem matrique tuæ generigue manebunt.
Sic ait illachrymans: humero simul exuit ensem
Auratum, mirá quem fecerat arte Lycaori
Gnossius, atque habilem vagină aptărat eburnå.
305
Dat Niso Mnestheus pellem horrentisque leonis
Exuvias: galeam fidus permutat Alethes.
308. Quos euntes om- Protinús armati incedunt; quos omnis euntes
nis manus
juvenumque senumque
prosequitur
Primorum, Primorum manus ad portas juvenumque senumque .
Prosequitur votis : necnon et pulcher Iülus, -
Ante annos animumque gerens curamgue virilem,
310
Multa patri portanda dabat mandata : sed aurae
Omnia discerpunt, et nubibus irrita donant.
Egressi superant fossas, noctisque per umbram
Castra inimica petunt; multis tamen antë futuri
Passim vino somnoque per herbam
Exitio.
315
Corpora fusa vident; arrectos litore currus;
Inter lora rotasque viros, simul arma, jacere,
Wina simul.
Prior Hyrtacides sic ore locutus:
Euryale, audendum dexträ; nunc ipsa vocat res.
320. Aliquid auden-Häc iter est: tu, ne qua manus se attollere nobis
A tergo possit, custodi, et consule longé.
dum est dextrá
320
Haec ego vasta dabo, et lato te limite ducam.
323. Ego dabo hac Sic memorat, vocemgue premit: simul ense superbum
loca vasta, et
Rhamnetem aggreditur ; qui, forté tapetibus altis
Extructus, toto proflabat pectore somnum;
326
Rex idem, et regi Turno gratissimus augur;
Sed non augurio potuit depellere pestem.
339. Jºta eum. Pre-Tres juxtà famulos temeré inter tela jacentes,
mit tres famulos jacen-
tes
Armigerumque Remi premit, aurigamgue sub ipsis
Nactus equis ; ferroque secat pendentia colla. "
331
NOTES.
the bringing forth such a son—bearing such
a son. Ruteus says: nec levis favor debelur.
ipsi, quod peperit talem filium.
300. Juro per hoc caput, &c. The head
was considered by the ancients as some-
thing sacred, and they were wont to swear
by it. Ascanius, therefore, swears by his
head: which Æneas had done on several
occasions before.
301. Rebusque secundis ; and the enter-
'prise being successful; namely, his journey
to AEneas.
302. Generi : Rugeus says, familia.
303. Illachrymans; weeping abundantly.
Of in, intensivum, and lachrymans.
304. Lycaon. He was a famous artificer
of Gnossus, a city of Crete, where arms were
curiously made. Arte : art—skill.
305. Aptărat habilem ; had fitted it exact
with, &c.
300. Horrentis: rough—shaggy.
309. Primorum: gen. of primores: no-
bles—chief men.
311. Ante annos: above his years—more
than could be expected considering his age.
313. Sed aura ; but the winds disperse
them all, and give them unavailing to the
clouds. This is a beautiful metaphor. By
this the poet intimates they were to die be
fore they reached AEneas, and be lost entire-
ly. Discerpunt: in the sense of dissipant.
315. Ante : not before they reached the
camp of the enemy, but before they were
slain themselves. Futuri: to be for a de-
struction to many, before they were slain.
317. Currus arrectos: their chariots turn-
ed up, as when laid aside from use. Their
poles or tongues were standing erect,
318. Vina : wine; by meton. for the ves
sels containing it. -
322. Tu custodi, et : watch thou, and ob-
serve at a distance, that no hand, &c. Harc
vasta ; arva wel loca is understood : those
fields laid waste.
328. Pestem: in the sense of mortem.
330. Premit he kills three servants, &c
AENEIS
IIB. IX 475
Tum caput ipsi auferſ domino, truncumque relinquit
Sanguine singultantem: atro tepefacta cruore
Terra torique madent.
que -
Et juvenem Serranum ; illá qui plurima nocte
Luserat, insignis facie, multoque jacebat
* Membra Deo victus: felix, si protinús illum
Nec non Lamyrumque Lamum-
334. Nec non occidit
Lamyrumque
335
336. Jacebatque vic-
tus quoad membra
AEquâsset nocti ludum, in lucemoue tulisset.
Impastus ceu plena leo per ovilia turbans,
Suadet enim vesana fames, manditGuetrahitgue
340
Molle pecus, mutumque metu : fremit ore cruento.
Nec minor Euryali cades: incensus et ipse
Perfurit; ac multam in medio siné nomine plebem,
, Fadumque Hebesumque subit, Rhoetumque Abarimgue
Ignaros; Rhoetum vigilantem, et cuncta videntem; 345
343. Ac subut muſtam
plebem siné nomine in
medio, Fadumque
345. Ignaros pericult
Sed magnum metuens se post cratera tegebat:
Pectore in adverso totum cui cominūs ensem
Condidit assurgenti; et multà morte recepit
Purpureum : vomit ille animam, et cum sanguine mixta
Hic furto fervidus instat.
Wina refert moriens.
347. Cui assurgenti
condidit totum ensem
cominus
350
Jamgue ad Messapi socios tendebat, ubi ignem
Deficere extremum, et religatos rité videbat
Carpere gramen equos : breviter cum talia Nisus,
(Sensit enim nimiä caede atque cupidine ferri)
Absistamus, ait: nam lux inimica propinquat.
353. Enim sensit see
socium ferri nimiä cade
355 atque cupidine
Poenarum exhaustum satis est: via facta per hostes.
Multa virim solido argento perfecta relinquunt
|NOTES.
Temere : carelessly—at random. Promis-
cué, says Ruteus.
, 332. Domino : their master Remus.
333. Singultantem, &c. Dr. Trapp ren-
ders this, weltering in blood; but this is not
the meaning of singulto, which denotes the
sound that a liquid makes when poured out
of a bottle, or some vessel of a narrow neck.
335. Plurima : neu. plu. taken as an adv.
in imitation of the Greeks: very much.
337. Deo multo: by much wine. See AEm.
i. 636. By Deo, we are to understand Bac-
chus, the god of wine, put by meton. for
wine itself. Felic si protinús : happy if he
had, without intermission, equalled that
sport with the night—if he had continued it
all the night.
338. Tulisset : in the sense of producisset.
339. Perovilia turbans : Dr. Trapp thinks
with Servius, that this is for perturbans, by
tmesis. Cew ; as a hungry lion raging
among a full fold of sheep, &c. Rugeus
says, tumulluans in plenis ovilibus.
340. Vesana : in the sense of immoderata
vel vehemens. Trahit : in the sense of lace-
rat. Swadet : in the sense of impellit.
344. Subit: he comes to—he assaults—
attacks. Rubeus says, aggreditur. JMultam
vlebem : a promiscuous throng—a great
number.
348. Recepit purpureum ; he drew back
the sword red, or bathed in blood, having
effected a mortal wound. Heyne says, re-
travit ensem purpureum cum mullo sanguine.
This also is the sense of Ruatus: he says,
retrazit eum (ensem) post certam mortem.
Dr. Trapp renders recipit: he receives him
(Rhaetus) with certain death. Rhoetus was
rising up toward Euryalus, and as it were
meeting him half-way. He buried the sword
in his breast, and received him with certain
death, meaning the full and fair stroke which
he had at his breast. This he insists upon as
the true interpretation. Davidson renders
the words: “ he receives him with copious
death.” Heyne reads purpureum connected
with ensem. The common reading is purpu-
ream, agreeing with animam : but of that it
is not easy to make Asense. Valpy, Ruteus.
and Davidson, read purpuream.
350. Furto: in the sense of caedi vel strage:
any thing done in a private or secret man-
ner, may be called furtum.
352. Religatos: in the sense of soiutos.
354, JN'imiä cºde atque cupidine: the same
as mimia cupidine cardis ; with too great a
desire of slaughter. f *.
356. Satis poenarum ; enough of ven-
geance or punishment has been taken. Ea:-
haustum: in the sense of sumptum.
357. Perfecta; in the sense of ornata vel
facta. -
476
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
x
Armaque, craterasque simul, pulchrosque tapetas.
359. Euryalus rapit Euryalus phaleras Rhamnetis, et aurea bullis
phaleras
Cingula : Tiburti Remulo ditissimus olim
360
361. Sutº, dona diſis: Quae mittit dona, hospitio clim jungeret absens,
siulus Caedicus mittit º ©
olim Tiburti Remulo, Caedicus:
cum absens jungeret se
illi
Induit.
367. Interea tercen-
ille suo moriens dat habere nepoti :
Post mortem bello Rutuli pugnâque potiti:
Haec rapit, atque humeris nequicquam fortibus aptat.
Tum galeam Messapi habilem cristisque decoram
Excedunt castris, et tuta capessunt,”
Interea praemissi equites ex urbe Latinâ,
365
tum equites omnes, scu- Caetera dum legio campis instructa moratur,
tati, Volscente magistro,
ibant, et ferebant re-
sponsa regi Turno, præ-
dum
Ibant, et Turno regi responsa ferebant,
Tercentum, scutati omnes, Volscente magistro.
missi ex Latina 'urbe, Jamgue propinquabant castris, muroque subibant;
Cüm procul hoslavo flectentes limite cernunt:
372. Hos duos juvenes Et gaiea Euryalum sublustri noctis in umbră
37C
&
374. Adversa radiis Prodidit immemorem, radiisgue adversa refulsit.
Lwnſe refulsit
Haud temeré est visum : conclamat ab agnirie Volscens,
State, viri: quae causa via 7 quive estis in armis 2
376
377. Illi voluerunt ten; Quève tenetis iter Nihil illi tendere contra;
mere nihil contra ; sed Sed celerare fugam in sylvas, et fidere nocti,
coºperunt
Objiciunt equites sese ad divortia nota
Hinc atque hinc, omnemoue aditum custode coronant.
Sylva fuit, laté dumis atque ilice nigrá
383. Rara semita du-Horrida, quam densi complérant undique sentes:
Rara per occultos ducebat semita calles.
cobat ad eam sylvam
381
NOTES.
359. Phaleras. These were certain orna-
ments worn by persons of distinction among
the Romans. Dr. Trapp and some others,
explain this of the ornaments of Rhamnes’
horse. But they, doubtless, belonged to his
own person : for Euryalus put them on.
Bullis : the bullae were studs or bosses upon
girdles, something like the head of a nail,
and usually of gold. Cingula aurea bullis :
a girdle or belt with golden bosses.
363. Post mortem: after the death of Re-
mulus, &c. This is one of the thirteen
passages of Virgil, which Servius considers
inexplicable. The common editions have
pugnâque ; but the Roman manuscript has
pradaque. The meaning appears to be this:
that in a war between the Tiburtines and
the Rutulians, in which the grandson of
Remulus, who commanded the former, was
slain, the Rutulians took from him those
spoils, with the rest of the booty. David-
son reads praeda. Heyne and Ruseus read
pugna. Potiti : gained the battle—the vic-
tory; and consequently the booty fell into
their hands. The verb sunt is understood.
364. Aptat nequicquam : he fits them to
his shoulders in vain—in vain, because he
was so soon to be slain, and lose them.
366. Capessunt : in the sense of petunt.
Doca is understood with tuta.
368. Catera legio. These were the foot.
A Roman legion consisted of four thousand
foot, and three hundred horse. These troops
were furnished by Latinus, or rather Amata,
his queen. The horse, as being light troops
and more expeditious in their movements,
advanced, and arrived in the camp, while
the infantry were on the plain advancing
more slowly.
372. Lavo limite : the left-hand way, or
path. See 238. Supra. -
373. Galea ; this was the helmet of Mes-
sapus, which he had put on. Immemorem:
heedless—unmindful of the danger he in
curred by so doing. 2
374. Adversa : opposite to. That part of
the helmet struck by the rays of light, re-
flected them to a distant object—it shone.
375. Haud temeré visum est. Ruteus takes
these words in the sense of non falso visum
est nobis, referring them to Volscens. Heyne
says, res animadversa est haud in vanum--
res non neglecta est. He makes a full stop
after visum. Davidson renders the words
“Scarcely was the object seen, when Vol.
scens,” &c. “This passed not unobserved.”
says Valpy.
377. Tendere; in the sense of respondere.
379. Divortia: passes—passages.
380. Coronant : in the sense of circum-
dant, vel obsident. Heyne reads abitum.
The common reading is aditvm. -
383. Rara : few—dispersed here and there
Occultos calles: secret or private ways.
AENEIS. LJB IX.
47”
t
Euryalum tenebrae ramorum onerosaque praeda
Impediunt, fallitºue timor regione viarum.
Nisus abit: jamgue imprudens evaserat hostes, \
385 385. Fallit eum a recta
regione
Atque lacus, qui pâst Albaº de nomine dicti
Albani : tum rex stabula alta Latinus habebat.
388. Alta stabula ilic.
Utstetit, et frustra absentem respexit amicum :
Euryale infelix, quá te regione reliqui ?
390
Quàve sequar?" Rursús perplexum iter omne revolvens
Fallacis sylvae, simul et vestigia retrö
Observata legit, dumisque silentibus errat :
Audit equos, audit strepitus, et signa sequentſim.
*
Nec longum in medio tempus, clim clamor ad aures 395 395. Nec longum tem-
Pervenit, ac videt Euryalum; quem jam manus omnis, pus intervenit in medio
Fraude loci et noctis, subito turbante tumultu, 4
Oppressum rapit, et conantem plurima frustra.
Quid faciat? quà vi juvenem, quibus audeat armis
Eripere 7 an sese medios moriturus in hostes
400
Inferat, et pulchram properet per vulnera mortem 7
Ocyūs adducto torquens hastile lacerto,
Suspiciens altam Lunam, sic voce precatur:
Tu, Dea, tu praesens nostro succurre labori,
Astrorum decus, et memorum Latonia custos :
Si qua tuis unquam pro me pater Hyrtacus aris
404. Tu, O Latonia
405 Dea, tu presens succurre
nostro labori, tu decus
Dona tulit ; si qua ipse meis venatibus auxi,
Suspendi-ve tholo, aut sacra ad fastigia fixi:
Hunc sine me turbare globum, et rege tela per auras.
Dixerat: et toto connixus corpore ferrum
Hasta volans noctis diverberat umbras,
Conjicit.
408. Suspendi-ve ali-
qua donatholo
410
Et venit adversi in tergum Sulmonis; ibique
NOTES.
384. Onerosa : in the sense of gravis.
386. Imprudens: regardless of his friend
—not aware of his being behind. .
387. Lacus. This is the reading of Heyne
and Davidson. But Rubus reads locos, and
thinks it to be the true reading. For, says
he, the lake Albanus was at least four leagues
distant. Beside, it was about the middle of
the night, when Nisus and his friend left the
Trojan camp. He could not have had time
to do so much, to go that distance, and re-
turn in search of his friend: and all this in
the space of half a summer's might. For
this reason, he prefers locos, and explains it
of the Alban territory, which might extend
as far as the place where he then was.
391. Revolvens: in the sense of remetiens.
393. ſº vestigia : he follows, or traces
nis steps, &c.
397. Fraude loci et noctis : through the
treachery of the place, and of the night.
The poet represents the place and night as
two traitors, to whom Euryalus had com-
mitted his safety, and they betrayed him.
Subvio tumullu turbante : in a sudden tumul-
'uous bustle—there being a sudden, &c.
398. Oppressum : in the sense of write,
ceptum, vel traditum.
400. Eripere: rescue—free. r
403. Altam Lunam. Diana on the earth,
is Luna in heaven, and Hecate in hell. She
is called Latonia from Latona, the name of
her mother.
404. Succurre: in the sense of fave.
407. Si qua : dona is to be supplied.
Auri : have increased—added any offering
to those made by my father.
408. Tholo: tholus was the middle, and
highest part of the arched roof of the tem-
ple, from, which the spoils of war used to be
suspended.
409. Hunc globum: this company of men. .
412. Adversi. Adversus signifies right
against, or opposite, without regarding
whether the face or back be turned to the ob-
ject. This passage, Servius reckons among
his thirteen inexplicables. The meaning is
plainly this: the spear entered his back and
reached to his breast, which it might very
well do, though it were broken (frangitur)
from the wood. Adversi. This is the com-
mon reading. Heyne reads aversi, Ruteus
says, oppositi.
478
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Frangitur, ac fisso transit praecordia ligno.
Wolvitur ille, womens calidum de pectore flumen,
* Frigidus, et longis singultibus ilia pulsat.
416. Ecce idem acrior Diversi circumspiciunt.
hoc successu -
415
Hoc acrior idem
Ecce aliud summâ telum librabat ab aure;
Dum trepidant. Iit hasta Tago per tempus utrumque
Stridens, trajectoque haesit tepefacta cerebro.
Saevit atrox Volscens, nec teli conspicit usquam
420.
Auctorem ; nec qué se ardens immittere possit.
Tu tamen intereà calido mihi sanguine poenas
Persolves amborum, inquit.
Simul ense recluso
Ibat in Euryalum. Tunc verö exterritus, amens
Conclamat Nisus; nec se celare tenebris
Amplius, aut tantum potuit perferre dolorem:
Me, me; adsum, qui feci; in me convertite ferrum,
adsum qui feci id: O O. Rutuli ! mea fraus omnis.
427. Me, me occidite :
Rutuli, convertite fer-
rum in me: omnis fraus
est mea. Iste fecit nihil,
mec ausus est; mec po-
tuit facere.
425
Nihiliste, nec ausus;
Nec potuit; coelum hoc, et conscia sidera testor :
Tantùm infelicem nimiäm dilexit amicum.
Talia dicta dabat : sed viribus ensis adactus
Transabiit costas, et candida pectora rumpit.
430
‘Volvitur Euryalus leto, pulchrosque per artus
It cruor, inque humeros cervix collapsa recumbit.
Purpureus veluti cium flos, succisus aratro,
43:
Languescit moriens; lassove papavera collo
Demisère caput, pluvià côm forté gravantur.
At Nisus ruit in medios, solumque per ommes
Volscentem petit: in solo Volscente moratur;
Quem circum glomerati hostes hinc cominūs atque hinc
Proturbant. Instat non segniūs, ac rotat ensem 441
Fulmineum, donec Rutuli clamantis in ore
Condidit adverso, et moriens animam abstulit hosti.
Tum super examinem sese projecit amicum
Confossus, placidāque ibi demüm morte quievit. 445
NOTES.
413. Fisso ligno. Fissus here must be
taken in the sense of fractus; unless we
suppose the wood might be broken, and
split and shattered withal; and this split
and shattered part to pass through his prº-
cordia. This appears to be the opinion of
Dr. Trapp.
414. Wolvitur ; in the sense of cadit.
men: for sanguinein. .
416. Diversi : they look about them in
different directions. Idem: namely, Nisus.
418. Tago: to Tagus. The dat. is fre-
quently used in the sense of the gen., espe-
cially among the poets. The spear pierced
both his temples.
419. Tepefacta : warmed by its rapid mo-
tion through the air.
421. Auctorem: the owner of the weapon
—the one who threw it. - -
424. Ibat : in the sense of irruebat.
427. JMe, me, &c. This abrupt exclama-
tion admirably marks the perturbation and
disorder of his mind. He calls them Rutu-
Flw-
liams, although they were Latins. The
former were the principals in the war.
431. Dabat: in the sense of diacit. Ensis :
the sword of Wolscens.
432. Rumpit : pierces—lays open.
435. It : in the sense of fluit.
437. Languescit: withers. This is a most
beautiful comparison.
439. JMoratur. Rubeus says, deſigit oculos
$n, &c. “ Persists in his attack upon Wol-
scens,” says Valpy.
440. Circum quem, &c. The enemy ga-
thered around Nisus to keep him off, and
prevent him from doing any mischief to
them, wishing to take him a prisoner, rather
than kill him. . -
441. Segniūs. Heyne reads sectºs. The
common reading is segniūs.
442. Fulmineum. This is very expressive.
It denotes the rapid motion of the sword,
and the force with which it was driven, as
well as its glittering. Rotat; brandishes
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
479
Fortunati ambo! si quid mea carmina possunt,
Nulla dies unquam memori vos eximet aevo :
Dum domus AEneae Capitoli immobile saxum
Accolet, imperiumque pater Romanus habebit.
• Victores prædá Rutuli spoliisque potiti,
450 e
Wolscentem examinem ſlentes in castra ferebant.
Nec minor in castris luctus, Rhamnete reperto
Exsangui, et primis ună tot cade peremptis,
Ingens concursus ad ipsa
Corpora, seminecesque viros, tepidāque recentem
Serranoque, Numâque.
7452. Nec fuit minor
luctus in castris lºutu-
lorum -
45.5
Caede locum, et plenos spumanti sanguine rivos.
Agnoscunt spolia inter se, galeamque nitentem
Messapi, et multo phaleras sudore receptas.
Et jam prima novo spargebat lumine terras
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile :
Jam Sole infuso, jam rebus luce retectis,
459. Et jam prima
460 Aurora, , linquens cro-
ceum cubile
Turnus in arma viros, armis circumdatus ipse,
Suscitat; aeratasque acies in praelia cogit
Quisque suas, variisque acuunt rumoribus iras.
Quin ipsa arrectis, visu miserabile ! in hastis
Praefigunt capita, et multo clamore sequuntur,
Euryali et Nisi.” -
464. Quisque dua co-
. . ." git suas
465 465. Quin praefigunt
ipsa capita Euryali et
Nisi in arrectis hastis
NOTES.
447. Nulla dies : no length of time shall
ever erase you from mindful posterity. This
is the meaning of memori ºvo.
448. Immobile saacum. This implies that
the foundation of the Roman empire was to
be as fixed and lasting as the Capitoline
mount, on which the city was built. . After
the time of Tarquinius Priscus, the Romans
were of opinion that their empire would be-
come universal, and have no end. Some
explain domus JEneas, of the family of Au-
gustus; which Virgil deduces from Æneas.
But it may with propriety be taken for the
Romans in general. Heyne says, Julia gens :
the Julian family. -
449. Pater Romanus. Rubeus thinks Ro-
mulus is meant, he being the founder of
Rome. Davidson thinks Pater here means
prince, as kings are often called the fathers
of their people. Pater Romanus, then will
mean a Roman prince, or sovereign. Heyne
understands, by Pater Romanus, Jupiter
Capitolinus; to whom a famous temple was
built upon the Capitoline mount. This story
of Nisus and Euryalus makes a very consi-
derable part of this book, and a very inte-
resting part too. It is nevertheless liable to
objection on the ground of probability. It
is difficult to conceive that a whole army
should be asleep, and their sentinels among
the rest, when it was their business to see
that the Trojans were kept close. It is said
one was awake indeed ; but he gave no
alarm. Besides, we might suppose that they
would have considered themselves sufficient-
ly fortunate, to be able to pass the camp of
the enemy in safety, without attempting
any thing. But poetry delights in the won-
derful and marvellous.
453. Primis : chief men—nobles.
455. Tepida cade. Davidson reads tepi-
dum, agreeing with locwm. Heyne reads
tepida. So also Rugeus, and others. The
Roman manuscript has tepidum. The sense
is the same with either. Ruãºus interprets
the words: ad locumtepefactum recenti straga.
456. Rivos plenos, &c. Dr. Trapp thinks,
that no more is meant than streams of blood
upon the ground: rivos spumantis sanguinis.
It is difficult to imagine that two men, in so
short a space, could spill so much blood as to
justify the hyperbole, that the rivers were
filled and foamed with blood. Beside, there
was only one river, and that one not very
mear. Heyne is of the same opinion with
Dr. Trapp. •.
458. Sudore: in the sense of labore. Pha
leras. These were taken from Rhamnes.
See 359, supra.
461. Sole jam infuso: the sun now being
ushered into the world—the sun having al-
ready arisen. Rebus : objects—things. Re-
tectis: brought to view—uncovered. The
world and all things therein had been wrapt
up in the mantle of night. They are now
disclosed and brought to view, by the rays
of light.
463. Acies: troops in general. JEratas
armed with brass—clad in brazen armor.
464. Ruinoribus: Heyne takes this in the
sense of hortationibus vel vocabus. Iras: in
the sense of furorem, -
480
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
AEneadaº duri murorum in parte sinistră
Opposuère aciem ; nam dextera cingitur amni,
,471. Prefixa hastis, Ingentesque tement fossas, et turribus altis 4."
nimis nota miseris sociis Stant moesti; simul ora virtm praefixa widebant, rº
• Nota nimis miseris, atroque fluentia tabo.
Interea pavidam volitans pennata per urbem
Nuntia Fama ruit, matrisque allabitur aures
Euryali : at subitus miserae calor ossa reliquit 475
Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa.
Evolat infelix; et, foemineo ululatu,
478. Scissa quoad co- Scissa comam, muros amens atque agnina cursu
mam, amens
Prima petit: non illa virim, non illa pericli,
480. Illa non era, me- Telorumque memor: coelum dehinc questibus implet:
mor virim, illa noil erat
memor pericli
481. Tu-ne es ille fu-
{z/rºws Sera. 3.
Hunc ego te, Euryale, aspicio 2 tu-ne illa Senectae 481
Sera mea requies' potuisti linquere solam,
Crudelis' nec teſsub tanta pericula missum
483. Nee copia data Affari extremüm miserae data copia matri ?
485
est miserie matri affari Heu ! terrá ignotă, canibus data praeda Latinis
Alitibusque, jaces! nec te tua funera mater
Produxi, pressive oculos, aut vulnera lavi, Aº
Weste tegens; tibi quam noctes festina diesque
te
486. Nec ego mater
produxite ad tua funera
488. Tegens twum ca-
daver veste, quam ego Urgebam, et telä curas solabar aniles. ºf
festina
Qué sequar? aut quae nunc artus avulsaque membra,
Et funus lacerum tellus habet 2 hoc mihi de te,
49;
\
NOTES.
469. Aviem : the army of Turnus. Cin-
gitur : protected—defended.
474. Nuntia: as a messenger—herald.
475. Subitus: in the sense of subitó. At :
this is the reading of Heyne. -
476. Radii earcussi : the shuttle fell fro
her hands, as she was weaving. Or, by the
radii, we may understand a machine with
spokes something like a wheel, which the
women held in their hands, and on which
they wound or reeled the yarn from the spin-
dles, on which it was put, as it was spun. .
What is properly called the episode of
Nisus and Euryalus, ended with the 449th
verse. The lamentation of the mother of
Euryalus most agreeably brings us back to
the subject again, when we imagined we had
Jone with it. Whether it be considered a
part of, or a sequel to, that episode, is not
material. It certainly equals, if not exceeds,
any part of it; and we are much indebted
to the poet for the picture, which he has
given us of maternal grief and sorrow.
Scaliger was enraptured with it. Pensa:
her work—labor.
481. Aspicio hunc te: do I see that you?
—Is that one I see you, O, Euryalus * These
proken half sentences she uttered, while she
beheld his head suspended upon the spears .
of the Rutulians, as she stood upon the
ramparts. -
482. Sera requies: in the sense of serum
solativm.
| 484. Copia : leave—opportunity. Eactre-
milm. This alludes to the custom of the
Romans, when they retired from the tomb,
of repeating the word vale three times.
487. Produari te tua, &c. Servius takes
twa funera, for the nom. agreeing with mater,
and tells us that the near relations of the
dead assisted at burial, and were called
Funera. But it is better to adhere to the
usual acceptation of the word. And this
we may do, if we supply the prep. ad before
it. Produa i may signify the laying out of
the corpse for burial, or walking before it
to the place of interment. This is consi-
dered an intricate passage: and various
have been the conjectures upon the proper
construction. Heyne proposes funere, for
funera : and Ruasus informs us that proluzi
has been proposed for produa i. He seems
to take funera, with Servius and Scaliger, in
the nom. He says, mec ego mater protuli te
ante Gedes, wi curatria, twi funeris. The con-
struction proposed above appears the easiest.
Davidson renders the words, “Nor I, thy
mother, laid thee out for thy funeral obse
quies.” Valpy observes, that though no va-
riation from this reading has been disco-
vered in any of the ancient MSS., there is
probably some error. -
489. Solabar: I was consoling my aged
cares with the loom—with weaving and
preparing garments for you.
490. Sequar: in the sense of ibo.
491. Funus: in the sense of cadaver. Quº
tellus nunc, &c.
{}
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
481
Nate, refers? hoc sum terráque marique secuta ?
Figite me, si qua est pietas; in me omnia tela
Conjicite, 0 Rutuli; me primam absumite ferro:
Aut tu, magne pater Divām, miserere, tuoque
invisum hoc detrude caput sub Tartara telo ;
Quando aliter nequeo crudelem abrumpere vitam.
Hoc fletu concussi animi, moestusque per omnes
It gemitus: torpent infractae ad proclia vires.
Illam incendentem luctus Idaeus et Actor,
Ilionei monitu et multúm lachrymantis Iuli,
492. O nate, refers
hoc caput solum mihi de
te
495 495. Miserere mei, de-
trudeque hoc meum ca-
*but invisum tibi
498. Animi Trojano-
rum concussi sunt
500. Klaeus et Actor,
monitu Ilionei et Itili
Corripiunt, interque manus sub tecta reponunt.”
At tuba terribilem sonitum procul aere canoro
Increpuit: sequitur clamor, coelumque remugit.
Accelerant actá pariter testudine Wolsci,
Et fossas implere parant, ac vellere vallum.
Quaerunt pars àditum, et scalis ascendere muros;
Quà rara est acies, interlucetaue corona
Non tam spissa viris.
Assueti longo muros defendere bello.
Telorum effundere contrå
Omne genus Teucri, ac duris detrudere contis,
509. Contrå Teucri
510 coºperunt
Saxa quoque infesto volvebant pondere, si quâ
Possent tectām aciem perrumpere: cum tamen omnes
Ferre juvat subter densã testudine casus.
Nec jam sufficiunt: nam, quá globus imminet ingens,
Immanem Teucri molem volvuntgue ruuntdue,
Quae Stravit Rutulos laté, armorumque resolvit
514. Cúm tamen juvat
Rutulis ferre omnes ca-
SłlS -
515. Nam quá ingens
globus hostium
514
NOTES.
492. Secwta sum : have I followed this
(caput) over sea and land? Have I followed
thee over sea and land for this—to come to
*this 2 * - -
493. Pietas. Here pietas, doubtless, means
pity, Qr compassion. If there be any pity
in you, O Rutulians, &c.
494. JMe primam. We are to suppose her
speaking from the rampart, where none, as
yet, had been slain.
497. Aliter. Dr. Trapp observes, that
what is here said cannot be true, unless
aliter be taken in a limited sense. Being
full of grief, and referring every thing to
that, he thinks she refers this, also ; as if
she had said: since my grief will not end
my wretched life as I would have it, I de-
sire either the enemy or the gods to do it.
M. Davidson thinks she only talks some-
what inconsistently, as might be expected
in her state of mind; and observes that it
is not improbable she had attempted to lay
violent hands upon herself, and was hindered
by those about her.
The crime of self-murder is of so horrid
a nature, that the poet might well suppose
no one could be guilty of it. She wished
for death, since her son, the support and so-
lace of her declining years, was taken from
her. But where can she find it? Not from
her friends. She had called upon the ene-
my; and now she appeals to Jove, and en-
treats him to end her miserable existence;
for otherwise she could not break the cords
of life.
499. Infractae: in the sense of fracta,
Torpent: fail. --
505. Testudine actâ; the testudo being
formed. See AEm. ii. 441. -
508. Quá acies est rara. The meaning is:
they seek to attack the walls and fortifica-
tions, where the troops are thin; and the
ranks or lines not so thick with men, but
they may be seen through. Acies: properly
an army drawn up in order of battle—here
troops in general. Corona: a body of men
standing round in the form of a circle. Here,
the ranks or lines of the men upon the walls,
without any distinction.
510. Detrudere: to push down the enemy
with, &c.
511. Longo bello. This alludes to the
Trojan war, which lasted ten years.
512. Infesto: in the sense of ingenti vel
magno. By their great weight, they became
fatal to the enemy. -
513. Tectam acºem: the protected troops
—those who were covered by the testwdo, or
target defence.
516. JMolem: any large mass of matter
may be called moles. Ruteus says, sarwin.
32
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
'Tegmina: nec curant casco contendere Marte
Ampliès audaces Rutuli; sed pellere vallo
520. Sed certant pel- Missilibus certant. - - -
Parte aliá horrendus visu quassabat Etruscam
Here Trojan03
§4.0
* Pinum, et fumiferos infert Mezentius ignes.
At Messapus, equim domitor, Neptunia proles,
Rescindit vallum, et scalas in moenia poscit.
535, Voss, O Musſº, Vos, 6 Calliope, precor, aspirate canenti;
Quas ibi tum ferro strages, quae funera Turnus
Ediderit; quem quisque virum demiserit Orco :
precipwé Cailiope, pre-
cor, aspirate mih, ca-
menti
525
Et mecum ingentes oras evolvite belli:
Et meministis enim, Divas, et memorare potestis
Turris erat vasto suspectu, et pontibus altis,
Opportuna loco ;
530
summis quam viribus omnes
Expugnare Itali, Summâque evertere opum vi
533. Contrå Troés Certabant: Troës contra defendere saxis,
densi certabant defen-
dere eam saxis, densique
Perque cavas densitela intorquere fenestras.
Princeps ardentem conjecit lampada Turnus,
535
Et flammam affixit lateri; quae plurima vento
tº s Corripuit tabulas, et postibus hæsit adesis.
538. Trojani turbati Turbati trepidare intus, frustråque malorum
eaperunt trepidare
Welle fugam.
Dum se glomerant, retröque residunt
In partem, quae peste caret; tum pondere turris
540
Procubuit subitó, et coelum tonat omne fragore.
542. Trojani semine- Semineces ad terram, immani mole secutà,
ces veniunt ad terram,
immani mole turris se-
cutà
Confixigue suis telis, et pectora duro
Transfossi ligno, veniunt.
Et Lycus elapsi; quorum primaevus Helenor;
Wix unus Helenor,
545
Maeonio regi quem serva Lycimnia furtim
NOTES.
518. Caeco JMarte : concealed or covered
fight—covered and protected by their shields
held over their heads. t
522. Pinum : his spear or javelin made
of the pine tree—paneam hastam. Fumife-
ros ignes. By this we are to understand a
fire-brand—some resinous wood which Me-
zentius carried in one hand on fire. The
poet, on every occasion, represents Mezen-
tius as a monster in wickedness, in shape,
and in appearance. He is here horrendus
visu: horrid to the sight. Visu : for visui.
See Ecl. v. 29. Infert : Ruteus says, injicit.
525. Calliope. She was chief of the
muses, and presided over heroic poetry: for
which reason, she is particularly mentioned.
.Aspirate : in the sense of docete.
627. Ediderit: in the sense of fecerit vel
effecerit.
528. Oras belli ; limits, extent, or comm-
pass of the war. Evolvite : in the sense of
locate.
530. Pontibus altis. The planks on which
they ascended from one story to another of
“hese towers, were called pontes, stages.
Vasto suspectus of vast height, or altitude.
The prep. e or ea being understood
531. Loro in the sense of satu.
532. Summa vi opum : with the utmost
force in their power. -
534. Fenestras: the holes or apertures
made in the tower through which to annoy
the assailants. -
535. Lampada. Lampas was a kind of
flaming brand, made up of hemp, pitch,
rosin, and such like materials; which being
stuck around with sharp points, and hooks
of iron, was flung against wooden walls,
&c. where it stuck fast till it seized the
boards with its flame. Lampada ; a Greek
3.CC.,
536. Quae plurima vento ; which being
widely spread by the wind—becoming very
large, &c.
537. Adesis postibus : to the consumed
timbers—till the timbers were consumed.
539. Fugam malorum : a flight—escape
from the danger. JMalum: in the sense of
periculum. Residunt: in the sense of rece
dwmt. º
540. Peste: the devouring flame.
545. Primavus: born first—the elder of
the two. §
546. JMaconio regi. Maeonia was a cous
try of Asia Minor, sometimes confounded
with Lydia, Homer reckons its people
AENEIS.
LIB. IX. 483
Sustulerat, vetitisque ad Trojam miserat armis;
Ense levis nudo, parmáquº inglorius albă.
Isque ubi se Turni media inter millia widit;
Hinc acies, atque hinc acies adstare Latinas:
548. Ille erat levis nu-
O ©ºlsø
550
Ut fera, quae densá venantūm septa coroná
Contra tela furit, seseque haud nescia morti
Injicit, et saltu supra venabula fertur;
Haud aliter juvenis medios moriturus in hostes
Irruit; et, qua tela videt densissima, tendit.
555
At pedibus longè melior Lycus, inter et hostes,
Inter et arma, fugă muros tenet; altaque certat
Prendere tecta manu, sociàmgue attingere dextras.
Quem Turnus, pariter cursu teloque secutus,
Increpat his victor: Nostrasne evadere, demens,
Sperästi te posse manus? Simul arripit ipsum
Pendentem, et magnâ muri cum parte revellit.
Qualis ubi, aut leporem, aut candenti corpore cycnum
Sustulit alta petens pedibus Jovis armiger uncis :
Quaesitum aut matri multis balatibus agnum
Undique clamor
Invadunt, et fossas aggere complent:
Martius à stabulis rapuit lupus.
Tollitur.
Ardentes taedas alii ad fastigia jactant.
Ilioneus saxo, atque ingenti fragmine montis,
Lucetium, portae subeuntem ignesque ferentem:
Emathiona Liger, Chorinaeum sternit Asylas:
Hic jaculo bonus, hic longé fallente sagittà:
Ortygium Caeneus, victorem Caenea Turnus:
Turnus Ityn, Cloniumque, Dioxippum, Promulumque,
560 560. Increpat eum his
verbis
561. O demens juve-
nis, sperásti-ne te posse
evadere
563. Talis, qualis ubi
565 Aquila armiger Jovis,
petens alta caela sustulit
uncis pedibus aut
565. Aut talis qualis
Martius lupus, ubirapuit
568. Ad fastigia mu-
570 rorum. Ilioneus sternit
Lucetium
572. Hic era: bonus
sagittà fallante longé :
Caeneus occidit
Et Sagarim, et summis stantem pro turribus Idam : 575
Privernum Capys.
Strinxerat:
*
Hunc primö levis hasta Themilla:
ille manum, projecto tegmine, demens
576. Capys occadit
Privernum.
NOTES.
among the auxiliaries of Priam. Helenor
was an illegitimate son of the king of Mae-
onia, by his slave Licymnia.
547. Vetitis armis : in forbidden arms.
Either against the will of the gods; or in
allusion to a law or custom of the Romans,
which forbid slaves to bear arms, unless they
had been set free, except in cases of the
greatest danger. In the time of Hannibal,
all hands were employed in the common de-
fence. Sustulerat: in the sense of pepererat.
548. Lewis nudo ense. The poet here de-
scribes Helenor such, as those troops among
the Romans called Velites, from velocitas.
They had a small round shield or buckler,
a sword, and some light missive weapons.
:Alba parma. There was no heroic device
upon it. He had done nothing to distinguish
him, and deserve praise. . His shield was a
mere blank. r
551. Corona: a troop—company. Septa:
surrounded—encircled.
553. Supra venabula : upon the hunting
spears. . -
556. JMelior: in the sense of celerior
557. Tenet: reaches—arrives at the walls
558. Tecta alta: the high summits, or tops
of the walls. Rugeus interprets it by alias
pinnas.
559. Pariter cursw: he followed him with
equal pace, and, with his dart, kept close to
his heels. Or, he kept pace with the dart
which he flung at him. This last gives us
a fine idea of the quickness of his speed.
It equalled the motion of his dart. Valpy
takes it in this sense.
565. Balatibus: bleatings—much bleating.
566. JMartius. Thé wolf was sacred to
Mars: hence the epithet JMartius.
567. Aggere: simply, with earth.
572. Hic bonus jaculo : the one skilfu. nº
throwing the javelin; the other, &c. Sa.
gittà fallante longé. This is a beautiful epi-
thet of an arrow; which steals upon its ob-
ject unawares, and surprises him with un-
seen death. - f
575. Pro: before—in front. Or, perhaps,
we are to understand that he stood on the
front of the towers next the enemy.
577. Strinzerai : in the sense of vulnera-
484
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Ad vulnus tulit; ergö alis allapsa Sagitta,
Et larvo infixa est lateri manus, abditaque intus
Spiramenta animae letali vulnere rupit. 580
Stabat in egregiis Arcentis filius armis,
Pictus acu chlamydem, et ferrugine clarus Iberà,
Insignis facie ; genitor quem miserat Arcens,
Eductum Martis luco, Symasthia circum
. . . Flumina, pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Palici. 585
.# º º: Stridentem fundam, positis Mezentius armis,
dentom fundam g Ipse ter adducta circum caput egit habena:
588. Et diffidit media Et media adversi liquefacto tempora plumbo
tempora juvenis adversi Diffidit, ac multà porrectum extendit arenå.
590. Tum primúm Tum primúm bello celerem intendisse sagittam - 590
Ascanius dicitur Dicitur, anté feras solitus terrere fugaces,
Ascanius, fortemque manu fudisse Numanum,
- Cui Remulo cognomen erat; Turnique minorem.
594. Quique habebat Germanam, nuper thalamo sociatus, habebat. o
minorem Is primam ante aciem digna atque indigna relatu 595
ºTºdanºwad Vociferans, tumidusque novo praecordia regno
598. Ait, non pude
vos, O Phryges, bis capti,
teneri wº
Ibat, et ingenti sese clamore ferebat:
Non pudet obsidione iterum valloque teneri,
Bis capti Phryges, et morti praetendere muros"
NOTES.
verat. Tegmine: his shield. Being wound-
ed, he put his hand to the wound to stop
the blood, and threw away his shield for
that purpose. Hence he is called demens.
578. Sagitta allapsa alis: the arrow glided
swiftly on its wings, &c. The arrow passed
through his hand as he held it upon his
wound, fixed it to his side, and then passed
into his body, piercing his vitals. Spiramen-
ta anima: ; the lungs. This was not the ar-
row that first wounded him.
582. Pictus: embroidered as to his cloak
with needle work—having an embroidered
cloak. Ibera ferrugine: in Iberian purple.
Ferrugo is the color of polished iron, which
approaches nearly to purple. Ibera : an
adj. from Iberia. Some take this for a coun-
try lying between the Euxine and Caspian
seas, formerly called Iberia, now Georgia.
A colony of these people removed to Spain,
and settled near the river Iberus, to which
they gave name. Others take it for Spain
itself, sometimes called Iberia. It abounded
in the best iron and steel. Facie : in the
sense of formá. Clarus : in the sense of
splendens.
585. Palici. These were the sons of Jove
and the nymph Thalia, the daughter of Wul-
can. They were gods worshipped in Sicily,
near the river Symethia. It is not easy to
assign the reason of their altar being called
Alacabilis. Some conjecture they were ap-
peased only by human victims at first; but
afterward by common victims. Perhaps
Jheir altar may be so called, because it was
the altar of atonement, as distinguished
t
from others that were altars of thanksgiving
and divination. Diodorus Siculus relates
that slaves, who were illy treated by their
masters, fled here for safety. And their
masters were not allowed to take them away.
until they had given security for their good
treatment of them. Hence Ruteus thinks it
was called ara placabilis. This is the most
probable reason.
587. Habená ter: the string being whirl-
ed three times around his head to give the
greater force to the ball. t
588. Liquefacto plumbo: with the melted
lead. This is a poetical exaggeration, to
express the velocity of the ball through the
air. The expression is borrowed from Lu-
cretius. Or the poet may allude to the cast-
ing of the ball at first. Ruteus says, cale-
facto plumbo.
590. Intendisse: to have shot—directed.
592. Fudisse: in the sense of stravisse.
593. Cui Remulo : in the sense of cwt
Remulus erat cognomini: to whom Remulus
was for a surname. This construction is in
imitation of the Greeks.
594. Sociatus nuper: being lately connect-
ed with her in marriage. .
595. Relatu : a sup. in u, in the sense of
dictu. *
596. JNovo regno : with his new power,
which he acquired by being connected with
the royal family.
597. Ferebat sese: marched along—took
himself along.
598. Teneri: in the sense of claudi.
599. Praetendere: to oppose your walls to
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
485
En qui nostra sibi bello connubia poscunt"
Quis Deus Italiam, quae vos dementia adegit?
600 600. En homines, qui
poscunt
Non hic Atridae; nec fandi fictor Ulysses.
Durum a stirpe genus.
Natos ad flumina primūm
Deferimus, saevoque gelu duramus et undis
Wenatu invigilant pueri, sylvasque fatigant;
Flectere ludus equos, et spicula tendere cornu.
605
606. Eorum ludus end
At patiens operum, parvoque assueta juventus,
Aut rastris terram domat, aut quatit oppida bello.
Omne à-vum ferro teritur, versâque juvencúm
Terga fatigamus hastā.
Nec tarda senectus
Debilitat vires animi, mutatoue vigorem.
610
Canitiem galeå premimus; semperque recentes
Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto.
Wobis picta croco et fulgenti murice vestis;
Desidiae cordi; juvat indulgere choreis;
Et tunicae manicas, et habent redimicula mitrae.
O verè Phrygiae, neque enim Phryges ite per alta
Dindyma, ubi assuetis biforem dat tibia cantum.
Tympana Vos buxusque vocant Berecynthia matris
Sinite arma viris, et cedite ferro.
Talia jactantem dictis, ac dira canentem .
Idaeae.
613. Juvat mos
614. Est vobis vestis
615 picta
615. Desidiae sunt vo-
bis cordi:
618. Wobis
hwic sono.
621. Ascanius non tu-
lit JNumanum jactan-
tem, ac
assuetis
620
Non tulit Ascanius: nervoque obversus equino
NOTES.
death—to screen yourselves behind your
wall, and save yourselves from death. Heyne
reads, JMarte. The common reading is morti.
600. JNostra connubia: our brides. This
is said in allusion to the case of Lavinia.
602. Fictor fandi : the dissembler of
speech. Fandi: in the sense of verborum.
, 603. Durum genus: but we are a hardy
race from our origin.
605. Venatw: for venatui. See Ecl. v.
29. Invigilant: are fond of—have a special
regard to. Fatigant sylvas: weary the woods
—the beasts or game in the woods, by meton.
606. Cornw: from the bow. Spicula: in
the sense of sagittas.
608. Domat : in the sense of eacercet. Qua-
tit: in the sense of impugnat.
609. Ferro: with the sword; that is, in
Wölfe
610. Fatigamus terga: we strike the backs
of our oxen, &c. So constant were they
in the use of their arms, that they did not
even lay them aside when engaged in agri-
culture. They used their spears, &c. to spur,
or urge on their oxen while in the plough.
611. Mutat: in the sense of pellit.
612. Premimus, &c. By this we are to
understand that their old men had sufficient
vigor and strength of nerve, to bear arms.
613. Rapto: the plunder.
615. Desidiſe cordi: sloth is to you for
pleasure and delight. •
616. Tunica habent : your vests have
sleeves, and the ribbons of the mitre. Other
nations, particularly the Romans, had their
arms and necks naked, and looked upon
the covering of those parts as a mark of
effeminacy. This is said by way of reproach.
617. OverèPhrygiae, &c. He here speaks
by way of contempt, calling them not even
Phrygian men, but Phrygian women. The
Phrygians were noted for their effeminacy
and luxury. See AEn. iv. 216.
618. Dindyma: neu. plu. sing. Dindymus,
a mountain in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele.
Hence she is sometimes called Dindymine.
Its name is of Greek origin, and signifies
double-topt—having two tops, Biforem.
Some understand by this a pipe with only
two stops: others, two pipes with different
stops, which, being played upon together,
made very indifferent harmony.
cantum : discordant music.
£mparem.
619. Tympana : neu. plu.: timbrels. Bere-
cynthia ; an adj. from Berecynthus, a moun-
Ruteus says,
tain and castle in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele;
who sometimes was called Berecynthia.
Burus: properly, the box-wood; by meton.
a pipe made of the box-wood. This wood
is supposed to have abounded on mount
Berecynthus.
620. Idaea: : an adj. from Ida, a mountain
just back of Troy, sacred to Cybele, the
mother of the gods. Hence she is called
sometimes Ida'ſe. Sinite : in the sense of
relinquite. -
621. Camentem
nities—such reproaches.
quentem.
622. Equino nervo: the string of his bow
was made of horse-hair
Ruasus says, lo-
N.
Biforem
dira : uttering such indig- -
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Contendit telum, diversaque brachia ducens,
Constitit, antë Jovem supplex per vota precatus
- Jupiter omnipotens, audacibus annue coeptis.
626. Ego ipse feram Ipse tibi ad tua templa feram solemnia dona,
solemnia dona tibi ad Ét statuam ante aras aurată fronte juvencum
Candentem, pariterque caput cum matre ferentem,
**la
625
Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam.
630. Genitor Deorum
audiit
Audiit, et coeli genitor de parte serenå.
Intonuit lasvum. Sonat una letifer arcus:
630
Et fugit horrendum stridens elapsa sagitta,
Perque caput Remuli venit, et cava tempora ferro
Trajicit.
I, verbis virtutem illude superbis.
Bis capti Phryges haec Rutulis responsa remittunt. 635
636. Ascanius dirit Hæc tantùm Ascanius.
Laetitiáque fremunt, animosque ad sidera tollunt.
harc tantúm.
Teucri clamore sequuntur,
AEthereà tum forté plagā crimitus Apollo
Desuper Ausonias acies urbemoue widebat,
Nube sedens; atque his victorem affatur Iülum :
Macte nová virtute, puer: sic itur ad astra,
642. Omnia bella ven- Dis genite, et geniture Deos.
Gente sub Assaraci fato ventura resident :
Nec te Troja capit.
AEthere semittit, spirantes dimovet auras,
£ura fato,
Ascaniumque petit : formā tum vertitur Oris
Antiquum in Buten. SJHic Dardanio Anchisae
Armiger antë fuit, fidusque ad limina custos:
649. Tum pater AEneas Tum comitem Ascanio pater addidit.
addidit hunc
650. Similis longaevo
quoad omnia
Omnia longaevo similis, vocemdue, coloremdue
Et crimes albos, et sava sonoribus arma : *-
Atolue his ardentem dictis affatur Iülum :
Sit satis, AEneada, telis impuné Numanum
Oppetiisse tuis : primam hanc tibi magnus Apollo
640
Jure omnia bella
Simul haec effatus, ab alto
645.
Ibat Apollo
650
NOTES.
623. Ducens brachia ; drawing his arms
asunder. This is the posture of a man
drawing the bow to its full stretch. Telum.:
his arrow. •
624. Anté: in the sense of primūn.
628. Cadentem : in the sense of candi-
dum.
629. Petal : he pushes—butts.
631. Intonwit larvum: the left thundered;
or it thundered on the left. This was a lucky
omen. See Ecl. i. 18.
632. Stridens: whizzing loud.
633. Ferro: ferrum, here, the point of the
arrow, which was tipt with iron or steel—
the barb. -
637. Animos: the courage—valor of As-
Càill U.S.
638. Plaga : here, a part, or quarter of
the sky or heaven.
641. Macte: go on—persevere. Sic itv.r
ad astra: thus men arise to the stars, thou
descendant of the gods, &c. By great and
noble actions, men obtain immortality. As-
canius descended from Venus by Æneas his
father, and from Jove, by Dardanus, the
founder of the Trojan race. From Asca-
nius, called sometimes Iülus, descended Ju-
lius and Augustus Caesar, according to Vir-
gil, both of whom received divine honors.
643. Sub gente Assaraci : under the fa-
mily of Assaracus. He was of the royal
family of Troy, and one of the ancestors of
Ascanius. Jure: by justice or equity.
Here is an allusion to the universal peace
which took place under Augustus, at the
beginning of the Christian era.
645. Spirantes: blowing--whispering.
646. Oris : in the sense of vultiis. For-
má. This is the reading of Valpy and Ru-
asus. Heyne reads, formam. But forma is
the easier.
651. Saeva : harsh in sound—terrible in
sound. - -
652. Ardentem : fierce—ardent—eager fºr
fight. -
653. AEneada; the voc, of the patronymic
JEneades : the son of Æneas. Impune
without injuring thyself. .
654. Oppetiisse: in the sense of occubu
*sse vel ceridisse. -
ÆNEIS.
LIB. IX. 487
Concedit laudem, et paribuš non invidet armis.
Sic orsus Apollo,
Caetera parce, puer, bello.
655
Mortales medio aspectus sermone reliquit,
Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram.
Agnovére Deum proceres divinaque tela
Dardanidae, pharetramgue fugā sensére sonantem.
660
Ergö avidum pugnac dictis ac numine Phoebi
Ascanium prohibent : ipsi in certamina rurstis
Succedunt, animasque in aperta pericula mittunt.
It clamor totis per propugnacula muris.
Intendunt acres arcus, amentaque torquent.”
665
Sternitur omne solum telis: tum scuta, cavaeque
Dant sonitum flictugaleae : pugna aspera surgit.
Quantus ab occasu veniens pluvialibus hoedis
Verberat imber humum : quâm multà grandine nimbi
In vada praecipitant, clim Jupiter horridus Austris
668. Quantus imber
veniens pluvialibus hoe-
70 dis ab occasu solis
Torquet aquosam hyenem, et coelo cava nubila rumpit.
Pandarus et Bitias, Idaeo Alcanore creti,
Quos Jovis eduxit luco Sylvestris Hiera,
Abietibus juvenes patriis et montibus aequos.
Portam, quae ducis imperio commissa, recludunt,
*Freti armis, ultrôque invitant moenibus hostem.
Ipsi intus, dextrā ac lavă, pro turribus adstant,
Armati ferro, et cristis capita alta corusci.
Quales aériae liquentia flumina circum,
Sive Padi ripis, Athesim seu propter amoenum,
675
675. Quae commissa
erat ipsis imperio
678. Et corusci quoad
alta capita cristis. Taleš
quales geminae aeriae
630 quercus consurgunt
NOTES.
655. Paribus armis. Apollo, when a child,
killed the serpent Python in defence of his
mother, as Ascanius does here Numanus in
defence of his country. Dr. Trapp thinks
puribus is to be taken in a qualified sense:
not equal skill or glory in arms, but of the
like kind or sort of art in arms: for it can
hardly be supposed that he would compli-
ment a boy to the dishonor of himself.
656. Caetera parce: hereafter, boy, abstain
from fight—as to what remains, abstain, &c.
Orsus ; having thus said: a part. of the verb
ordior. Caetera : in the sense of caeterim
vel capterå. *
659. Dardanidae proceres : the Trojan no-
bles, or chiefs. Dardanidae : a sub. used
adjectively.
663. JMittunt animas : they expose their
lives, &c. Succedunt : in the sense of re-
deunt.
665. Amenta. These were properly a kind
of thongs, tied to javelins, by which they
were darted out of the hand. They served
to direct the weapon with more certainty.
The armenia here appears to be used for
the darts or javelins themselves; by meton.
.Acres : elastic.
667. Flictu : in the sense of conflictu.
668. Hoedis. The haedi, or kids, are two
stars in the constellation Auriga, just below
his shoulder. The rising and setting of
which were thought to influence the wea-
ther, and render it rainy. Veniens: arising
through the influence of the rainy kids.
670. Jupiter: in the sense of ačr. Hor-
tidus : black—deeply impregnated with va-
por. In vada; upon the sea. Ruasus says,
27, 7770.7°8. . .
672. Idaeo: an adj. from Ida, a mountain
of Phrygia.
674. Juvenes aquos : youths equal to their
paternal oaks and mountains. This is an
hyperbole to denote their great size and
strength. It is said they were brought up
by Hiera. Turnebus conjectures it should
be Hyaena, which is a beast resembling a
wolf; because it is said that Romulus was
brought up by a wolf. Abietibus et montibus :
the same as abietibus montanis, by hend.
675. Recludunt: in the sense of aperiunt.
676. Invitant : they invite—challenge.
They stand in the entrance of the gate, and
defy the enemy. -
677. Pro turribus : like towers—in the
room or place of towers: or perhaps before
the towers.
680. Padi. Padus or Eridanus, the Po,
a well known river of Italy, of considerable
magnitude. Athesim. This river rises in
the Alps, passes through Venice, and falls
into the Adriatic, not far from the mouth of
the Po. .
488 *. P
WIRGILII MARONIS
Consurgunt geminae quercus, intonsaque coelo
Attollunt capita, et sublimi vertice nutant.
Irrumpunt, aditus Rutuli ut vidére patentes.
Continuè Quercens, et pulcher Equicolus armis,
Et praeceps animi Tmarus, et Mavortius Haemon,
685
686. Totis agininibus Agminibus totis aut versi terga dedēre,
hostium
Aut ipso portae posuere in limine vitam.
Tum magis increscunt animis discordibus irae :
Et jam collecti Troës glomerantur eddem,
Et conferre manum, et procurrere longitis audent.-- 690
Ductori Turno diversä in parte furenti,
Turbantique viros, perfertur nuntius, hostem
Fervere caede nová, et portas praebere patentes.
Deserit inceptum, atque immani concitus irá
Dardaniam ruit ad portam, fratresque superbos.
696. Et, primum, ja- Et primūm Antiphaten,
Thebaná de matre nothum Sarpedonis alti,
Conjecto sternitjaculo.
Aéra per tenuem, stomachoque infixa sub altum
Pectus abit: reddit specus atri vulneris undam
Spumantem, et fixo ferrum in pulmone tepescit.
Tum Meropem atque Erymantha manu ; tum sternit
Aphydnum :
culo conjecto, stermit
Antiphaten, nothum alti
Sarpedonis de Thebaná
matre, enim
695
is enim se primus agebat,
Wolat Itala cornus
700
s
703. Tum termit Bi-Tum Bitian ardentem oculis, animisque frementem,
tlan
Non jaculo; neque enim jaculo vitam ille dedisset;
Sed magnüm stridens contorta falarica venit,
705
N OTEs,
f
681. Geminae ačriae quercus: as two ačri-
al oaks rise around, &c. This is a fine si-
mile. It is taken from Homer, Iliad xi.
685, Praceps. Ruabus says, temerarius.
688, Tum irae: then rage increases more
and more in the hostile minds of the Tro-
jams. Discordibus: in the sensé of hostili-
bus. Ruteus says, infensis.
690. Conferre manum : to engage in close
combat: a phrase.
, 692. Turbanti: routing—driving before
him. *
693. Fervere: rage with uncommon slaugh-
ter. Fervere signifies to be hot—to be busi-
ly engaged—also, to rage. JNova : uncom-
mon—unusual. Ruteus says, recenti. But
he takes fervere, in the sense of animari : to
be animated—encouraged. Praebere: in the
sense of offerre vel dare.
694. Deserit: in the sense of relinquit.
695. Superbos fratres : Pandarus and Bi-
tias, mentioned above, the sons of Alcanor.
696. Agebat se : presented himself—took
himself along.
697. Sarpedonis. Sarpedon was the re-
puted son of Jupiter. Hence the epithet
alti, high, or nobly born. He was king of
Lycia, and assisted Priam against the Greeks.
Thebana: an adj. from Thebes. ' There were
several cities of that name; one in Egypt,
one in Beotia, and one in Thessaly. The
h º
one here alluded to was in Asia JMinor: the
sovereignty of which was long disputed be-
tween the Lydians and Mysians. JYothum :
an illegitimate son. -
698. Cornus : the corneil-tree—also, a
javelin or dart made of the wood of that
tree, by meton.
700. Specus atri vulneris : the cavity of
the dark wound emits, &c. Specus is pro-
perly a den or cave, which is usually dark .
and gloomy. This idea the poet transfers
to the wound made by the javelin of Tur-
nus. Some copies have sanguinis in the
room of vulneris. In this case, atri sangui-
nis must be governed by undam, and not by
specus; which would signify the wound it-
self. The common reading is vulneris. Wal-
py takes specus for the wound itself—the
gaping wound. Undam : a stream—tide of
blood. Reddit: in the sense of emittit.
701. Fiaco: in the sense of transfico.
703. Ardentem: flashing fire with his eyes,
704. JN on jaculo enim, &c. The meaning
of this line is: that Turnus did not kill him
with an ordinary javelin, for he would not
have yielded his life to a javelin—it would
have had no effect on him. The others he kill-
ed with his hand—with an ordinary weapon.
705. Falarica. This was an oblong kind
of javelin, bound about with wild fire. It
was usually shot out of an engine against
AENEIS. LIB. IX,
489
Fulminis acta modo ; quam nec duo taurea terga,
Nec duplici squamá'lorica fidelis et auro
Sustinuit: collapsa ruunt immania membra.
Dat tellus gemitum, et clypeum super intonat ingens.
Qualis in Euboico Baiarum litore quondam
Saxea pila cadit, magnis quam molibus anté
Constructam jaciunt ponto : sic illa ruinam
Prona trahit, penitusque vadis illisa recumbit.
Miscent se maria, et nigraº attolluntur arenae.
Tum sonitu Prochyta alta tremit, durumque cubile
Inarime Jovis imperiis impósta Typhoeo.
Hic Mars armipotens animum viresque Latinis
Addidit, et stimulos acres sub pectore vertit :
Immisitolue fugam Teucris, atrumque timorem.
Undique conveniunt, quoniam data copia pugna: ; 720
Bellatorque animo Deus incidit.
Pandarus, ut fuso germanum corpore cernit,
709. Intonat
710 eum.
711. Quam construc-
tam anté homines Ja
ciunt
712. Sic illa cadens
prona
'715
super
716. Inarimeque im-
pósta Typhoeo quasi du-
rum cubile imperiis Jo-
vis, tremit.
720. Latini conveni-
unt undique, quoniam
copia pugnue data est
ipsis
Et'quo sit fortuna loco, qui casus agat res,
Portam, vi multà converso cardine, torquet,
NOTES.
wooden towers for the purpose of setting
them on fire. To show the prodigious
strength of Turnus, the poet intimates that
it was cast by him. To express the rapi-
dity of its flight, he says, it flew like a thun-
der-bolt: modo fulminis. a' -
706. Acta : driven—sent. JModo : in the
sense of more.
707. Duplici squamá. The plates of a
coat of mail were called squamae, from their
resemblance to scales. Squama et auro ; for
aurea squama, by hend. Fidelis : trusty—
faithful. It had hitherto protected him in
danger.
708. Ruunt : in the sense of cadunt. Col-
lapsa : failing—losing their strength.
709. Intonal, &c. These words may be
rendered: he, folling upon his mighty shield,
thunders; or, his mighty shield falling upon
him, &c. Clypeum : the same with clypeus.
This passage is imitated from Homer, Iliad
v. 42.
710. Euboico litore Baiarum. Baiae was
a place in Campania, famous for its foun-
tains of warm water, situated in the upper
part of the Sinus JNeapolitanus, near the
promontory Misenus. A colony from Chal-
ois, on the island Euboea, hodie, JNegropont,
founded the city Cumſe, not far from this
place. Hence the shore is called Euboean.
Qualis, &c. The meaning is: that Betias
fell like a mass of rocks, which had been
built up to a great height, and cast into the
sea, for the purpose of forming a dam or
barrier to the water.
711. JMolibus : for a dam or pier.
713. Prona : in the sense of ca lens. Illi-
sa: dashing upon the water. Penities : in
the sense of profundé. Recuml it: it sinks
deep to the bottom—it rests, &c. This,
to us, would be a novel way of making a
dam or pier in the water.
714. JMiscent se : in the sense of turbantwr.
715. Prochyta : an island lying to the south
of the promontory Misenus, and formerly
separated from the main land, by an earth-
quake, according to Pliny. Its name is of
Greek origin. Hodie, Procida. Alta : high,
in reference to its surface. Or, alta may
be taken in the sense of alté vel profunde.
Ruteus says, intima. Heyne observes, that
alta may be considered as an epithet proper
for all islands, inasmuch as they are eleva-
ted or raised above the sea, or surface of
the water ; alta, epitheton commune omnium
insularum, quatentis mari cminent.
716. Inarime. This is a high and elevated
island, laying to the west of Prochyta. This
passage is taken from Homer, Iliad ii. 283.
Typhoeo. Typhoeus was one of the giants
that attempted to scale heaven, and was
signally punished by Jove for the audacious
attempt.
718. Wertit acres : he turns his sharp
spurs under their breast. This is a meta-
phor taken from the application of the spur
to the sides of the horse, to increase his
speed and courage.
719. A trum : in the sense of horridum
grim—ghastly.
720. Copia : in the sense of opportunitas.
721. Incidit: in the sense of subiit ve’
tllabitwr. •
722. Corpore fuso : with his body streti.n
ed on the ground. Ut: in the sense of
quando. r
723. Casus : misfortune—danger. Agat
attends their affairs—rules—governs. Ru
teus says, impellat. -
724. Torquet: he shuts the gate.
490
P. VIRGILII MARONis
729. Incluserit
urbi, veluti
67/7].
739. Est nulla potes-
Obnixus latis humeris multosque suorum
Moenibus exclusos duro in certamine linquit;
Ast alios secum includit, recipitolue ruentes: **
Demens ! qui Rutulum in medio non agnine regem
Widerit irrumpentem, ultrôque incluserit urbi:
Immanem veluti pecora inter inertia tigrim.
Continuð nova lux oculis effulsit, et arma
Horrendūm sonuère : tremunt in vertice cristae
Sanguineae, clypeoque micantia fulgura mittunt.
Agnoscunt faciem invisam atque immania membra
Turbati subitó AEneadae. Tum Pandarus ingens
Emicat, et, mortis fraternae fervidus irà, .
Effatur: Non haec dotalis regia Amatae;
Nec muris cohibet patriis media Ardea Turnum.
Castra inimica vides: nulla hinc exire potestas.
730
735
tas .
Olli subridens sedato pectore Turnus:”
740
Incipe, si qua animo virtus, et consere dextram
Hic etiam inventum Priamo narrabis Achillem. *
Dixerat.
Ille rudem nodis et cortice crudo
Antorquet, summis adnixus viribus, hastam.
Excepère aurae vulnus : Saturnia Juno
'745
Detorsit veniens; portaeque infigitur hasta.
At non hoc telum, mea quod vidextera versat,
Effugies: neque enim is teli nec vulneris auctor.
749 Sic Turnus ait :
et consurgit
Sic ait: et sublatum alté consurgit in ensem,
Et mediam ferro gemina inter tempora frontem
'750
Dividit, impubesque immani vulnere malas.
NOTEs.
726. Duro ; in the sense of mortifero.
731. Continuo mova luz, &c. Davidson
refers this to the eyes of the Trojans, º ,'
not to those of Turnus. The comeliness o
his person and the brightness of his arms
rendered him easy to be distinguished by
the enemy. New light struck their eyes.
Both Dr. Trapp and Ruaus, refer it to Tur-
nus. Rugeus says, novum lumen emicuit
ea: oculis Turni.
732. Tremunt : wave.
733. Micantia: gleaming—reflecting from
his shield. JMittunt : in the sense of mit-
tunt se : throws—darts itself at a distance.
Davidson and Ruasus read mittit, referring
to Türnus. Heyne reads mittunt, agreeing
with fulgura in the nom. If we read mittit,
fulgura will be the acc. plu. governed by
that verb. -
What follows of the feats of Turnus is
astonishingly grand. But it may be object-
ed, that the story is beyond probability.
We are to recollect, however, that it is al-
lowable in poetry to go beyond real life:
and, beside, he is assisted in his amazing ex-
ploits by a divine power.
737. Haec non dotalis regia ; this is not
the palace of Amata, promised as a dowry
to thee. It was the purpose of Amata to
oestow her daughter Lavinia upon Tur-
nus, and, with her, the kingdom of Latium.
, The verb est is to be supplied.
738. Ardea. The capital city of the Ru-
tuli. JMedia: the middle or centre of your
dominions. Cohibet: in the sense of tenet.
Patriis : paternal walls.
741. Consere deartram :
hand with me.
742. Etiam : also—as well as among the
Greeks. -
743. Hastam rudem : a spear rough with
knots, &c. - §
745. Vulnus : in the sense of ictum, by
meton. .
746. Delors it : turned it aside.
in the sense of interveniens.
748. Enim neque auctor teli : for neither
the owner of the weapon, nor the author of
the stroke, is the same. He far excels you
in the strength of his body, and the nerve
of his arm. Vulneris : in the sense of ictiis.
Is : in the sense of idem.
749. Consurgit : he rises upon his sword,
raised high. He lifts up his sword, and rises
on tiptoe, to give greater force to the blow.
..Allé may be connected with consurgit, or sub-
latum. The sense is the same in oither case.
750. JMediam frontem : his head in the
middle between, &c. -
751. Impubes : beardless—without beard.
engage hand to
Veniens
ÆNEIS.
LIB. IX 491
Fit sonus. ingenti concussa est pondere tellus.
Collapsos artus atque arma cruenta cerebro
Sternit humi moriens: atque illi partibus aequis
Huc caput atque illuc humero ex utroque pependit. 755
Diffugiunt versi trepidá formidine Troés.
754. Atque caput pe-
pendit illi scissurn in
tequis partibus huc
Et, si continuð victorem ea eura subisset,
Rumpere claustra manu, sociosque immittere portis,
Ultimus ille dies bello gentigue fuisset.
Sed furor ardentem caedisque insana cupido
Egit in adversos. •
Principio Phalarim, et, succiso poplite, Gygen
Excipit: hinc raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas
In tergum: Juno vires animumque ministrat.
Addit Halyn comitem, et confixá Phegea parmál:
Ignaros deinde in muris, Martemque cientes, .
Alcandrumque Haliumque Noémonaque Prytanimgue.
Lyncea tendentem contrà, sociosque vocantem,
Vibranti gladio connixus ab aggere dexter
Occupat: huic uno dejectum cominūs ictu
Inde ferarum
Wastatorem Amycum, quo non felicior alter
Ungere tela manu, ferrumque armare veneno:
Et Clytium AEoliden, et amicum Cretea Musis;
Cretea Musarum comitem: cui carmina semper
Et citharaº cordi, numerosque intendere nervis ;
Semper equos, atque arma virtum, pugnasque canebat.
Tandem ductores, auditā caede suorum,
Conveniunt Teucri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus;
Palantesque vident socios, hostemque receptum.
Cum galeå longé jacuit caput,
759. Gentique Troju-
760 morum. -
763. Hinc ingerit has
tas raptas ab occisis in
tergum -
765. Comitem illis in
morte, et Phegea, ejus
parmá confixa
766. Deinde occudet
Alcandrumque, &c. ig-
maros ejus ingressils in
In UlriS
769. Connixus dexter
ab aggere, Turnus occu
pat Lyncea.
771. Inde occidit Amy
CUIII]
774. Et occidit Cly-
775 tium y
775. Cui carmina, et
cithara fuerant semper
cordi
780. Receptum in mu
ris. Et Mnestheus in
780 quit: quo deinde dur,
765
770
Et Mnestheus, Quð deinde fugam 7 quð tenditis 7 inquit, gitis fugam :
NOTES.
754. Illi : in the sense of illius. His head
hung, &c. Sternit: he brings to the ground.
Ruteus says, trahit.
757. Subisset victorem : had the thought
come into the mind of the victor to burst,
&c. Claustra : the bars of the gate—the
gate itself.
761. Egit in adversos : drove him furious
upon his foes. He could not resist the
temptation of pursuing his revenge on his
enemies, when they were full in his view. '
763. Eaccipit : in the sense of interficit.
He receives or surprises them with death.
Ingerit: in the sense of intorquet, veljacit.
766. Ignaros: ignorant of his being within
their walls. Not thinking of danger, and
not imagining that Turnus and death were
so near them. Cientes: rousing the martial
º of his friends—encouraging the
ght.
768. Tendentem contrô meeting him—
coming opposite to him. .
769. Dexter: on the right hand: or, dex-
terous, skilful. -
770. Occupat:
receives—takes. Interci-
pit, says Ruteus. -
ye direct your flight?
771. Caput hwic. The same as, huju,
caput : the dat. in the sense of the gen.
772. Felicior: more skilful—expert.
773. Ungere: to anoint. JManu : art—
skill, by meton. The practice of poisoning
arrows, and other missive weapons, obtained
among some nations of antiquity. It is
said to be done at the present day by some
tribes of Indians, and some of the barba-
rous nations of Africa. Ferrum: the point
or barb.
774. Hºoliden. He was skilful at playing
on wind instruments. He is therefore called
metaphorically the son of Æolus. There
is a propriety, therefore, in joining him with
Creteus, who was a distinguished musician,
and consequently a friend and companion
of the muses. Cretea, Lyncea, Phegea, are
Greek accusatives. -
776. Intendere numeros : to apply notes
to the strings of the lyre—to apply verse to
music. Rugeus says, edere sonos chordis.
Cordi: for a delight. Cithara, may here
mean musical instruments in general.
781. Quă deinde fugam? where next will
Servius says this
492
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Quos allos muros, quae jam ultrà moenia habetis?
783. Unus homo, et Unus homo, vestris, 6 cives, undique septus
alle septus vestris agge-
ribus undique
Aggeribus, tantas strages impuné per urbem
Ediderit 7 juvenum primos tot miserit Orco º '785
Non infelicis patriae, veterumque Deorum, .
787. Non miseretaue Et magni AEneas, segnes, miseretoue pudetoue !
Pºlºne voº, O segnes, Talibus accensi firmantur, et agmine denso
"ºrm. paulatim Consistunt. Turnus paulatim excedere pugnâ.
incipit Et fluvium petere, ac partem quae cingitur amni. 790
791. Teucri incipiunt Acritis hôc Teucri clamore incumbere magno,
acriús hôc Et glomerare manum. Ceu savum turba leonem
Cúm telis premit infensis: at territus ille
Asper, acerbā tuens, retró redit: et neque terga
795. Nec ille est potis Ira dare aut virtus patitur; nec tendere contrà 795
tendere contrå per tela Ille
virosque, quidem cu-
piens hoc
quidem hoc cupiens, potis est per tela virosque.
Haud aliter retrô dubius vestigia Turnus
Improperata refert; et mens exa-stuat irá. "
Quin etiam, bis tum medios invaserat hostes;
Bis confusa fugā per muros agnina vertit,
800
Sed manus é castris properé coit omnis in unum
Nec contra wires audet Saturnia Juno
803. Sufficere vires ei Sufficere :
contra Teucros.
806.
valet subsistere tantum
ampetum, nec cl
mec dextrá
aëriam coelo nam Jupiter Irim
Demisit, germanae haud mollia jussa ferentem;
* * Ni Turnus cedat Teucrorum moenibus altis.
Bºgº juvenis Ergö nec clypeo juvenis subsistere tantum,
ypeo Nec dextra valet: -
” Obruitur. Strepit assiduo cava tempora circum
805
injectis sic undique telis
Tinnitu galea, et saxis solida aºra fatiscunt:
810. Jubie sunt dis-Discussaeque jubae capiti; nec sufficit umbo
Ictibus: ingeminant hastis et Troés, et ipse
Fulmineus Mnestheus.
CºllSSæ
81C
Tum toto corpore sudor
NOTES.
is a bitter sarcasm. It implies that they had
already fled into their camp, and shut them-
selves up through fear, within their in-
trenchments. Tenditis : in the sense of
£bitis.
784. Aggeribus: in the sense of muris.
785. Ediderit: in the sense of effecerit.
787. Segnes: cowards. Rugeus says, O,
wnertes. It is better to consider segnes, as
the voc. than the acc. agreeing with vos un-
derstood, and governed by the verbs miseret
and pudet. It is more animated, and more
in the spirit of address.
788. Firmantur: in the sense of animan-
tur. By these words of Mnestheus the Tro-
jams were encouraged, and rallied; and
again returned to the attack.
790. Partem: the part of the walls which
was bounded by the river.
791. Höc acriºs, &c. This retreat of
Turnus gave courage to the Trojans, who
began to press upon him more closely, and
to form a band about him with a view to
surround him, and take him prisoner.
792. Turba: a company of hunters.
794. Acerbă : an adj. neu. plu. taken as
an adverb. This is common among the
poets. Thiens, a part. of tweor: looking
fiercely. -
795. Tendere contrå: to go forward.
798. Improperata: slow—deliberate. Of
in, negativum, and properatus.
800. Confusa: confused—disordered. Ru-
aeus and some others read conversa.
801. In unwm : against him alone.
unites. Of con, and eo.
805. JNº Turnus. A threat is intimated
or implied in the words, haud mollia man-
data ; which would be put in execution,
unless Turnus retired from the Trojan walls.
809. Tinnitu : ringing. Strepit: in the
sense of sonal.
810. Jubae : the plumes or feathers in
his helmet. These were struck from his
head. Umbo. The boss or extreme part
Coit:
of the shield, by synec. the whole shield.
This is not able to withstand the blows of
the missive weapons.
812. Fulminews: in the sense of ardens.
The Trojans, with Mnestheus fit their head,
AENEIS. LIB. IX.
493
Liquitur, et piceum, nec respirare potestas,
Flumen agit: fessos quatit aeger anhelitus artus.
Tum demüm praeceps saltu sese omnibus armis
Ille Suo cum gurgite flavo
Accepit venientem, ac mollibus extulit undis;
In fluvium dedit.
Et latum sociis ablutá cade remisit.
813. Nec est potestas
illi respirare
816. Ille fluvius acce
pit eum venientern cum
suo flavo gurgite, ac ex-
tulit eum mollibus undis;
ét remisit eum laetum so
ciis, cºde ablutá.
815
NOTES.
attack Turnus with such fury that he is
unable to maintain his ground. His solid
armor of brass is bruised and shattered by
the heavy stones hurled at him; his plumes
fall from his head; his trusty shield begins
to give way; and the enemy to repeat their
strokes with redoubled fury, with darts and
spears. In this situation, worn out with
fatigue, and panting for breath, he flings
himself into the Tiber, and returns in safety
to his camp.
814. Agit piceum flumen : pours a black
pitchy stream. Turnus sweat so copiously
that it fell from him in a stream. Mingled
beautiful.
with dust, which would adhere to his body,
it became tough and clammy like pitch, and
nearly of a similar color. AEger anhelitus.
This is such a difficulty of breathing as they
have, who are sickly, and asthmatic.
816. Ille suo gurgite. This is extremely
The poet represents the river
god, expanding his gulfy bosom to receive
Turnus, and bearing him off in safety upon
his waves.
818. Caede ablutá: the blood being washed
off. Not the blood from any wounds he had
received; but from those wounds which he
had inflicted.
QUESTIONs.
How is this book distinguished from all
the rest?
What does Turnus in the mean time *
Does he attempt to burn the Trojan ships?
What becomes of them?
At whose particular request was this
granted to them?
What does Dr. Trapp observe of this pas-
sage 3 -
Does he consider it a blemish to the book?
By whom is Turnus roused to arms?
To what does the poet compare the
marching of his troops? -
Where does the Ganges empty?
What is its length:
What course does it run ?
In what light is it considered by those
who live near it? 4
Where does the Nile rise?
Where does it empty?
And by how many mouths?
What effect has it upon the fertility of
Egypt?
What occasions its inundations?
Is this a fine comparison?
Having failed to burn the fleet, what
course does Turnus determine to pursue?
Was there any prodigy in the heavens at
this time 3 - -
What was that prodigy:
What effect had it upon the Trojans?
What effect had it upon the Rutulians?
Did Turnus make an address to his men.
upon the occasion?
What effect had it upon them 2
What is the character of that speech?
At the conclusion, what does he recom-
mend to his men 2
When does he resolve to attack the camp
of the Trojans?
What orders does he give to be observed
during the night?
What is the condition of the Trojans?
What do they in the mean time :
Is there any proposition made to recall
AEneas 2 -
By whom was it made? -
Who were Nisus and Euryalus?
Had any mention been made of their
friendship before ? .*
In what book?
And upon what occasion ?
What is the character of this episode 2
How many lines does it occupy?
In what state does the poet represent the
Rutulian camp during the night?
Which of the two friends is the elder? •
Do they pass peaceably through the ene-
my’s camp 2
What then did they do?
How long did they continue the slaugh-
ter? 4
Did they both make their escape from
the camp 2
What prevented Euryalus from accompa-
mying Nisus? -
By whom was he taken prisoner?
Who commanded this troop of horse?
Where was Nisus during these transac-
tions? - \,
When he perceived his friend to be miss-
ing, what course did he pursue?
494
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Having found him in the hands of the
enemy, what did he do?
Whom did he kill?
What effect had this upon the mind of
Volscens?
By whom was Euryalus slain:
When he found he was about to be killed,
did Nisus discover himself?
Did he make any appeal to the enemy
upon this occasion ?
What was his object in doing this? .
Unable to save his life, what resolution
did he take 2 º
Whom did he kill?
Was he slain himself also : •
What is the character of this episode 2
Is it objectionable in any respect?
What are the principal grounds of objec-
tion ?
At the return of day, what does Turnus do?
In what way did the Trojans learn of the
death of Nisus and Furyalus:
What effect had the news upon the mo-
ther of Euryalus?
How was she employed at that time *
... What effect had the sight of his head upon
her ?
In what light may her lamentation be
considered 2
What is the character of this sequel 2
Who among the ancients is said to have
greatly admired it? -
By what troops was the assault com-
menced 2 -
What do you mean by the testudo, or tar-
get defence 2 -
On what occasion was that used ?
What was the character of this assault 2.
Were the enemy repulsed in this attack?
What feats of valor did Turnus perform 2
What effect had the burning of the tower
upon the Trojans? -
By whom was it set on fire 2
After this, was the assault renewed 2
Was any part of the Trojans, at this
time, without the ramparts? -
Were they able to defend themselves?
What did the sentinels at the gates do in
this crisis?
Why did they open the gates?
Who were stationed as guard at the gates?
What was their stature and strength 2
Did Turnus enter along with the fugi-
tives? -
Was he perceived at the time?
Was the gate closed immediately on his
entrance 3 -
What feats of valor does he here perform?
Whom does he first kill 2
Are the Trojans able to stand before him 2
What remark does the poet make after
the admission of Turnus, and the closing of
the gate:
How does the poet account for this want
of thought in the hero? -
By whom are the Trojans finally rallied,
and brought again to the attack?
What becomes of Turnus 2
How does he escape from them? -
Did he receive any injury from the host
of weapons sent at him :
By whom was Turnus assisted in his
mighty achievements :
Did he return in safety to his troops”
LIBER DECIMUs.
JUPITER calls a council of the gods, and forbids them to assist either side.
On this occa-
sion, Venus makes a very pathetic speech in favor of the Trojans, and entreats Jupiter
to interfere in their favor, and not to suffer them to be entirely destroyed. Juno replies
in a strain haughty and imperious, and attributes their misfortunes to their own folly
and misconduct, and particularly to the conduct of Paris in the case of Helen; and
insinuates that Æneas was playing the same game at the court of Latinus.
Jupiter
concludes their deliberations by a speech, in which he declares he will assist neither
party, that success or disaster should attend their own actions.
As soon as Æneas had concluded a treaty with the Tuscans, he hastens his return, accom-
panied by his allies.
On his way he is met by a choir of nymphs: one of whom informs
him of the transformation of his ships, of the attack of Turnus upon his camp, of the
great slaughter he had made, and the distress to which his friends were reduced. When
he arrives in sight of his camp, the Trojans shout for joy; and Turnus resolves to
prevent their landing. Leaving a sufficient number to besiege the camp, he marches
with the rest of his forces to the shore. AEneas divided his troops into three divisions,
and, in that order, effected a landing. Here a general engagement commences, and
AEneas performs prodigies of valor. The Arcadians were routed by the Latins. When
Pallas perceives them give way, he hastens along the ranks, animates his men, and
brings them again to the charge. Here he performs feats of valor. Lausus, who com-
manded one wing of the Latins, opposed him with equal skill and valor.
Tuscan and Trojan, fell before him.
Arcadian,
AENEIS. LIB. X. 495
In the mean time, Turnus, informed of the havoc made by Pallas, determines to attack
him in person. He proceeds against the youthful warrior, who, undaunted, meets him
with strength and arms unequal.
After the death of Palias, a great slaughter of the Trojans ensues. AEneas, in an other
part of the line, informed of the death of Pallas and the slaughter of his troops, imme-
diately sets out in search of Turnus. In his way he kills a great number, and puts to
flight whole ranks. Venus assists the Trojans, and Juno intercedes with her husband
to favor the Latims; but to no purpose. However, he permits her to bear away Turnuſ
from the fight, and save him from the vengeance of Æneas. The goddess instantly
repairing to the field of battle, assumed the shape and attire of Æneas; and, by a de-
vice of hers, conducted Turnus from the fight. As soon as he was out of danger, the
phantom vanished. Discovering the deception, the hero becomes frantic with rage and
disappointment. -
Mezentius succeeds Turnus in command, and makes head against the Trojans. The
fight is renewed with great fury, and he performs feats of valor. Victory, for a time,
seems equally poised. ACneas beholds him thundering along the ranks, prostrating all
who stand before him ; and resolves to meet him. Mezentius throws a spear, which,
glancing from the shield of Æneas, kills Antores, who had been the companion of Her-
cules. The spear of Æneas wounds him in turn, but not mortally. In this situation,
Lausus succors his father, and, flinging himself between the combatants, affords him an
opportunity to retire, and, in the pious duty, loses his own life. He retires to the river,
and washes his wound. All his anxiety is for his son, his affectionate, his dutiful Lau-
sus. Messenger after messenger he sends to recall him from the fight. But when he
learns his death, he resolves to return to fall by the hand of Æneas, or to bear off his
spoils. For this purpose, he mounts his faithful courser, arms himself, and rushes into
the field, seeking the victor. The book concludes with the death of Mezentius.
PANDITUR intereà domus omnipotentis Olympi:
Conciliumque vocat Divām pater atoue hominum rex
Sideream in Sedem ; terras unde arduus omnes,
Castraque Dardanidüm aspectat, populosque Latinos.
Considunt tectis bipatentibus. Incipit Ipse : 5
Coelicolae magni, quianam sententia vobis
Versa retró 7 tantümque animis certatis iniquis 7
Abnueram bello Italiam concurrere Teucris:
Quae contra vetitum discordia º quis metus, aut hos,
Aut hos arma sequi, ſerrumque lacessere suasit'
Adveniet justum pugna, ne accersite, tempus,
5. Super considunt
tectis bipatentibus. Ju
piter ipse incipit sic
9. Quae est haec dis
cordia contra meum veti
tum ? Quis metus suasit
10 authos Italos, aut hos
Teucros sequi
NOTEs.
mentioned by the poet before. On the con-
trary, Jove had declared that Æneas should
1. Olympi. Olympus is a very high moun-
tain in the confines of Thessaly and Mace-
donia, whose summit is above the clouds.
Hence the poets made it the residence of
Jove. Here they assigned him a sumptu-
ous palace. The epithet omnipotens is added
by way of eminence; that being the pro-
per epithet of Jove, who had there his re-
sidence. The poet here imitates Homer,
Iliad, lib. viii.
4. Aspectat ; in the sense of despicit. Ar-
duus : in the sense of sublimis.
5. Bipatentibus : opening both ways, to
the right and left.
6. Coelicolae: in the sense of Superi. Qui-
anam: in the sense of cur. The meaning
is: why have ye changed your purpose of
assisting neither party Why do ye con-
tend with so much animosity ? and disre-
gard my prohibition that the Italians should
not oppose the Trojans?
8. Abnwernm: I had forbidden the Italian
aations, &c. This prohibition had not been
always escape the calamities of war.
carry on a great war in Italy, bellum in-
gens geret Italia. AEn. i. 263. It is proba-
ble that the poet would have corrected this
passage, if he had lived to revise this part of
his works.
10. Eacessere: in the sense of commovere,
says Ruteus. Suasit : in the sense of im-
pulit. Arma : by meton. for bellum. \
11. Adveniet justum : the proper time for
war will arrive, &c. Jove declares in coun-
cil that the Italians had engaged in the
war against the Trojans, contrary to his
wish and inclination; that it was his desire
Italy should open its bosom, and receive
them in friendship and amity. But do not
ye gods, infer hence that I wish they should
The
time will come in its proper season, nor do
ye hasten it, when warlike Carthage shall
bring a great destruction upon the Roman
towers. Then you may indulge your ani
*
496
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Cüm fera Carthago Romanis arcibus olim
Exitium magnum, atque Alpes immittet apertas.
Tum certare odiis, tum res rapuisse licebit.
Nunc sinite, et placitum laeti componite foedus.
Jupiter haec paucis : at non Venus aurea contra
16. Jupiter dia.it hac
paucis verbis. Pauca refert:
19. Quid aliud numen
sit, quod
15
O pater, 6 hominum Divāmque aeterna potestas'
(Namgue aliud quid sit, quod jam implorare queamus 7)
Cernis ut insultent Rutuli º Turnusque feratur
20
Per medios insignis equis, tumidusque secundo
Marte ruat? non clausa tegunt jam moenia Teucros:
Quin intra portas, atque ipsis praelia miscent
Aggeribus murorum, et inundant sanguine fossae
25. A neas, ignarus AEneas ignarus abest. Nunquamne levari
Obsidione sines 7 muris iterum imminet hostis
harum rerum abest.
25
Nascentis Trojae, nec non exercitus alter :
Atque iterum in Teucros AFtolis surgit ab Arpis
,” t -
NOTEs.
mosities, then you may forment discord; but
now cultivate harmony, and practice good
will toward each other. Carthage was the
most powerful rival of Rome. It was a
very flourishing and commercial state. The
interests of the two nations soon began to
Interfere, and a war broke out between
them. A naval battle was fought off Sicily,
in which the Carthaginians were victorious;
but the Romans had the advantage by land.
A peace was concluded very much to the
disadvantage of the former. The Cartha-
ginians gave up all the islands between
Africa and Italy, and agreed to pay 2,200
talents annually, for twenty years, to the
Romans. This took place in the year of
Rome 513. Twenty-four years after this, a
second war broke out between the two rival
powers. Hannibal was commander-in-chief
of the 'Carthaginians. He led his army
into Spain, which he subjugated as far as
the Iberus. He thence passed over the Alps
into Italy, where he defeated the Romans in
several engagements, with great slaughter,
and filled Rome itself with fear and conster-
nation ; and if he had marched directly to
Rome, it would, in all probability, have fallen
before his victorious arms. In this juncture
of affairs, Fabius Maximus was made dic-
tator; who, by his prudent measures, and,
a hove all, by his declining a general engage-
ment, and protracting the war, in some
measure, recovered the Roman affairs. In
the mean time, Scipio was sent into Africa
to attack Carthage. Hannibal was recalled
to defend his country. The Romans, how-
ever, were victorious, and Carthage became
tributary. The intrepid Hannibal saved his
life by fleeing his country. . This war lasted
seventeen years. In the third Punic war,
as it was called, Carthage was utterly ra-
sed, under the younger Scipio, in the year of
Rome 608
12. Fera : warlike—fierce. -
13. Apertas Alpes. Scaliger thinks per is
to be supplied ; meaning that the Carthagi-
nians marched through or over the Alps.
This to be sure is the true meaning: but
the construction will not bear it. We must
not throw away the atque. Both Dr. Trapp
and Ruapus understand the people of the
Alps, whom Hannibal took with him. I can
hardly think this to be the meaning. The
expression is highly figurativo and poetical.
It represents Hannibal and his army pour-
ing through the passages of the Alps, as if
the mountains themselves were moved or
sent against Rome.
14. Tum licebit, &c. The gods are here
represented as divided and split into factions
and parties. To calm their dissentions, Jove
tells them a time will come when they may
indulge their passions, and plunder and
commit acts of violence, Dr. Trapp thinks
the words licebit, &c. refer to the Trojans
and Latins, on account of whom the gods
were split into factions. It is common for
writers, especially the poets, to ascribe the
evil actions of men to the gods, under whose
influence they were supposed to act. Res:
the Roman state. Rugeus says, Trojanas res.
15. Sinite: be quiet—permit it to be so.
Componite : in the sense of facite, vel conci-
liate. Placilum : in the sense of destimatum.
Quod placet mihi, says Rugeus.
22. Tegunt: protect—defend.
23. JMiscent : in the sense of committunt.
24. Ipsis aggeribus : on the very ramparts
of the walls.
27. Nec non : in the sense of quoque, vel
etiam. Imminet : presses upon—besieges.
Ruãºus says, instat.
28. AEtolis Arpis. Arpi was a city of
Apulia. It is called Ætolian from AEtolia,
the country of Diomede, who led a colony
into that part of Italy, and founded Arpi.
AENEIS.
Ll B. X. 497
Tydides.
Juveris auxilio.
Equidem, credo, mea vulnera restant:
Et tua progenies mortalia demoror arma.
Si siné pace tuă, atque invito numine, Troés
Italiam petière, luant peccata; neque illos
Sin tot responsa secuti,
30 .30. Et ego tua proge
ITICS -
31. Si Troés petière
Italiam sine
33. Sin fecerunt wise
Quae Superi Manesque dabant; cur nunc tua quisquam cuti tot responsa oracu-
Flectere jussa potest ? aut cur nova condere fata?"
&uid repetam exustas Erycino in litore classes :
Quid tempestatum regem, ventosque furentes
35 lorum, quae
35. Aut cur quisquam
potest condere
AEoliá excitos ? aut actam nubibus Irim
Nunc etiam Manes (haec intentata manebat
Sors rerum) movet: et superis immissa repentë
Alecto, medias Italàm bacchata per urbes.
Nil super imperio moveor : speravimus ista,
Dum fortuna fuit : vincant, quos vincere mavis.
Si nulla est regio, Teucris quam det tua conjux
Dura: per eversae, genitor, fumantia Trojae 45
Excidia obtestor; liceat dimittere ab armis
Incolumem Ascanium ; liceat superesse nepotem.
AEneas Sané ignotis jactetur in undis;
39. Nunc etiam June
40 movet - -
40. Alecto immissa
in superis regionibus lu-
C2S
43. Dum fortuna fuit
propitia: illi vincant
45. O genitor, obtes-
tor te per fumantla ex-
cidia
Et, quamcunque viam dederit fortuna, sequatur:
Hunc tegere, et dirae valeam subducere pugna.
Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphos, atque Cythera,
Idaliaeque domus: positis inglorius armis
Exigat hic aevum. Magnâ ditione jubeto
50
52. Ascanius inglo
rius exigat Bevum hic,
armis positis.
NOTES.
He was the son of Tydeus. Turnus sent to
him with a view to engage him in the war,
but without success, as will appear in the
following book. Venus, to aggravate her
case, would, insinuate that a Grecian army
was approaching the Trojan camp under the
conduct of great Diomede. This is the hos-
tis, and the alter eacercitus, just mentioned.
29. JMea vulnera restant: my wounds re-
main. Ruteus thinks this is a reference to
the wound she received from Diomede, when
she rescued Łneas from the encounter with
that hero. Iliad, v. 335. And she fears the
same thing may happen again. This eluci-
dates the words demoror mortalia arma. But
Venus may speak in the name of the Tro-
jans, considering their wounds and suffer-
ings as her own. Demoror: in the sense
of expecto.
31. Pace : permission or leave. Pace:
m the sense of venia. JNſumine: in the sense
of voluntate. *
34. JManesque. This perhaps refers to the
predictions and intimations, which AFneas
had received from the ghosts of Hector,
Anchises and Creusa. JManes, sometimes
are taken for the infernal gods. It is here
opposed to Superi, the gods above,
35. Flectere: to avert or turn aside. Fata:
purposes—decrees. Condere: to make—or-
dain—appoint. Ruteus says, statuere.
shore. See AEn. v. 660. Where the Trojar:
matrons, at the instigation of lris, set fire to
their ships. Repetant : in the sense of com-
7??&777.07"6???,
37. Regem : AEolus king of the winds.
See AEm. i.
39. JManes movet. Here JManes plainly
means the infernal powers, whom Juno rous-
ed up against the Trojans, when she called
up Alecto from her dire abode. This was the
first time Juno had recourse to the powers
below, to assist her in the destruction of the
Trojans. This will help us to understand
the words: hatc sors rerum manebat intentata.
Sors: in the sense of pars.
41. Bacchata: est is understood.
42.2 JMoveor nil; I am not solicitous about
empire—I am not moved, &c.
46. Liceat: may it be permitted me to
remove (or take) Ascanius, &c.
50. Waleam: I would wish to be able—
I could desire to be permitted. Tegere : to
protect—rescue. •.
51. Amathus: gen. amathuntis; a city of
the island of Cyprus. Hodie, Lamisso, Pa-
phos or Paphus; another city of the same
island. Hodie, Paffo. Cythera: neu. plu.
an island between the Peloponnesus and
Crete. Idalium or Idalia: a city of Cyprus.
All these places were sacred to Venus.
36, in Erycino litore: on the Sicilian , 52. Domus; in the sense of sedes.
33
498
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
54. Nihil ortum inde Carthago premat Ausoniam : nihil urbibus inde
bbstabit
55. Quid juvit AEnean
evadere
57. Totgue pericula
maris, vastaque terræ
ſuisse exhausta, dum
Obstabit Tyriis.
Quid pestem evadere belli 55
Juvit, et Argolicos medium fugisse per ignes"
Totaue maris, vastaque exhausta pericula terrae,
Dum Latium Teucri, recidivaque Pergama quærunt? .
Non satius cineres patriae insedisse supremos,
Atque solum, quo Troja fuit 7 Xanthum et Simoënta 60
61. Miseris Teucris
Redde, oro, miseris; iterumque revolvere casus .
Da, pater, Iliacos Teucris.
Tum regia Juno
Acta furore gravi; Quid me alta silentia cogis
Rumpere, et obductum verbis vulgare dolorem 7
AEnean hominum quisquam Divāmgue subegit
65
Bella sequi, aut hostem regi se inferre Latino 7
Italiam petiit fatis auctoribus, esto,
Cassandrae impulsus furiis.
Num linquere castra
Hortati sumus, aut vitam committere wentis'
70. Num persuasimus
ei credere summam belli,
num credere muros pu-
ero? JN'um persuasimus
ei agitare
Num puero summam belli, num credere muros ?
Tyrrhenamve fidem, aut gentes agitare quietas'
Quis Deus in fraudem, quae dura potentia nostra
Egit? ubi hic Juno, demissave nubibus Iris'
70
NOTES.
54. Inde: hence—from Ascanius. He will
not be in the way, or oppose the Tyrian city.
55. Pestem: destruction—ruin.
57. Eachausta: undergone—finished—ex-
nausted to the very dregs. The verb esse,
vel ſuisse, is understood.
58. Recidiva. Davidson thinks recidiva,
nere, means tottering again, or threatening
a fall. But it also signifies, set up again
after it is fallen, or rebuilt. Dr. Trapp takes
it here in this sense. Commentators are not
agreed upon the true import of the word.
The whole speech of Venus is extremely
artful, and well calculated to produce the
desired effect. It is distinguished for its
sweetness, tenderness, and pathos,
59, JN on satilis : would it not have been
better for them to have settled upon, &c.
The verb esset, vel fuisset, is understood.
62. Da, pater: grant, O, father, that they
struggle again with the Trojan disasters;
rather than continue in this state of sus-
pense. These words, or words of the like
import, appear to be requisite to complete
the sense, and preserve the connexion.
63. Acta : in the sense of impulsa vel
agitata.
t;4. Obductum : in the sense of occultum.
67. Italiam petitt, &c. This speech of
Juno is very different from that of Venus:
the one is tender, persuasive, and pathetic;
the other haughty, imperious, and sarcastic.
In the beginning, she acknowledges that
AEneas undertook his voyage at the direc-
tion of the gods; but she will have it, that
it was particularly at the instance of Cassan-
dra, the daughter of Priam, a prophetess
whom nobody believed. Auctoribus : ad-
visers—persuaders, or the first movers.
68. Furiis; this Rugeus interprets by va.
ticiniis.
70. Summam : the management—chief
command. .
71. Fidem, aut gentes, agitare, &c. This
is a difficult passage, arising partly from the
conciseness of the expression, and partly
from the falsehood of the assertion. Com-
mentators are generally agreed that fidem
is to be taken for dlliance or friendship, in
the sense of foºdus. To connect ggitare with
it in that sense, we must take the verb in
the sense of implorare, which it will hardly
bear. But if we take fidem to mean the
loyalty and allegiance, which the Tuscans
bore to Mezentius their king; and there is
no reason, why it may not; then agitare, in
its common acceptation, to disturb, shake
or unsettle, may be connected with it, as
well as with quietas gentes. It was not true,
however, that the nations to which HEneas
applied for assistance were at peace. For
both the Tuscans and Arcadians were at
war with the Latins. Heyne takes agitare
.fidem, in the sense of solicitare societatem et
foedus. Quietas: at peace.
72. Qua, dura nostra : what rigid power
of ours. This refers to the epithet dura,
which Venus uses in relation to her, verse
44. Commentators generally take fraudem
to mean detriment—damage. Ruteus in-
terprets it by damnum, and it may so mean
here; for Juno, all along, reflects upon the
false steps and bad management of Æneas.
But it may also mean fraud, alluding to the
attempt to draw the ‘Tuscans from their
allegiance to their king. Heyne takes frau
dem in the sense of malum. Servius, in the
sense of periculum. Davidson renders it
AENEIS.
LIB, X 499
Indignum est, Italos Trojam circundare flammis
Nascentem, et patriá Turnum consistere terrá ;
75
Cui Pilumnus avus, cui diva Venilia mater.
-Quid, face Trojanos aträ vim ferre Latinis?
Arva aliena jugo premere, atque avertere praedas 7
Quid, soceros legene, et gremiis abducere pactas 7
bacem orare manu, praefigere puppibus arma 7
Tu potes AEneam manibus subducere. Graiſim,
Proque viro nebulam et ventos obtendere inames;
77. Quid est illud, Tro
janos
79. Quid est illud, le
80 gere soceros, et abdu
cere pactas sponsas e
gremiis sponsorum ?
Et potes in totidem classem convertere Nymphas:
Nos aliquid Rutulos contrå juvisse, nefandum est.
AEneas ignarušabest: ignarus et absit.
Est Paphos, Idaliumque tibi; sunt alta Cythera:
Quid gravidam bellis urbem, et corda aspera tentas?
Nos-ne tibi fluxas Phrygiae res vertere fundo
Conamur 2 nos ? an miseros qui Troas Achivis
Objecit? quae causa fuit consurgere in arma
84. Nos juvisse Rutu-
85 los aliquid contrå Troja-
70,0S.
85. HEneas
periculi wrbis
89. JWum, nos, inquam.
an ille Paris qui
90
ignarus
Europamque Asiamdue, et foedera solvere furto? *
NOTES.
by the words “guileful measures,” alluding
to what is said in the preceding line.
74. Indignum est: it is a heinous crime, to
be sure, that the Italians, &c. -
76. Pilumnus : a king of the Rutuli, and
reputed son of Jove. He was one of the
ancestors of Turnus, and was deified. Peni-
lia ; she was the sister of Amata, and mo-
ther of Turnus. She also was made a
goddess. *
77. Quid, Trojanos : what is it for the
Trojans to offer violence, &c. Servius ex-
plains atra face, by savo bello. , Dr. Trapp
thinks this is an allusion to the story of
Paris, whose mother dreamed she should
bring forth a torch or fire-brand; he being
the cause of the war, which proved the ruin
of Troy. Faw, signifies the first motives or
incentives to any thing. Faw belli, is there-
fore the commencement of war. Incendia
belli, is a war when it hath come to its height,
and lays every thing waste before it, like a
devouring flame. Atrá face: with black or
hostile torches. Ruabus says, nigris taedis.
78. Premere jugo : to subjugate. Arva :
in the sense of terras vel regiones.
79. Legere. Servius renders it, by furari.
Hence they are called Sacrilegi, qui sacra
legunt; i. e. furantur. Pactas: betrothed
spouses; sponsas being understood, or per-
haps it is implied in pactas. Legere soceros :
to steal fathers-in-law ; that is, to marry
their daughters without their consent, and
against their wills. Heyne says, eligere—
SQ47?67°0.
80. Orare pacem: to implore peace with
the hand, and to fix arms on the sterns of
their ships. This refers to the olive boughs,
which they held in their hands as a sign of
peace when they visited the court of Lati-
nus. This is an invidious reflection of
Juno, and entirely groundless. If it refer
to the Latins, there was no crime in suing
for peace, and being at the same time pre-
pared for war. It was the most likely way
to obtain it. If it relate to the Arcadians:
they had no design of war upon them.
Their arms were designed only to guard
them against the insults of enemies on their .
passage to the court of Evander.
84. JWefandum est: it is a horrid crime for
us, &c. The following line contains a most
severe sarcasm. As if Juno had said: if
AEneas, the general of an army, choose to
be absent in so critical a juncture, and is
not careful to inform himself of their state,
let him, for aught I care, remain ignorant,
and never return.
87. Urbem. The city Laurentum, to the
government of which Æneas would arrive,
by marrying Lavinia. Gravidam : potentem,
says Rubeus. Aspera : in the sense of belli-
COS (i.e.
88. Tibi. This is either redundant, or
used in the sense of twº, agreeing with
Phrygia. Juno here speaks in the present
time, though reference is had to the Trojan
war. This change of tense is often very
elegant. It gives life and animation to the
subject. Fluzas res. Rubeus says, fragile
regnum, the frail power of thy Troy,
89. Qwi. This refers to Paris, who was
the cause of the Trojan war. Nos : was it
I, or was it not rather that Paris, who expo-
sed the unhappy, &c.
91. Furto: here adultery, treacherv Fur.
tum also signifies any private, or secret act
of wickedness. An allusion is here made
to the rape of Helen, which was ºr act of
the basest kind; a most perfidious crime.
After this the Greeks, we mavs" epose, would
500
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
Meduce, Dardanius Spartam expugnavit adulter?
Aut ego tela dedi, fovi-ve cupidine bella
.94 Tuis Trojanis
lTunc decuit metuisse tuis; nunc sera querelis
Haud justis assurgis, et irrita jurgia jactas...}
95
Talibus orabat Juno : cunctioue fremebant
Coelicolae assensu vario : ceu flamina prima
Cüm deprènsa fremunt sylvis, et caeca volutant
Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos.
Tum pater omnipotens, rerum cui summa potestas,
Infit.
Eo dicente, Deûm domus alta silescit,
101
- Et tremefacta solo tellus, silet arduus aether: .
103. Posuère flatum ; Tum Zephyri posuère ; premit placida aqāora pontus.
pontus
Accipite ergö animis atque haec mea figite dicta.
Quandoquidem Ausonios conjungi foedere Teucris
105
Haud licitum est, nec vestra capit discordia finem :
107. Secat sibi factis,
sive fuat Tros, Rutulus-
ve, habebo eos
109. Seu castra Tro-
sanorum tenentur
flumina
Quae cuique est fortuna hodie, quam quisque secat spem,
Tros Rutulusve fuat, nullo discrimine habebo: -
Seu fatis Italàm castra obsidione tenentur,
Sive errore malo Trojae, monitisque sinistris.
Nec Rutulos solvo.
Fortunamque ferent.
113. Ille annuit per Fata viam invenient.
110
Sua cuique exorsa laborem
Rex Jupiter omnibus idem.
Stygii per flumina fratris,
Per pice torrentes atrâque voragine ripas
NOTES.
have no further intercourse, or treaties, with
the Trojans: which is the idea conveyed in
solvere foedera. Heyne takes furto, in the
sense of raptu. *
92. Earpugnavit Spartam. History informs
us that Paris did not carry off Helen in an
amicable manner, but by violence and force.
In her heart, however, she might not have
been averse to it. This the Trojan prince
effected in the absence of the Grecian king,
who had entertained him in a very hospita-
ble manner. Juno here calls him an adul-
terer, and represents him as an insidious
enemy. Expugnavit: he assaulted, &c.
93. Fovi bella : fomented—caused wars
through lust. Cupidine: unlawful desire,
or love.
94. JWunc: this refers to the time of the
rape of Helen. Here Juno is extremely
Sever 6,
95. Hawd justis: in the sense of injustis.
Jurgia: reproaches—complaints.
97. Vario assensw: with various assent ;
some approved of the speech of Venus,
others of the speech of Juno. -
98. Deprénsa : , caught—pent up in the
woods. Caeca murmura. murmurs scarcely
to be heard. Prodentia: intimating to, &c.
101. Infit: in the sense of incipit.
102. Solo. Whatever supports any thing
may be called solum. Solum terræ would be
the foundation of the earth. Ruteus says,
à fundamentis.
103. P, emit: levels—renderssmooth. Ru-
Jeus says, st ſnit.
107. Quam spem, &c. Servius and some
others take secat : in the sense of tenet ve;
habet. But Turnebus, in the sense of sumit;
and Ruteus, in the sense of assumit : takes,
or assumes to himself; as when one divides
a thing into parts or portions. Heyne dif-
fers from most commentators in the sense of
the verb secat. He takes it in the sense of 2n-
eidere, vel perdere; to cut off, or destroy by
their actions. \
109. Fatis Italiim, &c. This is generally
understood of the fates unkind or hostile to
the Italians. Rugeus interprets ſatis, by
damno: loss or damage. Davidson thinks
malis is to be supplied.
110. JMalo errore ; whether by a fata.
error of Troy, and inauspicious presages—
whether the Trojans shall be successful in
repelling the assaults of the Italians: this is
expressed in the preceding line, sew ſatis ; or
whether the Italians should prove victorious
over the Trojans; these having been de-
ceived by false predictions, and led into a
fatal error, in coming hither to find a per-
manent settlement. .
111. Sua eacorsa: their own enterprises or
actions shall bring to each party disaster or
success. The issue of the war shall depend
upon the parties engaged—I will assist nei-
ther. Laborem: Rugeus says, dàmnum.
112. Idem : in the sense of acquus. The
verb erit is understood. -
113. Stygii fratris. Pluto. See Geor.iii.
1
AENEIS. LIB. X
501
Annuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum
Hic finis fandi. Solio tum Jupiter aureo
Surgit, coelicolae medium quem ad limina ducunt.
Interea Rutuli portis circum ºmnibus instant
Sternere caede viros, et moenia cingere flammis.
At legio AEneadūm vallis obsessa tenetur;
Nec spes ulla fugae. Miseri stant turribus altis
Nequicquam, et rară muros cinxère coroná.
Asius Imbrasides, Hicetaoniusque Thymoetes,
Assaracique duo, et senior cum Castore Tymbris,
Prima acies: hos germani Sarpedonis ambo,
Et clarus, et Haemon, Lycia comitantur ab altā.
Fert ingens toto connixus corpore saxum,
Haud partem exiguam montis, Lyrnessius Acmon,
Nec Clytio genitore minor, nec fratre Mnestheo.
Hijaculis, illi certant defendere saxis;
Molirique ignem, nervoque aptare sagittas.
lpse inter medios, Veneris justissima cura,
Dardanius capit ecce puer detectus honestum,
Qualis gemma, micat, fulvum quae dividit aurum,
Aut collo decus, aut capiti : vel quale per artem
Inclusum buxo, aut Oriciá terebintho
Lucet ebur. I'usos cervix cui lactea crines
Accipit, et molli subnectit circulus auro.
Te quoque magnanimae viderunt, Ismare, gentes
Vulnera dirigere, et calamos armare veneno,
Maeonià generose domo: ubi pinguia culta
ExercentGue viri, Pactolusque irrigat auro.
Affuit et Mnestheus, quem pulsi pristina Turni
Aggere murorum sublimemºgloria tollit;
Ft Capys: hinc nomen Campanae ducitur urbi.
NOTES.
115. Annuit: he ratified or confirmed it.
115
120
125 125. Hi sunt pi
acies
128. Lyrnessius A -
mon, nec minor º:
enitore, nec fratre
130 Kºo, fert
130. Hi certant de-
fendere urbem jaculis ;
illi certant defendere eam
saxis
- 132. Ecce Dardanius
138 puer ipse, justissima
cura Veneris, detectus
quoad honestum caput,
inter medios, micat, qua-
lis gemma -
135. Wel quale ebur
140 lucet per artem
141. Pinguia culta
Cºrz)0.
143. Quem pristinſ,
gloria Turni pulsi ag-
145 gere
136. Terebintho: the terebinthus, or tur-
117. Coelicolae medium, &c. This alludes
to the Roman custom of conducting the
consul from the senate house to his own
dwelling, or apartment.
120. Legio AEneadūm : simply the Tro-
jans. The Trojans were called JEneadº,
from Æneas their leader.
122. Cina:ére muros : they defend the walls
with thin ranks. Ruteus says, eaciguo mu-
$2.87°0.
128. Lyrnessiºs: an adj. from Lyrnessum
a city of Phrygia, near the Sinus Adramyt-
tenºts.
130. Hi–illi. Davidson renders these :
some—others. Valpy refers the hi to the
Rutulians who were assaulting the ram-
parts; and the illi to the Trojans who were
defending them. But when these pronouns
refer to separato members of the sentence,
ille refers to the one first mentioned or more
remote; and hic to the latter, or last men-
tioned.
131. JMolirique ignem : to throw flames,
pentine tree. Its wood bears a resemblance
to ebony. Oricia : an adj. from Oricum, a
town of Macedonia in the confines of Epi-
'rus, where those trees abounded.
140. Armare : in the sense of ungere.
Calamos : darts, or missive weapons in ge-
neral. Generose: voc. agreeing with Ismare:
nobly descended from a Lydian family.
142. Pactolus irrigat: Pactolus waters
them with its gold—golden stream. This
was a small river, on whose banks stood the
famous city Sardes, the capital of Lydia.
Here Croesus held his court. It empties into
the Hermus, one of the largest rivers of
Asia Minor, and with it flows into the sea
near the city of Ephesus. They were both
celebrated for their golden sands. The poet
here supposes the water of the Pactolus to
be of a golden hue.
145. Campana urbi. Capua, the capital of
Campania. Here Hannibal took up his
winter quarters. But the luxury and dissi-
pation of the place, proved the ruin of lus
affairs in ltaly.
502
P. Wil{Gl] II MARONIS
Illi inter sese duri certamina belli
Contulerant : mediá AEneas freta nocte secabat.
148. Namque ut pri- Namgue ut ab Evandro castris ingressus Etruscis
milm digressus ab Evan-Regem adit, et regi memorat nomengue genusque;
dro, et ingressus
150. Edocet quidve
Quidve petat, quidve ipse ferat; Mezentius arma
Quae sibi conciliet, violentaque pectora Turni
150
Edocet ; humanis quae sit fiducia rebus
Admonet, immiscetoue preces. Haud fit mora : Tarchon
Jungit opes, foºdusque ferit.
Classem conscendit jussis gens Lydia Divām,
Externo commissa duci.
Tum libera fatis,
155
AEmeia puppis
157. Tenet prima loca, Prima tenet, rostro Phrygios subjuncta leones:
subjuncta quoad Phry-
gios leones rostro.
Imminet Ida super, profugis gratissima Teucris.
Hic magnus sedet AEneas, secumque volutat
Eventus belli varios: Pallasque sinistro \,
1C0
Affixus lateri, jam quaerit sidera, opacae
162. Jam quaerit iter
opacae noctis; jam quae
dura AEneas passus est
Noctis iter; jam quae passus terráque marique.
Pandite nunc Helicona, Dea, cantusque movete
Quae manus interea Tuscis comitetur ab oris \
AEnean, armetolue rates, pelagogue vehatur. -
165
Massicus aerată princeps secat a quora Tigri:
167. Sub quo erat
manus mille
Sub quo mille manus juvenum ; qui moenia Clusi,
Quique urbem liquère Cosas : queis tela, Sagittae,
Corytique leves humeris, et letifer arcus.
170. Torvus Abas Una torvus Abas: huic totum insignibus armis
Agmen, et aurato fulgebat Apolline puppis."
Sexcentos illi dederat Populonia mater
erat unā cum illo : huic
totum agnmen fulgebat
170
Expertos belli juvenes: ast Ilva trecentos,
NOTES.
147. Freta : the waters of the Tiber. Con-
tulerant: they had joined—engaged in. Inter
sese : the two armies.
149. Regem : in the sense of ducem vel
imperatorem : the commander, or chief offi-
cer. This was Tarchon.
150. Ferat ; in the sense of efferat.
151. Pectora : the mind or temper. Con-
ciliet : procures—gains over to his interest.
This alludes to a supposed alliance with
Turnus and the Rutulians.
154. Opes : troops—means of carrying
on the war—power. Ferit: in the sense of
sancit.
155. Lydia gens: after the expulsion of
Mezentius, the Tuscans were forbidden by
the fates to make themselves a king, unless
he were a foreigner; or to march against
him, unless under the command of a for
reign general. They are free from this
restraint, now that Æneas had arrived,
and are at liberty to enter under his
banner. The Tuscans were originally a
colony from Lydia. Hence they are called
Lydia gens. It is most likely, they had a
fleet already prepared for an expedition.
For in the short time AEneas was with them,
they sould not have built or even equipped
Oſlº,
157. Subjuncta. The ship of Æneas had
Phrygian lions yoked together, and placed
under its prow or beak for its ensign. The
lion was sacred to Cybele, who presided
over Phrygia, and particularly over mount
Ida, of whose pines ACneas had built his
fleet.
158. Ida ; the name of one of the galleys,
commanded by Æneas in person. Super im-
minet: rises—towers above the rest. #
161. Quqºrit: inquires concerning, &c.
165. Pelago: in the sense of fluvio.
167. Clus?. Clusium was a city of Tus-
cany. Hodie, Chiusi.
168. Cosas : the acc. plu. of Coste or Cosa,
a maritime fow n of Tuscany, near the pro-
montory Argenturium. Cosas is put in ap-
position with urbem. , Queis ; whose wea-
pons were arrows, &c. Queis : in the sense
of quorum.
169. Coryti. Corytus is a word originally
Greek, of the same import with pharetra, a
quiver.
172. Populonia: an adj. from Populoni
um, a city on the promontory of that name.
It is called mater, in the sense that Italia is
called parens. Populonia mater : simply,
the city Populonium.
173. Ilva; an island to the south of Popu-
AENEIS. LIB. X.
503
Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis
Tertius, ille hominum Divāmque interpres’ Asylas,
Cui pecudum fibrae, coeli cui sidera parent,
175. Tertius erat ille
Asylas interpres
Et lingua volucrum, et praesagi fulminis ignes:
Mille rapit densos acie, atque horrentibus hastis.
Hos parere jubent Alphea ab origine Pisae,
Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur,
Urbs Etrusca solo.
178. Ille rapit mille
viros densos acie
180
Astur equo fidens et versicoloribus armis.
Ter centum adjiciunt, mens omnibus una sequendi,
Qui Caerete domo, qui sunt Minionis in arvis ;
Et Pyrgi veteres, intempestaeque Graviscae.
Non ego te, Ligurum ductor fortissime bello,
Transierim, Cinyra ; et paucis comitate, Cupavo,
Cujus olorinae surgunt de vertice pennae.
Crimen amor vestrum, formaeque insigne paternae.
183. Qui sunt eac do-
mo Caerete, qui sunt in
arvis Minionis
185 ºrv
186. Ette, O Cupavo,
comitate paucis militi-
bus
NOTES.
lonium. Hodie, Elba.
mines (metallis) according to Strabo.
gil here calls them inexhaustible.
island sent three hundred men. Generosa :
abounding in. , Ruteus interprets it by in-
elyta. Earpertos : expert—skilful.
177. Ignes : the flashes of the ominous
lightning.
178. Densos : in the sense of confertos.
Alilites is understood.
179. Piste, urbs Etrusca solo: Pisae, a city,
Tuscan in its situation, Alphean in its ori-
gin, orders these troops to obey Asylas.
This city stood on the western bank of the
river Arnus, in Tuscany. It was supposed
to have been founded by a colony from the
Peloponnesus. Hence called Alphea, from
JAlpheus, a river of that country, on whose
banks stood the famous city Olympia Pisa.
Solo : in the sense of situ. -
183. Caerete domo : from the city Caere.
It was subject to Mezentius. Hodie, Cerve-
ter. JMinionis. Minio was the name of a
river. Hodie, JMugnone. *
184. Pyrgi. These people inhabited a
maritime town, not far from Caere, or Caere-
tange. It has long since been destroyed.
Graviscae; the name of a town on the sea-
coast, unwholesome on account of the fens
or marshes in the neighborhood. It took its
name from gravitas aéris. All these differ-
ent cities, with one mind, enter the war.
185. Ligurum ; the gen, of Ligures, the
inhabitants of Liguria, an extensive country
of Italy; a part of which is now the terri-
tory of Genoa.
186. Cinyra—Cupavo. This passage is
obscure and difficult. It has divided the
opinions of commentators. Phaëton, the
son of Phoebus and Clympne, desired of his
father the government of his chaniot for one
day; which with difficulty was granted him.
The youth being unable to guide the fiery
steeds, they turned from their diurnal track,
It abounded in iron
Vir-
This
and came so near the earth that it began to
same member of the sentence.
burn. He was thrown headlong into the
Po. His sisters sought him every where.
At length, finding his tomb on the banks of
that river, they pined away with grief at
the fate of their brother, and were trans-
formed either into alder or poplar trees.
See Ovid. Met. 2, Cinyra, king of the Li-
gures, was a near relation of Phaëton, and,
grieving immoderately at his misfortune,
was changed into a Cycnus, or swan. Dr
Trapp takes Cinyra and Cupavo to have
been brothers, the sons of him who was
transformed into a swan. In this case, the
application of vestrum is easy and proper.
But to apply it to Cupavo alone, as most
commentators do, is not so proper. He sup-
poses their crime to have been the honoring
of their father too much, by bearing his
metamorphosed figure (the swan) engraven
upon their shields, and his feathers on their
helmets. Their love amounted to a crime,
because it was for one whom the gods had
punished for an offence committed against
them, in his immoderate grief for Phaëton.
Rugeus thinks vestrum crimen, to be the crime
of the family in general, who, by their im-
moderate grief for Phaëton, offended the
gods, and were many of them changed into
other forms. It may be objected to the in-
terpretation of Dr. Trapp, that filius is after-
ward used in the singular number. But he
observes; though they were brothers, the
oldest might be mentioned by way of dis-
tinction and eminence. Davidson reads,
Cycnus. See Ecl. vi. 62. and Æn. v. 105.
Heyne conjectures there is here an interpo-
lation. He differs from commentators in
general in the interpretation of verse 186.
He connects Cinyra with Cupavo in the
JN on transi-
erim te, Cupavo, comitate à Cinyra, et paucis
aliis, is his ordo of construction.
188. Amor crimen : RuBBus says, amor ext
crimen vestrae familia’, et insigne petitum ear
transformatione oatris ;
504
P VIRGILMI MARONIS
Namgue ferunt, luctu Cycnum Phaëtontis amati,
190. Dum canit inter Populeas inter frondes umbramgue sororum
Dum canit, et moestum musā solatur amorem ;
populeas frondes
190
Canentem molli plumã duxisse Senectam,
Linquentem terras, et sidera voce sequentem.
Filius, aequales comitatus classe catervas,
195. Ille Centaurus Ingentem remis Centaurum promovet: ille
Instat aquae, saxumque undis immane minatur
instat
195
Arduus, et longā sulcat maria alta cariná.
Ille etiam patriis agnmen ciet Ocnus ab Oris,
Fatidica Mantūs et Tusci filius amnis,
Qui muros, matrisque dedit tibi, Mantua, nomen,
201. Sedmon estimum Mantua, dives avis,
'populi sub gente quaterni;
Ipsa caput populis; Tusco de sanguine vires.
genus omnibus. Illigens
est triplex in origine :
sunt quaterni populi sub
Gens illi triplex,
200
sed non genus omnibus unum.
gente: JMantua ipsa est Hinc quoque quingentos in Se Mezentius armat,
eaput populis; ejus vires Quos, patre Benaco, velatus arundine glaucá,
Mincius infestà ducebat in aequora pinu.
It gravis Auletes, centenāque arbore fluctum
Verberat assurgens: spumant vada marmore verso.
Hunc vehit immanis Triton, et coerula conchá
sunt de
205. Quos Mincius
oriens eac patre Benaco,
velatus.
205
NOTES.
190. Umbram sororum : the shade of his
sisters—the shade of the trees, into which
his sisters were transformed.
191. JMusá with music, or song.
192. Canentem : growing white, or being
cloathed, with the downy plumes of the
swan, passed out his old age, &c.
195. Centaurum. The name of the ship
was the Centaur, so called from having a
Centaur painted, or carved upon the stem,
holding a huge stone in his hand, with which
he seemed to threaten the waves. The Cen-
tauri were fabled to be monsters, half man
and half horse. See Geor. ii. 456. Pro-
movet : in the sense of impellit.
198. Ocnus. He was not the founder of
Mantual; but rather the fortifier and enlarg-
er. The same as Bianor. See Ecl. ix. 60.
He gave it the name of Mantua, from JManto,
.ne name of his mothe JManto: gen. JMan-
tūs, the name of a nymph. Hence the epi-
thet fatidicoº: prophetic. Ciet: in the sense
of movet vel ducit.
201. Sed non genus, &c. It appears that
the inhabitants of the Mantuan territory
were not of one common origin. We are
told they were partly from Tuscia or Etru-
ria, partly from Venetia, and partly from
Gallia. This explains gens illi triplea : im-
plying that the population consisted of people
from those three nations. The whole terri-
tory was divided into four cities, districts
or communities: populi sub gente quaterni.
Each of which had its Lucomon, or petty
king. Of these four, Mantua was the prin-
cipal or chief city, ipsa caput populis. This
territory was a part of Etruria. which was
ities.
arms against him.
divided into twelve lucommonies, or regal-
Gems: in the sense of natio. Genus:
lineage—descent.
203. Wires de Tusco, &c. By this we are
to understand that the Tuscan part of the
Mantuan population was the greatest.
204. Armat in se : Mezentius arms, &c.
He furnishes a just cause for their rising in
205. Patre Benaco. The Benacus is a
lake in the territory of Verona. Hodie, La-.
go di Garda. The river Mincius rises out
of it. Hence the epithet patre is added to
Benacus.
206. Mincius : here the god of the river
Mincius. He is represented as moving down
his stream in hostile ships to join in the war
against Mezentius. Hence the epithet patre,
which is common to all the deities. It is
here given to the lake Benacus, out of which
the river Mincius rises. Velatus : in the
sense of coronatus, says Ruteus. Pinu in-
festa. Ruaºus says, navibus inimicis JMezen-
tio. Pinus, by meton. for navis vel naves.
207. Centena arbore : with an hundred
oars. The oar is here called arbor, to de-
note its size and magnitude. Marmore ver-
so: the surface being upturned. Wada, here,
is plainly put for the water of the Tiber ;
for, on this river, the fleet of Æneas was
equipped. It : h the sense of ducit. Au-
letes was the commander of these troops.
209. Triton. He was the trumpeter of
Neptune, and used a shell instead of a trum-
pet. His upper part was represented as a
man, his lower part as a fish. Here the name
AENEIS. LIB. X.
505
Exterrens freta : cui laterum tenus hispida manti
Frons hominem praefert, in pristin desinit alvus,
Spumea semifero sub pectore murmurat unda
Tot lecti procerester denis navibus ibant
Subsidio Trojae, et campos salis aere secabant.”
Jamgue dies coelo concesserat, almaque curru
210 210. Cui Tritoni manti
hispida frons praefert
hominem tentig
215
Noctivago Phoebe medium pulsabat Olympum.
AEneas (neque enim membris dat cura quietem)
Ipse sedens clavumque regit, velisque ministrat.
Atque illi medio in spatio, chorus ecce Suarum
Occurrit comitum, Nymphae, quas alma Cybele
Numen habere maris, Nymphasque é navibus esse
Jusserat: innabant pariter, fluctusque secabant,
219. Ecce chorus sua-
220 rum comitum occurril
illi, nempe Nymphe,
quas
Quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prorae.
Agnoscunt longé regen, lustrantgue choreis.
Quarum, quae fandi doctissima, Cymodocea,
Poné sequens, dextră puppim tenet: ipsaque dorso
Eminet, ac lavá tacitis subremigat undis.
Tum sic ignarum alloquitur : Vigilasne, Deûm gens,
AEnea 7 vigila, et velis immitte rudentes.
Nos sumus Idaeae sacro de vertice pinus,
Perfidus ut nos
Nunc pelagi Nymphae, classis tua.
225 225. Quarum Cymo-
docea, quae est doctissi-
ma fandi
228. Tum alloquitur
eum ignarum harum re-
230 run sic
231. Olim tua classis
Praecipites ferro Rutulus flammâque premebat:
Rupimus invitae tua wincula, teque per aequor
Quaerimus. Hane genitrix faciem miserata refecit,
Et dedit esse Deas, avumque agitare sub undis.
At puer Ascanius muro fossisque tenetur
235 235. Dedit nos esse
Deas maris
Tela inter media, atque horrentes Marte Latinos.
Jam loca jussa tenet forti permixtus Etrusco
Arcas eques.
Medias illis opponere turmas,
Ne castris jungant, certa est sententia Turno.
240
NOTES.
of a ship ; or the figure prefixed to the stern,
like the Centaur above mentioned.
210. Tenus laterum : down to the waist.
214. AEre: with their brazen prows. .45's
signifies any thing made of brass.
215. Concesserat ; had given way—yield-
ed to the night. JNocti is understood.
216. Pulsabat ; arrived at-–touched. Ru-
teus says, attingebat. Olymptºm : for coelum.
Phoebe : the moon. -
221. Habere numen maris : to have divi-
nity of the sea—to become nymphs of the
Sężl. .
224. Lºustrant : in the sense of circum-
evºlt.
227. Eminet dorso : she rises above the
surface of the water with her back. Subre-
migat: she swims—rows herself along, &c.
228. Gens : in the sense of soboles.
229. Immitte rudentes velis: give the sheets
to the sails—spread the sails to the full
length of the halsers or sheets.
230. Vertice: in the sense of monte.
232. Praecipites: in the sense of pericle
fººtes
234. Refecit: in the sease of mułavit
changed us into this form. Genitrix º Cy
bele, the mother of the gods.
237, Horrentes : Ruteus says, feroces. Mar
te: in the sense of bello.
238. Permixtus : in the sense of junctus
Etrusco: the singular for the plu. : the va.
liant Tuscans.
239. Arcas eques : the Arcadian horse.
These were the cavalry furnished by Evan-
der. It is most probable that Æneas gave
direction to the Arcadians and Tuscans, his
allies, to repair to some particular place by
land, while he went with the fleet by water;
although no such place is mentioned by the
poet. Turnus being informed of what was
going on in Tuscany, and that Æneas was
coming on with reinforcements, like a skill-
ful general, resolves to intercept them, to
attack them on the way, and prevent them
from forming a junction with the Trojans
in the camp, whom he was then blockading.
240, Jungant : joir themselves to the
camp—to the troops in the camp. The
prom. sese is understood. -
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Surge, age, et Aurorá socios veniente vocari
Primus in arma jube; et clypeum cape, quem dedit ipse
Invictum Ignipotens, atque oras ambiit auro. *
Crastina lux, mea si non irrita dicta putäris,
Ingentes Rutulae spectabit cabdis acervos.
Dixerat : et dexträ discedens impulit altam,
Haud ignara modi, puppim. Fugit illa per undas,
Ocyor et jaculo et ventos aequante Sagittà.
Inde aliae celerant cursus. Stupet inscius ipse
Tros Anchisiades; animos tamen omine tollit.
Tum breviter, supera aspectans convexa, precatur.
252. Ida a Cybele, alma Alma parens Idaea Deûm, cui Dindyma cordi,
Pºº Pººl, * Turrigeraeque urbes, bijugique ad frana leones;
245
247. Illa navis
250
Dindyma sunt cordi
253. Bijugique leones
docues ad frana ;
Tu mihi nunc pugnac princeps; tu rité propinques
Augurium, Phrygibusque adsis pede, Diva, secundo. 255
256. AEneas effatus est Tantum effatus : et interea revoluta ruebat
hope tantúm.
Matură jam luce dies, noctemque fugărat.
Principio sociis edicit, signa sequantur,
Atque animos aptent armis, pugnaque parent se.
Jamgue in conspectu Teucros habet et sua castra,
Stans celså in puppi.
Extulit ardentem.
Dardanidae é muris.
Tela manu jaciunt.
Strymoniae dant signa grues, atque aethera tránant
260
Clypeum tum deinde sinistrá
Clamorem ad sidera tollunt
Spes addita suscitat iras.
Quales sub nubibus atris
265
Cum Sonitu, fugiuntoue Notos clamore secundo.
367. At ea coºperunt At Rutulo regi ducibusque ea mira videri
videri mira
Ausoniis; donec versas ad litora puppes
Respiciunt, totumque allabi classibus aequor.
270. Apex galeſe ardet Ardet apex capiti, cristisque à vertice flamma
Funditur, et vastos umbo vomit aureus ignes.
capiti JEneſe
270
Non Secus ac liquida si quando nocte cometae
NOTEs.
242. Dedit: in the sense of reddid it.
243. Oras: the borders or edges of the
shield. *
249. Aliſe celerant : the other nymphs ac-
celerate the motion of the other ships, as
Cymodocéa had dome that of Æneas.
250. Tollit animos. Dr. Trapp under-
stands this of Æneas taking courage him-
self. Davidson, of his encouraging his men.
“He raises the spirits of his troops.” *
251. Supera conveaca, the high canopy of
heaven.
252. Dindyma : neu. plu. Dindymus, in
the sing. : a mountain in Phrygia, so called
from its having two tops. Cordi : for a de-
light. -
254. Propinques augurium : render the
omen propitious in due form. Ruabus says,
recundes omen bené—praesens sis hoc augurio.
Here the verb propinquo, though properly
intransitive, becomes transitive, and has the
ºcc. after it. Of propinqués avgurium rité,
Heyne says, fac ostentum hoc rite eventum
swum habere. La Cerda says, facias augu-
rium propitium. Valpy: “by your own
presence give effect to the augury.”
255. Phrygibus adsis : aid the Trojans
with thy propitious presence, pede secundo.
259. Aptent : fit—prepare. Ruſſeus says,
earcilent. t
265. Grues dant, &c. This comparison is
taken from Homer. The cranes are called
Strymonian, from Strymon, a river of Ma-
cedonia, in the confines of Thrace, where
cranes abounded. Sigma : signs or signals
of the approaching storm by their voices.
269. Tolum a quor: the whole surface of .
the water to be covered, &c. Rugeus says,
appelli.
270. Apea ardet capiti. This description
of the armor of Æneas, is taken from Ho-
mer's description of that of Achilles.
271. Vomit : in the sense of emittit. Um
bo ; the middle point of the shield, by synec.
taken for the whole shield.
272. Cometas. Comets are planets irre
AENEIS.
LIB. X. 507:
Sanguinei lugubré rubent; aut Sirius ardor;
Ille, sitim morbosque ferens mortalibus aegris,
Nascitur, et laevo contristat lumine coelum.
275
Haud tamen audaci Turno fiducia cessit
Litora praeripere, et venientes pellere terrá.
Ultrö animos tollit, dictis, atque increpat ultrö :
Quod votis optástis, adest, perfringere dextrá:
Nunc conjugis esto
Quisque suae tectidue memor; nunc magna referto
. Ultrö occurramus ad undam,
Dum trepidi, egressisque labant vestigia prima.
In manibus Mars ipse, viri.
Facta, patrum laudes.
(Audentes fortuna juvat.
Haec ait: et secum versat, quos ducere contra,
Vel quibus obsessos possit concredere muros.
Interea AEncas socios de puppibus altis
Multi servare recursus
Languentis pelagi, et brevibus se credere saltu ;
Speculatus litora Tarchon,
Quà vada non spirant, nec fracta remurmurat unda,
Pontibus exponit.
Per remos alii.
278. Ultrö tollit ana-
mos sworum his dictis
279. Adest vobis per
280 fringere hostem dextrá,
quod
283. Dum sunt trepidi.
primaque vestigia labant
285 its egressis aquà.
285. Quos possit du-
cere contra AEnean, vel
quibus
290 290. Alii earponunt se
per remos.
Sed mare inoffensum crescenti allabitur aestu,
Advertitsubitó proras, sociosque precatur:
Nunc, 6 lecta manus, validis incumbite remis:
Tollite, ferte rates: inimicam findite rostris
295
NOTES.
gular in their motions, moving in very ec-
centric orbits. Sometimes they approach
very near the sun; when they have a pro-
jection, or tail, which has a fiery or luminous
appearance. This is always directly oppo-
site the sun as seen from the comet, and is,
most probably, its dense atmosphere, illumi-
nated by the sun, and propelled by the force
of the rays of light issuing from the sun.
They were formerly considered ominous,
portending disaster to men. The word is
derived from the Greek. Liquida: a clear
night. -
273. Rubent lugubré blaze frightfully—
oalefully: that is, portending disaster to the
world. Sanguinei : fiery—red. Sirius ar-
dor: the star Sirius. It is sometimes called
the dog-star, from the circumstance of its
being in the sign Canis, or the dog. Sirius
is here used as an adjective. It is a star of
the first magnitude.
275. Lavo : inauspicious.
277. Propripere : in the sense of anteca-
pere. It was the plan of Turnus to take
possession of the shore, and, if possible, to
prevent the landing of the troops. By do-
ing this, he would have an advantage over
them. -
278. Increpat. This Rueus interprets by
adhortatur. Ultrà animos. This line is not
found in several ancient MSS. Heyne
marks it as an interpolation. Ultro, here,
implies that Turnus, immediately on seeing
the enemy advance to the shore, addressed
his men, and animated them to the contest.
The address is short, but it bespeaks the soi
dier and the commander.
279. Perfringere deatrá. Servius says
this is a military phrase, and imports facere
fortiter. Adest : it is arrived—the time is
come. Tempus is understood.
280. JMars ipse: the battle is in your
power, O men.
281. Nunc referto: now let each one imi-
tate—call to his memory. Rugeus says.
7memoreč.
282. Laudes: the glory of his ancestors.
Davidson reads, laudesque. Others omit the
71.6.
Q 284. Audentes: the bold—courageous.
285. Versat: in the sense of volvit.
288. JMulli servare: many began to ob-
serve the retreat of the ebbing sea, &c.
The landing or debarkation of the troops
was effected in three divisions. The one
under Æneas landed on bridges throwin from
the ships upon the shore. Another sought
flats and shallows, which might be overflown
when the tide was full, and bare at the ebb
They leap out upon these, and, by the heip
of oars, get to the shore. The division un-
der Tarchon sought an open and smooth
shore, where the waves flowed on without
meeting with an impediment or obstacle;
and where landing would be less dangerous.
The verb coeperunt is understood.
289. Languentis: ebbing—falling. -
291. Spirant. This is the reading of
Heyne. The common reading is sperat.
Qué vada ; where the bottom or shallows
508
P. W.R.GILII MARONIS
Hanc terram, sulcumque sibi premat ipsa carina.
Frangere mec tali puppim statione recuso,
Arreptă tellure semel.
Quae talia postguam .
299. Socii cººperunt Effatus Tarchon, socii consurgere tonsis,
cc.nsurgere tonsis
Spumantesque rates arvis inferre Latinis,
Donec rostra tenent siccum ; et sedère carinae
302. Sed tua puppis Omnes innocua ;
Namgue inflicta wadis dorso dum pendet iniquo,
non eral innocua
sed non puppis tua, Tarchon.… "
Anceps sustentata diu, fluctusque fatigat,
Solvitur, atque viros mediis exponit in undis :
305
Fragmina remorum quos et fluitantia transtra
Impediunt, retrahitaue pedes simul unda relabens :
309. Totamaciem suo-
Nec Turnum segnis retinet mora ; sed rapit acer
rum, et sistit eos in litore Totam aciem in Teucros, et,contra in litore sistit.
contrå AEneam.
317. Nec longé hinc
dejecit leto -
Signa canunt.
$19. Arma Herculis Occiso Therone; v. g
Huic, gladio perque aerea suta,
juvère illos nihil; sue Æneam petit.
Primus turmas invasit agrestes
AEneas, omen pugna : stravitaue Latinos,
310
virtim qui maximus ultrö
validae. manus, genitor- Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum.”
que Melampus, comes
Alcidae usque dum terra
praebuit graves labores
illi, juvère eos nil.
Inde Lycam ferit, exsectum jam matre peremptă,
Et tibi, Phoebe, sacrum ; casus evadere ferri
Quðd licuit parvo.
315
34 3)
Nec longè Cissea durum,
323. Sistit illud in ore Immanemoue Gyam, sternentes agmina clavá,
ejus clamantis. Tu quo-
que, O infelix Cydon,
dum sequeris Clytium,
tua nova gaudia, fla- g
ventem quoad malas Praebuit.
Dejecit leto.
Nihil illos Herculis arma, -
Nil validae juvère manus, genitorque Melampus,
Alcidae comes usque, graves dum terra labores
Ecce Pharo, voces dum jactat inertes,
320
prima lanuginé, mise- Intorquens jaculum, clamantis sistit in ore.
rande #: jaceres
stratus Dardania dexträ,
securus amorum juve-
num, qui Semper erant
charv tibi; ni -
Tu quoque, flaventem primå lanugine malas
Dum sequeris Clytium infelix, nova gaudia, Cydon,
Dardaniá stratus dexträ, securus amorum, -
Qui juvenum tibi semper erant, miserande, jaceres;
326
NOTES.
were not rough. Spirant : in the sense of
62Studn't.
292. Inoffensum : smooth—unobstructed.
.Nec fracta : not broken—dashed against any
obstruction. -
296. Premat: in the sense of aperial.
299. Tonsis : properly, the blade; by sy-
nec. the whole oar. Remis, says Ruasus.
301. Siccum: locum is understood.
302. Innocuſe: safe. Ruasus says, illaesae.
303. Iniqwo dorso : an uneven or broken
bank of sand.
304. Sustentata diu anceps: continuing
a long time in that dangerous situation.
Fatigatgue fluctus. Servius explains this by
fluctus fatigat navem; taking fluctus for the
nom. But it is easier, and more poetical
to say: “the ship tires the waves.” They
beat and dash against it so long, that they
may be said poetically and elegantly to be
tired or wearied out. Valpy says, “buffets
the waves.”
310. Canunt signa: they sound the signal
for the fight.
plant.
Canunt : in the sense of so-
311. Omen : in the sense of initivm vel
faustum auspicium.
313. Sula : part. pass. of the verb swo
taken as a sub. the seams or folds of the
shield—the shield itself. JErea suta : the
brazen shield. Some copies have scuta.
314, Haurit: in the sense cé transfigit.
Huic: in the sense of hujus.
315. Eacsectum: cut out, or extracted from
his mother, when dead.
316. Ferri. Ferrum here is the instru
ment with which his mother was opened.
Casus : the danger of that instrument upon
the body of the infant. Parvo : to him a
child, or rather infant.
320. JWil. Heyne reads nec.
mon reading is nil.
324. Flaventem : yellow as to his cheek,
with the first down. His beard had just
begun to grow. -
325. JNova gaudia: in the sense of novum
amicum. Heyne says, delicias. Is qui amatur,
326. Securus amorum : regardless of the
love of the youths &c. because dead. -
The com-
AENEIs.
5
Ú
9
LIB X.
Ni fratrum stipata cohors foret obvia, Phorci
Progenies; septem numero, Septemaque tela
Conjiciunt: partim galeå clypeoque resultant
Irrita ; deflexit partim stringentia corpus
Fidum AEneas affatur Achaten :
Suggere tela mihi; non ullum dextera frustrà
Alma Venus.
330
331. Alma Venus de-
flexit partim tantún
stringentia corpus.AEnea.
Torserit in Rutulos; steterunt quae in corpore Graiſim
Iliacis campis.
Et jacit.
Tum magnam corripit hastam,
Illa volans clypei transverberat aera
335
Maeonis, et thoraca simul cum pectore rumpit.
Huic frater subit Alcanor, fratremdue ruentem
Sustentat dextrá : trajecto missa lacerto
Protinús hasta fugit, servatoue cruenta tenorem ;
Dexterague exhumero nervis moribunda pependit.
339. Protinús altera
340 hasta missa, lacerto
.Alcanoris trajecto, fugit
Tum Numitor, jaculo fratris de corpore rapto,
AEneam petiit : sed non et figere contrà
Est licitum, magnique femur perstrinxit Achatae.
Hic Curibus, fidens primaevo corpore, Clausus
345
Advenit, et rigidá Dryopen ferit eminès hastā
Sub mentum graviter pressä, paritergue loquenti
Vocem animamque rapit, trajecto gutture : at ille
Fronte ferit terram, et crassum vomit ore cruorem.
Tres quoque Threicios, Boreae de gente supremä ;
Et tres, quos Idas pater, et patria Ismara mittit,
Occurrit Halaesus,
Per varios stermit casus.
350 350. Per varios casus
sternit tres Threicios
quoque, de Suprema
Auruncaeque manus: Subit et Neptunia proles,
NOTES.
330. Partim : a noun partitive: some of
them. Resultant : in the sense of resiliunt.
331. Deflexit : turns aside, so that they
łust touched his body.
333. Suggere : give to me the darts, &c.
339. Hasta protinës missa. It is generally
thought by commentators that the same
spear which killed Maeon, also wounded
Alcanor in the arm. But it is difficult to
conceive that a javelin, after it had passed
through a shield of brass and a breast plate,
should retain so much ſorce as to pass
through the body of a man, and in its
course wound another person in the arm ;
and, aſter this, that it should continue its
way some distance. Some conjecture they
were different weapons: and for this there
is considerable ground of probability. Those
who think there was only one spear, rely
much upon the word protinús, which they
say, means, strait-way—right forward; but
it also means, forthwith—immediately. Be-
side, Alcanor did not seize his brother till he
was in the act of falling, and the dart, con-
sequently, dome its execution, and passed
from the body on its way. Granting that
strait-way is the proper meaning of protinës
in this place, may it not refer to the quick-
ness of Æneas in repeating his throws, as
well as to the motion of the dart? After
all, the supposition of there being two darts,
makes the sense easier, and does no violence
to the words.
After Æneas had killed Maeon, observing
his brother in the act of supporting him, and
bearing him off, immediately, so that there
seemed to be no interval between the two
darts, hurled one at him which passed
through his shoulder; and, bloody from the
wound it had inflicted, continucd on its
course for some distantce. This is the opi-
nion of Heyne. He says, hasta alia missa
ab JEnea.
343. Contrå : in the sense of vicissim.
345. Curibws : from Cures. This was a
city of the Sabines. Of this city was Claw-
sus, who commanded the Sabine troops.
See AEn. vii. 707.
347. Presságraviter: driven with violence
under his chin. Pressa agrees with hastá.
Pariter : in the sense of simul.
350. Boreae. Boreas, properly, the north
wind, fabled to have been the son of the
river Strymon in Macedonia, or rather of
the god of the river Strymon. Suprema
in the sense of altável sublimi. Some take
it in the sense of eactrema, remote: meaning,
they were a remote or distant nation of the
earth.
351. Ismara : a city of Thrace, not fan
from mount Ismarus, according to Servius.
352. Casus : in the sense of modos.
5 : ()
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
*
354. , Nunc hi, nung Insignis Messapus equis. Expellere tendunt
illi tendunt expellere alii Nunc hi, nunc illi.
ultos é loco. º
Ausoniae.
358. Ipsi venti non in- Non ipsi inter se, non nubila, non mare, cedunt:
ter se, non nubila, non Anceps pugna diu, stant obnixa omnia contrå.
Certatur limine in ipso 355
Magno discordes asthere venti
Praelia ceu tollunt, animis et viribus aequis:
360
mare, cedunt
Haud aliter Trojanae acies, aciesque Latinae
Concurrunt : haeret pede pes, densusque viro vir.’’
At parte ex aliá, quá saxa rotantia laté"
j/
Impulerat torrens, arbustaque diruta ripis,
364. Ut primūm Pal- Arcadas, insuetos acies inferre pedestres,
tos
* widit Arcadas, insue. Ut widit Pallas Latio dare terga sequaci:
Aspera queis natura loci dimittere quando
Suasit equos ; unum quod rebus restat egenis;
368. Ille accendit vir-Nunc prece, nunc dictis virtutem accendit amaris;
tutem suorum,
tis; quod unum
369. Oro, per vos,
fortia facta
, nine Quð fugitis socii ? per vos, et fortia facta,
Fººt.” “ Per ducis Evandri nomen, devictaque bella,
et Spemgue mean, patriae quae nunc subit gemula laudis,
Fidite ne pedibus.
370
Ferro rumpenda per hostes
Est via, quá globus ille virtum densissimus urget:
374. Håc parte alta Hác vos, et Pallanta ducem patria alta reposcit
patria reposcit.
375. Nos mortales ur-
gemur ab mortali hoste;
sunt nobis totidem ani-
Numina nulla premunt ; mortali urgemur ab hoste 375
Mortales; totidem nobis animaeque manuscue.
Ecce, maris magno claudit nos objice pontus :
maeque manusque, quot Deest jam terra fugie : pelagus, Trojamme petemus " .
sunt illis.
Haec ait: et medius densos prorumpit in hostes.” -/
Obvius huic primūm, fatis adductus iniquis,
380
Fit Lagus: hunc, magno vellit dum pondere saxum.
NOTES.
354. JMessapus. See AEm. vii. 691. He
is there called domitor equim, because the
horse was sacred to Neptune, his reputed fa-
ther. Hence he is called, JNeptunia proles.
358. Cedunt. The common reading is
cedit in the sing. Heyne reads cedunt, which
is preferable.
359, Obnica. Soho copies have obnizi.
But Pierius informs us that he found obniza
in all the ancient manuscripts which he ex-
amined. It makes the sense easier, and is
probably the correct reading. All things
stand struggling against one another: venti
ventis, nubes nubibus, mare mari. Heyne
reads, obniza. Valpy has obnizi.
363. Arbusta : in the sense of arbores.
364, Inferre pedestres acies: to sustain a
tight on foot: simply, to fight on foot.
A part of the field of battle was rough
and uneven ground, occasioned by the floods
of the Tiber, or some torrent from the hills.
Here the Arcadians chanced to fall, and
being cavalry, they could not use their
horses, and were obliged to dismount, and
oppose the Latins on foot. But being un-
accustomed to this mode of fight, they were
sºon thrown into confusion, and were fleeing
before the enemy. In this critical state of
affairs, Pallas hastened along the ranks, the
only thing that remained to be done, to rally
his men, and bring them up to the charge.
He puts them in mind that their only hope
of safety is in victory. He mentions their
valiant achievements, their battles won, the
name of their venerable monarch, &c. Up-
on this occasion, Pallas manifested the in-
trepid cammander.
365. Latio : the country, put by meton.
for the inhabitants. Sequaci : valiant—or
pursuing them in flight.
366. Dimiltere : to dismount—to leave
their horses. Queis : to whom, to wit, the
Arcadians.
367. Suasit : in the sense of coègit.
370. Ducis : in the sense of regis. Devic-
ta bella : your victorious wars. Ruteus says,
zelatas victorias.
371. Subit: in the sense of surgit. Pa-
tria, laudis ; my father's glory.
374. Reposcut: in the sense of vocat.
377. JMaris : in the sense of aquac.
378. Petemus. The meaning is: we must
either cast ourselves into the sea, and there
perish, or cut our way through the enemy to
the Trojan camp. Nothing else remains for
us. We have no place for flight.
382. Discrimina costis: division—separa-
ºf
J
…”
AENEIS. LIB. X.
51 )
Intorto figit telo, discrimina costis
Per medium quá spina dedit: hastamgue receptat
Ossibus haerentem. Quem non super occupat Hisbon,
Ille quidem hoc sperans : nam Pallas anté ruentem, 385
Dum furit, incautum, crudeli morte sodalis,
Excipit, atque ensem tumido in pulmone recondit.
Hinc Sthenelum petit, et Rhoeti de gente vetustá
382. Figit hunc intorto
telo, quâ spina dedit dis-
crimina costis per me-
dium dorsi, dum
384. Quem stantem
super Lagum
385. Nam Pallas ex-
cipit evm anté ruentem,
Anchemolum, thalamos ausum incestare novercae.
Vos etiam gemini, Rutulis cecidistis in arvis,
Daucia, Laride Thymberque, simillima proles,
Indiscreta suis, gratusque parentibus error:
At nunc dura dedit vobis discrimina Pallas.
incantum, dum
390 390. Vos etiam gemini
fratres, Laride, Thym-
berque, cecidistis in Ru-
tulis arvis, t
Nam tibi, Thymbre, caput Evandrius abstulit ensis:
Te decisa suum, Laride, dextera quaerit;
Semianimesque micant digiti, ferrumque retractant.
Arcadas accensos monitu, et praeclara tuentes
Facta viri, mixtus dolor et pudor armat in hostes.
Tum Pallas bijugis fugientem Rhoetea praeter
Hoc spatium, tantümque morae fuit Ilo.
Ilo namdue procul validam direxerat hastam :
Quam medius Rhoeteus intercipit, optime Teuthra,
Trajicit.
399. Fugientem prae
400 ter.eum bijugis
400. Hoc fuit spatium
vitae tantümque more ad
mortem Ilo
Te fugiens, fratremdue Tyren : curruque volutus
Caedit semianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva.
Ac velut optató, ventis aestate coortis,
Dispersa immittit sylvis incendia pastor
Correptis subitó mediis, extenditur unā
Horrida per latos acies Vulcania campos :
405
407. Mediis sylvas su-
bito
Ille sedens victor flammas despectat ovantes.
Non aliter sociëm virtus coit omnis in unum,
Sed bellis acer Halaesus
Tendit in adversos, seque in sua colligit arma.
Teque juvat, Palla.
#
410
412. In hostes adversos
NOTES.
tion—parting to the ribs. Ruteus says, di-
vortium costarum.
383. Receplat': in the sense of retrahit.
384. Occupat: in the sense of intercipit.
389. Amchemolum. He was the son of
Rhaetus, king of the JMarrubii, a people of .
Italy. He had an amour with his step-mo-
ther Casperia. To escape the vengeance of
his father, he fled to Turnus.
391. Daucia proles simillima : these sons
of Daucus, Laridus, and Thymber, resem-
bled each other so exactly—were so much
alike, that they could not be distinguished
from each other even by their parents.
Gratus error: a pleasing error, or delusion.
393. Dura discrimina : cruel—fatal dis-
tinction. He singled those two brothers
from among the rest of the enemy, as the
particular objects of his vengeance.
394. Evandrius ensis : the sword of Pal-
las, the son of Evander. He cut off the
head of Thymber, and the right hand of
laridus. This explains the following line:
featera decisa : thy right hand cut off, seeks
nee its owner.
396. JMicant : in the sense of movent.
400. Hoc spatium, &c. The circumstance
of Rhoteus intercepting the dart, aimed at
Ilus, which would have killed him, gave him
a short space or time of life, and was sc
much respite from death.
404, Caedut ; in the sense of pulsat, velferit,
405. Optato: to his wish.
406, Dispersa ; scattered abroad.
408. Horrida Vulcania acies: the horrld
squadrons of fire, &c. This conveys a lively
idea of a devouring fire raging without con-
trol, and increasing its forces in its progress,
like an army pouring troops after troops.
Servius censures the poet in applying acies,
troops, or marshalled squadrons, to fire. The
expression, to be sure, is bold, but not incon-
gruous. The word in poetry is applied to
fire, spreading and raging, and destroying
every thing in its way, like a desolating
army. Pulcania : an adj. from Pulcanus,
the god of fire; by meton. fire itself.
409. Ovantes: exulting—victorious.
411. Acer: valiant—intrepid in war.
412. Colligit se : he stoops, and contracts
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Hic mactat Ladona, Pheretaque, Demodocumque,
Strymonio dextram fulgenti diripit ense,
Elatam in jugulum : saxoferit ora Thoantis,
415
Ossaque dispergit cerebro permixta cruento.
Fata canens Sylvis genitor celårat Halaesum :
Ut senior leto canentia lumina solvit,
Injecère manum Parcae, telisque sacrārunt
Evandri: quem sic Pallas petit, anté precatus:
Da nunc, Tybri pater, ferro, quod missile libro,
.420
Fortunam atque viam duri per pectus Hakesi : .
Haec arma exuviasque viri tua quercus habebit.
Audiit illa Deus: dum texit Imaona Halaesus,
426. At Lausus, in-
gens pars belli, non sinit
agmina perterrita esse
Arcadio infelix telo dat pectus inermum. --
At non, caede viri tantá perterrita, Lausus,
Pars ingens belli, sinit agnmina.
Oppositum interimit; pugna nodumque moramgue
425
Primus Abantem
Sternitur Arcádiae proles, sternuntur Etrusci:
430. Et vos, O Teu- Et vos, Ö Graiis imperdita corpora, Teucri.
triguºrumºrpora erant Agmina concurrunt, ducibusque et viribus aequis:
Extremi addensent acies; nec turba moveri
Tela manuscue sinit.
Hinc contrà Lausus : nec multúm discrepat aetas;
Egregii formā ; sed queis fortuna negårat
In patriam reditus.
Haud tamen inter se magni regnator Olympi:
imperdita Grails, cadi-
tis.
434. Hinc Lausus in-
stat et wrget contrà
435. Ambo erant egre-
gii formä.
430
Hinc Pallas instat et urget;
- 435
Ipsos concurrere passus
Mox illos sua fata manent majore sub hoste.
Interea soror alma monet succurrere Lauso
NOTES.
himself behind the covert of his armor, par-
ticularly his shield.
413. JMactat ; in the sense of interficit.
414. Strymonio : the dat. in the sense of
the gen. He cut off the right hand of Stry-
monius, raised against his throat—raised
for the purpose of cutting the head from
Halaesus. Diripit: in the sense of abscindit.
416. Dispergit : in the sense of Diffindit.
417. Camens : in the sense of praedicens,
agreeing with genitor. Fata : in the sense
of mortem ejus.
418. Ul solvit : as soon as the old man
closed (loosed) his eyes in death, the fates,
&c. Rudeus interprets canentia by servilia.
Heyne considers the words lumina canentia,
as referring to the gray hairs, eye brows,
and beard of the old man—to his appear-
: ice in general, without a particular refer-
ence to the color of his eyes. -
421. Libro ; in the sense of mitto.
422. Duri: hardy—valiant. -
425. Inermum : naked—unprotected by
his armor. Dat: in the sense of offert.
426. Tanta caede viri. Most commenta-
tors take this for cade tanti viri, by hypal-
lage: at the slaughter or death of so great
a man; to wit, Halaesus. But it is easier,
and more natural to understand it of the
great slaughter, and havoc made by Pallas.
428. Modum moramgue: the strength, and
support of the fight. The words imply that
he, (Abas.) made a firm stand against the
enemy—that he was the life and soul of the
fight, and a principal obstacle to victory.
Ruteus interprets modum, by difficultatem.
430. Imperdita: not slain—destroyed. Re
ference is here made to the Trojan wal,
which proved fatal to so many Trojans.
432. Eactremi, &c. The meaning appears
to be this ; that the rear ranks pressed upon
the front, who were already engaged, that
they also might come into action. By this
means, the men became so close that they
could not move their hands, or wield their
weapons. Turba : the crowd.
433. Pallas—Lausus. One would natu-
rally suppose, that the poet would have
made these two young princes, so equally
matched in every respect, try the fortune of
the fight. But he well knew that it would
be more to their glory, to fall by the hand
of a superior foe, than to kill each other.
He makes a fine use of their deaths after-
ward. The former was slain by Turnus.
the latter by Æneas.
438. Faza : in the sense of mors.
439. Soror alma : the nymph Juturna, the
sister of Turnus. She was made a nymph
by Jove, who had an amour with her, as a
AENEIS.
LIB. X 513
Turnum, qui volucri curru medium secat agnmen.
Üt widit socios: Tempus desistere pugna ;
Solus ego in Pallanta feror; soli mihi Pallas
Debetur: cuperem, ipse parens spectator adesset.
Haec ait: et socii cesserunt aequore jusso.
At Rutulúm abscessu, juvenis tum jussa superba
440
441. Inquit: est teru-
pus
443. Cuperem uterur
parens
445
Miratus, stupet in Turno; corpusque per ingens
Lumina volvit, obitolue truci procul omnia visu;
Talibus et dictis it contra dicta tyranni :
Aut spoliis ego jam raptis laudabor opimis,
Aut leto insigni: sorti pater'aequus utrique est: .
Fatus medium procedit in aequor.
Tolle"minas.
450
Frigidus Arcadibus coit in praecordia sanguis.
Desiluit Turnus bijugis, pedes apparat ire
Cominūs. Utdue leo, speculá cum vidit āb altà
Stare procul campis meditantem praelia taurum,
Advolat; haud alia est Turni venientis imago.
454. Utdue leo advo-
455 lat, cilm ab alta specula
vidit taurum stare
Huncubi contiguum missae fore credidit hasta,
Ire prior Pallas, si quâ fors adjuvet ausum, -
Viribus imparibus; magnumque ita ad athera fatur:
Per patris-hospitium, et inensas, quas advena adisti,
Te precor, Alcide, coeptis ingentibus adsis :
Cernat seminecisibi me rapere arma cruenta,
Victoremdue ferant morientia lumina Turni.
Audiit Alcides juvenem, magnumque sub imo
Corde premit gemitum, lachrymasque effudit inanes.
458. Caepit ire prior,
imparibus viribus, ten-
tans si quâ
460. O Alcide, precor
te, per -
462. Turnus cernat
me rapere -
461
465
Tum genitor natum dictis affatur amicis:
Statsua cuique dies; breve et irreparabile tempus
Omnibus est vitae : sed famam extendere factis,
Hoc virtutis opus.
Sarpedon, mea progenies.
Trojae sub moenibus altis
Tot nati cecidere Deûm : quin occidit ună
Etiam sua Turnum
470
Fata vocant, metasque dati pervenit ad avi.
NOTES.
compensation for her violated chastity. See
AEn. xii. 138. et sequens.
440. Secat: in the sense of dividit.
444. Cesserwnt aequore jusso : retired from
the commanded plain—from that part of the
field of battle, where Pallas was, to make
room for Turnus to advance against him.
447. Obit : surveys. Omnia may refer to
his armor more particularly, than to his per-
son. That had been mentioned just before.
Truci visu: with a stern or steady look.
448. It : in the sense of dicit, vel respondet.
449. Spoliis opimis. For the spolia opima,
see AEri. vi. 855—859.
450. Pater aquus. Dryden takes pater
here for Jupiter, who, it is true, may be con-
sidered the father of all, just and impartial.
But it is better to take it for Evander, the
father of Pallas. It was the same thing to
him whether his son were slain, or returned
victorious. He was equally prepared for
either event. Equus; in the sense of pa-
ratus. ... -
452. Coit: congeals. It retired from the
extremities to the heart; there thickened,
and ceased to circulate. Such was the fear
of the Arcadians for the issue of the combat.
•Apparat: in the sense of parat.
: 457. Contiguum : within reach of his mis-
Slve spear. -
460. Hospitium. Hercules, on his return
from Spain, was entertained by Evander,
and after the death of Cacus was magnifi-
cently worshipped. See AEn. viii. 184, et
sequens. -
461. Adsis : may you favor—aid.
462. Rapere: in the sense of auferre.
463. Ferant: may the dying eyes of Tur-
nus endure to behold me victorious.
466. JYatum : Hercules. He was the son
of Jupiter by Alcmene, the wife of Amphitry-
on. Hence, sometimes called Amphitryoni-
ades. - .
467. Stat ; is fixed.
472. Ad metas dati acui : to the end of his
appointed life.
34
514
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Sic ait, atque oculos Rutulorum rejicit arvis
At Pallas magnis emittit viribus hastam,
* Wagináque cavá fulgentem deripit ensem.
476. Illa hasta volans Illa volans, humeris surgunt qua tegmina summa,
Incidit, atque viam clypei molita per oras,
incidit, quâ summa
47%
Tandem etiam magno strinxit de corpore Turni.
Hic Turnus ferro praefixum robur acuto
In Pallanta diu librans jacit, atque ita fatur:
Aspice, num magè sit nostrum penetrabile telum.
* Dixerat: at clypeum, tot ferri terga, tot aris,
* Cúm pellis toties obeat circumdata tauri, -
Vibranti cuspis medium transverberatictu,
clim pellis tauri circum- Loricaque moras, et pectus perforatingens.
482. Ac cuspis teli
transverberat
clypeum vibranti ictu,
tot terga ferri, tot aris,
480
485
data toties obeat eum, Ille rapit calidum frustrà de vulnere telum :
perforatoue moras
486. Ille Pallas frustrà
488. Arma dedēre so-
nitum super eum.
492. Remitto filium
Pallanta et
Uná eådemdue vià sanguisque animusque sequuntur
Corruit in vulnus; somitum super arma dedēre ;
Et terram hostilem moriens petit ore cruento.
Quem Turnus super assistens : -
Arcades, haec, inquit, memores mea dicta refert
Evandro : qualem meruit, Pallanta remitto.
490
49; ſº fatus talia Quisquis honos tumuli, quicquid solamen humandi est.
pressit eum exanimem Largior.
497. Nefasque impres- Hospitia.
Haud illi stabunt AEneia parvo
sum, tº 40, ºpe, m*. Exanimem, rapiens immania pondera baltei,
nus juvenum caesa
foedè
501. Omens hominum Caesa manus juvenum foedè, thalamique cruenti;
mescia.
503. Cúm optaverit Quo nunc Turnus ovat spolio, gaudetdue potitus.
Nescia mens hominum fati, sortisque futurae,
servare modum, rebus sublata secundis!
se emptum esse magno
pretio Pallanta intactum Et
62,386 .
Et lacwo pressit pede, talia fatus, 495
* Impressumque nefas; ună sub nocte jugali
Quae bonus Eurytion multo calaverat auro :
500
504. Diemgue, qui, Turno tempus erit, magno cum optaverit emptum
interfecit evm.
Intactum Pallanta; et cum spolia ista diemgue
NOTES.
473. Rejicit oculos: he turned his eyes
from, &c. that he might not behold a death,
which he would have prevented, but was not
able. Ruteus interprets the words by retulit
oculos ad campos. Heyne says, jacit retrö—
avertit. .
477. JMolita viam : opening, or making a
way for itself, &c. A part. agreeing with
hasta, understood. fe .
478. Strina..it : it glanced from, &c. It
hit his body, but did not wound him. -
479. Robur: a dart, or javelin. JMagè, for
magłs. •
481. Penetrabile : penetrating. Adjec-
tives of this form are generally passive in
their signification. There are some few in-
stances of their being used in an active
sense. This is one of them.
482. Terga: in the sense of laming so
many plates of iron, so many, &c. The
spear of Turnus passed through (transver-
berat) the middle of his shield, which was
composed of so many plates, &c.
483 Cúm: in the sense of quamvis. Obeat
&
circumdata: simply, for circumdatur. Or,
circumdata may be taken in the sense of
complicata : folded up—doubled.
485. JMoras : any thing that prevents—a
stop or hindrance. It is here used for the
folds and texture of the coat of mail.
490. Assistens: in the sense of stans.
493. Humandi : a gerund in di, in the
sense of humationis vel sepulchri.
494. Largior: I freely bestow, or grant
it. Ruteus says, concedo.
497. Sub una jugali nocte, &c. The story
of the daughters of Danaus, who murdered
their husbands in the night of their mar-
riage, is here meant. See nom. prop. under
Danaides.
499. Eurytion. The name of some arti-
ficer. The belt of Pallas was covered or
overlaid with gold; in which this horrid
crime was carved or engraven. Bonus
skilful. Nefas: any great or horrid crºae
also, a wicked or odious person.
502. JModum: moderation—bounds.
503. Erit: in the sense of veniet.
AENEIS.
5
I
5
LIB X
Oderit.
At socii multo gemitu lachrymisque
505
Impositum scuto referunt Pallanta frequentes.
O, dolor, atque decus magnum, rediture, parenti!
Haec te prima dies bello dedit, haec eadem aufert
Cüm tamen ingentes Rutulorum linquis acervos.”
Nec jam fama mali tanti, sed certior auctor
Advolat Æneae, tenui discrimine lett
507. O Palta, reditura
dolor, atque magnum
decus parenti!
510
Esse suos; tempus versis succurrere Teucris.
Proxima quaeque metit gladio, latumque per agnmen
Ardens limitem agit ferro, te, Turne, superbum
Caede nová, quaerens.
Tuncadiit, dextraeque datae.
Pallas, Evander, in ipsis
Omnia sunt, oculis; mensae, quas advena primas
Sulmone creatos
Quatuor hic juvenes, totidem, quos educat Ufens,
Wiventes rapit: inferias quos immolet umbris,
Captivoque rogi perfundat sanguine flammas.
Inde Mago procul infensam contenderat hastam :-2.
515
516. Imprimis mennie,
quas primas ille tunc
advena adiit,
518. Hic rapit qua-
tuor juvenes, creatos
520 Sulmone; totidem, quos
Ufens educat, omnes vi-
Ille astu subit, ac tremebunda supervolat hasta: A ºn *ia. º:
lºt genua amplectens effatur talia supplex: Pallantis
Per patrios Manes, et spes surgentis Itali, &
Te precor, hanc animam serves natoque patrique. 525 525. Ut serves hanc
Est domus alta : jacent penitàs defossa talenta
Caelati argenti : sunt auri pondera facti
animam
Infectioue mihi: non hic victoria Teucrüm
Wertitur : haud anima una dabit discrimina tanta.
Dixerat: AEneas contra cui talia reddit:
530
Argenti atque auri, memoras quae, multa talenta,
Natis parce tuis : belli commercia Turnus
Sustulit ista prior, jam tum Pallante perempto.
532. Parce tuls natus
multa talenta argenti
NOTES.
506. Referunt : his friends gathering in
crowds, (frequentes) carry his body from the
field of battle.
507. O dolor, &c. This is an exclamation
either of the poet, or of his companions,
bearing away the dead body, with a view
to the grief of Evander when he should
hear of the death of his son. But his grief
would be in some measure lightened by the
consideration of his distinguished actions.
510. Auctor : in the sense of nuntius.
Certior: in the sense of certus. Fama : a
report or rumor.
511. Tenui discrimine : in a small dis-
tance—in great hazard of JModico interstitio
mortis, says Servius. Parām distare ab eacitio,
says Ruteus.
512. Suos socios is understood. Tempus:
esse is ujººd.
514. Agit? in the sense of facil: he cuts
down—forces with his sword, &c.
519. Umbris : the plu. for umbré in the
tling, as in AEn. v. 81, which see. Inferias:
offerings to the dead. These were poured
upon, or into the grave. They were milk,
honey, wine, &c. Upon these, it was sup-
posed, the umbra feasted. &
120. Perfundat: might wet, or sprinkle.
521. Contenderat: in the sense of mutlebat
522. Subit: he stoops. Astu : with dex-
terity.
524. Per patrios manes, &c. This address
of Magus is imitated from Homer, Iliad vi
where Adrastus supplicates Agamemnon
But the Roman poet has much improved
upon the Greek. Mr. Pope observes, that
nothing could be a more artful piece of ad
dress than the first lines of this supplication,
when we, consider the character of Æneas,
to whom it was made: per patrios.JManes, &c.
526. Defossa penities: buried deep in the
earth.
527. Pondera : , masses: plu. of pondus.
.Auri facti. By this we are to understand,
gold wrought into vases, statues, &c. Auri
tnfecti : of bullion—gold unwrought. Coe-
lati: of embossed silver—silver carved or
wrought into vases.
529. Tanta discrimina ; so great differ-
ence. The victory of the Trojans does not
turn upon this point (h?c.) My life can
make no great difference; beside, you shall
be abundantly rewarded for your clemency
in doing it. *
532. Ista commercia : those terms or con
ditions. Ista pacta belli, says Ruteus
516
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
534. Manes patris An- Hoc patris Anchisae Manes, hoc sentit Iülus.
chise sentvunt
Sic fatus, galeam laevå tenet; atque reflexâ
535
536. Abdidit ensem Cervice, orantis capulo tenus abdidit ensem.
tenus capulo in corpus
ejus orantis. Nec erat
AEmonides procul,
Nec procul AFmonides, Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos,
Infula cui sacrá redimibat tempora vittà,
Totus collucens veste atque insignibus armis.
53?
Quem congressus agit campo, lapsumque superstans
541. Ingentigue um- Immolat, ingentigue umbră tegit: arma Serestus
brå mortis.
Lecta refert humeris, tibi, rex Gradive, trophaeum.
Instaurant acies, Vulcani stirpe creatus
Caeculus, et veniens Marsorum montibus Umbro.
545. Umbro dejecerat Dardanides contrà furit. Anxuris ense sinistram, 545
iniºn Anxuris ense, Et totum clypei ferro dejecerat orbem.
et totum Dixerat ille aliquid magnum, vimgue affore verbo
Crediderat, coeloque animum for tassé ferebat,
Canitiemgue sibi, et longos promiserat annos.
Tarquitus exsultans contra fulgentibus armis, 550
Sylvicolae Fauno Dryope quem Nympha crearat,
552. AEmeſe ardenti. Obvius ardenti sese obtulit: ille reductà
*.*.* * Loricam clypeigue ingens onus impedit hastā :
pedit ejus loricam Tum caput orantis nequicquam, et multa parantis
Dicere, deturbat terrae : truncumque tepentem 555
556. Super eum ſatur Provolvens, super haec inimico pectore ſatur:
h". 7, nº met. Istic nunc, metuende, jace. Non te optima mater
ende, " Q Condet humi, patriove onerabit membra sepulchro:
Alitibus linquère feris, aut gurgite mersum
& Unda feret, piscesque impasti vulnera lambent. 560
Protinús Antaeum et Lycam, prima agmina Turni,
Persequitur fortemque Numam, fulvumque Camertem,
Magnanimo Volscente satum ; ditissimus agri
NOTES.
538. Infula. This was a sort of diadem
worn by priests and illustrious persons. The
vitta was a kind of label or fillet, that hung
down from the infula, on each side. Cut:
in the sense of cujus.
540. Congressus: engaging, or meeting:
a part. agreeing with Æneas.
541. Ingenti umbră with the shades of
death—an everlasting shade. Ruacus says,
magnis tenebris. Davidson says, “with the
deep shades of death.” Heyne thinks it re-
fers to the shield and body of Æneas; which
is a very singular interpretation. Super-
stans ingenti winbrá tegit, says he. Tegit:
in the sense of opprimit.
542. Arma lecta : his arms gathered up,
to be a trophy to thee, O Mars, king of war.
Gradivus, a name of Mars.
543. Acies: in the sense of pugnam.
545. Dardanides : AEneas.
546. Dejecerat: Umbro had cut off the
left arm of Anxur just as Æneas came up.
He had thrown down his left arm, and with
it his shield fell to the ground. This, and
some other embarrassed sentences, occur,
particularly in this book, which plainly show
that Virgil had not put the finishing hand
Ar"
to the Æneid. Totum orbem clypei: simply
the whole shield.
547. Wim: force—efficacy. Aliquid mag-
num. He had repeated some spell or in-
cantation, which he hoped would prove effi-
cacious against the darts of Æneas, amo
therefore he made head against him. Da-
vidson says, “some mighty spell he had
pronounced.” Ruteus observes: magic,
quibusdam consecrationibus et carminibus ad-
versus vulnera se munierat. Germanus, and
some others think magicum should be read
in the place of magnum.
551. Sylvicolae : the dat, agreeing with
Fauno : an inhabitant of the woods. Of
sylva and colo. Credrat: in the sense of
pepererat.
553. Hasta reductá: his spear being drawn
back, that he might throw it from him with
greater force. Impedit: he encumbers, or
renders useless to him, his corslet, &c. be-
cause his spear remained fast in them.
561. Prima agmina : the chief or princi-
pal leaders. They were so valiant, they
were a host themselves. Heyne says, qui
pugnant ante ordines wel qui in prima acte
AENEIS.
LIB. X. 517
Qui fuit Ausonidüm, et tacitis regnavit Amyclis
AEgaeon qualis, centum cui brachia dicunt,
Centenasque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem
Pectoribusque arsisse; Jovis cum fulmina contra
565. Talis qualis era:
AEgaeon, cui homines di
cunt fuisse centum
565
Tot paribus streperet clypeis, tot stringeret enses
Sic toto AEneas desaevit in aequore victor,
Ut Semel intepuit mucro.
Quin ecce Nyphaei
Quadrijuges in equos, adversaque pectora tendit:
Atque illi longé gradientem et dirá frementem
Ut vidére, metu versi, retrôque ruentes,
570. Mucro gladri in-
tepuit sanguine
572. Illi equi, ut pri-
müm vidére eum longé
570
Effunduntgue ducem, rapiuntoue ad litora currus.
Interea bijugis infert se Lucagus albis
575
In medios, fraterque Liger: sed frater habenis
Flectit equos ; strictum rotat acer Lucagus ensem.
Haud tulit AEneas tanto fervore furentes;
578. Eos furentestanto
Irruit, adversâque ingens apparuit hastā.
*.
Cui Liger:
580
Non Diomedis equos, non currum cernis Achillis,
Aut Phrygiae campos : nunc belli finis et aevi
His dabitur terris. Wesano talia laté
Dicta volant Ligeri: sed non et Troius heros
Dicta parat contrà ; jaculum nam torquet in hostem.
Lucagus ut pronus pendens in verbera telo
586
Admonuit bijugos, projecto dum pede lavo
Aptat se pugnax, Subit oras hasta per imas
Fulgentis clypei, tum laevum perforatinguen.
NOTES.
564. Ausonidüm : gen. plu. for Ausonida-
rum, by syn. The Ausones were among
the early inhabitants of Italy. Tacitis Amy-
clis. Amyclab was a city of Latium, near
Terracina, which is said to have perished
through silence. The city having been fre-
quently thrown into confusion by false
alarms, at length a law was made that none
of its inhabitants should mention the ap-
proach of an enemy. So that, when an ene-
my actually advanced against the city, it
was suddenly destroyed for want of timely,
intelligence. Servius assigns another reason
for the singular epithet of tacitat. He ob-
serves, they held the doctrines of Pythago-
ras, which forbade them to offer any violence
to serpents, and enjoined, at the same time,
a silence of five years. At a time, a host of
serpents issued from a lake near the city;
the inhabitants refusing to attack them, fell
a prey to them.
565. AEggeon : the son of Coelus and Ter-
ra. The same as Briareus.
568. Tot paribus clypeis. It is generally
thought these words imply, that the num-
ber of his shields was equal to his arms or
hands. But it is difficult to conceive how
that could be. The warrior carried a shield
only on his left arm; and with his right
hand he wielded the sword, the javelin, &c.
His shields and swords (enses,) doubtless,
squalled together the number of his hands.
But paribus may mean that they were all of
equal size and shape. Streperet : in the
sense of sonabat.
570. Ui semel ; when once his sword, &c.
JMucro: properly, the point of the sword, by
synec. the whole sword.
571. Adversa pectora. By these words, we
are to understand the breasts of the steeds,
rather than the breast of the charioteer JWi-
phaeus. It gives us a higher idea of the
courage of Æneas, who dared to stand
against, and oppose the course of these
horses.
572. Dirã an adj. of the neu. plu. used
as an adv. in imitation of the Greeks.
574. Effundunt : they throw out the dri
Wer.
575, Bijugis : bījugi is, properly, a pain
of horses harnessed : by meton. the carriage
in which they are harnessed. Of bis and
jugum. Lucagus was drawn in a chariot by
a pair of white horses.
578. Fervore : heat—violence.
582. AEvil: of your life.
583. His terris: on this spot—in this place.
584, Vesano Ligeri : from insolent Liger.
Liger is declined like nouns of the third
declension, some of which make the abl. in
7, as well as in e. Et: also. &
587. Admonwit : goaded on his horses
with a dart—the point of his javelin, or
dart. Ruabus says, excitavit.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
\,
Excussus curru moribundus volvitur arvis ;
590
Quem pius AEneas dictis affatur amaris:
Lucage, nulla tuos currus fuga segnis equorum
b%3. Vertère eos
rotis Arripuit bijugos.
Prodidit, aut vanae vertère ex hostibus umbrae :
594. Tu ipse saliens Ipse rotis saliens juga deseris.
Haec ita fatus,
Frater tendebat inermes 595
Infelix palmas, curru delapsus eodem :
597. Oro Per te, Per Perte, per quite talem genuère parentes,
parentes, qui
"Wir Trojane, sine hanc animam, et miserere precantis.
399. £neas.”P” Pluribus oranti AEneas: Haud talia dudum
alli oranti pluribus verbis
600. Tu frater ne de-
Abre
Dicta dabas : morere, et fratrem ne desere frater.
Tum, latebras animae, pectus mucrone recludit.
600
Talia per camposedebat funera ductor
Dardanius, torrentis aquae vel turbinis atri
More furens.
Tandem erumpunt, et castra relinquunt
Ascanius puer, et nequicquam obsessa juventus.
605
Junonem interea compellat Jupiter ultrö :
O germana, mihi atque eadem gratissima conjux
Ut rebare, Venus, nec te sententia fallit,
609. Non est illus viris Trojanas sustentat opes : non vivida bello
dextra
Dextra viris, animusque ferox, patiensque periclid
610
Cui Juno submissa : Quid, Ó pulcherrime conjux,
Sollicitas a gram, et tua tristia dicta timentem 7
613. , Si foret mihi Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat, quamgue esse decebat,
* Vis in amore quº Wis in amore foret! non hoc mihi namque negares
Omnipotens; quin et pugna subducere Turnum,
615
Et Dauno possem incolumen servare parenti.
Nunc pereat, Teucrisque pio det sanguine poenas
NOTES.
590. Eaccussus : thrown—tost from his
chariot.
591. Pius AEneas. Dr. Trapp observes
the epithet pius seems a little incongruous,
while he is insulting a fallen enemy. Some
soldier-like epithet would seem much more
proper for our hero on this occasion. But
he is avenging the death of his friend Pallas,
who had just been slain; and among the
heathem, that was looked upon as an act of
piety.
592. Lucage: Mr. Davidson observes, this
is a very poor sentiment, an ill-timed affec-
tation of wit, unworthy both of the poet and
the hero. Virgil appears to have been led
into it, from an over fondness for Homer.
JNulla segnis : no slow flight of your horses,
&c.
594. Juga : properly the yoke: here, the
chariot. Sometimes, also, the horses, by
meton.
598. Sine: spare, or save this life.
the sense of parce. Ruteus says, omitig.
601. Latebras anima: ; the seat of life.
}, Jaeus says, quo latet anima. Latebras is
eut in apposition with pectus. **
607. Conjua. Juno was both the sister,
and wife of J3 we. Conjua is both a husband,
and wife.
In
608. Venus, ut rebare, &c. This is said
ironically, as appears both from the turn of
the sentence, and the answer of Juno, which
shows that she considered it in that light.
How Venus supports the Trojan strength !
609. Opes : in the sense of vires. She
gives strength, or power to the Trojans, to
perform such mighty deeds. Vivida; in the
sense of ardens. ,4°
611. Submissa : humble—submissive.
612. AF'gram afflicted —full of grief. The
pron. me, is understood.
613. Si foret mihi vis: O, that there were
the same force in my love—O, that I had
the same influence over thy affections, &c.
but I have lost nt; for otherwise, thou
wouldst not deny me this. ,
616. Possem : I would be able—I could
desire to have power, &c.
617. Pereat : now he must perish, and
make retribution, &c.
This is said by Juno with a degree of in
dignation, that the favorite of Venus should
thus prevail, and that the daughter should
have more influence with Jove than the
wife. Oavidson renders the words det pae-
nas: “ let him glut the vengeance of the
Trojans with his pious blood.” His blood
AENEIS.
LIB. X. 519
the tamen nostra deducit origine nomen;
Pilumnusque illi quartus pater; et tua largå
Saepe manu, multisque oneravit limina domis.
620
Cui rex aetherei breviter sic fatur Olympi:
Si mora praesentis leti, tempusque caduco
Jratur juveni, megue hoc ita ponere sentis;
Tolle fugä Turnum, atque instantibus eripe fatis.
Hactenus induſsisse vacat.
Sub precibus venia, ulla latet, totumque
Sin altior istis
625 625. Vacat mihi in
moveri dulsisse libi
Mutarive putas bellum, spes pascis inanes.
Uui Juno illachrymans : Quid si, quod voce gravaris,
Mente dares; atque hac Turno rata vi
Nunc manet insontem gravis exitus ! aut ego veri
Vana feror : quëd ut 6 potilis formidine falsā
Ludar; et in meliùs tua, qui potes, orsa reflectas!
ta maneret 7
630
631. Quod,
ut potitis
A.
ô sit ata,
Haec ubi dicta dedit, coelo se protinús alto
Misit, agens hyemem nimbo succincta per auras,
Iliacamgue aciem, et Laurentia castra petivit.
Tum Dea nube cavá tenuem siné viribus umbram,
In faciem AEneas, visu mirabile monstrum !
Dardaniis ornat telis : clypeumque jubasque
Divini assimulat capitis; dat inania verba :
Dat siné mente sonum, gressusque effingit euntis.
635
636. Tum Dea ornat
Dardaniis telis tenuem
umbram siné viribus é
cava nube.
640
Morte obità, quales fama est volitare figuras,
Aut quae sopitos deludunt somnia sensus.
At primas laeta ante acies exsultat imago,
Irritatolue virum telis, et voce lacessit.
Instat cui Turnus, stridentemque eminus hastam
Conjicit: illa dato vertit vestigia tergo.
645
646. Illa imago vertit
Tum verö AEnean aversum ut cedere Turnus
Credidit, atque animo spem turbidus hausit inanem :
NOTES.
is called pious, because Turnus was descend
ed from the gods. -
619. Quartus pater. Turnus was the
fourth in a direct line from Pilumnus, who
is, therefore, called his fourth father. He
was his great-grandfather's father.
620. Limina tua : in the sense of twa
templa. .
622. JMora : a delay——respite from. Ca-
duco : about to fall—doomed to fall by the
hand of Æneas. JMoa casutro, says Heyne.
623. Pomere : to settle, fix or determine.
Constituere, says Heyne. Oratur: is asked
by thee.
625. Vacat ; in the sense of licet. Hac-
tenus : so far.
626. Venia: in the sense of gratia.
628. Gravaris : you are loth, or unwilling
to grant by words.
629. Quid si dares. Juno here seems to
express some fear, that her husband was
not sincere in granting her even this favor.
JMente : from your heart—sincerely.
630. Eacitus : in the sense of mors, Vana
here has the sense of ignara. Or else the
word augur, vel aruspea, is understood.
Ruteus says, dicor ignara veritatis.
632. In miliūs: taken adverbially, for the
better. Orsa : in the sense of incepta. Qui
potes : who hast power. Jupiter could con-
trol the fates, by deferring, or impeding their
purposes, or decrees.
634. JWimbo ; in the sense of nube.
636. Tum Dea, &c. This is taken from
Homer, Iliad v., where Apollo raises a phan-
tom in the shape of Æneas. But Virgil has
greatly improved upon the original.
638. Ornat: in the sense of instruit.
640. Effingit: represents. Rugeus says,
—eacprimit.
641. JMorte obitá:
ing past. -
642. Sopitos sensus: the slumbering senses
—or senses buried in sleep. Quae : in the
sense of qualia.
646. Tergo dato: the back being turned
toward Turnus, it fled from him.
647. Cedere : in the sense of fugere. -
648. Turbidus : in the sense of tunens--
elatus arrogantiá.
after death—death be-
520.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
$49. Inquit, Enea, Què fugis, AEnea 7 thalamos ne desere pactos:
quë fugis 2 i., Häc dabitur dextră tellus quaesita per undas. 650
650. Tellus quesita Tali if litur, strict º, t
per undas dabitur tibi Tana vociferans sequitur, strictumque corusca
hac mea dextrá. Mucronem : nec ferre videt sua gaudia ventos.
Forté ratis, celsi conjuncta crepidine saxi,
Expositis stabat scalis, et ponte parato,
655 Quâ nave rex Osi- Quà rex Clusinis advectus Osinius oris. 655
nius advoctus fuerat d Hüc sese trepida A.neae fugientis imago -
Conjicit in latebras: nec Turnus segnior instat,
Exsuperatoue moras, et pontes transilit altos.
Wix proram attigerat: rumpit Saturnia funem,
660. Rapitºlue navem Avulsamgue rapit revoluta per aequora navem. 660
avulsam a litore per re-Illum autem. AEneas absentem in praelia poscit:
voluta. Obvia multa virim demittit corpora morti.
Tum levis haud ultrà latebras jam quaerit imago,
Sed sublimë volans nubi se immiscuit atrae : -
Cüm Turnum medio interea fert aequore turbo. 666
Respicit ignarus rerum, ingratusque salutis,
Et duplices cum voce manus ad sidera tendit:
Omnipotens genitor, tanton' me crimine dignum
Duxisti ? et tales voluisti expendere poenas' 669
Quð feror" unde abii? quae me fuga, quemve reducet"
Laurentes-ne iterum muros aut castra widebo 7
672. Quid illa manus Quid manus illa virtim, qui me meague arma secuti'
virim dicel, Qui secuti Quosque, nefası
$ttºnt º
omnes infandā in morte reliqui'
Et nunc palantes video, gemitumque cadentăm
674
NOTES.
649. Pactos thalamos: the promised match.
652. JNec videt : nor does he perceive that
the winds bear off his joys. This is a pro-
verbial expression, denoting disappointment.
JMucronem : in the sense of ensem. -
653. Conjuncta; the ship was connected
with, or moored to the top of a high rock.
Crepidine, the abl. for crepidini, the dat.
654. Eapositis : extended—reaching to
the shore. These ladders and bridge had
been made, for the purpose of landing troops
from the vessel or ship.
655. Osinius. It is probable he was com-
mander of these troops, or at least some dis-
tinguished man among his citizens; for rea:
does not always imply a king : sometimes a
nobleman. Massicus appears to have been
the king of Clusium.
657. Latebras. This word properly sig-
nifies any hiding place—or place of conceal-
ment. Here it plainly means the hold of
the ship, into which the shadow or image
of AEmeas concealed itself.
658. JMoras : obstacles—hindrances.
660. Revoluta aequora : the rolling billows.
Servius thinks revoluta is to be connected
with navem by hypallage. But this is un-
necessary here; for revoluta is a very proper
epithet for the sea; whose surface is con-
tinually in motion. Walpy says, “through
the ebbing tide.”
666. Ingratus: unthankful for his safety
He considers it no favor to be rescued from
the field of battle, where, if he fell, he should
fall in the defence of his honor, and the
glory of his country. -
668. Dualisti. Ruteus says, eacistimátz.
Crimine : crime—-disgrace—-base actions.
Didst thou consider me deserving of such
an imputation, such disgrace upon my cha-
racter, as that arising from deserting my
companions in battle: Throughout this ad-
dress, Turnus manifests the soldier and the
hero. Tanton’: for tanto-ne, . 4.
669. Earpendere: to suffer—undergo.
670. Quemve : or what sort of a person—
how disgraced? Qualem, says Rugeus. Abii
in the sense of discessi.
671. Castra. 'Turnus here means his own
camp; perhaps the field of battle. By mu-
ros, he may mean the capital of his king-
dom; or his country in general. - -
672. JManus virilm: that band of men—
those troops of mine. Rugeus says, multi-
tudo hominum. Dicet is understood.
673. JYeſas. This is here taken as an in
terjection. O, disgrace —O, foul ingrati.
tude! Infanda : in the sense of crudeli.
Quosque : this is the common reading.
Heyne has quos-ne: which he takes in the
sense of eos-ne. -
674. Palantes : fleeing—wandering, as
being without a leader Cadentiim z in the
£NEIS. [..I.B. X.
521
Accipio. Quld agam 7 aut quae Jam satis ima dehiscat
Terra mihi ? Wos, 6 potitis miserescite, venti,
In rupes, in saxa, (volens vos Turnus adoro,)
Ferte ratem, saevisque vadis immittite syrtis;
676 Vos, O venti
potius miserescite mei,
et ferte ratem in rupes,
Quà neque me Rutuli, neque conscia fama sequatur. 679 "ºconician.fugae
Haec memorans, animo nunc huc, nunc fluctuat illuc, -
An sese mucrone ob tantum dedecus amens
Induat, et crudum per costas exigat ensem ;
Fluctibus an jaciat mediis, et litora nando
Curva petat ; Teucrümque iterum se reddat in arma.
Ter conatus utramgue viam : ter maxima Juno
Continuit; juvenemgue animi miserata repressit.
Labitur alta secans, fluctuque aestuque'secundo
685. Ter conatus est
686. Miserata dolorem
animi
685
Et patris antiquam Dauni defertur ad urbem.
At Jovis interea monitis Mezentius ardens
Succedit pugna, Teucrosque invadit ovantes.”
Concurrunt Tyrrhenae acies, atque omnibus uni,
Uni odiisque viro telisque frequentibus instant.
Ille, velut rupes, vastum quae prodit in aequor,
Obvia ventorum furiis, expóstaque ponto,
690
691. Atque instant
viro uni. illi uni, omni-
busque odiis
693. Ille manet immo
694 tus, velut
Wim cunctam atque minas perfert coelique marisque,
Ipsa immota manens.
Prolem Dolichaonis Hebrum
Šternit humi; cum quo Latagum, Palmumque fugacem :
Sed Latagum saxo atque ingenti fragmime montis
Occupat os faciemgue adversam : poplite Palmum
Succiso volvi segmem sinit; armaque Lauso
Donat habere humeris, et vertice figere cristas.
Nec non Evantem Phrygium, Paridisque Mimanta
697. Una cum quo
stermit
699. Sed occupat La
tagum quoad os, fa
700 ...”
701. Vertice capitis
Nec non sternit
AEqualem comitemque : ună quem nocte Theano
NOTES.
sense of morientäm.
of audio. -
675. Dehiscat.: can open sufficiently deep
for me—in proportion to my crime. Agam.
This is the common reading. Heyne has ago.
677 Adoro ; in the sense of supplico.
682. Induat: in the sense of transfodiat.
Crudum : in the sense of crudelem, vel nudum.
Ruteus interprets it by durum. Heyne ob-
serves, that the Roman copy has microni in
, the dat., which he thinks preferable to the
common reading, inasmuch, as it makes the
sense of induat easier. In this case it would
have the sense of irrwal: he rushed or fell
upon the point of his sword. Indwo, com-
pounded of in and duo vel do. Valpy takes
.Accipio; in the sense
it in the sense of transfodial : whether he
should stab himself, &c.
685. Utranque viam : each expedient—
way. . -
686. JMisera:a animi : pitying the anguish
of his mind, restrained and prevented the
youth from executing his purpose. Animi :
this is the reading of Heyne. Dolorem, or
a word of the like import, is understood as in
the ordo, Ruteus and Davidson have animo.
687. Secundo fluctu : the waves and cur-
rent being favorable. The motion of the
waves carried the vessel forward: which is
saying, in other words, that the wind was in
his favor. Labitur : in the sense of prove-
hitwr. Alta : for maria.
691. Tyrrhenae acies. The Tuscan troops
accompanied Æneas, for the purpose of
taking vengeance upon Mezentius, on ac-
count of the cruelties he had done, during
his reign. And now they see him entering
the fight, they rush upon him from all parts,
and press him with their great efforts.
they are foiled in every attack. He stands
their assaults like an immovable rock. The
comparison is very significant.
693. Prodit: projects, or extends into the
sea. Ruteus says, procurrit.
694. Obvia : in the sense of opposita
Ponto : to the sea—the rage of the sea.
696. Prolem : in the sense of filium.
699. Occupat Latagum: he strikes Lata-
gus upon the mouth and face, as he stood
opposite him.
700. Volvi segmem: to wallow, or roll on
the ground—disabled and wounded. Ruteus
takes segmem, in the sense of jacentem. Sinit
he leaves him, &c. *
701. Habere: in the sense of ferre.
704. Uné quem nocte, &c. The meanin
But
*
522
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
In lucem genitori Amyco dedit; et face praegnans
705. Paris occubat Cisseis regina Parin:
705
Paris urbe paterná
*** *** Laurens Occubat; ignarum Laurens habet ora Mimanta.
ora habet
707 Ac velut ille
Ac velut ille canum morsu de montibus altis .
aper, actus dealismon. Actus aper, multos Vesulus quem pinifer annos
tibus
pastus
morsu canum, Defendit, multosque palus Laurentia, sylvá
Pastus arundineå ; postguam inter retia ventum est 710
709. Laurentia palus Substitit, infremuitoue ferox, et inhorruit armos
defendit multos.annos
712. Nec est virtus
cuique S
Nec cuiquam irasci propiùsve accedere virtus,
ed jaculis tutisque procul clamoribus instant;
Ille autem impavidus partes cunctatur in omnes,
Dentibus infrendens, et tergo decutit hastas.
r15
716. Haudaliter, non Haud aliter, justæ quibus est Mezentius irae,
*...* alli eorum, Non ulliest animus stricto concurrere ferro;
quibus
Missilibus longé, et vasto clamore lacessunt.
Venerat antiquis Corythi de finibus Acron,
719
Graius homo; infectos linquens profugus hymenaeos
Huncubi miscentem longé media agmina widit,
Purpureum pennis, et pactae conjugis ostro :
Impastus stabula alta leo ceu saepe peragrans;
723. Ceu impastus leo Suadet enim vesana fames;
Conspexit capream, aut surgentem in cornua cervum ;
. Gaudet hians immané, comasque arrexit, et haeret
såspé peragrams alta sta-
bula
si forté fugacem 724
Wisceribus super incumbens: lavit improba teter
Ora cruor :
Sic ruit in densos alacer Mezentius hostes.
Sternitur infelix Acron, et calcibus atram à
730
Tundit humum expirans, infractaque tela cruentat.
NOTES.
is, that in the very same night Theano bore
Mimas, and Hecuba, Paris. Hence they are
said to be of equal age, a qualem. Dr.
Bentley observes, that creat is quite redun-
dant: for the sentence is perfect without it.
Beside, there is something incongruous in
making creat, and dedit, in different tenses;
and also the omission of the nom. to the
verb occubat perplexes the sense. He, there-
fore, conjectures the reading, as Virgil left it,
must be: wná quem nocte Theano
In lucem genitori Amyco dedit ; et face
praegnans -
Cisseis regina Parin. Paris urbe paterná .
occubat.
Dedit: in the sense of peperit, vel protulit.
705. Paris. Heyne omits creat, which is
the common reading, and substitutes Paris.
706. Ignarum : in the sense of ignotum.
707. JMorsu: in the sense of latratu. Ille
aper: a boar. Servius says the pron. ille is
used by an idiom of the language, to enno-
ole or enlarge the subject.
716. Pastus. Servius thinks this is for
astum, agreeing with quem, by antiptosis.
{. Beutley thinks the poet wrote pascit or
pavit, whose nominative would be Lauren-
tiapalus. Sylvá pastus: having fed upon reeds.
The verb defendit is understood after palus
Laurentia. Ventum est: in the sense of venit
711. Inhorruit armos: he bristles up his
shoulders.
712. Irasci : to engage him—to wreak his
vengeance on him.
714. Cunctatur. Rugeus says, opponit se
716. Justa irae: for a just resentment.
720. Profugus. Ruasus says, advena. Da-
vidson renders it, “deserted to Æneas.” Hy-
menteos infectos : in the sense of nuptias
tmperfectas. .*
721. JMiscentem: putting into confusion—
breaking through the middle ranks. Ruaus
says, turbantem.
722. Purpureum : red with plumes, and
the purple of his betrothed spouse—which
was given him by her.
724. Suadet : in the sense of wrget, vel
impellit. Vesana : excessive—immoderate
Fugacem: timorous.
725. Surgentem in cornua. This expresses
the stately motion of a large stag, whose
branching horns, as he moves along, seem to
lift him up from the ground.
726. Comas : in the sense of jubam.
727. Incumbens. Some copies have ac-
cumbens. For lavit, the Roman copy hath
lavat. Improba: hungry—ravenous. Visce-
ribus: the flanks—aiming his deadly grasp
at the flanks of the victim. *
731. Infracta : in the sense of fractis
AENEIS.
523
I,IB. X.
Atque idem fugientem haud est dignatus Oroden
Sternere, nec jacta caecum dare cuspide vulnus:
Obvius adversoqūe occurrit, seque viro vir
Contulit; haud furto melior, sed fortibus armis.
Tum super abjectum posito pede, nixus et hastā :
Pars belli haud temnenda, viri, jacet altus Orodes.
Conclamant socii, laetum Paeana secuti.
Ille autem expirans: Non me, quicumque es, inulto,
Victor, nec longum laetabere: te quoque fata
Prospectant paria, atque eadem mox arva tenebis.
Ad quem subridens mixtá Mezentius irá :
Nunc morere ! Ast de me Divām pater atque hominum
TeX
732. Atque idem Me
gentius haud dignatus
est
735
736. Super eum abjec-
tum
737. Ait, O viri, hu.
altus Orodes jacet, pars
belli
739. Ait : quicumque
es, non vives victor, nec
latabere longum tempus
me inulto." -
740
Widerit! Hoc dicens, eduxit corpore telum.
Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget
'745
Somnus; in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem.
Caedicus Alcathoum obtruncat, Sacrator Hydaspen:
Partheniumque Rapo, et praedurum viribus Orsen :
Messapus Cloniumque, Lycaoniumque Ericeten:
Illum, infraenis equi lapsu tellure jacentem;
Et Lycius processerat Agis,
Quem tamen haud expers Valerus virtutis avitae
Dejicit : Athronium Salius; Saliumque Nealces, -**
Insignis jaculo, et longé fallente Sagittà...
Jam gravis aquabat luctus et mutua Mavors
Funera : caedebant pariter, pariterque ruebant
Victores victidue : neque his fuga nota, neque illis.
Hunc, peditem pedes.
749. Messapus obtrun-
750 cat
750. Illum, nempe, Clo-
nium jacentem
751. Hunc, nempe,
SS Ericeten peditem, ipse
... ; Xpedes. Et Lycius Agis
* 755 processerat in JMessa-
pum
757. Nota est his
Di Jovis in tectis iram miserantur inanem
Amborum, et tantos mortalibus esse labores.
Hinc Venus, hinc contrà spectat Saturnia Juno.
760
Pallida Tisiphone media inter millia sævit.
NOTES.
\º -
732. Haud dignatus est: he disdained to
kill, &c.
733. Cuspide: the point, taken by synec.
for the whole spear.
735. Abjectum: in the sense of prostratum.
We have here the image of a hero. Me-
zentius disdained to take any advantage of
his enemy, although the laws of war would
have justified him in so doing ; but he met
him face to face, (adverso) and gave him an
opportunity to try the strength of his arm,
himself not his superior in stratagem, but
in deeds of valor. *
733. Seculi: in the sense of repetentes, vel
camentes. Paeana : in the sense of cantum.
739. Autem itle, &c. Here Virgil makes
Orodes foretell the death of his victor. In
this he follows Homer, who makes Hector
foretell the death of Achilles, who was after-
ward slain by Paris.
740. Fata : in the sense of mors.
741. Prospectant : in the sense of manent.
745. Olli : for illi by antithesis: the dat.
in the sense of the gen., to be connected
with oculos *
748. Praedurum : very powerful. }
750. Illum. Ille froquently signifies the
former, or first mentioned, and hic the latter,
or last mentioned. In the present case, il-
lum means Clonius, who had fallen from his
restive horse; while hunc means Ericetes,
who fought on foot. Messapus, though the
commander of the horse, was now on foot,
pedes. Infraenis : in the sense of indomiti.
752. Earpers: degenerate from—destitute
of. Of eac and pars. The poet here com-
pliments the Valerian family, then very in-
fluential at Rome, to which the famous Pub-
licola belonged. Avitae : in the sense of
majorum.
753. Dejicit: prostrates—kills. This verb
is to be supplied with Salius, and JNealces.
754. Longè fallente : striking him from a
distance—it was shot from a distance, and
approached unperceived. Feriente à longin-
quo incautum, says Heyne. -
758. Tectis : in the palace of Jove. This
was situated on Mount Olympus. Inanem:
uscless—tending to no purpose. Vanum,
says Rugeus.
!
524
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
At veró Ingentem quatiens Mezentius hastam
Turbidus ingreditur campo.
Quàm magnus Orion,
764. Cúm incedit per Cúm pedes incedit medii per maxima Nerei
des, scindens viam sibi
per maxima stagna
Stagna viam Scindens, humero supereminet undas; 765
Aut summis referens annosam montibus ornum,
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit.
Talis se vastis infert Mezentius armis.
769. Contrå AEneas,
speculatus eum in longo
agmine, parat Obvius ire parat.
Huic contrå AEneas, speculatus in agnine longo,
Manet imperterritus ille, 770
772. Emensus oculis Hostem magnanimum opperiens, et mole suá stat:
spatium, quantum esset Atque oculis spatium emensus, quantum satis hastº :
satis hastie, ail hºc Dextra, mihi Deus, et telum, quod missile libro, .
dextra, quº est Deus Nunc adsint
mihi, et hoc missile te- ©
lum, quod libro, nunc
adsint mihi Ił682.
775. O Lause, voveo Injicit:
te ipsum habiturum tro-
phaeum AEneas, et,
indutum spoliis ejus
783. Illa transiit per
Woveo praedonis corpore raptis
Indutum spoliis ipsum te, Lause, trophaeum 775
Dixit : stridentemque eminus hastam
illa volans clypeo est excussa, proculque
Egregium Antorem latus inter et ilia figit:
J” Herculis Antorem comitem, qui missus ab Argis
Haeserat Evandro, atque Italà consederat urbe.
cavum orbem clypei trip- Sternitur infelix alieno vulnere, coelumque -
: •
780
*.
lici ere, per linea terga, Aspicit, et dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos.)
opusque intextum
785. Imaque pars sui
sedit in -
Tum pius AEneas hastam jacit: illa per orbem
AEre cavum triplici, per linea terga, tribusque
790. Lausus, ut pri- Transiit intextum tauris opus; imague sedit
'785
müm widit genitorem vul- Inguine; sed vires haud pertulit. Ocyūs ensem
•leratum.
791. Hic, si qua ve-
tustas latura est fidem
tanto operi, equidem non
silebo casum tua durae
mortis
AEneas, viso Tyrrheni sanguine, lastus,
Eripit a femore, et trepidanti fervidus instat.
Ingemuit chari graviter genitoris amore,
Ut widit, Lausus; lachrymaeque per ora volutae.
Hic, mortis durae casum, tuaque optima facta,
790
NOTES.
763. Turbidus : furious—fierce—all in a
rage. It would seem from hence that Me-
zentius hitherto had only been in the skirts
of the battle. Now he presses on amidst
the thickest ranks, furious for fight. This
agrees best with the following comparison.
Orion is here mentioned, in regard to his
magnitude among the constellations. There
is a great majesty and sublimity in the
figure, “O, on marching through the waves.”
It is taken from Homer. - &
764. JVerei. JWerews, a god of the sea,
taken by meton. for the sea itself. Stagna :
properly the deep parts of the sea, or river.
Pedes. a foot-man—on foot.
766. Referens : resembling. This appears
better than to take it with Ruabus in the
sense of reportans. Davidson observes, that
referens here may mean resembling, as it
does in some other places. Valpy says,
“ resembling.”
773. Deactra Dews. Mezentius is all along
represented as an Atheist, and a monster of
impiety and cruelty. Here the only god he
invokes is his right hand, and the weapons
which he is about to throw. Them he in-
vokes—adsint nunc : may they aid me—
assist my efforts.
777. Injicit. This is the reading of Heyne.
The common reading is jecit, in the perf.
tense. Ruasus and Davidson have at illa.
Heyne omits the at. Valpy does the same.
779. JMissus ; having come from Argos,
had joined, &c. Antores had been the com-
panion of Hercules in his travels.
781. Alieno vulnere: by a wound design-
ed for another. Or, vulnere may be taken
for the weapon inflicting the wound, by me-
ton. By a weapon intended for another—
for Æneas.
783. Orbem. Orbis may be taken simply
for the shield. Ruacus says, clypeum. His
shield, it appears, consisted of three plates
of brass, (triplici (pre) and as many thick-
nesses of the bull’s hide, (tribus tauris,) so
wrought and interwoven as to be a protec-
tion against missive weapons. These were
fastened and bound together by iron or brass
nails, set thick in every part of the shield.
Hence tes is sometimes taken for a shield.
Terga : folds. The spear of Æneas, after
making its way through the shield of Me
AENEIS.
LIB. X 525
Si qua fidem tanto est operi latura vetustas,
Non equidem, nec te, juvenis memorande, silebo
Ille pedem referens, et inutilis, inque ligatus
Cedebat, clypeoque inimicum hastile trahebat.
Prorupit juvenis, seseque immiscuit armis.
793. Nec silebo te ip-
sum, O memorande ju-
venis. Ille pater refe-
'795 rens pedem, et inutilis
pugmaº
Jamgue assurgentis dextrá, plagamdue ferentis
AEneae subiit mucronem, ipsumque morando
Sustinuit; socii magno clamore sequuntur;
Dum genitor nati parmá protectus abiret:
798. Subiita le mu-
cronem AEneae, jam as-
800 surgentis
Telaque conjiciunt, proturbantaue eminus hostem
Missilibus. . Furit AEneas, tectusque tenet se.
802. Tectusque clypeo
Ac velut, effusā siquando grandine nimbi
Praecipitant, omnis campis diffugit arator,
Omnis et agricola, et tută latet arce Viator,
Aut amnis ripis, aut alti fornice saxi,
805
Dum pluit in terris; ut possint, sole reducto,
Exercere diem : sic obrutus undique telis
AEneas, nubem belli, dum detonet, omnem,
Sustinet: et Lausum increpitat, Lausoque minatur:
Quð, moriture, ruis? majoraque viribus audes 7
Fallit te incautum pietas tua. Nec minus ille
Saevae jamgue altius irae
Exsultat demens.
810
811. Ait : quo ruis,
O juvenis, moriture
Dardanio surgunt ductori, extremaque Lauso
Parcae fila legunt.
Walidum namdue exigit ensem,
Per medium AEneas juvenem, totumdue recondit.
815 815. Fila vitae Lauso
816. Minacis juvenis
Transiit et parmam Fuero, levia arma minacis,
NOTES.
zentius, had spent its force, haud pertulit
vires; and settled down in his groin.
792. Latura est: will give credit to. Pe-
tustas: in the sense of posteritas vel posteri.
793. Memo, ande : in the sense of cele-
brande—worthy to be praised.
Here the poet may be supposed to express
his own feelings of pity and compassion for
the fall of so noble a youth. The character
which he has drawn of Lausus shows the
consummate skill of the poet at this species
of description. And surely no one can read
it without partaking of his feelings, and en-
tertaining a regret that so brave, and at the
same time so pious a youth, could not have
been spared to be a blessing to his people.
794. Inque ligatus: by trmesis, for que in-
ligatus : incumbered by the spear of Æneas.
Ille. Mezentius.
796. Prorupit: he sprang forward. Ar-
mis: the weapons of the enemy. One de-
scription of the valiant man, is, that he
mingles with the enemy.
798. JMucronem : the poet here has in his
view a circumstance recorded in the Roman
history. Scipio Africanus, when he was
only seventeen years old, protected his father
in this manner; nor did he retreat until he
had received twenty-seven wounds. JMu-
cronent : in the sense of gladium *
799. Sustinuit ipsum : the meaning is,
that he prevented AEneas from giving the
blow, which was aimed at his father, by
parrying it off, and keeping him at bay for
a time, until he could recover himself, and
retire from the combat. This he did under
cover of the shield (parma) of his son.
Sequwntur: in the sense of adjuvant. Socii:
the companions of Lausus. -
801. Proturbant: keep off—repel. Ruteus
says, propellunt.
803. JN'imbi effusā grandine : a storm of
impetuous hail rushes down. The prep. ea:
is understood, to govern effusā grandine.
804. Omnis arator: every ploughman.
Omnis ; all, collectively or individually.
805. Arce. Ara: here, as in some other
places, signifies any place of shelter, or safe
retreat. Fornice: under the projection or
covert of a high rock.
808. Eacercere diem : to pursue the labors
of the day. Operari per diem, says Ruasus.
809. JWubem : storm of war. Detonet : in
the sense of furit vel savit. -
811. Audes majora; thou attemptest things
beyond thy strength—greater than.
815. Parcae legunt; the destinies wind up
the last thread, &c. See Ecl. iv. 47. Rugeus
says, colligunt. r -
816. Totum : ensem is understood.
17 Minacts : boasting—bold—daring.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et tunicam, molli mater quam neverat auro ;
Implevitaue sinum sanguis: tum vita per auras
Concessit moesta ad Manes, corpusque reliquit.
At verö ut vultum widit morientis et ora,
Ora modis Anchisiades pallentia miris,
Ingemuit miserans graviter, dextramgue tetendit;
Et mentem patriae subiit pietatis imago:
Quid tibi nunc, miserande puer, pro laudibus istis,
820
821. Et ora ejus mo-
rientis
825
825. O puer miseran-
de, quid honoris nunc
dabilur tibi pro istis
829. Tamen, O infélix
juvenis, tu solabere
Quid pius AEneas tantá dabit indole dignum ?
Arma, quibus laetatus, habe tua : teque parentum
Manibus, et cineri, si qua est ea cura, remitto.
Hóc tamen, infelix, miseram solabere mortem :
AEnea magni dextrā cadis.
Increpat ultrö 830
Cunctantes, socios, et terrà sublevat ipsum,
Sanguine turpantem comptos de more capillos.
Interea genitor Tiberini ad fluminis undam
Vulnera siccabat lymphis, corpusque levabat,
Arboris acclinis truncö.
Proculaerea ramis 835
Dependet galea, et prato gravia arma quiescunt.
Stant lecti circum juvenes: ipse aeger, anhelans
f
ð praelio
Colla fovet, fusus propexam in pectore barbam.
Multa super Lauso rogitat: multosque remittit,
840. Qui revocent eum Qui revocent, moestique ferant mandata parentis.
At Lausum socii exanimum super arma fergbant
840
Flentes, ingentem, atque ingent vulnere victum -
Agnovit longè gemitum praesaga mali mens:
Canitiem immundo deformat pulvere?et ambas
NOTEs.
818. Molli auro: with fine threads of gold.
Gold is a very ductile metal, and capable of
being drawn into very fine threads, or wire.
819. Tum vita moesta, &c. Dr. Trapp ob-
serves, that every incident in the death of
Lausus is well chosen, especially the con-
trast between so pious a son, and so wicked
a father; between the rash valor of the
youth, and the generous care and friendly
admonition of his heroic enemy. Pallas had
fallen by the hand of Turnus. Lausus and
Pallas were of equal valor; but there is a
wide difference between the conduct and
bravery of their conquerors. Turnus eager-
ly seeks the combat, and challenges the
youthful warrior. He even wishes his father
were present, to behold the death of his son.
AEneas is far from seeking Lausus, and
*s::gling him out as the object of his ven-
Banco, And even when he exposed him-
self for the sake of his father, he begged
him to retire from the combat, assuring him
that his tenderness for his father would
bring on him sure destruction. Nor does
he attack him until he is compelled to do it
in his own defence. And after he is slain,
the victor fetches a deep groan, looks upon
him with an eye of pity, and the image of
his filial piety touches his generous heart.
820. JMoesta : sad—mournful. Concessit:
un the sense of abiit.
822. Anchisiades : AEneas. A patrony-
mic noun: the son of Anchises.
825. Laudibus : in the sense of virtutibus.
Ruasus says, meritis.
826. Indole : disposition—excellence of
character. t - -
828. Remitto ; in the sense of reddo. Cw-
ra : care—solicitude of thine.
831. jº. Lausus.
832. Genitor : the father of Lausus.
834. Siccabat: staunched his wounds with
water—washed them with water, which be-
ing cold, stopped the flowing of the blood.
Ruacus says, tergebat: rinsed—cleansed. Dr.
Trapp takes siccabat in the same sense
Lymphis ; in the sense of aquà.
835. Procul : apart by themselves—at
some distance from him. This word usually
implies distance, but that distance may be
very small. Acclinis: leaning against, or
upon. It agrees with Mezentius.
837. AEger: faint with loss of blood,
Fovet : eases—supports. Rugeus says, sus
tentat. He leaned his head forward upon
his breast, spreading his long beard over it.'
Fusus : in the sense of fundens : or, it may
be taken as a Grecism. Ruteus says, de-
ponens. - -
841. Super arma : upon his shield.
844. Deformat: he throws dust upon his
head. Canitiem his hoary hairs.
AENEIS.
LIB. X 527
Ad coelum tendit palmas, et corpore inhaeret: .
845 - 845. Inheret corpora
Tanta-ne me tenuit vivendi, nate, voluptas, Jilii
Ut pro me hostili paterer succedere dextrae,
Quem genui ? tua-ne haec genitor per vulnera servor,
Morte tuá vivens ! Heu! nunc misero mihi demum
Exilium infelix nunc alté vulnus adactum !
Idem ego, nate, tuum maculavi crimine nomen,
Pulsus ob invidiam solio sceptrisque paternis.
Debueram patriae poenas, odisque meorum :
Omnes per mortes animam Sontem ipse dedissem
847. Ut paterer te,
quem genui, succedere
hostili dextrae pro me?
Ego-ne genitor
849. Nunc demum
exilium es' infelix milm
misero
853. Meorum subdi
854 torum
850
Nunc vivo neque adhuc homines lucemdue relinquo |
Sed linquam.
Haud dejectus equum duci jubet.
Omnibus.
Wiximus.
Simul haec dicens, attollit in aegrum
Se femur : et, quanquam vis alto vulnere tardat,
Hoc decus illi,
Hoc solamen erat: bellis hôc victor abibat
Alloquitur moerentem, et talibus infit :
Rhoebe, diu; res si qua diu mortalibus ulla est;
Authodie victor spolia illa cruenta,
857. Quanquam vis
doloris eac alto vulnere
tardat eum
860 860. Moerentem equum,
et infit talibus verb is :
Et caput AEneae referes, Lausique dolorum
Ultor eris mecum : aut, aperit si nulla viam vis,
Occumbes pariter : neque enim, fortissime, credo
Jussa aliena pati, et dominos dignabere Teucros.
Dixit: et exceptus tergo consueta locavit
Membra ; manuscue ambas jaculis oneravit acutis ;
AEre caput fulgens, cristāque hirsutus equiná.
AEstuatingens
Imo in corde pudor, mixtoque insania luctu,
Sic cursum in medios rapidus dedit.
864. Aperit mihi v1am
ad ultionem
865 865. Pariter mecum :
enim neque credo, O
fortissime equorum, ul
tw dignabere pati
867. Consueta hwic
equo
871
NOTES.
846. Voluptas : in the sense of cupido.
847. Succedere: to substitute himself for
me to the arm of the enemy—to come up
to, &c. -
848. Quem genui; whom I begat. This
speech of Mezentius over the dead body of
his son is extremely pathetic. He now sees
the errors of his former conduct, and the
misery to which he had reduced himself
now stares him in the face.
850. Infelia: ; in the sense of durum, vel
intolerabile. While his son was living, he
could bear up under the burden of exile from
his country and throne; but now he is no
more, it is become insupportable to him,
reduced to a state of wrotchedness and de-
spair. The wound (the sense of his wicked-
ness and crimes) is now opened deep and
afresh. Adactum: is driven deep into my
heart. Est: is understood. . -
851. Iden ego : I, the same father who
begat you, and suffered you to lose your life
for him, have tarnished your good name by
my crimes.
852. Invidiam. This may signify his own
invidious measures, and cruel and tyrannical
government; or the odium and resentment
of his subjects against him, which drove him
from his throne, and brought upon him a
train of evils. The former is the most in
accordance with the context, since he is now
awakened to a sense of his crimes, and con
demns himself for them. Servius, however,
prefers the latter sense; Davidson the former.
Ruapus says, propter mean cupiditatem.
853. Paenas: satisfaction—atonement.—
Dedissem: to the resentment of my people,
I should have given up my guilty life.
856. AEgrum : in the sense of saucium.
857. Wis : the violence of the pain from
the wound he had received. -
858. Hoc : this; to wit, his horse.
859. Höc: here, is in the abl. with this
horse. Equo is understood.
860, JMørentem : sorrowing—grieving.—
JMaestum, says Ruacus. Davidson renders it
“sympathizing.”
861. Rhacbe, div, vizimus : such apostro
phes, both to the animal and vegetable world.
so far from being unnatural, are among the
greatest beauties of poetry, and always show
high emotion of soul. Had the poet made
the horse reply to his master, he could not
so easily be justified. This is in imitation.
of Homer.
'863. Referes : you thall bear away.
867. Exceptus : being received by the ani-
mal upon his back, he placed.
868. Ornavit : in the sense of armavit.
869. Crista equina ; a crest of horse hai
—made of horse hair. ".
871. Imo. In many of the ancient copies.
º
W28
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus.
Atque hic AEneam magná ter voce vocavit.
AEneas agnovit eum, lastusque precatur:
875. Faciat, ut twin- Sic pater ille Deûm faciat, sic altus Apollo,
Incipias conferre manum.
cipias
875
877. , JEneas effatus Tantum effatus, et infestà Subit obvius hastā.
est tantum
878. Autem ille JMe-
gentius ait:
Desine.
Dona priès.
Ille autem : Quid me erepto, saevissime, nato
Terres? ha-c via sola fuit, quá perdere posses.
Nec mortem horremus, nec Divām parcimus ulli:
Jam venio moriturus; et ha-c tibi porto
Dixit : telumque intorsit in hostem .
880
Inde aliud supér atque aliud figitaue, volatoue
884. Umbo JEneſe sus- Ingenti gyro : sed sustinet aureus umbo.
timet illa.
885. Circum JEnean T
adstantem
887. Immanem sylvam
Ter circum adstantem larvos equitavit in orbes,
ela manu jaciens : ter secum Troius heros
Immanem aerato circumfert tegmine sylvam.
885
jaculorum infiram ºrato Inde ubitot traxisse moras, tot spicula taedet
888. Tedet AEneam Wellere ; et urgetur pugnâ congressus iniquà:
traxisse tot moras,
vellere tot spicula 3 cl
peo
* Multa movens animo, jam tandem erumpit, et inter 890
Bellatoris equi cava tempora conjicit hastam.
Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, et calcibus auras
Verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus
NOTEs.
which Pierius consulted, he found uno corde:
in one and the same breast. Heyne reads
wno. The common reading is imo. Insania :
rage—fury.
872. Et furiis.
the ancient Roman manuscript.
marks it as an interpolation.
876. Conferre manum; to engage with me,
hand to hand. This address of Æneas to the
gods is a fine contrast to the impiety of Me-
zentius, who acknowledges no other deity
than his own arm : verse 773, supra. The
prayer is short, but the approach of a furious
enemy would not permit him to say more.
877. Subit : in the sense of occurrit.
878. Quid me terres, &c. Mezentius see-
ing Æneas coming up against him with his
hostile spear, instead of discovering any
signs of fear, appears hardened against the
terrors of death, since his son, for whose
sake he lived, was now taken from him,
wato erepto. .
880. Parcinus wili: Ruteus says, revere-
mur ullum numen : I do not regard any of
the gods. Some take parco in its usual ac-
ceptation, and understand by it that Mezen-
tius would not have spared the gods them-
selves, had they appeared in the field against
him : he looked on them as his enemies, and
would have discharged his wrath against
them. Heyne takes parcimus in the sense
of curo—vereor vel metwo.
883. Super. This word here is used in
the sense of insuper, vel praetered. Figit :
in the sense of jacit, vel torquet.
885. Equitavit in larvos orbes : he rode
This verse is wanting in
Heyne
about to the left, that he might reach the
right side of Æneas, which was not protect-
ed by his shield; and in this way he turned
quite about, forming an orb, or circle. But
AEneas wheeled at the same time, and kept
the same relative situatièm to his antagonist,
as appears from the next verse: ter Troius:
thrice the Trojan hero, &c.
887. Tegmine : in the sense of clypeo.
Immanem sylvam : this means the spears, or
darts, which Mezentius had thrown at
AEneas, and which stuck in his brazen shield.
These he carried around with him as he
turned, following his antagonist. Ruteus
says, magnum numerum jaculorum.
888. Travisse tot moras: to spend so
much time. - - *
889. Congressus: being engaged in un-
equal fight. Mezentius being on horseback,
and Æneas on foot, they were not on equal
terms. -
890. JMovens : in the sense of revolvems.
892. Calcibus, Calces here doubtless is to
be taken for the fore feet. The horse rear-
ed, or lifted himself upon his hind feet, and
in that position buffetted the air. Posterio-
ribus pedibus, says Heyne.
893. Ipse seculus : by the rearing and
kicking of his horse, Mezentius was thrown
(effusum) to the ground. The horse him-
self soon following, falls upon his rider
(equitem) and lays upon his shoulder, as he
was thus prostrate. By these means, he was
unable to rise to meet his foe, or defend him-
self in any manner. For secutus Ruteus
says, cadens.
# AENEIS. LIB, X ago
Implicat, ejectoque incumbit cernuus armo.
Clamore incendunt coelum Troésque Latinique.
894. Implicat JMesen-
895 tium equitem -
Advolat Æneas, vagináque eripit ensem:
Et super haec: Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et illa
Effera vis animi ? Contrà Tyrrhenus, ut auras
Suspiciens hausit coelum, mentemque recepit:
Hostis amare, quid increpitas, mortemque minaris ? 900
Nullum in cade nefas, nec sic ad praelia veni;
Nec tecum meus haec pepigit mihi foedera Lausus.
Unum hoc, per, si qua est victis venia hostibus, oro;
Scio acerba meorum
Circumstare odia : hunc, oro, defende furorem,
Et me consortem nati concede sepulchro.
Haec loguitur, juguloque haud inscius accipit ensem,
Undantique animam diffundit in arma cruore.
Corpus humo patiare tegi.
897. Et stans super
eum diarit haec: Ubi ess
Illin C -
901. Est nulium nefas
in mea caeue; nec sic ve-
ni ad praeua, w! parceres
mihi
903. Per veniam, si
905 qua venia est victis hos-
tibus, ut tw patiare meum
corpus
906. Concede me esse
consortem
NOTES.
894. Implicat : incumbers—presses him
down. Cernuus : Ruabus says, pronus in
caput, referring to the horse.
898. Wis : violence—impetuosity. Ut:
when—as soon as. Rugeus says, postguam.
899. Suspiciens awras hausit. These words
are capable of a two-fold version: as soon
as looking up, he saw the light; taking
cóelum in the sense of lucem, and supplying
the word oculis. This Heyne prefers. Or,
as soon as looking up, he drew in his breath;
taking coelum in the sense of spiritum. This
is the sense of Rugeus and Davidson. Au-
was: the prep. ad, is understood.
902. Pepigit ha-c : agreed upon these
terms with you for me. Penia: a favor.
904. JMeorum: of my former subjects.
905. Defende hune: avert, or forbid the
indulgence of their furious resentment. Ru-
aeus says, contine.
906. Concede: grant—permit. Mezentius
desired to be buried in the same grave with
his son. This he begged as a favor, not
demi-god.
that he could claim it as a right. As they
had not been separated in life, he wished
not to be in death. It may here be remark-
ed, that how wicked soever a person may
have been in life, at the hour of his death,
he earnestly desires the reward of virtue,
and that in the future life, he may be a par-
taker with the righteous.
908. Diffundat: pours out his life. Un-
danti cruore: the blood flowing, or gushing
upon his armor.
It may be remarked here, that the poet
differs widely from the current of historians.
They say, that in a war which broke out be-
tween the Latins and Tuscans, over whom
Mezentius was king, that Æneas was slain
by him in a battle, fought on the banks of
the river Numicus, whose waters carried his
dead body into the sea, where it was never
afterwards found. Hence it was believed
that he was taken to heaven and made a
This took place about three
years after the building of the city Lavin-
wm. See AEn. iv. 615.
QUESTIONS.
How does this book open 2
Where was this council held 2
What is the conclusion of their delibera-
tions 2 -
Were there any speeches made upon the
occasion ?
What is the subject of the speech of Ve-
nus:
What is the charactor of it?
What is the nature of Juno's replv?
What is the character of it?
What is the decision of Jove 2
Whom does the poet here imitate?
What book of the Iliad 2
Where is mount Olympus?
Why was it taken by the poets for heaven?
Why is it here called omnipotens?
Where was AEneas during the transactions
of the preceding book?
Having effected his object, does he make
any further delay ? i.e.
What part of his allies did he send by
land 2 -
By whom is he met on his way down the
Tiber?
Who was the chief speaker among those
nymphs?
Did she give him any particular informa-
tion ? - .
What was that information ?
How was Turnus engaged in the mean
time? - s
On the arrival of Æneas, what course did
Turnus adopt? -
35
530
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Would this give him any advantage over
the enemy?
How did Æneas effect a landing:
Into how many divisions were his troops
arranged?
Was any loss sustained in landing:
Who commanded that division of the
fleet 2
Did Turnus effectually prevent the land-
ing of Æneas?
What took place after the landing 2
What feats of valor did Æneas perſorm 2
Who was the first killed by him :
What took place in the wing commanded
by Pallas? . -
Why were the Arcadians beaten by the
Latins: .
What was the nature of the ground, where
they were engaged 2
Upon this occcasion, what did Pallas do
What effect had his address upon his
troops ?,
w nat feats of valor did he then perform 2
Whom did he kill 2
Pallas 2
Who was Lausus 2
What feats of valor did he perform 2
What were the ages of these young com-
manders ? .
Why did not the poet make them engage
each other 3
By whom were they slain:
In what pious duty did Lausus meet his
death
After the death of Pallas, what took place?
Who was the principal agent in effecting
this defeat of the Trojans?
At this crisis, what did Æneas do to re-
store the fight?
Why does he go in search of Turnus?
By whom are the Trojans enabled to per-
form such feats of valor 2
What did Juno do in the mean time 3
What effect had her speech upon Jove?
Does she give any assistance to the Latins?
What then is she permitted to do for
Turnus 2
How does she effect that object?
Where does she conduct him *
When he discovered the deception, what
effect had it upon him :
What did he do?
What was the character of that address?
Is he in any way thankful for the favor of
Juno 2 -
If he must die, where did he desire to
do it? -
Who prevented him from killing himself
in this state of distraction ?
Whither was he finally carried by the
winds?
Who succeeded Turnus in the command?
What feats of valor did he perform 2
Who commanded the troops opposed to
Who assault him with fury? -
Why do the Tuscans attack him in this
manner?
What effect had their assault upon him:
Whom of them did he kill?
Dare any of them engage him hand to
hand 2 -
Does he finally put them all to flight?
At this time, how stands the scale of
victory?
AEneas observed Mezentius thundering
through the thickest of the enemy, putting
whole squadrons to flight; and what did he
resolve to do 2
Is Mezentius ready to meet him:
Who commences the assault?
Did his spear hit AEneas:
Whom did it kill?
Who was this Antores? Was he a valiant
champion?
Had the spear of Æneas any effect upon
Mezentius:
Was the wound mortal:
Who succors him in this critical moment?
How does Lausus meet the foe 2
What effect had the sight of him upon
AEneas 2 . -
Does he make an address to him *
Is it a source of regret to him, to kill so
noble a youth 2
What becomes of his father in the mean
time 2
Does he express any concern about his.
son 2 g
What does he do?
After being informed of his death, what
resolution does he take *
Having arrived on the field of battle, does
he challenge the foe:
Is AEneas ready to meet him
Who commenced the fight?
What effect had his darts upon his anta-
gonist? .
Where did Æneas direct his dart?
Did he kill the faithful courser?
What effect had the pain of the wound
upon him * - .*
Did he throw his rider 2 And what did he
do afterwards 2
Did Æneas kill Mezentius in this situa-
tion ? -
Was this a fair trial of strength, and dex-
terity ? f
Did Mezentius beg any favor of the victor?
What was that favor?
Docs the poet here agree with historians,
in this particular: - -
Do they inform us that Mezentius was
slain by Æneas?
Who then was the victor in the combat?
Where was the battle fought?
How long after his settlement in Italy,
and the building of Lavinium ?
What became of the body of Æneas:
LIBER UNHDECIMUS.
THE death of Mezentius turned the scale of victory in favor of the Trojans, and thei.
allies.
This book opens with preparations for burying the dead, and performing the funeral rites
to Pallas. A thousand men accompany his corpse to the city of Evander in slow and
solemn procession.
In the mean time, ambassadors arrive from Latinus, praying for a truce, for the purpose
of burying their dead. A neas grants their request.
While these things are going on in the field, fear and alarm pervade the city of Latinus.
Here Turnus had arrived. Drances, an aged and influential counsellor, accuses him
of being the cause of the war, and the author of their calamities; and urges him to
decide the dispute by single combat. Turnus however has many friends, who recount
his noble deeds of valor. At this juncture, the ambassadors, who had been sent to the
court of Diomede (Lib. 8) returned. Latinus calls a council of all his senators and
nobles to receive the reply, and to consult upon the present state of affairs. Venulus,
the chief of the embassy, gives a full account of the mission ; of his reception by Dio-
mede; of the opinion of that monarch concerning the war, and the reason of his de-
clining any interference in it. Latinus gives his opinion in favor of peace, and proposes
to send ambassadors with rich presents to Æneas, bearing proposals of peace and amity.
Drances follows in a speech of much virulence and invective against Turnus, accusing
him of flight and cowardice, and proposed, if he were the mighty champion he claimed
to be, that he should decide the dispute by single combat with Æneas, and prevent
further effusion of blood. - -
Turnus replies in a manly strain: he repels the charge of cowardice by adverting to his
noble achievements, to tire thousands whom he had slain, and to the dismay which he
had occasioned to the whole Trojan camp. He endeavors to allay their fears, and to
inspire them with the hope of success. He recounts the valor of his troops; he men-
“ions the cause in which they were engaged—the cause of their country: nor does he
omit to mention the number, and fidelity of his allies. He concludes by observing, that
he would not decline to meet the conqueror, if the common good required it; nor had
he been so much abandoned by victory, as to refuse an enterprise of so glorious prospect,
even though his enemy should prove himself a great Achilles. The whole of Turnus'
speech bespeaks the soldier and the hero.
A messenge now arrives informing of the approach of the Trojans. The council dis-
solves. All prepare to defend the city. Turnus gives commands to several of his officers,
arms himself, and appears at the head of his troops. Here he has an interview with
Camilla. He confers on her the chief command of the horse, assisted by Messapus,
with direction to engage the Tuscan cavalry in close fight, while he, with a chosen body
of troops, would lie in ambush in a woody vale, through which, according to his infor
mation, Æneas would, with the main body of his army, advance upon the city.
The Tuscan horse in the mean time approach the city, and the embattled squadrons are
arranged in order of battle in front of each other. The Trojans commence the attack
and repulse the Latins, who rally, and in turn drive the Trojans. At length a most
desperate conflict takes place. Camilla displayed distinguished skill and valor. She
rode among the thickest combatants, and whole squadrons fled before her. Tarchon
rallies...is flying Tuscans, and renews the fight. Camilla is at last slain by Aruns; who
also loses inis life. The 'I'rojans gain a victory. The expiring queen sends a messenger
to inform Turnus of the event of the contes. He instantly leaves his retreat, and
marches into the plain. No sooner had he done this, than AEneas, with his army, entered
the defile, passed it, and reached the plain. -
The battle would have been renewed between the rival princes, but night approached.
Both armies encamp in sight of each other, and wait the coming day.
º
532 P. VIRGILII
MARONIS
#
- OCEANUM intereà surgens Aurora reliquit.
2. Fneas, victor sol- AEneas, quanquam et sociis dare tempus humandis
yºbat vota Deûm primo Praecipitant curae, turbataque funere mens est,
Eöo, quanquam
Wota Deûm primo victor solvebat Eöo.
Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramis b
7. Quoderat trophaeum
tibi, O magne
Constituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma,
Mezenti ducis exuvias; tibi, magne, trophaeum,
Bellipotens: aptat rorantes sanguine cristas,
Telaque trunca viri, et bis sex thoraca petitum
Perfossumque locis: clypeumque ex ære sinistrae
10
Subligat, atque ensem collo suspendit eburnum.
Tum socios, namque omnis eum stipata tegebat
Turba ducum, sic incipiens hortatur ovantes :
14.0 viri, maxima Maxima res effecta, viri: timor omnis abesto.
tes est
est
-- Quod superest: ha-c sunt spolia, et de rege superbo
16. Mezentius cæsus Primitiae : manibusque meis Mezentius hic est.
Nunc iter ad regem nobis murosque Latinos.
15
Arma parate, animis et spe praesumite bellum :
19. Ne qua mora im- Ne qua mora ignaros, ubi primüm vellere signa
pedial vos ignaros, sen-
tentiaque tardet vos seg-
nes metu, ubi primūm
Annuerint Superi, pubemgue educere castris,
Impediat, segnesque metu sententia tardet.
Interea socios inhumataque corpora terrae
20
Mandemus: qui solus honos Acheronte sub imo est.
Ite, ait: egregias animas, quae Sanguine nobis
Hanc patriam peperère suo, decorate supremis
25
Muneribus: moestamgue Evandri primus ad urbem
Mittatur Pallas, quem non virtutis egentem
Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo. -
Sic ait illachrymans, recipitaue ad limina gressum
NOTES.
3. Funere: at the death of Pallas.
4. Primo Eö0. Eois here is taken as a
substantive: with the first dawning light.
The first business of the pious AEneas is to
return thanks to the gods for his victory,
although he wished to perform the last offi-
ces to his friends and companions in arms,
and especially to Pallas.
6. Tumulo : on a rising ground. This
trophy was consecrated to Mars, the god of
war. It consisted of a trunk of a tree
placed in the ground, with its branches cut
off, and dressed in shining armor, the spoils
(exuvias) of Mezentius, whom it was in-
tended to represent. It had his waving
plumes, his breast-plate, perforated in seve-
ral places, his brazen shield bound to his left
arm, and his ivory handled sword suspended
from his neck.
8. Rorantes : besmeared with blood—
dripping with blood. º
9. Petitum : struck, or hit.
15. Haec sunt spolia. By the rea, superbus
here, some understand Turnus: from him he
had won the spoils in general, to which he
first points; then to the trophy representing
Mezentius, which he had just erected, and -
hung around with his arms. Hèc est: here
is Mezentius slain by’my hand.
16. Primitiq: ; the first fruits; put in ap-
position with hoc spolia. These AEneas here
dedicated to Mars, the warrior god, in the
same manner as the first fruits of the earth
were offered to the gods.
18. Praeswmite : anticipate.
the sense of pugnam. * A-
19. Ubi primūm Superi: when first the
gods permit us, &c. They never raised or
pulled up the standards to march, without
first consulting the gods.
21. Sententia metu : resolution—purpose
accompanied by fear. The same as dubia
sententia. .
23. Qui honos solus. It was the received
opinion, that those who were unburied could
not pass over the river Styx into the peace-
ful abodes of the happy, till after the revo-
lution of a hundred years; which time the
shade or umbra, roamed at large along its
banks, in anxious expectation of the appoint-
ed period. See Hºn. vi. 325, et sequens.
.Acheronte. Acherón here is used for the re-
gions below, in general. -
25. Peperère: gotten—obtained—-procured.
29. Recipilgue gressum, This alludes
Bellum: in
AENEIS. LIB. X1 *
533
Corpus ubi examimi positum Pallantis Acoetes
Servabat senior, qui Parrnasio Evandro
Armiger antë fuit; sed non felicibus aequé
Tum comes auspiciis charo datus ibat alumno.
Circum omnis famultimaue manus, Trojanaque turba,
Et moestum Iliades crinem de more solutae.
Ut verö AEneas foribus sese intulit altis ;
Ingentem gemitum tunsis ad sidera tollunt
30
32. Sed tum ibat co-
mes datus charo alumno
non aqué
34. Omnisque nuanus
36 &c. stant circăm
35. Solutae quoad
moestuin crinem
Pectoribus, moestoque immugit regia luctu.
Ipse caput nivei fultum Pallantis et ora.
Ut widit, levigue patens in pectore vulnus
40
Cuspidis Ausoniae, lachrymis ita ſatur obortis :
Te-ne, inquit miserande puer, cum laeta veniret,
Invidit fortuna mihi ? ne regna videres
Nostra, neque ad sedes victor veherere paternas 7
Non haec Evandro de te promissa parenti
45
Discedens dederam ; clim me complexus euntem
Mitteret in magnum imperium; metuensque moneret
Acres esse viros, cum dură praelia gente.
Et nunc ille quidem spe multúm captus inani,
Fors et vota facit, cumulatoue altaria domis.
48. Moneret me Latt-
nos esse acres viros, et
50 praelia esse mihi cum
Nos juvenem examimum, et nil jam coelestibus ullis
Debentem, vano moesti comitamur honore.
Infelix, nati funus crudele videbis
Hi nostri reditus, expectatioue triumphiſ
Haec mea magna fides At non, Evandre, pudendis
54. Hisuntnostripro
55 missi reditus
Vulneribus pulsum aspicies: nec sospite dirum
NOTES.
to the custom of laying out the dead in the
vestibule, or entrance before the door, after
it was washed, anointed, and crowned with
garlands. In such a place was the dead
body of Pallas laid out, and watched by his
aged friend Acoetes.
31. Parrhasio. Evander is called Par-
rhasian, from Parrhasia, a country, and also
a city, of Arcadia, where he was born.
33. Comes : guardian, or tutor. Datus :
appointed.
35. Iliades maestum. The poet here repre-
sents the Trojan matrons standing around
the corpse of Pallas, in monrning attire. He
had before told us, AEn. ix. 216, that Æneas
left them all in Sicily, except the mother of
Euryalus. Servius understands female slaves
in this place. But they are never called
Iliades. The poet would have, probably,
altered the passage, had he lived to put the
last hand to the AEneid. -
39. JNivei Pallantis. The epithet nivews
here may refer to the fairness of his face
and countenance while living ; or more pro-
bably to his countenance now white, and
pale, and cold in death. Fultum : support-
ed—bolstered up. -
41. Cuspidis. Cuspis is here taken for
the whole spear, by synec. It is the spear
with which Turnus killed the noble youth.
here called Ausonian, or Italian.
42. Invidii-me fortuna : did fortune, when
she came propitious, (lata) envy thee to me,
O lamented youth 2
44. Veherere : in the sense of reducerers.
47. In magnum imperium: against a pow-
erful empire. Or it may mean, in prospect
of a mighty empire. The former best agrees
with what follows. Rugeus says, in magnum
imperium Etruscorum : which is the sense of
Valpy. Heyne refers it to Latium, to the
government of which Æneas was about to
succeed. It was by the aid of Evander that
he overcame the Rutuli and Latini.
50. Fors: in the sense of fortasse.
51. JWil debentem ullis. Commentators
understand by this, his being no longer a
subject of the gods above, but in the power
of the gods below. But it may mean, that
he was now discharged from every vow
which he had made to the celestial gods—-
that he would never return to perform any
he had made himself, or which his father
was making for him. Wano ; unavailing.
Inutili, says Ruacus. All their pomp (honore)
and parade were of no avail to him. “The
iiving are subject to the gods above, the
dea iſ to those below:” Valpy.
56. Pulsum : in the sense of cºsum
534
P, VIRGILII MARONIS
Optabis nato funus pater.
Hei mihiſ quantum
58, Tu, O. Ausonia, Praesidium, Ausonia, et quantum tu perdis, Itile!
s, in Pallante
Haec ubi deflevit, tolli miserabile corpus
60
Imperat; et toto lectos exagmine mittit
Mille viros, qui supremum comitentur honorem,
62. Quº sunt exigua Intersintaue patris lachrymis; solatia luctas
solatia Exigua ingentis, misero sed debita patri.
64. Alii, hatid segnes Haud segnes alii crates et molle feretrum
texunt crates Arbuteis texunt virgis, et vimine querno, 65,
Extructosque toros obtentu frondis inumbrant.
Hic juvenem agresti sublimem in stramine ponunt:
68. Talem,
florem seu mollis violae, Seu mollis violae,
seu languentis hyacin-
thi, demessum
qualem Qualem virgineo demessum pollice florem
seu languentis hyacinthi;
Cui neque fulgor adhuc, necdum sua forma recessit; "0
Non jam mater alit tellus, viresque ministrat.
Tum geminas vestes, auroque ostroque rigentes,
Extulit AEneas: quas illi laeta laborum
Ipsa suis quondam manibus Sidonia Dido
76. Quasi supremum
77. Alterāque veste
Fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro.
Harum unam juveni, supremum Incestus honorem
75
quasi amictu obnubit Induit, arsurasque comas obnubit amictu.
COIIla,S
81. Manus
quos mitteret tanquam
inferias umbris Pallan-
tºs
82. Flammam rogi
Multaque praetereà Laurentis praemia pugnae
* Aggerat, et longo praedam jubet ordine duci.
Addit equos et tela, quibus spoliaverat hostem.
Winxerat et post terga manus, quos mitteret umbris
Inferias, casso sparsuros sanguine flammam ;
80
NOTES.
Though it would be a source of grief to see
his son a corpse; it would nevertheless be
some mitigation of that sorrow, to find that
he fell not by dishonorable wounds—that he
fell facing his enemy, and not in flight. It
was considered disgraceful to be slain, or to
receive a wound in the back. Pudendis ; in
the sense of indecoris.
57. JNec pater optabis : These words are
susceptible of a double meaning : the father
will not imprecate a cruel death to himself,
in consequence of the disgrace of his son :
or, he will not imprecate a cruel death upon .
his son, whose life had been disgracefully
preserved. This last is the sense given to the
passage by Davidson. Ruteus says, nec op-
tabis tibi mortem acerbam, filio turpiter salvo,
taken it in the former sense. This is also
the opinion of Heyne.
58. Praesidium: protection.
59. Ubi deflevit: when he said these
things weeping—having spoken these things
with tears. -
62. Intersint : may be present at, or bear
a part with.
64. Segnes: in the sense of thrdi.
65. Arbuleis: of the arbute tree.
66. Toros : here is the bed raised, or made
high upon the fevetrum, or bier. Obtentu
frondis. Ruasus says, wrmbraculo foliorum.
They shaded the bed by spreading (obtentw)
eafy branches over it.
67. Stramme agresti. By this we are to.
understand the bed mentioned in the pre-
ceding line. It is called agresti, rural, or rus-
tic, because it was made of the green boughs
of trees, leaves, &c. Stramen, from sterno,
properly signifies any thing placed, or
strewed under as a bed; such as straw,
leaves, &c. .
68. Qualem florem : This is a beautiful
simile. He looks fair, and still blooming
like a flower, just plucked by the the vir-
gin's hand.
69. Languentis. This very beautifully
represents the hyacinth, just after it is
plucked, beginning to fade, and droop its
head.
70. Forma: beauty—comeliness.
74. Quas Sidonna Dido ipsa which S1-
donian Dido herself, pleased with the labor,
had made, &c.
75. Discreverat. Rugeus says, distinacerat.
Tenui auro : with a slender thread of gold.
77. Obnubit : he binds up, or veils.
78. Pugna: ; of the battle, fought upon
the plains of Laurentum.
81. Pinacerat manus: he bound the hands
of those, &c. This barbarous custom the
poet takes from Homer. It might suit the
temper of Achilles, but does not agree with
that of Æneas. &
82. Cºso; in the sense of fuso. Inferias :
sacrifices for the dead. Um)ris : to the
AENEIS.
LIB. XI. 535
lndutosque jubet truncos hostilibus armis
Ipsos ferre duces, inimicaque nomina figi.
Ducitur infelix aevo confectus Acoetes,
84. Figi has truncis
85 arborum. :
Pectora nunc foedans pugnis, nunc unguibus ora:
Sternitur et toto projectus corpore terrae.
Ducunt et Rutulo perfusos sanguine currus.
Pöst bellator equus, positis insignibus, AEthon
It lachrymans, guttisque humectat grandibus ora.
90
Hastam alii galeamque ferunt; nam caetera Turnus
Victor habet.
Tyrrhenique duces, et versis Arcades armis.
Tum moesta phalanx, Teucrique sequun-
[tur,
Postguam omnis longé comitum processerat ordo,
Substitit AEneas, gemituque hac addidit alto :
95
Nos alias hinc ad lachrymas eadem horrida belli
Fata vocant.
AEternümque vale.
Salve acternüm mihi, maxime Palla,
Nec plura effatus, ad altos
Tendebat muros, gressumque in castra ferebat.
Jamgue oratores aderant ex urbe Latina,
Velati ramis oleae, veniamdae rogantes,
Corpora, per campos ferro quae fusa jacebant,
Redderet, ac tumulo sineret succedere terrae :
Nullum cum victis certamen, et asthere cassis ;
Parceret hospitibus quondam, socerisque vocatis.
100
103. Ut ille redderet
*llis corpora, quae
104. Esse illi nullum
certamen cum victis, et
*is cassis àºthere, wi par-
105 ceret iis
NOTES.
shade of Pallas. Eight prisoners were sent
as victims to be offered at the funeral pile of
Pallas. The poet mentions this circum-
stance, without any expression of disappro-
bation. It is true, Achilles, in the Iliad,
does the same thing at the tomb of his friend
Patroclus; but he is represented as a person
of a very different character from AEneas,
the hero of the Æneid. And moreover, the
loss which he had sustained was more se-
vere, and his grief more poignant. But
above all, he lived in a state of society very
different from that in which Virgil lived.
These things serve in some measure to miti-
gate the enormity of the deed. And yet
there is one passage of Homer, which Eu-
stathius understands as conveying a strong
censure of the barbarous act.
The practice of sacrificing prisoners at
the funerals of their generals, in process of
time, appeared to the Romans barbarous
and cruel. They therefore changed it, says
Servius, for the milder shows of the gladia-
tors . See AEn. x. 518. et seq.
83. Truncos : trunks of trees. These were
considered the less trophy, and were carried
in the hand. They were dressed in the
spoils of the enemy.
84. Inimica nomina : the names of the
enemies to be inscribed upon them.
87. Sternitur terrae : he grovels, or rolls
on the ground. --
89. JEthon: the name of the horse of
Pallas, Insignibus positis: his trappings
being laid aside, he is now dressed in
mourning. Pöst : behind.
90. It lachrymans: he moves on weeping.
Virgil here is indebted to Homer for this
thought, Iliad. 17. Where the horses of
Achilles are represented as weeping at the
death of their master, and obstimately re-
fusing to obey their driver. Both Aristotle
and Pliny say, that horses often lament their
masters slain in battle, and even shed tears
over them.
94. Processerat. This is the common read-
ing. Davidson reads praecesserat, upon the
authority of Pierius, who assures us he found
that reading in the Roman, and other manu-
scripts, which he consulted. Heyne reads
processerat. Ordo : the procession.
96. Ad alias lachrymas : to other scenes
..of sorrow—to the burial of the other dead.
97. Salve mihi. This is after the manner
of the Greeks, who used their personal pro-
noun in the same manner. Salve—vale :
these were the novissima verba, or last words,
with which they departed from the funeral,
Farewell for ever, farewell for ever, most illus
trious Pallas. Fata ; state—condition.
101. Veniam : the favor, that he would
restore to them, &c.
102. Fusa : in the sense of cocsa vel strata.
103. Succedere tumulo : to be buried, or
interred in the earth. *
104. Cassis: deprived of: a part. fro
careo. AEthere : in the sense of luce.
105. Quondam: his former host—friend.
536
P VIRGILII MARONIS
106, Quos precantes Quos bonus AEneas,
Prosequitur veniã, et verbis haec insuper addit
ea qua, sunt haud
haud aspernanda precantes,
Quaenam vos tanto fortuna indigna, Latini,
109. Vos, qui fugiatis Implicuit bello, quinos fugiatis amicos ?
- Pacem me exanimis, et Martis sorte peremptis
Iſl OS
1 (0
111: Concedere pacem Oratis' equidem et vivis concedere vellem.
et vivis
112. Nec veni huc, nisi
Nec veni, nisi fata locum sedemdue dedissent;
Nec bellum cum gente gero. Rex nostra reliquit
Hospitia, et Turni potius se credidit armis. .
* ADQuills huic Turnum fuerat se opponere morti
116. Si ille apparat Sibellum finire manu,
finire
115
si pellere Teucros .
Apparat, his decuit mecum concurrere telis:
Wixét, cui vitam Deus aut sua dextra dedisset.
Nunc ite, et miseris supponite civibus ignem.
Dixerat AEneas.
Olli obstupuere silentes; 120
Conversique oculos inter se atque ora tenebant.
Tum senior, semperdue odiis et crimine Drances
Infensus juveni Turno, sic ore vicissim
Orsa refert: O famá ingens, ingentior armis,
Vir Trojane, quibus coelo te laudibus aequen 7
125
• * Justitiae-ne prius mirer, belli-ne laborum ?
127. Haec tua verba
Nos veró haec patriam grati referemus ad urbem.
Et te, si qua viam dederit fortuna, Latino
129. Alia foedera.
Jungemus regi: quaerat sibi foedera Turnus.
130. Quin juvabit nos, Quin et fatales murorum attollere moles,
130
et. Saxaque subvectare humeris Trojana juvabit.
Dixerat hac : unoque omnes eaderm ore fremebant
Bissenos pepigère dies; et, pace sequestrà,
NOTES.
Socéris : parents-in-law, Latinus and Ama-
ta. By marrying Lavinia, he would become
related to the whole Latin nation.
107. Prosequitur venić - he follows, or
accompanies them with the desired favor.
He granted their request as soon as asked.
It was reasonable in its nature, and conso-
nant with the laws of war.
109. Implicuil : hath entangled—involved.
110. Pacem, me. This is the reading of
Heyne, and Valpy after him. Some ancient
copies have the same. The common read-
ing is pacem-ne. Peremptis : for those slain
by the lot of war. JMarlis : for belli.
112. Peni : in the sense of venissem.
115. ACQuiès fuerat: it had been more
just that Turnus, &c. It may uere be re-
marked, that Latimus did not take part with
Turnus of his own free will and accord; but
was forced into it by the importunities of
his wife Amata. He was convinced that he
acted against the will and purposes of the
gods, in so doing.
117 Apparat: in the sense of statuit.
Manu : by force, or valor.
118. Viacét : by syncope, for viaisset: the
one of us would have lived, to whom, &c.
It appears here that the first proposal of end-
ing the war by single combat was made by
AEneas.
122. Odiis et : in hatred and crimination
inimical, &c. Drances embraced every op-
portunity to vent his envy and hatred against
Turnus, and to throw upon him all the blame
of the war. It is supposed, that under the
character of Drances, the poet portrays
Cicero, who was no friend of Virgil. See
$nfra, 336. et seq.
124. Orsa : in the sense of verba.
126. Justitia-me: this is the common
reading. Catrou however reads, justitiá-ne
pritis mirer, belli-me laboré, which Pierius
says, is the reading of the Roman, and of
some other manuscripts of antiquity. Ser-
vius justifies the common reading, by making
it a Grecism. Priºs: chiefly, or most. Shall
I most admire thy justice, or thy achieve-
ments in war? Ruteus says: Admirabor te
ob justitiam, an ob opera bellica. Heyne
reads, as in the text.
130. JMoles murorum : your walls—or the
towers and fortifications built upon them.
Fatales ; destined by the fates.
133. Sequestra : intervening—intermedi-
ate. They had agreed upon a truce, or
cessation of hostilities for twelve days, for
AENEIS. L1B, XI
Per sylvas Teucri, mixtique impuné Latini,
Erravére jugis.
Ferro sonat alta bipenni
Fraxinus: evertunt actas ad sidera pinus:
Robora nec cuneis, et olentem scindere cedrum,
Nec plaustris cessant vectare gementibus ornos.
135 135. Et in jugis
137. Nec cessant scin
dere
Et jam ſama volans, tanti praenuntia luctas,
Evandrum Evandrique domos et moenia complet;
Quæ modó victorem Latio Pallanta ferebat.
Arcades ad portas ruère, et de more vetusto
Funereas rapuère faces; lucet via longo
140
141. Eadem fama, quas
modó ferebat Latio Pal
lanta esse victorem
Ordine flammarum, et laté discriminat agros.
Contrå turba Phrygum veniens plangentia jungunt
Quae postguam matres succedere tectis
Widerunt, moestam incendunt clamoribus urbem.
Agmina.
145
146. Quae agnina
postguam matres
At non Evandrum potis est vis ulla tenere;
Sed venit in medios.
Feretro Pallanta repôsto,
Procumbit super, atque haeret lachrymansque gemensque :
Et via vix tandem voci laxata dolore est:
151 151. Prae dolore
Non haec, 6 Palla, dederas promissa parenti,
Cautius ut savo velles te credere Marti !
Haud ignarus eram, quantum mova gloria in armis,
Et praedulce decus primo certamine posset.
Primitiae juvenis miserae bellique propinqui
Dura rudimental et nulli exaudita Deorum
155 gº;
156. O miserae primi-
tige juvenis
Wota, precesque mea tuque, 6 sanctissima conjux,
Felix morte tuá, reque in hunc servata dolorem 1
Contra ego wivendo vici mea fata, superstes
Troöm socia arma secutum
Obruerent Rutuli telis animam ipse dedissem ;
Atque haec pompa domum me, non Pallanta, referret!
Restarem ut genitor.
160
161. Ut ego genitor
restarem superstes filvo.
Rutull obruerent me
Nec Vos arguerim, Teucri, nec foedera, nec quas
\ NOTES
the purpose of burying the dead, and other
rites of sepulture. This was intermediate
between the war, before and after; during
which time no act of hostility could be done
by either party. Hence the propriety of the
word impune in the following line, in safety,
or without fear of injury.
135. Ferro bipenni : an axe with two
edges, one that cuts both ways.
136. Actas: raised—grown up to.
139. Pruenunţia : a forerunner, or har-
binger, in apposition with fama.
140. Complet. This is the common read-
ing. But Pierius observes that most of the
ancient manuscripts have replet.
143. Longo ordine : in a long train, or
succession. Ruabus says, long w serie.
144. Discriminat. This word Rugeus in-
terprets by dividit. Davidson renders it
* illuminates.”
145. Contra: in an opposite direction—
meeting the mourners from the city. *
147. Incendunt : in the sense of concitant.
Rubeus says, commovent. }
148. Potis esł: the same as potest.
149. Repôsto: for reposito. The bier being
placed on the ground. *
151. Tandem via dolore via. At the first
sight of the corpse, he was overwhelmed
with gricf, which entirely prevented his
speech. At length, however, recovering
from it, he gives utterance to the effusions
of his heart, but with difficulty. A true
pathos pervades this whole speech of Evan-
der. The various turns of passion, and the
alternate addresses to the living and the
dead, are the very language of sorrow.
155. Decus: in the sense of honor. Posset
in the sense of valeret.
156. Primitiae: beginnings—essays. Pro.
pinqui : neighboring—confederated, or al
lied. Evander assisted AEneas as an ally:
their arms were associated in the war. Ru
aeus says, vicini.
157. Rudimenta; in the senso of experi-
menta.
160. Ego vici mea fala: I have overcume
my time by living—I have outlived my time.
Or, fata may mean the purposes and de-
crees of the gods; that regular and ordinary
538
P VIRGILII MARONIS
Junximus hospitio, dextras: sors ista Senectae j65
Debita erat nostrae! Quéd si immatura manebat
Mors natum ; caesis Volscorum millibus anté,
Ducentem in Latium Teucros, cecidisse juvabit.
Quin ego non alio digner te funere, Palla, *69
- Quâm pius AEneas, et quam magni Phryges, et quâm
171, Dignati sunt te: Tyrrhenique duces, Tyrrhenºm exercitus omnis.
Illi ferunt magna tro-Magna trophaea ſerunt, quos dat tua dextera leto.
phaea ea illis, quos
Tu quoque nunc stares immanus truncus in armis,
174, Si esset mihi par Esset par aetas, et idem si robur ab annis,
ºtai, et, idem robur º Turne. Sed infelix Teucros quid demoror armis? 175
#. tecum ; tu, Wadite, et haec memores regi mandata referte:
176. Pestro regi: o Quod vitam moror invisam, Pallante perempto,
JEnea, tua dextra est Dextera causa tua est; Turnum natoque patrique
causa, quéd Quam debere vides meritis. Vacat hic tibi solus
wi º Quan der” Fortunaeque locus. Non vitae gaudia quaero, 18()
isi. Nee est fas: sed Nee fas: sed nato Manes perferre sub imos.
cupio perferrehune nun- Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam
tium mortis Turni Extulerat lucem, referens opera atque labores.
Jam pater Æneas, jam curvo in litore Tarchon
. Constituére pyras : huc corpora quisque suorum 185
$, More tulere patrum : subjectisgue ignibus atris
Conditur in tenebras altum caligine coelum.
Ter circum accensos, cincti fulgentibus armis,
189. Rogos suorum Decurrère rogos: termoestum funeris ignem
(2%)??CO7°1,77, Lustravére in equis, ululatusque ore dedēre. 190
Spargitur et tellus lachrymis, sparguntur et arma.
It coelo clamorgue virtim, clangorque tubarum.
195. Pars conjiciunt Hinc alii spolia occisis direpta Latinis
mortuis nota mumera, Conjiciunt igni, galeas, ensesque decoros,
?vempe, clypeos Franaque, ferventesque rotas: pars, munera nota, 195
NOTES.
course of things, which takes place in the
world: which is, that the son should outlive
the father. This is the sense given by Heyne.
Valpy says, “I have survived my own fate
—I have exceeded the natural bounds of
ife.”
165. Sors : calamity.
168. Juvabit : it will console me that he
fell leading, or preparing the way for, the
Trojans, &c.
169, Digner non : I cannot honor thee,
&c. Ruteus says, non honorabo.
170, Phryges: the Trojans. They are so
called from Phrygia, a country of the lesser
Asia. It was divided into the greater and
the less. The less Phrygia was also called
Troas, the ancient kingdom of the Trojans.
174, Par atlas, &c. This may refer to
Pallas or Evander; neither of whom was
able by inequality of age and strength to
meet Turnus. Davidson refers it to the
father: who, had his age permitted, would
have gone to the war in person. And in
this case, had he met Turnus, he would
have been victorious, and brought back his
trophy to grace his triumph. See 6. supra
175. Armis : in the sense of ab bello.
179. Quam : which (right hand) you see,
owes Turnus to the son and father deserv-
ing it. JMeritis : a part. plu. agreeing with
the mouns nato and patri. Heyne connects
meritis with vacat. Ruseus and Davidson,
with nato patrique.
180. Hic locus vacat ; this method alone
remains to thee, and thy fortune. JModus
solandi me restat tibi, says Ruteus. For va-
cat, Heyne says relictus est.
187. Caligine: in the sense of fumo. In te-
nebras. Rubus says, in similitudinem noctis.
189. Cincti : clad in shining armor they
marched, &c. Lustravére in equis ; they
rode around. The former has reference to
that part of the ceremony performed by the
infantry, or foot ; the latter, to that per-
formed by the horse, or cavalry. Funeris :
in the sense of pyrae. ' -
192. It coelo : in the sense of tollitur ad
coelum.
193. Hinc : in the next place—after thin,
195. Ferventes : in the sense of rapidus,
AENEIS. LIB XI.
539
Ipsorum clypeos, et non felicia tela.
Multa boum circa mactantur corpora morti:
Setigerosque sues, raptasque ex omnibus agris
In flammam jugulant pecudes.
Tum litore toto
Ardentes spectant socios, semiustaque servant
200
Busta: neque avelli possunt, nox humida donec
Invertit coelum stellis fulgentibus aptum.
Nec minus et miseri diversá in parte Latini
Innumeras struxére pyras; et corpora partim
Multa virtim terrae infodiunt; avectaque partim
205
Finitimos tollunt in agros, urbique remittunt :
Caetera, confusaeque ingentem caedis acervum,
Nec numero, nec honore cremant.
Tunc undique vasti
Certatim crebris collucent ignibus agri.
Tertia lux gelidam coelo dimoverat umbram :
Moerentes altum cinerem et confusa ruebant
210. Umbram nocºts
:Gelo : illi moerentes
210
Ossa focis, tepidoque onerabant aggere terra.
Jam verö in tectis, praedivitis urbe Latini,
Præcipuus fragor, et longe pars maxima lucts.
Hic matres, miseraeque nurus. hic chara sororum
214. Erat praecupuus
215
Pectora moerentām, puerique parentibus orbi,
Dirum execrantur bellum, Turnique hymenaeos:
Ipsum armis, ipsumque jubent decernere ferro;
Qui regnum Italiae, et primos sibi poscat honores.
Ingravat haec savus Drances; solumque vocari
Testatur, solum posci in certamina, Turnum.
Multa simul contrå variis sententia dictis
218. Jubent
decernere armis
220
Ipsum
222. Contrå est multa
sententia
Pro Turno; et magnum reginae nomen obumbrat:
Multa virum meritis sustentat ſama trophæis.
NOTES.
vel celeres. JNota munera : offerings of the
arms which had been theirs, and consequent-
ly known to them. tº
196. JNon felicia : unsuccessful darts—
those that failed to do execution, when
thrown against the enemy.
197. JMorti : to the divinity JMors.
199. Jugulant : they kill over the flame,
&c. This they did, probably, that the blood
“f the victim might fall upon the pile.
201. Busta. Bustum properly is the fune-
ral pile after it is consumed. Semiusta ; of
semi and w8tus.
204. Partim infodiunt. The meaning is:
that they buried a part of the slain, and a
part they sent to the city of Latinus. Par-
tim may be considered here, a sub. in appo-
sition with multa corpora. Virüm of their
heroes. Avecta : a part. of the verb avehor :
carried away.
208. JNumero.
taken in its usual acceptation ; but it may
also mean decency, or regard. They burned
all the rest, a confused heap of slain, with-
out any particular marks of regard, or ho-
nor, by way of distinction.
211. Ruebant. The meaning is : that
JNumerus here may be
they collected together the ashes and the
bones mingled on the places (focis) where
the funeral piles had been erected. After
this they covered them with a mound of
earth. Altum implies that the ashes lay
thick, or deep upon the ground. Ruasus
says, evertebant. Heyne says, legebant. Ruo,
is here taken as an active verb.
213. In tectis urbe : in the houses through-
out the city. Davidson says, “in the courts
of Latinus, and in the city.”
214, Fragor : in the sense of plungor.
Praecipuus : in the sense of magnus, vel
maarimus.
215. JWurus. JNurus here may mean any
young married woman. Chara pectora
moerentum : dear hearts of sisters mourning
—dear, or affectionate sisters mourning the
loss of their brethers and friends. - -
218. Decernere : to decide, or settle the
dispute by the sword.
220. Saevus: in the sense of acerbus, says
Ruteus, *
221. Testatur: in the sense of dicit.
222. JMulta: various—manifold.
223. Obumbrat ; in the sense of protegit
vel tutatur. - -
224. Multa fama. JMulta here is plainly
540
P. VIRGILII MARONIs
Hos inter motus, medio flagrante tumultu,
225
Ecce supér moesti magnâ Diomedis ab urbe
227. Aiunt nihil esse Legati responsa ferunt: nihil omnibus actum
actum -
Dona valuisse
mine
Tantorum impensis operum; nil dona, neque aurum,
it. Nec magnas valuisse preces; alia arma Latinis
Quaerenda, aut pacem Trojano ab rege petendam. 230
Deficit ingenti lucturex ipse Latinus.
Fatalem AEnean manifesto numine ferri r
233. Recentesque tu- Admonet ira Deûm, tumulique ante ora recentes.
muli ante ora admonent Ergö concilium magnum, primosque suorum
Imperio accitos, alta intra limina cogit. 235
Olli convenère, fluuntdue ad regia plenis
Tecta viis. Sedet in mediis, et maximus avo,
Et primus sceptris, haud latá fronte, Latinus.
Atque hic legatos AEtolà ex urbe remissos, -
- - Quae referant, fari jubet; et responsa reposcit 240
241. Silentia factasunt Ordine cuncta suo. Tum facta silentia linguis,
242. Parens dicto La- Et Venulus dicto parensita ſarier infit :
tiºn: Vidimus, 6 cives, Diomedem Argivaque castra,
Atque iter emensi casus superavimus omnes:
246 Dictam cogno-Contigimusque manum, quá concidit Ilia tellus. 245
Ille urbem Argyripam, patriae cognomine gentis,
NOTES.
in the sense of magna. His great fame
arose from his distinguished valor, and tro-
phies nobly won. ...Meritis : noble—distin-
guished. Ruteus says, partis.
225. Flagrante: raging—fierce.
226. Super : in the sense of practerea vel
insuper : beside—in addition to these things.
Servius says, ad cumulationem malorum.
230. Petendam. Some copies have peten-
dum.
232. Fatalem : destined, and appointed by
the gods to marry Lavinia, and to rule the
Latin state. JManifesto ; by the evident
power and assistance of the gods. Admo-
net : declares. Ruasus says, ostendit. What-
ever hesitance and doubt rested on the mind
of Latinus, concerning his son-in-law, it was
now removed. He plainly saw in the late
transactions, the immediate interposition of
the gods in favor of Æneas.
235. Imperio : in the sense of jussu. Pri-
mos: the chief men—the nobles of the peo-
ple. Cogit: in the sense of congregal, vel
60nvocat.
236. Fluwnt: in the sense of ruunt vel
cºrrunt. Plenis : in the sense of stipatis.
238. Sceptris : in power—authority. Reg-
no, says Ruteus. Haud latta ; sad—sorrow-
*ul. -
239. Ea. JEtola urbe: the city Arpi, built
by Diomede. Remissos returned.
242. Farier : for fari, by paragoge. Infit :
In the sense of incipit.
243. Diomedem. Diomede was the son
of Tydeus and Deiphyle, and king of Æto-
lia. He was one of the most valiant captains
at the siege of Troy. With Ulysses, he stole
the Palladium from the temple of Minerva,
at Troy, and attacked the camp of Rhesus,
king of Thrace, whom they killed, and
carried off his horses to the Grecian camp,
before they had tasted the grass of Troy or
drank the water of the Xanthus. On every
occasion, he distinguished himself. He had
a rencounter with Hector, and with Æneas;
the latter was wounded by him, and would
have been slain, if it had not been for the
timely aid of Venus. During his absence
from his home, his wife Ægiale had an
amour with Cometes, one of her servants.
Disgusted with her infidelity to him, he de-
termined to leave his country, and came into
that part of Italy called JMagna Graecia.
Here he built a city, and called it Argyrippa.
He married a daughter of Danaus, king of
the country. He died with extreme old age,
or as some say, by the hands of his father-
in-law. His death was greatly lamented by
his companions ; who, according to fable,
were changed into birds resembling swans,
They took their flight to some islands on
the coast of Apulia, where they became
remarkable for ...their tameness toward the
Greeks, and for the horror with which they
shunned all other nations. They are called
the birds of Diomede. He was worshipped
as a god. -
244. Emensi : having measured out our
journey—having finished our journey, &c.
245. Ilia tellus : in the sense of Troianum
regnum.
AENEIS
LIB. X1. 541
Victor Gargani condebat Iapygis arvis.
Postguam introgressi, et coram data copia fandi,
Munera praeferrimus, nomen patriamgue docenus,
'lui bellum intulerint, quae causa attraxerit Arpos.
Auditis ille haec placido sic reddidit ore :
O fortunatae gentes, Saturnia regna,
Antiqui Ausonii; quae vos fortuna quietos
250 250. Bellum nobts
quae causa attraxerit mos
ad urbem Arpoa His
auditis, ille
Sollicitat, suadetdue ignota lacessere bella :
Quicungue Iliacos ferro violavimus agros, -
'Mitto ea, quae muris bellando exhausta sub altis,
Quos Simois premat ille viros) infanda per orbem
255 255. Quicumque nos-
trum
256. Ea mala, qua
exhausta sunt nobis
Supplicia, et scelerum poenas expendimus omnes,
Vel Priamo miseranda manus.
Militiã ex illá diversum ad litus adacti:
Atrides Protei Menelaus ad usque columnas
Cxulat: AEtnaeos widit Cyclopas Ulysses.
Regna Neoptolemi referam, versosque Penates
Idomenei ? Libyco-ne habitantes litore Locros?
Scit triste Minervae
Sidus, et Euboicº cautes, ultorque Caphereus.
260
261. Ex illa militiá
mos adacti sumus
264. P.ersa regna
265
NOTES.
247. Gargani: gen. of Garganus, a moun-
tain in Apulia. Hodie, JMonte di St. Angelo.
A part of Apulia was called Iapygia, from
Iapya, the son of Daedalus, who settled in
those parts. Iapygis : an adj. for Iapygii,
agreeing with Gargani—Apulian.
248. Copia : leave—liberty.
253. Fortuna : RuBeus says, sors.
254. Ignota bella : wars to which you are
unaccustomed. Swadet: in the sense of im-
pellit. Lacessere: in the sense of movere.
255. Quicumque violavimus ; whoever of
us violated, &c. The expression implies that
it was sacrilege to injure them.
256. Eachausta : sustained—endured in
fighting. JMitto: in the sense of omitto vel
praetereo. •
257. Premat: overwhelmed—bore away.
Homer informs us that the river Simois,
was so choaked with the dead bodies of
those slain in one engagement, that its wa-
ters were interrupted in their course. To
this, Diomede here alludes. The present
tense is here used plainly for the past.
258. Earpendimus: have endured unspeak-
able hardships, and suffered every punish-
ment of our crimes. Ruteus says, lwimus.
The war of Troy proved ruinous to the
Greeks as well as Trojans. Most of the
Grecian heroes suffered extreme hardships
on their return. Some perished on the voy-
age; and others found their kingdoms in a
state of revolt, and their domestic peace
de-troyed.
259. Manus: a company to be pitied, even
by Priam himself. The calamities which
befell them, though conquerors, were greater
than those which befell the vanquished.
Even Priam might pity them. Triste :
stormy—haleful. -
260. Triste sidus : the storm, in which
Ajax the son of Oileus was drowned, and
the raging constellation Arcturus, by whose
influence that storm was raised, are here as-
cribed to Minerva, whom that hero had of.
fended by violating Cassandra in her temple.
Caphereus: a rock on the island Euboea,
where Ajax was shipwrecked. Hence the
epithet ultor: the avenger.
262. Protei. The visit of Menelaus to
Proteus, king of Egypt, is related at large
in the Odyss. lib. 4. This account of the
disasters of the Grecian chiefs after, the
downfall of Troy forms an agreeable epi-
sode. It is very natural for the poet to
make the aged hero dwell upon the misfor-
tunes of his companions in arms. And it is
pleasing to see him, who was so active and
fierce in the Iliad, and the first in every en-
terprise, laying aside his armor, and exhort-
ing the ambassadors to peace. Homer in-
forms us, that Menelaus wandered eight
years in the seas in the neighborhood of
Egypt, and went as far as the island of
Pharos, the boundary of the realms of Pro-
teus. Sir Isaac Newton observes, that Pro-
teus was not the king of Egypt, but a go-
vernor or viceroy of the king, and governed
a part of lower Egypt. See Geor. iv. 388.
Columnas: in the sense of terminos vel limi-
tes regni Protei.
263. Eaculat: in the sense of errat.
264, Referam : shall I mention the sub-
verted realms, &c. Penates : the country
of Idomeneus' overthrown. Rugeus says do-
mus, for Penates. He was king of Crete,
See AEn. iii. 122.
265. Locros: the Locrians, on their re-
turn, it is said, were forced to the coast or
542
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
s: *
Ipse Mycenaeus magnorum ductor Achivām
Conjugis infandae prima intra limina dextrá
268. Adulter.Egysthus Oppetit: devictam Asiam subsedit adulter.
269. Referam-ne Deos Invidisse Deos, patriis ut redditus oris -
* “8” Conjugium optatum, et pulchram Calydona viderem 7
Nunc etiam horribili visu portenta sequuntur :
Et socii amissi petierunt aethera pennis,
Fluminibusque vagantur aves, heu dira meorum
invidisse mihi.
redditus
273. Factzque aves
2.9
Supplicial et scopulos lachrymosis vocibus implent.
Haecaded exillo mihi jam speranda fuerunt
27b
Tempore, cum ferro coelestia corpora demens
Appetii, et Veneris violavi vulnere dextram.
Ne verö, ne me ad tales impellite pugnas.
279. Nec est mihi ul- Nec mihi cum Teucris ullum post eruta bellum
ſum - -
280. Pergama eruta
sunt : Nec memini, laº-
tor-ve causa veterum Vertite ad AEneam.
Contulimusque manus: experto credite, quantus
- malorum Trojanorum.
Pergama ; nec veterum memini, lastorve malorum.
Munera, quae patriis ad me portätis ab oris,
280
Stetimus tela aspera contra,
383. Credite mihi ex- In clypeum assurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam.
perto
Si duo praeterea tales Idaea tulisset
285
Terra viros; ultrö Inachias venisset ad urbes
, Dardanus, et versis lugeret Graecia fatis.
f NOTES.
Africa, where they settled in the district
called Pentapolis.
266. JMycenaeus ductor: Agamemnon, who
was king of JMycenae, and commander in
chief of the Greeks in the Trojan war. On
his return home, he was slain by AEgysthus,
with whom his wife Clytemnestra had an
intrigue during his absence. She is there-
fore called nefandºe conjugis. Intra prima
limina implies, that he was slain as soon as
he entered his palace. Servius takes it in
the sense of primo litore, implying, that he
was murdered as soon as he arrived on the
shore.
268. Subsedit devictam: he lay in wait for
conquered Asia. By killing Agamemnon,
AEgysthus hoped to succeed him in his go-
vernment, and take possession of his con-
quests in Asia. Heyne takes Asian devic
tam, in the sense of victorem Trojae the “on
queror of Troy. Rudeus says, post .4swam
devictam adulter .nsw.diatus est ev. Davidson
renders the passage. “ the adulterous assas-
sin possesses himself of conquered Asia.”
Valpy takes Asvam devictam, with Heyne.
Oppetiit : perished—was slain.
269. Invidisse Deos. Diomede, on account
of trio conduct of his wife, left his native
country, and well into exile in Apulia. Ve-
nus is said to have sent upon him this do-
mestic affliction, as a punishment for his
wounding her in battle. To this circum-
stance the words wrºvidisse Deos refer. Ca-
lydona: acc. sing. the name of his country.
Inviaisse: Ruasus says, obstitussº. David-
son says, “forbade.”
is very different.
rescued by Venits.
274. Implent scopulos. On the coast of
Apulia are several islands frequented by sea
birds, into which it is said the companions
of Diomede were changed. q -
276. Demens. Diomede here imputes all
his misfortunes to the resentment of Venus.
This gives importance to the goddess, the
mºther and protectress of Æneas. But he
does not mention his having given Mars a
wound also. From the time that he pre-
sumptuously assailed the Coelestials, these
evils were to have been expected. Demens:
presumptuous—infatuated.
278. JWe veró : do not, do not urge me.
The repetition of the ne is emphatic.
283. Contulimus manus: we engaged hand
to hand. Virgil here compliments his hero,
out of the mouth of Diomede. But the ac-
count which Homer gives of the rencounter
He was wounded, and
wou!", have been slain, if he had not been
284. Assurgat. In the act of throwing
the javelin, or dart, the shield was levated
on the left arm, to give full room for the
action of the right arm. Turbine : in the
sense of impetu. -
285. Praetered : beside him. Its proper
place is after tales viros. If the Trojan land
had produced, &c. Idea: an adj. from Iaa,
a mountain of Phrygia JMinor, near the city
of Troy. - -
286. Inachias : Grecian : so called from
Inachus, one of the early kings of Greece.
Ultrö; of their own accord—in offensive war.
287. Dardanus. By this we are to un-
AENEIS. LIB. XI
543
Quidguid apud durae cessatum est moenia Trojae,
Hectoris AEneasque manu victoria Graiſim
.288. Quidquid tempo
7°43
Haesit, et in decimum vestigia retulit annum. 290
Ambo animis, ambo insignes praestantibus armis :
Coéant in foedera dextrae,
Quà datur: "ast, armis concurrant arma, cavete.
Et responsa simul quae sint, rex optime, regis
Audisti, et quae sit magno sententia bello.
Wix ea legati; variusque per ora cucurrit
Ausonidüm turbata fremor: ceu, saxa morantur
Hic pietate prior.
291. Ambo erant in
signes -
292. Hic JEneas era,
prior
295. Quae sit senten
tia Diomedis de
296. Wix legati
€7-vºlt ea.
295
dia.
Cüm rapidos amnes, clauso fit gurgite murmur,
Vicinaeque fremunt ripa crepitantibus undis.
Ut primūm placati animi, et trepida ora quièrunt,
Praefatus Divos solio rex infit ab alto :
300. Placati fuerunt
301 *
Anté equidem summâ de re statuisse, Latini,
Et vellem, et fuerat meliùs ; non tempore tali
303. Et non cogere
Cogere concilium, cum muros obsidet hostis.
Bellum importunum, cives, cum gente Deorum,
305
Invictisque viris, gerimus: quos nulla fatigant
Praelia, nec victi possunt absistere ferro.
Spem, si quam accitis AEtolàm habuistis in armis,
308. Ponite spem, si
Ponite : spes sibi quisque; sed, haec quam angusta, vide-habuistis quam spem
Caetera quá rerum jaceant perculsa ruiná,
Ante oculos interque manus sunt omnia vestras.
Nec quemguam incuso : potuit quae plurima virtus
[tis. 309. Quisque sit sibi
31.1 sua spes: sed quâm an-
gusta haec spes sit
310. JNostrarum rerum
Esse, fuit : toto certatum est corpore regni.
NOTES.
aerstand the Trojans, who were the de-
scendants of Dardanus, one of the founders
of Troy. Versis : in the sense of mutatis.
The state of things would have been changed,
and Troy would have been victorious over
the Grecian states.
288. Cessatum est. was delayed, or spent
before, &c.
289. Victoria haesit: the victory of the
Greeks was suspended by the valor, &c.
This is very complimentary to the valor of
those two heroes, Hector and Æneas. Re-
tulit vestigia : retreated into the tenth year
—was put off—deferred till the tenth year.
Haesit. Heyne says, retardata est. Rugeus
says, substitit. -
292. Deactra, cočant. The aged hero ad-
vises the Latins to unite in league, or
treaty, with Æneas, on any terms that might
be offered; but by all means, avoid to en-
gage in arms against such a mighty cham-
pion. Hic prior pietate. This comparison
of Æneas with Hector, is no exaggeration
of the poet in favor of his hero. Homer
had done it before him. This goodness and
clemency of Æneas, which followed from
his piety, are reasons for the Latins to hope
for peace. -
293. Quá datur: in any way that may
be given—on any practicable terms.
294, Regis ; this is the reading of Heyne
and Pierius. It is governed by responsa,
the answer of king Diomede. The common
reading is regum, which is not so easy.
297. Fremor: in the sense of murmur.
298. Gurgite clauso : in a pent up flood,
or stream. Crepitantibus : roaring—dash-
ing against the rocks.
300. Trepida ora: tumultuous mouths—
discordant tongues.
301. Praefatus Divos : having addressed
the gods, the king, &c. It was the custom
of orators to usher in their speeches, when-
ever the subject was solemn, and of public
concern, with an address to the gods.
302. Summâ re : for the safety of the
state—for the common good.
305. Gente Deorum : with a nation of
gods—with a nation deriving their origin
from the gods. Importunum : dangerous—
difficult. -
308. Accitis: sought after—invited.—
JEtolàm : from Diomede, who was their
king. He declined to have any thing to do
with the war.
309. Ponite spem : lay aside the hope—
cease to hope. The remainder of this line
is, by some, supposed an interpolation.
310. Quá ruiná : in what ruin the rest of
our affairs lie overthrown—prostrate; all
things are, &c.
312. Virtus : valor.
sense of maarima.
Plurima : in the
544
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Nunc adeč, quae sit dubiaº sententia menti,
315. Docebo vos pau- Expediam; et paucis, animos adhibete, docebo.
Est antiquus ager Tusco mihi proximus amni,
cis verbis
315
317. Occasum solis, Longus in occasum, fines super usque Sicanos.
usque
Aurunci Rutulique serunt, et vomere duros
319. Asperrima loca Exercent colles, atque horum asperrima pasount.
horum agrorum
Haec omnis regio, et celsi plaga pinea montis
32.)
i. Cedat amicitiae Teucrorum ; et foederis aequas
322. Trojanos socios Dicamus leges; sociosque in regna vocemus.
323. Considant illie, Considant, si tantus amor, et moenia condant.
si sit illis
in alios fines, aliamgue capessere gentem
Est animus, poscuntdue solo decedere nostro;
325
* Bis denas Italo texamus robore naves,
327. S. illi valent Seu plures, complere valent: jacet omnis ad undam
complere eas
Materies: ipsi numerumque modumque carinis
Praecipiant; nos aera, manus, navalia demus.
330. Pretereà placet Praetereà, qui dicta ferant et foedera firment,
Centum oratores primă de gente Latinos
Ire placet, pacisque manu praetendere ramos:
mihi centum Latinos
oratores de
330
Munera portantes eborisque, aurigue talenta,
334. Insignia nostri
regni *
Et sellam, regni trabeamque insignia nostri.
Consulite in medium, et rebus succurrite fessis.
33b
Tum Drances idem infensus; quem gloria Turni
NOTES.
313. Toto corpore : with the whole power,
or force of the kingdom.
315. Adhibete animos: give attention.
316. Tusco amni: the river Tiber. This
river formed the eastern boundary of Tus-
cany; hence called Tuscan. Est mihi an-
tiquus : This proposal of Latinus to grant
a tract of land to the Trojans, is no fiction
of the poet. It is mentioned by historians,
and other writers. It is said, that Æneas
accepted the proposal. It is generally con-
sidered to be that tract of country lying be-
tween the city Laurentum and the Tiber,
including the Trojan camp, or JNova Troja.
The extent of the tract is quite uncertain.
Cato, whom Servius follows, supposes it to
contain about 700 acres. Others suppose
that it contained 40 stadia in every direc-
tion from the city Lavinium, forming a cir-
cle of about ten miles in diameter, Others
again onlarge it to 400 stadia in circumfe-
rence. It is called antiquus, because it be-
longed to the ancient dominion of the Latin
kings. -
317. Longus : extended—stretching even
beyond. Sicanos : an ancient people of
Italy. See Lib. vii. 795. This tract of
country the Aurunci formerly, and then the
Rutuli, cultivated. The most rugged parts
of it, they reserved for pasturage. Serunt:
in the sense of colunt.
320. Plaga : in the sense of tractus.
321. Cedat: in the sense of detur.
322. Leges: conditions, or terms.
Dica
mus : let us appoint—name -
324. Gentem: region—country. -
... 325. Poscunt. This is the reading of
Heyne, and of Valpy after him. Ruteus reads
possunt. *
326. Teacamus : in the sense of struamus.
327. Seu ; in the sense of vel. Complere:
to fill, or man them. Undam: by the wa-
ter of the Tiber. -
329. Praecipiant : in the sense of pre-
scrubant. JModum : the form, or shape.
JNavalia. JNavale is a dock where vessels
lie; or a ship-yard, where they are built.
Also, the materials of which they are built,
and with which they are equipped. This
last is probably the meaning here. AEra :
the money necessary to defray the expenses
of building. JManus : the workmen.
331. Primágente: of the first rank.
333. Portantes munera: bearing presents.
This alludes to the Roman custom of send-
ing such presents to kings.
334. Sellam : the chair of state Trabeam
the trabea was a narrow robe, worn by
the kings, and the consuls.
335. Consulites advise, or consult for the
common good. Fessis rebus : distressed
state, or condition.
336. Infensus : spiteful—bearing spite.
The glory of Turnus—his noble birth—his
fame in war, had excited his envy; and he
embraced the present opportunity to give
vent to his feelings. Idem: referenge is
here made to verse 122, supra et seq." The
Sarne Drances, &c. - t
AENEIS. I.I.B. XI. 545
Obliquá invidiá stimulisque agitabat amaris;
Largus opum, et linguá melior, sed frigida bello
Dextera, consiliis habitus non futilis auctor,
Seditione potehs; genus huic materna superbum
Nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat;
Surgit, et his onerat dictis, atque aggerat iras: *
Item lulli obscuram, nostrae nec vocis egentem,
Consulis, Ö bone rev. Cuncti se scire fatentur,
Quid fortuna ferat populi; sed dicere mussant.
Bet libertatem fandi, flatusque remittat,
Cujus ob auspicium infaustum, moresque sinistros,
(Dican equidem, licet arma mihi mortemque minetur)
338. Sed cujus dexte-
fa, eyat
340
341. Enim ferebat in
certum genus de patre
342. Onerat Turnum
345
346. Turnus det
Lumina tot cecidisse ducum, totamgue widemus
Consedisse urbem luctu : dum Troia tentat
350
Castra fugae fidens, et coelum territat armis.
Unum etiam donis istis, quae plurima mitti
Dardanidis dicique jubes, unum, optime regum,
Adjicias: nec te ullius violentia wincat,
Quin natam egregio genero dignisque hymenaeis
352. O optime regum,
adjicias unum alterum,
etiam unum, nempe, fili-
am istis donis, quae
355
Des pater, et pacem hanc aeterno foedere jungas.
Quèd si tantus habet mentes et pectora terror;
Ipsum obtestemur, veniamgue oremus ab ipso ;
357. Tantus terror
Turni habet nostras
Cedat, jus proprium regi patriaeque remittat.
Quid miseros toties in aperta pericula cives
Projicis 7 6 Latio caput horum et causa malorum !
Nulla salus bello : pacem te poscimus omnes,
360 361. O Turne, caput,
et causa horum
362. Est nobis nulla
NOTES.
337. Obliqué. Dr. Trapp observes, that
envy is uneasy at another's happiness, and
so cannot look directly upon it. Ruasus
takes it in the sense of occulla. The envious
person sees every thing with distorted, or
crooked eyes. Oculos habens distortos. Agi-
tabat: goaded—spurred on. Amaris stimu-
lis : with sharp, or pungent stings.
338. Largus : in the sense of abundaris.
JMelior lingua. Rugeus says, abundantior
eloquentić. Drances, with all his qualifica-
tions, his eloquence, his wisdom in council,
and his noble birth, was a coward. Some
have imagined, that under the character of
Turnus, Mark Antony is represented; and
that Cicero is shadowed by Drances. It
would seem, that Virgil was no great friend
to Cicero, for he makes no mention of him
in any part of his works.
340. Potens seditione : powerful in fac-
tions—a powerful party man.
341. JMaterna nobilitas : on his mother's
side, he was nobly descended—from her he
had an illustrious descent, or extraction.
Ferebat: in the sense of habebat. -
342. His dictis: with these invectives—re-
proaches. Iras: the common hatred against
Turnus.
344. Consults : in the sense of suades vel
hortaris.
345. Quid fortuna : what the state of the
nation requires. Populi : in the sense of
gentis. JMussant : in the sense of verenitur.
Heyne says, non audent.
346. Flatus: vaunting—pride—arrogance.
347. Auspicium : conduct—influence.—
Drances here attributes the disasters of the
state to the unfortunate influence which
Turnus had in the councils of Latinus, and
to his perverse and determined conduct in
relation to the war.
349. Tot lumina ducum : so many illus-
trious chiefs.
351. Territat ; in the sense of minatur.
352. Unum etiam. In addition to the
many presents which the king had proposed
to send to AEneas, Drances advises him to
add another, namely, his daughter Lavinia,
as the surest means of conciliating the con-
queror, and obtaining for his people a last
ing peace.
356. Jungas : in the sense of confirmes.
358. Veniam. This favor was, that Tur-
nus should yield, or give up to the king, his
own peculiar authority and right in the dis-
posal of his daughter; and that he should
resign his claim to her, for the good of his
country.
359. Remittat ; in the sense of relinquat,
36
546
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
solum
363 Simul poscimus Turne, simul pacis solum inviolabile pignus.
Primus ego, invisum quem tu tibi fingis, et esse
Nil moror, en supplex venio ! miserere tuorum;
Pone animos ; et pulsus abi.
365
Sat funera fusi •
Vidimus, ingentes et desolavimus agros.
Aut, si fama movet, si tantum pectore robur
Concipis, et si aded dotalis regia cordi est;
Aude, atque adversum fidens fer pectus in hostem
370
Scilicet, ut Turno contingat regia conjux,
Nos, animae viles, inhumata infletaque turba,
Sternamur campis.
Et jam tu, si qua tibi vis,
374. Siquavis est tibi, Si patrii quid Martis habes, illum aspice contra,
Sl Qui vocat.
375
Talibus exarsit dictis violentia Turni:
Dat gemitum, rumpitolue has imo pectore voces:
Largă quidem, Drance, tibi semper copia fandi
Tunc, clim bella manus poscunt: patribusque vocatis,
380. Tu primus ades Primus ades: sed non replenda est curia verbis,
380
Quae tuto tibi magna volant; dum distinet hostem
Agger murorum, nec inundant sanguine fossie,
333. Quod est solitum Proinde tona eloquio, solitum tibi; megue timoris
tibi
Insignis agros.
Argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis acervos
Teucrorum tua dextra dedit, passimdue trophæis
Possit quid vivida virtus,
38b
387. Licet wt tu ex- Experiare licet : nec longè scilicet hostes
periare eam
Quaerendi nobis : circumstant undique muros.
Imus in adversos ? quid cessas 2 an tibi Mavors
Ventosá in linguá, pedibusque fugacibus istis
Semper erit 7
390
NOTES.
363. Pignus. This pledge consisted in
his resignation of Lavinia in favor of Æneas.
364. Invisum : inimical—a foe. JNil mo-
ºror: I do not hesitate to be. JNon curo esse,
says Ruſeus.
366. Fusi : we, beaten, or routed, have
seen, &c. This alludes to their recent de-
feat. Animos: in the sense of iras.
369. Adeo cordi : for such a delight to
thee. Dotalis: given in dowry. Any pro-
perty, or inheritance, belonging to a woman
at the time of her marriage, may be called
dotalis. Lavinia was the only child of Lati-
nus, and the heiress of his kingdom. Should
Turnus marry her, he would possess the
palace and throne, in right of his wife.
370. Aude: have courage—play the hero.
.Adversum: in front—right against. It agrees
with pectus.
371. Ut regia conjua : that a royal spouse
may fall to Turnus, we vulgar souls, &c.
This is extremely severe, and sarcastic.
374. JMartis : in the sense of fortitudinis.
Drances concludes, by observing that, if
Turnus was that hero represented, and if he
possessed any of his country’s valor, he
would meet AEneas, hand to hand, who had
given already the challenge. In this dis-
pute, the poet shows himself a perfect mas-
ter of artful and elegant abuse. In these
speeches of Drances and Turnus, there are
some fine specimens of eloquence, not ex-
celled even by the great masters of the art,
Aspice illum : look him in the face—meet
him face to face.
376. Violentia: in the sense of ira. Valpy
says, violentia Turni, is to be taken for Tur-
nus himself.
378. Larga copia fandi : great fluency of
speech—a copious profusion of words. JMa-
nus, here, means action, in opposition to
mere words.
381. JMagna : in great abundance—in
torrents.
382. Agger: ramparts, or bulwarks.
383. Toma : thunder on.
384. Quando tua : since thy right hand
hath made so many heaps, &c. This is keen
irony. Stragis. Strages is properly slaugh
ter: also the bodies of the slain. Ruapus
says, cadaverwm Trojanorum.
386. Insignis: you adorm, or decorate the
fields, &c. - r
389. Adversos: in the sense of hostes. JMa-
vors : a name of Mars: here used for cou-
rage, or valor. Tihi in the sense of twus
AENEIs. LIB. XI.
54?
Pulsus ego 2 aut quisquam merità, foedissime, pulsum
Arguet, Iliaco tumidum qui crescere Tybrim
392, O foedissime ho-
ſº
Sanguine, et Evandri totam cum stirpe videbit
Procubuisse domum, atque exutos Arcadas armis'
biaud ita me experti Bitias et Pandarus ingens,
Et quos mille die victor sub Tartara misi,
Inclusus muris, hostilique aggere septus.
395
396. Haud ita experti
sunt ; et mille alii, quos
in uno die ego victor
Nulla salus bello l capiti cane talia, demens,
Dardanio, rebusque tuis.
Proinde omnia magno
400
Ne cessa turbare metu, atque extollere vires
Gentis bis victae ; contra premere arma Latini.
402. Contrå me cessa
Nunc et Myrmidonum proceres Phrygia arma tremiscunt!
Nunc et Tydides, et Larissaeus Achilles'
Amnis et Hadriacas retrô fugit Aufidus undas!
Vel cum se pavidum contra mea jurgia fingit
Artificis scelus, et formidine crimen acerbat.
405 405. Amnis Aufidus.
versus retrö
407. Sua formidine
Nunquam animam talem dextrá hac, absiste moveri,
Amittes: habitet tecum, et sit pectore in isto.
Nunc ad te, et tua, magne pater, consulta revertor. 410
Si nullam nostris ultrà spem ponis in armis;
Sitam deserti sumus, et, semel agnine verso,
Funditiis occidimus, neque habet fortuna regressum.
NOTEs.
will thy valor always consist in, &c. For
JMavors, Rugeus says, fortitudo.
393. Arguet pulsum. Turnus here vin-
dicates himself from the charge of being
vanquished, made by Drances: Who will
accuse me of being beaten, that shall see
the swollen Tyber, &c. Arguet : in the sense
of dicet. Ruteus says, accusabit. Esse vel
juisse is understood with pulsum.
394. Totam domum ; and the whole family
of Evander, with his race, to be prostrated.
Pallas was the only son of Evander, and as
far as we know, his only child. In his death,
then, the family and race became extinct.
396. Bitias et Pindarus. These were two
brothers of gigantic stature, whom Turnus
slew, at the time of his entering the Trojan
camp. See Hºn. ix. 672, et sequens.
399. Dardanio capiti: to the Trojan chief:
simply, to the Trojan. Caput: the head,
by synec. is frequently put for the whole
body, or person. Cane : proclaim—declare.
Drances appears to have been at the head
of the Latin party, which favored the Tro-
jan interest in opposition to Turnus. By
twis rebus, we are to understand this party
at Latium, or the Trojans themselves, his
friends. - -
402. Gentis bis victoº : of the nation twice
conquered. Turnus considers that he had
already subdued the Trojans; and the
Greeks had done the same thing before, on
the plains of Troy. And indeed, it appears,
he had greatly the advantage over them,
during the absence of Æneas.
403. Proceres: the Greclan chiefs. Aga-
memnon and Menelaus may be more par
ticularly alluded to. Myrmidonum. These
were the troops of Achilles. By synec. put
for the Greeks in general.
405. Aufidus. A river rising in the Apen-
nines, and in the territories of the Hir-
pini, and passing through Apulia, Daunia,
and Peucetia, falls into the Adriatic sea.
This river fled back, as if affrighted at the
sight of the Trojan fleet, and ceased to flow
in its usual course. Such is the language
of the miscreant Drances, in extolling the
Trojans, and spreading the terror of their
name, even when, &c. These, or some other
of the same import, are requisite to connect
the subject, and make sense. Fugit: flowed
back—fled back from. Hadriacas: an adj,
from Hadria.
406. Jurgia mea : my menaces, or threats.
Fingit: in the sense of simulat.
407. Scelus artificis : that base villain
Such was the depravity of his character
that he was baseness and wickedness itself
This form of expression is common with the
poet. It is usually rendered by the corres-
pondent adjective, with which the following
word is made to agree. Ruteus says, ille
scelestus accusator. Valpy says, artifex sce-
leris. Crimens in the sense of accusationem.
409. Isto pectore: in that bosom of thino
This is said by way of contempt. -
413. Funditiºs: we are utterly ruined,
For occidimus, Ruteus says perimus. Re-
gressum: return.
54S VIRGILII MARONIs
Oremus pacem, et dextras tendamus inermes. -
4.15
$ Quanquam Ó si solita quicquam virtutis adesset !
,416. Ille videretur mi- Ille mihi ante alios fortunatusque laborum,
hi ante alios Egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret,
Procubuit moriens, et humum semel ore momordit.
Sin et opes nobis, et adhuc intacta juventus,
Auxilioque urbes Italae populique supersunt : 420
Sin et Trojanis cum multo gloria venit
422. Si sunt illis sua Sanguine : sunt illis sua funera, parque per omnes
423. Curnos indecores Tempestas: cur indecores in limine primo
424. Nostros artus Deficimus? cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus 7
Multa dies variusque labor mutabilis acvi 425
Retulit in meliùs : multos alterna revisens
427. Eos in solido statu Lusit, et in solido rursus fortuna locavit.
Non erit auxilio nobis AEtolus, et Arpi ?
At Messapus erit, felixque Tolumnius, et quos . -
Tot populi misère, duces: nec parva sequetur 430
431. Homines delectosé Gloria delectos Latio et Laurentibus agris.
Est et Volscorum egregià de gente Camilla,
Agmen agens equitum, et florentes are catervas.
Quðd si me solum Teucri in certamina poscunt, 2
Idque placet, tantümque bonis communibus obsto: 435
Non adeo has exosa manus victoria fugit,
438. Contra JEnean; Ut tantá quicquam pro spe tentare recusem.
licetille prestet sevel Ibo animis contra; vel magnum praestet Achillem,
43. Pari” ". Factaque Vulcani manibus paria induat arma -
.Achillis Ille licet. Wobis animam hanc. socerooue Lati 440
441. Ego Turnus de- o e que Latino,
vovi hanc Turnus ego, haud ulli veterum virtute secundus,
442. JMe solum Devovi Solum AEneas vocat 7 et, vocet, oro.
NOTES.
433. Florentes are: shining—gleaming in
brass.
436. Victoria non adeo. On many of the
old coins, are to be seen persons holding
victory in one hand. To this circumstance,
416. Fortunatus: happy in his toils—la-
bors. A Greek idiom. So also egregius
animi : illustrious—heroic in soul. Ruasus
says, praestans vertute. -
419. Intacta : fresh—that hath not been
etugaged in action.
420. Populi: nations.
422. Tempestas par: an equal storm of
war on both sides. Rugeus says, par clades.
By per omnes, we may understand both sides,
the Trojans and Italians.
424. Ante tubam: before the trumpet sound.
425. Dies: in the sense of tempus. JMw-
tabilis avi : of changing or revolving years.
Retulit mulla : changes many things, &c.
Ruteus says, vertit. Labor: change—vicis-
situde—revolution. Ruteus says, motus.
426. Fortuna alterna : fortune revisiting
men alternately, hath deceived many—
played an unexpected game with them, and
again, &c. Alterna in the sense of alternis.
428. AEtolus ; the Ætolian (namely) Di-
omede ; who was by birth an AEtolian, and
at that time, reigned over the city Arpi.
429. Tolumnius. He was an augur, and
foretold the success of the war, and thereby
animated the troops. He, therefore, is called
feliz.
Mr. Addison conjectures, the poet here al-
ludes. Ecosa here is to be taken actively.
Victory, disdaining his hand so much, had
not abandoned him, that he would refuse,
&c. This speech of Turnus is of the noblest
character, and shows him to be the real
soldier. It is very different from that of the
envious and cowardly Drances.
437. Tanta spe: in the hope of victory -
or the hope of obtaining the prize of vil
tory; a royal bride.
438. Prºstet: in the sense of eachibeat,
vel representet. Animis : courage—confi-
dence of victory.
439. Paria arma: arms equal to those of
Achilles, and made by the hands of Vulcan.
Turnus was at this time ignorant that
AEneas actually possessed armor made by
Vulcan.
441. Haud secundus not interior—not
second to any of his illustrious ancestors in
valor. Veterum in the sense of majorum.
*
AENEIS. LIB. XI.
549
Nec Drances potits, sive est hapc ira Deorum,
Morte luat; sive est virtus et gloria, tollat.
Illi hac inter se dubiis de rebus agebant
445
Certantes; castra Aºneas aciemgue movebat.
Nuntius ingenti per regia tecta tumultu
Ecce ruit, magnisque urbem terroribus implet:
Instructos acie Tiberino à flumine Teucros,
Tyrrhenamgue manum totis descendere campis.
Extemplé turbati animi, concussaque vulgi
449. Dºcens Teucros
450 instructos acie, Tyrrhe-
7vºumque
451. Turbati sunt
Pectora, et arrectae stimulis haud mollibus irae.
Arma manu trepidi poscunt, frer, it arma juventus:
Flent moesti mussantoue patres.
Dissensit vario magnus se tollit in auras.
Haud sectis atoue alto in luco cum forté catervae
Consedère avium : piscosove amne Padusae
Dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cycni.
Immó, ait, 6 cives, arrepto tempore, Turnus,
Cogite concilium, et pacem laudate sedentes:
Nec plura locutus
Illi armis in regna ruant.
Hic undique clamor
455 -
456. Cúm forté cater-
vaº avium consedère in
alto luco; rauci-ve cycai
dant somitum piscoso-ve
460
Corripuit sese, et tectis citus extulit altis.
Tu, Voluse, armari Volscorum edice maniplis;
Duc, ait, et Rutulos : equitem Messapus in armis,
Et, cum fratre, Coras, latis diffundite campis.
Pars aditus urbis firment, turresque capessant:
464. Messapus et Co-
465 ras cum fratre, vos, dif
fundite equitem
Caetera, quá jussé, mecum manus inferat arma.
Ilicet in muros totă discurritur urbe.
Concilium ipse pater et magna incepta Latinus
Deserit; ac trist, turbatus tempore differt.
470
Multaque se incusa., quinon acceperit ultrö
NOTES.
443. JNec Drances. The meaning of these
two lines, is this: that Drances should not
die ; whether the vengeance of the gods re-
quired that one of them should perish; or,
whether valor and glory were the result of
the contest, he should not bear off the prize
of victory. Mr. Dryden has expressed the
same sentiment:
Drances shall rest secure, and neither share
The danger, nor divide the prize of war.
Though Turnus had somewhat recovered
his temper, during the time of his address-
ing the king, yet he could not conclude,
without giving Drances this severe stroke.
444. Luat morte: atone by his death: that
is, lose his life. If one of them must die,
Turnus chose rather to be the one himself.
445. Agebant : in the sense of dicebant.
449. Acie : in order of battle—in battle
array.
452. Arrecte:
pulse.
453. Trepidi : quick—in haste.
in the sense of flagitat.
454. Patres : the senators. The council
of state. JMussant : repine—grieve.
455. Dissensu : disagreement—discord-
antº
aroused. Stimulis : in-
Fremit :
457. Paduste : one of the mouths of the
river Po. Piscoso amne: in the fishy stream.
458. Stagna. Stagnum, is, properly, the
deep parts of the sea, or river. Here it is
taken for the whole river, or stream. Lo
quacia : resounding—echoing.
459. Tempore arrepto: the occasion being
taken, Turnus, &c. These words of Turnus
are extremely sarcastic.
461. Illi : the enemy.
463. JManiplis : in the sense of turmis
Edice : in the sense of jube, vel impera.
464. Equitem: the cavalry—horsemen in
general. This is the reading of Heyne. Ru-
teus says, equites. Mess...pus—Coras. These
are in the nom. for the voc. after the Greek
idiom.
465. Diffundite : lead out—draw up the
cavalry in arms.
467. Caetera manus : let the other troops,
&c. Jusso : for jussero, by syn.
470. Deserit; in the sense of relinquit
vel abrumpit. Latinus, alarmed at the dis-
mal crisis of his affairs, gives up his plan
of conciliation, and again relies upon defen-
sive measures. -
550
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Dardanium AEneam, generumque asciverit urbi.
Praefodiunt aiii portas, aut saxa sudesque
Subvectant.
Buccina.
Bello dat signum rauca cruentum
Tum muros variä cinxère coroná
475
Matronae puerique ; vocat labor ultimus omnes.
Nec non ad templum summasque ad Palladis arces
Subvehitur magnâ matrum regina catervá,
479. Lavinia virgo est Dona ferens : juxtàque comes Lavinia virgo,
°omes juxta eam's quº Causa mali tanti, atque oculos dejecta decoros. 480
est.."Detect, quoad Succedunt matres, et templum thure vaporant,
decords J q Et moestas alto fundunt de limine voces:
Armipotens belli praeses, Tritonia virgo, . .
Frange manu telum Phyrgii praedonis, et insum -
Pronum sterne solo, portisque effunde sub altis. 48%
- Cingitur ipse furens certatim in praelia Turnus.
487. Ille indutus quoad Jamgue aded Rutulum thoraca indutus ahenis
Rutulum Horrebat squamis, Surasque incluserat auro, f
** *** Tempora nudus adhuc; laterique accinxerat ensem,
quoad Fulgebatgue altà decurrens aureus arce : 490
3. Exsultataue animis, et spe jam praecipit hostem.
49%. Talis qualis equus, Qualis, ubi abruptis fugit praesepia vinclis,
. . É. Nº. Tandem liber, equus, campogue potitus aperto ;
. * “" Aut ille in pastus armentaque tendit equarum; .
Aut assuetus aquae perfundi flumine noto 495
Emicat, arrectisque fremit cervicibus alté
498. Cui, nempe, Turno, Luxurians; luduntdue jubae per colla, per armos.
Camilla, acie
Obvia cui, Volscorum acie comitante. Camilla
NOTES.
473. Prafodiunt portas: some dig trench-
es before the gates, with a view to keep off
the enemy.
474. Subvectant : this is the reading of
Heyne and Davidson. Ruteus reads, subji-
ciunt.
, 475. Variá coroná: in various companies,
or troops. They manned the walls in va-
rious parts. So universal was the sense of
danger, that all who were capable of making
resistance, took up arms. The last struggle,
the wilimus labor, called upon every one to
unite in making what resistance they could,
in aid of the regular forces. Corona : a
company, or body of men, standing around
in the form of a circle or ring, was called
oorona. Here taken for the troops in general.
481. Vaporant : perfume.
483. Armipotens praeses : O ! powerful
patroness of war, &c. This prayer is taken
from Homer, Iliad 17, where the Trojan
matrons invoke the aid of Pallas against
Diomede. It is ſalmost a literal version of
the Greek, which Mr. Pope hath elegantly
rendered into English:
Oh, awful Goddess ever dreadful maid,
Troy's strong defence, unconquer’d Pallas,
aid;
Break thou Tydides’ spear, and let him
fall, -
Prome on the dust, before the Trojan wall.
484. Praedonis. She calls HEneas a rob-
ber, in allusion to the conduct of Paris, at
the court of Menelaus.
485. Effunde: rout him—break in pieces
his power under, &c.
488. Ahenis squamis; in his brazen armor.
Squamſe : the plates in a coat of mail, which
in some degree resembled the scales of a
fish. By meton. the corslet, or coat of mail
itself: and hence, by synec. armor in gene-
ral. Horrebal: in the sense of lucebat hor-
rifice. Incluserat suras : he had bound his
legs in gold. He had put on his golden
sandals. Any thing made of gold may be
called aurum. -
491. Praecipit: in the sense of pra-occupat.
494. Tendit: in the sense of fert se.
495. Perfundi : in the sense of lavari.
496. Emicat: he springs forth. Ruasus
says, eacilit. Fremit : neighs. Alté may be
connected either with arrectis, or luxurians.
This last is used in the sense of easullans.
498. Acie Volscorum ; the troops of the
Wolsci accornpanying her. Acies: properly
an army in order of battle; sometimes it is
put for troops in general. Here Virgil gives
an instance of the high respect, that was
anciently paid to the general of an army.
Camilla, though a queen, leaps from her
horse, to do Turnus honor; and all her
troops follow her example. This speech of
AENEIS.
LIB. XI. 551
Occurril, portisque ab cquo regina sub ipsis
ſ)esiluit; quam tota cohors imitata relictis
Tum talia fatur:
Turne, sui meritó si qua est fiducia forti,
Audeo, et AEneadúm promitto occurrere turmae,
Solaque Tyrrhenos equites ire obvia contra.
Me sine prima manu tentare pericula belli:
Ad terram defluxit equis.
500
£02. Si qua fiducia
sui sit forti merità, ego
audeo
5. JMeá manu
Tu pedes ad muros subsiste, et moenia serva.
Turnus ad haec, oculos horrendá in virgine fixus:
O, decus Italia, virgo, quas dicere grates,
Quasve referre paren 7 sed nunc, est omnia quando
Iste animus supra, Inecum partire laborem.
AEneas, ut fama fidem missidue reportant
Exploratores, equitum levia improbus arma
Praemisit, quaterent campos: ipse ardua montis
507. Turnus, fixus
quoad oculos in horren-
dá virgine, respondet ad
£EC
* 510. Quando iste tuu,
animus est supra omnia
pericula
513. Ut quaterent
Per deserta jugo superans adventat ad urbem.
Furta paro belli convexo in tramite sylvae,
Ut bivias armato obsidam milite fauces.
515
Tu Tyrrhenum equitem collatis excipe signis.
Tecum acer Messapus erit, turmaque Latinae,
Tiburtique manus: ducis et tu concipe curam.
Sic ait: et paribus Messapum in praelia dictis
520
Hortatur, sociosque duces ; et pergit in hostem.
Est curvo anſractu vallis, accommoda fraudi,
Armorumque dolis: quam densis frondibus atrum
Urget utrinque latus: tenuis quo semita ducit,
Angustaeque ferunt fauces, aditusque maligni.
523. Quam vallem la-
525 tus sylvae atrum densis
Hanc super, in speculis, summoque in vertice montis
Planties ignota jacet, tutique receptus
NOTES.
Camilla, though short, as the time required,
is full of courage, and it bespeaks the he-
roine. -
501. Defluºrit: leaped on the ground—
dismounted after the example of their
queen.
507. Horrenda : courageous—valiant—
inspiring terror.
511. Fidem : assurance—certainty. It is
governed by reportant. Heyne takes it in
the sense of nuntium.
512. Improbus : wicked—infamous—with
a base design. Ruteus says, callidus. Levia
arma equitum : the light-armed cavalry.
Arma : by meton. for those who bear them.
513. Quaterent. Rubeus says, vastarent.
514 Superans. This is the reading of
Heyne. Rugeus and Davidson read prope-
rans. Deserta ardua : the high deserts of
the mountains. Or, loca may be understood
connected with deserta, Jugo : passing over
the top, or ridge of the mountain. The
poet here, probably, has in view the Alban
mountains, which might extend into the ter-
ritory of Laurentum. Through this moun-
tainous tract, Turnus learned, that Æneas
was about to march his army. He therefore
proposes to lay in ambush.
515. Furta : in the sense of insideas.
Convewo : crooked—winding.
516. Fauces : straits—defiles : which led
through the mountains in two ways. Ob-
sidam: take possession of block up. Ru
aeus says, occupem.
517. Collatis signis : in close fight. Con-
Jerre signa, is a military term, signifying to
engage in close fight.
519. Concipe curam : take upon yourself
the charge of the general—take the chief
command. Rugeus says, sume.
522. Curvo anſractu : in a mazy winding
—circuit. Fraudi : for stratagem—ambush.
523. Dolis : wiles of war. Armorum : in
the sense of belli. The valley through which
this path led, was enclosed on each side by
a thick wood. Perhaps atrum should be
connected with densis frondibus.
525. JMaligni aditus: small—scanty ways
—passages. Ferunt : in the sense of ducunt,
as above. -
526. In speculis; the same as, in summo
vertice: on the highest part—pinnacle.
527. Ignola : unknown to the Trojans.
528. Occurrere pugna. , the same as occur-
rere hostibus. Jugis : from the top, or sides
of the mountain. “
552
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Seu dextrá la väque velis occurrere pugnaº ;
529. Saxa in hostem, Sive instare jugis, et grandia volvere saxa.
Huº juvenis Turnusfer- Huc juvenis notă fertur regione viarum,
tUlr
532. Interea, Latonia,
in superis sedibus com-
pellabat
53()
Arripuitgue locum, et sylvis insedit iniquis.
Velocen interea superis in sedibus Opim,
Unam ex virginibus sociis, sacrāque catervá,
Compellabat, et has tristi Latonia voces
Ore dabat : Graditur bellum ad crudele Camilla, 535
O virgo, et nostris nequicquam cingitur armis,
Chara mihi ante alias: neque enim novus iste Dianae
Venit amor, subitāque animum dulcedine movit.
540. Cum Metabus,
pulsus regno ob
542. Sustulit eam in-
fantem, comitem exilio,
vocavitgué eam Camil-
lam de nomine ejus ma-
minis mutata
547. Medio fugae flu-
vius Amasenus
551. Sedit illiversanti Ruperat.
552. Erat immane te-
-um, quod
554. Huic telo
cat natam,
libro
impli-
clausam
librans
557. O virgo Latonia,
alma cultrix
Pulsus ob invidiam regno, viresque superbas,
Priverno antiquà Metabus cum excederet urbe,
Infantem fugiens media inter praelia belli
Sustulit exilio comitem, matrisque vocavit
Nomine Casmillae, mutatà parte, Camillam.
Ipse sinu praese portans juga longa petebat
tris Casmille, parte no- Solorum memorum: tela undique sava premebant,
Et circumfuso volitabant milite Volsci.
Ecce, fugae medio, summis Amasenus abundans
Spumabat ripis ; tantus se nubibus imber
Ille, innare parens, infantis amore
Tardatur, charoque oneri timet.
Versanti, subitó vix haec sententia sedit.
Telum immane, manu valida quod fortè gerebat
Bellator, solidum nodis et robore cocto :
556. Quam hastam Huic natam, libro et sylvestri subere clausam,
Implicat, atque habilem mediae circumligat hastae;
Quam dextrá ingenti librans, ita ad acthera fatur:
540
545
Omnia secum
55:)
558. Ilia prima tan- Alma, tibi hanc, nemorum cultrix, Latonia virgo,
quam supplex
Ipse pater famulam voveo : tua prima per auras
NOTES.
529. Jugis. The proper place for this
word appears to be after volvere: to tumble,
or roll large rocks from the top of the moun-
tain upon the enemy.
531. Iniquis ; rough—uneven.
says, asperis.
533. Catervá : retinue—band.
534. Latonia : a name of Diana; from
Latona, the name of her mother. Voces:
in the sense of verba. - -
536. JNostris armis. Camilla was armed
like Diana and the nymphs. O, Virgo :
meaning Opis.
537. Chara: referring to Camilla. Alias :
virgines is understood.
539. Invidiam, viresque superbas. David-
son renders these words: “ Invidious mea-
sures, and insolent abuse of power.” His
tyrannical and oppressive government ex-
cited the hatred of his subjects, who, by
force of arms, drove him from his throne.
Privernum was the name of his city.
541. Praelia belli : contentions—strifes of
war. In the sense of certamina belli. Ru-
ºpus says, pugnas belli. s. ->
544. Longa; in the sense of longe posita
*
Ruteus
vel remota. Portans: carrying his child in
his bosom.
545. Solorum : of the lonely—solitary
groves. The groves upon the distant moun-
tains, lonely and solitary.
546. Politabant. This verb expresses the
rapidity, and quickness of their motions. •
547. Amasenºs : a river of the Volsci.
Hodie, Toppia. Summis ripis : over the top
of its banks.
551. Subito hatc.: on a sudden this resolu-
tion, or purpose, was fixed upon by, &c.
Viac. He came to this determination, despe-
rate indeed ; but nothing better presented,
with difficulty, in spite of all his tender fears
for the safety of his child. Sedit: in the
sense of fica est. -
553. Cocto: hardened in the fire.
555. Circumligat : he binds the infant
easy (so as not to hurt her) to the middle
of the spear ; having previously enclosed
the child in bark and sylvan cork, to secure
her from injury. Implical : Rugeus says,
alligat.
558. Inse pater. This is said, because
none but the father had a right to devote
AENEIS. LIB XI.
553
Tela tenens supplex hostem fugit: accipe, testor,
Diva, tuam, quae nunc dubiis committitur auris
Dixit : et adducto contortum hastile lacerto
Immittit : 'sonuère undae: rapidum super amnem
Infelix fugit in jaculo stridente Camilla.
At Metabus, magná propiùs jam urgente catervá,
Dat sese fluvio, atque hastām cum virgine victor
Gramineo, donum Triviae, de cespite vellit.
Non illum tectis ullae, non moenibus urbes
Accepère : neque ipse manus ſeritate dedisset;
Pastorum et solis exegit montibus aevum.
Armentalis equa mammis et lacte ferino
Nutribat, teneris immulgens ubera labris.
Utdue pedum primis infans vestigia plantis
Institerat, jaculo palmas oneravit acuto;
Spiculaque exhumero parvae suspendit et arcum.
Pro crimali auro, pro longae tegmine pallae,
Tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent.
Tela manu jam tum tenerá puerilia torsit,
Et fundam tereti circum caput egit habenă,
Strymoniamgue gruem aut album dejecit olorem.
560
565
570
573. Plantis pedum
575
580.
Multae illam frustrà Tyrrhena per oppida matres
Optavère nurum : solā contenta Dianá,
AEternum telorum et virginitatis amorem
Intemerata colit.
Militiã tali, conata lacessere Teucros!
Chara mihi, comitumque foret nunc una mearum.
Verúm age, quandoquidem fatis urgetur acerbis,
Labere, Nympha, polo, finesque invise Latinos,
Wellem haud correpta fuisset
584. Ego vellem wº
585 illa haud
586. Foret chara mihl,
unaque
587. Verúm age, O
nympha
NOTES.
his children to the service of the gods. And
those, who were thus devoted, were, by the
Latims, called Camilli. I the father devote,
&c.
559. Fugit hostem: escapes from the enemy.
560. Auris: in the sense of ventis.
563. In jaculo , upon the whizzing spear.
566. Cespite : in the sense of ripa. Tri-
pia: º a name of Diana. See Ecl. iv. 10.
Donum - the infant bound to the spear ; a
present or gift to Diana.
567. Non ulla, urbes : no cities received
him, &c.
568. Neque ipse : nor would he have given
his hand, (accepted the invitation,) on ac-
count of his savage nature, choosing rather
to inhabit the mountains and woods.
569. AEvum : in the sense of vitam
571. Mammis: the breast, or teats of a
brooding mare—of one belonging to the
herd, or drove of mares kept for breeding.
In this solitary retreat, did Metabus bring
up his infant daughter upon the milk of a
brooding mare, milking the teats into her
tender lips. This is a beautiful picture of
aternal care and affection. Lacte ferino.
, This is the same with the milk of the animal
just mentioned. Ferino: an adj. from ferus
which sometimes signifies a horse, or other
domestic animal.
573. Primis : in the sense of prima, to
agree with vestigia : or in the sense of pri-
mim ; and as soon as the child, &c.
575. Parvae : of the child.
576. Crimali auro. Ruteus says, aureo
ornatu capillorum. It may be a clasp to
bind and adjust the hair, or a net-work
worn over the hair to keep it in order;
either of which may be considered a mark
of effeminacy and luxury. Camilla was not
so adorned. The skin of a tiger was the
only ornament of her head.
577. Exuvia: ; the skin of a tiger hangs, &c.
578, Puerilia ; light, such as are suited
to the strength of children.
579. Egit fundam : she whirled the sling.
584. Intenerata ; she, pure and unpol-
luted, content with Diana alone, cherished
a perpetual love, &c. She had no inclination
to taste the pleasures of the conjugal state.
585. Tali militid : with the love of such
a war, attempting, &c. -
587. Acerbis; in the sense of crudelibus
554
P VIRGILII MARONIS
e
690. Cape haec tela
Haec cape, et ultricem pharetrá deprome sagittam 590
Häc, quicungue sacrum violárit vulnere corpus,
593 ºil-ne Tros Ita- Tros Italusve, mihi pariter det sanguine poenas.
º * dae virgi- Post ego nube cava miserande corpus et arma
ºS Inspoliata feram, tumulo patriaeque reponam.
595. At illa Opis de-l)ixit : at illa leves coeli delapsa per auras 595
Ampsa ... Insonuit, nigro circumdata turbine corpus.
598. Circumdata quoad At manus interea muris Trojana propinquat,
corpus Etruscique duces, equitumque exercitus omnis,
Compositi numero in turmas. Fremit aequore toto -
Insultans sonipes, et pressis pugnat habenis, 600
Huc obversus et huc : tum laté ferreus hastis |
Horret ager; campique armis sublimibus ardent.
Nec non Messapus contra, celeresque Latini,
Et cum fratre Coras, et virginis ala Camillae,
Adversi campo apparent : hastasque reductis 605
Protendunt longé dextris, et spicula vibrant:
ki, Adventusque virãm, fremitusque ardescit equorum
608. Uteñue exercitus Jamgue intra jactum teli progressus uterque
progressus Substiterat. Subito erumpunt clamore, frementesque
Exhortantur equos : fundunt simul undique tela 610
Tristis ubi infausto committitur omine pugna
Crebra, nivis ritu, coelumque obtexitur umbră.
Continuo adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus
º NOTES.
589. Infausto : inauspicious—unlucky.
590. Cape haec: take these weapons.
While she is thus speaking, Diana gives to
Opis her quiver of arrows, and directs her
to draw from it one, which should be fatal
to any person that, during the engagement,
might violate the sacred body of Camilla.
591. Sacrum corpus : the sacred body of
Camilla. Hác : with this arrow. Sagitta
is understood. *
593. JMiseranda: ; lamented, or unhappy
virgin. P'irgºnis vel Camilla, is planly to
be supplied.
594. Inspoliata ; safe—untouched by the
enemy—not taken away by them. The god-
dess here promises to bear off the body of
her ſavorite maid, together with her armor,
entire and untouched; and restore her to
her own country for burial.
This episode is finely contrived. Just as
we supposed the hostile troops were to com-
mence the work of death, the poet suspends
their operations, and relates the birth and
education of Camilla; who was destined to
perform the most distinguished part in the
military operations of the day.
597. JManus ; in the sense of milites vel
*gmén.
599. Compositi: arranged into battalions,
in order of battle.
600. Pugnat: he resists (struggles against)
the tight drawn reigns, turning, &c. He
wishes no restraint—he desires loosened
reins -
602. Horret ager: an iron field of spears,
Sublimibus : raised high.
603. Celeres Latini : the light-armed Ila-
tims. These were more nimble, and their
motions quicker, than those who carried
heavy arms. r
604. Ala. This word signifies the wing
of our army. Also, troops in general: here
the cavalry of Camilla. These all appeared
on the plain, opposite to the Trojan and
Tuscan troops. -
606. Protendunt : they extend their spears
with their hands drawn far back. They
draw their arms far back, that they may
give a greater force to the dart. Ruteus
interprets protendunt by immittunt, which is
not correct. They have not commenced the
fight as yet. In this menacing manner, just
ready to discharge them upon the enemy,
the combatants advance to the charge.
607. Adventus : the advance of the men,
and the neighing of the horses, grows more
and more fierce. As the armies approached
each other, we may suppose their ardor in-
creased, and the neighing of the horses be-
came louder. Mr. Davidson observes, ad-
ventus is a feeble word to express the move-
ments of an army, just on the point of giving
battle. -
610. Eachortantur: in the sense of conci-
tant.
611.
snow—thick as the flakes o' snow.
with darkness.
Ritu nivis: after the manner of
Umbró:
So thick was the shower of
AE, NEIS.
555
I.I.B. XI
Connixi incurrunt hastis, primique ruinam
Dant sonitu ingenti, perfractaque quadrupedantum
Pectora pectoribus rumpunt.
Excussus Aconfeus
615
Fulminis in morem, aut tormento ponderis acti,
Praecipitat longé, et vitam dispergit in auras.
Extempló turbatae acies; versique Latini
Rejiciunt parmas, et equos admoenia vertunt.
Troës agunt; princeps turmas inducit Asylas.
618. Acies Latinorum
turbatae sun,
620
Jamgue propinquabant portis: rursăsque Latini
Clamorem tollunt, et mollia colla reflectunt :
Hi fugiunt, penitàsque datis referuntur habenis.
Qualis ubi alterno procurrens gurgite pontus
Nunc ruit ad terras, scopulosque superjacit undam
Spumeus, extremamque sinu perfundit arenam :
Nunc rapidus retró, atque aestu revoluta resorbens
622. Mollia colla equo-
*Mººn.
623. Hu, nempe, Tro-
jani fugiunt invicem
624. Qualis ubi pon-
tus procurrens alteriyo
gurgite
625
Saxa, fugit, litusque vado labente relinquit.
Bis Tusci Rutulos egère ad moenia versos :
Bis rejecti armis respectant terga tegentes.
Tertia sed postguam congressi in praelia, totas
630 630. Rutuli bis reject,
respectant Tuscos
Implicuère inter se acies, legitaue virum vir. º
/-ī-
NOTES.
darts, that they intercepted the rays of the
Sūlū.
613. Ruinam: onset—charge.
sºvs Rugeus.
614, Perfracta: dashed—broken. Quad-
rupedantum: in the sense of equorum.
615. Rumpunt pectora : they almost rive
the breasts of their horses, dashed against
each other—they rush their horses breast to
breast against each other, with such impe-
tuosity, that they almost split, or rived them.
Heyne says, perfring unt.
616. In moren fulminis: Aconteus, thrown
from his horse with the velocity of light-
ning, or of a weight thrown by an engine.
This is an extravagant hyperbole. Praeci-
pitat ; in the sense of precipitalur ; is
thrown, at a distance.
619. Rejiciunt parmas : they turned their
shields behind them. This was to secure
them against the missive weapons of the
Trojans in their retreat. This manner of
fleeing, and then facing about, was accord-
ing to the rules of fighting with the cavalry,
as practised by the Romans.
620. Agunt : in the sense of instant vel
sequwntur.
622. JMollia: obedient—submissive to the
reins. -
623. Penities • fully—wholly.
says, omnino.
datis. The Trojans retreat (are carried
back) at full speed—as fast as their horses
can carry them. -
624. Procurrens alterno: rolling forward
in alternate surges. Pontus; in the sense
of fluctus, says Heyne. Ruteus says mare.
But then he takes the poet here to have
reference to the ebb and flow of the tide.
Impetum,
Ruasus
It is to be connected with
This, also, is the sense given to the passage
by Davidson. Heyne and Valpy refer it to
the moving of a wave, or surge, against the
shore. -
626. Simu perfundit : and washes the
margin (or edge) of the shore with its curl-
ing waves. Servius explains sinu, by cur-
vatione et flexu, the curling and winding of
the waves. It signifies the expanded skirts,
or volumes of water, into which the flowing
sea stretches itself further and further on
the shore, and overspreads the beach like a
garment.
627. Atque resorbens : and sucking in the
rocks, rolled back with its tide, retreats
backward. Rapidus: in the sense of celer
vel praeceps. . .
628. Vado : in the sense of fluctu vel
wndá. The surge, or wave, declining, or
going back, leaves the shore, until another
surge succeeds. The retreat of the water
from the shore is frequently so rapid, that
it carries along with it stones and other
substances that lie on the shore. To this
the poet here alludes. But Heyne takes
saaca revoluta destu, &c. to imply, that the
waves passed over, or through the rock, in
approaching and retreating from the shore :
per qual fluctus vel unda revolvitur, says he.
630. Respectant : they see the enemy
covering their backs with their shields.
The plain meaning is, that the Latins put
the Tuscans to flight in turn: they see them
covering their backs with their shields.
631. Tertia pralia: the third assault—
the third time they engaged.
632. Implicuére; in the sense of miscu,
crant. They engaged in close fight.
556
P VIRGILII MARONIS
633, Gemitus inori-Tum verö et gemitus morientôm ; et sanguine in alto
entilm audiuntur
Armaque, corporaque, et permisti cade whorum
Semianimes volvuntur equi: pugna aspera surgit.
635
Orsilochus Remuli, quando ipsum horrebat adire,
Hastam intorsit equo, ferrumque sub aure reliquit.
638. Jactat crura alta, Quo sonipes ictu furit arduus, altaque jactat,
pectore
640. Ille Remulus ex-
cussus equo
641. Catillus dejicit
Iolam, Herminiumque
Ingentem
642. Cui erat fulva Tantus in arma patet.
Acta tremit, duplicatolue virum transfixa dolore.
Funditur ater ubique cruor: dant funera ferro
casaries in nudo ver-
tice, humerique erant
Vulneris impatiens, arrecto pectore crura.
Wolvitur ille excussus humi.
Ingentemque animis, ingentem corpore et armis
Dejicit Herminium: nudo cui vertice fulva
Caesaries, nudigue humeri: nec vulnera terrent:
Catillus Iolam, 640
Latos huic hasta per armos
645
Certantes: pulchramgue petunt per vulnera mortem.
At medias inter cades exsultat Amazon,
649. Amazon, nempe
Camilla pharetrata ex-
Sultat, exserta quoad
Unum exserta latus pugnae, pharetrata Camilla.
Et nunc lenta manu spargens hastilia denset,
Nunc validam dextră rapit indefessa bipennem.
650
Aureus exhumero sonat arcus, et arma Dianae.
Illa etiam, si quando in tergum pulsa recessit,
Spicula converso fugientia dirigit arcu.
655. At circum eam,
sunt lectae
At circum lecta comites, Larinaque virgo,
Tullaque, et aeratam quatiens Tarpeia securim,
655
NOTES.
636. Horrebat adire: he feared to attack
him. Timeret, says Rugeus. -
638. Jactat crura: The meaning is, that
his horse reared upon his hind feet, throw-
ing his fore feet, and beating the air with
them. In doing this, he threw his rider.
642. Dejicit : in the sense of prosternit.
Cui: in the sense of cujus. So hwic: for
hujus, 644. infra. Vertice : in the sense of
capite. His yellow hair waved upon his
naked head.
644. Palet tantus : so great he stands
opposed to arms. This is the sense given
to the words by Davidson; who observes,
that Servius, and most commentators after
him, understand the words to mean: that
he stood so large a mark earposed to the darts
of the enemy. But this is so far from being
a reason for his not being afraid, that it is
a strong reason why he should be. In,
may be taken in the sense of contrå.
645. Acta : in the sense of immissa; agree-
ing with hasta. Transfia:a: passing through
his shoulders, doubles the man with the
pain of the wound. The pain inflicted by
the spear was so great, that he was no
longer able to maintain an erect posture.
Ruſſeus says, incurvat hominem.
The reading above is that of Heyne,
founded upon the Roman, JMedicean, and
other MSS, of antiquity, and generally
adopted by modern editors. . Some read
duplicatgue viri transfira dolorem. This
Turnebus approves. Others read dupli
catgue, virum transfira, dolorem.
647. Certantes : a part. of the verb certo,
taken as a sub. The combatants—the
contending armies.
649. Eacserta unum latus pugna. her
right side was naked, and disengaged for
action, (pugna,) but her left was incumber-
ed with her bow, and half-moon shield.
Such a shield the Amazons wore. Or,
pugma may signify the attacks of the enemy.
Then the sense will be: that she had one
side (to wit, the right,) exposed to the ene-
my, while the other was covered with her
shield; which prepares the reader for the
circumstance mentioned afterwards, of her
receiving her mortal wound in this part of
her body. Camilla is here called an Ama-
zon, because she was armed like one of
them.
650. Spargens : this expresses, as well
as denset, the rapiuity with which she re-
peated her throws. She scattered her jave-
lins thick on every side. Spargit dense.
says Heyne.
652. Arma : in the sense of sagittae.
653. In tergum : backward: in the sense
of retrö. º
654. Spicula : the winged arrows from
her inverted bow. She turned her bow
over her shoulder, and in that position dis-
charged her winged arrow upon the enemy.
In this manner the Parthians conducted
ÆNEIS. LIB. XI.
557
Italides: quas ipsa decus Sibi dia. Camilla
Delegit, pacisque bonas bellique ministras.
Quales Threicias, cum flumina Thermodontis
Pulsant, et pictis bellantur Amazones armis;
657. On:les Italides.
quas dia. Camilla ipsa
delegit esse decus sibi,
ministrasque
660
Seu circum Hippolyten; seu cum se Martia curru
Penthesilea refert; magnoque ululante tumultu
Foeminea exsultant lunatis agnmina peltis.
Quem telo primum, quem postremum, aspera virgo,
Dejicis? aut quot humi morientia corpora fundis 2
Eumenium Clytio primūm patre; cujus apertum
Adversi longá transverberat abjete pectus.
664. O aspera virgo
665
666. Primūm interficit
Eumenium matum
Sanguinis ille womens rivos cadit, atque cruentam
Mandit humum, moriensque suo se in vulnere versat.
Tum Lirin Pagasumdue supér: quorum alter, habenas
Suffosso revolutus equo dum colligit; alter
Dum subit, ac dextram labenti tendit inermem,
His addit Amastrum
Praecipites pariterque ruunt.
670. Tum waterficit
671 Lirin, Pagasumque su-
pèr. Illi ruunt praeci-
pites pariterque; quo-
rum alter
Hippotaden : sequiturque incumbens eminus hastā
Tereaque, Harpalycumque, et Demophoonta, Chromim-
que:
675
Quotaue emissa manu contorsit spicula virgo;
Tot Phrygii cecidére viri.
Procul Ornytus armis
Ignotis, et equo venator Iapyge fertur:
#. pellis latos humeros erepta juvenco
Pugnatori operit; caput ingens oris hiatus,
678. Wenator Ornytis
fertur in ignotis
680
Et malae texére lupi cum dentibus albis ;
NOTES.
their retreat; which the poet here has in his
view. t
657. Italides : Italian nymphs.
658. Bonas : skilful—expert.
659. Flumina ; the river, put by meton.
for the banks of the river. They beat the
banks so as to make the river resound.
Thermodontis: gen. of Thermodon, a river
of Thrace, the country said to have been
Inhabited by the Amazons.
660. Pictis armis : with party-colored, or
variegated arms. Bellanlur: in the sense
of pugnant.
661. Hippolyten.
mous queen of the Amazons.
was vanquished by Hercules. Penthesilea
was also queen of that female race. She
came to the assistance of Priam during the
Trojan war, and was slain by Achilles, or
his son Parrhus. See AEn. i. 491.
662. JMagnoque wiulante : with a loud
yelling noise.
663. Lunatis peltis : with their crescent
shields—shields in the form of a half moon.
664. Aspera : in the sense of bellicosa.
665. Fundis; in the sense of sternis.
667. Abjete : for abiete: the fir tree—any
thing made of the wood of that tree—a
spear or javelin of that wood. Adversi: an
adj. agreeing with cujus: right against—
opposite to—in front of
Hippolyte was a fa-
It is said she
670. Super : in the sense of pretered: be-
side—in addition to those before mentioned.
671. Revolutus : falling backward from
his wounded horse, while, &c.
672. Labenti : to him falling—to his fall-
ing friend.
673. Pariter: at the same time—both at
once fall to the ground. Ruunt : in the
sense of cadwnt.
674. Incumbens: in the sense of petens
vel instans. The simple meaning of the
expression is: she killed these men as they
stood at a distance from her, with her jave-
lins, thrown at them. Virgil had an admi-
rable talent for varying his style and ex-
pression.
678 Ignotis armis : arms that were strange
and unusual to him. Iapyge, for Iapygio.
an adj. from Iapya, the son of Dædalus,
who first settled in Apulia : Apulian.—
Fertur: rides along—moves on. -
679. Cui : in the sense of cujus. Juvenco :
in the sense of tauro. This was some wild
bull, killed by the hunter, in whose hide he
had dressed himself. Pugnatori : put in.
apposition with juvenco. Heyne says, syl-
vestri—cum quo pugmaterat.
680. Ingens hiatus ; lit. the large opening
of the mouth, and the jaws of a wolf with
white teeth, covered his head. His head
was covered with the skin taken from the
558
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
683. Suprā alios toto
vertice :
684. Camilla illa tra-
Jicit hunc exceptum ;
enim neque erat labor
ei ; ejus agmine
£em. . -
687. Dies advenit, qul
690. Protinús interfi-
cit
sedentis equo
694. Illa fugiens
Agrestisque manus armat sparus. ipse catervis
Vertitur in mediis, et toto vertice supra est.
Huncilla exceptum ; neque enim labor, agnine verso;
Trajicit, et super haec inimico pectore fatur:
Sylvis te, Tyrrhene, feras agitare putàstiº 3.
Advenit qui vestra dies muliebribus armis -
685. Super eumjacen-Verba redarguerit.
685
Nomen tamen haud leve patrum
Manibus hoc referes, telo cecidisse Camillae. .
Protinús Orsilochum et Buten, duo maxima Teucrüm
Corpora: sed Buten adversum cuspide fixit 691
692. Quà colla ejus Loricam galeamque inter, quâ colla sedentis
Lucent, ct lavo dependet parma lacerto;
Orsilochum fugiens, magnumque agitata per orbem,
Eludit gyro Interior, sequiturque sequentem. 695
Tum validam perque arma viro perque ossa securim,
Altior insurgens, oranti et multa precanti .
Congeminat: vulnus calido rigat ora cerebro.
700. Bellator
Auni Apenninicolae,
haud extremus Ligu-
rum, dum fata sinebant
eum fallere, incidit huic,
territusque
Incidit huic, subitoque aspectu territus haesit.
filius Apenninicolae bellator filius Auni, -
Haud Ligurum extremus, dum fallere fata sinebant.
Isque, ubi se nullo jam cursu evadere pugnâ
Posse, neque instantem reginam avertere, cernit;
Consilio versare dolos ingressus et astu,
705. Quid est tam Incipit hac : quid tam egregium, si foemina forti
700
705
egregium, si tu bellatric Fidis equo 2 dimitte fugam, et te cominius a quo
foemina fidis
707. Accinge te
Mecum crede solo, pugnaeque accinge pedestri:
Jam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem.
NoTEs.
head of a wolf, while his shoulders were
covered with the hide of a wild bull. The
former the hero wore for a helmet, the lat-
ter for a corslet.
682. Sparws: a kind of rustic weapon.
683. Vertitur: in the sense of incedit vel
in Oveč. H
684. Eacceptum : in the sense of intercep-
tum. Verso: routed—thrown into disorder.
688. Redarguerit - shall confute thy
words. He had, perhaps, boasted of his
valor. Women : honor—renown.
691. Adversum : opposite—right against
her. Pierius found aversum in some of the
best manuscripts; but the sense is in favor
of adversum : the wound which he received
was in the throat, inter loricam, galeamque,
which could not have happened, if his back
had been turned towards her. Heyne reads
(Mºj67°3′1077,
694. Fugiens: the sense of this passage
appears to be this: the queen, fleeing from
Orsilochus, was pursued by him in a large
circuit. Here she lost him in the crowd,
(eludit,) that is, he lost sight of her, which
was the object she had in view. Then
furning about in a circle smaller, and on the
inner side, (gyro interior) she came in be
uind him, who was supposing he was all
the time in pursuit of her, and so became
terms with me.
the pursuer in turn. Coming up with him,
rising high to give her blows more effect.
she drove her sturdy axe through, &c.
696. Pºiro : in the sense of viri.
698. Congeminat: Ruaus says imping it.
699. Incidit hwic: met her by chance.
Haesit : stood amazed at the sudden and
unexpected sight.
701. Ligurum: gen. of Ligures. These
were a people of Italy, whose country was
bounded on the north by the Apennines,
and extended to the Tuscan sea on the
south. Cato mentions them as notorious
for their tricks and deception. To this trait
of character the poet here alludes, in the
words fallere. &c. Pugnâ : Heyne reads
pugnac.
703. Instantem: pressing upon him. -
704. Ingressus: attempting to effect (put
in practice) his tricks and deception, by
stratagem and cunning, he says (incipit)
these things. Ruteus says, incipiens.
705. Forti : in the sense of celeri.
706. Dimitte fugam : dismiss your flight—
your horse, which enables you to flee.
JEquo solo: on the lovel ground—equal
708. Ventosa gloria: vain—empty boast-
ing. Ventosa is used here with peculiar
propriety-- mere empty vaunting—light as
AENEIS. LIB. XI
Dixit Atilla furens, acrique accensa dolore,
Tradit equum comiti, paribusque resistit in armis,
710
Ense pedes nudo, puráque interrita parmá.
At juvenis, vicisse dolo ratus, avolat ipse,
Haud mora, conversisque fugax aufertur habenis,
712. Ratus se vicisse
eam dolo
Quadrupedemgue citum ferrată calce fatigat.
Vane Ligur, frustråque animis elate superbis,
Nequicquam patrias tentásti lubricus artes:
Nec fraus te incolumem fallaci perferet Auno.
Haec ſatur virgö, et pernicibus ignea plantis
Transit equum cursu : franisque adversa prehensis
Congreditur, poenasque inimico à Sanguine Sumit. 720
Quâm facilè accipiter saxo sacer ales ab alto
Consequitur pennis sublimen in nube columbam,
Comprènsamgue tenet, pedibusque eviscerat uncis :
721. Tam facilè quâm
accipiter, ales sacer.Mar-
ti volans ab alto saxo
"Tum cruor, et vulsae labuntur ab athere plumae.
At non haec nullis hominum sator atque Deorum
Observans oculis, summo sedet altus Olympo.
Tvrrhenum genitor Tarchontem in praelia sæva
8-5
Suscitat, et stimulis haud mollibus incitat iras.
Ergö inter caedes cedentiaque agnina Tarchon
Fertur equo, variisque instigat vocibus alas,
Nomine quemdue vocans; reficitoue in praelia pulsos :
Quis metus, 6 nunquam dolituri, 6 semper inertes.
Tyrrheni, quae tanta animis ignavia venit 7
Foemina palantes agit, atque haec agnina vertit?
Quð ferrum ? quidve haec gerimus tela irrita dextris 7
725 725. At Jupiter, sato,
727. Tum vile, genitol
730 731. Quemgue hom-
7262770,
733. O Tyrrheni, nun-
quam dolituri, O semper
inertes -
735. Quà nos gerimus
ferrum
NOTES.
the wind. Fraudem : this is the common
reading. It is the reading of the Roman
MS., and for which Servius contends. Heyne
reads laudem, but expresses a doubt upon
it. Fraudem is to be taken in the sense of
damnum—detrimentum vel penam, which
sometimes is the meaning of the word. If
laudem be read, it may be taken in its usual
acceptation.
709. Acri dolore: with keen resentment.
711. Resistit; this is the reading of Heyne.
Ruasus and Davidson read assistit. The
sense is the same with either. Purá parmá:
with her shield which had no impress upon
.t. The same as alba parma. Lib. ix. 548.
Pedes : a footman—on foot.
- 713. Conversis habenis : his reins being
turned. Here habenis is plainly put for the
head of his horse. He turned his horse,
and left her at full speed.
714. Ferrata calcés with his iron heel—
with his spurs. Fatigat; in the sense of
unpellit. * -
715. Ligus : gen. Liguris: deceitful Li-
gurian. -
716. Lubricus: slippery—turning every
way to answer his purposes of deception.
717. Perferet : in the sense of reducet.
718. Ignea transit : burning with ire, she
with swift foot passes his horse in his course.
This action of Camilla would have been in
credible, if we had not been previously pre
pared for something of the kind. See Lib,
vii. 808. where her swiftness is described
Ignea ; Valpy says, swift, or quick as light-
ning. Rugeus says, ardens. *
719. Adversa: opposite—right against him,
in front.
723. Pedibus : by this we are to under-
stand the talons, or claws of the hawk,
which are crooked, or bending: hence the
propriety of uncis. Eviscerat : in the sense
of dilaniat.
725. JN on nullis oculis : with some atten
tion—regard. It implies, that he was atten
tively regarding the scenes that were passing
upon the field of battle.
730. Alas : the light troops.
supra. -
731. Reficit pulsos; he rallies and brings
back the flying troops to the fight. Rueus
says, revocat.
732. Dolituri nunquam : never to feel re-
sentment: a part. of the verb doleo.
735. Quà ferrum; for what intent—to
what purpose do we bear the sword? Irrita:
useless—unavailing in our hands.
Tarchon is very severeupon the Tuscans
calling them stupid, and patient of insults
and injuries. He alludes, perhaps, to the
See 604,
560
P. VIRGILII MARONIS,
736. At vos non estis At non in Venerem segnes, nocturnaque bella.
Aut, ubi curva choros indixit tubia Bacchi,
segnes
736
Expectare dapes, et plenae pocula menste, -
739, Hic est wester (Hic amor, hoc studium) dum sacra secundus aruspex
amor, hoc est vestrum
Nuntiet, ac lucos vocet hostia pinguis in altos.
740
Haec effatus, equum in medios moriturus et ipse
Concitat, et Venulo adversum se turbidus infert;
Dereptumque ab equo dextrá complectitur hostem,
744. Aufert Venulum Et gremium ante suum multà vi concitus aufert.
ante suum
Tollitur in coelum clamor, cunctioue Latini
Convertère oculos.
745
Wolat igneus acquore Tarchon
Arma virumque ferens : tum summâ ipsius ab hastā
Defringit ferrum, et partes rimatur apertas,
749. Ille Venulus
Quà vulnus letale ferat.
Sustinet à jugulo dextram, et vim virbus exit.
Contra ille repugnans
750
751. Utau º clim fulva Utdue volans alté raptum clim fulva draconem
aquila volans alté fert
Fert aquila, implicuitgue pedes, atque unguibus haesit:
Saucius at serpens sinuosa volumina versat,
tºs t Arrectisque horret squamis, et sibilat ore,
7& Illa aquila haud Arduus insurgens: illa haud minus urget adunco
Luctantem rostro ; simul aethera verberat alis.
minūs
T55
Haud aliter praedam Tiburtum ex agnine Tarchon
Portat ovans.
Ducis exemplum eventumque secuti
Moeonidae incurrunt. Tum ſatis debitus Aruns
Velocen jaculo et multà prior arte Camillam
760
NotEs.
tameness with which they endured the ty-
ranny of Mezentius, and patiently submit-
ted to it till it became past endurance; and
now they are not ashamed to turn their
backs before a woman. Gerimus. This is
the reading of Heyne, and is found in the
best MSS. Ruteus reads geritis.
736. Venerem: in the sense of voluptatem
vel cupidinem.
737. India.it : proclaimed—appointed.
739. Secundus : favorable—propitious.-
The person who predicted future events by
Inspecting the entrails of victims, was called
a;-uspear. When the auspices were favora-
ble, he was called secundus. After the an-
nouncement of the auspices, the feast im-
mediately followed. Sacra. Rugeus says
sacrificia. Davidson, sacred rites.
742. Turbidus : in the sense of acer.
743. Complectitur : he grasps in his right
hu Iya.
744. Ante swum gremium : in the sense
of ante ge.
746. Igneus: in the sense of ardens.
748. Defringit ferrum; he breaks off the
steel from the end of his spear, so that he
could do him no injury. Rimatur: in the
senne of quarit. Partes : the exposed part
of his throat.
750. Eacit : in the sense of avertit. It is
here used actively. Sustinet: in the sense
of repellit.
75%. Haesit: and griped him in his talons.
755. Urget: the more the snake strug-
gles, and endeavors to extricate itself, the
closer does the eagle gripe it in his talons
and crooked beak: just so Tarchon bears
off Venulus in his tenacious grasp. Tibur-
tum : the same with Venulum. He was
commander, and a principal man among the
Tiburtines. Their city was called Tibur,
situated, some say, about twenty miles north
of the place where Rome was afterwards
built. It was founded by Tiburtus, the son
of Amphiaraus. See AEm. vii. 630. -
759. Masonida: ; the Tuscans. They are
here so called, because their ancestors re-
moved from JMoeonia, a country of Asia Mi-
nor, and settled in Italy. Aruns debitus
fatis: Aruns devoted to death. It is said
of him, because he was to kill Camilla; and
whoever killed her, forfeited his life to Di-
ana, by a decree of that goddess. See 591,
supra. Incurrunt : in the sense of irrwunt.
Fatis : in the sense of morti. .
760. Circuit : he goes around Camilla,
for the purpose of discovering some unpro-
tected place, where he may give her a mortal
wound. He follows her over the field of
battle, and closely observes her movements;
and continues unobserved by her, until the
fatal moment arrived. She was in the pur-
suit of Chloreus, and intent upon his spoils,
when Aruns, having observed a favorable
opportunity to effect his purpose, threw his
spear, and a god directed it to the naked
ÆNE[S.
LIB XI. 56]
Circuit, et, quae sit fortuna facillima, tentat.
Quà se cunque furens medio tulit agmine virgo;
Hác Aruns subit, et tacitus vestigia lustrat;
762. Quácumque fu.
rens virgo tulit so
Quà victrix redit illa, pedemdue ex hoste reportat;
Håc juvenis furtim celercs detorquet habenas.
Hos aditus, jamgue hos aditus, omnemoue pererrat i
Undique circuitum ; et certam quatit improbus hastam. \
Forté sacer Cybelae Chloreus, olimgue sacerdos,
765
Insignis longè Phrygiis fulgebat in armis:
Spumantemque agitabat equum ; quem pellis ahenis 770, 770. Quem equum pel
In plumam squamis auro conserta tegebat.
Ipse, peregriná ferrugine clarus et ostro,
Spicula torquebat Lycie Gortynia cornu :
Aureus exhumeris somat arcus, et aurea wati
Cassida : tum croceam chlamdemolue, sinusque cre-
Carbaseds fulvo in nodum collegerat auro,
Pictus acu tunicas, et barbara tegmina crurum.
Hunc virgo, sive ut templis praefigeret arma
Troia, captivo sive ut se ferret in auro
Wenatrix, unum ex omni certamine pugnaº
Caeca sequebatur; totumºue incauta per agnmen,
Fremineo praedae et spoliorum ardebat amore.
Telum ex insidiis cum tandem, tempore capto,
Conjicit, et Superos Aruns sic voce precatur:
Summe Deûm, sancti custos Soractis, Apollo,
Quem primi colimus, cui pineus ardor acervo
lis conserta ahenis squa
mIS et auro
774. Aurea casside
774 est huic vati in capite
777. Ille erat pictus
acu quoad tunicas
[pante S 778. Virgo, sive ut
praefigerat Troia arma
templis, sive ut vena-
trix ferret se in gaptivo
780 auro, caca sequebatur
hunc unum
783. Cúm tandem
Aruns, tempore capto,
conjicit
785. O Apollo, summe
787. Et nos tui cul-
tores, freti nostra pie-
tate
'785
Pascitur ; et medium freti pietate per ignem
NOTES.
breast of the virgin warrior. Circuit : of
circum and eo.
761. Fortuna: time—opportunity. Valpy
says, “the most vulnerable point—where the
chance of hitting seemed most favorable.”
766. Pererrat : examines—surveys. Ru-
abus says, percurrit. Adilus : access—ap-
proaches.
767. Certam: unerring—certain. Impro-
bus : with wicked design. Rugeus says,
malignus.
771. Conserta : compacted, or fastened
with brazen nails, and gold. In plumam;
in the form of a plume. The nails were so
placed in the skin, as to represent the figure
of a plume, or plumes; and served, in some
easure, as defensive armor for the horse.
772. Peregrind ferrugine : in foreign blue
and purple. Clarus: in the sense of splen-
dens.
773. Gortynia : an adj. from Gortyna, a
city of Crete. Cornu ; in the sense of arcu.
776. Collegerat: then he had collected
nis saffron-colored cloak, and its rustling
folds of fine linen, into a knot with yellow
old.
g 777. Pictus: embroidered as to his tunic.
Barbara tegumina ; the foreign coverings of
his legs. These may be called barbara, be-
cause they were of Phrygian fashion.
780. Eac omni: Rugeus says, ea omnibus
certantibus in praelio. Davidson, “of all the
warring chiefs.” In this case, certamen will
be by meton. for certator vel bellator. The
meaning is, that she singled him out of all
the combatants, and pursued him over the
field of battle, as being the richest prize, and
affording the most valuable spoils. This
idea is expressed, and assigned in the fol-
lowing kines, as the reason of her procedure.
She was so intent upon the booty and spoils,
that she forgot her perilous situation. She
did not perceive Aruns, nor was she in any
way apprized of his design against her.
783. Eac insidiis : privately—or from his
concealment.
785. Soractis. Soractes o'. Soracte was a
mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, about
twenty-six miles north of the place where
Rome was afterward ouilt. It was sacred
to Apollo ; who jº, thence calked Custos
Soractis.
786. Ardors in the sense of igns. Cui.
for whom—in honor of whom. Ligmi is to
be supplied after acervo.
787. Freti pietate premimus, &c. This cir-
cumstance is illustrated from an historical
passage in Pliny, lib. 7. Haud procul wrbe
Roma, in Faliscorum agro, familiae sunt
paucae, qua, vocantur Hirpia : quae sacrificio
37
562
P. VIRGII,II MARONIS
Cultores multà premimus vestigia prunā :
Da, pater, hoc nostris aboleri dedecus armis,
Omnipotens ! Non exuvias, pulsteve trophaeum
Virginis, autspolia ulla peto
Haec dira meo dum vulnere pestis
Pulsa cadat, patriam remeabo inglorius urbem.
792. Hºee dura pestis Facta ferent.
Camilla
790
Mihi castera laudem
794, Phoebus audiit; Audiit, et voti Phoebus succedere partem
et dedit
Mente dedit: partem volucres dispersit in auras.
795
Sterneret ut subitā turbatam morte Camillam,
797. Annuit illi oran- Annuit oranti: reducem ut patria alta videret,
ti, ut
Non dedit; inque Notos vocem veptère procellae.
Ergö, ut missa manu sonitum dedit hasta per auras, 80
Convertère animos acres, oculosque tulere -
801. Ipsa est nihil me- Cuncti ad reginam Wolsci.
Nec sonitàs memor, aut venientis ab athere teli;
In OF
Nihilipsa neque aurae,
Hasta sub exsertam donec perlata papillam
Haesit, virgineumgue alté bibit acta cruorem.
Concurrunt trepidae comites, dominamdue ruentem 805
w & Suscipiunt.
809. Ille lupus, pas-
tore, magno-ve juvenco
occiso. conscius audacis
facti, continuo avius
Fugit ante omnes exterritus Aruns
Laetitiã, mixtoque metu: nec jam ampliès hasta
Credere, nec telis occurrere virginis audet.
Ac velut ille, prius quâm tela inimica sequantur,
Continuo in montes sese avius abdidit altos,
810
NOTES.
annuo, quod fit ad montem Soractem Apollini,
super ambustam ligni struem ambulantes non
adurumtur. - - *
788. JMulta prunā. It is said, so manifest
was the power of Apollo here displayed,
that his priests and votaries could walk
through the midst of fire, and tread upon
burning coals, without receiving the least
injury from the flames. Vestigia : in the
sense of pedes.
789. Hoc dedecus: this disgrace of fleeing
before a woman, and falling under her vic-
torious arm.
791. JMihi : in the sense of mea.
792. Dum: provided that—on condition
that. JMeo vulnere: in the sense of mea
hasta. Vulnus is frequently put by meton.
for the weapon that gives the wound. Ru-
aeus says, vulnere à me inflicto. |
793. Remeabo, &c. It was an inglorious
act in Aruns to wound Camilla, in that pri-
vate manner, like a coward, without daring
to enter the list with her in fair combat.
He was sensible of this, and that he would
be looked upon as a coward. Nevertheless,
he was willing to lie under that disgrace,
provided he could accomplish his wishes.
795. JMente dedit.
prayer, but gave no external indication of
his purpose concerning it; or else Aruns
would have been deterred from the action :
he granted it in his mind, and only a part
of his prayer, not the whole.
796. Turbatam : confused—-in a state of
perturbation.
Phoebus heard his
797. Alta : in the sense of clara vel no-
bilis.
798. Procellae: the tempest. The word
properly means a violent storm at sea.
JNotos : here taken for winds in general;
properly the south wind. Vocen: in the
sense of verba, the words of Aruns: (to wit)
that he would return in safety to his own
country.
801. JWihil : in the sense of non.
803. Perlata ; wafted—borne. Ruabus
says, veniens. Sub : deep into her naked
breast. This word is frequently used in this
sense by the poet. -
805. Ruentem: in the sense of cadentem.
806. Eacterritus lattitié: struck—alarmed
with joy, and mingled fear above, &c. His
sensation was joy mingled with fear. He
rejoiced that he had wounded Camilla, and
at the same time, he feared the avenging
weapons of the Latins. He fled immedi-
ately. We may observe how very different
ly the poet represents the characters and
actions of Camilla and Aruns. She appears
in every respect the heroine; both valiant
in action, and fearless in danger: he, on
all occasions, showing himself the coward
and poltron. Our feelings are interested in
her behalf: and we regret, since she was
doomed to fall, that it had not been by a
nobler arm.
809. Ille lupus : and as a wolf, &c. Ille
is used in the same sense, Æn. x. 407. 40
velut ille aper; and xii. 5. Illé leo.
810. Avius: alone—in secret.
AENEIS. IIB. XI.
563
\
Occiso pastore, lupus, magnove Juvenco,
Conscius audacis facti: caudamdue remulcens
Subjecit pavitantem utero, sylvasque petivit
Haud sectis ex oculis se turbidus abstulit Aruns,
Contentusque fugă mediis se immiscuit armis.
Illa manu moriens telum trahit: ossa sed inter
815 s
816. Illa Camilla
Ferreus ad costas alto stat vulnere mucro.
Labitur exsanguis; labuntur frigida leto
Lumina : purpureus quondam color ora reliquit
Tum sic exspirans, Accam, ex aequalibus unam,
Alloquitur, fida ante alias quae sola Camillae,
Quicum partiri curas; at Que haec ita fatur:
Hactanus, Acca soror, potui : nunc vulnus acerbum
820
821. Quae sola era:
fida Camillae ante alias,
quicum solebat
Conficit, et tenebris nigrescunt omnia circum.
Effuge, et haec Turno mandata novissima perfer :
Succedat pugnaº, Trojanosque arceat urbe.
Jamgue vale.
Ad terram non sponte fluens.
Simul his dictis linquebat habenas,
Tum frigida toto
. Paulatim, exsolvit se corpore, lentaque colla
Et captum leto posuit caput, arma relinquens;
Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras.
Tum veró immensus surgens ferit aurea clamor
Sidera : dejectà crudescit pugna Camillá.
Incurrunt densi, simul omnis copia Teucrüm,
Tyrrhenique duces, Evandrique Arcadis alae.
At Triviae custos jamdudum in montibus Opis
Alta sedet summis, spectatoue interrita pugnas.
Utdue procul medio juvenum in clamore furentãm
Prospexit tristi multatam morte Camillam :
Ingemuitdue, deditoue has imo pectore voces:
825 }
828. Illa frigida pan
latim
830
835
840
NOTES.
813. Subjecit caudam : puts his trembling
tail between his legs, (under his belly,)
keeping it close. Remulcens: cherishing it
—fondly taking care of it.
817. Stat: in the sense of haeret.
the point—barb of his spear.
818. Labitur easanguis ; Donatus reads,
labitur et sangwis, seemingly, to save the
appearance of contradiction in the narra-
‘tion: for Camilla does not fall from her
horse, till some time after this, verse 827.
But labitur does not necessarily imply that
she fell to the ground; but she faints, or
sinks down, being supported perhaps on her
horse, by her attendants, for some minutes.
Davidson. -
819. Quondam : soon after—presently.
Ora : in the sense of vultum. She became
pale, and her eyes became cold in death.
822. Quicum : the abl. for quácum: with
whom. i
, 823. Potwi. Servius supposes vivere vel
pugnare to be understood. Ruacus and
Heyne supply pugmare. La Cerda, David-
son, and Valpy, take it absolutely. Hacte-
nus potwi: hitherto I have been powerful—
4
JMucro:
my strength hath availed me; now, &c.
Conficit: in the sense of interficit. Me is
understood.
828. Fluens : in the sense of labens.
829. Lenta colla ; she reclined her droop-
ing—lifeless neck.
830. Captum : overcome.
883, Dejecta : in the sense of occisa vel
tnterfecta.
834, Incurrunt : rush in crowded ranks
upon the enemy.
835. Alae: in the sense of equites.
836. Triviae. This is a name of Diana;
either because she presided over Trivia, the
crossways; or, because she was fabled to
have three forms. She was called Luna in
heaven, Diana on the earth, and Hecate in
hell. Opis: a nymph of Diana's train. She
is called, therefore, custos in the sense of
comes vel famula. She was appointed by
Diana to avenge any injury done to Ca-
milla, upon the author of it. She, therefore,
hastens to kill Aruns. s
839. JMultatam : in the sense of interfec-
tam. Ruteus says, affectam.
840. Dedit: in the sense of emisit.
564
P. VIRGIL) [ MARONIS
Heu! nimium, Virgo, numlum crudele luisti
843. Tu O virgo, luisti Supplicium, Teucros conata lacessere bello!
nimium
Nec tibi desertae in dumis coluisse Dianam
Profuit, aut nostras humero gessisse pharetras.
Non tamen indecorem tua te regina relinquet
845
846 Hoc tuum letum Extremä jam in morte : neque hoc siné nomine letum
Per gentes erit, aut famam patieris inulta2.
Nam quicungue tuum violavit vulnere corpus,
849. Fuit ingens bus- Morte luet merità.
Fuit ingens monte sub alto
º: * Regis Dercenni terreno exaggere bustum 850
g Antiqui Laurentis, opacáque ilice tectum.
Hic Dease primúm rapido pulcherrima nisu
Sistit, et Aruntem tumulo speculatur ab alto.
854. Ut widit eum Ut widit fulgentem armis, ac vana tumentem:
Cur, inquit, diversus abis 7 huc dirige gressum : 855
.856. Veni hue, tu, pe. Huc, periture, veni ; capias ut digna Camillae
riture; ut Praemia. Tu-ne etiam telis moriere Dianae 7
Dixit : et aurată volucrem Threissa sagittam #z
Deprompsit pharetrā, cornuque inſensa tetendit;"
860. Duxit allud longè Et duxit longé, donec curvata coirent 860
Inter se capita, et manibus jam tangeret aequis,
862. Mempe, levá ma- Laevå aciem ferri, dextrá nervoque papillam.
..º.i.*... Extemplé teli stridorem aurasque sonantes
tangeret ejus piº. Audit una Aruns, haesitgue in corpore ferrum.
#35. Socii’ obliti lin-Illum expirantem socii atque extrema gementem 865
quunt illum
Obliti ignoto camporum in pulvere linquunt:
Opis ad athereum pennis aufertur Olympum.
Prima fugit, dominá amissà, levis ala Camillae
Turbati fugiunt Rutuli; fugit acer Atinas;
NOTES.
841. Luisti : thou hast suffered, &c. JWi-
müm. The nimium is here emphatical;
and is to be repeated with crudele : too
cruel, or severe.
843. Desertae : alone—by thyself.
845. Indecorem: in the sense of inhomo-
r(złam.
846. JYomine : renown—glory.
847. Famam inultae: the infamy of one
unavenged. Famam, here is plainly to be
taken in the sense of infamiam, as it some-
times signifies. It was considered dishonor-
able to die in battle, without being avenged,
and a mark of infamy.
849. Luet: the meaning is: he shall
atone for, or expiate the crime, with, &c.
Crimen vel scelus, is understood.
850. Dercenni. This Dercennus was pro-
bably one of the kings of the aborigines, the
primitive inhabitants of Italy. Bustum: a
tomb. *
852. JWisw: in the sense of motu.
854. Vanå : an adj. neu. pleu., used as an
adverb, in imitation of the Greeks: in the
sense of vané.
855. Diversus in the sense of in diversam
tgartem. \
856. Capias digna: the meaning is, that
thou mayest be slain—mayest receive the
just reward for killing Camilla. JMorte, or
a word of the like import, is understood to
govern Camilla.
857. Tu-ne moriere: shālt thou die by the
weapons of Diana 2 Dost thou, miscreant,
deserve to die by the weapons of Diana 2
The words imply, that he was utterly un-
worthy of a death so honorable.
858. Threissa. Latona, it is said, brought
some nymphs from the Hyperboreans to
educate her children, Diana and Apollo.
Servius makes them to be the same with
the Thracians; and probably Opis was one
of them. Threissa : nympha is understood
The same with Opis.
859. Cornw: in the sense of arcwm. In-
Jensa : angry. Ruteus says, inimica, agree-
ing with Opis.
860. Dua..it longe : stretched it wide asun-
der, until the extremities, &c. Ruteus says,
extremitates ejus inflecte. Coirent : “ome
together—meet. .424 wis: level—horizontal.
She touched the barb with one hand, and
her breast with the other. The bow was
bent to the full length of her arms. Acien
*
AENEIs. LIB. XI.
565
Disjectidue duces, desolatique manipli
Tuta petunt, et equis aversi ad moenia tendunt
870
871. Tuta loca
Nec quisquam instantes Teucros, letumque ferentes
Sustentare valet telis, aut sistere contrå :
Sed laxos referunt humeris languentibus arcts,
874
Quadrupedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula campum.
Wolvitur ad muros caligine turbidus atrá
Pulvis: et é speculis percussae pectora matres
Foemineum clamorem ad coeli sidera tollunt.
877. Matres percussae
quoad
Qui cursu portas primi irrupère patentes,
Hos inimica super mixto premit agmine turba.
Nec miseram effugiunt mortem ; sed limine in ipso,
Moenibus in patriis, atque inter tuta domorum
Pars claudere portas:
Nec sociis aperire viam, nec moenibus audent
Accipere orantes: oriturque miserrima caedes
Defendentām armis aditus, inque arma ruentúm.
Exclusi, ante oculos lachrymantümque ora parentum,
Pars in praecipites fossas, urgente ruiná,
Wolvitur ; immissis pars caeca et concita fraºnis
Arietat in portas, et duros objice postes.
psae de muris summo certamine matres
(Monstrat amor verus patriae) ut vidére Camillam,
Confixi, exspirant animas.
880 880. Inimica turba
premit
882. Tuta loca domo-
I'll Iſl -
883. Pars wipit
885 claudere
886. Miserrima caedes
eorum defendentifim
887. Pars eorum, qui
exclusi sunt volvitur
precipites in
890
892. Monstrat viam
NOTES.
ferri the point of the arrow was tipped
with iron, or steel, to make it enter the object
more easily.
870. JManipli. The manipulus was pro-
oerly the standard bearer, so called from a
oundle of hay tied to the end of a pole,
which the first Romans used instead of an
ensign. It was afterwards used for the com-
panies, or bands of soldiers, to which a ma-
nipulus was attached; also, for troops in
general, by meton. Desolati: deserted by
their officers—left alone. Disjecti; scattered
abroad—slain. Ruasus says, dissipati.
871. Aversi : in the sense of conversi.
873. Sustentare : to stop—to resist.
876. Pulvis turbidus, &c. The meaning
is, that dust rising in clouds of thick dark-
ness approaches the city. This was a pre-
sage of defeat to the Latins, and filled the
matrons with dismay and consternation.
During the engagement they had been spec-
tators of the conflict.
877. Speculis : in the sense of muris.
880. JMia to agnine. This may refer either
to the Trojans or Latins. If it refer to the
former, it will imply that they mingled with
the Latins, and slew them without regard to
the order of attack: if it refer to the latter,
it will imply that they fled in confusion and
disorder, and in that state were pursued by
the enemy. It appears that some of the
foremost of the pursuers entered the gates
along with the Latins, and continued the
work of death within the walls, and among
the very houses of the city.
886. Defendentām: of those who by force
of arms oppose the entrance of the flying
troops, and of those, who wish to force an
entrance to save themselves from the hands
of the enemy. -
888. Præcipites : headlong—quick—un-
expected, denoting the manner of their fall.
It will agree with pars, as a noun of 1multi-
tude. Fossas : these were the large holes,
or pits, which the Latins dug before the
gates, to impede the approach of the enemy.
See 473. supra.
889. Frapnis immissis : at full speed—the
reins being given to the horses. Caeca : this
implies that they had lost their presence of
mind, and knew not what they were doing.
Concita : in the sense of celeris.
890. Duros objice : strengthened—made
strong—secured by bars.
891. Summo certamine with the greatest
zeal, or earnestness. Heyne says, eactremo
certamine.
892. Ut videre: as they saw Camilla.
Heyne says, eacemplo Camilla. . They had
been spectators of the battle, and beheld her
noble deeds of valor; and how much patri-
otism and love of country were displayed in
all her actions. Prompted by her example,
they now arm themselves in haste, and re-
pair to the place cf danger, ready to die in
their country's cause.
5bt;
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Tela manu trepidae jaciunt: ac robore duro,
Stipitibus ferrum sudibusque imitantur obustis
Praecipites, primaeque mori pro moenibus ardent.
Interea Turnum in Sylvis saevissimus implet
Nuntius, et juveni ingentem fert Acca tumultum:
898. Dicit acies Vols- Deletas Volscorum acies, cecidisse Camillam,
corum deletas esse
901. Ille Turnus
Ingruere infensos hostes, et Marte secundo
Omnia corripuisse ; metum jam ad moenia ferri.
Ille furens, nam saeva Jovis sic numina poscunt,
Deserit obsessos colles, memora aspera linquit.
900
Wix é conspectu exierat, campumque tenebat;
Cüm pater Æneas, saltus ingressus apertos,
Exsuperatoue jugum, Sylvāque evadit opacá.
905
Sic ambo ad muros rapidi totoque feruntur
Agmine, nec longis inter se passibus absunt.
Ac simul ACneas fumantes pulvere campos
Prospexit longé, Laurentiaque agmina widit:
Et savum AEnean agnovit Turnus in armis,
910
Adventumque pedum, flatusque audiwit equorum.
Continué pugnas ineant, et praelia tentent :
Ni roseus fessos jam gurgite Phoebus Ibero
Tingat equos, noctemdue, die labente, reducat
Considunt castris ante urbem, et moenia vallant.
915
*
NOTES.
893. Trepidae: in haste—quick. So, also,
praecipites, in verse 895. infra.
894. Imitantur: they imitate the weapons
of iron, with hard oak stakes, and poles
hardened at the point. With these weapons,
made on the exigency of the moment, in
imitation of iron weapons, they arm them-
selves, and are desirous of dying first in the
defence of their country. JMoenibus : in the
sense of urbi vel patria.
897. Fert; in the sense of reſert-vel nun-
ciat. Secundo: in the sense of favente vel
*uvante. •
901. JNumvna : decrees—purposes. Saeva:
in the sense of dura. JWam. this is the
common reading. Heyne reads, et.
895
905. Evadit: escapes from the wood. This
shows the danger he had been in from the
ambush, which Turnus laid for him.
907, Longis passibus. Longis must be
taken here in the sense of multis or passi-
bus in the sense of intervallo. Lºuaeus says,
longo intervallo. -
910. Saevum : fierce—valiant in arms.
911. Flatus : in the sense of hinnitus.
913. Ibero gurgile : in the western ocean.
Here the poet supposed the sun to extinguish
his light every evening.
915. JMoenia : in the sense of castra.
QUESTIONS. *
How does this book open 2
What does AEneas do with the body of
Pallas 2 - #
How many chosen men accompany it 2
What effect had the news of his death
upon his father ?
How many captives did Æneas send as
victims to his JManes 3 -
Whom does the poet here imitate 2
Does the poet here outrage the character
of his hero?
Is there any expression of Homer, which
disapproves of the conduct of Achilles, in
offering human victims at the tomb of Pa-
troclus 2
Ys there a difference in character between
the two heroes?
What are the distinguishing features of
character &
When the news of the defeat reached the
city, what effect did it produce upon the
Latins:
Did Latinus send ambassadors to Æneas,
to desire a truce, for the purpose of burying
their dead 2
Was this granted to them 2.
How long a time was agreed upon for
that purpose 2 -
Who was a principal person of this em-
bassy % .
Who was Drances?
What is his character 2 -
Where was Turmus at this time 2
On the return of the ambassadors from
*
AENEIS.
LIB. XI. 567
Diomede, did Latinus call a council of state
to receive the answer -
What was the nature of that answer 2
What effect had it upon the Latins 2
Who was the principal person of that
embassy: -
Who was Diomede 2
Why did he come to Italy 2
What were his reasons for declining to
take part with Turnus and the Latins?
What does he say of the valor of Æneas?
What course did he advise Latinus to
take 2 .* • -
What city did he build in Italy 2
Where was it situated 2 r
What is said of his companions in arms ?
Is this a ridiculous and improbable story?
What is the conclusion of Latinus in re-
gard to the war : -
Did he make any speech upon the occa-
sion ? .
What did he propose to do? &
What is the character of the speech of
Drances 2 -
Of what did he accuse Turnus?
What is the character of the reply of
Turnus 2
What is his object in this reply:
Were there any political parties at this
time among the Latins:
Who may be said to have been at the
head of the party in favor of Turnus?
Who was at the head of the other party 2
What did this party wish to effect? .
Was any proposition made to Turnus to
decide the dispute with Æneas in single
combat 3 .
Who made the proposition?
How was it received by Turnus?
Did he express any reluctance to meet
AEneas 2 -
During the deliberations of the council,
what information reaches Laurentum ?
What effect had this advance of the enemy
upon Latinus 2
What did Turnus do upon this emer-
gency * • - -
In how many divisions were the enemy
, to advance 2
Under whose command were the infantry
to march 2
In, what way were they to approach the
city -
How were the cavalry to advance?
Could they come in any other way?
What was the nature of the ground over
which each division was to pass?
How did Turnus receive this information?
What resolution did he take on receiving
this intelligence 2
Would this give him any particular ad-
vantage over Æneas? &
In what would it consist?
Where does Turnus meet Camilla 2
Does he confer upon her the command of
the cavalry 3 .
What direction does he give her’
Who was Camilia 2
Who was her father ?
What did his subjects do to him ;
What was the age of Camilla at that
time? - * .
How did he save his child from the fury
of his subjects 2 -
How did he save himself?
To whom did he dedicate his daughter 2
What was the manner of her education?
Was she a favorite of Diana 2
Did she afterward succeed to the throne
of the Volsci?
How was Camilla armed 2
For what was she distinguished?
Who assisted her in command, during the
action ?
Who commenced the fight?
How many times did the combatants
charge each other and retreat?
What took place after this?
How did Camilla distinguish herself?
What were some of her deeds of valor?
By whom was she finally killed?
What effect had her death upon the issue
of the battle:
By whom was Aruns slain?
By whose orders was he slain?
And by whose arrow 2
Did Aruns conduct in a cowardly manner
on this occasion 3
Was he sensible of it?
Finding herself mortally wounded, what
did Camilla do ’
Whom did she send to acquaint Turnus
of the state of the battle 2
What effect had the news upon him :
Did he leave his place of concealment?
What took place immediately afterward?
Was this an unlucky circumstance for
Turnus? .
What prevented a renewal of the fight?
When was the decisive action fought?
LIBER DUODECIMUs.
TuRNus. perceiving his troops to be disheartened by their reverses, resolves to accept the
proposal of deciding the dispute by single combat with Æneas. Latinus, in a tender
and pathetic speech, endeavors to dissuade him from it. He advises him to relinquish
his claim to Lavinia, and seek a wife among the daughters of the Italian princes. He
plainly tells him, that the gods forbid him to unite his daughter to any other than a
foreigner. He recounts the disastrous consequences of his opposition to the Trojans,
and concludes by reminding him of his aged father, and the sorrow that would fall upon
him, if the issue were to prove disastrous. At this critical moment, the queen comes
in, seconds her husband's entreaties, and beseeches him to relinquish his rash purpose.
She declares, the safety of their family and kingdom depends upon his life; and that
she is resolved to perish with him, and not to see Lavinia transferred to Æneas. Iłut
the hero is not moved from his purpose, and prefers to die rather than part with his
beloved Lavinia. -
The virgin heard the expostulation of her mother, and love kindled a blush upon her
cheeks. This thrilled through the heart of Turnus, and all the tender emotions of his
soul were roused. Forthwith he sends Idmon to the Trojan camp to proclaim, that on
the following day, he would decide the dispute with Æneas. -4 -
In the mean time, he prepares his armor, and examines his steeds. At the return of day,
the parties repair to the field. Latinus accompanies Turnus. Here he ratifies a league
with Æneas, and calls the gods to witness. To prevent its execution, Juno sent the
nymph Juturna, the sister of Turnus, to rouse the Rutulians to arms, and kindle the
war. For this purpose, she caused a portentous sign in the heavens, which the augur
interpreted favorably for the Italians. Forthwith he hurled a spear among the Trojans,
and the two armies rushed to the combat with great impetuosity. Latimus hastens
from the field. AEneas is wounded by an arrow, which caused great confusion among
the Trojans. Turnus, observing this, mounts his car, and drives over the field, spread-
ing death and desolation in his course. Wherever he directs his way, whole troops and
squadrons flee before him. He performs prodigious feats of valor. *
In the mean time, Æneas retires from the field, and demands the speediest relief. He is
miraculously healed by Venus. This being done, the hero calls for his arms, embraces
Ascanius, and goes in search of Turnus. The fight now is renewed on the part of the
Trojans, and the victorious Rutulians fly. At this crisis, Juturna takes the reims of her
brother’s steed, and drives him victorious over the plain. ACneas pursues, and seeks by
every method to meet and engage him ; but Juturna baffles all his efforts. Unable to
effect his purpose, he resolves to wreak his vengeance upon the Rutulians; and here
he commenced a dreadful slaughter: the noblest of the Italians fall. Turnus, too, drives
on with no less impetuosity, and Trojan, Tuscan, and Arcadian bite the ground.
Eneas, at the suggestion of Venus, resolves to attack the city, and by one decisive blow,
either force Turnus to the combat, or overthrow the empire of Latinus. For this pur-
pose he assembles his troops, explains his designs, and exhorts them to assault the city
with vigor. They instantly mount the walls, and spread the devouring flames. At
this sudden change of affairs, all hearts are filled with dismay. The queen, expecting
that Turnus was slain, and his troops routed, resolved not to survive the sad catastrophe,
and frantic with despair, hung herself. -
In this state of things, Sages flies to Turnus, and informs him that Æneas was thundering
in arms; that the city was in the hands of the enemy; that all looked to him for pro-
tection; and that, in despair, the queen, his faithful friend, had deprived herself of life.
At this information the hero is struck with amazement, and turning his eyes, he beholds
the very tower, which he himself had built for the defence of the city, wrapt in flames.
He could not bear the sight; and leaving his sister, he sprang from his chariot, and
rushed through darts and foes, calling upon the hostile armies to desist from the fight;
that he was come to enter the lists with Eneas. Instantly a cessation of arms took
place, and the two heroes prepare for the combat. At first they throw their javelins
from a distance, and rush to close combat with great violence. They blows on blows
redouble. Turnus, rising high to give his blow more effect, breaks his sword by the
&
AENEIS. LJB, XII. 569
hilt. He now discovers a fatal mistake. When first he mounted his car, ardent for the
fight, he had taken the sword of his charioteer, Mitescus, instead of his own trusty
sword, which Vulcan had made for his father Daunus. He is now left defenceless, and
at the mercy of his foe. He flies off swift as the wind, pursued by Æneas, and pressed
on all sides by the Trojans. He calls for his heavenly-tempered sword, and chides the
Rutulians. None of them dare to interfere, being prevented by the threats of Æneas.
Juturna, at length, restored his sword to him, and Venus disengaged the spear of Æneas.
The two heroes again prepare for the combat.
At this juncture, Jove interposes in favor of Æneas. - His first care is to withdraw Juturna
from the contest. For this purpose, he despatches one of the furies to the field of battle,
which, assuming the form of an owl, flies backward and forward before the face of
Turnus. The hero knew the portentous omen. A shivering pervaded his limbs: cold-
ness unnerved his arm. His reason left him : his speech forsook him. As soon as
Juturna heard the whizzing of the fury's wings, she recognised the direful messenger;
and in all the agony of grief and distress, and uttering the tenderest expressions of
affectionate attachment to her brother, she fled from his sight, and plunged herself in
the deep river. * *
AEneas in the mean time urges on the attack, and calls upon Turnus no longer to decline
the contest. He replied, “I fear not thee, nor thy boasting words: I fear the gods
alone: I fear Jove, who is my enemy.”
lay near him, and hurled it at Æneas; but it reached him not. The fury had deprived
him of his wonted strength. His efforts, therefore, were unavailing. His knees sunk
under him; and trembling seized his whole body. AEneas throws a javelin, which
wounds him in the thigh, and caused him to fall upon his knee. In this situation, he
acknowledges himself vanquished, and resigns Lavinia, the royal bride, to the victor.
One favor he asked, on account of his aged father, that his body might be restored to .
his friends. AEneas, moved with compassicn at the mention of his aged father, was
about also to spare his life; when, discovering upon his shoulder the belt which Pallas
wore, he became indignant, and plunged into his bosom his naked sword.
TURNUS ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos
Defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci,
Se signari oculis : ultrö implacabilis ardet,
Attollitoue animos. Poenorum qualis in arvis
Saucius ille gravi venantúm vulnere pectus, 5
Tum demüm movet arma leo ; gaudetoue comantes
Excutiens cervice toros, fixumque latronis
Impavidus frangit telum, et fremit ore cruento.
Haud sectis accenso gliscit violentia Turno.
Tum sic affatur regem, atque ita turbidus infit :
Nulla mora in Turno: nihil est quðd dicta retractent
Ignavi ABneadac ; nec, quae pepigère, recusent.
Congredior: fer sacra, pater, et concipe foedus.
Aut hác Dardanium dextrà sub Tartara mittam,
Desertorem Asia ; sedeant, spectentque Latini !
Et solus ferro crimen commune refellam :
tº
3. Oculis omnium
5. Qualis ille leo in
arvis Poenorum, saucius
quoad pectus gravi
10
12. Recusent facere
ea qua
15
NOTES.
At this moment, he seizes a huge stone that
1. Infractos: broken—disheartened. Mar
te: in the sense of pugna vel bello.
2. Promissa ; his promises that he would
meet AEneas in single combat.
3. Ultrú. This word implies, that Turnus
was impelled by some violent, but voluntary
emotion. ---
4. Poenorum: the Carthaginians, here put
for the Africans in general.
6. Movet arma : he moves his arms—he
prepares for the attack. Comantes toros :
the shaggy, or bushy mane. Ille leo: a lion,
by way of eminence.
7. Latrons: the Hunter. Fºrum ; that
had pierced his breast.
, 9. Gliscil : in the sense of crescit.
11. Retractent dicta: that they should re
tract their words. AEneas was the first who
proposed to decide the dispute in single
combat with Turnus; and he had pledged
himself to accept the proposition: to this
reference is made verse 2, supra. Quðd : a
conj. or in the sense of ob quod.
13. Fer: in the sense of offer.
in the sense of sanci.
16. Refellam : in the sens of avertam vel
Concupe:
570
R. VIRGILII MARONIS
beat nos victos; et La-
rt.
17. Aut Trojanus ha- Aut habeat victos; cedat Lavinia conjux
vinia conjux cedat illi
victori.
20. Consulere tibi
Olli sedato respondit corde Latinus :
O praestans animi juvenis, quantùm ipse feroci
Virtute exsuperas, tantò me impensius aequum est
Consulere, atque omnes metuentem expendere casus.
20
Sunt tibi regna patris Dauni, sunt oppida capta
Multa manu: nec non aurumque animusque Latino est.
24. Innuptae virgines Sunt alia innupta Latio et Laurentibus agris,
Nec genus indecores.
Sine me haec haud mollia fatu 25
Sublatis aperire dolis; simul haec animo hauri.
Me natam nulli veterum sociare procorum
Fas erat, iddue omnes Divique hominesque canebant.
Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus,
Conjugis et moestaº lachrymis, vincla omnia rupi;
30
31. Eripui eam pro- Promissam eripui genero; arma impia sumpsi.
{IllSSal IIl
32. Exillo tempore, O
Turne, vides
Exillo qui me casus, quaº, Turne, sequantur
Bella, vides; quantos primus patiare labores
Bis magnâ victi pugnâ, vix urbe tuermur
Spes Italas: recalent nostro Tiberina fluenta
35
Sanguine adhuc, campique ingentes ossibus albent.
Quà referor toties 2 quae mentem insania mutat 7
38. Si paratus sum Si, Turno exstincto, socios sum accire paratus;
accire Trojanos
39. Eo incolumi
Cur mon, incolumi, potius certamina tollo 7
Quid consanguinei Rutuli, quid caetera dicet
40
41. Fors refutet hae Italia, ad mortem site ; fors dicta refutet !
mea dicta
Prodiderim, natam et connubia nostra petentem "
Respice res bello varias; miserere parentis.
NOTES.
refutabo. Crimen : either the common dis-
grace, by the preceding defeat and flight: or
the imputation thrown upon him by Drances
and others, of his wanting courage to meet
Aºneas. This last appears to be the sense
of Ruasus.
19. Feroci: bold—daring. Quantum: in
the sense of quantò, corresponding with
tantô. Praestans anmi : excelling in cou-
rage—valor.
20. Tantò impensils ſequum : by so much
the more anxiously, it is just that I should
consult your safety.
21. Casus ; hazard—dangers.
23. JNec non aurumque : Servius takes the
sense of these words to be : Latinus satºs
opulentus est, et nobilis etiam absgue his nup-
tiis : implying that, as Turnus was power-
ful and wealthy enough without contracting
an alliance with Latinus, so Latinus needed
not to match his daughter with him for the
sake of aggrandizing himself. Though this
makes sense of aurum, it puts a forced sig-
nification upon animus. Ruteus says, sunt
quoque Latino divitiae et benevolentia.
The expression implies, that Latinus en-
tertained a friendly disposition towards Tur-
nus, and desired to promote his happiness in
any way that his wealth could contribute to
it, but he could not bestow his daughter
upon him. He advises him to seek a wife
among the Italian princesses; among whom
he would find some one worthy of so dis-
tinguished a prince. JManu : by valor.
26. Dolis sublatis : guile, or deceit being
taken away—in plain words. Fatu : sup.
in w of the verb for : to be spoken, or said.
Hauri : in the sense of audi.
28. Canebant : in the sense of proºdice
bant vel monebanſ.
29. Cognato sanguine. Turnus was the
son of Venilia, the sister of Amata, the wife
of Latinus. Hence the propriety of cognato
sanguine : kindred blood. Pinelº re-
straints—obligations. -
33. Primus: in the sense of princeps.
34. Bis victi. They were first beaten on
the banks of the Tiber, when Æneas landed
his reinforcements from Etruria; and a se-
cond time vanquished under the walls of
Latium, in the horse fight, when Camilla
was slain. See the preceding book.
37. Quà referor ; why am I carried so
often backward —why do I change my re-
solution so often, of giving my daughter to
AEneas:
39. Certamina : disputes—contests.
41. Fors: fortune—the issue of the con-
test.
43. Res: state—condition
AENEIS. LIR. XII.
57.1
Longaevi, quem nunc moestum patria Ardea longé
Haudouaquam dictis violentia Turni
Dividlt
44. Longé à is
45
Flectitur : exsuperat magis, aegrescitoue medendo.
Ut primūm fari potuit, sic institit ore :
Quam pro me curam geris, hanc precor, optime, pro ine
Deponas, letumque sinas pro laude pacisci.
Et nostela, pater, ferrumque haud debile dextrá
Spargimus, et nostro sequitur de vulnere sanguis.
* Longè illi Dea mater erit, quae nube fugacem
48. O optime reguns
precor ut deponas hanc
50 curam pro me, quam
geris
52. Eum fugacem
Foeinineå tegat, et vanis sese occulat umbris.
At regina, nová pugnaº conterrita sorte,
Flebat, et ardentem generum moritura tenebat: 55
Turne, per has ego te lachrymas, per si quis Amatae
Tangit honos animum. Spes tu nunc una Senectae,
Tu requies miserae : decus imperiumque Latini
Te penès : in te omnis domus inclinata recumbit.
Ununn oro ; desiste manum committere Teucris.
Quite cunque manent isto certamine casus,
Simul haec invisa relinquam
Lumina, nec generum AEneam captiva widebo.
Et me, Turne, manent.
56. O Turne, precor
te per has lachrymas,
per honorem Amatae, si
quis honos ejus tangut
tutumn
60 58. Tu es sola requies
mihi miserae
61. Quicumque casus
62. Iidem manent et
Iſle
Accepit vocem lachrymis Lavinia matris,
Flagrantes perfusa genas: cui plurimus ignem
65
Subjecit rubor, et calefacta per ora cucurrit.
Indum sanguineo veluti violaverit ostro
Si quis ebur; vel mixta rubent ubi lilia multà
Alba rosá : tales virgo dabat ore colores.
Illum turbat amor, figitaue in virgine vultus.
70
Ardet in arma magis; paucisque affatur Amatam :
Ne, quaeso, ne me lachrymis, neve omine tanto
Prosequere in duri certamina Martis euntem,
72. O mater, quaeso,
ne, ne prosequere ma
NOTES.
44. Ardea: the capital city of the Rutuli.
The whole address of Latinus is tender and
pathetic, and bespeaks the goodness of his
heart. Among other arguments to dissuade
Turnus from the combat, he mentions his
aged father. -
45. Dividit: in the sense of separat.
46. JEgrescit medendo : he grows more
obstinate by being persuaded—by applying
remedies. JMedendo : a gerund. in do, of
medeor. This is said by way of metaphor.
47. Institit : he proceeded—began to
speak. -
48. Geris : in the sense of habes.
49. Pacisci : to exchange death for glory
—to obtain glory and renown in the room of
death—for death.
51. De vulnere nostro: from the wound
inflicted by us.
52. Dea mater erit longè illi. This is a
Iatin idiom. The meaning is: his mother
will be far from affording him any assistance,
as she had done on former occasions. It
will not be in her power to do it.
54. Sorte: sors here means the terms, or
conditions of the combat. These were, if
Turnus were slain, that Lavinia should fall
to AEneas; that the Rutuli should be his
subjects, &c. Verse 17, supra.
57. Honos : respect—regard.
59. Domus : in the sense of familia.
climata ; in the sense of prona vel labens.
60. Desiste : in the sense of omitte. Com-
mittere manum : to engage in close combat.
Ruasus says, conserere manum.
63. Lumina : in the sense of lucem vel
vitam.
64. Accepit : in the sense of audiit.
65. #j. genas: wet as to her blush-
In-
ing cheeks with tears. A Grecism, See
Ecl. i. 55. a
66. Rubor; modesty, by meton. Ignem
the glow, or blush, which her extreme mo-
desty diffused, or spread over her cheeks
Subjecit properly signifies, spread under the
skin. Calefacta - red (or blushing) counte-
I\al Il C8,
67, Violaverit - in the sense of tinzerit.
70, Turbat in the sense of agitat
72. Tanto; in the sense of infausto. The
repetition of the me is emphatical. Prose.
quere properly signifies, to convoy here, to
572
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
74. Mora mortis est O mater: neque enim Turno mora libera mortis
libera Turno.
Idmon, nuntius refer
* 9 Nuntius haec, Idmon, Phrygio mea dicta tyranno
Haud placitura refer : cum primúm crastina coelo
75
Puniceis invecta rotis Aurora rubebit ;
Non Teucros agat in Rutulos: Teucröm arma quiescant
Et Rutulúm : nostro dirimatur sanguine bellum :
Illo quaeratur conjux Lavinia campo. 8($
- Haec ubi dicta dedit, rapidusque in tecta recessit,
82. Tuens eos fremen-Poscit equos, gaudetdue tuens ante ora frementes,
tes ante ejus ora Pilumno quos ipsa decus dedit Orithyia ;
84. Qui equi Qui candore nives anteirent, cursibus auras.
- Circumstant properi aurigae, manibusque lacessunt 85
Pectora plausa cavis, et colla comantia pectunt.
, 87. Dehine Turnus Ipse dehinc auro squalentem alboque orichalco
ipse Circumdat loricam humeris; simul aptat habendo
Ensemque, clypeumque, et rubrae cornua cristae:
Ensem, quem Dauno ignipotens Deus ipse parenti 90
Fecerat, et Stygiã candentem tinkerat undā.
Exin, quae mediis ingenti admixa columnae
AEdibus adstabat, validam vi corripit hastam,
Actoris Aurunci spolium : quassataue trementem,
96.9 hasta, nunquam Vociferans: Nunc, 6 nunquam frustrata vocatus 95
fr ‘...."blin maximus Hasta meos, nunc tempus adest; te maximus Actor,
Actor gerebat te Te Turni nunc dextra gerit; da sternere corpus,
98. Revulsam ab illo Loricamgue manu validá lacerare revulsam
mea valida Semiviri Phrygis, et foedare in pulvere crines,
Vibratos calido ferro, myrrhâque madentes. 100
101. Ejus ardentis
His agitur furiis, totoque ardentis ab ore
NOTES.
follow, or accompany. Her tears were an
inauspicious omen, or presage of the event.
74. JNſeque enim ; as if he had said: your
tears will be of no avail, for I have passed
my word; and, if death be the event, I can-
not retract; I have no power to retard, or
put off my destiny. This is the plain
meaning of the passage; yet Servius con-
siders it inexplicable. JMora: a putting off,
or deferring.
78. JN on agat :
jans, &c.
83. Orithyia ; the daughter of Erech-
theus king of Athens, who was said to be
carried away by Boreas into Thrace. She
was reputed a goddess, and Virgil makes
Pilumnus, the great-grandfather of Turnus,
to have received these horses from her.
Thrace, the place of her residence, was fa-
mous for breeding generous steeds. Decus :
plainly in the sense of munws vel donum.
Rugeus says, ornamentum.
84. Anteirent : excelled—surpassed.—
Auras: in the sense of ventos.
25. Lacessunt : in the sense of palpant.
Heyne takes lacessunt plausa, simply for
plaudunt. -
86. Plausa cavis: stroked, or patted with
let him not lead his Tro-
their hollow hands. Colla : in the sense of
iubae. sº *
87. Squalentem : rough with gold, and
pale, &c.
88. Habendo: for carrying— wearing. A
gen. in do of the dat. case. The same as ad
habendum. Rugeus says, ut gestentur.
89. Cornua rubra crista: ; the extremities
of the crimson plume. The crista, were the
feathers worn upon the helmet, and rising
above it. The cornua were the ends, or ex-
tremities of these plumes, put for the whole
plume or tuft, by synec.; and these again,
for the helmet, by meton.
90. Ignipotens Deus: Vulcan.
91. Tinacerat : in the sense of merserat.
93. Validam haslam. This spear had
been taken from Auruncian Actor, either by
Turnus himself, or one of his ancestors.
Hence it is called spolium. Actor was slain.
95. Frustrata: deceiving—disappointing.
98. Lacerare : to rend—break in pieces.
99. Semiviri Phrygis. What is here said
of AEneas, is said by way of reproach; in
allusion to some custom of the Asiatics.
100. Vibratos: curled, or twisted up with
a hot iron. To curl the hair, and smear it
with unguents, were considered marks of
effeminacy.
*
AENEIS LIB. xii.
573
Scintillae absistunt : oculis micat acribus ignis.
Mugitus veluti cum prima in praelia taurus
Terrificos ciet, atque irasci in cornua tentat,
Arboris obnixus trunco, ventosque lacessit
Ictibus, et sparsâ ad pugnam proludit arenå.
Nec minus interea maternis saevus in armis
AEneas acuit Martem, et se suscitat irá,
Oblato gaudens componi foedere bellum.
Tum socios moestique metum solatur Ilili,
Fata docens: regidue jubet responsa Latino
Certa referre viros, et pacis dicere leges.
Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montes
Orta dies; cum primūm alto se gurgite tollunt
Solis equi, lucemdue elatis naribus efflant.
Campum ad certamen, magna sub moenibus urbis,
Dimensi Rutulique viri Teucrique parabant;
In mediogue focos, et Dis communibus aras
Alii fontemque ignemdue ferebant
Gramineas.
Velati lino, et verbenă tempora vincti.
Procedit legio Ausonidüm, pilataque plenis
Hinc Troius omnis,
Agmina se fundunt portis.
Tyrrhenusque ruit variis exercitus armis;
Haud sects instructi ferro, quâm si aspera Martis
Nec non mediis in millibus ipsi
Ductores auro volitant ostroque decori;
Pugna vocet.
Et genus Assaraci Mnestheus, et fortis Asylas,
Et Messapus equêm domitor, Neptunia proles.
Utdue dato signo spatia in sua quisque recessit,
Defigunt tellure hastas, et scuta reclinant.
Tum studio effusae matres, et vulgus inermum,
Invalidique senes, turres et tecta domorum
Obsedère : alii portis sublimibus adstant.
At Juno é summo, qui nunc Albanus habetur;
105
110
115
118. In medio para-
bant
120 120. Vincti quoad tem
pora
. 124. Instruct sunt
125 125. Vocet eos
130
131. Studio vidend,
certamen
134. At Juno prosp1-
ciens é summo tumulo
NOTES.
102. .4bsistunt: fly off from. Rugeus says,
erwmpunt.
103. JMugitus : bellowings.
sense of emittit. -
105. Lacessit : in the sense of provosat.
106. Proludit. Rugeus says, parat.
107. JMaternis armis : the armor made by
Vulcan, at the desire of his mother. Honce
called matermis. JNec minºs : in the sense
of nec non: likewise—also—in like manner.
108. JMartem: in the sense of pugnam.
.Acuit prepares for the combat.
109. Oblato federe; upon the conditions,
or terms offered.
111. Docens fata: teaching them the pur-
poses of the gods concerning him. Rugeus
says, aperiens fata illis.
1.2. Dicere : in the sense of proponere.
Leges: terms—conditions.
114. Alto gurgite : from the deep ocean.
116. Campum ; the ground—space. De-
mensi having measured it out.
Ciet : in the
119. Fontem : in the sense of aquam.
120. Velati lino. Servius says that the
priests and sacred ministers among the Ro-
mans, were prohibited from wearing any
thing of linen; and that Virgil designedly
clothes the feciales or priests in linen veils
on this occasion, to give us to know before-
hand, that the league was to be broken;
since it was ushered in with unlawful rites.
Heyne reads, limo, which was a kind of
apron worn by the priests in time of sacri-
p
fice, that reached down from the navel to
the feet. The common reading is lino.
121. Pilata: armed with darts or javelins.
•Agmina ; troops. -
124. Instruct, ferro; furnished, and equip-
ped with arms.
127. Genus : offspring, or descendants.
Jºssaraci. See Geor. iii. 35.
133. Obsedère: in the sense of implete-
runt. Adstant : in the sense of stant.
134. Habetwr : in the sense of vocatur
574
P. WIRGILII MARONIS
Tum neque nomen erat, nec honos, aut gloria monti;
Prospiciens tumulo, campum spectabat, et ambas, 136
Laurentãm Troömque acies, urbemgue Latini.
138. Diva Juno slº Extempló Turni sic est effata sororem
§§ata est sororem Tuni Diva Deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris
Deam; quae Praesidet: huncilli rex aetheris altus honorem 140
Jupiter ereptă pro virginitate sacravit:
142. Ut praetulerim te Nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro,
*.*.*. Scis, utte cunctis unam, quaecunque Latinae
. nque Latinge vºr- Magnanimi Jovis ingratum ascendère cubile,
i.15. Te in parte coeli Praetulerim, coelique lubens in parte locãrim. 145
7/262C21772 Disce tuum, ne me incuses, Juturma, dolorem
Quà visa est fortuna pati, Parcaeque sinebant
148. Res cedere pros- Cedere res Latio, Turnum et tua moenia texi:
pere Latio Nunc juvenem imparibus video concurrere fatis,
Parcarumque dies et vis inimica propinquat. 150
Non pugnam aspicere hanc oculis, non foedera possum
152. Situ audes facere Tu,
quid
154. Wix diacerat ea
pro germano si quid praesentius audes,
Perge; decet : forsan miseros meliora sequentus
Wix ea ; cum lachrymas oculis Juturma profudit,
Terque quaterque manu pectus percussit homestum. 155
Non lachrymis hoc tempus, ait Saturnia Juno ;
Accelera, et fratrem, si quis modus, eripe morti:
Aut tu bella cie, conceptumque excute foedus.
Auctor ego audendi.
160. Eam incertam Incertam, et tristi turbatam vulnere mentis.
Sic exhortata reliquit
160
161. Reges procedunt Interea reges: ingenti mole Latinus
ab urbe
Quadrijugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circum
NOTES.
This mount was called Alban, from Alba
Longa, a city built by Ascanius after he had
reigned at Lavinium thirty years. For the
reason of its name, see AEm. viii. 44.
140. Praesidet. Juturna is by Ovid called
a JNaiad. A fountain issuing from the foot
of mount Alban, and a lake which it sup-
plied, were sacred to her. The river flowed
into the Tiber. Its water was celebrated
for its purity.
141. Sacravit : in the sense of donavit.
This honor Jupiter conferred upon her, in
compensation of her lost virginity.
143. Proctulerim te: I preferred thee alone,
&c. -
144. Ingratum : the bed here is called
ungrateful, to save the indecency of giving
that harsh epithet to Jove. The amours of
Jupiter were always displeasing to Juno.
Walpy observes, that the word is to be taken
in the sense of ingrati, agreeing with Jovis.
Heyne says, invisum mihi, referring to Juno.
145. In parte: in the sense of participcm.
14 7. Quá : as far as–as long as. Rugeus
Bays, qualenus. -
148, Teri : in the sense of defendi.
150. Dies et inimica: this is a circumlo-
cution, denoting that the last day of the
life of Turnus had arrived.
152. Praesentius. Servius takes this in
the sense of efficacius, vel vehementiès. But
it may refer to what Juno had just before
said; non pugnam : I cannot bear to see the
combat; I can only lament his hard fate,
and intercede for him at a distance: but, if
you have courage (audes) to lend your
brother some nearer aid, and assist him
with your presence, then set about it imme-
diately: it becomes you to attempt it. Ru
aeus says, utúlius.
155. Honestum: in the sense of decorum.
158. Cie : in the sense of eaccita. Con-
ceptum : in the sense of inceptum. Eaccute:
in the sense of frange. Ruteus says, dissipa.
159. Ego auctor audendi: I am the author
(adviser) of the daring attempt. The ge-
rund is here used in the sense of ausi.
160. Tristi vulnere: with bitter agony of
mind. Pulnus, is properly a wound; by
meton. the wounding instrument; also the
pain, or anguish arising from the wound.
Rugeus says, solicitudine.
161. Ingenti mole: with a mighty retinue.
Ruteus says, magno apparatu.
163. Bis sea aurali radii: twelve golden
rays or beams represented the twelve signs
of the zodiac. Cui tempora: around whose
refulgent temples, &c.
AENEIS, LIB. XII 1. 575
Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt,
Solis avi specimen : bigis it Turnus in albis,
Bina manu lato crispans hastilla ferro.
1.65
Hinc pater Æneas, Romanæ stirpis origo,
Sidereo flagrans clypeo et coelestibus armis,
Et juxtà Ascanius, magnæ spes altera Roma,
168. Et juxta eum
Procedunt castris: puráque in veste sacerdos
Setigera foetum suis, intonsamque bidentem
170
Attulit, admovitoue pecus flagrantibus aris.
Illi ad surgentem conversi lumina Solem,
Dant fruges manibus salsas, et tempora ferro
Summa notant pecudum, paterisque altaria libant.
Tum pius AEneas stricto sic ense precatur:
Esto nunc Sol testis, et ha-c mihi terra precanti,
Quam propter tantos potui perferre labores:
Et, pater omnipotens, et tu, Saturnia Juno,
Jarm melior, jam Diva, precor: tuque, inclyte Mavors,
Cuncta tuo qui bella pater sub numine torques,
Fontesque fluviosque voco ; quasque aetheris alti
Relligio, et quae coeruleo sunt numina ponto :
Cesserit Ausonio si fors victoria Turno,
Convenit, Evandri victos discedere ad urbem ;
Cedet Itilus agris; mec post arma ulla rebelles
175
176. Nunc tu, O Sol,
et haec terra, propter
Quam potui perferre tan-
tos labores, esto testis
mihi
180 179. Precor vos
180. O inclyte pater
Mavors, qui
184. Trojanos victos
185
NOTES.
164. Specimen ; after the manner of his
grandsire, the Sun. Latinus was the grand-
son of Picus, who took Circe the daughter
of the Sun to wife, and by her had Faunus,
the father of Latinus, who was, therefore,
the grandson of the Sun. Albis Big is : in
a chariot drawn by two white steeds. It :
in the sense of vehitur.
167. Flagrans: in the sense of resplendens
vel lucens. - .
170. Factum setigera suis ; the young of
a bristly sow—a pig. Rugeus observes, that
the ewe-lamb (intonsam bidentem) was of
fered for Æneas after the manner of the
Greeks, who commonly ratified ºn league
with the sacrifice of a sheep or lamb. The
swine again is for Latinus, after the Roman
or Italian manner; which, according to Livy,
was of great antiquity. He gives the form
of ratifying a league in the reign of Tullus
Hostilius. Having invoked Jupiter, the fe-
cialis or priest says: Illis legibus populus
non déficiet. Si prior defecerit, publico con-
silio, dolo malo : tu illo die, Jupiter, populum
suc ſerito, wt ego hunc porcum hodie feriam :
tanlö magis ferito, quanto magºs potes pol-
tesque.
171. Pecus: in the sense of victimas. At-
tulit.: in the sense of adduxit. Admovit :
in the sense of statuit. - … -
172. Lumina : in the sense of oculos vel
faciem. *
173. Dant: in the sense of spargunt.
Fruges: in the sense of molam. k
174. Pecudum : in the sense of victima.
rum. Paterisque: and they made libations
upon the altars. This was the dropping, or
sprinkling of wine, or other liquor, upon the
altar, from the sacred bowls, or goblets.
179. Melior Diva. Juno was the impla-
cable enemy of the Trojan race. AEneas
would intimate, that now at length, she was
ceasing from her resentment, and becoming
more favorable to them. Precor: I beseech
you. JMelior ; in the sense of propitia vel
mitis.
180. Torques: in the sense of regis ve)
tenes, Mumine : in the sense of polestate.
181. Quaeque relligio. By relligio we are
here to understand the objects of religious
worship—the gods of heaven above; in op-
position to the objects of religious worship
on the earth. The verb est is to be supplied.
Rubeus says, quaecumque divinitas. Voco :
in the sense of invoco vel precor.
AEneas here makes a very solemn invoca-
tion of the gods above, and of the deities
that preside over the sea, to witness the
ratification of the treaty. The deities here
named were those that were called Dii com-
munes, or gods common to both sides or
parties to the contract.
183. Fors: in the sense of forté.
184. Convenit: it is agreed upon. Ad
wrbem Evandri : this was the city Pallan-
teum. See AEn. viii. 54. -
576
‘ P. VIRGILII MARONIS
AEneadae referent, ferrove haec regna lacessent,
Sin nostrum annuerit nobis victoria Martem,-
188. Firment spem
(Ut potiës reor, et potius Di numine firment
Non ego nec Teucris Italos parere jubebo,
Nee mihi regna peto.
Paribus se legibus ambae 1969
Invictae gentes aterna in foedera mittant.
Sacra Deosque dabo: socer arma Latinus habeto,
193. Socor habeto so- Imperium solemne socer. mihimoenia Teucri
lemne
Constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen.
Sic prior AEneas: sequitur sic deinde Latinus,
195
Suspiciens coelum, tenditºlue ad sidera dextram :
197. O AEnea, juroper Haec eadem, AEnea, terram, mare, sidera juro,
hec endem numina, per Latonaeque genus duplex, Janumque bifrontem,
terram
Wimgue Deûm infernam, et diri sacraria Ditis:
Audiat haec genitor, qui foedera fulmine sancit:
200
Tango aras; mediosque ignes et numina testor :
Nulla dies pacem hanc Italis, nec foedera rumpet,
Quð res cunque cadent: nec me vis ulla volentem
204. Non; si illa vis Avertet: non, si tellurem effundat in undas
effundat
Dihuvio miscens; coelumve in Tartara solvat:
205
Ut sceptrum hoc (dextra sceptrum nam fortè gerebat).
Nunquam fronde levi fundet virgulta, nec umbras,
NOTES.
187. JNostrum : noster here is used in the
sense of propitium vel secundum. Mars is
his, or on his side, whose interest he es-
pouses. Annwerit : shall prove, show, or
declare Mars. Servius takes it by hypal-
lage, for noster JMars annuerit victoriam
nobis.
188. JWumne : Ruabus says, auctoritate.
189. JWon: this appears to be merely ea:-
pletive. *
190. Leges: terms—conditions. JMittant:
in the sense of jungant. *
192. Socer habeto arma: let my father-in-
law have the management of peace and war:
which is the same thing as being king. This
is more fully expressed in the next line.
Solemne: usual—customary. Heyne says,
legitimum : Ruteus, supremum. Dabo ; I
will attend to religious rites, and to the
gods—I will regulate the ceremonies of re-
ligion, and the worship of the gods. This
alludes to the Penates, and Vesta, whose.
worship, it is said, Æneas introduced into
Italy.
197. Juro hoc eadem. Latinus swears by
the same gods, by whom AEneas had just
sworn, besides those here enumerated. Dw-
olea genus: by this we are to understand
Apullo and Diana, who were twin children
of Latona. *
199. Vim infernam: by the infernal power
oft 1e gods—the power of the infernal gods.
That is, the infernal gods themselves. So
vie odora canum. Æn. iv. 132. Sacraria :
sanctuary of direful Pluto.
200. Genitor: Jupiter
201. Tango aras. It was a custom for
those who made supplication, offered sacri-
fice, or took an oath, to lay their hands upon
the altar. This custom has descended to
the present time, in administering the so
lemnities of an oath. The party taking the
oath lays his hand on the bible, and calls
God to witness the truth of his declaration
JMedios ignes : those fires common to both .
parties—in which they partook.
203. Quocumque : the parts of the word
are separated by tmesis, for the sake of the
verse: howsoever. Avertet: in the sense of
abducet. º
204, Si effundat. Servius takes this as an
hypallage for effundat wndas in tellurem:
should deluge the earth—throw the waters
over the earth. Rugeus takes it to imply
the sinking and dissolving of the earth
itself into the waters of the ocean. Heyne
appears to adopt the same opinion.
Latinus here expresses his full determi-
nation to abide by the conditions of the
treaty, and declares, that no power should
divert him from it with his consent, not even
if the world were wrapped in a deluge, and
a general dissolution of things take place
Ruteus says, dissolvat terram in aquas, con-
fundens eam diluvio.
205. Solvat. Ruteus says, dejiceat. Da-
vidson renders the words, “ plunge heaven
into hell.” Heyne says, misceat coelum ac
Tartarum. .
206. Ut sceptrum. This comparison is
taken almost literally from Homer. Fun.
det: shall put forth, or produce.
w
AENEIS. LIB. XII.
57-
Cüm semel in sylvis imo de stirpe recisum
Matre caret, posuitdue comas et brachia ferro;
Olim arbos; nunc artificis manus are decoro
Inclusit, patribusque dedit gestare Latinis.
Talibus inter se firmabant foedera dictis,
Tum rité sacratas
In flammam jugulant pecudes, et viscera vivis
Eripiunt, cumulantaue oneratis lancibus aras
At verö Rutulis impar ea pugna videri
Conspectu in medio procerum.
210 210. Olim erat abos
211. Inclusit eam de-
COro Bere
214. Iisdem vivis
215
216. Ea pugna coepit
Jamdudum, et vario misceri pectora motu :
Tum magis, ut propius cernunt non viribus aequis.
Adjuvat incessu tacito progressus, et aram
Suppliciter venerans demisso lumine, Turnus,
Tabentesque genae, et juvenili in corpore pallor.
Quem simul ac Juturna soror crebrescere widit
Sermonem, et vulgi variare labantia corda:
218. Cernunt duees
62.836. In OIl
219. Turnus adjuvat
hane opinionem, pro-
gressus
222. Quem sermonem
inter Rutulos simul
220
In medias acies, formam assimulata Camerti,
Cui genus à proavis ingens, clarumque paternac
225
Nomen erat virtutis, et ipse acerrimus armis,
In medias dat sese acies, haud nescia rerum,
Rumoresque serit varios, ac talia fatur:
227. Inquam, in me
dias acies, haud
Non pudet, Ö Rutuli, cunctis pro talibus unam
Objectare animam 2 numerone, an viribus aequi
230
Non sumus' En, omnes et Troés et Arcades hisunt,
Fatalisque manus, infensa Etruria Turno.
Wix hostem, alterni si congrediamur, habemus.
Ille quidem ad Superos, quorum se devovet aris,
| Succedet famá, vivusque per ora feretur:
234. Ille Turnus
235 235. Per ora hominum
NOTES.
208. Cilm semel ; since once cut in the
woods from the lowest stem, it is deprived
of the nourishment of its parent stock. -
209. Posuit: hath laid aside—been strip-
ped of.
210. JManus ; the skill of the artist.
nws : the hand, by meton, art—skill.
211. Patribus : in the sense of regibus.
214. Pecudes jugulant: they kill the sa-
cred victims over the flames of the altar.
215. Cumulant: they heap, or load the
altars. Sea Hºn. viii. 284. Oneralis : in
the sense of plenis.
221. Tabentes gena.: lank, or fallen cheeks.
Some copies read pubentes : but talentes is
confirmed by the authority of the best na-
nuscripts, and is most agreeable to the de-
sign of the poet. Heyne says, tabentes.
222. Vidit: in the sense of sentit.
223. Labantia : in the sense of mobilia.
Variare : in the sense of dissentire : to be
dissatisfied at the conditions of the treaty,
made between Latinus and Æneas.
224. Assimulata : personating the form of
Camertus, she throws herself, &c. The in
edias acies is to be taken aſter the same
words, in line 227, infra.
225. Genus ; origin—descent. Cui : in
the sense of cujus, Ingens: great—illus-
trious.
JMa-
226. JWomen : renown—fame. Acerrimus -
in the sense of fortissimus. Erat is to be
repeated with this word, and also with
genus, in the preceding line. -
229. Talibus. Servius thinks we are to
understand by this word that all of them
were equal to Turnus in valor. Rugeus
says, omnibus is. Davidson renders it,
“ all these.” Animam wºmam : the life of
Turnus.
231. His this is the reading of Heyne
The common reading is hºc.
232. Fatalis manus. By these words Ser-
vius understands the Trojans, who were
destined to come into Italy. But it is bet.
ter to understand it of the Tuscans, who
were directed by fate to put themselves
under the conduct of Æneas, a foreign
leader; and on that condition alone, they
were assured of success. See Lib. viii. 501.
This interpretation frees Virgil from the im-
putation of idle repetition. , Etruria infensa
Turno: one part of Etruria was hostile to
Turnus ; and another assisted him, under
the command of Messapus. The fatalis
manus is evidently the same as Etruria in-
fensa Turno. &
233. Alterni: every other one. They
were double the number of the enemy.
235. Vivusque feretur per ora. This in-
578
P VIRGILII MARONIs
Nos, patriá amissà, dominis parero superbis
Cogemur, qui nunc lenti consedimus arvis.
Talibus, incensa est juvenum sententia dictis
Jam magis atque magis : serpitºlue per agnmina murmur
240. Mutau sunt men- Ipsi Laurentes mutati, ipsique Latini; 240
tibus Qui sibi jam requiem pugna, rebusque salutem
Sperabant; nunc arma volunt, foºdusque precantur
- Infectum, et Turni sortem miserantur iniquam.
244. His rebus His aliud majus Juturna adjungit, et alto
Dat signum coelo: quo non praesentius ullum 24%
Turbavit mentes Italas, monstroque fefellit.
247. Namgue aquila, Namgue volans rubrå fulvus Jovis ales in aethrà,
fulvus ales Jovis
Litoreas agitabat aves, turbamgue sonantem
Agminis aligeri: Subitó cum lapsus ad undas -
Cycnum excellentem pedibus rapit improbus' uncis. 250
Arrexére animos Itali; cunctaeque volucres
Convertunt clamore fugam, mirabile visu!
AEtheraque obscurant pennis, hostemque per auras,
254. Donec ales vic-Factà nube, premunt: donec vi victus, et ipso
tus vi, et pso pondere Pondere defecit, praedamgue ex unguibus ales
Projecit fluvio, penitàsque in nubila fugit.
cycni
255
Tum verö augurium Rutuli clamore salutant,
Expediuntoue manus: primusque Tolumnius augur,
259. Hoc, hoc erat wal, Hoc erat, hoc, votis, inquit, quod saepe petivi;
quod
260. Accipio omen
Accipio, agnoscoque Deos.
Corripite, 6 Rutuli, quos improbus advena bello
Me, me duce, ferrum 260
NOTES.
plies, that he should be immortal. Succedet:
in the sense of ascendet.
237. Lenti : idle—lazy—at our ease.—
Rugbus says, otiosi. -
238. Sententia: resolution—mind. Heyne
says, animus.
241. Rebus : to the state.
243. Infectum : unmade—broken.
244. His : to these incentives—incite-
ments.
245. Praesentius : more effectual: an adj.
of the comp. neu. agreeing with portentum
vel monstrum, understood. It governs quo
in the abl. than which. It may be rendered
adverbially. -
246. JMonstro: deceived them by the pro-
digy. Any thing that is, or happens, con-
trary to the ordinary course of things, may
be called monstrum.
, 247. Rubrā a-thrá : in the ruddy sky.
Litoreas aves: sea-fowls—fowls frequenting
the sea shore.
248. Turbam: in the sense of multitudi-
mem. Aligeri agninis: of the winged tribe :
the same in sense with volucrum. Sonan-
tem; refers to the sound made by the mo-
tion of their wings, as they passed through
the air. Rubeus says, strepilantem.
250. Improbus : in the sense of avidus.
251. Arrezère: in the sense of sustule”unt.
252. Fugam : their course.
254. JWube factâ; a cloud being formed—
closing in thick array around him, they form
a cloud, and darken the sky with their
wings.
255. Defecit: failed in his strength.
257. Augurium. This word here is used
in its proper sense, which is an omen or
prognostic, taken from the flight, or chirping
of birds. The Rutulians were right in ex-
plaining the eagle to mean AEneas, the swan,
Turnus, and the other birds, to mean them-
selves. But they were mistaken, in taking
this augury, which Juturna procured, to
have been sent from the gods. To this an
allusion is made in verse 246, monstroque
fefellit. This interposition of a superior
power, was necessary to account for the
sudden change produced in the minds of
the Rutulians and Latins.
258. Earpediunt manus. By this, Valpy
understands elevating of their hand in token
, that they were prepared and ready for battle.
Ruteus says, earplicant manus. Davidson
renders the words, “they put their troops
in array,” which is the sense of Ruteus.
Heyne differs from both these interpretations.
He says, expediunt manus ut arma capiunt.
they prepare to take their arms. These had
been laid aside, while the preparations were
making, and the league was ratifying. See
verse 130, supra.
AENEIS. LIB. XII.
579
Territat, invalidas ut aves; et litora vestra
Wi populat.
Vela dabit.
Petetille fugam, penitàsque profundo
Vos unanimi densate catervas,
Et regem vobis pugnâ defendite raptum.
265
Dixit : et adversos telum contorsit in hostes
Procurrens: somitum dat stridula cornus, et auras
Certa secat. Simul hoc ; simul ingens clamor; et omnes
Turbati cunei, calefactaque corda tumultu.
Hasta volans, ut forté novem pulcherrima fratrum
268. Simul hoc fit
269. Turbati sung
270
Corpora constiterant contra, quos fida crearat
Una tot Arcadio conjux Tyrrhena Gylippo ;
Horum unum ad medium, teritur quâ sutilis alvo
Balteus, et laterum juncturas fibela mordet,
Egregium formä juvenem et fulgentibus armis,
Transadigit costas, fulvåque effundit arenå.
At fratres, animosa phalanx, accensaque luctu,
Pars gladios stringunt manibus, pars missile ferrum
273. Hasta volans
transadigit unum horum
fratrum per costas, ju-
venem egregium formã,
et fulgentibus armis, ad
medium corpus, quâ su-
tilis balteus
275
Corripiunt, caecique ruunt: quos agnina contrà
Procurrunt Laurentúm. Hic densi rursus inundant 280
Troés, Agyllinique, et pictis Arcades armis.
Sic omnes amor unus habet decernere ferro.
Diripuère aras: it toto turbida coelo
Tempestas telorum, ac ferreus ingruit imber:
Craterasque, focosque ferunt.
Fugit ipse Latinus
Pulsatos referens, infecto foedere, Divos.
Infraenant alii currus, aut corpora saltu
985
Subjiciunt in equos, et strictis ensibus adsunt.
Messapus regem, regisque insigne gerentem,
NOTES.
262. Invalidas aves: this agrees with quos,
mentioned before, and signifies the same
with it: as week birds.
263 Profundo: in the sense of mari. Pe-
nitàs : far remote—far distant. Longe, says
Ruabus.
264. Densate : thicken your ranks—in
close and compact array, defend, &c. Ruteus
says, colligite agmina.
267. Cornws : this was a spear (hasta)
whose shaft was made of the corneil-tree.
268. Simul hoc. The meaning is, that as
soon as the spear was thrown by Tolumnius,
all the troops were eager to engage, and
their courage was roused for battle. This
they signified by a great shout.
269. Cunei. The cuneus was a company
of men drawn up in the form of a wedge:
hence it came to signify troops in general,
as in the present case.
270. Corpora fratrum : simply, fratres.
271, Credrat : by syn. for creaverat: in
the sense of pepererat.
272. Conjua wife. Una : one.
273. Qué sutilis : where the stitched belt
is worn around the belly.
274. JMordet : binds, or fastens. Junctu-
ras: the ends or extremities of the belt.
278. Stringunt in the sensº of educunt.
279. Caci : blind to danger.
280. Inundant : deluge the plain. The
word is very expressive. They move like a , ,
devouring flood. Agyllini : the Tuscans, so
called from Agylla, one of their cities.
282. Unus amor : one mind—desire.
283. Diripuére: they stripped the altars,
284. Ingruit pours down upon them.
Tempestas: a cloud—storm. It: covers the
whole heaven. Turbida ; thick—terrific.
285. Focos : in the sense of ignes.
287. Infraenant currus: they prepare their
chariots—they harness their horses in them.
Suljiciunt : with a spring, they mount, or
throw themselves upon their horses. Livy
uses this verb in the same sense: pavidum
regem in equwm subjecit.
288. Adsunt : in the sense of instant, ven
concurrunt.
289. JMessapus avidus, &c. The meaning .
of the passage appears to be this: Messapus
desirous of breaking the league, as soon as
mounted on his horse, made an attack upon
Tuscan Awlestes, with his horse full in front.
This so alarmed him, that attempting to re-
treat or give back, he fell from his horse
among the altars, which had just beer,
erected for the purpose of ratifying the
league. In this situation, Messapus, rising
580
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
r
Tyrrhenum Aulesten, avidus confundere foedus,
290
º ... Adverso proterret equo: ruit ille recedens,
292. In aris oppositis Et miser oppositis a tergo involvitur aris, -
à tergo
In caput, inque humeros.
At fervidus advolat hastā
Messapus, teloque orantem multa trabali
295. Altusque equo Desuper altus equo graviter ferit, atque ita fatur:
haec melior magnis data victima Divis.
Concurrunt Itali, spoliantoue calentia membra.
Obvius ambustum torrem Chorinaeus ab ará
desuper graviter ferit Hoc habet:
eum orantem multa e
296. Ille habet hoc
wvinus
295
299. Obvius Ebuso Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamgue ferenti
venienti, forentique pla- Occupatos flammis.
gam
Olli ingens barba reluxit, 300
Nidoremdue ambusta dedit. Supér ipse secutus
Caesariem laevå turbati corripit hostis,
304. Podalirius se-
‘luens nudo ense
307. Ejus adversi
Impressoque genu nitens terrae applicat ipsum.
Sic rigido latus ense, ſerit.
Pastorem, primâque acie per tela ruentem,
Ense sequens nudo superimminet: ille securi
Adversi frontem mediam mentumque reductà
Podalirius Alsum
305
Disjicit, et sparso laté rigat arma cruore.
Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget
Somnus; in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem.
310
At pius AEneas dextram tendebat inermem
Nudato capite, atque suos clamore vocabat:
- Quð ruitis' quaeve ista repens discordia surgit 7
314. Foedus ictum est O cohibete iras ictum jam foedus, et omnes
315. Jus concurrere
est mihi soli; sinite me
pugnare
316. Ego faxo manu,
wt foedera sint.
Compositae leges: mihi jus concurrere soli:
Me sinite, atque auferte metus.
Firma manu : Turnum jam debent ha-c mihi sacra
Has inter voces, media inter talia verba,
316
Ego foedera faxo
NOTES.
high upon his steed to give the blow more
effect, gives him a mortal wound; while he
in the mean time is pleading for his life,
without avail. Insigne : in the sense of or-
flamentum.
291. Proterret : affrights—alarms—con-
founds. Ruit : in the sense of cadit.
294. Trabali : in the sense of ingenti.
296. JMelior victima : a better, or more
effectual victim to appease the gods, than
those that had been offered for the league
on the altars, where he had fallen; to wit,
a lamb or a pig. Habet hoc. This was an
expression made by the spectators at the
shows of the gladiators, when any one re-
ceived a mortal wound.
297. Spoliant : strip his limbs yet warm.
Ruapus says, nudant.
298. Obvius : in the sense of adversus.
Ruteus says, occurrens.
300. Occupat os: he strikes him on the
face with the fire-brand. This prevented the
blow that was intended by Ebusus to be
given to him. Occupatos : Ruteus says, in-
'ercepit vultum flammis. Heyne says, ferit
occupando. This Chorinaeus was a Trojan
oriest. He had been engaged in offering
the sacrifices; which accounts for his being
at the altars. Relua;it : his beard caught
fire, and shone—blazed.
301. Super : in the sense of insuper vel
praetered. Ipse : Chorinaeus.
302. Turbati : affrighted—confused.
303. Impresso genu: exerting himself with
his knee being thrust hard against him, he
is enabled to pull Ebusus over, and bring
him to the ground. Applicat: Rugeus says,
sternit.
306. Superimminet: in the sense of premit
vel wrget. Securi reductá: his axe being
drawn back to give the blow—with his axe
drawn back. -
308. Disjicit: in the sense of scindet vel
secal.
309. Olli : for illi, and this again in the
sense of illiws. -
311. Inermem: unarmed: of in, and arma.
313. Repens : in the sense of subita.
315. Leges: the terms or conditions of the
treaty. -
316. Ego faro ; the meaning is: I will
make good my part of the treaty, and these
sacred rites give me security, that Turnus
will perform his bart. Faaco: for facero
AENEIS. LIB, XII.
5S]
Ecce, viro stridens alis allapsa sagitta est:
Incertum quá pulsa manu, quo turbine adacta ;
Quis tantam Rutulis laudem, casusne, Deusne,
Pressa est insignis gloria facti;
Attulerit.
320 320. Est incerturn, qu&
manu pulsa sit
Nec sese AEneae jactavit vulnere quisquam.
Turnus, ut AEneam cedentem ex agnine widit,
Turbatosque duces. Subitā spe fervidus ardet:
325
Poscit equos, atque arma simul, Saltuque superbus
Emicat in currum, et manibus molitur habenas.
Multa virim volitans dat fortia corpora leto:
Semineces volvit multos, aut agmina curru
Proterit, aut raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas.
Qualis apud gelidi cum flumina concitus Hebri
Sanguineus Mavors clypeo increpat, atque furentes
330
331. Qualis sangul-
neus Mavors, ctim
Bella movens immittit equos : illi aequore aperto
Ante Notos Zephyrumque volant : gemit ultima pulsu
Thraca pedum : circumque atrae Formidinis ora,
Iraeque, Insidiaeque, Dei comitatus, aguntur.
Talis equos alacer media inter praelia Turnus
335
336.
Cººm.
Circumaguntur
Fumantes sudore quatit, miserabilè capsis
Hostibus insultans : spargit rapida ungula rores
Sanguineos, mixtāque cruor calcatur arenå.
Jamgue neci Sthenelumque dedit, Thamyrimque, Pho-
lumque,
Hunc congressus et hunc ; illum eminis: eminès ambos
339. Ungula ejus equo-
340 rum
342. Congressus est
hunc et hunc cominis;
illum, nempe, Sthenelum
eminis; congressus est
Imbrasidas, Glaucum atque Ladem ; quos Imbrasus ipse eminūs ambos
NOTES.
319. Viro: to the hero, i. e. AEneas. Alis:
here denotes the swiftness of the arrow. It
moved on wings. . -
320. Quo turbine: by what whirling force:
simply, by what force. Quo impelu, says
Ruacus. Pulsa : in the sense of missa.
322. Pressa est : is concealed. No one
has the glory of so illustrious a deed.
325. Fervidus ardet : the absence of Æneas
raises the courage of Turnus, and inflames
him for battle. He is once more victorious,
as he had been before on the banks of the
Tiber, when Æneas was absent in Etruria.
This indirect method of praising his hero,
Virgil had learned from Homer, who makes
his victory to lean on the side of the Tro-
jans during the absence of Achilles; so, here,
the absence of Æneas makes the scales turn
in favor of the Latins. The absence of
AEneas was sudden and unexpected by Tur-
nus; and as soon as he saw him withdraw
from the field, he was fired with the hope of
retrieving the lost fortunes of his country.
326. Superbºts: in the sense of animosus.
327. JMolitur : in the sense of tractat.
330. Proterit: he crushed. Ruacus says,
sternit. Agmina ; the troops—the enemy.
As Turnus drove furiously through the
*anks of the enemy, the wheels of his chariot
crushed some to death, and others wounded
and half dead they rolled and tumbled along
as they lay prostrate on the field. Ingerit.
he hurled—threw. Raptas: in the sense of
correptas vel arreptas. Rugeus says, immittil
fugientibus hastas abstractas isdem; which
implies that Turnus took the spears from the
fugitives, and then threw them at them.
The word raptas frequently signifies no
more than, snatched up—suddenly taken.
331. Flumina Hebri : along the streams
of Hebrus—along the river Hebrus. See
Ecl. x. 65.
332. Increpat: in the sense of sonat.
333. Immittit : lets loose—gives full reins
to his furious steeds.
335. Ora atra formidinis : the form or
countenance of grim terror—grim terror
itself.
336. Comitatus Dei : the retinue of the
god, i. e. Mars. The word comit itus agrees
in apposition with the preceding nomina-
tives Ora, Ira, Insidia. '.
338. Qualit: in the sense of impellit.
JMiserabilè caesis : miserably slain.
339. Sanguineos rores ; simply, blood.
342. Hunc, et hunc : the two last he en-
gaged in close fight; the former at a dis-
tance. Hic sometimes signifies the latter
or last mentioned; ille, the former, or first
mentioned, as in the present case.
5
S
2
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Nutrierat Lycia, paribusque ornaverat armis,
Vel conferre manum, vel equo praevertere ventos
34%
Parte aliá, media Eumedes in praelia fertur, *
347. Qui eral Proles Antiqui proles bello præclara Dolonis,
antiqui
Nomine avum referens, animo manibusque parentem:
Qui quondam, castra ut Danaúm speculator adiret,
350. Ausus est Pos- Ausus Pelidae pretium sibi poscere currus.
Illum Tydides alio pro talibus ausis
Cere
350
Affecit pretio; nec equis aspirat Achillis.
353. Hunc Eumeden Hunc procul ut campo Turnus conspexit.aperto;
Anté levi jaculo longum per inane secutus,
Sistit equos bijuges, et curru desilit, atque
355
Semianimi lapsogue supervenit: et, pede collo
Impresso, dextra mucronem extorquet, et alto
Fulgentem tingit jugulo, atque haec insuper addit:
359. En Trojane, ja- En, agros, et, quam, bello, Trojane, petisti,
cens, metire agros
Hesperiam metire, jacens: ha-c praemia, qui me
360
Ferro ausi tentare, ferunt : sic moenia condunt.
Huic comitem Buten, conjectà cuspide, mittit :
363. Interficit Chlo. Chloreague, Sybarimgue, Daretaque, Thersilochumque,
reague
Et sternacis equi lapsum cervice Thymoeten.
Ac velut Edoni Boreae cum spiritus alto
365
Insonat AEgaeo, sequiturque ad litora fluctus;
Quá venti incubuère, fugam dant nubila coelo:
Sic Turno, quâcunque viam secat, agnmina cedunt,
Conversaeque ruunt acies: fert impetus ipsum ;
NOTES.
344. Ornaveral : and bad furnished them
with equal arms—with equal skill, or valor
in arms. Conferre manum : to engage in
close fight.
347. Proles praeclara bello. This is to be
understood ironically, as appears from what
follows: and particularly, from the charac-
ter of Dolon in Homer, Iliad, lib. 10, where
he appears to have undertaken the adven-
ture here alluded to, not from true courage,
but from mere covetousness. He demanded
the chariot of Achilles, as a reward for this
service.
348. Referens : representing—bearing the
name of. He bore the name of his grand-
father, but was like his father in courage
and valor.
349 Qui : this refers to the father, men-
tioned immediately before.
350. Pelidae : gen. of Pelides, a name of
Achilles; from his father Peleus : a patro-
aymic." Prelium ; as a reward for his deed.
352. Affecit alio pretio. It is here inti-
mated that Dolon was slain by Diomede.
354. Anté secutus : having thrown a swift
dart at him before—having pursued him
with a swift javelin, &c. Iname: in the sense
of ačrem. Longum : distant—at a distance.
357. JMucronem deatrae. Though fallen
oy the spear of Turnus, and dying of his
wounds, Eumedes held a dagger in his hand.
This the conqueror wrenched from him, and
buried deep in his throat.
358. Tingit: stains. Ruteus says, im
mersit. He buries his glittering sword in
his throat. Immittit in jugulum ut sanguine
tingatur, says Heyne. #
359. En agros : after a victory, the con-
querors divided the conquered lands and
territory; and in the first place took the di-
mensions of them, in order to distribute
them equally among their troops. To this
custom Turnus, in this bitter sarcasm, seems
to allude.
362. Cuspide: in the sense of jaculo.
364. Sternacis equv : either stumbling and
apt to fall himself; or rearing and pitching,
in order to throw his rider. Cervice: shoul-
ders—back. Rudeus says, collo.
365. Spiritus Edoni Borea: ; the blast of
Thracian Boreas. Boreas, the north wind,
is here called Thracian, because it blew from
that country. The Edoni were a people of
Thrace : hence the adj. Edonus. Alto : in
the sense of mari. Spiritus : in the sense
of flatus vel ventus.
367. Dant fugam: in the sense of fugiunt
Incubuère : blow—rush or press forward.
369. Ruunt in the sense of fugiunt
&
AENEIS. LIB, XII. 583
\-2
Et crustam adverso curru quatit aura volantem. 370
Non tulit instantem Phegeus, animisque frementem:
Objecit sese ad currum, et spumantia franis
Ora citatorum dextră detorsit equorum.
371. Turnum instan-
tem
Dum trahitur, pendetºue jugis, hunc lata retectum
Lancea consequitur, rumpitgue infixa bilicem
375 375. Latalancea Turni
Loricam, et summum degustat vulnere corpus.
Ille tamen, clypeo objecto, conversus in hostem
Ibat, et auxilium ducto mucrone petebat:
Cúm rota praecipitem, et procursu concitus axis
Impulit, effuditoue solo: Turnusque secutus,
380
Imam inter galeam summi thoracis et oras,
Abstulit ense caput, truncumque reliquit arenå.
Atque ea dum campis victor dat funera Turnus;
Interea AEneam Mnestheus, et fidus Achates,
Ascaniusque comes, castris statuére cruentum,
385
Alternos longá nitentem cuspidegressus.
Saevit, et infractà luctatur arundine telum
Eripere; auxilioque viam, quae proxima, poscit :
Ense secent lato vulnus, telique latebram
Rescindant penitiis, seseque in bella remittant.
388. Quae est proxi-
ma: jubet ut medict se-
390 cent
Jamgue aderat Phoebo ante alios dilectus Iapys
Iasides; aeri quondam cui captus amore
Ipse suas artes, sua munera, laetus Apollo p
Augurium, citharamgue dabat, celeresque Sagittas.
392. Cui quondam
Apollo ipse captus acri
amore, latus dabat
NOTES.
370. Adverso currw: in his chariot facing
the wind. Aura : in the sense of ventus.
Volantem: waving. But curru may be for
currwi, in the dat. The wind blowing against
his chariot facing it, (adverso,) causes his
plumes to wave. Dum currus adversus ven-
tum fertur, says Heyne. -
573. Detorsit ora: with his right hand he
turned around the heads, &c. This he did
to stop them, that on more equal terms he
might engage Turnus. These were the
horses of Turnus. Spumantia: foaming at
the bit. Citatorum : in the sense of animo-
sorum, vel celerum.
375. Rumpit : in the sense of penetrat.
378. Petebat: he sought aid with his
drawn sword. He hoped to succeed against
Turnus by attacking him sword in hand.
Ruasus says, vocabat awazilium. Davidson
renders it, “ he sought assistance from his
unsheathed sword.” JMucrone: in the sense
of gladvo. -
379. Aaris : the extremities of the axle-
tree extended beyond the hub of the wheel.
It was most probably this part that struck
Phegeus, and threw him headlong on the
ground. Concitus : quickened and accele-
rated by its rapid career. The impetus it
had acquired in its course served to increase
its velocity. Turnus seeing him in that si-
uation sprang from his chariot, and took
off his head between the upper part of his
breast-plate, and the lower part of his hel-
met. Cúm , this is the reading of Heyne
and Davidson. Ruasus reads quem. It ap-
pears that Phegeus had let go of the horses,
and was preparing to attack Turnus, when
they sprang forward, and the wheel in its
rapid motion struck him.
386. JNitentem alternos : supporting his
alternate steps, &c. Cuspide: in the sense
of hasta, by synec.
387. Arundine :
It is placed absolutely with infracta.
lum : the barb or point of the arrow.
388. Awarilio : for relief. He orders them
to make a gash or incision (vulnus) down
to the very blade of the dart or javelin,
(latebram teli,) and extract it without delay,
that he may again enter the fight, and check
the career of Turnus. Proacima: the speed-
iest—quickest. .
390. Rescindant: in the sense of aperiant.
392. Cui : in the sense of cujus : with an
the shaft of the arrow.
Te-
ardent love of whom, Apollo, &c.
393. Swas artes dabat: he gave to him the
choice of his arts. This appears to be the
meaning from verse 396, infra, maluit scire,
&c. The arts of Apollo were, 1. Prophecy.
2. Music: whence, he is often represented
with a lyre, and considered the god of poets.
3. Skili in archery: hence, he is represented
with a quiver. 4. Medicine. This last was
the choice of Iapys.
T. WIRGILII MARONIS
584
Ille, ut depositi proferret fata parentis,
39;
r Scire potestates herbarum, usumque medendi
Maluit, et mutas agitare inglorius artes. -
Stabat acerba fremens, ingentem nixus in hastam
399. Immobilis mag- AEneas, magno juvenum, et moerentis Itili
bo concursu juvenum
400. Ille senior Iapys
succinctus amicturetor-
to in Paeonium
Concursu, lachrymisque immobilis.
Paeonium in morem senior succinctus amictu,
Multa manu medica Phoebique potentibus herbis .
Ille retorto 400
Nequicquam trepidat; nequicquam spicula dextrá
Sollicitat, prensataue tenaci forcipe ferrum.
Nulla viam fortuna regit; nihil auctor Apollo
405
Subvenit: et savus campis magis ac magis horror
Crebrescit; propiùsque malum est. Jam pulvere coelum
Stare vident; subeunt equites, et spicula castris
Densa cadunt mediis. -
Bellantúm juvenum, et duro sub Marte cadentăm.
It tristis ad athera clamor
41()
Hic Venus, indigno nati concussa dolore,
Dictamnum genitrix Cretaeå carpit ab Idâ,
Puberibus caulem foliis, et flore comantem
414. IIla gramina sunt Purpureo. Non illa feris incognita capris
non incognita
Gramina, cum tergo volucres haesére sagittae.
41 :
416. Venus circum- Hoc Venus, obscuro faciem circumdata nimbo,
data quoad faciem
Detulit.: húc fusum labris spendentibus amnem
Inficit, occulté medicans; spargitoue salubres
Ambrosiae succos, et Odoriferam panaceam.
NOTES.
395. Depositi: sick—dangerously ill. Fa-
ta: in the sense of mortem. Proferret : put
off—defer. -
396. Medemdi : the gerund in di, of me-
deor: in the sense of medicinae. Potestates :
properties—qualities.
397. JMutas artes : silent arts—arts more
useful than showy. The other arts of Apollo
were more ostentatious and showy. Agi-
Jare : practice or exercise.
398. Acerbă an adj. neu. plu., used ad-
verbially: in the sense of acerbè.
399. JMørentis: of grieving—-afflicted.
Iülus : Heyne connects lachrymis with Iüli
moerentis. In this construction, Iülus alone
is represented as shedding tears. The others
assemble to see the wounded hero.
401. Paeonium : an adj. from Paon the
physician of the gods; here put for any
physician. Retorto : turned back after the
manner of Paeon, that he might perform the
operation more conveniently.
403. Trepidat multa. in the sense of fes-
final multa: he tries many expedients to
extract the arrow, to no purpose. Mulla
tentat, says Heyne. -
404. Sollicitat ; he moves, or pulls. Fer-
rum : the blade, or barbed part of the spear.
Fortuna : success—advantage.
406. Subvenit: in the sense of adjuvat.
Auctor: the author of medicine. Horror:
n the sense of terror, says Heyne. It may
mean a din or clashing of arms; which will
make the sense of malum easy. See AEm.
ii. 301. - -
407. Jam vident: they see the air or sky
stand thick with dust—to be overspread or
filled with dust.
411. Indigno : unmerited—undeserved.
412. Dictamnum : the herb dittany. It
is said to have grown only in Crete, whence
it had its name from Dicte, a mountain in
that island. Its stalk bears soft downy
leaves; and its blossoms are not single, but
grow upon almost every leaf: whence, it is
said to be comantem flore purpureo : this last
denotes the color of the flower. Caulem :
the stem or stalk: it is here put in apposi-
tion with dictamnum.
415. Gramina : in the sense of herba.
416. Hoc : this herb dittany. The hoc in
the following line is in the abl. with this she
tinged. Rugeus says, imbuit. Amnem: in
the sense of aquam.
417. Labris : the vessel in which the
herbs of Iapys were infused.
419. Succos ambrosiae. Homer makes :
ambrosia to be the food of the gods. It
properly signifies immortality. Panacea :
a salutary herb, of which Pliny mentions
three kinds. According to the etymology
of the word, it should be a remedy for all
diseases. Spargit : she diffuses in it the
healing juices of ambrosia, Ruteus says.
miscet. .
AENEIS. LIB. XII.
585.
Fovit ea vulnus lymphā longaevus ſapis,
420
Ignorans : Subitóque omnis de corpore fugit
Quippe dolor; omnis stetit imo vulnere sanguis.
Jamgue secuta manum, nullo cogente, Sagitta
Excidit, atque novae redière in pristina vires.
Arma citi properate viro: quid statis? Iapis
Conclamat: primusque animos accendit in hostes.
Non haec humanis opibus, non arte magistrá
Proveniunt; neque te, AEnea, mea dextera servat:
.424. In pristina off-
425 cta * * *
425. O viri citi
427. Addit praetered,
haec non proveniunt
Major agit Deus, atque opera ad majora remittit.
Ille avidus pugna suras incluserat auro
430
Hinc atque hinc ; oditGue moras, hastamgue coruscat.
Postguam habilis lateri clypeus, loricaque tergo est;
Ascanium fusis circlim complectitur armis,
Summaque per galeam delibans oscula, fatur:
Disce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumque laborem :
Nunc te mea dextera bello
Defensum dabit, et magna inter praemia ducet.
Tu facito, mox clim matura adoleverit astas,
Sis memor, et te animo repetentem exempla tuorum,
Et pater Æneas, et avunculus excitet Hector.
Haec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese extulit ingens,
Telum immane manu quatiens: simul agnine denso
Fortunam ex aliis.
435
436. Sed dusce fortu-
Ilal/ſl.
437. Ducet te
438. Tu facito ut sis
memor méte virtutis, cum
440 mox
Anteusque Mnestheusque ruunt: omnisque relictis
Turba fluit castris.
Ossa tremor.
Tum caeco pulvere campus
Miscetur, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus.
Vidit ab adverso venientes aggere Turnus,
Vidére Ausonii; gelidusque per ima cucurrit
Prima ante omnes Juturna Latinos
445
446. Trojanos venien-
tes
Audit, agnovitcue sonum, et tremefacta refugit.
Ille volat, campoque atrum rapitagmen aperto.
Qualis, ubi ad terras abrupto sidere nimbus
450 450. Ille JEneas volat
NOTES.
420. Fovil: in the sense of lavit.
421. Ignorams : ignorant of the virtues
which had been communicated to it.
422. Quippe : indeed—truly. Stetit :
ceased to flow. Constitit, says Ruteus.
427. Haec: this cure—these things.
428. Proveniunt : spring—arise from.—
JMagistrás in the sense of medica.
429. Agit : performs the cure.
430. Incluserat suras : had incased his
legs on each side in gold.
432. Habilis : in the sense of aptus.
433. Complectitur : he embraces Asca-
nius, with his arms spread around him.
The cin &tim and fusis are to be united into
one word.
434. Delibans : gently touching his lips
through his helmet. We have here a most
interesting instance of paternal affection,
and of tender solicitude for the future wel-
fare of his son.
435. Laborem :
difficulties.
437. Dabit : in the sense of reddet vel
fortitude—patience under
faciet. Inter : in the sense of ad. Heyne
takes praemia in the sense of victorias.
438. Adoleveril: shall have become—shall
have ripened.
439. Repetentem : calling to your mind.
Ruseus says, revolventem animo. The fol-
lowing line is repeated from AEn. iii. 343.
440. Hector. He was the uncle of Asca
nius, his mother, Creüsa, being the daughter
of Priam. It is the wish of Æneas that his
own example, and the example of his uncle,
may cxcite him to piety and virtue, and to
the performance of deeds of valor.
444. Turba : the troops—all that were
in the camp. Fluit : in the sense of rum-
punt vel ruunt. Caeco : darkening, or ob-
scuring the air.
445. Eaccita: in the sense of commota.
446. Aggere: in the sense of tumulo vel
colle.
450. Rapit: in the sense of duct ve!
trahit. A trum : Ruteus says, densum.
451. Sidere abrupto. Davidson observes,
that sidere here may be taken for a storin.
586
"P. VIRGILII MARONIS
452. Ille nimbus dabit It mare per medium : miseris, heu, praescia longe
453. Heu, corda mi- Horrescunt corda agricolis dabit ille ruinas
seris agricolis praescia
Arboribus, stragemgue satis, ruet omnia laté.
Antevolant, sonitumque ferunt ad litora venti.
455
Talis in adversos ductor Rhoeteius hostes
Agmen agit: densi cuneisse quisque coactis
Agglomerant.
Ferit ense gravem Thymbraeus Osirim.
Archetium Mnestheus, Epulonem obtruncat Achates,
Ufentemque Gyas.
Caditipse Tolumnius augur, 460
Primus in adversos telum quitorserat hostes.
Tollitur in coelum clamor : versique vicissim
464. Eos aversos morti
Pulverulenta fugă Rutuli dant terga per agros.
Ipse neque aversos dignatur sternere morti;
Nec pede congressos aequo, nec tela ferentes
465
Insequitur: solum denså in caligine Turnum
Westigat lustrans, solum in certamina poscit.
468. Concussa quoad
mentem hôc
locum
Höc concussa metu mentem Juturna virago,
Aurigam Turni media inter lora Metiscum
* Excutit, et longé lapsum temone relinquit.
471. Ipsa Subit in effus Ipsa subit, manibusque undantes flectit habenas,
Cuncta gerens, vocemgue, et corpus, et arma Metisci.
470
Nigra velut magnas domini cum divitis aedes
Pervolat, et pennis alta atria lustrat hirundo,
Pabula parva legens, nidisque loquacibus escas;
475
Et nunc porticibus vacuis, nunc humida circum
NOTES.
which was thought to be the effect of some
furious constellation. In this sense, abrupto
sidere will mean the same with abrupta
tempestate, vel abruptis procellis : bursting
storms, as in the third Georgic. Or, if
sidere be taken in its proper sense, then
abrupto must be taken in the sense of ca-
dente, setting ; the constellations being
thought more furious toward the time of
their setting. JNimbus : a black cloud,
fraught with thunder and rain. This is
its proper meaning. Heyne takes sidere
abrupto in the sense of nube abrupta : the
cloud bursting, or being burst.
452. Prescia longé : presaging disaster,
while the storm is yet at a distance—fore-
seeing the danger at a distance.
453. Agricolis miseris : the dat. in the
sense of the gen. The hearts of the, &c.
454. Ruet - in the sense of evertet.
456. Rhoºteius : in the sense of Trojanus,
so called from Rhoeleum, a promontory on
the coast of Troas.
457. Cuneis coactis : the ranks being
closed : “in thick array,” says Davidson.
.Agglomerant se : they crowd themselves to-
gether. -
458. Gravem: in the sense of fortem.
462. Versi : in the sense of fugati. The
Rutuli had been victorious, while Æneas
was disabled by his wound. Now he is on
the field, the scale of victory is turned, and
they, in turn, are put to flight.
464. Aversos morti. Pierius found aversos
in the Roman manuscript. The poet is
here telling us, that Æneas disdained to
fight with any of the Rutulian army but
Turnus. This he does by a circumlocution,
dividing the Rutulians into three divisions:
1. The aversos morti : those that were on
the flight. 2. The congressos (Equo pede :
those who were engaged in close fight, on
equal terms. 3. The ferentes tela : those
who fought with missive weapons, at a dis-
tance. Heyne reads aversos.
465. Ferentes : in the sense of inferentes.
466. Caligine : in the sense of pulvere, vel
nube pulveris.
468. Virago : the heroine Juturma.
470. Eacculit : in the sense of déjicit vel
precipitat.
472. Gerens cuncta : assuming—taking
all things, both the voice, &c.
| 473. Velut câm nigra hirundo. The epi-
thet nigra, Scaliger observes, is added to
distinguish this kind of swallow from those
that haunt the banks of rivers, and are of a
sandy color. Petronius calls it urbana
Progne, because it loves to frequent towers,
and such stately buildings as are in cities.
JEdes: palace. Ruteus says, domum.
475, JN'idis ; the nests are here put for the
young in the nests, by meton. Escas : put
in apposition with parva pabula. -
ÆNEIs.
LIB, xii." 587
Stagna sonat: similis medios Juturna per hostes
Fertur equis, rapidoque volans obit omnia curru :
477.
Similis huic avt
Juturma
Jamgue hic germanum, jamgue hic, ostendit ovantem :
Nec conferre manum patitur : volat avia longé.
480 480. Nec patitur eum
Haud minus Aºneas tortos legit obvius orbes,
Westigatoue virum, et disjecta per aginina magná
Voce vocat.
Aversos toties currus Juturma retorsit.
Quoties oculos conjecit in hostem,
Alipedumque fugam cursu tentavit equorum ;
483. Vocat Turnum
magná voce -
485
Heu! quid agat 7 vario nequicquam fluctuat aestu :
Diversaeque vocant animºum in contraria curaº.
Huic Messapus, uti laevă duo forté gerebat
Lenta, levis cursu, praefixa hastilia ferro,
Horum unum certo contorquens dirigit ictu.
Substitit AEneas, et se collegit in arma,
488. Messapus, uti
forté levis cursu gerebat
laevá manu duo lenta
hastilia
490. Huic JEneae
490
Poplite subsidens; apicem tamen incita summum
Hasta tulit, summasque excussit vertice cristas.
Tum veró assurgunt irae ; insidiisgue subactus,
Diversos ubi sensit equos currumque referri,
Multa Jovem, et lasi testatur foederis.aras.
Jam tandem invadit medios, et Marte secundo
495 495. Equos Turn ra-
pi diversos
497. Medios hostes
Terribilis, savam nullo discrimine caedem
Suscitat, irarumque omnes effundit habenas.
NOTEs.
477. Sonat: chirps, or chatters.
478. Obit : goes over, or around. Ruasus
says, percurrit. -
480. Longé avia: far out of the way, so
as not to meet AEneas. Avia : an adj. from
avius, agreeing with Juturna. Conferre ma-
num: to engage in close combat, or fight
with Æneas.
481. Legit tortos orbes obvius : traces the
mazy circles and windings of Turnus, not
for the purpose of overtaking him, but for
the purpose of meeting him. This is the
sense of obvius.
482. Disjecta : scattored—flying before
him.
484. Fugam : the speed——swiftness. Ru-
teus says, celeritatem. Alipedum : in the
sense of celerum : the swift, or winged horses
of Turnus. -
485. Retorsit currus. The meaning is:
whenever Æneas was about to intercept
her course, coming up in front, Juturma
wheeled about the chariot, and drove back-
ward, so as to prevent the meeting of the
two champions. Currus : the chariot, by
meton. the horses.
486. Hew quid agat. Dr. Trapp explains
this of Juturma; but it is evident we are to
understand it of Æneas. It is he who is
disappointed, and crossed in his design of
meeting Turnus. . .42stu; with a tide of
passions. Irarum is understood.
487. In contraria: in opposite directions—
in different ways. Taken in the sense of in
contrarias partes.
. Rubeus.
489. Levis: in the sense of celer, agreeing
with JMessapus. Prafiza : in the sense of
dºrmata.
491. Collegit se in arma : he contracted,
or collected himself into his armor. Though
the word arma is here mentioned in general,
it must be restricted to the shield, behind
which he hid himself, bending upon his
knee, and contracting his body. Virgil uses
the word in the same sense in other places.
492. Subsidens :
Ruteus says, incurvans se.
sense of immissa vel celer.
493. Concita hasta tulit.: the meaning is:
the rapid spear just grazed the top of his
head, and carried with it the tuft, or plume
of his helmet. Vertice : in the sense of
capite. -
494. Subactus insidiis : baffled by the stra
tagems of Juturna. , Ruteus says, coactus.
496. Testatur. This is the reading of
most of the ancient manuscripts. It is pre-
ferable to testatus, which is the reading of
Heyne reads testatur. Multa: in
the sense of multim. Ruteus says, stepe.
499. Suscitats in the sense of facit. Ef-
fundit habenas: he gives full reins to his
anger. This is a metaphor taken from the
chariot race. Effundere habenas: to give
full rein to your horses—to set them at full
speed. Dare—larare—mittere—immittere,
&c.—habenas vel fracna, are phrases deno
ting the same thing. -
in the sense of cadens.
Incita : in the
588
* VIRGILII MARONIs
500. Nune quis, quis
mine tot acerba funera
Jupiter
Quis mihi nunc tot acerba Deus, quis carmine caedes
Reus expediatºmihi car- Diversas, obitumque ducum, quos aeqāore toto 501
*, Inque vicem nunc Turnus agit, nunc Troius heros,
503. Placuit-ne te, O Expediat? tanton’ placuit concurrere motu,
Jupiter, asternå gentes in pace futuras'
AEneas Rutulum Sucronem, (ea prima ruentes 505
Pugna loco statuit Teucros,) haud multa moratus,
Excipit in latus, et, qua fata celerrima, crudum
Transadigit costas et crates pectoris ensem.
Turnus equo dejectum Amycum, fratremdue Diorem,
510. Herit hunc Dio- Congressus pedes; hunc venientem cuspide longá, 510
rem venientem
Hunc mucrone ferit; curruque abscissa duorum
Suspendit capita, et rorantia sanguine portat.
513. Ille-Eneas mittit Ille Talon, Tanaimdue neci, fortemque Cethegum,
Talon
Tres uno congressu, et moestum mittit Onyten,
Nomen Echionium, matrisque genus Peridiae.
515
516. Hic Turnus in- Hic fratres Lyciá missos, et Apollinis agris,
terficit fratres
Et juvenem exosum nequicquam bella Menoeten
Arcada : piscosae cui circum flumina Lernae
521. Dwo ignes im-
missi è diversis
Ars fuerat, pauperque domus : mec nota potentám
Limina, conductāque pater tellure serebat.
520
522. In somantia vir. Ac velut immissi diversis partibus ignes
gulta è lauro
Arentem in sylvam, et virgulta sonantia lauro ;
NOTES.
501. Obitum : in the sense of mortem.
502. Inque vicem : for invicemgue, by
tmesis. Agit : causes, or effects.
503. JMotu : rage—violence. Tanton’:
for tanto-ne, by apocope.
505. Pugna : attack—assault. Statuit:
stopped. The meaning of this passage may
be : that the opposition made by Sucro
checked the Trojans, who were before rush-
ing on the enemy, and raging without con-
trol. Or, this assault of Æneas upon Sucro
caused him, and the Trojans, to stop their
career and pursuit of Turnus, and remain
in the same place. This is the sense given
to it by Heyne. Rugºus proposes a third
meaning to the words, to wit: that the as-
sault of Æneas upon Sucro first caused the
Trojans to rally and stand their ground,
who before were fleeing, and unable to re-
sist so great a hero.
506. JMulta: in the sense of multum. This
is in imitation of the Greeks, who used ad-
jectives of the neu, gen, as adverbs.
507. Eaccipit: in the sense of ferit, vel
vulnerat. Quă fata: where death is easiest
to be effected. Fata : in the sense of mors.
The verb sunt is understood.
508. Crates : acc. plu. Rugeus says, sep-
tum. Crudum : naked—bloody. Costas—
Crates. These are governed in the acc. by
the prep. trans, in comp., while the verb
adigit governs crudum ensem.
510. Congressus pedes: Turnus on foot en-
gaging Amycus, &c. Congredi : signifies to
engage in close combat—to fight hand to
hand. -
514. Congressu : onset—assault. Ruabus
says, impetu. Genus: in the sense of prolem
vel filium. •
515. Echiomium : an adj. from Echion,
the name of the Theban, who accompanied
Cadmus at the building of Thebes in Beotia.
Onytes was an Echionian, or Theban name.
Rugeus says, Thebanum.
516. Lycia : a country of Asia Minor,
celebrated for the oracles of Apollo. It is
here put in apposition with agris. See /En.
iv. 143.
517. Eacosum : a part. agreeing with juve-
nem, and governing bella. JMenaetes was an
Arcadian. -
519. Ars: business, or employment. Chºw:
in the sense of cujus. Lernae: a lake near
the city of Argos in the Peloponnesus, fa-
mous for its having been the abode of the
Hydra, that was slain by Hercules. Flumi-
ºna : in the sense of aquas.
520. Limina potentiim : the palaces of the
great were not known to him. Ursilius as-
sures us that limina is the reading of the
most ancient manuscript, Liber Colitianus
vetustissimus, and he makes no doubt of its
being the true reading. Heyne and David-
son read limina. Ruteus and Valpy read
munera. Of this it is difficult to make
sense, whereas limina is easy. Conducta •
in hired land. He had no farm of his own.
522. Pirgulla : in the sense of memora.
AENEIS. LIB. XII.
589
Aut ubi decursu rapido de montibus altis
Dant sonitum spumosi amnes, et in aequora currunt,
Quisque suum populatus iter: non segniūs ambo
524. Aut ubi amnes
spumosi rapido decursu
525. Quisque amnis
525
AEneas Turnusque ruunt per praelia ; nunc, nunc
Fluctuatira intus. rumpuntur nescia vinci
Pectora: nunc totis in vulnera viribus itur.
Murranum hic, atavos et avorum antiqua sonantem
JNomina, per regesque actum genus omne Latinos.
Praecipitem scopulo atque ingentis turbine saxi
Hunc lora et juga subter
Provolvére rotae ; crebro supér ungula pulsu
Incita nec domini memorum proculcat equorum.
Ille ruenti Hyllo, animisque immané frementi.
Occurrit, telumque aurata ad tempora torquet:
Olli per galeam fixo stetit hasta cerebro.
Excutit, effunditgue solo.
529. Hic AEneas sco-
530 pulo, atque turbine n-
gentis saxi, excutit Mur-
raiſlli II).
532. Effundit eum
praecipitem
533. Ungula equorum,
535 mec memorum
535. Ille Turnus oc-
currit Hyllo
Dextera nec tua te, Grajúm fortissime Creteu,
Eripuit Turno: nec Di texère Cupencum,
AEneå veniente, sui: dedit obvia ferro
540
Pectora, nec misero clypei mora profuit aerei.
Te quoque Laurentes viderunt, Æole, campi,
Oppetere, et laté terram consternere tergo :
Occidis, Argivae quem non potuere phalanges
Sternere, nec Priami regnorum eversor Achilles.
Hic tibi mortis erant metae : domus alta sub Idâ ;
Lyrnessi domus alta ; solo Laurente sepulchrum.
Totaº adeč conversae acies, omnesque Latini,
Mnestheus acerque Serestus,
Et Messapus, equàm domitor, et fortis Asylas,
Omnes Dardanidae.
544. Tu occidis, quem
545
546. Erat tibi alta do-
mus sub Idâ; erat tibi
alta domus Lyrnessi;
nunc est tibi.
548. Conversa sunt
550 in se -
Tuscorumque phalanx, Evandrique Arcadis alae.
Prose quisque, viri summâ nituntur opum vi.
Nec mora, nec requies: vasto certamine tendunt.
552. Omnes viri, quis-
que pro se
NOTES.
523 Decursu : descent.
524. AEquora : in the sense of mare.
525. Populatus: laying waste.
527. JNescia vinci : knowing not to be con-
quered—invincible. Rumpunter : are burst
—pant and heave as if they would burst
with rage.
528. Itur : they go—march.
529. Sonantem: in the sense of jactan-
tem vel gloriantem. Actum : in the sense of
deductum.
531. Turbine :
says, jactu.
532. Eaccutit : in the sense of dejicit vel
sternit.
with the force. Heyne
533. Supér: in the sense of insuper vel ,
practered.
534. Incita : quick—in rapid movement.
536. Aurata tempora: his temples decked
with a gilded helmet.
537. Fiaco • , being pierced—the spear
passed through his helmet.
539. Eripuit. Ruteus says, servavit.
540. Sui : in the sense of propitii vel
faventes. Or, his own gods—those gods
whose priest he was. Cupencus, in the Sa-
bine language, signified a priest.
541. AErei, Pierius found aeris in all the
ancient manuscripts which he examined,
instead of a rei, as in the common editions.
Heyne reads arei. JMora : resistance.
543. Oppetere. This word properly signi-
fies to die, like a hero, on the field of battle
quasi ore petere terram, to bite the ground,
as we say in English.
544. Occidis ; thou fallest.
77.07"e?"2S,
546. JMeta mortus: for meta vitae. the limit
or boundary of life. This is in imitation of
Homer's rexo: Savarato. -
547. Lyrnessi : Lyrnessus was a city of
Phrygia, near the Sinus Adramyttenus.
548. Co. versae : Ruseus says, permiata.
The verb sunt is understood. &
551. Alae : in the senso of equites, vel
equitatus.
552. JYituntur: strive—struggle. Opum:
this appears merely expletive. Ruteus says,
virium. - -
553. Tendunt : in the sense of contendunt
vel luctantur.
Ruteus says,
590
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Hic mentem AEncae genitrix pulcherrima misit,
circumtulit
Iret ut ad muros, urbique adverteret agnmen 555
Ocyūs, et subitā turbaret clade Latinos.
557. Ille AEneas ut Ille ut vestigans diversa per agnina Turnum,
Huc atque huc acies circumtulit; aspicit urbem
Immunem tanti belli, atque impunè quietam.
560
560. Accendit animum Continuo pugna, accendit majoris imaago:
Mnesthea, Sergestumque vocat, fortemque Serestum,
Ductores; tumulumque capit, quð caetera Teucrüm
Concurrit legio; nec scuta aut spicula densi
Deponunt.
parte pro nobis
567. Eruam urbern
Celso medius stans aggere ſatur:
565. Jupiter stat häe Ne qua meis esto dictis mora : Jupiter hâc stat:
Neu quis ob inceptum Subitum mihi segnior ito.
Urben hodie, causam belli, regna ipsa Latini,
565
Ni franum accipere et victi parere fatentur,
Eruam ; et aqua solo fumantia culmina ponam.
Scilicet exspectem, libeat dum praelia Turno
570
Nostra pati 7 rursusque velit concurrere, victus 2
572. Hoo.est caput, Hoc caput, 6 cives, haec belli summa nefandi.
*empe, wrbs Laurentum
576. Scala apparue-
ratní
Ferte faces properè, foedusque reposcite flammis.
Dixerat: atque animis pariter certantibus omnes
Dant cuneum, densåque ad muros mole feruntur.
575
Scalae improvisó, Subitusque apparuit ignis.
Discurrunt alii ad portas, primosque trucidant:
Ferrum alii torquent, et obumbrant aethera telis.
Ipse inter primos dextram sub moenia tendit
AEneas, magnâque incusat voce Latinum:
580
Testaturque Deos, iterum se ad praelia cogi;
582. Italos jam bis esse Bis jam Italos hostes; haec altera foedera rumpi.
hostes
Exoritur trepidos inter discordia cives:
Urbem alii reserare jubent, et pandere portas
Dardanidis; ipsumque trahunt in moenia regem.
585
*
NOTES.
554. JMemtem : mind—design—purpose.
JMuit: in the sense of immisit. Heyne
takes mentem in the sense of consilium.
558. Acies : in the sense of oculos : some
understand it of the various parts of the ar-
my. Immunem : in the sense of ea pertem. .
563. JWec scuta ; this was according to the
custom of the Roman soldiers, who were
wont to be drawn up in arms before their
general, when he harangued them. Legio :
in the sense of twrma vel acies. Ruacus
sa.'s, eacercitus.
o65. Stathâc. stands here with us—favors
us—is on our side, in this bold undertaking.
This may be said in allusion to (is being the
avenger of violated faith.
568. Fatentur: unless they consent to re-
ceive the reins -nd obey. Accipere franum,
vel traºna is 2 military phrase, denoting un-
conditiona’ submission to the conqueror.—
Rugeus days, volunt. .
569. AEqua : level with the ground. Po-
nun: in the sense of prosternam.
571. Pati nostra praelia: to fight with me.
Ruãºus says, ferre pugnam.
575. Dant cuneum : they form themselves
into the military wedge, which is drawn to
a point in the front, and widens toward the
rear; and in this close body (densa mole)
they rush against the city. Dant: in the
sense of formant vel faciunt. Feruntur: in
the sense of irrunt. Rugeus interprets mote
by multitudine. -
578. Ferrum. Any missive weapon tipped
with iron or steel, may be called ferrum.
579. Tendit: in the sense of protendit.
Sub : in the sense of ad.
582. Hec altera federa. The first treaty
was, when Latinus promised to Ilioneus to
take AEneas for his ally, and son-in-law.
AEn. vii. 259. The second league or treaty
was that which ratified the single combat
between Turnus and Æneas, 195. supra.
585. Trahunt: they draw the king to the
walls, that he may ratify the treaty, and so
put an end to the war.
AENEIS. LIB. XII. - 591
Arma ſerunt alii, et pergunt defendere muros.
Inclusas ut câm latebroso in pumice pastor
Westigavit apes, fumoque implevitamaro:
Illae intus trepidae rerum per cerea castra
Discurrunt, magnisque acuunt stridoribus iras.
588. Implewit locum
590
Wolvitur ater odor tectis; tum murmure caeco
Intus saxa sonant: vacuas it fumus ad auras.
Accidit hac fessis etiam fortuna Latinis,
Quae totam luctu concussit funditiis urbem.
Regina ut tectis venientem prospicit hostem,
Incessi muros, ignes ad tecta volare :
Nusquam acies contrå Rutulas, nulla agmina Turni:
Infelix pugnae juvenem in certamine credit
Extinctum : et, subitó mentem turbata dolore,
595
597. Contră prospicº.
nusquam Rutulas acies
apparere
598. Credit juvenem
Se causam clamat, crimengue, caputºue malorum : 600 Turnum extinctum esse
Multaque per moestum demens effata furorem,
600. Se esse causam
Purpureos moritura manu discindit amictus,
Et nodum informis leti trabe nectit ab altá.
Quam cladem miserae postguam accepère Latinae,
Filia prima manu flavos Lavinia crines,
Et roseas laniata genas; tum caetera circăm
605. Lavinia prima
furit, laniata quoad
605
Turba furit: resonant laté plangoribus aedes.
Hinc totam infelix vulgatur fama per urbem.
Demittunt mentes: it, scissã weste, Latinus,
Conjugis attonitus fatis, urbisque ruiná,
610
Canitiem immundo perfusam pulvere turpans:
Multaque se incusat, quinon acceperit antë
Dardanium AEheam, generumque adsciverit ultrö.
NOTES.
586. Pergunt : in the sense of parant.
587. Pumice. Pumea is properly the
pumice stone: here put for any stone.
588. Vestigavit; hath found—discovered.
589. Castra : their hives. Trepidae rerum:
alarmed for their state—condition. Timentes
swis rebus, says Rugeus. So fessi rerum,
AEn. i. 178.
591. Tectis : this again means the hives.
Odor ; fume— vapor, or smoke. Capco :
smothered—obscure.
593. Fortuna : in the sense of calamitas.
Fessis : afflicted—distressed.
594. Concussit : in the sense of implevit.
595. Tectis. Tectum here is in the sense
of wrbs. Incessi: the inf. of the verb inces-
sor: to be assaulted. Ut: when—as soon as.
599. Turbata : in the sense of commota.
.Mentem is put as a Grecism.
600. Crimen ; the criminal author.
601. Demens ; wanting reason. Of de,
and mens. Affata: in the sense of dicens
“el loquens. Per: through—during.
603. Informis; unnatural—awful. Heyne
says, turpis. The poet here expresses his
aisapprobation of suicide, by calling it in-
Jormis leti. According to the pontifical
books, such persons were deprived of the
appear in this place. •.
rites of burial. JYectit : she binds, or ties
the rope. Modum : in the sense of funem,
says Heyne.
605. Accepère: in the sense of audiverumt.
Quam cladem : in the sense of cujus mortem.
606. Lavinia lamiuta. After the women
had learned the tragic end of her mother,
Lavinia was the first to express her grief.
This she did by tearing her hair, and mang-
ling her rosy cheeks. Servius reads floros,
or floreos, instead of flavos, in imitation of
Ennius. But there is no authority to sup-
port this reading; and there is no necessity
for the alteration; for yellow, or golden hair,
was the color most admired among the an-
cients.
609. Demittunt : their resolution fails—
they despond. Rugeus says, dejiciunt ani-
mos. Davidson renders it, “ their souls
despond.”
610. Fatis: in the sense of morte.
611. Turpans : defiling—tearing.
612. JMulia: in the sense of multim. This
and the following line are introduced from
AEn. xi. 471. In some copies they do not
613. Adscºverit: admitted, or received him
& S tº, son-in-law. - .
592
P VIRGILII MARONIS *
Interea extremo bellator in a quore Turnus
Palantes sequitur paucos, jam segnior, atque
615
Jam minus atque minus successu lastus equorum.
Attulit hunc illi caccis terroribus aura
618. Cºmmixtum ce- Commixtum clamorem, arrectasque impulit aures
cus terroribus
Confusae sonus urbis, et illaetabile murmur.
Hei mihi ! quid tanto turbantur moenia luctu ?
620
Quisve ruit tantus diversá clamor ab urbe 7
Sic ait: adductisque amens subsistit habenis.
Atolue huic, in faciem soror ut conversa Metisci
Aurigae, currumque et equos et lora regebat,
625. Occurrit huic in Talibus occurrit dictis: Hăc, Turne, sequamur
Pºrte, Trojugenas, quá prima viam victoria pandit
Sunt alii, quitecta manu defendere possint.
valibus dictis: hã
O Turne -
625
Ingruit AEneas Italis, et praelia miscet:
Et nos sava manu mittamus funera Teucris.
630. Numero cosorum Nec numero inferior, pugnaº nec honore recedes.
631. Turnus respondet Turnus ad haec:
630
O soror, et dudum agnovi, cum prima per artem
Foedera turbāsti, teque hac in bella dedisti :
634. Fallis me.
Iuis Deorum volui
lemissam
sº Et nunc nequicquam fallis Dea. Sed quis Olympo
° Demissam tantos voluit te ferre labores?
635
An fratris miseri letum ut crudele videres 7
Nam quid ago 7 aut quae jam spondet fortuna salutem 7
638. Ego ipse widi in- Vidi oculos ante ipse meos, me voce vocantem
gentem Murranum op-
petere ante meos oculos,
vocantem me voce, atque
victum
Murranum, quo non superat mihi charior alter,
Oppetere ingentem, atque ingenti vulnere victum.
Occidit infelix, ne nostrum dedecus, Ufens,
640
643. Nostris miseris Aspiceret : Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis.
rebus
EXscindi-ne domos, id rebus defuit unum,
NOTES.
614, JEquore: in the sense of campo.
. 615. Segnior. Rugeus says, tardior.
616. Successu equorum. Servius, and most
interpreters after him, take the meaning to
be : that Turnus was now less pleased with
his horses, because they were out of breath,
and fatigued. But it seems much better to
understand it of his being less pleased with
the easy victory he gained, now that Æneas
was retired, and only a few straggling troops
left in the field. This agrees with the ex-
pressions paucos palantes. Successu equo-
1-um: this last intimates, that the victory he
gained was now so easy, that he had only
tº drive the enemy before his chariot, with-
out meeting with any resistance. Turnus
Inight think the victory not worthy of his
valor, and was therefore less pleased with
it, than if it had more richly rewarded him.
This better accords with the sentiments of
the soldier. This is the opinion of David-
son. He renders the words; “ with the
che p victory of his horses.” Heyne agrees
with Servius. Ruasus observes : he was
less pleased with his horses, because they
had carried him so far from the fight.
617. Aura: in the sense of ventus. Caeces
unknown—uncertain. Ruteus says, incertis.
619. Illa.tabile: mournful—unjoyous. Of
in, neg, and lastabilis.
621. Diversä : in the sense of ab diversa
parte wrbis. Ruteus says, dissita.
625. Occurrit : in the sense of respondei.
627. Tecta : in the sense of urbem.
629. JMittamws: in the sense of demus.
Funera sava : in the sense of crudelem mor-
tem, says Ruteus. “Let us spread cruel
death among the Trojans.” Valpy.
630. JNumero: in the number of the slain.
Turnus should equal AEneas in the number
of his slain, and in the glory of the fight.
632. Agnovi : the pron. te is understood.
633, Turbásti: in the sense of rupisti.
634. Fallis : Heyne says, vis latere.
638. JMurranwm. He was one of the Ita-
lian princes, and slain by Æneas, verse 529.
supra. Ingentem : mighty—powerful.
641. Ufens. He commanded the Agricolae.
See AEn. vii. 745. *
643. Unum : in the sense of solum. The
only thing wanting to our complete wrotch-
edness and misery.
ÆNEIS.
ſ,[B. xi. 593
Perpetiar dextránec Drancis dicta refellam :
Terga dabo 7 et Turnum fugientem haec terra videbit '
Usque adečne mori miserum est ? vos Ó mihi Manes
Este boni; quoniam Superis aversa voluntas.
Sancta ad vos anima, atque istius inscia culpas,
644
646. Est-ne usque
aded
647. Voluntas Supo.
ris est aversa mahi
Descendam, magnorum haud unquam indignus avorum.
Wix ea fatus erat: medios volat, ecce, per hostes 650
Vectus equo spumante Sages; adversa sagittà
Saucius ora ruitgue, implorans nomine Turnum :
Turne, in te suprema salus; miserere tuorum.
Fulminat AEneas armis, summasque minatur
Dejecturum arces Italàm, excidioque daturum :
Jamgue faces ad tecta volant. In te ora Latini,
652. Saucius quoad
adversa ora
653. Mostra suprema
salus est
655. Daturum eas ar-
C68
655
In te oculos referunt. mussat rex ipse Latinus,
Quos generos vocet, aut quae Sese ad foedera flectat.
Praeterea regina, tui fidissima, dextrá
Occidit ipsa suá, lucemdue exterrita fugit.
Soli pro portis Messapus et acer Atinas
660
Sustentant aciem Circum hos utrinque phalanges
Stant densæ, strictisque seges mucronibus horret
Ferrea : tu currum deserto in gramine versas.
Obstupuit variä confusus imagine rerum
AEstuatingens
Turnus, et obtutu tacito stetit.
663. E strictis mucro-
nibus
665
Imo in corde pudor, mixtoque insania luctu,
Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus.
Ut primúm discussae umbrae, et lux reddita menti,
Ardentes oculorum acies ad moenia torsit
669. Sunt discusse
670
Turbidus, éque rotis magnam respexit ad urbem.
Ecce autem, flammis inter tabulata volutus
NOTES.
644. Dicta Drancis.
et sequens.
646. Est-ne wsque aded : is it indeed so
grievous a thing to die?
647. Superis: in the sense of Superorum.
Boni: propitious—kind. Turnus now plain-
ly sees, that the gods above are against
him, and that he must fall beneath the
sword of Æneas. He addresses himself to
the gods below, (JManes,) not so much with
a view to obtain their assistanco against
the purposes of Jove, as they might give
his shade, his sancta anima, a welcome re-
ception; since it would descend to them
covered with glory, free from any imputa-
tion of cowardice or fault, and no way de-
generate from his illustrious ancestors.
648. Inscia istius culpte: free from the
fault or crime of deserting his friends in
their distress, and difficulty. This he will
not do, though he knows that it must ter-
minate in his death. Sancta : pure—un-
polluted. -
652. Ora: in the sense of vultum. He
was wounded full in the face—right in front.
Implorans: in the sense of vocans.
655. Dejecturum; would rase.
See AEn. xi. 336,
657. Mussat. This word strongly marks
3
k
Referunt : turn—cast.
the state of Latinus’ mind. On the one
hand, he was inclined to match his daughter
with Æneas, and fulfil his engagements:
on the other, he was overawed by Turnus,
and durst not openly declare his sentiments;
but faintly hinted them, like one who mut-
ters what he is afraid to speak out. Ruteus
says, dubitat. Heyne says, tacitè deliberat.
The verb is to be
repeated before each objective case.
659. Twi : in the sense of tihi.
662. Acicm : in the sense of pugnan.
Phalanges: the troops in general.
664. Deserto gramine : in the sense of ex-
tremo campo. See 614, supra.
665. Rerum: of distress—affliction. Im-
agine: form—image.
667. Ingens pudor: this, and the follow
ing line are repeated from Æn. x. 870.
668. Insania ; distraction. Ruteus says,
amentia. Furiis. Heyne conjectures refer-
ence is had to the nuptials of Lavinia, of
which he now began to despair.
670. Acies oculorum: the sight of his eyes;
simply, his eyes. Heyne reads, orbes.
671. Rotis: in the sense of curru.
672. Vorter flammis: a whirling volume
of flame rolled, &c. The prep. e is under
9 -
594
P VIRGILII MARONis
Ad coelum undabat vortex, turrimque tenebat;
Turrim, compactis trabibus quam eduxerat ipse,
Subdideratºue rotas, pontesque instraverat altos.
675
Jam jam fata, soror, superant; absiste morari.
Quð Deus, et quð dura vocat fortuna, sequamur.
678, stat mihi pati Stat conferre manum AEnea ; stat, quicquid acerbi est
quicquid acerbi est in Morte pati; nec me indecorem, germana | widebis
In Orte
680. Ante mortem
Amplius. Hunc, oro, sine me furere antë furorem.
Dixit : et é curru saltun dedit ocyūs arvis:
681
Perque hostes, per tela ruit; moestamgue sororem
Deserit; ac rapido cursu media agmina rumpit.
684. Velut cum saxum
uit praeceps de vertice
Ac, veluti montis saxum de vertice praeceps
Cüm ruit avulsum vento, seu turbidus imber
685
§§. s.j. ii., Proluit, aut annis solvit sublapsa vetustas;
Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actu,
Exsultatoue solo, sylvas, armenta, virosque
ſnvolvens secum :
Sic urbis ruit ad muros, ubi plurima fuso
disjecta per agnmina Turnus
690
Sanguine terra madet, stridentòue hastilibus aurae :
Significatgue manu, et magno simul incipit ore :
694. Fortuna hujus
pugnac est mea : est ve-
ritis
feedus
Parcite jam, Rutuli; et vos, tela inhibite, Latini;
Quacunque est, fortuna mea est; me veritis unum
Pro vobis foedus luere, et decernere ferro.
695. Luere violatum Discessère omnes medii, spatiumque dedēre.
- At pater Æneas, audito nomine Turni,
695
79, "tus quantus Deserit et muros, et summas deserit arces;
est Athos, aut quantus
est Eryx, aut quantus est
Praecipitataue moras omnes: opera omnia rumpit,
pater "Apenninus ipse, Lætitiã exsultans, horrendümque intonat armis: , 700
cúm fremit
Quantus Athos, aut quantus Eryx, aut ipse coruscis
NOTES.
stood to govern flammis. Tabulata ; the
stages or stories of the tower.
674. Turrim, quam ipse : the tower which
he himself had raised, &c. Edwarerat : in
the sense of struaterat.
675. Subdideral : had placed under it
wheels. *
Towers were built of wood, and commonly
several stories (tabulata) high. They were
for the purpose of defence, or assault; and
were so constructed that they could be
moved by means of wheels or rollers, placed
under them, to the place where they were
required. Sometimes several of them were
connected by means of bridges (pontes) at
the tops, made of planks and timber. By
these bridges the men could pass from one
to another, whenever it became necessary.
678. Stat ; the imp. of sto. I am resolved
—it is fixed. Rugeus says, deliberatum est.
680. Furere hunc : in the sense of indul-
gere huie furori. The construction is ac-
cording to a Greek idiom. Permit me, O,
sister: to rage in this manner—to indulge
this passion. Ante ; this refers to his death,
or his engagement with Æneas, in which he
was persuaded he should be slaim : ante
mortem, vel antiquam moriar.
681. Arvis : in the sense of terrae.
685. Turbidus imber: a violent heavy rain
686. Prolvit : washed away—undermined
it. Vetustas: in the sense of tempus. Sub-
lapsa : having passed away. Ruteus says,
labente. Solvit : torn it away—broken it
loose.
687. JMons {. improbus : the massy
rock is carried violent, &c. JMons here evi-
dently means the same as saicum, just be-
fore mentioned. In abruptum : down the
sides of the mountain. Improbus implies
that the rock rushed down with an irresis-
tible force. Actu : in the sense of impetu.
689. Involvens: in the sense of rapiens.
Disjecta : scattered—fleeing before him.
690. Plurima: in the sense of plurim) m.
This implies that Turmus rushed into the
hottest of the battle—where the earth w
wet the most with blood. -
692. Ore : in the sense of voce.
693. Parcite: cease, or spare your arms.
694. Periès i in the sense of aequus.
Pro vobis : in your room, and stead.
698. Deserit; in the sense of relinquil.
699. Rumpit : in the sense of abrumpit.
700. Wntonat: in the sense of somat.
701. Athos : a mountain in Macedonvu.
AENEIS. LIB. XII.
595
Cùm fremit ilicibus quantus, gaudetºue nival
Vertice, se attollens pater Apenninus ad auras.
Jam veró et Rutuli certatim, et Troés, et omnes
Convertère oculos Itali; quigue alta tenebant
705
Moenia, quique imos pulsabantariete muros;
Armaque deposuère humeris. Stupet pse Latinus,
Ingentes genitos diversis partibus orbis
hter se coiisse viros, et cernere ferro.
Atque illi, ut vacuo patuerunt aequore campi,
708. Duos ingentes
viros genitos in
710 710. Ut primum
Procursu rapido, conjectiseminus hastis,
Invadunt Martem clypeis atque aere sonoro.
Dat gemitum tellus: tum crebros ensibus ictus
Congeminant: fors et virtus miscentur in unum.
Ac velut, ingenti Silä, summove Taburno,
Cüm duo conversis inimica in praelia tauri
715
Frontibus incurrunt; pavidi cessère magistri;
Stat pecus omne metu mutum; mussantdue juvencap,
Quis pecori imperitet; quem tota armenta sequantur:
Illi inter sese multà vi vulnera miscent,
Cornuaque obnixi infigunt, et sanguine largo
Colla armosque lavant: gemitu nemus omne remugit.
719. Quis taurus
720
721. Cornua inter se
invvcem
Haud aliter Tros Áºneas et Daunius heros
Concurrunt clypeis: ingens fragor aethera complet.
Jupiter ipse duas aequato examine lances
725
Sustinet, et fata imponit diversa duorum ;
Quem damnet labor, et quo vergat pondere letum.
NOTES.
projecting into the Ægean sea. It is said
to be sixty miles in length, and so high that
it overshadows the island of Lemnos. Ho-
die, JMonte Santo. It is so called from the
number of monasteries upon it. Erya: ; a
mountain in Sicily, next in height to Ætna,
so called from a king of that name who was
slain by Hercules. It is situated near the
western side of the island. Hodie, JMonte
Giuliano.
703. Pater Apenninus : mount Apennine
is here called pater, either as being the pa-
rent of so many noble rivers and woods;
or by way of dignity, as being the greatest
mountain in Italy. The Apennines are pro-
perly a range of mountains running the
, whole length of Italy, and dividing it nearly
In the middle. - -
704. Certatin: eagerly.
708. Ingentes viros : that two mighty he-
roes born in, &c.
709. Coisse: in the sense of congredi.
Cernere: in the sense of pugnare, vel decer-
merc. . -
710. Carnpi; the ground—the space clear-
ed for the combatants.
712. Invadwnt JMartem : in the sense of
incipiunt pugnam.
714. Congerninant : they repeat—redou-
ble. In unum: into one—together.
715. Sila: a vast forest, or tract of hills,
sove' d with wood, that formed part of the
Apennine mountains in Calabria. Taburno:
this was a mountain in the confines of Cam-
pania, which blocks up the famous straits of
Caudi or Caudium. Here the Roman army
was obliged to surrender to the Samnites,
and to pass under the yoke.
717. JMagistri: in the sense of pastores.
Cessère : in the sense of fugerunt.
718. Mussant : Heyne says, tacitè expec-
tant. Ruapus says, timide, et quasi tacité
mugiumt.
721. Largo : in the sense of multo.
722. Lavant : Ruteus says, tingunt.
723. Daunius heros : Turnus. He was
the son of Dawnws and Venilia.
725. AEquato eacamine : equal poise or
balance. Examer, is the tongue, or needle
of the balance, which, being exactly in equi-
librio, shows the scales to be equal.
727. Quem labor damnet: whom the com-
bat should devote or doom to death. The
fates, or destiny, were not at the disposal of
Jove. He could only examine into futurity.
He puts (imponit) the fates of the combat-
ants into the scales of the balance, to see
which end of the beam would rise. Servius,
and somé others, take the words in the sense
of quem felic labor damnet votis ; whom the
combat shall Coom to pay his vows—whe
shall be the successful combatant. But it
is easier to consider the expression as refer.
ring to one and the same person: whom the
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
5' 16
§
Emicat hic, impuné putans, et corpore toto
729. Putans futurum Alté sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem,
impunè sibi, Turnus hic Et ſerit
emicat e
Exclamant Troés, trepidique Latini,
Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis
730
Frangitur, in mediogue ardentem deserit ictu,
Nifuga subsidio subeat.
Fugit ocyor Euro,
Ut capulum ignotum, dextramgue adspexit inermem.
735. Fama est, eum Fama est, praecipitem, cum prima in praelia junctos 735
praecipitem, cum con-
scendebat equos junctos
in prima praelia, dum tre-
pidat, rapuisse
Conscendebat equos, patrio mucrone relicto,
Dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisci:
dque diu, dum terga dabant palantia Teucri,
Suffecit: postguam arma Dei ad Vulcania ventum est,
Mortalis mucro, glacies ceu futilis, ictu
'740
Dissiluit: fulvă resplendent fragmina arenå.
Ergö amens diversa fugā petit asquora Turnus,
Et nunc huc, inde huc, incertos implicat orbes.
Undique enim densá Teucri inclusére coroná :
Atque hinc vasta palus, hinc ardua moenia cingunt. 745
746. ACneas insequi-
tur, quanquam genua Interdum
tardata Sagittà
748. Pedem trepidi
Turni
Venator nactus
Nec minus AEneas, quanquam tardata sagittà
genua impediunt, cursumque recusant,
Insequitur : trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget.
Inclusum veluti si quando flumine nactus
749. Si quando canis Cervum, aut puniceae septum formidine pennae,
Venator cursu canis et latratibus instat :
750
Ille autem, insidiis et ripá territus altá,
Mille fugit refugitaue vias: at vividus Umber
NOTES.
combat shall devote to ruin, as above. This
is the opinion of Valpy. Davidson renders
the words, “ whom the toilsome combat
destines to victory.” Labor : in the sense
of pugna, says Heyne. The poet here imi-
tates Homer, who makes Jove, in like man-
ner, weigh the fates of Hector and Achilles.
Quo pondere: in which scale. Death was
tº fall to the party, whose scale sunk or fell.
Ruasus says, mors inclinat.
729. Alte : this is to be taken with subla-
£1.7m. *.
730. Ferit : AEnean is understood. Tre-
pidi : trembling—in anxious fear. Consur-
gi: ; in the sense of insurgit. .
731. Arrectoº : in the sense of suspensae.
The verb sunt is understood.
732, Deserit : leaves him ardent for the
fight, at the mercy of his antagonist. These
last, or words of the like import, are neces-
sary to make the sense complete. When
he mounted his chariot, it was his intention
to take his trusty, heavenly tempered sword
—that sword made by Vulcan for his father;
but in his haste and perturbation, he took
the sword of Metiscus, his charioteer; which
here deceived him. It is therefore, called
perfidus ensis.
733. Nº fuga: had not flight come to his
aid—had he not instantly fed, he would
nava ſallen under the arm of Æneas, being
left in that defenceless state.
734. Capulum : the hilt only remained in
his hand. He now discovered the fatal mis-
take. Ut: when—as soon as. -
737. Trepidat: in the sense of properat.
739. Suffecit: in the sense of satis fuit.
Pulcania arma Dei : in the sense of arma
Dei Vulcani, vel Divina arma Vulcani.
Those arms which Vulcan made for Æneas.
This construction is imitated from the
Greeks. :
740. JMorialis mucro ; a sworo made by
men—a mortal sword. Futilis: in the sense
of fragilis.
741. Dissiluit: in the sense of fractus est.
742. Diversa ſequora : different parts of
the plain. Amens ; alarmed. Of a priv.
and mens. . -
743. Implicat: in the sense of facit vel
format. He wheels around in his flight,
forming irregular figures, or circles.
744. Coroná densa : in close ranks—in a
close compact body.
746. Sagitta: the arrow by which he was
wounded in the beginning of the action.
Heyne says, vulnere.
748. Fervidus : in the sense of ardens.
749. Flumine: some copies have in flu-
mine. Heyne omits the in. This is the read-
ing of the Roman MS. Inclusum: enclosed,
or confined by a river.
750. Formidine. The formido, as Dr.
Trapp observes, was a rope stuck thick with
AFNEIS. LIB. XII
597
Haeret hians, jam jamgue tenet, similisque tenenti
Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est.
754. Hians haeret illi,
755 jam jamgue tenet eum
Tum verö exoritur clamor : ripaque lacusque
Responsant circă, et coelum tonat omne tumultu.
Ille simul fugiens, Rutulos simul increpat omnes,
Nomine quemgue vocans; notumdue efflagitat ensem.
Aºneas mortem contrå, praesensgue minatur
Exitium, si quisquam adeat: terretoue trementes,
Fxcisurum urbem minitans, et saucius instat.
Quinque orbes explent cursu, totidemque retexunt
758. Ille Turnus si-
mul est fugiens
760
761. Adeat Turnum:
terretaue eos trementes,
minitans se excisurum
Huc, illuc : nec enim levia aut ludicra petuntur
Praemia; sed Turni de vità et sanguine certant.
'765
Forté sacer Fauno foliis oleaster amaris
Hic steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum ;
Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant
Laurenti Divo, et votas suspendere westes:
Sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum
768. Jbi illi servati
ex undis • *s.
770
Sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere campo.
Hic hasta AEnea stabat: huc impetus illam
Detulerat, fixam et lentå in radice tenebat.
772. Impetus ejus dea:
tra
Incubuit, voluitdue manu convellere ferrum,
Dardanides; teloque sequi, quem prendere cursu
Tum verö amens formidine Turnus,
Non poterat.
775. Sequique Tur
num telo, quem
775
Faune, precor, miserere, inquit: tuque optima ferrum
Terra tene: colui vestros si semper honores,
Quos contrà AEneadae bello fecere profanos.
Dixit : opemdue Dei non cassa in vota vocavit.
780
NOTES.
red or crimson feathers to enclose, and
frighten the deer, or other animals. See
Geor. iii. 371.
753. Umber: a dog of Umbria, in the
north of Italy. Canis is understood. Vivi-
dus : quick scented.
755. Increpuit: Rugeus says, inson wit.—
He shuts his jaws, as if in the act of seizing
him. *
761. Si quis adeat. Virgil here outrages
the character of his hero. It is true he has
the example of Homer for it. But it is to
be remembered the two poets lived in very
different states of society. Turnus is forced
to the contest with unequal weapons. Of
his sword he is deprived, and left without
arms. In this situation, he is pursued by
AEneas, who threatens to put the person to
death, who shall give him his sword, that he
may be in a condition to defend himself,
and be on more equal terms with his adver-
sary. This is a course of conduct, which
no age or nation, however barbarous, can
justify. Much less is it becoming in the sol-
dier, and the hero. The putting to death
of unarmed and defenceless persons may be
practised, but cannot be justified. Valpy.
763. Retezunt totidem; they retrace, or
form back again, as many more. The mean-
ing is, that Turnus went five times around
the field of combat, pursued by Æneas —
Earplent: in the sense of conficiunt. Reter
wnt: RuBeus says, relegumt.
764. Enim: in the sense of equidem. Lu
dicra : trifling—of no value.
766. Oleaster. The wild olive was fre-
quently planted before temples, that the
consecrated offerings might be suspended
upon its boughs. It was a very durable tree,
and not apt to receive any injury, though
ever so many nails were driven into its
wood. Its leaves were bitter.
767. Lignum: in the sense of arbor. Pe-
merabile : in the sense of venerandum.
769. Votas: in the sense of devotas.
770. JWullo discrimine: with no regard to
its sacredness. JNullo respectu habito, says
Heyne.
771. Puro ; in the sense of aperto, vel
vacuo. Sustulerant: in the sense of abscin-
derant. -
773. Lenta radice: in the tough root. It
stuck fast in the root, so that it could not be
drawn out. ---
775. Dardanides : Aeneas. A patronymic
from Dardanus. I it : RuBeus says,
insistit. -
776. Amens : Ruteus says, eacanimatus.
778. Colui : I have regarded, or held sa,
cred. -
780. Cassa : in the sense of wrºutilia.
598
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Namgue diu luctans, lentoque in stirpe inoratus’
Viribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsus
Roboris AEneas.
784. Rursīs Daunia Rursus in aurigae faciem mutata Metisci
Dea mutata in faciem Procurrit, fratrique ensem Dea Daunia reddit.
Dum nititur acer et instat,
788
Quod Venus audaci Nymphae indignata licere;
Accessit, telumque altà ab radice revellit.
Olli sublimes, armis, animisque refecti,
Hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hastā,
Adsistunt contra certamine Martis anheli.
790
Junonem intereà rex omnipotentis Olympi
Alloquitur, fulvă pugnas de nube tuentem.
Quae jam finis erit, conjux 7 quid denique restat 7
794. Tu ipsa scis,
fateris te scire
indigetem deberi
* Indigetem AEneam scis ipsa, et scire fateris,
* Deberi coelo, ſatisque ad sidera tolli. -
Quid struis? aut quá spe gelidis in nubibus haeres 7
'795
Mortalin’ decuit violari vulnere Divum ?
& Aut ensem (quid enim siné te Juturna valeret')
799. Decuit-ne eum Ereptum reddi Turno, et vim crescere victis'
Divum violari
Desine jam tandem, precibusque inflectere nostris: 800
Nec te tantus edat tacitam dolor; et mihi curae
Saepe tuo dulci tristes ex ore recursent.
Ventum ad supremum est.
Trojanos potuisti; infandum accendere bellum,
306. Veto me tentare Deformare domum, et luctu miscere hymenaeos:
Ulteriès tentare veto.
805. Domum Latin,
quicquam
Terris agitare vel undis
805
Sic Jupiter orsus
NOTES.
782. Discludere morsus roboris : to loosen,
or separate the hold of the wood. The
poet here represents the root of the tree
(stirpe) as a fierce dog, or wild beast, whose
tusks take so fast hold of the prey, that
there is no disengaging them. Lento: in
the sense of tenace. Discludere: in the sense
of solvere.
783. Acer : in the sense of ardens. AEneas
is to be supplied.
785. Daunia Dea : Juturna, the sister of
Turnus, and daughter of Daunus: hence
the adj. Dawnia. See 139, supra, et seq.
786. Quod: in the sense of hoc. It is
governed by indignata : indignant—angry.
788. Refecti : in the sense of reparati vel
animati.
789. Ardwus: in the sense of 'elatus.
790. Contrà i against each other—face
each other. Anheli: Ruteus refers it to
Turnus and Æneas. Heyne connects it
with JMartis; and it is a very appropriate
epithet of a fight, like the present. The
sense is the same in either construction.
794. Indigetem. Indigesis, properly, a dei-
fied hero—a demi-god. Such an one was
JEneas after his death.
796. Haeres: in the sense of manes.
797. Divum : this is said by anticipation.
AEneas was not #. a god. Or divum may
be in the sense of divinum; and then it will
refer to the origin of Æneas; who, on the
side of his mother, was of divine descent.
Valpy says, “destined to divinity.”
798. Paleret: in the sense of posset facere.
799. Ereptum. This alludes to his trusty
sword, which he forgot to take with him
when he mounted his chariot at the begin-
ning of the fight. It was taken, or snatched
from him, by his forgetfulness.
800. Inflectere: in the sense of movere.
Edat: consume—waste away. Ruteus says,
angat. Et. The et here connects, and con-
tinues the preceding negative. The nec is
to be repeated after the et; or the et is to
be taken in the sense of nec. This last is
the opinion of Walpy. Heyne observes, the
mec is to be repeated. Negativa mec repe-
tenda est, says he. Curae : troubles. Solici
tudines, says Ruteus. . º
804. Accendere bellum: to kindle horrid
war. See AFn. vii. 323; where Juno raises
Alecto from the infernal regions, who broke
the league which Latinus had made with
HEneas, and kindled the war.
805. Deformare: to afflict—trouble—dis-
grace. Davidson says, “dishonor.” Heyne
thinks reference is here made to the death
of Amata, who hung herself. Disgrace and
ignominy always attend suicide. Hymenteos.
the match of Lavinia and Æneas. JMiscere
in the sense of turbare.’ - *.
806. Orsus: in the sense of locutus est,
Of the verb ordior. r
AENEIS. LIB, XII.
599
V
Sic Dea submisso contrà Saturnia vultu :
Ista quidem quia nota mihi tua, magne, voluntas,
Jupiter, et Turnum et terras invita reliqui.
Nec tu me aériá solam nunc sede videres
808. O magne Jupi-
ter, quia quidem ists
810 tua voluntas est nota
Digna indigna pati; sed flammis cincta sub insá
Starem acie, traheremdue inimica in praelia Teucros.
Juturnam misero, ſateor, succurrere fratri *-
Suasi, et pro vitā majora audere probavi :
Non uttela tamen, non ut contenderet
Adjuro Stygii caput implacabile fontis,
Una superstitio superis quae reddita Divis.
Et nunc cedo equidem, pugnasque exosa relinquo.
Illud te, nullā fati quod lege tenetur,
Pro Latio obtestor, pro majestate tuorum :
Cüm jam connubiis pacem felicibus, esto,
815. Tamen non sum-
si, nec probavi ut jaceret
tela, non suasi, nec pro-
bavi ut
al’CUIII] . . 815
820. Obtestor te con-
cedere illud pro
820
Component; clim jam leges et foedera jungent:
Ne vetus indigenas nomen mutare Latinos,
Neu Troas fieri jubeas, Teucrosque vocari;
Aut vocem mutare viros, aut vertere westes.
Sit Latium ; sint Albani per sacula reges:
823. Ne jubeas Lati-
mos indigenas mutare
825. Sit Latium in
atternºm
825
Sit Romana potens Italà virtute propago:
Occidit, occideritaue, sinas cum nomine Troja.
Olli subridens hominum rerumque repertor:
Et germana Jovis, Saturnique altera proles,
Irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctus 7
828. Troja occidit, tu
que sinas ut
830. Ait : tu, et ger-
IIlêl/18,
830
Verüm age, et inceptum frustrà submitte furorem :
NOTES.
807. Submisso : in the sense of tristi.
The verb respondit, or some other of the like
import, is understood.
810. JNſec tu nunc : some words appear
necessary here to make the sense complete :
otherwise, you would not, &c. If I had not
known it to be your will, you would not
now see, &c. Aérió sede : in the aerial re-
gions. Reference is here had to verse 792,
where Juno is represented as viewing. the
field of battle, seated on a cloud.
811. Pali digna indigna : to bear things,
becoming and unbecoming. This is a pro-
verbial expression, the import of which is,
‘to bear every thing, even the greatest in-
sults and indignities.”
812. Inimica. Ruteus says, adversa.
816. Stygii fontis: Styx, a fabulous river
of hell. The gods were wont to swear by
it; and if they swore falsely, they were
doomed to lose their divinity for a length of
time. Hence it is called implacabilis; in-
exorable. Fontis: in the sense of fluvii.
Caput ; the head, or source ; put for the
whole stream, by synec. Adjuro caput
Stygii : simply for, juro per Stygem, says
Heyne. T
817. Una superstitio : the fear, or dread.
Servius says, the sole, or only obligation.
Heyne takes superstitio for religio, et metus
er ea ortus. Reddita. Servius takes this
in the sense of data vel facta. Others take
it to imply, imposed or retaliated upon the
gods above, by the infernal gods: as if this
fear, or dread of swearing by Styx, made
the gods above subject, in their turn, to the
gods below, as much as these latter are to
the former.
819. Tenetur : withheld—prohibited.
820. Tuorum. The Latin kings derived
their descent from Saturn, the brother of
Jove.
822. Component : in the sense of consti-
twent. - ..?
823. Indigenas: natives—those born in
the country.
825. Vocem: language. The meaning is:
do not order the men to change their lan-
guage, or their dress.
827. Romana propago sit: let the Roman
offspring be powerful, by Italian valor: i. e.
let all the future glory and grandeur of the
Romans be grafted on the valor of the
Latins. Propago : in the sense of proles.
829. Repertor : in the sense of awctor vel
pater.
830. Et germana Jovis; Rugeus and som
others read es, in the place of et. Heyne
reads et.
831. Wolvis : why dost thou roll such
mighty, &c.
§32. Submitte: restrain—curb.
&
600
MARONIS
P. VIRGILII
833. Victusque tuis Do, quod vis; et me, victusque volensque, remitto.
precibus
populi
Sermonem Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt:
835. Corpore Latini Utdue est, nomen erit: commixti corpore tantúm
Subsident Teucri :
835
morem ritusque sacrorum
Adjician : faciamdue omnes uno ore Latinos.
838. Widebis genus Hinc genus, Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget,
ortum hinc
Supra homines, supra ire Deos pietate widebis.
Nec gens ulla tuos aequé celebrabit honores.
840
Annuit his Juno, et mentem laetata retorsit
Interea excedit coelo, nubemdue reliquit.
843. Genitor Deorum
ipse
minae
His actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat:
Juturnamgue parat fratris dimittere ab armis
845. Dicuntur esse ge- Dicuntur geminae pestes, cognomine Dirae;
Quas, et Tartaream Nox intempesta Megaeram,
84b
Uno eodemgue tulit partu ; parinusque revinxit
Serpentum spiris, ventosasque addidit alas.
Hae Jovis ad solium, saevigue in limine regis
Apparent, acuuntdue metum mortalibus a gris;
850
851. Morbusque ho-Si quando letum horrificum morbosque Deûm rex
minibus
Molitur, meritas aut bello territat urbes.
Harum unam celerem demisit ab athere summo
Jupiter, inque omen Juturnaº occurrere jussit.
Illa volat, celerigue ad terram turbine fertur,
855
Non sectis, ac nervo per nubem impulsa Sagitta ;
Armatam saevi Parthus quam felle veneni,
NOTES.
833. Rcmitto me: I surrender myself—I
give myself up to your entreaties and your
tea.TS.
834. Sermonem: in the sense of linguam.
836. Sebsident : shall settle in Latium.
Valpy says, “shall take the lower places.”
Heyne says, infimum locum occupent. JMo-
rem ritusque: in the sense of modos ceremo-
niasque religionis. This alludes to the in-
troduction of the worship of the Penates
and of Vesta into Italy, by Æneas. Heyne
takes sacrorum in the sense of religionis.
837. Uno ore : of one language. The
prep. 3 is understood. I will cause both
nations to be incorporated under the gene-
ral name of Latins, and to use one and the
same language.
839. Ire supra Deos. This is a most ex-
travagant compliment to the Caesars, from
tne mouth of Jove. Rugeus says, superare
Deos, in which Heyne agrees.
says, “exalted above gods.”
840. JNec wila gens.
honored among the Romans, particularly
by the women. A magnificent temple was
built to her upon mount Aventinus, in which
Scipio deposited her statue that he brought
from Carthage. -
841. Retorsit:
Heyne says, inflexit vel mutavit.
845. Dirae. The furies were three in
number, Tisiphone, JMegatra, and Aleclo.
Two of them stand before the throne of
Jove, to be the ministers of his vengeance
Davidson
Juno was highly
in the sense of convertit.”
upon guilty men. Cognomune : in the sense
of nomine. .
846. JNoa intempesta : dead, inactive night,
unseasonable for business, and when there
is nothing stirring. Ruasus says, profunda
7203.
848. Ventosas alas: wings of the wind—
swift as the wind. -
849. Saevi regis. Saevus is not the habitual
character of Jove. It is only what he as-
sumes, at times. The meaning is: when he
is in wrath. -
50. Apparent : they appear. They give
their attendance, as the ministers of his
will. Acwunt : in the sense of eaccitant.
JEgris. Ruãºus says, miseris.
852. JMeritas : deserving, or meriting
punishment—guilty. JMolitur: in the sense
of parat.
854. In omen: for an omen, or portentous
sign. Quasi portentum, says Rugeus.
856. Impulsa : in the sense of missa. Est
is understood. JNon sects ac: no otherwise
than—just so as–just as. r
857. Felle savi veneni : with the essence
of strong poison. Valpy says, “ with bitter
poison.” Davidson renders the words,
“with the quintessence of malignant poi.
son.” Armatam : imbued—impregnated
—tinged. It was usual with barbarous
nations to dip the point of their arrows, and
other missive weapons, into poison, in order
to render their wounds incurable. The
Parthians were celebrated archers, The
AENEIS. LIB XII
601
Parthus sive Cydon, telum immedicabile torsit;
Stridens, et celeres incognita transilit umbras.
Talis se sata Nocte tulit, terrasque petivit.
Postguam acies videt Iliacas, atque agmina Turni,
Alitis in parvae subitó collecta figuram,
Quae quondam in bustis, aut culminibus desertis
858. Parthus, whquam.
sive Cydon iorsit tan-
360 quam immedicabile te
lumn; illa stridens
862. Illa coll ºcta es:
II]
Nocte sedens, serüm canit importuna per umbras:
Hanc versa in faciem, Turni se pestis ad ora
Fertolue refertque sonans, clypeumque everberat alis.
865 865. Dira pestis versa
IIl
Illi membra novus solvit formidine torpor:
Arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus hæsit.
868. Comae sunt
At, proculut Dirae stridorem agnovit et alas,
Infelix crines scindit Juturna solutos,
Unguibus ora soror foedans, et pectora
Quid nunc tetua, Turne, potest germana juvare'ſ
870. Ut Juturna infe-
lix soror Turni procul
agnovit
870
pugnis.
Aut quid jam miserae superat mihi ? quá tibi lucem
Arte morer 7 talin' possum me opponere monstro !
Jam jam linquo acies.
Magnanimi Jovis.
Ne me terrete timentem,
Obscoenae volucres: alarum verbera nosco,
Letalem.gue Sonum : nec fallunt jussa superba
Haec pro virginitate reponitº
Quð vitam dedit aeternam 2 cur mortis adempta est
Conditio 7 Possem tantos finire dolores
875
876. O vos, obscoenae
volucres
878. Reponit-me hac
mihi pro virginitate
380 ereptă
Nunc certé, et misero fratri comes ire per umbras'
Immortalis ego | Aut quicquam mihi dulce meorum
Te sine, frater, erit: O quae satis alta dehiscat
883. Quicquam meo-
rum bonorum erit dulce
NOTES.
word Parthus, by the repetition of it, is
made efnphatic.
858. Immedicabile: inflicting an incurable
wound. Cydon: an inhabitant of tho city
Cydon, or Cydonia, in Crete, founded by a
colony from Samos. Hodie, Canea. The
Cretans were celebrated archers.
859. Transilit : in the sense of trans-
currit. .
860. Sata: in the sense of nata vel filia.
862. Parvae alitis: of a small bird: small
in comparison with the size of the goddess.
Subitó. This is the common reading.—
Heyne has subitam. Collecta: in the sense
of contracta.
863. Bustis : in the sense of sepulcris.
864. Importuna : in the sense of infausta.
The bird here meant is the owl, which is
the only fowl that sings in the night. Se-
rüm : late—in reference to the time of her
singing. .
866. Pestis fertque : the fury flies forward
and backwards before the face of Turnus,
screaming horribly, Fertque refertque se :
she advances and retreats.
867. JWowws : unusual—new.
the sense of debilitat.
869. Stridorem et alas: in the sense of
stridorem alarum : the noise, or whizzing of
her wings. - .
871. Foedans; tearing her face, &c.
872. Quid : RuBeus says, quomodo.
Solvit : in
874. JMorer: can l prolong. Lucem : In
the sense of vitam.
75. Jam, jam, &c. This is in imitation
of Homer, who makes Apollo quit the field
just before Hector is slain by Achilles.—
.4cies: the fight—the field of battle.
876. Obscoenae : inauspicious—of ill omen.
Verbera : the strokes—flapping of your
wings.
878. Haec reponit. Jove had an alnour
with Juturma; and as a reward for her vio-
lated virginity, he conferred upon her im-
mortality. See verse 141, supra. Reponit.
in the sense of reddit vel dat. Superba : in
the sense of sava vel dura.
879. Adempta est: taken away from me.
Quà: why—for what purpose. Some copies
have cur.
880. Possem: I wish I could—O ! that I
could end, &c.
881. Certé : at least—surely.
882. Immortalis: This is the reading of
Heyne. Valpy and Ruteus read mortalis.
This will make a difference in the sense. It
will strip the words of any expression of
strong passion on the part of Juturna. It
implies that if she were mortal, she would
accompany her brother to the shades below.
.Aut: Valpy and Ruteus read haud. Heyne
reads aut, with an interrogation. Ruasas
and Valpy read without any.
883. Satºs alta ; sufficiently deep.
602
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
Terra mihi, Manesque Deam demittat ad imos'
885. Des effata tan-Tantum effata, caput glauco contexit amictu,
Multº gemens, et se fluvio Dea condidit alto.
*Allº
885
AEneas instat contra, telumque coruscat
Ingens, arboreum, et savo sic pectore fatur:
Quae nunc deinde mora est? aut quid jam, Turne, re-
tractas?
Non cursu, sacvis certandum est cominūs armis.
890
Verte omnes tete in facies; et contrahe quicquid
892. Opta te sequi
Sive animis, sive arte, vales: opta ardua pennis
Astra sequi, clausumque cavă te condere terrá.
894, Ille Turnus quas-
sans caput, ait: O ferox
hostis
Ille, caput quassans : Non me tua fervida terrent
Dicta, ferox: Di me terrent, et Jupiter hostis.
895
Nec plura effatus; saxum circumspicit ingens,
Saxum antiquum, ingens, campo quod forté jacebat,
sº º tº Limes agro positus, litem ut discerneret arvis.
899. Wix bis sex lºcti Vix illud lectibis sex cervice subirent,
homines subirent illud
&ººl?)",
Qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus.
900
goſ. Ille heros, insur-Ille manu raptum trepidá torquebat in hostem,
gens altior, et concitus Altior insurgens, et cursu concitus heros.
cursu torquebat allud
Sed neque currentem se, nec cognoscit euntem,
Tollentermve manu, saxumque immane moventem
Genua labant: gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis.
905
* Tum lapis ipse viri, vacuum per inane volutus,
907. Nee evasit totum Nec spatium evasit totum, nec pertulit ictum.
spatium viri, nec
Ac velut in somnis, oculos ubi languida pressit
Nocte quies, nequicquam avidos extendere cursus
NOTES.
884. Demittat : send me a goddess, &c.
Ruacus says, detrudet. Arboreum : massy as
a tree—like a tree. $
890. Certandum est: the contest is to be
decided in close fight, not at running. Salvis:
in the sense of duris. -
891. Facies: in the sense of formas. Con-
trahe: in the sense of collige.
892. Opta : desire—wish to ascend to.
Sequi: m the sense of ascendere.
894. Fervida : in the sense of superba.
898. Limes agro ; placed as a limit or
boundary to the land. Discerneret: that it
might terminate (prevent) disputes about
the fields. Davidson says, “to distinguish
the controverted bounds of the fields.”
899. Bis sea lecti, &c. Here the poet had
two passages of Homer in his eye: Iliad
v. 302, where Diomede throws a stone at
AEneas, such as two men in Homer's time
could hardly have wielded; and Iliad, lib.
xxi. 405, where Minerva gives Mars a blow
with a stone that was set for a landmark.
These, and some other imitations, discover
less judgment and correctness, than is to be
soon in the rest of the poet's works. This
stone, which our hero wields with so much
base, the poet informs us was so large that
twelve men, in his time, would have scarcely
oeen able to carry it upon their shoulders!
Homer maker his heroes throw stones when
they have no other weapons. Turnus has
his trusty sword, but there is no mention
made of it. Jove prevents him from the
use of it.
903. Sed neque cognoscit se : so disordered
in his senses, that he does not perceive him-
self to be running, &c. The fury had de-
prived him not only of his strength of body.
but of the powers of his mind. Heyne
says, videt solitas vires sibi deesse.
905. Concrevit : hath congealed—grown
thick. Frigore: may mean the fear and con-
sternation, occasioned by the fury, by meton.
This appears better than to take it for cold on
chillness. That idea is expressed by gelidus
906. Per vacuum vname: moved through
the empty air. Inane : in the sense of
aërem. Wiri. Servius connects viri with
lapis; but it illy suits the place. Its proper
place is after spatium, implying that the
stone, passing or thrown through the air,
did not go the whole distance to Æneas, but
fell short of him, and consequently did not
give him a blow. Ruteus connects totum
with actum ; but improperly: for that would
imply that the stone gave HEneas a partial
stroke; but it is plain it did not hit him at
all, since it did not reach him. Heyne takes
viri with Servius, in the sense of Turni
Ruacus connects it with spatium.
909. Avidos cursus : the fond races—the
ÆNEIs. LIB, AII.
603
Welle videmur, et in mediis conatibus aegri
910
Succidimus: non lingua valet, non corpore nota:
Sufficiunt vires, nec vox nec verba sequuntur.
Sic Turno, quácunque viam virtute petivit,
Successum Dea Dira negat.
Wertuntur varii.
Tum pectore sensus
Rutulos aspectat et urbem ;
915
Cunctaturque metu; telumque instare tremiscit.
Nec, quð se eripiat, nec quá vi tendat in hostem,
Nec currus usquam, videt, aurigamgue sororem.
Cunctanti telum AEneas fatale coruscat,
Sortitus fortunam oculis; et corpore toto
. Murali concita nunquam
Eminus intorquet.
917. Nec videt quë
eripiat
919. Turno sic cune
tanti
geo"
Tormento sic saxa fremunt, nec fulmine tanti
Dissultant crepitus.
Volat atri turbinis instar
Exitium dirum hasta ferens; orasque recludit
Loricae, et clypei extremos septemplicis orbes:
Incidit ictus
Per medium stridens transit femur.
925
Ingens ad terram duplicato poplite Turnus. ſº
Consurgunt gemitu Rutuli, totusque remugit
Mons circum, et vocem laté memora alta remittunt.
Ille humilis supplexque oculos, dextramgue precantem,
Protendens, Equidem merui, nec deprecor, inquit:
Miseri te si qua parentis
Tangere cura potest, oro, (fuit et tibi talis
Anchises genitor) Dauni miserere senectae;
Et me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis,
Wicisti: et victum tendere palmas
Ausonii vidēre : tua est Lavinia conjux.
Stetit acer in armis
Utere sorte tuá.
Redde meis.
Ulterius ne tende odiis.
931.
†mortem
932. Si qua cura mi-
seri parentis
933. Oro ut tu mise-
rere
935 935. Et redde me meis
amicis sive vivum, seu
tu mavis, redde meum
corpus
Nec deprecor
931
NOTES.
races on which we are intent, and eager in
the pursuit.
910. AEgri : weak—faint from our great
exertions. Succidimus : in the sense of deft-
cimus. ,
911. JNotae : in the sense of solitar. Cor-
pore : in the sense of corpori, the dat.
913. Quacunque virtute : by whatever
(efforts of) valor he sought the way of at-
tacking Æneas, or of making his escape.
914. Sensus: thoughts. Vertuntwr: in the
sense of volvuntwr.
916. Cwmctatur : he hesitates—he knows
not what to do—he is at a stand.
917. Tendat : in the sense of irrwat.
919. Coruscat : in the sense of vibrat.
920. Sortitus fortunam oculis : Servius ex-
plains these words thus : JEneas oculis ele-
git hunc locum ad ſeriendum, quem fortuna
destinaveral vulneri. Fortunam in this sense,
is of the same import with locum vulneris.
Heyne is of the same opinion. Ruteus says,
opportunitatem.
921. JMurali tormento: this was an engine,
or machine for battering the walls of cities,
and for throwing missive weapons. Concita:
thrown, or seni, -
923. Nec tanti crepitus : nor do such
mighty peals burst from the thunder. Cre-
pitus : properly a roaring or crashing. Dis-
sultant : in the sense of edumtur vel eaccitan-
tur. Instar: like a black whirlwind—swift
as a whirlwind.
924. Recludit : opens or penetrates the
extremity of his coat of mail. Ora : the
edge or border of any thing. Earitium : in,
the sense of mortem. , ‘sº
925. Eactremos orbes : by this we are to
understand the lower part of the shield.
Septemplicis: having seven folds or plates
of brass.
926. Ictus : in the sense of percussus, vel
vulneratus.
927. Duplicato poplile: upon his bended
knee. Heyne says, º genu.
929. Remittunt: echo-return the sound.
Vocem: in the sense of sonwm.
931. Deprecor: nor do I entreat that you
should spare me.
932. Sorte: in the sense of fortuna. Jºli.
seri: in the sense of º
935. Redde me meis, &c. Turnus confesses
himself vanquished; and entreats AEneas
to send him back to his father and friends;
but if he choose rather ...? to deprive
him of life, in that case, that he would send
604
P. VIRGILII MARONIS
AEneas, volvens oculos, dextramgue repressit.
940. Sermo Turni Et jam jamgue magis cunctantem flectere sermo
*
940
*perat fleetereºnean Coºperat; infelix humero cum apparuit alto
Cunctantem
Balteus, et notis fulserunt cingula bullis,
Pallantis pueri; victum quem vulnere Turnus
Straverat, atque humeris inimicum insigne gerebat
Illo, oculis postguam saevi monumenta doloris,
945
Exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus et irá
941. Ait; Tu-ne in- Terribilis: Tu-ne hinc spoliis, indute, meorum
dute spoliis meorum
amicorum
Eripiare mihi ? Pallas te hoc vulnere, Pallas |
Immolat, et poenam scelerato ex sanguine Sumit.
Hoc dicens, ferrum adverso sub pectore condit
Fervidus. ast illi solvuntur frigore membra,
Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras.
NOTES.
his dead body to them, that it might be
treated according to the rites of his country.
940. Flectere: to turn or change him.
Rugeus says, commovere. -
941. Infeliac: inauspicious—unfortunate.
It had proved so to Pallas, whom Turnus
slew : it now proves so to Turnus, who in
turn is slain by Æneas. Alto : this is the
reading of Heyne and Davidson. Rugeus
and Valpy read ingens, referring to the belt
(balleus) of Pallas, which Turnus wore upon
his shoulders. Alto : refers to Turnus. This
last is the best. Bullis : studs or bosses.
Rugeus says, clavis.
943. Pueri : in the sense of juvenis.
944. Insigne: in the sense of ornamentum.
945. Hausit oculis : he saw. Saevi doloris:
the death of Pallas caused excessive grief
to AEneas; and from the moment that he
heard of his fall, he vowed vengeance on
Turnus. The sight of these memorials,
these spoils, of his friend, roused him into
fury. He had otherwise, perhaps, spared
his suppliant. Hausit: in the sense of vidit.
947. Indute : voc. agreeing with tu, from
the verb induo : clad. JMeorum : of my
friends: namely, Pallas.
948. Eripiare: the passive is here used
in the sense of the middle voice of the
Greeks: canst thou rescue thyself from my
hands 2
949. Scelerato: devoted. Rugeus says,
impio, in reference to his having slain Pal-
las. Heyne is of the same opinion. Im-
molat : sacrifices you to the gods below.
951. Fervidus : in the sense of ardens.
Illi : in the sense of illius. Frigore: with
the chill of death.
952, Indignata cum gemitu. Heynetakes
this in the sense simply of gemens vel mae-
7°871S.
Mr. Davidson observes, the conclusion of
this beautiful poem is unworthy of the dig-
nity of the subject. And if Virgil had lived
to finish it to his mind, he would, in all
probability, have given it a more elegant
termination.
QUESTIONS.
What is the condition of the troops of
Turnus at the opening of this book?
What resolution does he take in conse-
quence of that 2
Does Latinus endeavor to dissuade him
from the combat? -
What is the character of his address to
him * -
What effect had it upon Turnus 2
Does he refuse to give up Lavinia to
Æneas 2 w
What is the character of the reply of
Turnus 2
Is it characteristic of the soldier and the
patriot 2
Did the queen also, endeavor to dissuade
mim *
What arguments did she use for that
purpose? *
Did Lavinia hear this conversation of her
mother with Turnus 2
What effect had it upon her ?
Did Turnus behold this blush upon hel
cheek 2 -
• Did he consider it indicative of her love?
What effect had it upon the hero 2
What resolution did he instantly take
Whom did he send to acquaint Æneas of
that resolution ?
When was the time appointed for the
combat 2
What did Turnus in the mean time *
What preparations were made upon the
field 2 - -
For what purpose do they erect altars 2
Who were the parties to this league?
what did Juno do to prevent its execu-
tion : .
AENEIS. LIB. XII.
605
To what place does Juturna repair 2
Whose form does she assume?
What is her object in repairing to the field
of battle 2
What effectually roused the Rutulians to
arms 3
What was that prodigy or omen?
Who was the first to observe it?
How did Tolumnius interpret it?
Who was this Tolumnius: What effect
had this upon the minds of the Italians ?
Who cast the first javelin 2
it kill 2
What immediately followed:
What became of Latinus 2
What did Æneas upon this emergency *
Was he wounded ? Is it known by whom
that wound was inflicted 2
What effect had this upon the Trojans?
At this juncture, what course did Turnus
take 2 .
What feats of valor does the hero perform?
Who were among the first that lie killed? .
What became of Æneas 2
Who attempted to extract the arrow 2
Who was this Iapis 2
By whom is it said, he was instructed in
the healing art?
Was he able to effect a cure?
By whom was the hero finally cured? .
Where did Venus obtain the plant?
What is the name of it 2
What was the state of the battle, while
Hºneas was in his camp : - -
When he returned to the fight, was the
scale of victory turned 2
Whom does he seek to engage 2
Is he prevented from meeting with Turnus?
By whom is he prevented:
How did she accomplish it 2
At this juncture, what is the state of the
battle 2 :
Finding himself baffled by Turnus, what
resolution does AEneas take 2
What did he do previous to the assault?
Having animated his men, did they take
possession of the city ? k
Where was Turnus in the mean time 2
What effect had this upon the queen?
What became of her ?
Who brought, the news to Turnus of the
capture of the city, and the death of the
Queen * •
Whom did -
What effect had it upon his mind?
What course did he take 2
Upon the arrival of Turnus, did the Tro
jans instantly desist from the assault?
How did the heroes commence the com
bat 2
After that, what did they do?
What misfortune happened to Turnus 2
Had he omitted to take his own sword?
By whom was his sword made?
How did he save his life at that juncture?
Was he pursued by Æneas:
Did he call for his heavenly tempered
sword 2.
By whom was it restored to him :
What favor did Venus do for Æneas at
the same time 2
Having recovered their arms; do the he-
roes prepare for a second assault?
At this moment, which side did Jove fa-
vor 2
What course did he pursue 2
Whom did he send to the field of battle :
What form did the fury assume 2
What does she do P º
What effect had her sound upon Juturna:
What did she instantly do? -
Did she utter any tender expressions for
her brother ?
What effect had the fury upon Turnus?
AEneas calls upon Turnus no longer to
decline the fight; and what reply does he
make him?
Does he express any signs of fear for him?
Whom then does he fear?
Does Turnus forget that he has his trusty
sword * .
With what does he attempt to assault
AEneas
What was the size of the stone *
Did it reach his antagonist?
Why did it not?
At this moment, what did Æneas do?
Did the spear wound Turnus?
Where did it wound him *
Does he acknowledge himself conquered 2
Does he relinquish his claim upon Lavi
nia 2 O
What favor does he ask of the victor?
Was he about to spare his life also:
Why did he not spare it?
What does Mr. Davidson observe of the
ending of this book?
PUBLII VIRGILII MARONIS OPERUM
Lº NIS.
*
A TABLE OF REFERENCE
TO THE NOTES.
The abbreviations Ecl., Geor., and AEm., stand for Eclogue, Georgic, and AEneud. Thus,
Ecl. iv. 32, refers to the fourth Eclogue, and note upon the thirty-second line: and Geor.
lii. 7, refers to the third book of the Georgics, and note upon the seventh line: and so
A.
Assaracus, Geor. iii. 35
Alburnum, 146
Asylas, 146
Aquarius, 304
Amyclaº, 343
Amello, . iv. 271
Ambrosia, 415
Alba Longa, AEn. i. 7
A dire, 10
Achilles, 30
ii. 542
Argivi, i. 40
Ajax, 40
41
ii. 414
Antenor, i. 242
Assaraci, 284
Argos, 284
vi. 838
Atridas, i. 458
Adytum, 505
ii. 115
Arcturus, i. 744
iii. 516
Acies, ii. 30
Amens, 314
Astyanacta, 457
iii. 489
Ariete, ii. 492
Antandros, lii. 6
Arcitenens, 75
Actia litora, 280
Andromache, 294
297
482
Auspiciis, 37
Achemenides, 606
607
690
Agrigas, Af 703
Alae, iv. 121
Ammone, 198
Atlantis duri, 247
Geor. i. 138
Aulide, AEn. iv. 426
Arma, v. 15
v. 353
Acestes, V 30
Animae—umbrae, 80
Agger, 273
Amazoniam,
Amycus,
Atys,
Ardentes oculos,
Antennae,
Androgei,
Aureus ramus,
Ajax,
Adrasti,
Antenorides,
Aloidas,
Animas quibus,
Alcides,
Ancus Martius,
Alii excudent,
Aurunci,
Adytum,
Amata,
Acrisius,
Ardea,
Amsancti,
Argylla,
Amasenus,
Acies,
Amiterna cohors,
Allia,
Ausones,
Aclides,
Abella,
Angitie,
Aricia,
Asylum rettulit.
Argiletum,
Agyllinge,
Anser,
Ancile,
Actia bella,
Agrippa,
Antonius,
Augustus,
Araxes,
Annuit id,
Arisba,
Adversi,
Alba parma,
Ascanius—Jülus,
of the Æneid.
Amaryllis, Ecl. i.
Arbusta,
Ararim,
Amphion, ii.
Alcimedon, iii.
Archimedes,
X.
Aratus, iii
Alternis,
Astraea, *. iv.
Apollo,
AEm. iv.
vi.
Argonautie, Ecl. iv.
Alcon, V,
Atalanta, vi.
Alga, vii.
Astrum, ix.
Arethusa, X.
Geor. iv.
AEn. iii.
Alpheus, Ecl. x.
Geor. iii.
AEn. iii.
Aganippe, Ecl. x.
Adonis,
Alpes,
Achelotis, Geor. i.
iv.
Aristatus, i.
iv.
Arachne, i.
iv.
Arcturus, i.
Atlantiades,
Arcton,
Ariadne,
AEn. vi.
Anguis, Geor, i.
Aurora,
AEn. iv.
vi.
Asius, Geor. i.
Aconita, ii.
Avernus,
AEn. iii.
iv.
vi.
Assyrio, Geor. li.
344
696
19
696
11
18
57
372
14
317
18
247
68
138
138
• 222
28
244
249
585
535
383
152
161
442
512
243
465
AEn. v. 311
373
568
648
829
20
137
470
479
483
582
713
748
801
815
847
205
269
360
372
vii.
xi.
vii.
viii.
60S
TABLE OF REFERENCE.
Ascanius-Iulus, AEn. ix. 643
Amenta, 665
Athesim, 680
Apertas Alpes, x. 13
Arpi, 28
Amathus, 51
Atra face, 77
Anchemolum, 389
Amycla. 564
Antiquus ager est, xi. 316
Aufidus, 405
Ala, 604
Aruns debitus, 7.59
793
806
Aciem ferri, 860
Anteirent, xii. 84
Augurium, 257
Apollo, 393
Aversos morti, 464
Athos, 701
Apenninus, 703
B.
Bacchus, Ecl. v. 69
Boreas, vii. 51
Bruma, Geor. i. 211
Bootes, 229
Balearides, 309
Bactra, ii. 138
Benacus, 160
Busiridis, iii. 5
Biremis, AEm. v. 119
Bijugo, 144
x. 575
Buten, V. 372
Bebrycia, 373
Brachia, 829
Bellua Lerna, vi. 287
Burutus, 818
Bigis, vii. 26
Bellona, 319
Bactra, viii. 688
Berecynthia, ix. 82
619
Betias-Pandarus, 674
Baite, 710
Boreae, x. 350
xii. 365
Busta, xi. 201
Bis sex lecti, xii. 899
C.
Calamo, Ecl. i. 10
Conon, iii. 40
Cumae, iv. 4
AEm. vi. 2
Codrus, Ecl. v. 11
Curru, 29
Ce: 3s, 79
AEn. ii. 714
iv. 58
Caucasus, Ecl. vi. 42
Clytemnestra, ACn. xi. 266
Cremona, Ecl. ix. 28
Cycni, 29
Chaonia, Geor. i. 8
Chalybes, 58
Corybantes,
Curites, 121
iv. 150
AEn. iii. 111
131
Coeum, Geor. i. 279
Cyllenius, 336
Caystrus, 383
Cyclopes, 471
AEn. iii. 569
vi. 630
viii. 416
Cothurnus, Geor. ii. 9
Clitumnus, 146
Camillus, 169
Capua, 169
Canis, 353
Cynthius, iii. 36
Cocytus, 38
AEn. vi. 132
Cithaeron, Geor. iii. 43
Chiron, 550
Corycium, iv. 129
Centaurea, 270
Cui nomen, 270
Canopi, 287
Clymene, 345
Carpathio, 387
Charon, 502
Carthago, AEm. i. 14
339
iv. 1
213
Charybdis, i. 200
iii. 420
Convexo, i. 310
607
Conjux, 54
Cyprum, 622
Calchas, ii. 100
Cassandra, 246
Creüsa, 760
773
711
737
Creta, iii. 104
Cybele, 111
vi. 784
Cycladas, iii. 74
127
Corytus,
§º, 170
Chaonia, 335
Circae, 386
v. 864
vii. 10
19
282
Claustra Pelori, iii. 410
412
Chlamydem, iii. 484
iv. 137
Ceraunia,
Caulonis,
Camarina,
Coeus,
Cithaeron,
Caucasus,
Convexa,
Chaos et nox,
Carcer–Meta,
Cavea,
Caestus,
Carpathium,
Cuneos,
Consanguineo,
Chalcis,
Cecropidae,
Castor t t Pollux,
Cupress ps,
Chaos,
Centauri,
Chimaera,
Cortina,
Charon,
Caeneus,
Camillus,
Corintho,
Capitolia,
Cato,
Cornelius
Celtiberi,
Cincinnatus,
Campis aéris,
Cajeta,
Corythi,
Calydona,
Crinem pascere,
Crimine,
Caeculus,
Cimini,
Clausus,
Caspariam,
Cateias,
Circaeum jugum,
Camilla,
Cossus,
Cuspide,
Cacus,
Capitolium,
Cocles,
Cloelia,
Catilina,
Catonem,
Cleopatra,
Cycladas,
Cares,
Cingere, moenia,
Corona—acies,
Cui Remulo,
Citharaº,
Capua,
Cinyra—Cupavo,
Cycnus,
iv.
vi.
viii.
vi.
vii.
viii.
AEn. iii. 506
553
703
179
303
365
451
510
. 144
340
379
346
651
668
670
685
692
ix. 160
508
i. 475
i. 744
593
776
. 145
186
186
TABLE OF HEFERENCE.
609
Comete, AEn. x.
Caphereus, xi.
Camilla,
Cornua Cristae, xii.
Cunei,
Cupencus,
Crepitus,
Cydon,
Costhurnus, Ecl. viii.
D.
Dexter, Ecl. i.
Depasta florem,
Diana, iv.
Demophoon, We
Daphnis,
Damnabis,
Deucalion, vi.
Dulichium,
Dodona, Geor. i.
"Die,
Duodena astra,
Dii majores, ;
Dii minores,
Decii, ii.
Dacus,
Dicte,
Daedala, iv.
Æn. vi.
Defrutum, Geor. iv.
Danai, AEn. i.
Deiphobi,
vi.
Delos, iii.
Dardanus,
vii
Dulichium, iii.
Dodonaeos,
Drepani,
Dido, iv.
Dos,
Draco custos,
Dares, We
Damnati mortis, vi.
Datum tempus,
Disredam,
Deus,
Decios,
Drusos,
Danaë, vii.
Dii Communes, viii.
xii.
272
260
498
594
780
89
269
457
575
540
923
858
10
271
707
36
654
104
484
447
463
430
535
545
749
824
824
732
410
275
181
Dahae, AEm. viii. 730
Domus HEnea, ix. 448
Dindyma, 618
Diomede, x. - 28
29
xi. 243
269
276
Daucia proles, x. 391
Drances, xi. 122
338
Dotalis, xi. 369
Dardanio capiti, 399
Dictamnum, xii. 412
Dardanides, 775
Deformare domum, 805
Dirae—Furiae, 845
E.
Echo, Ecl. ii. 46
Eurydice, iii. 46
Geor. iv. 317
Epicurus, Ecl. vi. 31
Eurotas, 83
AEm. i. 498
Erigone, Geor. 33
Epirus, 59
AEn. iu. 295
Elis, Geor. i. 5t’
Eumenides, 278
iv. 483
AEn. iii. 331
Emathia, Geor. i. 492
Ftruria, ii. 533
Eurystheus, iii. 4
Epidaurus, 43
Eridanus, iv. 372
i.' 482
Aºn. vi. 658
Electra, i. 28
Equum, ii. 15
232
Enixte, iii. 327
Enceladi, 598
Exhaustum, iv. 14
Erebus, 510
Eryx, v. 24
411
* xii. 701
Exséquiae, V. 53
Entillus, 447
Erymantho, 448
466
Eurytion, 513
Exsortem, 534
Elysium, 735
Eubºea, vi. 2
ix. 710
Enavit, vi. 16
Eriphylen, 445
Eteocles, 445
Evadnen, 447
Evantes, 517
Exercentur poenis, 739
Erato, AEm. vii. 37
Extrema Kellus, 225
Excussos, 299
Egeria, 761
762
Evander, viii. 51
130
ix. 9
Eurystheo, viii. 292
Electro, 402
Exhausta, x. 5"
Eurytion, 499
Equitem, xi. 464
Edoni, xii. 365
Echionium, 515
F.
Ferulas, Ecl. x. 25
Fas—Jus, Geor. i. 269
Fasces, ii. 495
Favos, iv. 104
Fucus, 244
Fata rependens, AEn. i. 239
Feri, ii. 51
Fuimus Troes, 325
Fastigia, 458
Furiis, iii. 331
vi. 572
Fas, iv. 350
Formidine, Geor. iii, 371
AEn. xii. 750
Favete ore, v. 71
Ferimur emensae, 628
Facies delapsa, 722
Ferrei thalami, vi. 280
Fasces,
Securis, } 818
Fabricium, 843
Fabii, 845
Fatalis, vii. 114
xi. 233
xii. 232
Fata Phrygum, vii. 294
Fumidus amnis, 465
Ferum, 489
Fescenninas acies, 695
Faliscos, 695
Facialia jura, 695
Ferulos, 714
Feronia, 800
Foetus enixa, viii. 44
Fluvius corniger, 74
Fovere castra, ix. 57
Funera tua, 487
Ferrugo, 582
Falarica, 705
Fera Carthago. x. 11
Furtum, 91
Fauces, xi. 516
Fortuna, 761
Famam inultae, 847
Foetum suis, xii. 170)
Flavos crines, 606
40
610
TABLE OF REFERENCE.
Furere furorem, AEn. xii. 680
Felle savi veneni, 857
G.
Galatea, Ecl. i. 31
Glaucus, vi. 74
Geor. i. 437
AEn. v. 823
Grynium, Ecl. vi. 72
Gallus, x. 6
Ganges, Geor. ii. 137
Gangaridae, iii. 27
Getae, 462
Galesus, iv. 126
Galbanum, 264
Gallae, 267
Ganymedis, Aºn. i. 28
v. 252
Gorgone, ii. 616
vii. 341
Gradivus, iii. 35
Getae, 35
v. 604
Germinos parentes, iii. 180
181
Gela, 701
Getulae, iv. 40
v. 192
Gravidam imperiis, iv. 229
x. 87
Grynaeus, iv. 345
Gnossia, v. 306
Geryon, vi. 289
vii. 661
viii. 202
Glaucum, vi. 483
Genus Divi, 792
Augustus, 793
Gracchi, 842
Geminae portae, 893
Gabinae, vii. 682
Gaesa, viii. 662
Gelonos, 725
Ganges, ix. 30
Gravisce, x. 184
Gargani, xi. 247
H.
Hylan, Ecl. vi. 43
Hesperides, 61
AEn. iv. 484
Hippomenes, Ecl. vi. 61
Heliades, 62
Hebrus, x. 65
Hyades, Geor. i. 138
AEn. iii. 516
Halcyones, Geor. i. 399
Haemus, 492
Hermus, ii. 137
Hippodame, iii. 7
Hero, 258
Hippomanes. 280
Hippomanes, Æn, iv. 516
Helleboros, Geor. iii. 451
Hortos, iv. 118
Hydaspes, 211
Hypanis, Geor. iv. 370
Hector, AEn. i. 99
xii. 440
Harpalyce, i. 317
Hesperiam, 530
Helenge, 650
ii. 567
vi. 525
x. 92
Hecubam, ii. 501
vii. 320
Hospitium, iii. 15
Harpyia, 212
vii. 119
Helenum, iii. 294
Hermionem, 328
Hospita aequora, 377
Hyrcania, iv. 365
vii. 605
Hecate, vi. 511
609
Hectorei, v. 190
Hippocoöntis, 492
Hoc, Ilium, 756
Hercules, vi. 123
395
801
viii. 288
Hannibal, vi. 845
x. 11
Helicona, vii. 641
Hernica saxa, 684
Hortinae, 716
Hermi, 720
Halesus, 724
Hippolyti, 761
Hesione, viii. 157
Hoedi, ix. 668
Hasta protentis, x. 339
Hippolyten, xi. 661
Hausit oculis, xii. 945
I. & J.
Juniperi, Ecl. vii. 53
x. 76
Ismarus, viii, 44
Jupiter, Geor. i. 121
iv. 150
AEn. ix. 84
670
Ingenium fato, Geor. i. 416
Indigetes, 498
AEn. xii. 794
Ityraei, Geor. ii. 448
Istrum, 497
Isthmia, iii. 19
Ixion, 38
iv. 484
AEm. vi. 601
Inachiae, Geor. iii. 153
Inachiae, Æn. vii. 372
Iberi Geor. iii. 408
Indi, iv. 293
Rºm. vi. 795
vii. 605
viii. 705
Inferiae Geor. iii. 66
iv. 545
Juno, AEn. i. 4
3. ii. 61%
Invisum genus, i. 28
Illyricos, 243
Iülus, 267
v. 568
Ilia, i. 274
vi. 777
Iliades, i. 480
xi. 35
Ithacus, i. 104
Jus-fas, ii. 157
Immixti, 396
Idomenea, iii. 122
401
Ithacae, 272
Inspirata, 278
Inanis Tumulus, 304
Inventa sus, 389
392
Intempesta nox, 587
Jussa Heleni, 684
Harbas, iv. 36
198
Iris, 700
V. 606
Ionio mari, 193
Imberturbidus, 696
Ino, 823
Icarus, vi. 14
31
Incertam Lunam, 270
Ignem simplicis, 747
º 810
Infelix pater, 820
Italus, vii. 178
Jugalis, 320
Janus, 610
* 617
Io, 789
Indegente, viii. 314
xii. 823
Ignea rima, viii. 392
Iapyge, 710
Iberia, ix. 582
Idaeae, 620
Inarime, 716
Intendere numeros, 776
Idalium, x. 51
Ille-hic, 130
750
xii. 342
Ilva, x. 173
Ismara, 351
Infula, 538
Ille ape" 707
xi. 809
Inferias ambris 82
& TABLE OF REFERENCE.
61 .
\apyx, AEn. xi. 247 ſ
Juturna, xii. 140
Iapis, 393
In contraria, 487
Informis leti, 603
Improbus, Geor. i. 145
Hºn. xii. 687
Importuna. 864
Inane, 906
Infelix, 941
L.
Supercalia—Lyce, Eel.ii.31
Lucina, iv. 10
Geor. iii. 60
Linus, Ecl. iv. 56
Lustro, v. 75
Lucifer, viii. 17
Lethe, Geor, i. 78
Lycaon, 138
Laomedon, 502
Lucrinus, ii. 161
AEn. iii. 442
Ligures, Geor. ii. 168
Lapithee, lii. 115
AEn. vi. 601
vii. 307
Leander, Geor. iii. 258
Lynx, 264
Lares, 344
AEn. v. 744
viii. 543
Lydia, Geor. iv. 211
Lavinium, AEm. i. 2
Lycios, 113
Libya, 339
Latona, 502
Laocoon, ii. 40
201
Laevus, AEn. ii. 693
Ecl. i. 18
Lydius Tibris, AEn. ii. 782
Lycurgo, iii. 14
Leucatae, ,4, f *k
Loricam, 467
vii. 639
Lilybeum, iii. 706
Luna obscura, iv. 81
Lycia sortes, 346
Lacertis adductis, v. 141
Lorican, 260
Limen, 316
Lusus Trojae, 553
Labyrinthus, 589
590
Ludi Apollinares, vi. 70
Longaeva sacerdos, 321
Ecl. iv. 4
Laodamia, AEn. vi. 447
Maërtes, 529
Labem, 746
Havinia, 763
Lernam. 801
Lucretia, Æn. vi. 818
Latinus, vii. 45
50
xii. 164
Laurens, ; vii. 63
Laurentum,
Lymphata, 377
Lupercal, viii. 343
Luperci, 343
Lycaeum, 344
Lupam foetam, 630
Lelegas, * > 725
Legio, ix. 368
xii. 563
Lampada, ix. 535
Lydia gens, x. 155
Ligurum, 185
xi. 701
Lausus, x. 793
919
Locros, xi. 265
M.
Malum, Ecl. ii. 51
Myrtus, 54
vii. 62
Musae, iii. 60
Murex, iv. 44
Myricae, vi. 10
Maenalus, viii. 21
Medea, 47
Mars, X. 44
AEn. iii. 13
vi. 777
Minerva, Geor. i. 18
AEn. ii. 171
Mysia, Geor. i. 102
Monstrum, 184
AEn. iii. 307
V. 523
xii. 246
Melicertes, Geor. i. 437
Media, ii. 126
Massicus, 143
Marsi, 167
AEn. vii. 758
Mantua, Geor. ii. 198
AEm. x. 198
201
Molorchus, Geor. iii. 19
Milesus, 306
Moeotis, 349
Molossus, 405
Telampus, 550
Melissae, iv. 150
Mantilia, 377
Mycente, AEm. i. 284
vi. 838
Mercati solum, i. 367
Manus artificum, 454
Memnon, 489
Menste, 723
Myrmidones, ii. 7
Moenia, 234
Mensas, Æn. ii. 257
Magna Græcia, iii. 396
Manes, 565
iv. 387
vi. 743
x. 39
xii. 674
Mauritania, jv 206
Moeonia mitra, 216
Mercurius, 252
Magalia, 259
Maleae, v. 193
Maeander, 250
Mens, vi. 11
Minos, 20
431
Minotaurus, 24
Massyläm, 60
Misenus, 164
ix. 715
Malesuada fames, vi. 276
Movet urnam, 432
Menelaus, 525
xi. 262
Musaeum, vi. 667
Moeotica tellus, 798
Marcellus, 855
869
883
Mercede, vii. 317
Mycenae, 372
Multa, 393
Movent Martem, 603
Mezentius, 648
viii. 482
x. 71
908
Messapus, vii. 691
x. 354
T35
xii. 289
Massica, vii. 726
Marrubium, 750
Myrtum, 817
Mensae secundae, viii. 284
Moeonia, 499
ix. 546
Metium, viii. 642
Manlius, 652
Morini, 727
Moenia Acestee, ix. 218
Mincius, x. 206
Manus miseranda, xi. 259
Moeonidae, '759
Mycenaeus ductor, 266
Manipli, 870
Melior victima, xii. 296
Multà, 506
Mussat, 657
Murali tormento, 921
N.
Nymphºe, Ecl. ii. 46
Nareissus, 46
612
TABLE OF REFERFNCE,
Narcissus, Geor. iv.
Nectar, Ecl. v.
Nereus, vi.
Nereides,
Nisus,
Nemus, X.
Neptunus, Geor. i.
HEn. iii.
We
Naryx, Geor. ii.
Nilum, iii.
iv.
AEn. vi.
viii.
Niphates, Geor. iii.
Noricum,
***rnbus, AEm. i.
viii.
Nurus, ii.
Numina Magna,
Nary.cii Locri, iii.
Numidae, iv.
viii.
Nox atra, W.
Nomentum, vi.
Numitor,
Numa,
War, vii.
Nefas,
X
Nubigenae, vii.
viii.
Wursia, vii.
Nunc, 6 nunc, viii.
Nisus—Euryalus, ix.
Navale, xi.
Nec minis, ºxii.
Nec non,
Nostrum,
Nox intempesta,
Non sectis ac,
O.
Olympus, Ecl. v.
AEn. i.
X.
Orgia, Ecl. v.
AFn. iv.
Orion, Ecl. viii.
AEm. i.
iii.
Olympia, Geor. i.
iii.
Oscilla, ii.
Qrphea, Ecl. iii.
Geor. iv.
AEn. vi.
Otium, Geor. iv.
Orestes, AEn, iii.
160
71
35
35
74
9
14
3
799
438
28
287
293
800
711
30
474
102
354
501
329
107
187
846
856
56
374
1
69
301
55
535
517
59
19
389
46
454
520
645
564
328
Orestes, AEn. iv. 471
Omen regibus, vii. 174
Osci, 729
Omnigentim Deorum, viii.698
Oricia, x. 136
Ocnus—Bianor, 198
Orbem triplice aere, , 783
Opis, xi. 836
Orithyia, xii. 83
Occupatos, 300
Oppetere, 543
Oleaster, T66
Parthus, Ecl. i. 62
Pan, ii. 31
Pierides, iii. 60
Parcae, iv. 47
Phyllis, v. 10
Puniceus, 17
Poeni, 27
AEn. i. 302
Pentheus, Ecl. v. 69
Proserpina, 79
AEm. iv. 511
698
Parnassus, Ecl. vi. 29
x. 11
Pyrrha, vi. 41
Prometheus, 42
Proetides, 48
Phaëthontiades, 62
Phaëton, 62
AEn. v. 105
Philomela, Ecl. vi. 78
Geor. iv. 511
Progne, Ecl. vi. 78
Phoebo, 82
iv. 10
Priapus, Ecl. vii. 33
Geor. iv. 111
Pollio, Ecl. iv. 12
viii. 6
Pontus, 95
Pindus, x. 11
Palladium, Geor. i. 18
AEn. ii. 166
Pallas, Geor. i. 18
Pleiades, 138
Plurima, 187
Poenas, 405
Philippi, 490
Pharsalia, 490
Panchaia, ii. 139
Penates,
Penetrales, 505
AEn. ii. 293
717
v. 744
viii. 543
Pales, Geor. iii. 1
Pelops, 7
Pythia. 19
Paros, Geor iii. 34
Potniades, 268
Phasim, iv. 367
Proteus, 388
Parthenope, 564
Polus, AEn. i. 90
Procella. 102
Porta belli, 294
Paphus, 415
Patroclus, 458
Pergama, 466
Peplum, 480
Penthesilea, 491
Pelasgi, 624
vii. 796
viii. 600
Phoenissa, i. 670
iv. 529
Palamedis, ii. 82
Phalanx, 254
Pantheus, 319
Plurima imago, 369
Pyrrhus, 470
263
iii. 294
Penetralia, ii. 484
Priami fatorum, 554
557
Polydorus, iii. 42
43
Phineus, 212
Phaeacum, 291
Priameia Virgo, 321
Philoctetae, 402
Petilia, 402
Polyphemus. 617
} 636
Pelorus, 687
Pachynum, ſ 698
Pygmalion, iv. 1
Pronuba, 166
vii. 319
Parvulus AEneas, iv. 328
Pentheus, 469
Pluto, 638
Pompas, v. 53
Palma, * I l
Phorcus, 240
Panopea, 240
Portunus, 2.41
Paridem, 370
Pandare, 496
Praelato, 54
Polites, 56.4
Porta, 755
Palaemon, 823
Pedem facere, 830
Palinurus, 833
870
vi. 338
348
3.9
Pasiphaë, 14
94
Peritholis, 122
TABLE OF REFERENCE.
613
Perithotis, AEm. vi. 394
vii. 304
Pyram, vi. 215
Procul O, 258
Phlegethon, 26.5
Phaedram, 445
vii. 761
Procris, vi. 445
Protecilaus, 447
Pulsus parens, 609
Phlegyas, 618
Paeana, 657
vii. 769
Principio spiritus, vi. 724
Pompeius Mag-
nus, 828
Perses—Pyrrhus, 838
Prosequitur Anchises, 898
Plaga iniqui solis, vii. 225
Perg, 689
Partem Sabinis, 709
Pallanteum, viii. 51
Porsenna, 646
Puppibus turritis, 693
Pilumnus, ix. 3
x. 76
Prisca fides, ix. 70
Parva discrimina, 142
Pontes, 170
xii. 675
Phaleras, ix. 359
Pater Romanus, 449
Produxite, 487
Palici, 585
Prochyta, 715
Pactas sponsas, x. 79
Pactolus, 142
Populonia, 172
Pisae, 179
Pyrgi, 184
Phaeton, 186
Pallas—Lausus, 433
Penetrabile, 481
Paphus, 55
Partim, xi. 204
Protei, 262
Pharos, 262
Priverno, 539
Penthesilea, 661
Precipites, 888
Pacisci letum, xii. 49
Poeonium, 401
Panaceam, 419
Pati digna indigna, 811
Q.
Quinque Zonte, Geor. i. 233
Quadrigae, 512
AEn. vi. 535
Qute quibus, iv. 371
Quam mihi chm, 436
Quisulue patimur, vi. 743
Quirinus, 859
Quirites, AEn. vii. 709
710
Quocumque fonte, viii. 74
Quadrupedante, 596
Quem labor damnet, xii. 727
R.
Rhodope, Geor. i. 332
iii. 351
Rostrum, ii. 508
Romulus, AEn. i. 274
vi. 777
Rhesus, i. 469
Rudentes, iii. 267
tº 683
Rogos, iv. 646
Remigium, vi. 16
Regna Caspia, 798
Rerum Lachyrmas, i. 462
Recidiva, vii. 321
x. 58
Romulidis, viii. 638
Regia horrebat, 654
Rostrata coroná, 684
Rhenus, viii. 727
Remulus, ix. 363
Rejiciunt parmas, xi. 619
Religio, xii. 181
Ali. 409
363
Rerum trepidae, xii. 589
Romana propago, 827
S.
Sinistra, Ecl. i. 18
Scythiam, 66
Sibylla, iv. 4
Saturnus, 6
Saturnia regna, . 6
Satyri, v. '73
Syracuse, vi. 1
x. 1
Silenus, vi. 14
Scyllam, 74
AEn. i. 200
iii. 420
684
Sardotis, Ecl. vii. 41
Solstitium, 47
Sophocles, viii. 10
Specula, 59
Saltus, x. 9
Sylvanus, 24
Salii, 44
Geor. i. 20
Sabaei, 57
Sirius, 218
iv. 425
AEn. x. 373
Sores, Geor. ii. 121
Sabini, 532
Sisyphus, Geor. lin. 39
Silari, 146
Styx, 551
iv. 488
AEn. vi. 265
324
xii. 816
Serpyllum, Geor. iv. 31
Speluncis, 364
Samo, AEn. i. 15
Sarpedon, 100
ix. 697
Simois, i. 100
Syrtis, 111
Sanguine Teucri, 235
Sichaeus, 348
iv. 1
Scamander, i. 473
Sidera caidentia, ii. 3
Sinonem, 82
86
Sponste, 345
Scyria, 477
Sub axe, 512
Sic, O, sic, 644
Superi, 659
Stella lapsa, 694
Stat, 750
Strophadum, iii. 209
212
Servire Phrygio, iv. 103
Sermone, 277
Si fata, 340
Solum, - v. 199
vii. 1 ll
x. 102
Salius, v. 298
Spiculum-pilum, 306
Spatium, 316
Sirenes, 864
Somnus—Mors, vi. 278
Salmonea, 585
Sisyphus, 616
Spargit corpus, 636
Sylvius, 763
Scipiadas, 843
Spolia opime, 859
Sabinus, vii. 178
Samum, 208
Sortes, 269
iv. 346
Situ, vii. 440
Soractis, 696
xi. 785
Sarnus, vii. 738
Sarrantes, 738
Sicani, 795
Sacrani, 796
Siculi, 795
Spectans orientia, will 68
Supertitio, 187
Salii, 285
Sueculum, 508
Sabinas raptas, 635
Sistrum, 6%
6F4
TABLE OF REFERENCE
Stellas palantes, AEm. .x. 20
Sed periisse semel,
Sul 'atum,
She tur ad astra,
Specus atri,
Squamae,
X1.
Solus honos sub,
Sidus triste,
Scelus artificis,
Secundus aruspex,
Sidere abrupto,
Successu equorum,
Superis,
Sila,
Superstitio,
Saevi regis,
Scelerato,
xii.
T.
Ecl. i.
iv.
vi.
Tigrim,
Thetim,
Thalia,
Tereus,
Taurus,
Tithonus,
Geor. i.
iii.
Tyrrhenus, ii.
Tartara,
iv.
Theatrum,
AEn. v.
Thespis, Geor. ii.
Theseidae,
Tantalus,
Timavus,
Taygete,
Tempe, plu.)
Taurino,
Taenarus,
Tanais,
Trojae,
Tyrii,
Tiber,
iii.
iv.
AEm. i.
vii.
Thetis, i.
Teucri,
Tydeus,
Trinacria,
iii.
Timavi, i.
Togatam,
'Troilus,
Teucer,
Typhoëus, i.
Triones, l,
T'ymoetes ii.
Tenedos,
140
203
641
'700
707
488
23
260
407
739
451
616
647
715
817
849
949
62
32
78
218
249
Tritonia, AEm. ii. 171
Tacitº lunae, 255
Testudine acta, 441
Thalami, 503
Thymbraeus, iii. 85
Ecl. iv. 10
Transtris, iii. 289
Tripodas, 360
Tarenti, 551
Taedae, iv. 18
Titan, AEn. iv. 179
Ecl. iv. 6
* AEm vi. 725
Talaria, iv. 239
†Bºhº, 301
Tarºra, 446
Trivia, 609
xi. 836
Tripodas, \v. 110
Triremis, , 119
Tegeaege, v. 299
Transcribunt, 750
Triton, 824
vi. 173
Theseus, 20
28
Tyndarus, 121
Tydeus, 479
Titania pubes, 580
Tityon, 595
Tyrrheno sale, 697
Tellus jacet, 795
Tullus Hostilius, 814
Tarquinius, 818
Torquatus, 825
Tumultum, 855
Turnus, vii. 56
63
Trabea, 188
Thyrsos, 390
Transcribi, 422
Tessera, 637
Tuba-classica, 637
Teutones, 741
Tybris, viii. 330
Tarpeiam sedem, 347
Tres radios, 429
Tyrrhenus clangor, 526
Ter centum, '716
Thebana, ix. 697
Tyrrhenae acies, x. 691
Tolumnius, xi. 420
Thermodon, 659
Tibur, 755
Tiburtus, 755
Tango aras, xii. 201
Tabulata, 675
Taburno, 715
U.
Ut widi, &c. Ecl. viii. 41
Urbes, Geor. i. 25
Ut spolia, &c. &n, i. 48%
Umbrae, 60?
Ulysses, ii. 7
iii. 617
634
Umbone, ii. 546
vii. 633
Utramque Trojam, iii. 504
Utrumque caput, iv. 357
Umbra, 387
V.
Vaccinia, Ecl. ii. .8
Varus, vi. 7
Virgo, 47
Vesper, 86
Vulcanus, Geor. i. 295
Vesta, 498
AEn. i. 292
ii. 297
v. 745
ix. 259
Vacuum, Geor. iv. 226
Virum, AEn. i. 1
Wolvere, i. 9
Vale, 219
xi. 97
Wiscera, T i. 211
Venus, 229
Virgine caesa, ii. 116
Visum aliter, Dis, 428
Wis canum, iv. 132
Virgam, 242
Wexatus bello, 615
Virtus, 363
Wiscum, v1. 205
Velinos portus, 366
Violare orbem crusti, vii.
Velinus, 517
Vulnus, 533
xii. 160
Vulturnus, vii. 729
Virbius, 761
Volsci, Geor. ii. 168
AEn. vii. 804
Wada, X. 207
xi. 628
Vulcania acies, x. 408
Velati (feciales) xii. 120
170
Vortex, 67?
X
Xanthi, AEm. iii. 497
Z.
Zacynthos, En. iii. 270
MEgle,
JEthiopes,
AEquor,
AEoliam,
Æolus,
Æneade,
TABLE OF REFERENCE
Eck. vi. 20
AEn. iv. 481
Geor. i. 50
AEm, iii. 290
i. 52
viii. 416
i. 157
AEneas, Æn. i. 544
iv. 615
xi. 292
Æstas prima, iii. 8
Ægeo, 74
Æneae domus, 97
Æacides, 296
AEtna, 554
Æstas septima, i. 755
v. 628
615
Æra, AEn. x. 783
Æquos, vii. 695
AEsculapius, 773
AEgysthus, xi. 268
Æquato examine, xii. 725
OE.
CEbaliae, Geor. iv. 125
CEagrus, 524
OEnotria, Æn. iii. 165
i
UNIVE
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