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K --. - “º * Af º sº- EºCC. -G& § \ -º w-wº- T : s : º & : : i # º G.G w. -*- lº-rºT . " *.C. -T."sº--- | F-ººº§ - i|-- ºº& -º *s.§ - ----§: -º-..i.+ J - K. K. ºC G < * * *- : - - - - - - < Sºsº Q & G. & G&K & C K. G. K. S sº G & G & “s G & C G s-- º- * | ºº: i S S & !º§ .-ºw ~:º -- - :Lº . tT --- --- E. º -**ºr-º-º:S. T.ºw g .ººT. "d - Library of &rºhzrg.?éa// See, A, No. NINETEENTH EDITION. MINETY FIFTH THOUSAND. "...” REVISED AND ENLARGED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT *.* TTHE NIEW PEOPLESCYCLOPEDIA UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE, WITH NUMEROUS APPENDIXES INVALUABLE FOR REFERENCE IN AIL DEPARTMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL LIFE, AND WITH THE PRONUNCATION AND ORTHOCRAPHY CONFORMED TO WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY. EY W. H. DE PUV, A.M., LL.D., Author of “The Universal Guide and Gazetteer,” “Cornpendiurn of Popular Information,” etc. ASSISTED BY THE FOLLOWING CORPS OF SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS: HON. ENOCH L. FANCHER, A.M., LL.D., Judge of Court of Arbitration, N. Y. John F. HuRST, D.D., Author of “History of Rationalism,” etc. WILLIAM L. HARRIS, D. D., LL.D., Author of “Ecclesiastical Law and Rules of Evidence,” etc. Joseph ALDEN, D.D., LL.D., President of New York State Normal School, Albany, N. Y. EDWARD G. ANDREWS, D.D., Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. JoHN CLARK RIDPATH, A.M., LL.D., Author of “Ridpath's History of the United States,” etc. THOMAS ARMITAGE, D.D., LL.D., President of the American Baptist Bible Union ; author of “A History of the Baptists.” DANIEL CURRY, D.D., LL.D., Jos. D. WEEKs, Expert and Special Agt, Tenth Census and U. S. Geol. Survey. RICHARD WHEAT LEY, D.D., SAMUEL S. NELLES, D.D., LL.D., President of Victoria University, Canada. DANIEL D. WHEDON, D.D., LL D., Author of “Whedon's Commentaries,” etc., etc. WILLIAM WELLS, PH.D., LL.D., Prof. in Union College. Editor and Author. Author and Litterateur. C. H. F. PETERs, PH.D., Prof. and Director of Observatory, Hamilton College, N.Y. ERASTUS O. HAVEN, D.D., LL.D., Late Chancellor of Syracuse University. JAMES M. BUCKLEY, D.D., LL.D., Editor of “The Christian Advocate,” New York. THOMAS O. SUMMERS, D.D., LL.D., Late Professor in Vanderbilt University. ALEXANDER WINCHELL, LL.D., Prof. Mich. Univ.; Author “Sketches of Creation,” etc. CHARLES H. Fow LER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. COL. ALFRED MORIDECAI, U. S. A. THOMAS A. EDIson, PH.D., etc., Inventor of the Telephone, Phonograph, etc., etc. JAMES M’CARROLL, Musician, Editor, and Litterateur. WILLIAM J. MILNE, PH.D., LL.D., Author of “The Inductive Mathematical Series,” etc. ATTICUS G. HAYGOOD, D.D., LL.D., President of Emory College, Georgia. DAVID ALLISON, LL.D., Sup’t of Public Instruction, Eastern Provinces, Canada. R. W. JoSES, A.M., Professor in University of Mississippi. JABEZ R. JAQUES, D.D., LL.D., President of Albert University, Canada. ILLUSTRATED WITH MORE THAN THREE THOUSAND ENGRAVINGS AND ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FOUR COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS, DELINEATING EVERYPORTNOF THE KNOWN WORLD AND THUS INCLUDING A COMPLETE AND INDEXED ATLAS OF THE GLOBE. #ublished in four tolumes.—bolume Chiro. PHILLIPS & HUNT, NEW YORK. JONES BROS, PUBLISHING CO., CINCINNATI. W. I. SQUIRE, TOLEDO. COEXTERIG-EBET, 1887. PHILLIPs & FjLNT, ERUBLISHERs, TNTIE VVT TY OTER, E-C_ | M–MACAV. 109F &c.’’ ; , , ", , , “ . . f' . . § f 7- 2 º’ 3 / ! . . . - is the 13th letter of the English alphabet, and in all modern languages is sounded nearly as in the English. It is the most easily pronounced of the liquid consonants, and is called labial because the lips are brought together while in the act of sounding it. Its Hebrew character is p, Mem, which means water, and its hieroglyphic, a waving line, repre- senting the surface of water. In the changes which words un- dergo it sometimes disappears, or is merged in v, p, b, and w. Among the Romans, who considered it the weakest of letters, it often was omitted between two syllables, and its i. Sup- plied by a mark of elision, while it was sometimes º at the end of a word. In French, when a final, it frequently has a nasal sound. As a numeral, M stands for 1,000, and with a line above it for 10,000. It stands also as an abbreviation for various words in common use. - Maas, (Lat. Mosa, Fr. Meuse,) a large affluent of the Rhine, rises in france, in the Dept. of Haute-Marne, flows through France, Belgium, and Limburg, and then eastward through Holland to the German Ocean. Its entire course is 580 m., for 460 m. of which it is navigable. º Maastricht, or Maestricht, is a very old town, capital of the prov. of Limburg. Pop. 28,650. The town was founded in the 5th c., the seat of the bishop being transferred thither after Attila had plundered Tongres, in 451. Mab, the fairy-queen, especially referred to by Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, etc. Mabillon, (JEAN,) a French author, b. 1632, d. 1707. He joined the Bénedictines of St. Maur; edited the works of St. ernard; and in 1681 published De Re Diplomatica, which led some to consider him the founder of the school of antiquarian historians. Mac, or Mc, a Gaelic prefix occurring in Celtic names, means “son,” and is probably allied to the Gothic magus, a son, a boy, the feminine of which is magaths. The root is probably the Sanscrit mah, to grow. In Welsh, magus means to breed. The Welsh form of Mac is Map, shortened into 'ap or 'p, as Ap Richard. Macad’am, (John LoudoN,) b. in Scotland in 1756; he was appointed manager of a district of roads in Ayrshire, and originated and successfully practiced the system of roadmaking now known by his name. D. at Moffat, Dumfriesshire, in 1836. Macanal’ ly,(DAvid RICE, D.D.,) Methodist divine, Pres. of the E. Tenn. Female Institute 1843–51, and editor of the St. Louis Christian Advocate ; b. 1810. Maca’o, a Portuguese settlement on the coast of China, on the W. part of the estuary of the Canton or Pearl River, Hong- kong being about 40 m. distant, on the opposite side of the same estuary. Here Camoens, in exile, composed his Lusiad. Pop. 100,000. Macaſpa, Brazilian town on the Amazon ; pop. 7,500. Macaro’ni, a peculiar manufacture of whéat, which for a long time was peculiar to Italy, and almost to Genoa; it is now, however, made all over Italy, and at Marseilles and other places in the S. of France. Strictly speaking, the name M. applies only to wheaten paste in the form of pipes, varying in diam- eter from an ordinary quill up to those now made of the diam- eter of an inch. Only certain kinds of wheat are applicable to this manufacture, and these are the hard sorts, which contain a large percentage of gluten. . The manufacture of this material is of great importance to Italy, where it forms a large article Of hºme consumption, and is exported to all parts of the WOTICl. Macaroon', (from the same root as Macaroni,) a favorite kind of biscuit, made with the meal of sweet almonds, instead of wheaten or other flour. The most esteemed formula for making Ms. is either prepared almond-meal dry, or almonds blanched and beaten into a paste, thoroughly incorporated with refined sugar in powder, and the whites of eggs. . Macar'sca, or Markas'ka, a town of the Austrian Em- Sire, in Dalmatia. The plague carried off half the inhabitants in 1815 and 1816, and the place has not yet completely recov- ered its prosperity. Pop. 7,500. Macartºney, (GEORGE, K.B.,) First Earl of envoy from England to Russia, 1765; signed a treaty with that power which was disowned at home; appointed Gov. of the British Antilles, 1775; was carried a prisoner to France 1779; was Gov. of Madras 1781; British Embassador to China 1792, from Which country he was expelled, and escaped with great danger; introduced tea and other Chinese plants into India; in 1797 was British Gov. of the Cape of Good Hope; b. 1737, d. 1806. Macartºney Cock º docomºus ignºtus,) a splendid galli- naceous bird, also called §. Fire-backed Pheas'ant, a M native of Sumatra and other islands of the same part of the world. It was first described in the account of Lord Macart- ney’s embassy to China. The entire 1. of the adult male is about 2 ft. The sides of the head are covered with a bluish- purple skin. The crown of the head has an upright crest of feathers with naked shaft, and a number of slender spreading barbs at the tip. Macas'sar, the most S. portion of CELEBEs, (q. v.,) is traversed by a lofty chain of mts. The natives are among the most civilized and enterprising, but also the most greedy, of the Malay race. They are warlike, spirited, and impatient of a blow —their laws allowing them to avenge it by the death of the of fender, if within three days. Macassar, the chief town, is the residence of the Dutch governor and officials. Pop. 20,000. Macas'sar Oil, so called from the district of Macassar, in the island of Celebes, whence it is exported—is a species of vegetable butter, of an ashen-gray color, and rancid odor. This name has also been given to a preparation used for pro- moting the growth of the hair. Macas'sar, Strait of, lies between the islands of Borneo and Celebes, from 50 to 150 m. w. Macau’lay, (CATHERINE,) English authoress; b. 1733, d. 1791. Macau’lay, Lord, (THOMAS BABINGTON,) b. at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, 1800. He entered Trinity Coll., Cam- bridge, at the age of 18, where he acquired a brilliant reputa- tion both as a scholar and debater. The periodical to which he first contributed was Knight's Quarterly Magazine, for this he wrote several of his ballads, e. g., The Spanish Armada, Moncontour, and The Battle of Ivry, besides essays and crit- iques. In 1825 he made his appearance in the columns of the Edinburgh Review by his famous essay on Milton, the learn- ing, eloquence, penetration, brilliancy of fancy, and generous enthusiasm of which quite fascinated the educated portion of the public. He was, in 1832, made Sec. of the Board of Con- trol for India, and in the following y. went out to India as a member of the Supreme Council. Here he remained till 1838. His chief labor was the preparation of a new Indian penal code. In 1840 he was appointed War-Sec. While holding this office, he composed, appropriately enough, those magnificent martial ballads, the Lays of Ancient Rome, (1842;) and in the following y. published a collected series of his Essays, in 3 vols. . In 1846 he was made Paymaster-Gen. In 1848 ap- peared the first 2 vols, of his History of England from the Aſc- cession of James II., the popularity of which must have made even successful novelists envious ; next y, he was chosen Lord- Rector of the University of Glasgow, on which occasion he re- ceived the freedom of the city. When the third and fourth vols. of his History were published, in 1855, they occasioned a furor of excitement among publishers and readers. D. 1859, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Macaw’, (Macrocercus,) a genus of the parrot family, (Psittacidae,) distinguished by a very long wedge-shaped tail, long and pointed wings, large strong feet, the Šides of the headſ naked, the 'bii short and very strong, the upper mandible greatly arched, and hav- ing a long, sharp tip, the lower man- dible much shorter and of massive thickness. The species are among the largest and most splendid of the É. parrot race; they are all natives of tropical Am. . They do not readily learn to articulate, their attainments seldom exceeding one or two words, but are easily domesticated, and be- come much attached to those with whom they are well acquainted.— The Great Scarlet, M. (M. aracanga) is sometimes more than 3 ft. in l., including the long tail. — The Great Green M. (M. militaris) and the Blue and Yellow M. (M. ararawna) are rather smaller. hese are among the best known species. The other, spe- cies are numerous. Allied Macaw. Head and Foot of the Macaw. to the Ms., but approaching to the Fº are the species forming the genus Psittacara, all of them also natives of the New World. The cheeks are feathered and the bill less arched than in the true Ms.—Allied to them also are the Araras, of 1092 - which, one, the Carolina Arara, or Carolina Parrot, (Conuous Carolºnensis,) extends much further N. in Am. than any other of the parrot family. It is about 14 in. I., gay with green and gold, is gregarious, and commits great depredations in orchards and maize-fields. It cannot be taught to articulate words, but readily becomes very familiar. Macaw'-tree, Great, a #. of the same tribe with the ‘cocoa-nut, a native of the º mdies, and of the warm parts of Am. It is called Macoya in Guiana, and Macahuba in Brazil. It is from 20 to 30 ft. h., with pinnated leaves, from 10 to 15 ft. l. The fruit yields an oil which is sometimes sold as Palm Oil, to be used in the manufacture of toilet-Soaps. Macbeth’, a king of Scotland, immortalized by the genius of Shakespeare. M. ascended the throne 1039, and his reign of 17 yrs. is commemorated in the chronicles as a time of plenty. He made grants to the Culdees of Loch Leven, and in the y. 1050 went in pilgrimage to Rome. Malcom MacDuncan, or Ceannmore, the eldest son of King Duncan MacCrinan, had fled to England on his father's death; and in the summer of 1054, his kinsman, Siward, Earl of Northumberland, led an English army into Scotland against M. That king was defeated with great slaughter, but escaped from the field, and still kept the throne. Four yrs. afterward he was again defeated by Mal- colm MacDuncan, and fleeing N. across the mountain-range since called the Grampians, he was slain at Lumphanan, in Aberdeenshire, 1056; Malcolm was proclaimed king. Mac'cabees, a word of uncertain meaning and origin. The founder of the Maccabean dynasty, Matithiahu, a priest, was the first who made a stand against the persecutions of the Jewish nation and creed by Antiochus Epiphanes. At the beginning of the troubles he had retired, together with his five sons, to Modiin, a small place between Jerusalem and Joppa to mourn in solitude over the desolation of the holy city anſ the desecration of the temple. But the Syrians pursued him thither. He being a person of importance, Apelles, a Syrian captain, endeavored to induce him, by tempting promises, to relinquish his faith and to embrace the Greek religion. IIe answered by slaying with his own hand the first renegade Jew who approached the altar of idolatry. This gave the sign for a sudden outbreak. His sons, together with a handful of faithful men, rose against the national foe, destroyed all traces of heathen worship already established in Modiin and its neigh- borhood, and fled into the wilderness of Judah. Their number soon increased ; and not long after they were able to make descents into the adjacent villages and cities, where they cir- cumcised the children and restored every-where the ancient re- ligion of Jehovah. At the death of Mattathiah, (166 B. C.,) which took place a few yrs. after the outbreak, Judah Makkabi (166–161 B.C.) took the contmand of the patriots, and repulsed the enemy, notwithstanding his superior force, at Mizpah, (6,000 against 70,000,) Bethsur, (10,000 against 65,000,) and other places, reconquered Jerusalem, purified the temple, (Feast of Reconsecration-Chanuka,) and reinaugurated the holy Serv- ice, (164 B. C.) Having further concluded an alliance with the Romans, he fell in a battle against Bacchides, (161 B. C.) Mac/cabees, Books of, certain apocryphal writings of the Old Testament, treating chiefly of the history of the Macca- bees. They are usually divided into four parts or books; the first of which—the most important—comprising the period 175–135 B. C., relates the events which took place in Judaea, Antiochus IV. Epiphanes' misdeeds against the temple, the city, and the nation, (ch. i-ii;) the rising of Mattathiah and his sons against the 9. the heroic deeds of Judas Macca- beus, (iii—ix,) of Jonathan, (iX—xii,) and Simon, until the election of Johannes Hyrcanus to the dignity of high-priest. The account, which bears the aspect of strict truthfulness, pro- ceeds chronologically after the Seleucidian era. According to Origen and Jerome, this book was originally written in He- brew. Maccalub/ba, an interesting mud-volcano or air-volcano of Sicily, between Girgenti and Aragona. It is known to have been in a state of frequent activity for the last 15 c. It consists of a large truncated cone of barren argillaceous earth, clevated about 200 ft. above the surrounding plain, with wide cracks in all directions, and numerous little hillocks with craters, which at times emit a hollow rumbling noise, and throw up a fine, cold mud mixed with water, a little petroleum, and sulphureous i. Reports like the discharge of artillery are occasionally eard; slight local earthquakes are felt, and mud and stones are thrown up to a h. of 30 ft. or more. Macchiavel'li, (NICCoLo DI BERNARDO, DEI,) b. at Flor- ence in 1469, and a pupil of the celebrated schºlar Marcelio Virgilio, was employed in public affairs from a very early age, and may be regarded as the literary representative of the polit- ical life of the important period to which he belongs. From a subordinate post in the office of the chancellor of Florence he rose, in 1498, to the place of secretary of the “Ten,” which in the Florentine constitution of that day may be regarded as the ministry of foreign affairs. The culminating point of M.'s reputation as a diplomatist was his mission to the great master of treachery and dissimulation, Caesar Borgia, Duke of Valen- tino, in 1502, of which an account is preserved in 52 letters written during the course of the negotiation, not surpassed in dramatic interest by any series of state-papers which has ever been produced. Ön the restoration of the Medici in 1512, M. was involved in the downfall of his patron the Gonfalomiere MACAW-TREE, GREAT—MACDONALD. Soderini. He was arrested on a charge of conspiracy in 1513. On being put to the torture he disclaimed all knowledge of the alleged conspiracy; but although pardoned, in virtue of the amnesty ordered by Leo X., he was obliged for several yrs. to Withdraw from public life, during, which period he devoted himself to literature. It was not till the death of Lorenzo de' Medici, in 1519, that M. began to recover favor. He was com- inissioned in that y, by Leo X. to draw up his report on a re- form of the State of Florence; and in 1521 and the following yrs; he resumed his old official occupation, being employed in Yarious diplomatic services to several of the states of Italy. D. 1527. .'s Writings are yery numerous, filling 6 vols. 4to. Besides his state-papers, which, as we have seen, are of the highest interest, his historical writings also comprisé Florentine Bºstories, extending from 1215 to 1482, with a fragmentary çontinuation to 1499. But the great source of his reputation, for gºod or for evil, is the celebrated book De Principatibus, or, as it has since been called, Del Principe. MacClellan, (GEORGE BRINTON,) Major-Gen. U.S.A.; b. at Philadelphia 1826. In his 16th y, he was sent to the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated with high honors in 1846, and joined the army as second lieutenant of engineers to take an active part in the Mexican War, where he distinguished himself under Gen. Scott, in the battles of Contreras, Cherubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec, and Was promoted to a captaincy. He was one of the three Ameri- can officers sent to observe the campaigns in the Crimea. At the commencement of the war of secession, 1861, he was ap- pointed major-general of the O. volunteers, but by the ad- vice of Gen. Scott he was tendered, by President Lincoln, the position of major-general of the army. After a successful campaign in W. Va., he commanded and reorganized the Army of the Potomac. In the spring of 1862 he invaded Va. and advanced near to Richmond, but was defeated in a se- ries of battles in July, and compelled to retreat and finally to evacuate the peninsula. After the defeat of Gen. Pope in the second battle of Bull Run, 1862, which was followed by a Con- federate invasion of Maryland, he reorganized the army at Washington, marched rapidly N., met the forces of Gen. Ilee at Antietam, and compelled him to recross the Potomac. He followed the Confederates into Va., but being opposed to the F. of the extreme war-party, he was superseded by Gen. urnside. In 1864 he left the army and was the Democratic candidate for the presidency. He went to Europe in 1865, and, returning in 1868, superintended the construction of the Stovens floating battery. In 1879 he was appointed chief en- gincer of the Department of Docks for New York city, which office he subsequently resigned. He was elected governor of N. J. in 1877. D. 1885. Mac’clesfield, an important manufacturing town of Ches- shire, Eng. Pop. 35,570. MacClin'tock, (SIR FRANCIS LEopoli),) an Irish arctic explorer; b. 1819. MacCosh, (JAMEs, D.D.,) a prominent Scottish theologian and metaphysician in the U. S., was b. in Ayrshire, 1811. In 1851, having joined the Frce Church of Scotland, he became professor of logic in the college at Belfast, Ireland. In 1868, at the solicitation of the faculty and trustees of Princeton Coll., N. J., he came to this country and assumed the presidential chair in that institution. Under his guidance and the influence of his name Princeton advanced to a higher place than ever be- fore among the universities of Am... Dr. M. has written largely upon philosophy, metaphysics, and kindred subjects. He re- signed the Presidency of Princeton Coll. 1888. MacCrie, (THOMAs,) Scottish divine and church historian ; b. 1772, d. 1835. MacCul’lagh, (JAS.,) Irish mathematician; b. 1809, d. 1847. MacCui'loch, (Jolin,) a very celebrated British geologist; b. in the island of Guernsey 1773, d. in consequence of an ac- cident 1835. IIe took his 㺠at Edinburgh University at the early age of 18. He was remarkable for the versatility of his powers; was employed by government in a mineralogical and geological survey of Scotland, and by the East India Con- pany as lecturer on chemistry in their seminary at Addiscombe. MacCul’loch, (John RAMSAY,) b. at Isle of Whithorn, Wig- tonshire, in 1789, a political writer, and the foremost amºng English political economists, first became known in connection with the Scotsman and the Edinburgh Review ; d. 1864. MacDon’ald, (ETIENNE JACQUES JoséPII ALEXANDRE,) Duke of Taranto, Marshal and Peer of France; b. 1765, at Sancerre, France ; fought under Napoleon, and distinguished himself in various campaigns; fought at Jemappes and Wag- ram with great bravery, and stood faithfully by the emperor until his abdication, after which he took service under the Bour- bons. D. 1840. MacDon’aid', (FLoRA,) was celebrated for assisting in the escape of the “Young Pretender” from South Uist to Skye, for which she was imprisoned. B. 1720, d. 1790. MacDon’ald, (REv. GEORGE,) a popular novelist of the present day; lectured in the U. S. 1872-73. His best known works are Annals of a Quiet Weighborhood, Aleck Forbes, Wºl- frid Cumbermede, etc. B. in Scotland 1825; resides in London. Macdon'ald, (SIR John ALEXANDER, K.C.B., D.C.L.,) a Canadian statesman ; was Attorney-Gen. 1864–68; Premier 1869 and in 1880. Was strongly in favor of the South during the rebellion. B. in Scotland 1815. MACDONALD–MACKINTOSH. 1093 Macdon'ald, (John SANFIELD, Q.C.,) b. in Glengarry Coun- ty, Ontario, Canada; was Speaker of the provincial Parliament 1852–54; and was Attorney-Gen. of Canada in 1858; became Attorney-Gen. of Ontario, in 1867; was a warm and unflinch- ing friend of the North all through the rebellion. D. 1872. MacDow’ell, (IRwſN,) Major-Gen. U.S.A., was aid-de-camp to Gen. Wool in the Mexican War, 1845; commanded the Dept. of N. E. Va., and the defenses of Washington 1861; and the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Bull Run. atór commanded the Dept. of the Pacific, 1864; of Cal., 1866; of the East, 1868; of the South, 1872. B. in O. 1818; d. 1885. MacDuffie, (GEORGE,) a popular orator of the South : Gov. of Ga. 1835; U. S. Senator 1843. B. 1788, d. 1851. Mace, a strong, short, wooden staff with a spiked metal ball for a head. It was a favorite weapon with $nights, with the cavalry immediately succeeding them, and at all times with fighting priests, whom a canon of the Church forbade to wield the sword. No armor could resist a well-delivered blow from the M. The M. is now borne before magistrates as an ensign of authority. . The M. represented in our engraving is used in the British Parliament as an insignia of royalty. Mace, the aril of the nutmeg. In the fruit it is situated within the fleshy part, and envelops the nut. It is a lacerated membrane, blood-red, and somewhat fleshy when fresh. It is prepared for the *. market by drying for some days in the sun and flattening. It has a peculiar, strong, agreeable smell and taste, and con- tains a clear, yellow, volatile oil, and a red, buttery, fixed oil. The volatile oil is obtained from it by distillation. The but- tery oil, obtained by expression, mixed with the volatile oil and other substances, is known as Nutmeg Balsam. Macedonia, anciently the name of a country lying N. of Thessaly. It was jºy of small extent, embracing only the district called Emathia, but gradually extended until, in - the time of Philip, father of Alexander, it reached, on the N., the Scardian Mts., a portion of the Haemus range; on the W., the frontiers of Epirus and Illyria; on the E. the River Nestos; and on the S. º The country is on the whole mount- ainous, especially in the S. and W., but there are several large plains of great fertility. The principal rivers were called the Strymon, the Axius, and the Haliacmon. , M. was famous among the ancients for its gold and silver mines, and its pro- ductiveness in oil and wine. It contained a number of flour- ishing cities, of which the names are well-known in ancient History, particularly Pella, the capital, Pydna, Thessalonica, Potidaea, 9 yahº, Philippi, and Amphipolis. Macedo’nians, a party which arose toward the close of the Arian controversy, and took their name from Macedonius, who became Patriarch of Constantinople in 341. Their dis– tinctive doctrine was the denial of the divinity of the Holy Ghost. The M. subsisted as a distinct party so late as the time of Theodosius. They are also called Pneumatomachi, “Ad- versaries of the Spirit.” Maceiſo, Brazilian seaport; pop. 8,000. Maceraſta, a walled town of Central Italy, and capital of the prov. of the same name; pop. 20,000. The prov. contains a pop. of 236,719. Macfar’ren, (SIR GEORGE ALEx... Mus. D.,) lectured and wrote largely on music ; was President of the Royal Academy of Music. B. in England in 1813; became blind in 1840; was knighted in 1883; d. 1887. MacGee', (THOMAS D'ARcy,) a distinguished orator, poet, and writer. B. in Ireland 1825. Through his revolutionary tendencies he was constrained to seek a refuge in the U.S. in 1848, when he became editor of the Aew York Nation, and aft- erward of the American Celt, Displeased with the “Know- Nothing” movement, he went to Montreal, Canada, disavowed republicanism, and became editor of the New Era, and, lapsing into royalty, entered the provincial Parliament in 1857; he was Pres, of the Executive Council in 1864, and in 1867 was Minis- ter of Agriculture. He denounced the Fenian movement, and was consequently assassinated at Qttawa 1868, MacGeoghegan, (JAMEs,) Irish historian ; b. 1698, d. 1760. MacGil’licuddy Reeks, the highest mts. in Ireland, form- ing a group in the W. of the County Kerry, and rising from the W. shores of the Lakes of Killarney, to the beauty of which their lofty heath-covered summits add an element of grandeur. Area 28 sq. m. ; Carran-tual, the loftiest peak, is 3,404 ft. in h. MacGil' livray, (GEN. ALEXANDER,) a half-breed Creek who, after the American Revolution, induced his own and other tribes to become allies of the Spanish. He ceded certain dis- puted land on the Oconee River to the U. S., receiving the rank and pay of brigadier-general and the appointment of U.S. Agent. B. on the Corso River 1740, d. 1793. MacGreg'or, a city of Iowa on Mississippi River, opposite Prairie du Chien. Pop. 1,602. MacGreg' or, (John,) a modern traveler, better known as “Rob Roy,” the name of the eanoe in which he explored the Danube, Nile, Jordan, etc. . M. is a member of the London School Board, and greatly interested in city missions, ragged schools, etc., B, at Gravesend 1825. See QANOE. Machai'rodus, a genus of mammals allied to bears, distin- guished by the length of the upper teeth. The genus is extinct, its remains being found in the middle and later Tertiary, and also the Quaternary beds of N. and S. A., Europe, and Asia. Machicola’tions, the apertures between the corbels sup- porting a projecting, parapet. The Ms. are for the purpose of allowing projectiles to be hurled at an enemy when he approaches near the wall, as in scaling, undermining, etc. ... Such defenses are very common in || castellated architecture, especially over gate- “º ways, towers, etc. † Machi'nery, Political Econ’omy of. It has never been questioned that ma— chinery has added º to the productive power and the pos- Sessions of mankind. A mischievous fallacy i. however, often taken possession of the uninstructed to the effect that machinery has a tendency to dispense with hand-labor, and so to benefit the consumer at the expense of the workman. To clear away this fallacy it is only necessary to remember that machinery itself must be made with hands; that the capital of a country will not be diminished by the employment of machinery ; and that Such capital must continue to be employed in paying wages as of old. It is true that there is a shifting of the parties to whom the wages are paid. Machray', (RoPERT, D.D., LL.D.,) Bishop of Rupert's Land, (Church of England,) 1865. B. 1830. MacIlvaine, (CHARLEs PETTIT, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L.,) P. E. Bishop of O. 1832; , Pres. of Kenyon Coll. 1832–40, and of Gambier. Theological Seminary afterward. ... M. was au– thor of several books supporting the “low church’’ views. B. in N. J. 1798, d. at Florence 1873. Mackay’, (CHARLEs, LL.D.,) editor of the Glasgow Argus 1844–47, and editorially connected with the London Illustrated News, and other papers; was war correspondent in the U. S. during the civil war, but is best known by his songs and lyrics. B. in Scotland 1812. MacKean’, (THos., LL.D.,) Pres. of Congress 1781; Pres. of Del., 1777, and author of the State constitution ; was Gov. of Pa. 1799–1808; was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the ablest and most devoted Revolu- tionary patriots. B. 1734, d. 1817. Mackees' port, a manufacturing town of Pa., on the Mo- nongahela River; deals largely in coal. Pop. 8,212. Macken’zie, (SIR ALEXANDER,) a Scotch explorer, after whom Mackenzie’s River is named; traversed Canada to the N. and Pacific Coasts; B. 1760; d. 1820. Macken’zie, (ALExANDER SLIDELL,) American naval offi- ccr and author. B. 1803, d. 184S. Macken’zie, (CHARLEs F., D.D.,) Archdeacon of Natal Colony 1854–59. Bishop of Central Africa 1861; sailed to Zambesi as missionary ; b. 1825, d. 1862. Macken’zie, (SIR GEORGE,) an eminent Scottish lawyer and politician, b. at Dundee in 1536, d. 1691. Macken’zie, (HENRY,) a British novelist, was b. in Edin- burgh in 1745. He d. 1831, at the advanced age of 86. ... His Man of Feeling, (1771,) Man of the World, (1783,) and Julia de Roubigné, won him a high place among the authors of his time. In 1778 M. began to edit a periodical called the Mirror, (modeled after the Spectator,) which lasted for 17 months, and was followed by the Lounger in 1785, which lasted for two yrs. Macken’zie, (Robert S., M.D., LL.D., D.C.L.,) a Lon- don editor and journalist, came to New York, published several books, ind became connected with the editorial depart- ment of the Philadelphia Press. B. in Ireland 1809, d. 1881. Macken’zie, (WILLIAM L.,) first Mayor of Toronto 1836, headed the rebellion of Upper Canada in 1837–38, was outlawed and had escaped, but was sº arrested and confined in jail at Rochester, N. Y. Later he became a journalist in N. Y. ; was pardoned 1850, and removed to Can., where he pub- lished MacKenzie’s Message. B. in Scotland 1795, d. 1851. Macken’zie River, an important r. of the Dominion of Canada, discovered and first navigated by Alexander Macken- zie—from whom it derives its name—in 1789, has its origin under the name of Athabasca River, in Mount Brown, and after a N. N. E. course of 687 m. falls into Lake Athabasca. Emerging from this lake as the Slave River, it receives the Peace River, and after another course of 210 mi. falls into Great Slave Lake. It now assumes the name of M. R., and conveys the waters of the Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean at Mackenzie Bay, after a final course of 87.6 m. Total l., 2,300 m. Mack’erel, (Scomber,) a genus of fishes of the family Scomberidge; having a spindle-shaped body; the tail becom- ing very slender, and slightly ridged or keeled on each side. One of the species, the common M., (S. vulgaris,) is plentiful on the coasts of Britain, and of Europe, from the Mediterra- mean to the furthest N., also on those of Greenland, and on the American side of the N. Atlantic Ocean. It is a very beautiful fish, of brilliant green and blue, the males having nearly straight, dark, transverse bands, the females having the bands elegantly undulated. The tail is crescent-shaped. The M. is said sometimes to attain a l. of 20 in., but is usually about 14 or 16 in. l., and about 2 lbs, in weight. Mackinaw, an enterprising town of Mich., on a small island at N. W. extremity of Lake Iluron ; an attractive place of summer resort. Fort Mackinaw is 200 ft, above the lake. Mack’intosh, (SIR JAMEs,) eminent British statesman and historian. B. 1765, d. 1832. 1094. Macknight', (DR. JAMEs,) an eminent divine of the Church of Scotland, b. at Irvine, in Ayrshire, 1721, d. 1800. MacLane, (CoL. ALLEN,) a U. S. Revolutionary officer distinguished at Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Stony Point, and Yorktown. B. 1746, d. 1829. MacLane, (Louis,) son of the above, was U. S. Senator 1827; Minister to England 1829; Sec. of the Treas. 1881; was sent to London to settle the Oregon difficulty 1845. B. in Del. 1786, d. 1857. MacLane, (ROBERT,) member of the Maryland legislature 1845; M. C., 1847; Minister to China 1853–55; to Mexico 1859–60. Minister to France 1885. B. in Del. 1815. Maclay', (ARCHIBALD, D.D.,) Baptist minister; agent of the American and Foreign Bible Society, 1837–50; President of American Bible Union, 1840–56. B. in Scotland 1778, d. 1860. Maclay', (R. S., D.D.,) b. 1823; M. E. missionary to China and Japan; author of Dictionary of the Fuh Chau Dialect. Mac’le, a term employed in Mineralogy to designate what are also called in in crystals, which are crystals united according to some precise law, yet not having their faces and axes parallel, So as to render the one a mere continuation of the other. Maclean’, (John, D.D., LL.D.,) President of Princeton Coll. 1853–68, author of pamphlets on education, temperance, etc. B. in N. J. 1800; d. 1886. Macleod’, (ALExANDER, D.D.,) editor of the Christian Magazine, chief organizer of the American Colonization jºy, was a Scotch divine settled in New York. B. 1774, d. 3. Macleod’, (NorMAN, D.D.,) a divine of the Church of Scotland, eminent for his pulpit oratory, his writings, and his liberal Christianity, b. in Argyleshire, in 1812. In 1858 was appointed one of the Queen’s Chaplains in Scotland, and in 1869 was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church. From 1850 to 1860 he edited the Edinburgh Christian Maga- 2&ne, and from 1860 onward was the conductor of Good Words, to which he contributed numerous tales, essays, verses, etc., many being republished. D. at Glasgow 1872. Maclise, (DANIEL, R.A.,) an eminent painter of Scotch ex- traction, b. at Cork, in Ireland, 1811. In 1833 he exhibited his first picture at the British Institution, “Mokanna Unveiling his Features to Zelica; ” and, in the same y., “All-Hallow Eve.” The frescoes—each 45 ft. l. and 12 ft. h.-in the Royal Gallery of the House of Lords, depicting “The Meeting of Wellington and Blucher on the Evening of the Battle of Water- loo,” and “The Death of Nelson at Trafalgar.” are admitted to be the finest mural paintings executed in §ritain. D. iś70. Maclure, (SIR RoßERT John LE MEsurreR,) the discoverer of the N. W. Passage, b. at Wexford, Ireland, 1807. In 1848 he joined Sir James Ross' expedition in search of Franklin ; and upon its return, in 1849, he was promoted to the rank of Com- mander. This expedition had barely returned to England when it was resolved by the Admiralty to dispatch the vessels composing it—viz., the Enterprise and the Investigator—on a fresh search for the Franklin party, by way of Behring's Strait. Accordingly, Captain Richard Collinson, C.B., was appointed as senior officer to the Enterprise, and Commander M. to the Investigator. Captain M. proceeded alone, in the Investigator, toward the ice regions. On the 2d of August, after passing through Behring’s Strait, he spied, in lat. 72 deg. N., ice right ahead. On the 8th, his men first met with Es- quimaux, close to Point Pitt, where a party was sent ashore to erect a cairn, and place a notice of the Investigator having Fº On the 31st of August, the Investigator reached Cape athurst, from which she continued to advance for several days in a N. E. direction. On the 11th of September, un- mistakable signs of winter presented themselves. The Investi- gator became finally fixed in the ice, in lat. 72 deg. 50 min. N., and long, 117 deg. 55 min. W. On the 22d October, Captain M. determined to reach the sea, if possible, by a sledge-journey. He accordingly set out with a party of men and officers; and after sustaining much fatigue and privation, was at last re- warded, on the 26th, by a sight of the N. W. Passage. “The position of Mount Observation, from which the important dis- covery had been made, was ascertained to be in lat. (observed) 73 deg. 30 min. 39 sec. N., long. 114 deg. 39 min. W., and by lunar 114 deg. 14 min. W.” After this discovery, the party returned to the Investigator ; but that vessel was not destined herself to sail homeward through the passage discovered by her commander. All that winter and spring she remained frozen up in the ice. Another summer passed, another winter, and another summer, and it became clear that they must pass a third winter in the ice. However, when April came a re- lief party on board of H. M. S. Resolute appeared, having discovered M.’s whereabouts by means of a cairn left by him in Winter Harbor. Commander M. now resolved to aban- don his ship altogether. He reached England on September 28, 1854. His first reward was to receive his commission of ost-captain, dated back to the day of his discovery of the K. W. Passage. Shortly afterward, he received from her Maj- esty the honor of knighthood. A reward of £10,000 was also granted to the officers and crew of the Investigator, as a token of national approbation of the men who had discovered a N. W. Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. D. 1873. Maclure, (WILLIAM,) an amateur geologist, crossed the Alleghanies 15 times on foot, and visited nearly every State in the Union, publishing the first geological map of the U. S., MACEONIGHT-MACROSCELIDAE. º being called the “father of American geology.” B. 1763, . 1840. MacMahon, de; (MARIE EDME PATRICE MAURIoE,) marshal of France, of Irish descent, b. at Sully in 1808, Hé took a conspicuous part in the Italian campaign of 1859, re- ceived a marshal's baton, and was created Duke of Magenta in commemoration of the battle of that name. He was nominated Governor-Gen. of Algeria in 1864. In the Franco-German War of 1870–71, he had command of the first army corps, was defeated at Worth, and captured, wounded, at Sedan. In 1871 he was made commander-in-chief of the French army, and in 1878 he was elected president of the republic; resignéd Jan- uary 30, 1879. MacNab, (SIR ALAN NAPIER,) Bart. ; Member of the As– sembly of tipper Canada 1829, Špeaker' at a later date, and Speaker of the legislature of the United Provinces of Canada. 1844; Prime Minister 1854–56. B. at Niagara 1798, d. 1862. Macomb’, (GEN, ALEXANDER,) U. S. A., was especiall distinguished during the War of 1812 for the defeat of Sir George Provost and his English veterans at the battle of Plattsburgh, and became a major-general of the U. S. A. 1828. B. in Detroit 1782, d. 1841. Ma'oon, (ancient Matisco,) a town of France, Dept. of Laone-et-Loire. Pop. 16,579. M. has some Roman antiquities. Maſcom, a city of Ga.; beautiful, growing and influential; seat of State Academy for Blind, and several other education institutions. Pop. 12,749. P º City, capital of county of the same name in Mo. Op. 8,046. Ma’con, (NATHANIEL,) U. S. Senator 1816–28, served in Congress consecutively 37 yrs., the longest term on record. B. in N. C. 1757; d. 1837. Macoy’a, Macahu’ba Palm, and Great Macaw” Tree, a native of S. A. and the W. Indies, whose pleasantly perfumed oil is much used for soap-making, etc. Macpher’son, (JAMES,) a person who has obtained a re- markable notoriety in literature, b. in 1738, at Ruthven, in Inverness-shire. . was very zealous and successful in the “discovery'' of literary treasures. He found ancient MSS. in regions where no one before had suspected their existence, and where no one since has been fortunate enough to obtain them. The result was the appearance at London, in 1762, of the so- called “Poems of Ossian,”, under the title of Fingal, an Epig Poem, in Siac Books; and in it 63, of Temora, an Epic Poem &n Eight Books. A storm of controversy soon arose in regard to their genuineness, which has hardly yet subsided, but on the whole, we may safely say, the verdict is unfavorable to. M. (See the article Ossian.) He d. 1796, and was interred (at his own request and expense) in Westminster Abbey. M. wrote in the latter half of his life a variety of historical compilations, etc., and translated Homer's Iliad into prose. MacPher’son, (GEN. JAMES BIRDSEYE,) Maj.-Gen. U. S. Wols., Brig.-Gen. tº s. A., and com. of the Army of the Ten- nessee, 1864; b. 1828 at Sandusky, O. Accompanied Grant as aide in many battles, and was killed before Atlanta, July 22, 1864. MacPher’son, (John R.,) U. S. Senator for N. J., 1877; has invented a new stock-car, and introduced great improve— ments into stock-raising and transport, that have gained great. praise from philanthropists and sanitarians. B. in N. Y. 1833. Macqua'rie, a r. of E. Australia, rises about 80 m. W. of Sydney, in the county of Westmoreland, and has a N. W. course of 280 m. Macquer, (PIERRE JosFPH,) b. at Paris in 1718; acquired: reputation as a chemist and physician. D. 1784. M.'s principak works are Eléments de Chimie theorique, and a Dictionnaire de Chinnie. Macraucheni’idae, a family of extinct mammals, order Ungulata, the single known species of which, Macraucheniae patochonica, equaled in size the largest hippopotamus. Macreaſdy, (WILLIAM CIIARLEs,) an English tragedian, whose father was the manager of a provincial company, b, in London 1793. In 1819 he made a hit in the character of Rich- ard III., and he afterward ventured on other of Shakespeare's characters with success. In 1826 he made a tour in the U. S., and he visited Paris in 1828. He became lessee of Covent Garden Theater in 1837, and relinquished it two yrs. thereafter. He visited Am. for a second time in 1843–44; and again, in 1849, when he barely escaped with his life from a riot which took place in the theater at New York. On his return home, he was engaged at the Haymarket. D. 1873. b Macriſmus, (M. OPELIUS,) was Emperor of Rome for one y., 217-218; fied from a Praetorian revolt, headed by Elagab- alus, but was discovered and put to death. B. 164. Mac’ropod, in Zoology, one of a tribe of short-tailed de- capodous crustaceans, remarkable for the great length of their feet; the sea-spider or spider-crab. Macropod’idae, the family of marsupial mammals containing the kangaroos and kangaroo-rats, having immensely large hind fimbs, and much shorter fore-limbs. It has many genera arranged in two divisions. Macroscel’idae, a family of typical insectivores peculiar to Africa, clothed with soft hair; having hind legs adapted for leaping, somewhat resembling a mouse. Macropod. MACRURIDAE–MADOC. 1095 Macru'ridae, fishes distinguished by a body which gradu- ally terminates in a long compressed tail ; a family related to the Gadidae or codfishes, divided into three genera with many SOecleS. "nºtra, a genus of lamellibranchiate mollusks, having a somewhat triangular shell, more broad than, long, the valves equal; the animal with the siphons united to the extremity, and a large compressed foot. They are sometimes, called Trough Shells. The species are numerous, and widely distributed; they burrow in the sand and mud of sea-shores and of the bottom of the sea. The foot enables them also to move with activity, after the manner of cockles. Some of the species have shells of considerable beauty, others are coarse. MacVeagh, (WAYNE,) a Pa. statesman, b. 1830; was grad- uated from Yaſe Coll., 1853; was admitted to the bar of his native State in 1856; was elected to several State offices; served in the civil war, retiring with the rank of major : Was appointed U. S. Minister to Turkey by President Grant; in 1881 was chosen by President Garfield to be Attorney-Gen. e Madagas’ car, an island situated to the S.E. of the Afri- can continent, and extending over an area larger than the British Isles; l. 1,030 m., b. 350 m. ; area 225,000 sq. m. , Al- though well known to * since the hº of the 16th c., M. has even now been imperfectly explored. The coasts were surveyed by Captain Owen between 1823 and 1825. Most of the information we possess is owing to a distin- guished French explorer, M. Alfred Grandidier, who in 1869 and 1870 crossed the island in several directions. The climate is temperate and healthy in the highlands of the interior, but low fever renders the hot sea-coast undesirable as a residence for Europeans. The flora and fauna of M., although resem- bling those of Africa, and more remotely of India, are so pe- culiar as to form a region apart. They comprise many species, and even many genera, nowhere else to be found. The num- ber and variety of the Lemuridae are a prominent characteristic.— There has been much discussion about the branch of the human family to which the Malagash belong. M. Grandidier believes that three distinct races are to be recognized in the island— namely, the original inhabitants, allied to the Negroes; the free inhabitants on the W. coast, resembling the white races; and a third race, belonging to the Malay stock. Dr. Mullens be- lieves that the Malagash or Malagasy are a single race of Malay origin, and divides them into three tribes—the Betsimasarakas, the Sakalavas, and the Hovas. He estimates the total pop. at 2,500,000. The Malagash language, spoken all over the island contains such a number of Malay words that it has been classe with the languages spoken in the Malay peninsula.—It was not till 1810, when Tādāma I., King of the Hovas, extended his influence over the greater part of M., that M. became important to the commercial countries of Europe. The English entered into a treaty with him in 1816, and, in consideration of his i. of assistance to suppress the slave-trade with Mozam- ique, English drill-sergeants were sent to him to discipline the native troops. Missionaries had previously established them- selves, and by their aid a few English mechanics found the means of introducing useful arts among the inhabitants. With the ostensible object of carrying out his agreement, Radama was furnished with fire-arms for his troops, which he quickly, however, made use of in the reduction of such tribes as yet remained in opposition to his supremacy. Upon the death of Radama, in 1828, he was succeeded by Ranavala I., a woman whose reign was marked by every cruelty possible to be prac- ticed against the native Christians. She closed the missionary schools, and banished Europeans from the island. In conse- Quence of the outrages to which her orders gave rise, in 1845, English and French troops made an attack on Tamatave, the usual trading port on the E. coast, but without any satisfactory result. In 1862 the queen died, and her son was proclaimed the king under the title of Radama II. He concluded a treaty granting concessions of territory to M. Lambert, a French mer- chant acting in the name of France. A conspiracy was formed against the king, and he was strangled in 1863. His wife, Rasuaherina, then ascended the throne. In 1865 treaties were concluded with England and Am., while that which M. Lam- bert had negotiated was declared null. On the death of Rasua- herina, disputes broke out as to a successor between the na- tive or Hoya and the European parties. With the aid of the prime minister, Rainitaiarivoy, a female relation of the late ueen, Was raised to the throne, under the name of Ranavalo She showed great favor to the Protestant missionaries, had herself instructed in the Christian religion, and on Feb. 21, 1869, she, the prime minister, whom she had married, and a large number of the nobility, were baptized. Toward the close of the y., a body of mounted officers, by order of the govern- ment, set fire to the Kalimalaza, the chief idol, and the temple in which it stood. The destruction of other idols followed. The effect was most favorable to the cause of the Protestant IIllSS10]]&I’16S. Mad-Apºple, a name sometimes given to the Apple of Sodom, (Solanum Sodomeum,) sometimes to the fruit of the Egg-plant, and sometimes to the large Galls, known as Mecca or Bussorah Galls, and which are also called Apples of Sodom. Maddalo’ni, a city of S. Italy, in the prov. of Caserta. Pop. 17 jºš. Mad’den, (SIR FREDERICK, F.R.S.,) editor of the Collec- tanea Topographica et Genealogica, was an employé of the library of the British museum, and published several rare MSS. B. in England 1801, d. 1873. Madſden, (RICHARD R., M.D.,) was appointed to supervise the working of the English Emancipation act, 1833, and to in- quire into the slave-trade on the W. coast of Africa 1840; rºled several volumes of history and travels; b. at Dublin, 1798. Mad’der, a genus of plants of the natural order Rubiaceae, very nearly allied to the genus Galium or Bedstraw, and dif- fering from it chiefly in having a juicy fruit resembling tWC, small berries growing together. The species are found in the tropical and warmer temperate parts, both of the Old and New Worlds, and are important for the coloring matter of their roots. The most important is the Common M. or Dyer’s M., (R. tinctorum,) a native probably of the S. of Europe as welk as of Asia, There is no material of greater importance to dyers. than M., (R. tinctorum,) not only from the great beauty of the colors obtainable from it, but also from the ease with which it can be worked, and the great variety of its applications. Al- though the M. plant thrives best in warm climates, it may be, and is successfully, cultivated in N. districts. Mad’der-lake, a painter's color, made from madder, by boiling it in a solution of alum, then filtering the liquid, and adding sufficient carbonate of soda to cause precipitation of the alizarine or red coloring matter of the madder, which alone has been dissolved by the boiling solution of alum. This lake is. used either as an oil or water color. Madei'ra, an island in the N. Atlantic Ocean, off the N. W. coast of Africa, from the nearest point of which it is 390 m. distant. M., and the other islands of the group, form a prov. of Portugal, with an area of 345 sq. m., and pop. 115,000, including the adjoining small island of Porto Santo of whom some are English residents. From the shore, the lan rises gradually to its highest point, the Pico Ruivo, 6,050 ft. ; there are several other peaks upward of 4,000 ft. h. It is re- markable for its deep valleys, the most noted being that of “Curral,” which from brink to bottom has a depth of 2,060 ft- M. is of volcanic origin, and slight earthquakes, sometimes, though rarely, occur. The famous wine “Madeira” is pro- duced here. Madei'ra, or Mada’ra, or Cay’ara, an important r. of Brazil, S. A., and an affluent of the Amazon, has its origin in the confluence of several rivers, the chief of which are the Beni, Mamore, Madalena, and Stanez. Including the Mamore, the l. is 1,500 m. Mád'hava, is an appellation of the Hindu god Vishnu, one by which he is frequently designated in Hindu mythology. Ma'dia, (Madia,) a genus of plants of the natural order Compositae, sub-order Corymbiferae. The plants of this genus. are annual; they are important on account of the utility of the seeds as a source of vegetable oil. Madison, a thriving manufacturing, city of Ind., on the Ohio River, cap. of Jefferson Co., Is well built, has public li- brary, high school, and public halls, etc. Pop; 10,000. Mad’ison, town of N. J., is distinguished as the seat of Drew Theological Seminary, (M. E.) Pop. 1,756. Madison, a beautiful city, the cap. of Wis., situated on an undulating isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona, at an elevation of 788 ft. above the sea. Is the seat of the University of Wis., founded 1849, and open to both sexes. The capitol is very handsome, standing in a park of 13 acres. Pop. 12,064. Mad’ison, (JAMEs,) fourth Pres. of the U. S., b. at King. George, Va., ii.51. In 1776, he was a member of the Va. Con- vention; his life from this time was devoted to politics, and he became one of the most eminent, accomplished, and respected of American statesmen. He was elected to the Federal Congress. in 1779; in 1785 to the legislature of Va. As a member of the Convention of 1787, which framed the Federal Constitution, Mr. M. acted with Jay and Hamilton, and with them wrote the JFederalist. Became a leader of the Jeffersonian party. He de- clined the mission to France, and the office of Secretary of State, but in 1792 became the leader of the Republican party in Congress, and wrote the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, which, contain the basis of the States-Right doctrines. In 1801, Mr. Jefferson having been elected President, Mr. M. was made Sec- retary of State. In 1809 he was elected President. Mr. M. vainly endeavored to avoid a war with England, which was declared in 1812, and continued for 2 yrs. He was one of the seven presidents elected for a second term. In 1817 he retired to his seat at Montpelier, Va., where he continued to serve his country as a rector of the University of Va., and a promoter of agriculture and §. improvements. D. at Montpelier, 1836- Mad'ison, (JAMEs, D.D.,) a minister of the P. E. Church; became Pres, of William and Mary Coll., Va., 1777; in 1799 he was consecrated first Bishop of Vå. by the Archbishop of Can terbury at Lambeth, England, B. in Va. 1749, d. 1812. Mad’ison Univer'sity, Hamilton, N. Y., is composed of a seminary, an academy, and a college. It has two distinct cor- porations which supplement each other. The college was or— ganized 1832, chartered 1846; it has classical, scientifie, and eclectic courses. The president, Dr. Dodge, has had three pre- decessors. The seminary is a Bap. institution, with five profes- sors; two Well-known missionaries have gone out from its walls. Mäd’ler, (JoBANN H.,) a Prussian astronomer, whose maps of the moon excited much attention; b. in Berlin 1794, d. 1874. Ma'doc, son of Owen Gwynnedd, a Welsh prince, is be- 1096 lieved by his countrymen to have discovered Am. about 300 yrs, before Columbus. Compelled, it is said, by civil strife to abandon his native land, he sailed westward in 1170 with a small fleet, and, after a voyage of several weeks, reached a country whose productions and inhabitants were quite unlike those of Europe. Here he lived for a long time; then return- ing to Wales, he gave an account of the new land that he had discovered, equipped another fleet, set out again, and was never more heard of. Madon’na, an Italian word signifying My Lady, and espe- cially applied to the Virgin Mary. It has now become common in other languages, par- ticularly in reference to works of art. In pictorial illustrations the face of the M. or Virgin is generally full, oval, and of a mild ex- pression. At first its lineaments were copied from the older pictures of Christ, according to the tradition which declared that the Saviour resembled his mother. The M. has been a principal subject of the pencils of the great masters. . The greatest success has been achieved by Raphael, in whose pictures of the M. there prevails now the loving mother, now the ideal of feminine beauty, until in that of St. Sixtus he reaches the most glorious repre- sentation of the “Queen of Heaven.” Madoſqua, a species of antelope, abun- dant in Abyssinia; one of the smallest, if not the very smallest, of horned animals, being scarcely the size of a hare. Its legs are long and slender ; its tail very short; its horns short and comical, the males alone having horns; the general color is gray, the fore-parts reddish. Madras', one of the several local governments of British India, still commonly called the “presidency of M.,” occupies the S. part of the Indian peninsula. The 2i districts immédi- ately under the Gov. of M. had in 1871 a pop. of 30,868,504; area 139,900 sq. m. Madrasſ, a maritime city of British India, cap. of the gov- ernment of the same name, is situated on the Coromandel coast. Pop. 397,592. Mad’ repore, (Madrepora,) a genus of zoophytes, (Antho- 203,) the type of a family, Madreporidae, in which the polypes Fºs: Madrepore. have twelve short tentacles, and the polypidom is stony. The name, however, is often more extended in signification, and popularly is not clearly distinguished from coral. The polyp- idom is sometimes... arborescent, and branched, sometimes spread out in a leaf-like form. The cells in the true Ms. are isolated and lamellated, spread over the surface of the polyp- idom like little stars. * Madrid', the capital city of Spain, in the prov. of the same name, in New Castile, is situated near the center of the coun- try, on the bank of the Manzanares. . It is built on a hilly, barren, and ill-watered plateau, 2,060 ft. above sea-level. The general aspect of M. is that of a new city, with fine houses, streets, and squares. In the squares are numerous statues—as that of Philip IV., (in the Plaza de Oriente,) a splendid eques- trian work, 19 ft. in h., and weighing 180 cwt. ; the statue of Cervantes, etc. . In and around the city, also, are numerous ublic walks. The manufactures of the city are unimportant. he artisans and tradesmen are supported by the court, the nobility, the officials, and the innumerable body of place- hunters. Pop. 332,024; of the prov. 484,541. The first his- torical mention of M. occurs under Ramiro II., King of Leon, who took this city in 932. In 1083, when M., or, as it was then called, Majerit, was captured by Alfonso vi. of Castile, it was merely a Moorish fortified outpost of Toledo. It rosé into some importance in the beginning of the 16th c., when Charles I. (afterward the Emperor Charles V.) removed his MADONNA-MAESTOSO. court hither. In 1560 it was declared the only court º Philip II. A number of memorable treaties have been concluded in M., and bear its name, particularly that between Charles W. and, Francis I. of France in 1526; that between Spain and Venice in 1617; and that between Portugal, and Spain in 1800. In the Spanish War of Succession it favored the French party; and in the war of freedom against France it gave the signal for a general rising by an insurrection against Murat on May 2, 1808, in which 1,500 of the citizens of M. lost their lives. From 1809 tiliişigit was held by the French; but in the lat- º • ---- º - - ~- * * § tº dº ~ §: tº É. Nº. %22a2, . º §§ Bºil t {. < . - sº º f :. §=iº - -- -- . S. º ºv \w §§ #6 ſ: w - - o *} flºº - annin'" 3, Plaza de oriente, Madrid. tery. the Duke of Wellington entered it, and replaced it in the hands of its legitimate rulers. M., always opposed to the Carlists, during the recent civil strife of Spain adopted the cause of King Alfonso in 1874. Madrierſ, a thick plank used for several mechanical poses, especially to receive the mouth r of a º with which it is applied to any thing to be broken down ; also a plank for supporting the earth in Ill 111C.S. Mad’rigal denotes a short, lyrical poem, adapted to the quaint and terse expression of some pleasant thought, generally on the subject of love. The Madrier. proper M. consists of three verses or m, madrier, p, petard. strophes, generally bound together by rhymes. Among the Italians the best writers of Ms. are Petrarch and Tasso : among the French, Montreuil, Lainez, and Moncrif; among the Ger– mans, Ziegler, (the earliest,) Voss, Manso, Goethe, and A. W. Schlegel; and among the English, the poets of the Elizabethan and Caroline ages, several of whom, such as Lodge, Withers Carew, and Suckling, have written verses, sometimes called Ms., sometimes songs, the grace and elegance of which have never been surpassed. Madura, (Sanscrit, sweet,) an island, separated by a nar- row strait from the N. E. coast of Java, about 90 m. l., and 24 b. It consists of three kingdoms—M., W.; Pamakasan, mid- dle ; and Sumamap, E. The princes are vassals of the Dutch, but Pamakasan only is directly under their rule; and the É. who is colonel, has a small native army trained by uropean officers, and maintained at the cost of the Nether- lands; pop. 731,321. Madu'ra, a maritime district in the S. of British India, in the presidency of Madras. Area 9,502 sq. m. ; pop. 2,266,615. Mad'vig, (J9HANN S. NICOLAI,) a Danish professor, littéra- tour, and politician ; b. at Swanike 1804. Maece’nas, (C. CILNIUS,) a Roman statesman. He was the friend of Viji and Horace, and was celebrated for his patronage of letters. He was b. in the year seventy B. C. He had, it is clear, a talent for private diplomacy, and was employed mainly in that capacity. In 86 B.C. he was in Sicily, helping Octavian. Five yrs. later, when the latter was fighting the great and decisive sea-battle of Actium with his rival Antony and the Egyptian princess Cleopatra, M. proved himself an able and vigilant governor of Rome, by crushing a conspiracy of the Yºgº Lepidus, and thereby preventing a second civil war; . 8 B. pur- Mae’lar, Lake, one of the largest and most beautiful lakes in Sweden, about 81 m. in l.; its average b. about 13, and its area about 525 sq. m. It contains upward of 1,200 isl: ands. . Its E. end is close by Stockholm, where its waters are pº into the Baltic Sea, the difference of level being scarce- y 6 ft. Maesa, (JULIA,) grandmother of the emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Sévérus, both of whom she placed on the throne by her intrigues; exercised the chief power during their reign; b. at Emesa. 150 A.D., d. 225. Maeshowe, an artificial mound with an interior chamber, of unknown an §º: situated on the mainland of Orkney, about 9 m. in a W. direction from Kirkwall, and little moré than a m. from the famed Standing Stones of Stennis. Maesto’so, a term in music, meaning with majesty or dig- nity. It is frequently followed by con gravița. MAESTRICHT-MAGI. 1097 Maestricht', Dutch city on the Meuse; one of the strongest fortresses in Europe ; pop. 28,840. Maffei, (FRANCEsco Scipio NE,) Marchese, an eminent Italian author, b. at Verona 1675. IIc was for some time one of the editors of a critical journal, intended to promote among the Italians an acquaintance with foreign literature. His trag- edy of Merope was received with great approbation, and went through 70 editions in his lifetime; d. 1755. Maf'fitt, (John N., D.D.,) a “revivalist” preacher of wonderful eloquence and power; first editor of the Western Methodist, was elected chaplain of the U. S. Congress 1841; b. in Ireland 1794, d. 1850. Maga'da, a kingdom of India occupying the valleys of the Ganges and Jumna, in the time of Alexander the Great. Chandra-gupta, 312–280, and his grandson, Asoka, 250 B.C., were its greatest monarchs. Magadox’o, or Mukdish'a, a commercial town on the E. coast of Africa. It was built by the Arabs in 924, for the purposes of trade. Pop. 5,000. Magal/haens, de, (FRAY GABRIEL,) a Jesuit missionary to India and China, who preached with great success, built a church in Peking, was once or twice in great danger of his life, but died eaceably, and was buried with honor by the Em– peror's order 1677. Magazine means any place where stores are kept ; but a military M. always means powder-magazine, although arms may at times be kept in it. A M. may be a depot where vast guantities of gunpowder are held in reserve, an entrepôt for the supply of several advanced works, a battery M. for the wants of a fortress during a siege. It must be bomb-proof, and therefore necessitate very thick walls; it must be quite free from damp; and it should admit sufficient daylight to ren- der the use of lanterns within generally unnecessary. Ms. are commonly built of brick, the solid masonry being arched over within, and a thickness of earth sometimes added above the brickwork, to insure impermeability to shells. The entrance is protected by shot-proof traverses, lest an opening should be forced by ricochet shots.-The term M. has been applied to a well-known class of periodical publications, usually issued monthly, and containing miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse, to which at one time was appended a chronicle of public events. The oldest of this class of works is the Gentleman’s Magazine, begun in England by Edward Cave in 1731. Magazine Rifles are those whose stock contains a magazine $ube for holding several spare cartridges, which are discharged by mechanical means. See the article in ADDENDA. Mag’dala, a town of Abyssinia, about 120 m. S. E. of Gondar, pop. 4,000; recently acquired note as the place of resi- dence of the Negus or king of Abyssinia, and as the place of captivity of the British prisoners, for whose rescue an expedi- tion was at last sent out, in 1867, by the British government. Its rock fortress, approachable only by a narrow path up a steep ascent of 300 ft., and through a double line of defense, Was regarded by the Abyssinians as impregnable; but it was forced, after a short but brave defense on the part of the few at- tendants who up to the last remained faithful to King Theodore, in April, 1867, upon which the king committed suicide. Mag’dala, a group of 20 miserable huts, the only inhabited spot in the plain of Gennesaret, where it occupies the S. E. COI’lle]". Magdalena, the principal r. of the U. S., of Colombia, S. A., has its origin in a mountain lake at the S. extremity of the E. Cordilleras. After a N. course of 900 m. it falls into the Caribbean Sea. Magdalen Col’iege, Oxford; William Patten, commonly called Waynflete, from the place of his birth, successively head master of Winchester, head master and provost of Eaton Coll., Bishop of Winchester, and at the same time lord high chan! cellor, founded the Hall of St. Mary Magdalene in i44S. In i457 he obtained a license from the king to found a college, into which he transferred the president and scholars of the Hali. Magdalen is in many respects the most remarkable college in Oxford. There were on the original foundation a president, 40 fellows, 80 scholars called demies, 12 chaplains, and 16 cluoristers. Magſdalene, Mary, or Mary of Magſdala, a woman “out of whom Jesus cast seven devils.” She was one of the women who stood by his cross, and who went with sweet spices to the sepulcher. To her he first appeared after his resurrec- tion. In consequence of an º: notion, identifying her with the woman mentioned in Luke vii, 36–50, Mary M. has been long and generally regarded as a woman whose early life had been yery profligate; and the Magdalenes so frequent among works of art represent her according to this prevalent opinion. The name Magdalene has come to be applied to Women who have fallen from chastity, and institutions for the reception of repentant prostitutes are known as Magdalene Asyluºns. - Magdalen Islands, a small group near the center of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 54 m. N. W. of Cape Breton Island, and about the same distance N. from Prince Edward Island. Pop. 8,172. Mag’deburg, chief town of Prussian Saxony. Pop. 122,789. It lies on the left bank of the Elbe, and is surrounded by ex- tensive suburbs, known as Neustadt and Sudenburg, but with the exception of one long and wide thoroughfare, the Breite Weg, (Broadway,) it consists mostly of narrow and crooked StreetS. Magdeburg Centuries, the name given to the first com- prehensive work of Protestant divines on the history of the Christian Church. It was so called because it was divided in- to centuries, each of which occupied a volume, and because it began to be executed at Magdeburg. The originator of the work was Mathias Flacius, (1552.) Mag/deburg Hem’ispheres, are two hollow hemi- spheres, generally made of copper or brass, with their edges ac- curately fitted to each other, and one of them furnished with a stop-cock. When the edges are rubbed over with grease pressed tightly together, and the globe thus formed exhaust of air through the cock, the hemispheres, which fell asunder before exhaustion, are now pressed together with immense force. Magee', (JAMES P.,) b. in Ireland 1819; entered M. E. Book Concern, New York : appointed Supt. of its Book Depos- itory, Boston, 1851; lay delegate to General Conference 1876. Magel’lan, or (properly) Magal’haens, de; (FERNANDo,) a famous voyager, b. in Oporto, toward the latter half of the y. 1470. He served with distinction under Albuquerque in the E. Indies; and sailed, on Sept. 20, 1519, with 5 ships and 236 Inen, from San Lucar, and lyroceeding to the mouth of the La Plata, and along the shores of Patagonia, he discovered and sailed through the strait which bears his name; discovered the S. Pacific Ocean, reached the Philippine Isles, and fell in a fight with the chief of the isle of Matan, in 1521. His ship was safely carried home to Spain, and thus completed, on Sept. 6, 1522, the first voyage ever made round the world. Magel’Ian, Strait of, separates S. A. on the S. from Tierra del Fuego. It is 300 m. in 1. ; its b. varies from 5 to 30 m. ; and the navigation is difficult. Magen'ta, an Italian town, in the prov. of Milan. Pop. 5,100. In the campaign of 1859 M. was the scene of a decisive victory won by the French and Sardinians over the Austrians. Mageroë, the most N. of the larger European islands, be- longs to Norway, and lies close to the coast of Finmark, in the Arctic Ocean. M. is 22 m. in 1. and 15 m. in b., is irregular in shape, and deeply indented by bays. It supports a few Nor- wegian and Lappish families. Maggioré, Lago, one of the largest lakes in Italy, the Lacus Verbanus of the Romans, is situated for the most part in Italy, but also partly in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is about 36 m. in l., iš its greatest b. is about 8 m. It lies 650 ft. above the level of the sea, and in some places is 1,800 ft. deep. Mag'got, or Mag'ot, the popular name of the larvae of many kinds of dipterous insects, particularly those of the Mus- cidae, (Flies,) although it is often also given to those of CEs- tridae, (Bot—flies, etc.) It is more commonly given to those larvae which feed on animal, than to those which feed on vege- table, substances, and particularly to those—of which there are very many species—which feed on putrescent animal matter. Ma'gi. The origin of this term has recently been brought to light by Assyrian scholars. In Accadian, the language of the early Scythian or Turanian inhabitants of Babylonia and Media, imga signifies “august,” “reverend,” and was the title of their learned and priestly caste. Under the Persian Empire the M. rose to the very highest importance. They were not only the “keepers of the sacred things, the learned of the peo— ple, the philosophers and servants of God,” but also diviners and mantics, augurs and astrologers. They called up the dead, either by awful formulas which were in their exclusive posses- sion, or by means of cups, water, etc. . The M. were the priestl order of ancient Persia. Their religion was the purest of all the religions of heathendom. They worshiped one invisible, omnipotent God, whose outward symbol was a flame of fire. Among the oldest traditions of the Persians was a prophecy of the appearance in human form of the great God of light whom they worshiped, and of his conquest over the power of dark- ness, symbolized by a serpent that stood opposite to him. It C3Il hardly be doubted that this tradition owed its origin to some echo that had reached them of the primeval promise in the garden of Eden, “The seed of the woman shall bruise the serpent’s head.” . The M. were the special guardians of such religious knowledge, and made it naturally the chief subject of their study and meditations. When Cyrus, the King of Persia, about 500 yrs. B.C., took possession of the Babylonian Empire, the Persian M. resorted in large numbers to the great city of Babylon. Here they found a class of men who were, like them- selves, priests and philosophers, the leaders of popular religious thought. Between the beliefs of these Babylonian sages, who were known as the Chaldeans, and those of the M., there was so much resemblance that the two classes were scarcely distin- tinguished from each other, and became practically one. At this same time there was in Babylon a man of commanding in- fluence, whose character and abilities had elevated him, although a foreigner and brought thither a captive, to the highest office of the realm. In that position he belonged to the order of the M. and the Chaldeans, and he was recognized by them as their leader. This man was Daniel, the Hebrew prophet, whom Nebuchadnezzar had made “chief of the governors of all the wise men of Babylon.” Through him the E. sages must have been familiar with the definite Jewish anticipations of a coming Messiah which corresponded to the vague traditions of their own ancestral faith. Daniel probably made them acquainted 1098 MAGIC-MAGNESIUM LIGHT. with the prediction uttered by Balaam, “There shall come a star out of Jacob and a scepter shall rise out of Israel,” and communicated to them the popular Jewish view, inspired by that prediction, which associated the Messiah’s advent with the appearance of a star... In addition to this, the M. at Babylon must have been familiar with Daniel’s own distinct announce- ments of the time of Messiah’s coming, and must, after l)aniel's death, have preserved his prophecies among their records, since it was one of their most important functions to guard and hand down the writings of their chief men. We may reasonably suppose, therefore, that the prophecies of Daniel were still, at the time of our Lord’s birth, familiar to the M. of Persia and Babylon, the wise men of the E. And so there were M. in Babylon expecting the birth of a Messiah in Judea. Magic is a general name for wonderful effects produced in some mysterious way. Medicine, in its early form, is intimately allied to M. The laws of nature being little known, one thing was not more incredible than another; and effects were as- signed to causes in the most arbitrary and accidental way. The Rosicrucian physicians treated a case of wounding by ap- plying the salve to the weapon instead of to the wound itself; and this may be taken as the type of magical, as contrasted with rational, medicine. The blood of an innocent child, or of a virgin, was believed to cure the leprosy ; that of an executed criminal, the falling sickness. The hearts of animals, as being the seat of life, were held to be potent drugs. The fat of a hog had been found by experience to benefit a sore; what vir– tue, then, must there be in human fat, with the solemn mys- teries of the grave about it ! . During the Middle Ages, and down almost to the 18th c., M. was greatly studied in Europe, and could boast of distinguished names, who attempted to treat it as a grand, mysterious science, by means of which the secrets of nature could be discovered, and a certain godlike power acquired over the “spirits” (or, as we should now say the “forces”) of the elements. The principal students an rofessors of M. were Pope Sylvester II., Albertus Magnus, Roger acon, Raymond Lully, Pico della Mirandola, Paracelsus, Cor- nelius Agrippa, Trithemius, Van Helmont, and Jerome Cardan. Mag’ic Lan’tern, an optical instrument by means of which magnified images of small pictures are thrown upon a wall or screen. The instru- ment consists of a lantern containing a power- ful argand lamp; in the side of the lantern is inserted a horizontal tube, on a level with the flame, and the light is made to pass through the tube by reflection from a concave mirror laced on the opposite side of the lantern. he tube is furnished with two lenses, one at each end; the inner one is a hemispherical illuminating lens of short focus, to condense a strong light on the picture, which is inserted into the tube, between the lenses, through a trans- verse slit. The other end of the tube is fitted with a double convex lens, which receives the rays after passing through the picture, and throws them upon the screen or wall. The pict- ures are formed with transparent varnish on glass slides, and must be inserted into the tube in an inverted position, in order that the images may appear erect. Mag’ic Square, a species of puzzle which occupied the atten- tion of many celebrated mathema- ticians from the earliest times down to the 18th c. The M. S. is a square divided by lines parallel to the sides into a number of small- er equal squares or cells, in which are inserted numbers which form the terms of one or more progres- sions (generally arithmetically) in such an order that each line of numbers, whether added horizon- tally, vertically, or diagonally, shall amount to the same sum. Mag’ilus, a very curious genus of gasteropodous mollusks of the order Tubulibranchiata, inhabiting the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. They have, at first, shells of the ordinary form of spiral univalves, and establish themselves in little hollows of madrepores, where they remain, enlarging the shell into a long tube as the madrepore grows, and thus preventing themselves from being shut in. The tube is often three fº. 1. Magliabechi, (ANTONIO DE MARco,) an Italian scholar of extraordinary attainments and ability, b. in Florence 1633; was regarded as the literary prodigy of his time, having mas- tered numerous languages, and being possessed of a memory so extraordinary as to be able to indicate almost any passage, and the page where it appeared, among his vast and apparently confused heaps of books. He was appointed Court librarian by the grand dukes of Florence. #. valuable library of 30,000 vols. he bequeathed to the city of Florence, with funds for its future care and extension. D. 1714. Maſglie, Italian town 23 m. from Gallipoli. Pop. 5,737. Mag'na Char'ta, the Great Charter which was granted by King John of England to the barons, and has been viewed by after-ages as the basis of English liberties. The oppressions and exactions of a tyrannical and dastardly sovereign called into existence a confederacy of the barons or tenants-in-chief of the crown, who took up arms for the redress of their griev- ances. Their demand was for the restoration of the laws of Magic Lantern. 2 7 6 3 Magic Square. Henry I. ; laws which might probably be characterized as are engrafting of Norman feudalism on the ancient “custom of England,” or previously existing Saxon and Danish free insti- tutions, in which “ancient custom’’ were comprehended the laws of Edward the Confessor. A conference between the sovereign and the baroms was held at Runnymede, near Wind- Sor, a place where treaties, regarding the peace of the kingdom. had often before been made. King and barons encamped op- posite each other; and after several days’ debate John signèd. and sealed the charter with great solemnity on June 5, 1215. Magna Grae'cia, the name given in ancient times to that Wº. of S. Italy which was thickly planted with Greek colonies. hen it first obtained this appellation is unknown, but it. must have been at an early º Some writers include under the term the Greek cities in Sicily; others restrict it to those situated on the Gulf of Tarentum, but in general it is used to denote all the Greek cities in the S. of Italy, exclusive of those in Sicily. The oldest settlement was probably Cumae. Magne’sia, a town in Lydia, celebrated for a battle between the two Scipios and Antiochus, King of Syria, the latter being defeated, 190 B.C.—now Manissa. Magne'sium is generally ranked with those metals whose oxides form the ... earths, (baryta, strontia, lime,) but in many respects it more closely resembles zinc. ... It is a malleable ductile metal, of the color and brilliancy of silver. It fuses at about the melting oint of tin, (about 442 deg.,) and at an ex- treme heat it may be distilled iñezinc. whº ignited in dry air or in oxygen gas, it burns with extraordinary brilliancy, and is oxidized into magnesia. It is obtained from its chloride either by the action of sodium or potassium, or by simple elec- trolytic decomposition; but the ordinary processes are difficult, and yield the metal only in minute quantities. Magnesia is the only oxide of M. It is a white bulky powder, devoid of taste or smell, and having a sp. gr. of 3-65; it is infusible, and almost insoluble in water; Magnesia Alba, the common white magnesia of commerce, is a mixture of the hydrate of magnesia and of hydrated carbonate. The compounds of M. used in medicine are magnesia, its carbonate, and its sulphate. Magne'sium Light. Although the discovery of the metal magnesium was made by Sir H. #. in 1808, it was looked upon as little more than a chemical curiosity for about half a c. In 1830, a French chemist, Bussy, obtained globules of the metal by fusing globules of potassium, in a glass tube, with anhydrous chloride of magnesium. Bussy’s labors were followed by somewhat improved methods, adopted by Bunsen, and sub- sequently by Matthiessen, who succeeded in pressing some grains of the metal into wire. The first great advance on Bussy's labors was in 1856, when Deville and Caron effected the reduction of the pure chloride of magnesium by mixing it with fused chloride of sodium in clay crucibles, using fluoride of calcium as a flux, and throwing in fragments of sodium ; they thus obtained magnesium on a larger scale than any of their predecessors. The most important part of their investi- gations was the discovery of the volatility of the metal. All these were, however, mere laboratory experiments. In 1859, Hunsen of Heidelber , and Roscoe, (now of Manchester,) pub- lished a memoir on the great importance of magnesium for pho- tographic purposes, owing to the high refrangibility and the great actinic power of the light emitted by burning magnesium- wire. To Mr. Mather is due the credit of having constructed, the first magnesium lamp, in which the end of the wire or rib- bon is presented to the flame of a spirit-lamp. As the wire or ribbon consumed, it was paid off i. hand from a reel, and propelled between rollers through a tube which conducted it to the flame. A concave reflector diffused the light forward, and protected the eyes of the operator. The first time that a photograph was ever taken by this light was at Manchester in the spring of 1864 by Mr. Brothers and Dr. Roscoe.—That the M. L., and the electric light, etc., must prove of extreme value to photography cannot be called in question. Besides overcoming the obstacle of unsuitable weather for the enmploy– ment of sunlight, they may be applied both for the exploration and the photography of various dim structures, underground regions, etc., such as the interior of the Pyramids, of cata- combs, natural caverns, etc., which could not otherwise be ex- amined or photographed. One of the peculiarities of the M. L. is, that it #. colors as they are seen in Sunshine. This may be tested, and a very interesting effect produced, by burning some wire in a garden or conservatory at night. This eculiarity is being turned to practical account. The light has een seen at a distance of 28 m. at sea; how much further, re- mains to be determined. In surgery, the light has been suc- cessfully employed in connection with the laryngoscope; and by this means not only can the shghtest sore in the upper part of the respiratory organs be discovered, but the same may be rendered visible to a numerous audience. It was about the y. 1864 that magnesium was first made on a commercial scale, and it is found that the demand for it, although not decreasing, is scarcely at all extending. It is almost wholly used for burning in photographic lamps, for flash lights, and for fire-works. It has been attempted to make magnesium useful for other pur- poses. Various alloys have of late yrs, been made with it and other metals, such as lead, tin, zinc, cadmium, and silver; but they are all very brittle and liable to change. It is very doubt- ful, therefore, if any of these alloys will become useful in the arts, and the metal itself is scarcely more likely to be available MAGNETISM.–MAHOGANY. 1099 in the construction of objects of ornament or utility, since when exposed to damp, it soon becomes coated with a film of hydrate of magnesium. Mag'netism, (Said to be derived from the city Magnesia, where the loadstone was first discovered,) is the power which the magnet has to attract iron. Natural magnets consist of the ore of iron called magnetic, familiarly known as loadstone. Artificial magnets are, for the most part, straight or bent bars of tempered steel, which have been magnetized by the action of other magnets, or of the galvanic current. Polarity of the Magnet. —The power of the magnet to attract iron is by no means equal throughout its length. The ends of the magnet where the attractive power is greatest are called its poles. A magnet has, then, two poles or centers of magnetic force, each having an equal power of attracting iron. This is the only property, however, which they possess in common, for when the poles of one magnet are made to act on those of another, a striking dissimilarity is brought to light. The N. pole can- not be made to stand as a S. pole, and vice versa; for when the magnet is disturbed, both poles return to their original po- aitions. We thus learn, that each magnet has two poles, the one a N., and the other a S. pole, alike in their power of at- tracting soft iron, but differing in their action on the poles of another magnet, like poles repelling, and unlike poles attract- ing each other. We can never have one kind of magnetism without having it, associated in the same magnet with the same amount of the opposite magnetism. It is this double manifestation of force which constitutes the polarity of the magnet. The magnetic needle is a small magnet nicely bal- anced on a fine point. Magnetization : By Single Touch.- The steel bar to be magnetized is laid on a table, and a pole of a powerful magnet is rubbed a few times along its length, al- ways in the same direction. If the magnetizing pole be N., the end of the bar it first touches each time becomes also N., and the one where it is lifted S. . The same thing may be done by putting, say, the N. magnetizing pole first on the middle of the bar, then give it a few passes from the middle to the end, returning always in an arch from the end to the middle. Aft- er doing the same to the other half with the S. pole, the mag- netization is complete. The first end rubbed becomes the S., and the other the N. pole of the new magnet. Magnetization by the Earth.-The inductive action of terrestrial magnetism is a striking proof of the truth of the theory that the earth itself is a magnet. When a steel rod is held in a position parallel to the dipping-needle, it becomes,in the course of time, permanent- ly magnetic. This result is reached sooner when the bar is rubbed with a piece of soft iron. A bar of soft iron held in the same position is more powerfully but only temporarily affected, and when reversed, the poles are not reversed with the bar, but remain as before. If when so held it receive at its end a few sharp blows of the hammer, the M. is rendered permanent, and now the poles are reversed when the bar is reversed. The tor- ision caused by the blows of the hammer appears to communicate to the bar a coercitive force. We may understand from this how the tools in workshops are generally magnetic. Whenever large masses of iron are stationary for any length of time, they are sure to give evidence of magnetization, and it is to the inductive action of the earth's poles acting through ages that the M. of the ioadstone is to be attributed. Electro-ji, includes aii phenomena in which an electric current produces M. . The most important result of this power of the current is the electro-magnet. This consists generally of a round bar of soft iron bent into the horse- shoe form, with an insulated wire coiled round its extremities. When a current passes through the coil, the soft iron bar be- ‘comes instantly, magnetic, and attracts the armature with a sharp click. When the current is stopped, this power disap- pears as suddenly as it came. Electro-magnets far outrival per- manent magnets in strength. ... Electro-magnetic Machines.— These take advantage of the facility with which the poles of an electro-magnet may be reversed, by which attractions and repul- sions may be so arranged with another magnet as to produce a constant rotation. The forms in which they occur are exceed- ingly various. Magºnitude, that which admits of measurement, a term